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(PDF) QUENCH SEVERITY OF BIOQUENCHANTS ON MEDIUM CARBON STEEL FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT TREATMENT
PDF | The rate of heat extraction and severity of quenching of both edible and non edible bioquenchants for industrial heat treatment was investigated... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
QUENCH SEVERITY OF BIOQUENCHANTS ON MEDIUM CARBON STEEL FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT TREATMENT
Abstract and Figures
The rate of heat extraction and severity of quenching of both edible and non edible bioquenchants for industrial heat treatment was investigated using AISI 4137 medium carbon steel. Results showed that both maximum and minimum cooling rate occurred in the nucleate boiling stage and the peak cooling rates of Jatropha oil, groundnut oil, melon oil, sheabutter oil, palmkernel oil and palm oil were greater than that of mineral oil. The quench severity of Jatropha, sheabutter and groundnut oil are higher with H-factor of 5.93, 6.00 and 6.14 respectively. High heat transfer coefficient of 1583, 1180 and 1024 W/m 2 K were obtained for Jatropha oil, groundnut oil and melon oil; while sheabutter oil, palmkernel oil, palm oil and mineral oil have heat transfer coefficient of 1001, 971, 828, and 589 W/m 2 K respectively. INTRODUCTION Quenching of carbon steel involves heat treatment above upper critical temperature to austenitizing temperature and holding at this temperature for a specified soaking time, and then rapidly immersed in a suitable quench medium. Comparisons of different quenchants in heat treatment processes of steels are of great usefulness in order to achieve desired hardness, strength or toughness and minimizing the possibility of occurrence of quench cracks due to evolution of residual stresses Canle et al [1]. The choice of effective quenching medium after heat treatment is very critical in ensuring the achievement of desired mechanical properties; therefore, selection of a quenchant depends on the quench sensitivity of a particular grade of steel and the severity of quench medium [2]. The three stages of quenching are vapour blanket, where a vapour film surrounding the component acts as an insulating blanket reducing the heat flow from component subjected to quenching. The second stage is known as the nucleate boiling stage where the vapour film formed collapses and high heat extraction rates are achieved. The third stage known as the convective cooling stage and this begins when the temperature of the metal surface is reduced below the boiling point of the quenching liquid. Cooling rate is low during this stage [3]. The severity of quenching or the cooling power of a quench medium is estimated by measuring the thermal response of a heated probe brought in contact with it. It is a measure of the ability of a quenchant to extract heat from a sample during quenching and depends on viscosity, temperature, contamination and agitation. The cooling potential of quenching media is a critical factor in heat-treating processes because of its contribution to attaining the minimum hardenability requirement of the part or section being heat treated [4]. Cooling curve analysis method is most useful for assessing the cooling characteristics of a quenching medium [5]. Quench severity can be determined by measuring the Grossmann hardenability factor H and heat transfer coefficients. Heat transfer coefficient h is defined as the ratio of interfacial heat flux to the temperature drop across the interface. The lumped heat capacitance method (LHCM) and Grossmann method are generally used to measure heat coefficient at the quenchant/probe interface and assess the severity of quenching. In both methods, heat flux q and/or the heat transfer coefficient h are calculated directly from the measured cooling curve data. The LHCM assumes a uniform probe temperature during the cooling [6]. If the probe temperature is uniform, the heat loss Q from the probe is equal to the decrease in the internal energy of the probe. Thus ⎟ ⎟ ⎠
1. M.O. DUROWOJU, 2. K.A. ADEBIYI, 3. A.S. ADEKUNLE
QUENCH SEVERITY OF BIOQUENCHANTS ON MEDIUM
CARBON STEEL FOR INDUSTRIAL HEAT TREATMENT
1, 2. M ECHANICAL E NGINEERING D EPARTMENT , L ADOKE A KINTOLA U NIVERSITY OF T ECHNOLOGY , O GBOMOSO , NIGERIA
3. M ECHANICAL E NGINEERING D EPARTMENT , U NIVERSITY OF I LORIN , I LORIN , NIGERIA
A BSTRACT : T h e r a t e o f h e a t e x t r a c t i o n a n d s e v e r i t y o f q u e n c h i n g o f b o t h e d i b l e a n d n o n e d i b l e
bioquenchants for industrial heat treatment was in vestigated using AISI 4137 medium carbon steel.
Results showed that both maximum and minimum cool ing rate occurred in the nucleate boiling stage
and the peak cooling rates of Jatropha oil, groundnut oil, melon oil, sheabu tter oil, palmkernel oil
and palm oil were greater than that of mineral oi l. The quench severity of Jatroph a, sheabutter and
groundnut oil are higher with H-factor of 5.93, 6.00 and 6.14 respectively. High heat transfer
coefficient of 1583, 1180 and 1024 W/m 2 K were obtained for Jatropha oil, groundnut oil and melon
oil; while sheabutter oil, palmkernel oil, palm oi l and mineral oil have heat transfer coefficient of
1001, 971, 828, and 589 W/m 2 K respectively.
K EYWORDS : Heat transfer, Bioquenchants, Coolin g rate, Quench severity, Jatropha
INTRODUCTION
Quenching of carbon steel involves heat tr eatment above upper criti cal temperature to
austenitizing temperature and holding at this te mperature for a specified soaking time, and then
rapidly immersed in a suitable quench medium. Comparisons of different quenchants in heat
treatment processes of steels are of great us efulness in order to achieve desired hardness, strength or
toughness and minimizing the possibili ty of occurrence of quench cracks due to ev olution of residual
critical in ensuring the achievement of desired mechanical properties; therefore, selection of a
quenchant depends on the quench sensitivity of a part icular grade of st eel and the severity of quench
medium [2]. The three stages of quenching are vapo ur blanket, where a vapour film surrounding the
component acts as an insulating blanket reduci ng the heat flow from component subjected to
quenching. The second stage is known as the nucleate boiling stage where the vapour film formed
collapses and high heat extraction rates are achiev ed. The third stage known as the convective cooling
stage and this begins when the te mperature of the metal surface is redu ced below the boiling point of
the quenching liquid. Cooling rate is low during this stage [3]. The severi ty of quenching or the
cooling power of a quench medium is estimated by measuring th e thermal response of a heated probe
brought in contact with it. It is a measure of the abil ity of a quenchant to extract heat from a sample
during quenching and depends on viscosity, temper ature, contamination and agitation. The cooling
potential of quenching media is a critical factor in heat-treating processes becau se of its contribution
to attaining the minimum hardenability requirement of the part or section being h eat treated [4].
Cooling curve analysis method is most useful for as sessing the cooling characteristics of a quenching
medium [5]. Quench severity can be determined by measuring the Grossmann hardenability factor H
and heat transfer coefficients. Heat transfer coeffi cient h is defined as the ratio of inte rfacial heat
flux to the temperature drop across the interface. The lumped heat capacitance method (LHCM) and
Grossmann method are generally used to measure heat coefficient at the quenchant /probe interface
and assess the severity of quenching. In both me thods, heat flux q and/or the heat transf er
coefficient h are calculated directly from the measured cooling curve data. The LHCM assu mes a
uniform probe temperature during the cooling [6]. If the probe temperature is uniform, the h eat loss
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
= − = dt
dT
V C T T hA Q p
p q p
ρ
) ( (1)
where, h is the heat transfer coefficient on the pr obe surf ace, A is the surface area of the probe, T p is
the probe temperature, T q is the quenchant temperature, C p is the specific heat of the probe
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal Of Engineering
Tome XI (Year 2013). Fascicule 4. ISSN 1584 – 2673
54
material,
ρ
is the specific density of the probe material, V is th e volume of the probe material, t is
the time and dt
dT is the cooling rate of the probe.
Using the above expression in equation (1), the heat flux is estimated as given by Goryushin et al [7]
()
dt
dT
A
V C
T T h q p p
q p ⎟
⎟
⎠
⎞
⎜
⎜
⎝
⎛
= − =
ρ
(2)
The accuracy of the cooling rate calculated fr om measured cooling cur ve data determines the
precision of the estimated heat flux or heat tran sfer coefficient. In the Grossmann technique, a
hardinability factor H is defined as gi ven in expression (3) by Fernandes [8]
k
h
H 2
−
= (3)
The present study was carried out to assess the heat transfer rate and quench severity of
various bioquenchants with conventional quench me dia using Grossm an and Lumped heat capacitance
method (LHCM) techniques for ch aracterizing media having low an d high severity of quenching.
EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
The vegetable oils used for this work were purc hased at the local Nigeria Southwestern markets
and were characterized and used in the as-purch ased condition. The vegetable oils that were
purchased includes: jatropha oil, groundnut oil, me lon oil, sheabutter oil, palmkernel oil and palm
oil. Quenching performance of these oils was comp ared with one commercially available mineral oil
designated as quintolubric 888- 46 (conventional slow oil).
Chemical structure of the bioquenchants used in this work was characteri zed by fluid viscosity
which was measured at 40 o C according to ASTM D445-06 standard test a nd the fatty acid ester
composition of the vegetable oil was determined by a gas chromatographic analysis p rocedure using
methyl ester derivatives of the different vegetable oils pr epared using a Model 634 Shimadzu gas
chromatograph equipped with a flame io nization detector (FID) set to 300 o C and a split injection
system ratio of 1:30 at 280 o C.
The cylindrical probe of 0.37%C steel specimen s of 13.5 mm dia x 70 mm fitted with a type K
thermocouple to the geometric center, Fig. 1 were heated in electric furnace at the rate of 25 o C/min
to a temperature of 850 o C ± 3 o C, and soaked at that temperature for about 1 hour. The heights of
these probes were five times their d iameters to en sure heat transfer in the radial direction. The
thermocouple was inserted in a hole of diameter 3 mm drilled in the top surface of the probe and
care was taken to ensure a tight fit and good contact c ondition. The heated specimens were manually
and quickly transferred laterally (under 2 s) into 1000mL of the bioquencha nts to be tested under
static condition which was contained in a rectangu lar form quench bath. The probe temperature and
cooling times was captured using SD card datalogger digital thermomet er Model MTM-380SD in order
to establish a cooling temperature versus time curve.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION - Chemical properties
The results obtained in Table 1 shows that the vegetable oils used po ssess a triglyceride
structure, which are completely saturated (no double bonds), monounsa turated (one double
bond/fatty ester linkage), diunsatu rated (two double bonds/fatty ester linkage) and triunsaturated
(three double bonds/fatty ester linkage). The two most common saturated fatty esters in the
vegetable oils used for this study are palmitic an d stearic, while the monounsaturated este r is oleic
and diunsaturated ester is linoleic. Also the chemical compositions of the st eel material used for the
investigation was as shown in Table 2. The steel composition satisfies the minimum carbon point
required for it to be materially affected by heat treatment, since it has 37% carbon which is higher
than 25%.
Table 1: Composition percentage of fatty acids present in sample of vegetable oils
Saturated acids
Vegetable
oils Decanoate
C10:0
Lauric
C12:0
Myristic
C14:0
Palmitic
C16:0
Stearic
C18:0
Arachidic
C20:0
Oleic
C18:1
Linoleic
C18:2
Palm oil - - 0.76 36.50 3.69 1.03 45.66 12.36
Palm
kernel oil 3.57 50.37 17.08 8.98 8.55 - 9.23 2.21
Groundnut
oil - - - 13.75 9.99 1.19 39.27 32.91
Melon oil - - - 17.02 20.77 - 11.00 49.26
Shea
butter oil - - - 4.62 74.56 1.24 18.84 0.7 4
Jatropha
oil - - - 48.34 19.81 3.68 31.85 20.26
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal Of Engineering
Tome XI (Year 2013). Fascicule 4. ISSN 1584 – 2673 55
Table 2: Chemical composition (wt %) of the Steel Used
C Si S P Mn Ni Cr Mo V Cu
0.37 0.23 0.06 0.05 0.79 0.12 0.10 0.02 0.003 0.26
W As Sn Co Al Pb Ca Zn Fe
0.003 0.006 0.006 0.01 -0.007 -0.002 0.0001 0.004 97.95
Cooling Rates
The cooling curves shows the three stages of quen ching which are film boil ing, nucleate boiling
and convection phase Figure 1. The film phase existed for a short period of 6 seconds in all the quench
media while the vapor phase existed for longer period. Cooling rates of the quenchants were
significantly different from each other, and it’s in two parts namely peak cooling rate and minimum
cooling rate.
Figure 1. Cooling curve of various bioquenchant and mineral quenchant
Both maximum and minimum cooling rate occur red in the nucleate boiling stage Figure 2. I n the
edible bioquenchants oil i.e groundnut oil, melo n oil, palmkernel oil and palm oil the maximum
cooling rate were 74.6, 64.7, 61.3 and 52.3 0 C/s with corresponding tempera ture of 644, 617, 550 and
707 o C respectively, while the non edible bioquenchants such as Jatropha and sheabutter oil had peak
cooling rates of 100 and 63.2 0 C/s at corresponding temp of 6 28.6 and 459.8 0 C respectively.
Figure 2. Cooling rate for various bioquenchants
The minimum cooling rate for Jatropha oil is 59 0 C/s at corresponding tem perature of 419 0 C,
mineral oil and sheabutter oil shows no minimum cooling rate; however th e cooling rate for the
mineral oil was 37.1 0 C/s at temperature of 637 0 C. The period of occurrence of the peak cooling rate
for melon oil, palm oil and Jatropha oil was 6 se conds from the start of quenching; While,
sheabutter and mineral oil was 10secs. The cooling rate is higher in Jatropha oil than all other
quenchants oil used. In all the quenchants the coolin g rate was found to be strongly depende nt on the
viscosity of the quench oil and the saponification number. The higher the viscosity the lowe r the
cooling rate and the lower the saponification number th e higher the cooling rate. The cooling rate
were found to be in this order
Jatropha oil>Groundnut oil>Melon oil> Sheabutt er oil>Palmkernel oil>Palm oil>Mineral oil
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal Of Engineering
Tome XI (Year 2013). Fascicule 4. ISSN 1584 – 2673
56
Heat transfer coefficient and heat flux
Using the cooling cu rve data to determine time dependent heat transfer coefficient by lump
heat capacitance methods and time average heat tr ansfe r coefficient by the Grossman method, high
heat transfer coefficient of 1583, 1180 and 1024 W/m 2 K were obtained for Jatropha, groundnut oil
and melon oil while, sheabutter oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil and mineral oil have heat transfer
coefficient of 1001, 971, 828 and 589 W/m 2 K respectively Figure 3. The pe ak heat transfer coefficient
of all the bioquenchants was higher than the conventional mineral oil which has heat transfer
coefficient of 589 W/m 2 . The heat transfer coefficient were found to be highly dependent on the
viscosity and acid value of the quench media, and th e value increases with decrease in percentage of
acid value and increase in percentage of moisture content. Highe r heat transfer coefficient was found
with lower viscosity oils such as, jatropha oil, groundnut oil and melon oil which have viscosity of
52.6, 40.5 and 35.6 mm 2 /s. The temperatures at which peak heat transfer coefficient occu rs for all
the quenchants was in the nucleate boiling region with sheab utter oil, groundnut oil, mineral oil,
palm oil, jatropha oil, melon oil and palmkernel oi l having values of 698, 644, 637, 631, 629, 617 and
601 o C respectively.
Figure 3. Variation of heat transfer coe fficient of various quenching media for steels
The period of attainment for peak heat tran sfer coefficient for Jatrop ha and melon was 6
seconds, while palm oil, sheabutter oil and mineral oil was 10 seconds but groundnut oil and
palmkernel oil were 8 and 12 seconds respectively. Th us palm oil, palmkernel oil, sheabutter oil and
mineral oil can be used has slow quenching medi a, while Jatropha oil, groundnut oil and melon oil
may be employed as fast quenching medium.
Figure 4. Variation of heat flux wi th temperature for various quenchants
The flux values are low in the initial quenching time due to the insulating effect of the vapour
blanket for all the quench media Fi gure 4. However, the duration of existence for th e vapour blanket
stage was longer for bioquenchants media compared with the con ventional mineral oil. Maximum heat
flux of 948 kW/m 2 was obtained for Jatropha oil while sheabutter oil has the lowest peak heat flux of
512 kW/m 2 . The heat flux obtained for all the bioquenc hants media are higher than that of mineral
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal Of Engineering
Tome XI (Year 2013). Fascicule 4. ISSN 1584 – 2673 57
oil of 356 kW/m 2 . The bioquenchants with higher viscosity offers greater resistan ce to the motion of
vapour bubbles during nucleate boiling stage and thereby making supply of cold liquid to the heat ed
surface reduced; this resulted to the lower peak he at flux transients during quenching of the steel
probe in higher viscosity sheabutter oil.
Severity of quench media
The biot number of the quenchants
determined showed that for all the oils the
biot number is very small and less than unity
Table 3. Groundnut oil has the highest value
of 0.029 as the biot number, while
sheabutter oil and jatropha oil has the same
value of 0.028. Palmkernel oil, melon oil,
palm oil, and mineral oil were 0.024, 0.022,
0.019, and 0.018 respectively.
The Grossmann quench severity (H) was
calculated from experimental data and the
values obtained showed the quench severity of groundnut oil, sheabutter oil and jatropha oil has
nearly the same, with a value of 6.0 m -1 Figure 5; while, palm oil and conventional mineral oil has the
lowest quench severity of 4.0 m -1 .
Figure 5. Grossman H-factor of various medium
However, palmkernel oil and melon oil has their quench severity values to be 5.2 and 4. 7 m -1
respectively. The quench severities of the bioquencha nts used was found to be directly related to the
biot number, the higher the biot number the higher th e quench severity. The quench severity of the
bioquenchants followed th is decreasing order.
Groundnut oil ≥ Sheabutter oil ≥ Jatropha oil > Palmkernel oil
> Melon oil > Palm oil > Mineral o il.
CONCLUSIONS
Among the vegetable oils, highest heat transfer coefficients and cooling rate was obtained for
jatropher oil while lowest heat tran sfer coefficient and cooling rate was obtained for palm oil. Higher
heat transfer coefficient was found with lower vi scosity oils and likewise the heat flux during
quenching was influenced by the viscosity. In the en tire bioquenchants, cooling rate was found to be
strongly dependent on the viscosity of the quench oil and the saponification number.
Based on the heat flow parameters; palm oil, sheabutter oil, palmkernel oil and mineral oil can
be used has slow quenching media; while, Jatropha oil, groundnu t oil, melon oil may be used has fast
quenching oil. The quench severities of the bioque nchants w as directly related to the biot number,
the higher the biot number the higher the quench severity.
Groundnut oil ≥ Sheabutter oil ≥ Jatropha oil > Palmkernel oil > Melon oil
> Palm oil > Mineral oil.
The quench severity of the bioquenchants followed this decreasing order.
REFERENCES
[1.] Canale, L. C. F.; Fernandes, M. R.; Agustinho, S. C. M.; To tten , G. E. ; Fara h, A. F: Oxi dati on of
vegetable oils and its impact on quenching perf ormance, International Journal on Materials and
Product Technology, Vol. 24 No.1/2/3/4, pp. 101-125, 2005 .
[2.] Feng, C. and Tahir I. K: The Effect of Quenchin g Medium on the Wear Resistance of a Ti-6Al-4V
alloy, Journal of Material Science, 43, 788-792, 2008.
Table 3: Biot number and Quench severity of the
bioquenchants
Medium carbon Steel
Quenchants Biot Number Quench
severity( m -1 )
Groundnut oil 0.029 6.140
Sheabutter oil 0.028 5.998
Jatropha oil 0.028 5.925
Palm kernel oil 0.024 5.212
Melon oil 0.022 4.710
Palm oil 0.019 4.142
Mineral oil
0.018 3.927
ANNALS OF FACULTY ENGINEERING HUNEDOARA – International Journal Of Engineering
Tome XI (Year 2013). Fascicule 4. ISSN 1584 – 2673
58
[3.] Goryushin, V. V Istomin, N. N. Ksenofontov, A.G. Marsel, A.V. Yu Sh evchenko, S: Metal Science
and Heat Treatment, Vol. 41, No. 1-2, 3-7 1991.
[4.] John, H. Lienhard, I.V. John, H. Lienhard, V: A Heat transfer textbook, third edition,
phlogiston press, 2006
[5.] Krauss, G: Steels: Heat treatment and Processing Principles, ASM Int. pp 125-345, 1990.
[6.] Peter Fernandes, K.; Prabhu, N: Comparative st udy of heat transfer and wetting behavior of
conventional and bioquenchants fo r industrial heat treatment, International journal of heat and
mass transfer, Vol. 51, pp526-538, 2008.
[7.] Protsidim, P.S. Ya Rudakova, N. Shevemeta, B. K: Hardinability in steels prediction by
calculation, Metal Science and Heat Treatment, Vol. 30, No 2, 86-88, 1988.
[8.] Prabhu, K. N. Imtiyaz, A. : Comparison of grossmann and lumped heat capacitance meth ods for
assessment of heat transfer characteristics of quench media, International Heat Treatment and
Surface Engineering, Vol. 5, No 1, pp 41- 46, 2011.
[9.] Wall is, R. A . Owe as, S . Sa n Pe dro, R. I : Fou r ye ars expe rie nce usin g an inc onel pro be to tes t th e
cooling characteristics of production quench oil, ASM He at Treating Society Conference
Proceedings, pp 457 – 466, (1997)
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– International Journal of Engineering
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... However, the heat is removed by convection which is controlled by the quenchant specific heat capacity and thermal conduction. The media of the quenching processes are selected depending on the quench sensitivity of the specific probe material and the severity of the quench medium, i.e. the quench cooling rate
[8]
. The latter is used to classify the quench oils into mar-quench oils (18s -25s), slow oils (15s -20s), medium oils (11s -14s ) and fast oils (8s -10s ) [5]. ...
... The analysis is carried out using Eq. (1) suggested by Durowoju et al.
[8]
: ...
... versa, which agrees with the results of Kim et al. [21]. The lower cooling rate value obtained in the blended raw bio-quenchant oils results from the oils higher kinematic viscosity and the lower total unsaturated fatty acid content as reported by Durowoju et al.
[8]
. Thus, the cooling rate of the formulated bio-quenchant oils decreases in following order: BB melon oil > BR melon oil > BB groundnut oil > PBM oil > BR groundnut oil > BB palm oil > BR palm oil. ...
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The biodegradable vegetable oil based quenchants can serve as cooling media alternative to that of the toxic non-biodegradable petroleum based mineral oil in a heat treatment of aluminium and its alloy. 70 vol. % of edible vegetable oil are blended with 30 vol. % of Jatropha oil to form bio-quenchant oils for Aluminium (Al)-alloy probe treated at 500oC and soaked for 15 min in a mue furnace. The cooling potential properties such as the cooling rate, the heat transfer coecient, the Grossman quench severity and the biot number are investigated. The results obtained show that the blended bleached (BB) melon oil provides the highest cooling rate of 49.30oC s-1, while the blended raw (BR) palm oil ensures the lowest cooling rate of 18.45oCs-1. Heat transfer coecients of 704.6 Wm-2K-1, 432.3 Wm-2K-1, and 394.4 Wm-2K-1 are exhibited by the blended bleached melon oil, the blended raw melon oil and the blended bleached groundnut oil, respectively. They are found higher than that of a petroleum based mineral oil, which amounts to 68.7 Wm-2K-1. The lowest heat transfer coecient of 272.11 Wm-2K-1 is obtained in case of using a blended raw palm oil. The quench severity of the blended bleached melon oil, the blended raw melon oil and the blended raw groundnut oil refers to a Grossman H-factor of 1.01 m-1, 0.78 m-1, and 0.67 m-1, respectively. The lat-ter values are higher than that obtained in case of a blended raw palm oil, which is equal to 0.37 m-1. However, the heat ow parameters obtained reveal that the blended bleached and the blended raw melon and groundnut oil can be characterized as fast quenching oils, while the blended bleached and the blended raw palm oil can be characterized as medium quenching oils of results comparable to and even better than those of the industrial petroleum based mineral oil.
... The thermocouple was then plugged to a digital SD card data logger (Model MTM 380SD) to capture variation in temperature with time data [22][23]. The prepared specimens were then placed into a muffle furnace its working temperature held at 500℃ since solution heat treatment for aluminum alloys is carried out within the temperature range of 450 to 500°C
[24]
for 20 minutes. For soaking time, a rule of thumb [22] is one hour for every inch of cross-sectional thickness. ...
... Control of cooling properties, such as cooling rate and quench severity, is essential to characterize the bio-quenchant oil behaviours. Therefore, the average cooling rate can be calculated from the temperature-time data acquired during quenching using Equation (1) as presented by Durowoju et al.
[24]
: ...
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Addition of copper and use of solution heat treatment solution with bio-degradable vegetable oils as quenchants has great
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petroleum-based oil after solution heat treatment. The alloy was heat treated at 500℃, soaked for 20 minutes in a muffle
furnace before quenching in the formulated bio-quenchant oils. The cooling properties, mechanical properties and
microstructure of the solution treated specimens were determined. Blended bleached melon (BBM) oil was observed to have
offered a higher cooling rate of 49.3 ℃ s
-1
compared to the petroleum-based (PB) oil with a cooling rate of 25.8 ℃ s
-1
. Blended
bleached melon oil exhibited the highest quench severity value of 1.0074 m-1
, while petroleum-based oil was 0.6133 m-1
. The
as-received alloy and as-cast alloy specimens exhibited tensile strength values of 125.33 and 131.37 N mm-2
, respectively,
while a higher tensile strength value of 139.30 Nmm-2 was obtained using the blended bleached melon oil. The highest
Rockwell hardness number, 61.00 HRB, was obtained using blended bleached melon oil. The overall mechanical properties
of specimens improved after the addition of copper and heat treatment in various bio-quenchant oils.
... Immediately on immersion, flux values were low due to the slow cooling effect of the stage I. Additionally, TM offers the highest maximum heat flux value followed by SAE40 and then FM. Alike result was reported by
Durowoju et al. (2013)
. ...
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Emmanuel Toi Dauda
Patricia Popoola
This study investigates the possibility of multi-objective optimization in the transesterification of mahogany seed oil (MSO). The Taguchi method together with Grey relational analysis (GRA) was used to maximize both percent fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) yield and heat transfer coefficient (HTC). It was found that methanol to oil molar ratio was the factor that contributed the most in obtaining high percent FAME (ester) yield and HTC. Employing the following conditions: 32.6 wt% methanol (9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio), 0.5 wt% catalyst, 60 °C temperature and 300 rpm agitation was found to offer an improved percent ester yield and HTC. A confirmatory test resulted in an ester yield of 90.1 % and HTC up to 153.0 W/m2K. The structure of the optimized transesterified mahogany seed oil (TM) was confirmed by FTIR analysis. In the event of comparison, TM, raw mahogany seed oil (FM) and SAE40 were analyzed by cooling curve analyses. TM identified to have superior quenching performance. Keywords: Chemical engineering, Industrial engineering, Mechanical engineering, Metallurgical engineering, Petroleum engineering, Materials science, Ester yield, Heat transfer coefficient, Taguchi, Grey relational analysis, Methanol, Catalyst, Temperature, Stirring
... Grossmann quench severities (H) of Jatropha, sheabutter, and groundnut oil were higher with H-values of 5.93, 6.00, and 6.14, respectively. Heat transfer coefficients of 1583, 1180, and 1024 W/m 2 K were obtained for Jatropha oil, groundnut oil, and melon oil; and heat transfer coefficients of shea butter oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, and petroleum oil were 1001, 971, 828, and 589 W/m 2 K, respectively Adekunle et al. (2013) and
Durowoju et al. (2014)
Groundnut and palm kernel oil Groundnut and palm kernel oils were evaluated as quenchants for a plain carbon steel (0.45%). It was shown that the mechanical properties of groundnut oil quenchant were better than those obtained for palm kernel oil. ...
Vegetable oil quenchants: a review
Article
Jan 2019
Rosa L. Simencio Otero
Lemmy Meekisho
Lauralice C.F. Canale
George Totten
... Grossmann quench severities (H) of Jatropha, sheabutter, and groundnut oil were higher with H-values of 5.93, 6.00, and 6.14, respectively. Heat transfer coefficients of 1583, 1180, and 1024 W/m 2 K were obtained for Jatropha oil, groundnut oil, and melon oil; and heat transfer coefficients of shea butter oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, and petroleum oil were 1001, 971, 828, and 589 W/m 2 K, respectively Adekunle et al. (2013) and
Durowoju et al. (2014)
Groundnut and palm kernel oil Groundnut and palm kernel oils were evaluated as quenchants for a plain carbon steel (0.45%). It was shown that the mechanical properties of groundnut oil quenchant were better than those obtained for palm kernel oil. ...
Vegetable oil quenchants: a review
Article
Jan 2019
Lemmy Meekisho
Lauralice C.F. Canale
George Totten
Rosa L. Simencio Otero
... [ [83][84]
[85]
Groundnut and Palm Kernel Oil ...
Vegetable Oils as Metal Quenchants: A Comprehensive Review
Article
Jun 2017
Rosa L. Simencio Otero
Lauralice C.F. Canale
G.E. Totten
Lemmy Meekisho
There is an ongoing interest in the development and use of renewable base
stocks to formulate quenchants. The most common criterion of vegetable oils
as renewable base stocks is their biodegradability and that they be non-toxic.
A comprehensive overview of all aspects of vegetable oils that impacts their
potential for commercial use is provided. Topics discussed include: vegetable
oil structure, processing, physical properties, classification, biodegradation and
toxicity; oxidation and inhibition; wetting and wetting kinematics; and
applications. As a class, vegetable oil-based quenchant formulations reported
in the literature to date exhibit a number of disadvantages, the most notable
being their relatively poor thermal-oxidative stability in comparison with
petroleum oil-based quenchants in use. Potential pathways to vegetable oilbased
fluid compositions that may rival the thermal-oxidative stability of many
petroleum oil-based quenchants were introduced.
Comparison of Grossmann and lumped heat capacitance methods for assessment of heat transfer characteristics of quench media
Article
Mar 2011
K N Prabhu
Imtiyaz Ali
The suitability of Grossmann and lumped heat capacitance (LHC) methods for estimation of quench severity of nanofluids, brine solutions and a laboratory detergent based medium was investigated. The study involved the assessment of the effect of section thickness of the probe on heat transfer coefficients for different quench media. Computer aided cooling curve analysis during quenching of type 304 stainless steel probes was carried out. The measured thermal history data were used to estimate heat transfer coefficients by Grossmann and LHC methods. The LHC method based on a 10 mm diameter stainless steel probe was found to be applicable for characterising media having quench severity less than 20 m-1. Although Grossmann method is based on the concept of average heat transfer coefficient, it can be used for quench media having varying severity of quenching. Grossmann method is found to be more sensitive to the effect of section thickness on heat transfer.
Comparative study of heat transfer and wetting behaviour of conventional and bioquenchants for industrial heat treatment
Article
Feb 2008
INT J HEAT MASS TRAN
Peter Fernandes
K. Narayan Prabhu
An investigation was conducted to study the suitability of vegetable oils as bioquenchants for industrial heat treatment. The study involved the assessment of the severity of quenching and wetting behaviour of conventional and vegetable oil quench media. Quench severities of sunflower, coconut and palm oils were found to be greater than mineral oil. The quench severity of aqueous media is greater than oil media although their wettability is poor as indicated by their higher contact angles. A dimensionless contact angle parameter defined in this work is found to be a better parameter to compare the wetting behaviour with heat transfer.
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258694973_QUENCH_SEVERITY_OF_BIOQUENCHANTS_ON_MEDIUM_CARBON_STEEL_FOR_INDUSTRIAL_HEAT_TREATMENT |
BEAT AF - Braking Ectopic Atrial Trends In Atrial Fibrillation - Tabular View - ClinicalTrials.gov
BEAT AF - Braking Ectopic Atrial Trends In Atrial Fibrillation
The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Know the risks and potential benefits of clinical studies and talk to your health care provider before participating.
Read our disclaimer for details.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05872776 Recruitment Status :
Recruiting First Posted : May 24, 2023 Last Update Posted : May 24, 2023 See Contacts and Locations
Sponsor:
Ziv HealthCare Ltd.
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Ziv HealthCare Ltd.
Study Details
Tabular View
Tracking Information
First Submitted Date ICMJE April 30, 2023
First Posted Date ICMJE May 24, 2023
Last Update Posted Date May 24, 2023
Actual Study Start Date ICMJE February 16, 2023
Estimated Primary Completion Date February 2024 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Current Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE (submitted: May 14, 2023) Change in AF burden [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Defined as % of time in AF, during screening period compared to end of treatment period.
Original Primary Outcome Measures ICMJE Same as current
Change History No Changes Posted
Current Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE (submitted: May 14, 2023)
AF burden defined as the total number of AF events during screening period compared to end of treatment period. [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] AF burden defined as the total number of symptomatic AF events during screening period compared to end of treatment period [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Change from baseline compared to end of treatment period in Life quality & symptoms as assessed by AF AFEQT(from 0-poor to 100-great), EHRA Score (from I-no symptoms to IV-disabling symptoms) and SF36 questionnaires (form 0-worst to 100-best) [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Number of AF episodes lasting 6 hours or longer in the treatment arm compared to the sham control [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Group change in acute reduction of PAC (number of PACs in 2 minute ECG) compared before and immediately after neuromodulation sessions [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Mean group change in ATA (Atrial Tachyarrhythmias, score form 0 to 6)/ PAC ( Premature Atrial Contractions, number of PACs in 2 minute ECG ) burden from Screening period to End of treatment period [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Proportion of patients with 20% change in ATA /PAC (Premature Atrial Contractions, measured 14 days continuance ECG) burden [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Mean group change in acute reduction of PAC (number of PACs in 2 minute ECG) compared before to up to 1 hour after each neuromodulation session [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Adherence: proportion of executed Vs. planned self-treatments delivered by each patient throughout the treatment period [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] Safety- number of AE [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ] number and severity of adverse event Patient satisfaction and preferences as assessed by patient centric (0-none to 10-worst) & usability questionnaires (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree) [ Time Frame: 14 weeks ]
Original Secondary Outcome Measures ICMJE Same as current
Current Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures Not Provided
Original Other Pre-specified Outcome Measures Not Provided
Descriptive Information
Brief Title ICMJE BEAT AF - Braking Ectopic Atrial Trends In Atrial Fibrillation
Official Title ICMJE A Multi Center Randomized, Double Blinded, Sham Controlled, Clinical Study Aimed to Determine the Efficacy of CardiaCare™ RR2 Home-care Neuromodulation System in Reducing Atrial Fibrillation Burden and Symptoms in Paroxysmal AF Patients
Brief Summary Paroxysmal AF subjects with a documented ECG event of AF will be recruited to the study To assess the efficacy of CardiaCare™ RR2 wearable home-care neuromodulation system in reducing AF burden and symptoms in Paroxysmal AF patients
Detailed Description
After screening for 14 days with a continuous ECG monitoring device, eligible patients will be randomized to either active treatment or a sham treatment groups. For a treatment period of 12 weeks, patients will be prompted to self-conduct neuromodulation sessions based on: a. predetermined treatment regimen plus b. a detection algorithm. In addition, participants will measure at home, daily 2 min ECG's with the RR2 system two times a day and when feeling symptoms suspected as AF/AT/SVT or PAC's.After 10 weeks of treatment patients will be requested to wear an ECG patch continuously for an additional period of 14 days.Overall patients will participate in the study for 14 weeks.
Study Type ICMJE Interventional
Study Phase ICMJE Not Applicable
Study Design ICMJE Allocation: Randomized Intervention Model: Parallel Assignment Masking: Quadruple (Participant, Care Provider, Investigator, Outcomes Assessor) Primary Purpose: Treatment
Condition ICMJE Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation
Intervention ICMJE Device: Neuromodulation with RR2 device non-invasive neuromodulation with RR2 device Device: Mock sham neuromodulation with sham RR2 device Mock sham stimulation with RR2 device
Study Arms ICMJE
Active Comparator: RR2 wearable home-care: active device Real stimulation with RR2 neuromodulation device Intervention: Device: Neuromodulation with RR2 device Sham Comparator: RR2 wearable home-care: sham control device Mock sham stimulation with RR2 neuromodulation device Intervention: Device: Mock sham neuromodulation with sham RR2 device
Publications * Not Provided
* Includes publications given by the data provider as well as publications
identified by ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier (NCT Number) in Medline.
Recruitment Information
Recruitment Status ICMJE Recruiting
Estimated Enrollment ICMJE (submitted: May 14, 2023) 50
Original Estimated Enrollment ICMJE Same as current
Estimated Study Completion Date ICMJE February 2024
Estimated Primary Completion Date February 2024 (Final data collection date for primary outcome measure)
Eligibility Criteria ICMJE
Inclusion Criteria: Men and women ages 18-85 years with history of documented paroxysmal (<7 days) atrial fibrillation AF Burden (% time in AF) of more than 0.5% and less than 25% as evident by a continuous 14 days ECG recording at baseline (at minimum 168 hours) Ability and willingness to sign an informed consent form Ability and willingness to use CardiaCare home care device and ECG chest patch and has an available smart phone Known symptomatic AF event over the recent 3 months Willing not to change the antiarrhythmic treatmentExclusion Criteria: Hemodynamic instability (systolic blood pressure <100mmHg or heart rate>170 bpm at Baseline) during recruitment visit Known history or current diagnosis of atrial flutter An active myocardial infarction evident from ECG Recent stroke or myocardial infarction (<6 months) History of sick sinus syndrome 2nd or 3rd degree AV block, bifascicular block or prolonged (PR>300ms) 1st degree AV block Unilateral or bilateral vagotomy History of persistent AF with documented AF episodes of >7 days Significant valvular disorder (i.e., prosthetic valve or hemodynamically relevant valvular diseases or valvular AF) History of Impaired systolic function with EF<40 % or NY Class III or IV heart failure classification Dilatated left atria with a diameter > 50mm as evident by an echocardiogram Currently enrolled in another study Recurrent vaso-vagal syncopal episodes Pregnancy or breast feeding Pacemaker or CRTD or any implanted electrical stimulating device History of epilepsy or seizures Peripheral neuropathy or dermatological condition affecting the tested upper extremity area Unsuitable for participating in the study according to attending physician
Sex/Gender ICMJE Sexes Eligible for Study: All
Ages ICMJE 18 Years to 85 Years (Adult, Older Adult)
Accepts Healthy Volunteers ICMJE No
Contacts ICMJE Contact: Cheli Gonnen, MSc +972-54-6448097 [email protected] Contact: Amos Ziv +972524419884 [email protected]
Listed Location Countries ICMJE Israel
Removed Location Countries
Administrative Information
NCT Number ICMJE NCT05872776
Other Study ID Numbers ICMJE CAR-POC-02
Has Data Monitoring Committee Yes
U.S. FDA-regulated Product Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Drug Product: No Studies a U.S. FDA-regulated Device Product: No Product Manufactured in and Exported from the U.S.: No
IPD Sharing Statement ICMJE Plan to Share IPD: No
Current Responsible Party Ziv HealthCare Ltd.
Original Responsible Party Same as current
Current Study Sponsor ICMJE Ziv HealthCare Ltd.
Original Study Sponsor ICMJE Same as current
Collaborators ICMJE Not Provided
Investigators ICMJE Principal Investigator: Ehud Chorin, MD Tel Aviv Souraski Medical Center, Department of Cardiology
PRS Account Ziv HealthCare Ltd.
Verification Date May 2023
ICMJE Data element required by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors and the World Health Organization ICTRP
| https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT05872776 |
Contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to opioid related deaths: population based cohort study in Ontario, Canada | The BMJ
Research
Contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to opioid related deaths: population based cohort study in Ontario, Canada
BMJ
2018
;
362
doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k3207
(Published 29 August 2018)
Cite this as: BMJ 2018;362:k3207
Linked editorialOpioid deaths in Ontario, Canada
Article
Peer review
Tara Gomes , scientist 1 ,
Wayne Khuu , senior analyst 2 ,
Diana Martins , research program manager 1 ,
Mina Tadrous , research associate 1 ,
Muhammad M Mamdani , director 3 ,
J Michael Paterson , scientist 2 ,
David N Juurlink , scientist 4
Author affiliations
1 Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
2 Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
3 Li Ka Shing Centre for Healthcare Analytics Research and Training at St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
4 The Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
Correspondence to: T Gomes [email protected] (or @Tara_Gomes on Twitter)
Accepted 9 July 2018
Abstract
ObjectiveTo describe the contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to opioid related deaths.
DesignPopulation based cohort study.
SettingOntario, Canada, from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2016.
ParticipantsAll Ontarians who died of an opioid related cause.
ExposureActive opioid prescriptions, defined as those with a duration overlapping the date of death, and recent opioid prescriptions, defined as those dispensed in the 30 and 180 days preceding death. Postmortem toxicology results from the Drug and Drug/Alcohol Related Death database were used to characterise deaths on the basis of presence of prescribed and non-prescribed (that is, diverted or illicit) opioids, overall and stratified by year and age.
Results2833 opioid related deaths occurred. An active opioid prescription on the date of death was relatively common but declined slightly throughout the study period (38.2% (241/631) in 2013 and 32.5% (278/855) in 2016; P for trend=0.03). Older people and women were relatively more likely to have an active opioid prescription at time of death. In 2016, 46% (169/364) of people aged 45-64 had an active opioid prescription compared with only 12% (8/69) among those aged 24 or younger (P for trend<0.001). Similarly, 46% (124/272) of women had an active opioid prescription at time of death compared with 26.4% (154/583) of men (P<0.001). Among people with active opioid prescriptions at time of death, 37.8% (375/993) also had evidence of a non-prescribed opioid on postmortem toxicology. By 2016, the non-prescribed opioid most commonly identified after death was fentanyl (41%; 47 of 115 cases). Among people without an active opioid prescription at time of death, fentanyl was detected in 20% (78/390) of deaths in 2013, increasing to 47.5% (274/577) by 2016 (P<0.001).
ConclusionsPrescribed, diverted, and illicit opioids all play an important role in opioid related deaths. Although more than half of all opioid related deaths still involved prescription drugs (either dispensed or diverted) in 2016, the increased rate of deaths involving fentanyl between 2015 and 2016 is concerning and suggests the need for a multifactorial approach to this problem that considers both the prescribed and illicit opioid environments.
Introduction
The North American opioid overdose crisis has been attributed, in part, to the widespread use of prescription opioids to treat chronic non-cancer pain over the past two decades.1In particular, long term and high dose opioid prescribing has been associated with serious adverse events, including risks of developing an opioid use disorder, overdose, and death.123Furthermore, combined use of opioids with other depressants of the central nervous system, most commonly benzodiazepines, has been highlighted as an important risk factor for death due to overdose.4Despite recent evidence of decreasing rates of opioid prescribing across Canada,5the prevalence of exposure to opioids remains high with an opioid being prescribed to one in eight Ontarians to manage pain in 2016.6Similarly, more than 42 000 opioid related deaths (13.1 per 100 000 population) are estimated to have occurred in the United States and nearly 3000 in Canada (8.1 per 100 000 population) in that year.78The burden of this early loss of life is clear. In Ontario, the most populous province in Canada, 1 in 133 deaths in 2015 were opioid related, leading to nearly 30 000 years of life lost.9Since this time, the policy response has primarily focused on improving the care of people with opioid use disorders, reducing diversion of prescribed opioids, and promoting safe, appropriate opioid prescribing, as evidenced by new clinical practice guidelines for opioids in chronic non-cancer pain published for both the US and Canada in 2016 and 2017.1011
Shifts in prescribed opioid formulations,5restrictions on accessibility of prescription drugs,12and the growing presence of clandestinely manufactured opioids have caused the illicit opioid market to become considerably more toxic since 2012.1314In particular, the emergence of clandestinely manufactured fentanyl (and its analogues) has been associated with a sharp increase in opioid related fatalities in parts of North America, as these potent drugs are contaminating the illicit opioid market.15161718For example, in British Columbia, Canada, 1156 deaths due to drug overdose involving illicit fentanyl occurred in 2017, representing a 73% increase over the same period the previous year.18In Ontario, a 62% increase in the rate of fentanyl related deaths was observed between 2015 and 2016.19Consequently, researchers and policy makers have called for timely data on trends in the relative contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed (that is, diverted and illicit) opioids to opioid related deaths.2021This information can be a crucial component of evidence informed policy responses that comprehensively address the roles that prescribers, pharmacists, harm reduction workers, and law enforcement can play in tackling the ongoing opioid crisis.2223
An understanding of this problem requires linked data from both prescription claims and postmortem toxicological investigations—data that are rarely available at a population level. Here, we used two such databases to study the relative contributions of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to opioid related deaths in Ontario, the most populous province in Canada. Specifically, our primary objective was to estimate the proportion of people dying of an opioid related cause who had an active opioid prescription at time of death and to evaluate how this has changed over time.
Methods
Setting
We conducted a population based cohort study of all people who died of an opioid related cause in Ontario between 1 January 2013 (when sufficient comprehensive data on all opioid prescriptions were available in the province) and 31 December 2016. In Ontario, a medical coroner investigates all deaths that are sudden or unexpected to determine the cause of death. Deaths to which an opioid contributed, either alone or in combination with another drug or alcohol, are defined as opioid related and included in this analysis.
Data sources
We used the Drug and Drug/Alcohol Related Death (DDARD) database to identify all deaths determined to be opioid related in Ontario over the study period. This database is created through chart abstraction of coronial investigations and includes details on manner of death (accidental, suicide, undetermined) and drug concentrations from postmortem toxicology (see supplementary materials for opioids captured in postmortem toxicology).24We used the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) Registered Persons Database, which contains information on every Ontarian ever issued a health card, to identify demographic information and the Ontario Narcotics Monitoring System (NMS) database to identify all prescriptions for opioids and benzodiazepines dispensed from community pharmacies. This database includes all prescriptions dispensed, regardless of payer. We also used the Ontario Drug Benefit (ODB) claims database to identify publicly funded prescription drugs dispensed to eligible residents of Ontario over the study period, and the OHIP Claims History Database to identify services rendered by physicians. We identified all diagnoses and procedures occurring in emergency departments and hospital admissions by using the Canadian Institute for Health Information’s National Ambulatory Care Reporting System and Discharge Abstract Database, respectively. All datasets were linked using unique, encoded identifiers, and were analysed at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES;www.ices.on.ca).
Identification of patients
We identified all people who died of an opioid related cause over our study period and excluded those with invalid patient identifiers who could not be linked to the ICES data repository. In all analyses, we defined the index date as the date of death.
Opioid exposure definition
In our primary analysis, we defined active opioid prescriptions as those with a day’s supply overlapping the index date. In a secondary analysis, we defined recent opioid prescriptions as those dispensed in the 30 days, 180 days, one year, two years, and three years before the index date. To investigate the contribution of benzodiazepines to opioid related deaths, we defined active benzodiazepine prescriptions as those with a day’s supply overlapping the index date and measured the prevalence of concomitant active prescriptions for both opioids and benzodiazepines. In a sensitivity analysis to explore the role of fentanyl in any temporal changes in prevalence of active opioid prescriptions, we replicated our primary analysis, excluding all deaths for which fentanyl was present on postmortem toxicology. Finally, in a post hoc secondary analysis to test the generalisability of these findings to non-fatal overdoses, we replicated our analysis among people visiting the emergency department with an opioid related toxicity by using ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision) diagnosis codes T40.0, T40.1, T40.2, T40.3, T40.4, and T40.6.
Patient characteristics
We used linked databases to identify sociodemographic characteristics, including age, sex, urban/rural location of residence, and fifth of neighbourhood income. Furthermore, we determined the prevalence of previous diagnoses of mental health problems and addictions, including alcohol use disorder (previous three years), hospital visits (emergency department visit or inpatient hospital admission) for an opioid overdose (previous year), and emergency department visits for other mental health diagnoses (anxiety disorders, deliberate self harm, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance related disorders; previous three years). See the supplementary materials for the ICD-10 codes we used to define each of these comorbidities. Finally, we used postmortem toxicology to characterise involvement of other drugs in opioid related deaths, including cocaine, benzodiazepines, antipsychotics, antihistamines, stimulants, tetrahydrocannabinol, tricyclic antidepressants, and other antidepressants.
Statistical analysis
We summarised patients’ characteristics over the study period by using descriptive statistics, and we stratified the analysis according to whether the patient had an active opioid prescription at time of death. We used χ 2and one way analysis of variance test statistics to compare categorical and continuous characteristics, respectively, between cohorts. In our primary analysis, we reported the prevalence of active and recent opioid prescriptions and active concomitant benzodiazepine prescriptions before opioid related deaths in Ontario. In a secondary analysis, we measured the prevalence of active opioid prescriptions, stratified by age and sex. Finally, we studied the relative contribution of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids to each death in each year of the study period by using postmortem toxicology results. We used two tailed, exact Cochran-Armitage trend tests to determine whether significant trends existed in the prevalence of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids over the study period and the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare medians over time. We adjusted all postmortem drug concentrations for the potential prevalence of opioid metabolites wherever possible (see supplementary materials for details of these adjustments). In particular, we determined heroin involvement on the basis of the presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine in postmortem toxicology. We used SAS software (version 9.4) for all analyses and a type 1 error rate of 0.05 as the threshold for statistical significance.
Patient involvement
No patients were involved in setting the research question or the outcome measures, nor were they involved in developing plans for design or implementation of the study. No patients were asked to advise on interpretation or writing up of results. There are no plans to disseminate the results of the research to study participants. However, study results will be disseminated to patients and citizens involved in the Ontario Drug Policy Research Network Citizens’ Panel and the Ontario Opioid Drug Observatory.
Results
We identified 2910 opioid related deaths in Ontario over the study period, of which 2833 (97.4%) had valid identifiers permitting their analysis. On average, decedents were 43 (SD 13.5) years of age, 67.5% (n=1911) were male, and 34.1% (n=966) resided in the neighbourhood with the lowest fifth of income (table 1). Previous diagnoses of mental health disorders and addictions were relatively common, with 8.6% (n=244) having been admitted to hospital for an opioid overdose in the year before death, 25.8% (n=730) having a diagnosis of alcohol use disorder, and 41.9% (n=1188) having a visit to an emergency department for a mental health disorder in the previous three years. Overall, patients’ demographic characteristics and involvement of other drugs in death differed considerably according to whether the patient had an active opioid prescription at time of death. In particular, people with no active opioid prescriptions tended to be younger, were more likely to be men, were slightly more likely to reside in higher income neighbourhoods, and were more likely to have cocaine or stimulants present in postmortem toxicology at time of death (table 1). In contrast, we observed little difference in the patterns of use of health services, diagnoses of alcohol use disorder, and mental health diagnoses between patient groups.
Table 1
Demographic characteristics of patients who died from an opioid related cause in Ontario, 2013 to 2016. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
In 2013, 38.2% (241/631) of people who died from an opioid related cause had an active opioid prescription on their date of death. Although the absolute number of deaths involving an active prescription increased by 15.4% between 2013 and 2016 (from 241 to 278 deaths), the proportion of all deaths with an active opioid prescription declined significantly to 32.5% (278/855) in 2016 (P=0.03;table 2). When considering recent opioid prescribing (previous 30 days), we found a similar trend over time, but these reductions did not achieve statistical significance. In contrast, we observed no apparent trend in the prevalence of more remote opioid prescribing (from six months to three years before the index date). By 2016, 59.4% (n=508) had received an opioid in the preceding 180 days, rising to 76.4% (n=653) when we considered a three year lookback period. Although prevalence declined over our study period, active benzodiazepine prescriptions remained common in 2016, with 27.6% (n=236) of people who died of an opioid related cause having an active benzodiazepine prescription at time of their death and 16.1% (n=138) having active prescriptions for both benzodiazepines and opioids. In our sensitivity analysis, we found that, after exclusion of deaths involving fentanyl, a significant change in the prevalence of active opioid prescriptions at time of opioid related death (36.8% in 2013 v39.8% in 2016; P=0.18) was no longer apparent. This suggests that the changes in trend observed in our primary analysis were being driven by deaths involving fentanyl.
Table 2
Prevalence of opioid prescriptions among patients who died from opioid related cause in Ontario, 2013 to 2016. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
In our analysis stratified by age and sex, people aged 45 years and older and women were more likely to have an active opioid prescription at their time of death (table 3). In particular, 46% (169/364) of patients aged 45-64 had an active opioid prescription in 2016 compared with only 12% (8/69) among those aged 24 or younger (P<0.001;table 3). Similarly, 46% (124/272) of women had an active opioid prescription at time of death compared with 26.4% (154/583) of men (P<0.001;table 3).
Table 3
Prevalence of active prescription for opioid dispensed on date of opioid related death in Ontario, stratified by age and sex, 2013 to 2016. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
Among the 278 patients who had an active opioid prescription at time of death in 2016, approximately two thirds (64%; n=179) had their opioid prescription reimbursed by the public drug programme, and the median number of days between the date of the last opioid prescription dispensed and the date of the opioid related death was 4 (interquartile range 1-10) days (supplementary materials). Among people with only prescribed opioids detected on postmortem toxicology, the prevalence of specific opioid drugs changed between 2013 and 2016, with fentanyl (from 23% to 15%; P=0.04) and morphine (from 16% to 8%; P=0.01) becoming less frequently involved, and methadone (from 10% to 17%; P=0.02) becoming more frequently involved (table 4). Furthermore, 37.8% (375/993) of people with active opioid prescriptions also had evidence on postmortem toxicology of an opioid that was not prescribed to them. By 2016, the most common non-prescribed opioid involved in these deaths was fentanyl (41%; 47/115). Finally, among people with no active opioid prescription at time of death, the contribution of various opioids changed significantly over time. By 2016, nearly half (47.5%; 274/577) of these deaths involved fentanyl (compared with 20% in 2013; P<0.001), whereas involvement of oxycodone (from 22% to 17%; P=0.02), methadone (from 27% to 18%; P<.001), and codeine (from 21% to 12%; P<.001) fell over this same period. It is important to note that only a small number (<3%) of methadone prescriptions active at time of death were for a pain indication, highlighting the role of methadone used to treat opioid use disorder in these deaths. In an exploratory analysis, among decedents in 2016 in whom fentanyl was detected after death but for whom no active fentanyl prescription was present at time of death, just 2% (6/321) were dispensed a fentanyl prescription in the six months preceding death.
Table 4
Prevalence of prescribed and non-prescribed opioids in fatal opioid overdoses, Ontario, 2013 to 2016. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
In our secondary analysis exploring opioid prescribing before 12 847 emergency department visits for an opioid toxicity, our results were generally consistent with those from the mortality analysis. Specifically, we found a significant reduction in previous dispensations of active opioid prescription between 2013 and 2016 (from 44.2% to 39.5%; P<0.001;table 5). In 2016, 80.0% (3058/3821) of people visiting an emergency department for an opioid toxicity event had received a prescription opioid in the previous three years.
Table 5
Prevalence of opioid prescriptions among patients who had emergency department visits for opioid overdose in Ontario, 2013 to 2016. Values are numbers (percentages) unless stated otherwise
Discussion
In this population based cohort study of nearly 3000 opioid related deaths, we found that in 2016, whereas only one third of patients had an active opioid prescription at time of death, more than three quarters of decedents had been dispensed an opioid in the three years before death. Furthermore, 40% of the deaths with evidence of an active opioid prescription had additional opioids involved in the death, suggesting an important contribution of either remotely prescribed or illicitly obtained drugs in these deaths. Finally, the role of non-prescribed fentanyl in opioid related deaths increased substantially between 2013 and 2016, among both people actively being prescribed opioids and those with no evidence of prescription opioid use. These findings highlight the important inter-relations between the prescribed and illicit opioid markets among people dying due to opioids in Ontario and the growing role of clandestinely manufactured fentanyl in these trends.
Comparison with other studies
Our findings are similar to those reported in other jurisdictions, including in British Columbia and Alberta, Canada. In British Columbia, Gladstone et al reported the proportion of deaths related to prescription opioids in 2013 in which an opioid had been prescribed in the previous 60 days.25In this analysis, women were more likely than men to have been recently dispensed an opioid (54% v29%), which aligns closely with our findings of 48% of women and 33% of men having an active opioid prescription at time of death that same year. Similarly, in Alberta, 32% of opioid related deaths in 2017 occurred in people dispensed an opioid in the previous 30 days,26which is slightly lower than our finding of 43% in 2016. This could reflect inter-jurisdictional differences in the role of non-prescribed opioids in fatal overdoses, which has been shown elsewhere,16or might indicate growth in overdoses attributable to clandestinely manufactured synthetic opioids in 2017.27Importantly, in Alberta in 2017, only 23% of deaths involving fentanyl had an opioid prescription in the previous 30 days.26
An emerging concern across North America is the contamination of the illicit opioid supply with synthetic fentanyl and its analogues.151627Given the potency of these drugs, the lack of regulation and control over the amount consumed, and the proliferation of counterfeit pills containing fentanyl,27jurisdictions across the US and Canada have reported large increases in fentanyl related deaths in 2016 and 2017.15171826In our study, we found evidence of the increasing contributions of fentanyl and its analogues to opioid related deaths in Ontario. In particular, among people who died of an opioid related cause but had no active opioid prescriptions at time of death, only 20% of deaths involved fentanyl in 2013 compared with nearly 50% in 2016. Although this clearly shows the growing role of non-prescribed fentanyl in these deaths across the province, it is important to highlight the large contribution of prescribed and diverted prescription opioids to these deaths. Half of the deaths without active opioid prescriptions involved non-fentanyl opioids, suggesting diversion of prescriptions, and approximately 20% of people who died of an opioid related cause in 2016 had only prescribed opioids in their system at time of death. Finally, the absolute number of people with an active opioid prescription who died of an overdose increased by 15% over our study period. This reinforces the need for responses to the opioid crisis that address all avenues through which people can access these drugs, including prescriptions, diverted drugs, and illicitly manufactured products.
Strengths and limitations of study
This study has several strengths, including its use of medical coronial data to identify postmortem toxicological findings for all opioid related deaths occurring in Ontario and the use of comprehensive, linked prescription data to determine the contribution of prescription opioids to these deaths. However, several limitations warrant emphasis. For example, we could not examine more remote opioid prescriptions, and we cannot exclude the possibility that some deaths seeming to involve diverted opioids might have involved older prescriptions to the same person. We characterised this by doing sensitivity analyses, investigating any opioid prescriptions dispensed in the previous three years (when data allowed). Secondly, we cannot differentiate between diverted prescription fentanyl patches and illicitly produced fentanyl by using postmortem toxicology. However, in an exploratory analysis, we confirmed that less than 2% of people with fentanyl present on toxicology at time of death and no active fentanyl prescription had been dispensed fentanyl at any point in the previous six months. This, in conjunction with the introduction of fentanyl patch-for-patch programmes across Ontario that were designed to reduce diversion of fentanyl patches,2829suggests that the recent growth of involvement of fentanyl in deaths is most likely attributable to illicitly manufactured fentanyl. Finally, we defined heroin involvement in deaths on the basis of presence of 6-monoacetylmorphine in postmortem toxicology. However, owing to its rapid metabolism, this may underestimate the true prevalence of heroin involvement in deaths.
Conclusions and policy implications
The prescribed and illicit opioid environment continues to evolve, with recent focus on the important role of illicitly produced fentanyl in rising rates of opioid related deaths. This study of all opioid related deaths in Ontario over a four year period describes the ongoing combined roles of prescribed, diverted, and illicit opioids in this market and highlights the emerging contributions of non-prescribed fentanyl to fatal overdoses across the province. Although more than half of all opioid related deaths still involved prescription drugs (either dispensed or diverted) in 2016, the increased prevalence of deaths involving non-prescribed fentanyl between 2015 and 2016 is alarming. In light of these trends, the success of programmes and policies designed to tackle the ongoing opioid crisis cannot focus solely on the prescribed or illicit environment but must consider the multifactorial contributions of various sources of opioids to this public health problem.
What is already known on this topic
Opioid related deaths continue to climb in North America
This growing problem has been associated with the widespread prescribing of opioids over the past 20 years
Use of non-prescribed (diverted or illicit) opioids is thought to be the major contributor to opioid related deaths
What this study adds
Prescribed, diverted, and illicit opioids all play an important role in opioid related deaths
One third of opioid related deaths were among people actively treated with a prescription opioid
A concerning trend of increased involvement of non-prescribed fentanyl in 2016 aligns with the recent introduction of illicit fentanyl to the market
Acknowledgments
We thank the Office of the Chief Coroner for Ontario, which, as part of its public safety mandate, made available the relevant data on opioid related deaths in Ontario. We also thank Brogan, Ottawa, for use of its Drug Product and Therapeutic Class Database.
Footnotes
Contributors: TG, WK, DM, MT, MMM, JMP, and DNJ were involved in the conception and design of the study. TG and WK acquired the data. TG, WK, DM, MT, MMM, JMP, and DNJ analysed and interpreted the data. TG drafted the article. WK, DM, MT, MMM, JMP, and DNJ revised the article critically for important intellectual content. TG, WK, DM, MT, MMM, JMP, and DNJ gave final approval of the version to be published. All authors had access to the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. TG attests that all listed authors meet authorship criteria and that no others meeting the criteria have been omitted. She is the guarantor.
Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care (MOHLTC; grant #06673) and the Canadian Institutes for Health Research (grant #153070). It was also supported by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), a non-profit research institute sponsored by the Ontario MOHLTC. The opinions, results, and conclusions reported in this paper are those of the authors and are independent from the funding sources. No endorsement by ICES or the Ontario MOHLTC is intended or should be inferred.
Competing interests: All authors have completed the ICMJE uniform disclosure form atwww.icmje.org/coi_disclosure.pdf(available on request from the corresponding author) and declare: TG received grant funding from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care to support this work; MMM has received personal fees from Celgene, NovoNordisk, and Allergan outside the submitted work; no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.
Ethical approval: The study protocol was approved by the research ethics board of Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario.
Data sharing: The dataset from this study is held securely in coded form at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES). Although data sharing agreements prohibit ICES from making the dataset publicly available, access may be granted to those who meet pre-specified criteria for confidential access, available atwww.ices.on.ca/DAS.
Transparency statement: The lead author (the manuscript’s guarantor) affirms that this manuscript is an honest, accurate, and transparent account of the study being reported; that no important aspects of the study have been omitted; and that any discrepancies from the study as planned (and, if relevant, registered) have been explained.
This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited and the use is non-commercial. See:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
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| https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3207.full |
B-178979, AUG 31, 1973, 53 COMP GEN 148 | U.S. GAO
SINCE THE FRONTIERO CASE WAS AN ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403. SINCE A MEMBER MAY NOT BE PAID AN INCREASED...
B-178979, AUG 31, 1973, 53 COMP GEN 148
B-178979 Aug 31, 1973
Highlights
SINCE THE FRONTIERO CASE WAS AN ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403. SINCE A MEMBER MAY NOT BE PAID AN INCREASED ALLOWANCE ON ACCOUNT OF A DEPENDENT FOR ANY PERIOD DURING WHICH THE DEPENDENT IS ENTITLED TO BASIC PAY. THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT ACCORDED MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS IN ASSIGNING QUARTERS REQUIRES AMENDMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE TO PRESCRIBE ENTITLEMENT TO BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS TO A BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS AT THE WITHOUT DEPENDENT RATE WHEN ADEQUATE PUBLIC QUARTERS FOR DEPENDENTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE. TO REFLECT THAT NEITHER HUSBAND NOR WIFE OCCUPYING GOVERNMENT QUARTERS FOR ANY REASON WHO HAS ONLY THE OTHER SPOUSE TO CONSIDER AS A DEPENDENT IS ENTITLED TO BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS IN VIEW OF 37 U.S.C. 420.
View Decision
B-178979, AUG 31, 1973, 53 COMP GEN 148
FAMILY ALLOWANCES - SEPARATION - FEMALE MEMBERS - ENTITLEMENT TO ALLOWANCE ON THE BASES OF THE SUPREME COURT RULING IN FRONTIERO V. RICHARDSON, DECIDED MAY 14, 1973, TO THE EFFECT THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT ACCORDED MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES WITH REGARD TO DEPENDENTS VIOLATES THE CONSTITUTION, AND PUBLIC LAW 93-64, ENACTED JULY 9, 1973, WHICH DELETED FROM 37 U.S.C. 401 THE SENTENCE CAUSING THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT, THE REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE TWO TYPES OF FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES AUTHORIZED IN 37 U.S.C. 427 SHOULD BE CHANGED TO AUTHORIZE FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES TO FEMALE MEMBERS FOR CIVILIAN HUSBANDS UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS AS AUTHORIZED FOR THE CIVILIAN WIVES OF MALE MEMBERS, AND FOR OTHER DEPENDENTS IN THE SAME MANNER AS PROVIDED FOR MALE MEMBERS WITH OTHER DEPENDENTS. SINCE THE FRONTIERO CASE WAS AN ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403, PAYMENTS OF THE FAMILY ALLOWANCE MAY BE MADE RETROACTIVELY BY THE SERVICES CONCERNED, SUBJECT TO THE OCTOBER 9, 1940 BARRING ACT, AND THE SUBMISSION OF DOUBTFUL CLAIMS TO THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE. QUARTERS ALLOWANCE - GOVERNMENT QUARTERS - HUSBAND AND WIFE SERVICE MEMBERS ALTHOUGH THE FRONTIERO DECISION HAS NO EFFECT ON THE DEPENDENCY STATUS OF SERVICE MEMBERS MARRIED TO EACH OTHER AS PRESCRIBED BY 37 U.S.C. 420, SINCE A MEMBER MAY NOT BE PAID AN INCREASED ALLOWANCE ON ACCOUNT OF A DEPENDENT FOR ANY PERIOD DURING WHICH THE DEPENDENT IS ENTITLED TO BASIC PAY, THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT ACCORDED MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS IN ASSIGNING QUARTERS REQUIRES AMENDMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE TO PRESCRIBE ENTITLEMENT TO BOTH MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS TO A BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS AT THE WITHOUT DEPENDENT RATE WHEN ADEQUATE PUBLIC QUARTERS FOR DEPENDENTS ARE NOT AVAILABLE, NOTWITHSTANDING THE AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE SINGLE QUARTERS; TO REFLECT THAT NEITHER HUSBAND NOR WIFE OCCUPYING GOVERNMENT QUARTERS FOR ANY REASON WHO HAS ONLY THE OTHER SPOUSE TO CONSIDER AS A DEPENDENT IS ENTITLED TO BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS IN VIEW OF 37 U.S.C. 420; AND TO PROVIDE THAT WHEN HUSBAND AND WIFE ARE PRECLUDED BY DISTANCE FROM LIVING TOGETHER AND ARE NOT ASSIGNED GOVERNMENT QUARTERS, EACH IS ENTITLED TO A QUARTERS ALLOWANCE AS PRESCRIBED FOR MEMBERS WITHOUT DEPENDENTS. QUARTERS ALLOWANCE - DEPENDENTS - FEMALE MEMBERS - ENTITLEMENT RESTRICTIONS REMOVED - CLAIMS PROCEDURE AS THE FRONTIERO DECISION, DECIDED MAY 14, 1973, IN WHICH THE SUPREME COURT RULED ON THE INEQUALITY BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MILITARY MEMBERS WITH REGARD TO QUARTERS ALLOWANCES, WAS AN ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403, THE DECISION IS EFFECTIVE AS TO BOTH ACTIVE AND FORMER MEMBERS FROM THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE STATUTE, SUBJECT TO THE BARRING ACT OF OCTOBER 9, 1940 (31 U.S.C. 71A). THE DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FROM FEMALE MEMBERS TO SUPPORT THEIR CLAIMS SHOULD BE SIMILAR TO THAT REQUIRED OF MALE MEMBERS UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES AND SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO REASONABLY ESTABLISH THE MEMBER'S ENTITLEMENT TO THE INCREASED ALLOWANCES. ALTHOUGH CLAIMS FOR THE 10-YEAR RETROACTIVE PERIOD MAY BE PROCESSED BY THE SERVICES CONCERNED, SINCE FILING A CLAIM IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BARRING ACT, CLAIMS ABOUT TO EXPIRE SHOULD BE PROMPTLY SUBMITTED TO GAO FOR RECORDING, AFTER WHICH THEY WILL BE RETURNED TO THE SERVICE FOR PAYMENT, DENIAL OR REFERRAL BACK TO GAO FOR ADJUDICATION. DOUBTFUL CLAIMS SHOULD BE TRANSMITTED TO GAO FOR SETTLEMENT. QUARTERS ALLOWANCE - DEPENDENTS - CHILDREN - FEMALE MEMBERS REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCES FOR QUARTERS THAT REQUIRE THAT A FEMALE MEMBER OF THE MILITARY SERVICE MUST PROVIDE MORE THAN ONE-HALF OF THE SUPPORT FOR HER DEPENDENT CHILD BEFORE SHE MAY RECEIVE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCES FOR QUARTERS MAY BE REVISED TO AUTHORIZE PAYMENT OF THE ALLOWANCE FOR A DEPENDENT CHILD OF A FEMALE MEMBER ON THE SAME BASIS AS THAT PRESCRIBED FOR A MALE MEMBER IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT ALTHOUGH THE FRONTIERO DECISION BY THE SUPREME COURT WAS CONCERNED WITH THE RIGHT OF A FEMALE MEMBER TO RECEIVE ALLOWANCES AND BENEFITS ON BEHALF OF A CIVILIAN HUSBAND, THE RATIONALE AND LANGUAGE OF THE DECISION CONNOTE AN INTENT BY THE COURT THAT THE DECISION SHOULD BE BROADLY APPLIED. QUARTERS ALLOWANCE - LEAVE OR TRAVEL STATUS - UNUSED ACCRUED LEAVE PAYMENTS - SEX DISCRIMINATION REMOVAL SINCE THE ACT OF JULY 9, 1973, PUBLIC LAW 93-64, REPEALED THE PROVISION OF 37 U.S.C. 401 RELATING TO PROOF OF DEPENDENCY BY A FEMALE MEMBER, THE QUARTERS ALLOWANCE PRESCRIBED IN 37 U.S.C. 501(B) FOR INCLUSION IN THE COMPUTATION OF A MALE MEMBER'S UNUSED ACCRUED LEAVE THAT IS PAYABLE AT THE TIME OF HIS DISCHARGE, MAY BE ALLOWED FEMALE MEMBERS ON THE BASIS THEY ARE ENTITLED TO THE SAME TREATMENT ACCORDED MALE MEMBERS WHO ARE NOT NORMALLY REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH THAT THEIR WIVES OR CHILDREN ARE IN FACT DEPENDENT ON THEM FOR OVER ONE-HALF THEIR SUPPORT. THE ALLOWANCE MAY BE PAID RETROACTIVELY BY THE SERVICE CONCERNED, SUBJECT TO THE OCTOBER 9, 1940 BARRING ACT, BUT CLAIMS ABOUT TO EXPIRE SHOULD BE TRANSMITTED TO GAO PURSUANT TO TITLE 4, GAO 7, AS SHOULD DOUBTFUL CLAIMS.
TO THE SECRETARY OF DEFENSE, AUGUST 31, 1973:
THIS REFERS TO LETTER DATED JUNE 20, 1973, FROM THE ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY OF DEFENSE (COMPTROLLER) IN WHICH DECISIONS ARE REQUESTED ON CERTAIN QUESTIONS WHICH HAVE ARISEN AS A RESULT OF THE RULING OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT IN THE CASE OF FRONTIERO V. RICHARDSON, NO. 71 -1694, DECIDED MAY 14, 1973. THE QUESTIONS, TOGETHER WITH DISCUSSION PERTAINING THERETO, ARE CONTAINED IN DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCE COMMITTEE ACTIONS 482-486, ENCLOSED WITH THE LETTER.
COMMITTEE ACTION 482 PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. MAY REGULATIONS BE CHANGED, PURSUANT TO SUPREME COURT DECISION NUMBER 71-1694, FRONTIERO V. RICHARDSON, TO AUTHORIZE FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES TO FEMALE MEMBERS FOR CIVILIAN HUSBANDS UNDER THE SAME CONDITIONS AS PRESENTLY AUTHORIZED MALE MEMBERS FOR CIVILIAN WIVES?
2. IF YOUR ANSWER IS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, MAY THE REGULATIONS ALSO BE CHANGED TO AUTHORIZE FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES TO FEMALE MEMBERS FOR OTHER DEPENDENTS IN THE SAME MANNER AS NOW PROVIDED FOR MALE MEMBERS WITH OTHER DEPENDENTS?
3. IN THE EVENT THAT IT IS DETERMINED THAT FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE PAYMENTS ARE NOW PAYABLE TO FEMALE MEMBERS, ARE SUCH PAYMENTS AUTHORIZED FOR PERIODS BEFORE 14 MAY 1973 (DATE OF DECISION)? IF SO, WHAT RETROACTIVE DATE SHOULD BE USED FOR PROCESSING SUCH CLAIMS AND SHOULD SUCH CLAIMS BE PROCESSED BY THE SERVICES OR THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE? SEE COMMITTEE ACTION 484.
THE DISCUSSION PERTAINING TO FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE CONTAINED IN COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 482 POINTS OUT THAT 37 U.S.C. 427 AUTHORIZES FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES TO MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES WITH DEPENDENTS. THE PURPOSE OF THE ALLOWANCES, IT IS INDICATED, IS TO REIMBURSE A MEMBER FOR THE EXTRA EXPENSES INCURRED AS A RESULT OF SEPARATION OF THE MEMBER FROM HIS FAMILY. THE ABOVE-CITED CODE PROVISION AUTHORIZES TWO TYPES OF ALLOWANCES.
THE FIRST TYPE OF FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE IS PAYABLE TO A MEMBER AT A PERMANENT DUTY STATION OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES TO WHICH THE TRANSPORTATION OF HIS DEPENDENTS IS NOT AUTHORIZED, WHEN GOVERNMENT FURNISHED QUARTERS ARE NOT AVAILABLE TO HIM. THE RATE OF THIS ALLOWANCE IS EQUAL TO THE MONTHLY RATE OF QUARTERS ALLOWANCE PAYABLE TO A MEMBER WITHOUT DEPENDENTS.
THE SECOND TYPE OF FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE IS FIXED AT THE RATE OF $30 PER MONTH AND IS PAYABLE TO A MEMBER WHEN SEPARATED FROM HIS DEPENDENTS FOR MORE THAN 30 DAYS BY REASON OF TEMPORARY DUTY OR WHEN, INCIDENT TO A CHANGE OF PERMANENT STATION, HIS DEPENDENTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED GOVERNMENT TRANSPORTATION TO THE NEW STATION.
THE DISCUSSION ALSO REFERS TO THE VARIOUS PROVISIONS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCES ENTITLEMENTS MANUAL IMPLEMENTING 37 U.S.C. 427, WHICH SET FORTH THE CRITERIA WHICH MUST BE MET BY MEMBERS IN ORDER TO BE ENTITLED TO THE ALLOWANCE.
IT IS NOTED THAT THE COMMITTEE ACTION INDICATES THAT THE QUESTION RULED UPON BY THE SUPREME COURT PERTAINS TO THE RIGHT OF A FEMALE MEMBER OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES TO CLAIM HER SPOUSE AS A "DEPENDENT" ON EQUAL FOOTING WITH A MALE MEMBER FOR THE PURPOSE OF OBTAINING INCREASED QUARTERS ALLOWANCE AND MEDICAL AND DENTAL BENEFITS UNDER 37 U.S.C. 401, 403 AND 10 U.S.C. 1072, 1076. IT IS STATED THAT THE QUESTION THEREFORE ARISES AS TO WHETHER THE SAID DECISION APPLIES TO FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE PAYMENTS TO A FEMALE MEMBER WITH A DEPENDENT. IT IS INDICATED THAT A STRICT INTERPRETATION WOULD NOT EXTEND THE APPLICATION OF THE DECISION TO FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE PAYMENTS. HOWEVER, ON THE OTHER HAND, THAT DECISION MAKES THE PROVISIONS OF 37 U.S.C. 401 RELATIVE TO DEPENDENTS OF A FEMALE MEMBER EQUAL TO THOSE OF MALE MEMBERS, AND CONSEQUENTLY PAYMENTS IN SUCH CASES WOULD APPEAR TO BE AUTHORIZED.
IN THE FRONTIERO CASE THE SUPREME COURT HELD THAT "BY ACCORDING DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT TO MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING ADMINISTRATIVE CONVENIENCE, THE CHALLENGED STATUTES VIOLATE THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE OF THE FIFTH AMENDMENT INSOFAR AS THEY REQUIRE A FEMALE MEMBER TO PROVE THE DEPENDENCY OF HER HUSBAND."
CHAPTER 7 OF TITLE 37, U.S. CODE, AUTHORIZES THE PAYMENT OF CERTAIN ALLOWANCES TO MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES, AMONG WHICH ARE BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS AND FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCE. SECTION 401 OF TITLE 37 DEFINES THE TERM "DEPENDENT" AS IT IS TO BE APPLIED TO THE VARIOUS ALLOWANCES AUTHORIZED BY CHAPTER 7. SINCE THE COURT IN THE FRONTIERO CASE HELD THAT THE REQUIREMENT STATED IN SECTION 401 - "HOWEVER, A PERSON IS NOT A DEPENDENT OF A FEMALE PERSON UNLESS HE IS IN FACT DEPENDENT ON HER FOR OVER ONE-HALF OF HIS SUPPORT" - WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL, IT SEEMS CLEAR THAT THE HOLDING MUST BE APPLIED TO ALL THE SECTIONS OF CHAPTER 7 TO WHICH SECTION 401 IS APPLICABLE.
SUBSEQUENT TO RECEIPT OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY'S LETTER, PUBLIC LAW 93- 64, JULY 9, 1973, 87 STAT. 147, 37 U.S.C. 401(2), WAS ENACTED AND APPROVED BY THE PRESIDENT WITH AN EFFECTIVE DATE OF JULY 1, 1973. SECTION 103(2) OF THAT ACT AMENDED SECTION 401 OF TITLE 37, U.S. CODE, BY STRIKING OUT THE SENTENCE QUOTED ABOVE RELATING TO DEPENDENTS OF FEMALE MEMBERS. THE LEGISLATIVE HISTORY OF THE ACT INDICATES THAT THE AMENDMENT TO SECTION 401 WAS A DIRECT RESULT OF THE COURT'S RULING IN THE FRONTIERO CASE.
THEREFORE, SINCE THE SUPREME COURT HAS RULED THAT THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT ACCORDED MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS WITH REGARD TO DEPENDENTS VIOLATES THE CONSTITUTION AND THE CONGRESS HAS AMENDED SECTION 401 OF TITLE 37, DELETING THE SENTENCE CAUSING THE DIFFERENTIAL TREATMENT, IT IS REQUIRED THAT THE REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE FAMILY SEPARATION ALLOWANCES BE AMENDED IN CONSONANCE WITH THE COURT'S RULING AND PUBLIC LAW 93-64. QUESTIONS 1 AND 2 OF COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 482 ARE ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE.
WITH REGARD TO THE ANSWER TO QUESTION 3 OF COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 482, SEE THE RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS 2C AND 2D OF COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 484.
COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 483 PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS FOR DECISION:
1. DOES THE FRONTIERO DECISION HAVE ANY EFFECT ON THE DEPENDENCY STATUS OF SERVICE MEMBERS MARRIED TO EACH OTHER AS PRESCRIBED BY 37 U.S.C. 420?
2. IF THE ANSWER TO THE ABOVE IS AFFIRMATIVE, MAY ONE, BUT NOT BOTH, CLAIM THE OTHER AS A DEPENDENT FOR ALLOWANCE PURPOSES?
3. IF THE ANSWER IS NEGATIVE:
A. WHEN BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE ARE MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES AND ARE ASSIGNED TO THE SAME OR ADJACENT MILITARY INSTALLATIONS, ARE BOTH MEMBERS ENTITLED TO BAQ PRESCRIBED FOR A MEMBER WITHOUT DEPENDENTS WHEN PUBLIC QUARTERS FOR DEPENDENTS ARE NOT ASSIGNED, NOTWITHSTANDING THE AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE SINGLE QUARTERS FOR ASSIGNMENT TO EITHER OR BOTH?
B. UNDER THE ABOVE CIRCUMSTANCES, WILL BOTH MEMBERS CONTINUE TO BE ENTITLED TO BAQ WHEN SINGLE QUARTERS ARE ACTUALLY OCCUPIED BY ONE OR THE OTHER BUT NOT BOTH, INCLUDING CASES WHERE NAVY MEMBERS ARE INVOLUNTARILY REQUIRED TO OCCUPY QUARTERS ABOARD NAVAL VESSELS?
C. WHEN HUSBAND AND WIFE MEMBERS ARE PRECLUDED BY DISTANCE FROM LIVING TOGETHER, WOULD ENTITLEMENTS IN QUESTIONS 3A. AND B., ABOVE BE THE SAME?
SECTION 420 OF TITLE 37, U.S. CODE, PROVIDES THAT A MEMBER OF A UNIFORMED SERVICE MAY NOT BE PAID AN INCREASED ALLOWANCE UNDER CHAPTER 7, ON ACCOUNT OF A DEPENDENT, FOR ANY PERIOD DURING WHICH THAT DEPENDENT IS ENTITLED TO BASIC PAY UNDER SECTION 204 OF TITLE 37.
THE ABOVE-CITED SECTIONS PRECLUDES THE PAYMENT OF INCREASED ALLOWANCES ON ACCOUNT OF ANY PERSON WHO IS ENTITLED TO BASIC PAY. NO DISTINCTION IS DRAWN BY THE STATUTE WITH REGARD TO MALE OR FEMALE MEMBERS. ACCORDINGLY, YOUR FIRST QUESTION IS ANSWERED IN THE NEGATIVE. THEREFORE, QUESTION 2 NEED NOT BE ANSWERED.
WHILE THE FRONTIERO DECISION BY THE SUPREME COURT DOES NOT SPECIFICALLY AFFECT 37 U.S.C. 420, CURRENT REGULATIONS PROMULGATED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AND IN LINE WITH PRIOR DECISIONS OF THIS OFFICE CONCERNING THE ASSIGNMENT OF HUSBAND AND WIFE MEMBERS TO PUBLIC QUARTERS UNDER 37 U.S.C. 403 NOW APPEAR TO BE QUESTIONABLE IN LIGHT OF THE COURT'S RULING.
IT HAS BEEN THE POLICY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PRIOR TO THE FRONTIERO DECISION TO ASSIGN A HUSBAND AND WIFE WHO ARE MEMBERS OF A UNIFORMED SERVICE STATIONED AT THE SAME OR ADJACENT MILITARY INSTALLATIONS TO FAMILY TYPE QUARTERS WHEN POSSIBLE. HOWEVER, THE ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSIGNMENT TO PUBLIC QUARTERS OR TO THE PAYMENTS OF BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS RESTED WITH THE MALE MEMBER. THE FEMALE MEMBER WAS NOT ELIGIBLE FOR ASSIGNMENT TO FAMILY QUARTERS OR BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS UNLESS ADEQUATE SINGLE QUARTERS WERE NOT AVAILABLE FOR HER USE.
ENCLOSED WITH THE ACTING ASSISTANT SECRETARY'S LETTER IS A PROPOSED DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE INSTRUCTION 1338.1, WHICH PRESUMABLY REPLACES THE CURRENT POLICY GUIDELINES REFERRED TO ABOVE.
PARAGRAPH III A OF THE PROPOSED INSTRUCTION IS AS FOLLOWS:
IT IS THE POLICY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE TO ENCOURAGE MAINTENANCE OF THE FAMILY UNIT. WHEN BOTH HUSBAND AND WIFE ARE MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES BOTH MEMBERS ARE AUTHORIZED THE BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS PRESCRIBED FOR A MEMBER WITHOUT DEPENDENTS WHEN PUBLIC QUARTERS FOR DEPENDENTS ARE NOT ASSIGNED, NOTWITHSTANDING THE AVAILABILITY OF ADEQUATE SINGLE QUARTERS FOR EITHER OR BOTH, OR ACTUAL OCCUPANCY OF SINGLE QUARTERS BY EITHER MEMBER. WHEN BOTH MEMBERS OCCUPY SINGLE QUARTERS FOR WHATEVER REASON, BOTH ARE DENIED THE BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS FOR SUCH PERIOD OF OCCUPANCY.
AS WE POINTED OUT ABOVE IN RESPONSE TO QUESTION 1 OF COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 483, IT IS OUR VIEW THAT THE FRONTIERO DECISION DOES NOT AFFECT THE DEPENDENCY STATUS OF MEMBERS AS PRESCRIBED IN 37 U.S.C. 420. HOWEVER, THE QUESTIONS PRESENTED IN QUESTION 3 OF THE COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 483 DO NOT ACTUALLY RELATE TO INCREASED ALLOWANCES ON BEHALF OF A DEPENDENT RECEIVING BASIC PAY, BUT RATHER TO THE POLICY OF ASSIGNING QUARTERS TO MEMBERS WHO ARE HUSBAND AND WIFE AND THE PAYMENT OF AN ALLOWANCE TO EITHER OR BOTH IN LIEU OF QUARTERS ASSIGNMENT.
IT IS OUR VIEW THAT POLICIES TO BE FOLLOWED BY THE SERVICES IN THE ASSIGNMENT OF QUARTERS IN SUCH CASES IS WITHIN THE PURVIEW OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE, AND THE ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY REGARDING QUARTERS ASSIGNMENTS AND THE INTERESTS OF THE SERVICES AND THE MEMBERS CONCERNED WOULD BEST BE FOR DETERMINATION BY THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE. HOWEVER, THE MATTER OF THE PAYMENT OF ALLOWANCES TO MEMBERS OF THE UNIFORMED SERVICES WHEN ADEQUATE QUARTERS ARE NOT FURNISHED MUST BE DETERMINED UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF 37 U.S.C. 403. SEE, GENERALLY, 52 COMP. GEN. 64 (1972).
QUESTION 3A IS ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, SINCE IT APPEARS TO BE THE PROPOSED POLICY TO ASSIGN FAMILY TYPE QUARTERS TO SUCH MEMBERS WHEN POSSIBLE AND, IN THE ALTERNATIVE, WHEN ADEQUATE QUARTERS ARE NOT AVAILABLE FOR THEM AS A FAMILY UNIT, THEY WOULD EACH BE ENTITLED TO A BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS AT THE WITHOUT DEPENDENT RATE.
QUESTION 3B APPEARS TO BE FOR DETERMINATION SOLELY UNDER THE PROVISIONS OF 37 U.S.C. 403. SUBSECTION (B) OF THAT SECTION PROVIDES THAT A MEMBER WHO IS ASSIGNED TO APPROPRIATE AND ADEQUATE QUARTERS IS NOT ENTITLED TO A BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS. THIS IS ALSO THE CASE WHEN A MEMBER WITHOUT DEPENDENTS OCCUPIES PUBLIC QUARTERS FOR ANY REASON. THEREFORE, UNDER THE CIRCUMSTANCES PRESENTED, A HUSBAND OR WIFE WHO OCCUPIES GOVERNMENT QUARTERS FOR ANY REASON AND HAS ONLY THE OTHER SPOUSE FOR CONSIDERATION AS A DEPENDENT IS NOT ENTITLED TO THE BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS UNDER 37 U.S.C. 403, SINCE SECTION 420 OF TITLE 37 PRECLUDES PAYMENT OF AN INCREASED ALLOWANCE ON ACCOUNT OF A DEPENDENT WHO IS ENTITLED TO BASIC PAY. QUESTION 3B IS ANSWERED IN THE NEGATIVE.
WHEN HUSBAND AND WIFE MEMBERS ARE PRECLUDED BY DISTANCE FROM LIVING TOGETHER, FAMILY TYPE QUARTERS OBVIOUSLY WOULD NOT BE ASSIGNED, AND IT WOULD APPEAR REASONABLE TO ACCORD THE SAME TREATMENT TO THESE MEMBERS AS TO ANY MEMBER WITHOUT DEPENDENTS, SINCE THE MAINTENANCE OF A FAMILY UNIT IS PRECLUDED DUE TO DISTANT DUTY STATIONS. IN SUCH CIRCUMSTANCES, THE HUSBAND AND THE WIFE WOULD BE ENTITLED TO A BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS AS PRESCRIBED FOR MEMBERS WITHOUT DEPENDENTS IF THEY ARE NOT ASSIGNED TO GOVERNMENT QUARTERS. QUESTION 3C IS ANSWERED ACCORDINGLY.
IN VIEW OF THE ANSWERS TO THE ABOVE QUESTIONS, THE PROPOSED DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE DIRECTIVE 1338.1 SHOULD BE AMENDED ACCORDINGLY.
COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 484 PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. IS QUARTER ALLOWANCE ENTITLEMENT BY FEMALE SERVICE MEMBERS ON BEHALF OF CIVILIAN SPOUSES, UNDER SUPREME COURT DECISION NO. 71-1694, FRONTIERO V. RICHARDSON ET AL., 14 MAY 1973, FOR RETROACTIVE APPLICATION, AND IF SO, FOR WHAT PERIOD?
2. IF THE ANSWER TO "1" ABOVE IS AFFIRMATIVE:
A. MAY FORMER FEMALE SERVICE MEMBERS, AS WELL AS THOSE STILL IN SERVICE, CLAIM QUARTERS ALLOWANCE ON BEHALF OF CIVILIAN SPOUSES FOR THE RETROACTIVE PERIOD?
B. WHAT TYPE OF SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION WILL BE REQUIRED? C. SHOULD CLAIMS FOR THE RETROACTIVE PERIOD, REGARDLESS OF THE PERIOD INVOLVED, BE PROCESSED BY THE SERVICES OR BY CLAIMS DIVISION, GAO?
D. IF ALL SUCH CLAIMS ARE TO BE PROCESSED BY THE FINANCE CENTERS, SHOULD THE MAXIMUM 10 YEAR RETROACTIVE PERIOD BE COMPUTED FROM THE DATE OF RECEIPT OF THE CLAIM BY THE SERVICES OR SOME OTHER DATE?
THE SUPREME COURT'S DECISION IN THE FRONTIERO CASE WAS AN ORIGINAL CONSTRUCTION OF THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF CERTAIN OF THE PROVISIONS OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403 BY THAT COURT. WE FIND NO INDICATION IN THE COURT'S DECISION OF AN INTENTION TO LIMIT THAT DECISION TO A PROSPECTIVE APPLICATION ONLY. SINCE THE COURT RULED THAT INEQUALITY OF TREATMENT AS BETWEEN MALE AND FEMALE MEMBERS WITH REGARD TO ENTITLEMENT AND PAYMENT OF QUARTERS ALLOWANCES FOR THE SOLE PURPOSE OF ACHIEVING ADMINISTRATIVE CONVENIENCE IS A VIOLATION OF THE DUE PROCESS CLAUSE OF THE FIFTH AMENDMENT TO THE CONSTITUTION, SUCH A RULING MUST BE REGARDED AS EFFECTIVE FROM THE EFFECTIVE DATE OF THE STATUTE. THEREFORE, THE SUPREME COURT'S CONSTRUCTION OF 37 U.S.C. 401 AND 403 IN THE FRONTIERO CASE MUST BE GIVEN RETROACTIVE APPLICATION. CF. 40 COMP. GEN. 14, 17 (1960) AND 53 COMP. GEN. 94, AUGUST 16, 1973. THE FIRST PART OF QUESTION 1 IS ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE.
CLAIMS ARISING AS A RESULT OF THE FRONTIERO DECISION ARE SUBJECT TO THE 10-YEAR LIMITATION PROVIDED IN THE BARRING ACT OF OCTOBER 9, 1940, 54 STAT. 1061, 31 U.S.C. 71A, WHICH PROVIDES IN PERTINENT PART AS FOLLOWS:
(1) EVERY CLAIM OR DEMAND *** AGAINST THE UNITED STATES COGNIZABLE BY THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE *** SHALL BE FOREVER BARRED UNLESS SUCH CLAIM *** SHALL BE RECEIVED IN SAID OFFICE WITHIN TEN FULL YEARS AFTER THE DATE SUCH CLAIM FIRST ACCRUED: PROVIDED, THAT WHEN A CLAIM OF ANY PERSON SERVING IN THE MILITARY OR NAVAL FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES ACCRUES IN TIME OF WAR, OR WHEN WAR INTERVENES WITHIN FIVE YEARS AFTER ITS ACCRUAL, SUCH CLAIM MAY BE PRESENTED WITHIN FIVE YEARS AFTER PEACE IS ESTABLISHED.
THEREFORE, CLAIMS WHICH ACCRUED PRIOR TO THE 10-YEAR PERIOD AND NOT RECEIVED IN THIS OFFICE WITHIN THE PERIOD SPECIFIED BY THAT ACT WOULD BE BARRED FROM CONSIDERATION. THE SECOND PART OF QUESTION 1 IS ANSWERED ACCORDINGLY.
REGARDING QUESTION 2A, THE FACT THAT A MEMBER HAS LEFT THE SERVICE WOULD NOT SERVE TO DIVEST HIM OF HIS RIGHT TO AN INCREASED ALLOWANCE TO WHICH HE WAS OTHERWISE ENTITLED WHILE IN THE SERVICE. ACCORDINGLY, QUESTION 2A IS ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE.
QUESTION 2B IS ANSWERED BY SAYING THAT THE DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED TO SUPPORT SUCH CLAIMS SHOULD BE SIMILAR TO THAT REQUIRED OF MALE MEMBERS UNDER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES. SUCH DOCUMENTATION SHOULD BE SUFFICIENT TO REASONABLY ESTABLISH THE MEMBER'S ENTITLEMENT TO THE INCREASED ALLOWANCE. SEE IN THIS REGARD 37 U.S.C. 403(B) AND 420, AND CHAPTER 2 OF PART 3 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCES ENTITLEMENTS MANUAL.
CLAIMS FOR THE 10-YEAR RETROACTIVE PERIOD MAY BE PROCESSED BY THE SERVICES CONCERNED. HOWEVER, WE HAVE LONG HELD THAT THE FILING OF A CLAIM IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE CONCERNED DOES NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE BARRING ACT OF OCTOBER 9, 1940, SUPRA. SEE 32 COMP. GEN. 267 (1952), AND 42 COMP. GEN. 337, 339 (1963). THEREFORE, CLAIMS ON WHICH THE LIMITATION PERIOD PRESCRIBED IN THAT ACT IS ABOUT TO EXPIRE SHOULD BE PROMPTLY TRANSMITTED TO THIS OFFICE FOR RECORDING AFTER WHICH THEY WILL BE RETURNED FOR PAYMENT, DENIAL OR REFERRAL BACK TO THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE FOR ADJUDICATION. SEE TITLE 4 GAO 7. ALSO, ANY SUCH CLAIM WHICH IS DOUBTFUL AS TO THE FACTS OR THE LAW SHOULD BE TRANSMITTED HERE FOR SETTLEMENT. QUESTIONS 2C AND 2D ARE ANSWERED ACCORDINGLY.
COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 485 PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING QUESTION:
DOES THE RECENT DECISION RENDERED BY THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE CASE OF FRONTIERO V. RICHARDSON (NO. 71-1694) REQUIRE OR PERMIT THE UNIFORM SERVICES TO REVISE REGULATIONS TO AUTHORIZE THE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCES FOR QUARTERS FOR A DEPENDENT CHILD OF A FEMALE MEMBER ON THE SAME BASIS AS THAT PRESCRIBED FOR A MALE MEMBER?
THE COMMITTEE ACTION DISCUSSION INDICATES THAT CURRENT DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE REGULATIONS RELATING TO THE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS REQUIRE THAT A FEMALE MEMBER OF THE MILITARY SERVICES MUST PROVIDE MORE THAN ONE-HALF OF THE SUPPORT FOR HER DEPENDENT CHILD BEFORE SHE MAY RECEIVE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS ON BEHALF OF SUCH CHILD. IT IS INDICATED THAT THOSE REGULATIONS ARE BASED UPON THAT PORTION OF 37 U.S.C. 401 WHICH STATES, "HOWEVER, A PERSON IS NOT A DEPENDENT OF A FEMALE MEMBER UNLESS HE IS IN FACT DEPENDENT ON HER FOR OVER ONE-HALF OF HIS SUPPORT."
AS IS POINTED OUT IN THE COMMITTEE ACTION DISCUSSION, THE ISSUE IN THE FRONTIERO CASE WAS THE RIGHT OF A FEMALE MEMBER TO RECEIVE ALLOWANCES AND BENEFITS ON BEHALF OF A CIVILIAN HUSBAND; HOWEVER, THE RATIONALE AND LANGUAGE OF THE DECISION CONNOTE AN INTENT BY THE COURT THAT THE DECISION SHOULD BE BROADLY APPLIED. THIS VIEW IS FURTHER SUPPORTED BY OTHER RECENT DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT, CITED IN THE FRONTIERO CASE, STRIKING DOWN AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL STATUTORY SCHEMES WHICH DISCRIMINATE ON THE BASIS OF SEX. SEE STANLEY V. ILLINOIS, 405 U.S. 645 (1972) AND REED V. REED, 404 U.S. 71 (1971).
ACCORDINGLY, IN ANSWER TO THE QUESTION IN COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 485, IT IS OUR VIEW THAT A REVISION OF THE REGULATIONS TO AUTHORIZE PAYMENT OF BASIC ALLOWANCE FOR QUARTERS FOR A DEPENDENT CHILD OF A FEMALE MEMBER ON THE SAME BASIS AS THAT PRESCRIBED FOR A MALE MEMBER IS REQUIRED.
COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 486 PRESENTS THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
1. IS THE APPLICABLE ALLOWANCE PRESCRIBED IN 37 U.S.C. 501(B) FOR A MEMBER WITH DEPENDENTS INCLUDABLE IN THE COMPUTATION OF PAYMENT FOR UNUSED ACCRUED LEAVE IN THE CASE OF A FEMALE MEMBER WHO HAS A DEPENDENT (CIVILIAN HUSBAND OR CHILD) EVEN THOUGH DEPENDENCY ON HER FOR OVER ONE HALF OF THE DEPENDENT'S SUPPORT HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED?
2. IF THE ANSWER IS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, MAY THE ALLOWANCE BE PAID RETROACTIVELY AND, IF SO, SHOULD SUCH CLAIMS BE SETTLED BY THE SERVICES OR THE GENERAL ACCOUNTING OFFICE. SEE COMMITTEE ACTION 484.
AS THE COMMITTEE ACTION INDICATES, 37 U.S.C.. 501(B) AS IMPLEMENTED BY RULE 4, TABLE 4-4-5 OF THE DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY PAY AND ALLOWANCES ENTITLEMENTS MANUAL, PROVIDES THAT, WITH CERTAIN EXCEPTIONS NOT MATERIAL HERE, AN OFFICER WHO HAS ACCRUED LEAVE TO HIS CREDIT AT THE TIME OF HIS DISCHARGE IS ENTITLED TO BE PAID FOR THAT LEAVE ON THE BASIS OF THE BASIC PAY AND ALLOWANCES TO WHICH HE WAS ENTITLED ON THE DATE OF DISCHARGE. SECTION 501(B) AS IMPLEMENTED BY RULE 1, TABLE 4-4 5, OF THE MANUAL, ALSO PROVIDES THAT AN ENLISTED MEMBER IN PAY GRADES E 5 AND ABOVE, WITH DEPENDENTS, WHO HAS ACCRUED LEAVE TO HIS CREDIT AT THE TIME OF HIS DISCHARGE, IS ENTITLED TO BE PAID A QUARTERS ALLOWANCE FOR THAT LEAVE AT THE RATE OF $1.25 PER DAY.
AS INDICATED PREVIOUSLY, SECTION 103(2) OF THE ACT OF JULY 9, 1973, REPEALED THE PROVISION OF 37 U.S.C. 401 RELATING TO PROOF OF DEPENDENCY OF A FEMALE MEMBER.
IN VIEW OF OUR ANSWER TO THE QUESTION POSED IN COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 485 AND SINCE MALE MEMBERS ARE NOT NORMALLY REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH THAT THEIR WIVES OR CHILDREN ARE IN FACT DEPENDENT ON THEM FOR OVER ONE-HALF OF THE DEPENDENTS' SUPPORT, QUESTION 1 OF COMMITTEE ACTION NO. 486 IS ANSWERED IN THE AFFIRMATIVE.
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Download Table | from publication: Levels of some toxic elements and frequency of bacterial heavy metal resistance in sediment and sea water | The Golden Horn Estuary located in the Istanbul region of Turkey has been thought to be a heavily polluted area since the 1950s: the concentration of the elements, which include heavy metals such as Cu2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, and Fe2+, was therefore investigated in... | Heavy Metals, Sediments and soil pollutants | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.
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Levels of some toxic elements and frequency of bacterial heavy metal resistance in sediment and sea water
Article
Full-text available
Nuray Balkis
Context in source publication
Context 1
... results were shown as the frequency of resistance of these bacteria according to the maximum concentration of the metals where they can survive, in Table 3 and Table 4. ...
Evaluating the Heavy Metal Contamination in Sediments from the Guadalquivir Estuary after the Aznalc??llar Mining Spill (SW Spain): A Multivariate Analysis Approach
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Inmaculada Riba
Angel DelValls
J M Forja
Abelardo Gómez-Parra
The Doñana National Park is one of the most important Natural Reserves in west Europe. The park and the Guadalquivir estuary were impacted by the release of 5 million cubic meters of acid waste from the processing of pyrite ore. Here are presented a multivariate analysis approach to evaluate the extension and the magnitude of the accidental spill o...
Citations
... Among the instruments in element determinations, ICP-MS, ICP-AES, AAS, and ET-AAS have an important place for seawater samples. In the literature, different instrumental methods have been used to determine trace elements such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) for seawater (Sumida et al., 2006), inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) (Ahmadov et al., 2020;Ardini et al., 2011;Bayon et al., 2011;Clough et al., 2015;Jimenez et al., 2002;Lee et al., 2011;Milne et al., 2010;Rahmi et al., 2007;Sohrin et al., 2008;Veguería et al., 2013;Wu & Boyle, 1997), atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)
(Altug & Balkis, 2009;
Ellis & Roberts, 1998;Tepavitcharova et al., 2011), and electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS) (Vrana & Komarek, 1996). Although inductively coupled plasma mass spectrocopy (ICP-MS) is the ideal instrument for the direct determination of elements in many matrices at sub-nanogram per milliliter levels, the direct analysis of sea water samples is hard due to polyatomic species (causing spectroscopic interference) and high content of dissolved solids (causing nonspectroscopic interference) and high content of dissolved make the analysis of seawater samples hard (Jimenez et al., 2002;Santelli et al., 2012). ...
The method development for elimination of matrix interferences in seawater monitoring to determine elements by ICP-MS
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ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
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Serpil Yenisoy-Karakaş
A simple, versatile, and economical method development with matrix elimination to determine the elements As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn in seawater by using the technique of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry is reported. Real seawater was used as a matrix for the standard adding calibration and other validation parameters. The samples were open digested at 80 °C with 2 mL HNO3 and 0.25 mL HF under the hood. A two-step digestion procedure was applied, and the volume was completed to 10 mL with deionized water. Chloride removal was accomplished by using this procedure. The concentrations of Ca and Mg ions were lessened by 15% and 20%, respectively. These results were verified with ion chromatography, SEM–EDS, and mass difference analyses. It was observed that there was a 40% loss in the average mass of particulate matter on the filter media after applying the two-step digestion procedure. Recovery and trueness values were in the range of 86 and 109%. The average precision amounts for elements were determined as RSD (%) in the range of 1.0% and 3.4%. The concentrations of elements determined in the 18 samples collected from the Konyaaltı Beach located in Antalya were higher than the maximum allowable concentrations of the Directive 2013/39/EU.
... However, drug resistances have been found associated with heavy metal resistance factors in samples from sewage [107], polluted sites [108] and clinical sources [109,110]. In fact, resistance to heavy metals is virtually always found associated with resistance to antibiotics [111,112] and the frequency of heavy metal resistance is often the same as or higher than the frequency of drug resistance
[113]
. Resistant Bacillus populations have a greater frequency in sites polluted by mercury containing sewage sludge than in unpolluted sites, and ampicillin resistance follows the same pattern [114][115][116]. ...
A Gateway to Metal Resistance: Bacterial Response to Heavy Metal Toxicity in the Biological Environment
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ANN SCI
Loai Aljerf
Nuha AlMasri
Heavy metals and metalloids are dangerous because they have the tendency to bioaccumulate in biological organisms over a period of time. However, it is conceived that a number of phytochemical agents as well microorganism can act as heavy metal removing agent both from human beings and the environment surrounding. For instance, microbes are used for the removal of heavy metals from the water bodies including bacteria, fungi, algae and yeast. This review shows that bacteria can play an important role in understanding the uptake and potential removal behaviour of heavy metal ions. The bacteria are chosen based on their resistance to heavy metals (incl. their toxicities) and capacity of adsorbing them. Due to specifi c resistance transfer factors, cell impermeability is drastically inhibited by several ion (i.e. mercury, cadmium, cobalt, copper, arsenic) forms. Between these elements, free-ion cadmium and copper concentrations in the biological medium provide more accurate determination of metal concentrations that affect the bacteria, than with most of the other existing media. Metal toxicity is usually assessed by using appropriate metal ion chelators and adjusting pH factor. Bacteria and metals in the ecosystem can form synergistic or antagonistic relationships, supplying each other with nutrients or energy sources, or producing toxins to reduce growth and competition for limiting nutritional elements. Thus, this relation may present a more sustainable approach for the restoration of contaminated sources.
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(Altug and Balkis, 2009;
Cheung et al., 1982;Gadd and Griffiths, 1977), resulting in extra cost and complexity in terms of application. On this ground, hydrogen peroxide is deemed to be a more suitable reagent since it has mild effect on pH and salinity without introducing foreign chemical species (except for the hydroxyl free radical, which is reacted away). ...
Improving coal bioavailability for biogenic methane production via hydrogen peroxide oxidation
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Tianyu Chen
Sandra Rodrigues
Suzanne D. Golding
Victor Rudolph
Hydrogen peroxide solution was used to pretreat coal samples for the purpose of improving bioavailability for methanogenesis. Crushed coals of subbituminous (PEN9-003) and medium-volatile-bituminous (C.D.) ranks were oxidized with three different dosages of H2O2 solution over four time periods (1, 4, 7, and 30 days) in the presence of UV light. Bioassays were set up using the oxidation products as the sole carbons substrates for biomethane production. To characterize the change in coal composition after oxidation, concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the filtered liquid sample of the pretreatment reactor were measured. The solid phase was dried and solvent-extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol. Compounds in the organic extract were analyzed using a GC–MS. H2O2 oxidation has managed to boost the biomethane yield in the subbituminous PEN9-003 coal by a maximum 10 times to 223.7 μmol/g. Production of methane was found to increase exponentially with the concentration of H2O2 relative to coal, but less significantly with pretreatment length. In contrast, the bituminous C.D. coal was barely affected by pretreatment. In addition, oxidation has considerably enhanced solubilization of PEN9-003 coal in water, with contents of VFAs and dissolved TOC surged by up to 28.2 and 22.3 times. The pretreatment has also increased the abundance of solvent-extractable matter in PEN9-003 coal. Oxygen-containing compounds, including aliphatic carboxylic acids, alcohols, ethers, ketones, and oxygenated monocyclic aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were the most affected. The enrichment was due both to formation of new chemical species and an increase in the abundance of existing compounds. In comparison, oxidation of C.D. coal failed to generate any new organic species, nor did it increase the content of dissolved TOC. Biodegradation has resulted in depletion of all dissolved organic carbon, suggesting water-soluble compounds are highly bioavailable. Bioconversion of solvent-extractable matter in PEN9-003 has been improved by a maximum 29.5% upon pretreatment, while that of C.D. coal was lowered. Molecules with heterogeneous moieties, especially those that have been enriched after pretreatment demonstrated the highest bioavailability. Thermal maturation of coal from subbituminous to medium-volatile bituminous rank has been associated with a decrease in extractable matter contents, liptinite proportion, H/C ratio, elemental oxygen, heterogeneous moieties, as well as physical accessibility to microorganisms. They are thought to be responsible for the poor bioavailability and amenability of C.D. coal to H2O2 oxidation. Application of the pretreatment is only likely to be ex-situ, in which coal beneficiation waste may be used as a feed to bioreactors. The study offers a good basis for further process optimization and upscaling.
... Over the last two decades huge scale usage of chemicals in various human activities has grown very rapidly. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the industrial and domestic effluents are release directly or indirectly into the large water bodies
[14,
15]. ...
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Amitabh Chandra Dwivedi
Priyanka Mayank
The water quality of rivers is an issue of serious concern today. Rivers are heavily impacted due to their use for carrying off the industrial, municipal, agricultural and domestic effluents. Water samples were collected for the present study from the Ganga River at Kanpur, Allahabad and Varanasi sites, during the period 2011-2012. The minimum temperature (17°C) was recorded in winter season. The pH, TDS, EC, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, BOD and COD values exhibited their minimum at Allahabad site. The chloride and dissolved oxygen were recorded minimum at Kanpur site while alkalinity and total hardness had their lowest values at Varanasi site. The water quality of the Kanpur site was very poor compared to Varanasi and Allahabad sites. However, the Ganga river waters could host some tolerant fish species such as the exotic Cyprinus carpio and Oreochromis niloticus and also catfishes. All these species are very hardy, in respect of poor water quality, thus they (exotic species) have powerfully invaded in degraded systems worldwide.
... Over the last two decades huge scale usage of chemicals in various human activities has grown very rapidly. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the industrial and domestic effluents are release directly or indirectly into the large water bodies
[14,
15]. ...
Time scale changes in the water quality of the Ganga River, India and estimation of suitability for exotic and hardy fishes.
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2016
Ashish Tiwari
Amitabh Chandra Dwivedi
Priyanka Mayank
... Over the last two decades huge scale usage of chemicals in various human activities has grown very rapidly. In developing and underdeveloped countries, the industrial and domestic effluents are release directly or indirectly into the large water bodies
[14,
15]. ...
Time scale changes in the water quality of the Ganga River, India and estimation of suitability for exotic and hardy fishes
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2016
Ashish Tiwari
... e higher resistance of E. coli isolates in the present study may be due to the continuous input of anthropological pollution into the Sea of Marmara. However, localities with lower levels of fecal indicators may also have a large number of resistant isolates
(Altuğ & Balkıs 2009
). is may be due to di erential transport of nutrients by deep sea discharges that creates a nutrient-limited zone in surface waters where the growth of fecal indicators is limited but antibiotic-resistant isolates persist. ...
Investigation of The Distribution of Antibiotic Resistance And The Presence of Vancomycin-Resistance Genes (vanA and vanB) in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From The Sea of Marmara, Canakkale Strait And Istanbul Strait, Turkey
Article
Jun 2016
OCEANOL HYDROBIOL ST
Mine çardak
Gulşen Altuğ
Mustafa Ay
Özlem Erol
We investigated the frequency of antibiotic resistance of Enterobacteriaceae and the presence of vancomycin-resistance genes in samples taken from the Sea of Marmara, and the Istanbul and Canakkale Straits, Turkey. Different colony-forming bacteria were isolated and identified with the VITEK 2 Compact 30 system. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined by the disc diffusion method. The isolates were tested against amoxicillin, ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefuroxime, ofloxacin, vancomycin, tetracycline, kanamycin and gentamycin. The presence of vancomycin-resistance genes (vanA and vanB) was also investigated. The level of Enterobacteriaceae species was higher in the Sea of Marmara than in the Istanbul Strait and the Canakkale Strait. Isolates showing resistance to the greatest number of antibiotics were identified from E. coli isolates. The resistance of the selected bacterial isolates were as follows: kanamycin (82%), vancomycin (78%) and ampicillin (60%). Some intermediately vancomycin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates had the vanA gene. This study provides evidence of widespread bacterial resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics in marine environments. It also contributes to the knowledge on the distribution of antibiotic resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and indicates the importance of control measures in domestic water treatment.
... This suggests that this strain experiences frequent exposure to Pb in nature. A study conducted at the Golden Horn Estuary close to Istanbul (Turkey), known to be heavily polluted by heavy metals such as Pb(II), Cu(II), Mn(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cd(II), and Fe(II), showed average concentrations of these metals comparable to what found in this study and percentages of resistant bacterial strains ranging from 28% to 65% of total isolates, depending on the metal investigated
(Altug and Balkis, 2009
). This suggests that many bacteria can develop resistance and thrive even in the presence of such toxic metals. ...
A Bacillus sp. isolated from sediments of the Sarno River mouth, Gulf of Naples (Italy) produces a biofilm biosorbing Pb(II)
Article
Apr 2016
SCI TOTAL ENVIRON
Milva Pepi
Marco Borra
Stella Tamburrino
Maria Saggiomo
Raffaella Casotti
A Pb-resistant bacterial strain (named hereinafter Pb15) has been isolated from highly polluted marine sediments at the Sarno River mouth, Italy, using an enrichment culture to which Pb(II) 0.48mmoll(-1) were added. 16S rRNA gene sequencing (Sanger) allowed assignment of the isolate to the genus Bacillus, with Bacilluspumilus as the closest species. The isolate is resistant to Pb(II) with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 4.8mmoll(-1) and is also resistant to Cd(II) and Mn(II) with MIC of 2.22mmoll(-1) and 18.20mmoll(-1), respectively. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) showed that Pb inoculated in the growth medium is absorbed by the bacterial cells at removal efficiencies of 31.02% and 28.21% in the presence of 0.48mmoll(-1) or 1.20mmoll(-1) Pb(II), respectively. Strain Pb15 forms a brown and compact biofilm when grown in presence of Pb(II). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) confirm that the biofilm contains Pb, suggesting an active biosorption of this metal by the bacterial cells, sequestering 14% of inoculated Pb as evidenced by microscopic analyses. Altogether, these observations support evidence that strain Pb15 has potentials for being used in bioremediation of its native polluted sediments, with engineering solutions to be found in order to eliminate the adsorbed Pb before replacement of sediments in situ.
... Metal pollution has been known as a crucial problem for environment owing to their persistence and toxicity. Accordingly, a lot of monitoring projects about on water quality and metal pollution in the Marmara Sea, Golden Horn, Bosphorus, Lake Terkos, Black Sea and Gokova Bay were carried out
[1]
[2][3][4]. Considering these study results, especially heavy metal levels were higher than the both critical limits set by the Turkish Ministry of Environment for Regulation of Water Pollution and European Union [5]. The toxic effects, particularly of Pb, Cd, Cu, Hg and Zn, will cause serious threats for human health. ...
Copper(II) removal from the aqueous solution using microporous benzidine-based adsorbent material
Full-text available
Mar 2016
Omer Suat Taskin
Baris Kiskan
Abdullah Aksu
Nuray Balkis
Yusuf Yagci
In this work, the ability of benzidine-based microporous polymer network as adsorbent for removal of copper(II) species from aqueous solutions was investigated. The designed benzidine-based adsorbent material (BBAM) with high specific surface area was synthesized using phloroglucinol and benzidine monomers with hydrochloric acid catalyst at 180°C for 3 days followed by freeze-drying process. The porosity character of the material was confirmed by SEM analysis and CO2 adsorption/desorption studies at 0°C. The adsorption efficiency of the BBAM for different metal ions, namely Hg(II), Fe(II), Pb(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) was experimented, however, a specific sorption behavior against Cu(II) ions was observed. The function of pH and contact time was studied and the highest adsorption capacities for Cu(II) were found as 97% with pH of 4.5 at the end of 300 min. As verified by FTIR and XRD spectral analysis, the sorption mechanism is attributed to the coordination system formed between amino groups in the porous structure and Cu(II) ions. Reusability of the system was also presented by applying six cycles without any significant loss of activity.
... Heavy metals have a significant role as selective agents in the evolution of microbial communities [8]. Briefly, microorganisms have a significant role in biogeochemical cycles of metals and they can be used for bio-regeneration in polluted environments
[9,
10]. However, correlation is frequently observed in antibiotic resistance besides metal resistance because resistance genes in chromosome or plasmid are close to each other. ...
CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS AND INVESTIGATION OF BACTERIAL TOXIC METAL RESISTANCE IN COSTAL CITY SEDIMENTS (EASTERN AEGEAN SEA)
Article
Full-text available
Jan 2016
FRESEN ENVIRON BULL
Asli Kacar
Ali Kocyigit
Esin Uluturhan
Izmir is located on the Eastern Coast of the Aegean Sea in Turkey. In this study, it was aimed to determine the toxic metal resistance of bacterial isolates from coastal city sediments. Twenty-six isolates (Bacillus, Marinibacillus, Halobacillus) were identified and these strains were investigated in respect of the minimum inhibitory concentrations of metals, susceptibility of some antibiotics (Ampicillin, Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, Tobramycin). The MICs of metals were different for each strain but the general order of resistance to the metals was found to be as Ni>Pb>Cu>Cr>Cd>Hg and the toxic effects of these metals increased with increasing concentration. Bacterial isolates were highly resistant to Ni (13 mM), Pb (6 mM). Additionally, it was found that the strains were resistant to Ampicillin. The highest concentrations of metals were found in the sediments of the inner part of the Bay, which is intensely industrialized compared to the middle and outer parts of the Bay. This study and several other studies suggest that sediment bacteria in an area polluted with heavy metal can be biological indicators.
| https://www.researchgate.net/figure/46_tbl1_5586193 |
LABELLA, COMMONWEALTH vs., 364 Mass. 550
COMMONWEALTH vs. PETER LABELLA.
364 Mass. 550
January 8, 1974 - February 4, 1974
Middlesex County
Present: TAURO, C.J., REARDON, BRAUCHER, HENNESSEY, & KAPLAN, JJ.
Omissions from the charge or instructions of the judge at a criminal trial
were not brought before this court in the absence of the saving of
appropriate exceptions. [552-553, 554]
This court declined to reexamine its holding in Jaquith v. Commonwealth,331 Mass. 439, 443, that G. L. c. 272, Section 35, is not unconstitutional on
its face upon appeal by a defendant convicted thereunder who contended
that the statute was "overly broad" because covering the sexual conduct
of consenting adults, but who did not bring himself within such coverage.
[553-554]
INDICTMENT found and returned in the Superior Court on March 14, 1972.
The case was tried before Lappin, J.
Robert A. Stanziani for the defendant.
Page 551
Terence M. Troyer, Assistant District Attorney, for the Commonwealth.
BRAUCHER, J.The defendant was convicted of committing an unnatural and lascivious act and was sentenced to a house of correction for two and one-half years.[Note 1]G. L. c. 272, Section 35. He appeals pursuant to G. L. c. 278, Sections 33A-33G, asserting (1) that there was error in the judge's failure to instruct the jury to take contemporary standards into account, and (2) that the governing statute is "overly broad" because it covers the conduct of consenting adults. We hold that neither point is properly before us, and affirm the conviction.
The victim, police witnesses and the defendant testified, and we first summarize the undisputed evidence. The victim was an airline hostess, new to Boston, and was walking along Massachusetts Avenue between 9:45 and 10:15 P.M., carrying a heavy suitcase in snow and rain from a subway station to an apartment on Beacon Street she shared with other women. The defendant was thirty-eight years old, lived in a suburb with his wife and three children, and worked forty hours a week in a bakery and two days a week as a barber. After spending about an hour and one-half at a Boston bar, he drove his car slowly along the street near the victim. They had never met before.
On the defendant's invitation, the victim entered the car, and they drove in the direction of her apartment, but he drove on across the Massachusetts Avenue bridge into Cambridge, turned right onto Memorial Drive and parked the car. At this point, although the defendant had opened the right hand door of the car to let the victim in, the door handle was no longer on the door, and the door could not be opened from the inside. The defendant proceeded to fondle the victim, partially undressed her, had oral contact with her genital area and had intercourse with her. She put her clothes on; a police cruiser drove up and stopped; she rolled down
Page 552
the car window and waved to the police officers. One of them opened the door, and she left the vehicle and told him that the defendant had just raped her. The defendant was then arrested. A knife was taken from his pocket, and a door handle was found between the seat and back of the front seat of the car.
Other matters were disputed. The victim testified that she had resisted the defendant's advances, but stopped resisting when he pushed a knife toward her neck and shoulder. The defendant testified that she was entirely willing and cooperative until the police arrived. She testified that he did not physically hurt her.
1. The judge charged the jury substantially in the words of Jaquith v. Commonwealth,331 Mass. 439, 442 (1954).[Note 2]He said that "no element of willingness or consent or any such thing" was involved, repeated that "the act itself" was the offence if it was committed and was "a deviation from the normal and accepted standards," noted that the victim and the defendant testified to the same conduct and concluded that portion of the charge by saying that if the act "does not fit the definition as I have given it to you, or if you disbelieve that it ever took place, then, of course, your verdict should be that of not guilty."
After the charge, counsel for the defendant told the judge that he had "left out whether it is unnatural behavior, according to our standards. You left that out when you said, `If he said they did this and if she said they did this, then he's guilty.'" The judge replied, "If it meets the definition that I gave them. That's what I told them." Counsel took no exception at this point, but shifted to criticism of the charge with respect to a different indictment.
The defendant now argues that the judge should have instructed the jury, as a cross section of the community, to apply their own attitudes and convictions, citing Commonwealth
Page 553
2. The defendant relies on the opinion of Mr. Justice Douglas in Griswold v. Connecticut, 381 U.S. 479, 485 (1965), as recognizing a "zone of privacy created by several fundamental constitutional guarantees." He submits that criminal sanctions cannot be imposed for "any type of sexual activity committed in private between consenting adults," and argues that G. L. c. 272, Section 35, does impose such sanctions and must therefore be nullified as "overly broad."
It is a traditional principle that "a person to whom a statute may constitutionally be applied will not be heard to challenge that statute on the ground that it may conceivably be applied unconstitutionally to others, in other situations not before the Court." An exception has been made in the area of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, but even in that area the overbreadth doctrine "has been employed by the Court sparingly and only as a last resort. Facial overbreadth has not been invoked when a limiting construction has been or could be placed on the challenged statute . . . . Equally important, overbreadth claims, if entertained at all, have been curtailed when invoked against ordinary criminal laws that are sought to be applied to protected conduct. . . . Additionally, overbreadth scrutiny has generally been somewhat less rigid in the context of statutes regulating conduct in the shadow of the First Amendment, but doing so in a neutral, noncensorial manner." Broadrick v. Oklahoma, 413 U.S. 601, 610-615 (1973). Compare Gooding v. Wilson, 405 U.S. 518, 520-521 (1972).
The defendant does not assert that the present case involves freedom of expression or communication in a sense which would bring into play the "overbreadth" doctrine
Page 554
associated with the First Amendment. In the Griswold case "the right of privacy in question inhered in the marital relationship." Eisenstadt v. Baird, 405 U.S. 438, 453 (1972) (upholding the same rights for unmarried persons). Compare Stanley v. Georgia, 394 U.S. 557, 568 (1969), depending "not on any First Amendment right to purchase or possess obscene materials, but on the right to privacy in the home." United States v. 12 200-ft. Reels of Super 8MM. Film, 413 U.S. 123, 126 (1973). See United States v. Orito, 413 U.S. 139, 141-143 (1973). The right to privacy in the home is not involved in the present case, and the defendant cannot invoke the rights of others in hypothetical situations. See United States v. Thirty-seven (37) Photographs, 402 U.S. 363, 375-377 (1971) (opinion of White, J.).
We therefore decline to rexamine our holding in Jaquith v. Commonwealth,331 Mass. 439, 443 (1954), that G. L. c. 272, Section 35, is not unconstitutional on its face. We note that the Supreme Court of the United States has recently rejected a "special claim to constitutional protection" for "conduct involving consenting adults only." Paris Adult Theatre I v. Slaton, 413 U.S. 49, 68 (1973). But the special claim made here, even if sustained, would not render the statute unconstitutional on its face. Hence it is not properly before us.
The defendant in effect asks us to hold that there was error in the judge's failure to submit to the jury issues of "privacy" and "consent." The judge's instructions did not mention privacy, and they clearly withdrew any issue of consent from consideration by the jury. Counsel for the defendant was experienced, aggressive and persistent; he commented on other aspects of the instructions with respect to unnatural and lascivious acts, but took no exceptions with respect to them; he made no suggestions with respect to privacy or consent. Either his present contention is an afterthought, or he withheld it in the hope of tactical advantage. In either event it is not now open to the defendant to attack the instructions. Commonwealth v. Underwood,358 Mass. 506, 509, n. 2 (1970), and cases cited.
Judgment affirmed.
FOOTNOTES
[Note 1]The defendant was also indicted for rape, confinement against the victim's will, and assault by means of a dangerous weapon. The four indictments were tried together, but a mistrial was declared on the other three after the jury reported inability to reach verdicts.
[Note 2]The words "unnatural act" "signify irregular indulgence in sexual behavior, illicit sexual relations, and infamous conduct which is lustful [,obscene] and in deviation of accepted customs and manners." The bracketed word appeared in the Jacquith opinion but not in the charge in this case.
| http://masscases.com/cases/sjc/364/364mass550.html |
Chronic Kidney Disease in the U.S. Hemophilia Population: A Cohort Study | Blood | American Society of Hematology
Abstract. Introduction: Over a 3 year period, U.S. men with hemophilia were found to be 50 times more likely to die from renal disease than the general populati
Chronic Kidney Disease in the U.S. Hemophilia Population: A Cohort Study
Suman L. Sood, MD MSCE
,
Suman L. Sood, MD MSCE
1 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
Dunlei Cheng, PhD
,
Dunlei Cheng, PhD *
Amy D. Shapiro, MD
3 Indiana Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Indianapolis, IN
Craig M. Kessler, MD
,
Craig M. Kessler, MD
4 Georgetown University Med. Ctr., Washington, DC
Nigel S. Key, MBChB, FRCP
,
Nigel S. Key, MBChB, FRCP
5 University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
Doris V. Quon, MD PhD
,
Doris V. Quon, MD PhD
6 Orthopaedic Hospital, Hemophilia Treatment Center, Los Angeles, CA
M. Elaine Eyster, MD
,
M. Elaine Eyster, MD
7 Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA
Marilyn J Manco-Johnson, MD
,
Marilyn J Manco-Johnson, MD
8 Hemophilia & Thrombosis Center, Mountain State Regional Hemophilia & Thrombosis Ctr., Aurora, CO
Christine L Kempton
,
Christine L Kempton
9 Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
Adam Cuker, MD MS
,
Adam Cuker, MD MS
10 University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
Margaret V. Ragni, MD MPH
,
Margaret V. Ragni, MD MPH
11 University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
Joan Cox Gill, MD
,
Joan Cox Gill, MD
12 Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
Philip Kuriakose, MD
,
Philip Kuriakose, MD
13 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Henry Ford Hospital/Wayne State University, Detroit, MI
Annette Von Drygalski, MD
,
Annette Von Drygalski, MD
14 University California, San Diego, San Diego, CA
Peter A. Kouides, MD
Peter A. Kouides, MD
15 Mary M. Gooley Hemophilia Center, Rochester, NY
Miguel A Escobar, MD
Miguel A Escobar, MD *
Allison P. Wheeler, MD
,
Allison P. Wheeler, MD
Tzu-Fei Wang, MD
Tzu-Fei Wang, MD
Cindy A. Leissinger, MD
Cindy A. Leissinger, MD
19 Tulane Univ. School of Med., New Orleans, LA
Sarah Galdzicka, LSSGB
Sarah Galdzicka, LSSGB *
Barbara Konkle, MD
Barbara Konkle, MD
Blood (2017) 130 (Supplement 1): 2359.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V130.Suppl_1.2359.2359
Abstract
Introduction: Over a 3 year period, U.S. men with hemophilia were found to be 50 times more likely to die from renal disease than the general population (SMR 50; 95% CI 26.8-92.8) (Soucie et al., Blood 2000). Despite this finding, data regarding chronic kidney disease (CKD) and its risk factors in patients with hemophilia remain limited. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of CKD and CKD risk factors among older men with moderate and severe hemophilia.
Methods: A U.S. national study (ATHN-1) began enrollment in 10/2012. Inclusion criteria are men with moderate or severe congenital hemophilia A or B (FVIII or IX level ≤ 5%), age 54-73. Men with an additional bleeding disorder (besides liver dysfunction) were excluded. In this extension study, CKD risk factors, historical creatinine levels, and history of renal events were obtained from patient interview and chart review after obtaining informed consent. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) values were calculated using the CKD-EPI equation and compared to values in the general population using the NHANES dataset (Coresh et al., JAMA 2007). CKD is defined as the presence of either kidney damage or decreased kidney function with GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for ≥ 3 months, irrespective of cause.
Fasting blood work showed an abnormally elevated creatinine in 30.9% subjects (mean 1.1 mg/dl, SD 0.4). Mean historical maximum creatinine was 1.0 (range 0.6-4.8), with mean GFR 68 (range 12-126). 11.3% (8/71) met the definition of CKD. Stages of CKD by GFR in the hemophilia cohort were similar to the NHANES general population (p=0.60).
A history of hematuria was reported in 45.1% (41/91) of subjects, mostly at age under 20. 26.4% (24/91) of subjects had a history of nephrolithiasis, 57.1% (52/91) past use of NSAIDs, and 45.1% (41/91) antifibrinolytic agents. 15.4% (14/91) of subjects reported obstructive symptoms with urination; 14.3% (13/91) had benign prostate disease. 7.7% (7/91) of subjects had a history of intrinsic kidney disease. Of these, 28.6% (2/7) had a renal biopsy, 71.4% (5/7) had seen a nephrologist, and 14.3% (1/7) were on dialysis. The renal disease in these 7 subjects was related to: DM (3), HCV (2), HTN (1), and glomerulonephritis (1).
In our cohort, hemophilia subjects with CKD non-significantly trended to have increased DM (20% vs 8.2%), age ≥65 years (15.6% vs 7.7%), and HTN (14.6% vs 6.7%) compared to subjects without CKD. No other significant trends were identified, including no association with CVD, HCV, HIV, BMI or hematuria.
Conclusions: In this interim analysis of an ongoing national prospective cohort study, older men with moderate to severe hemophilia commonly report risk factors for CKD, including HTN (52.0%), DM (13.3%), viral infection (35.7% HCV, 17.4% HIV), and potential renal damaging medication use (57.1% past use of NSAIDs, 45.1% antifibrinolytic agents). Only 6.1% had CVD. Urological symptoms were also common, including hematuria (45.1%, with 26.4% reporting a history of nephrolithiasis); 15.4% of subjects reported obstructive symptoms with urination, and 14.3% had benign prostate disease.
In our cohort, 11.3% (8/71) subjects met the definition of CKD, defined as the presence of either kidney damage or GFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 for ≥ 3 months. The distribution of GFR values appeared similar to the general population. As in the general population, hemophilia subjects with CKD non-significantly trended to have more DM, older age, and HTN compared to subjects without CKD. We plan to formally compare the prevalence of CKD and CKD risk factors with similarly aged men in the ARIC database once enrollment is complete, as understanding the risk factors that contribute to CKD is essential to halt its progression.
Sood: Bayer:Research Funding.Kempton: Genentech:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.Cuker: T2 Biosystems:Research Funding; Spark Therapeutics:Research Funding.Ragni: Alnylam, CSL Behring, BAYER, Biomarin, Biomarin, Bioverativ, Genetech/Roche, Pfizer, Shire, SPARK:Research Funding; A Anylam, Biomarin, Bioverativ, Shire:Honoraria.Gill: Bayer:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CSL Behring:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding; Shire:Consultancy, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.Von Drygalski: Baxalta/Shire:Honoraria; Bayer:Honoraria; Biogen:Honoraria; CSL Behring:Honoraria; Novo Nordisk:Honoraria; Pfizer:Honoraria; Hematherix LLC:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.Escobar: Shire:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Genentech:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; CSL Behring:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; NovoNordisk:Honoraria, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.Wheeler: NovoNordisk:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Octapharma:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Shire:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Bayer:Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
Topics:
hemophilia a
,
kidney failure, chronic
,
obesity
,
hemophilias
,
hypertension
,
cardiovascular diseases
,
hematuria
,
antifibrinolytic agents
,
anti-inflammatory agents, non-steroidal
Asterisk with author names denotes non-ASH members.
| https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/130/Supplement%201/2359/80210/Chronic-Kidney-Disease-in-the-U-S-Hemophilia?searchresult=1 |
Sustainability | Free Full-Text | Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal
Drawing upon the psychology of sustainability, effective organizations can create a sense of belongingness for people, and successfully facilitate growth and development activities for both individuals as well as the organization itself. Extending the recommendations of Zappala, Toscano, and Licciardello, the current study considers a range of variables. The role of overall justice judgements and change favorableness are taken as predictors of affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal. The relationship is mediated by organizational identification and moderated by trust in organization. Overall, the results support the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, findings showed that both change favorableness and overall justice judgements are positively related to affective commitment to change and negatively related to exit-based withdrawal. Organizational identification mediates the relationships between overall justice judgements& ndash;affective commitment to change, change favorableness& ndash;affective commitment to change, and change favorableness& ndash;exit-based withdrawal, whilst trust in organizations moderated the direct relationship between overall justice judgements& ndash;affective commitment to change, and change favorableness& ndash;exit-based withdrawal. Furthermore, the indirect effect of trust in organizations positively moderated the relationship of overall justice judgements and change favorableness with affective commitment to change, and at the same time, it negatively moderated the relationship between change favorableness and exit-based withdrawal via organizational identification. Crucially, for practitioners, this brings trust of employees as a key factor that should be managed to ensure sustainable change. Both trust and identity appear important in improving commitment and lowering the exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees. Future recommendations, implications, and limitations are discussed.
Background:
Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal
by Ambreen Malik 1 , Muhammad Naseer Akhtar 1,* , Usman Talat 2 and Kirk Chang 3,4
1
NUST Business School, National University of Sciences & Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
2
Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
3
Salford Business School, University of Salford, Manchester M5 4WT, UK
4
Fudan Development Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200086, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sustainability 2019 , 11 (11), 3159; https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113159
Received: 25 March 2019 / Revised: 22 May 2019 / Accepted: 31 May 2019 / Published: 5 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability )
Abstract
Drawing upon the psychology of sustainability, effective organizations can create a sense of belongingness for people, and successfully facilitate growth and development activities for both individuals as well as the organization itself. Extending the recommendations of Zappala, Toscano, and Licciardello, the current study considers a range of variables. The role of overall justice judgements and change favorableness are taken as predictors of affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal. The relationship is mediated by organizational identification and moderated by trust in organization. Overall, the results support the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, findings showed that both change favorableness and overall justice judgements are positively related to affective commitment to change and negatively related to exit-based withdrawal. Organizational identification mediates the relationships between overall justice judgements–affective commitment to change, change favorableness–affective commitment to change, and change favorableness–exit-based withdrawal, whilst trust in organizations moderated the direct relationship between overall justice judgements–affective commitment to change, and change favorableness–exit-based withdrawal. Furthermore, the indirect effect of trust in organizations positively moderated the relationship of overall justice judgements and change favorableness with affective commitment to change, and at the same time, it negatively moderated the relationship between change favorableness and exit-based withdrawal via organizational identification. Crucially, for practitioners, this brings trust of employees as a key factor that should be managed to ensure sustainable change. Both trust and identity appear important in improving commitment and lowering the exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees. Future recommendations, implications, and limitations are discussed.
Keywords:
affective commitment to change
;
exit-based withdrawal
;
overall justice judgements
;
trust in organization
;
organizational identification
;
change favorableness
;
transformational changes
1. Introduction
In the past decade, globalization has exerted considerable influence over financial markets and their international growth. This has created pressure, volatility, and competition across markets [
1
]. In parallel, the ensuing dynamics of decentralization, digitization, and diversity of financial markets, as well as the intensification of competitive forces, have characterized international banking and trade [
2
]. Amidst financial crisis, including the 2008 downturn as well as more recent Brexit plans involving the U.K. and EU, banks and other financial institutions have become insecure and have begun re-evaluating their strategy for their corporate sustainability. In doing so, organizations have to play a positive role in their contribution towards the important factors of the society, i.e., economy, environment, and the social actors (people). Over the past two decades, scholars have paid considerable focus on the significance of sustainable change interventions. Many are considering the prospect of forging alliances with industry partners internationally through adaptive change.
Crucially, over this period, we have seen a surge in major organizational changes, such as merger and acquisitions, change in leadership, change in (HR) human resource policies, cultural changes, and the introduction of advanced technologies [ 3 ]. At their core, what major/transformational organizational changes represent are sets of organization-wide modifications aimed at improving capability [ 4 ]. This includes people’s commitment for sustainable changes in the face of ecology, equity, and economy [ 5 ]. However, most transformational changes are not sustainable and tend to fail.
Often major changes are not satisfactorily understood by key actors and therefore they fail to garner enough support, both politically and socio-economically [ 6 , 7 ]. Studies conclude that as a type of significant change that influences the diversity of social actors in the marketplace, the dynamics of major changes should be sensitive to employee commitment, such that projects earn the support and are completed in a timely manner. It follows that without committed employees, major organizational changes tend to fail [ 8 ]. Modern organizations have started paying more attention to the employees’ subjective reasons for commitment to the organization [ 9 ]. Alongside economic and environmental dimensions, strategic management for better social dynamics has become a pivotal part of organizational sustainability [ 10 ]. Specifically, scholars have pointed out affective commitment to change as a key driver in achieving sustainability through major changes. Affective commitment to change is defined as “a process of binding the employees’ mindset with a particular course of action deemed central for the implementation and success of change projects” [ 11 ].
Change management scholars have discussed a host of important predictors related to commitment [ 12 ]. Amongst these, in the context of transformational changes, a significant role is played by justice judgements [ 13 , 14 , 15 ], organizational identification [ 16 , 17 ], and trust in organization [ 18 ]. From a macro perspective, these predictors emerge when organizations attempt to cope with intensifying and threatening market conditions. Coping is mobilized by internal structural changes, including downsizing, job re-design, moderations in HR policy, the adoption of new technologies, and the crucial use of merger and acquisitions [ 19 ]. Such internal rearrangements are known as transformational changes, with the potential to impact affective commitment to change. The current study builds on the group engagement model (GEM) [ 13 ] which posits a framework whereby overall justice judgements and change favorableness are antecedents to affective commitment to change. This is mediated by organizational identification reflected in a study by Soenen et al. [ 7 ].
The present study is important in several ways. In terms of theoretical contribution, it provides a new perspective by adding the constructs of
trust in organizations
and
exit-based withdrawal
to the debate, offered by the integrative framework of Soenen et al. [
7
]. In capitalizing upon the psychology of sustainability, the repercussions for major organizational changes are studied at the micro level, i.e., ‘employee’ [
5
]. Extending this, we argue that employees with better overall justice judgments and change favorableness are affectively committed to change. They also have lower exit-based withdrawal intentions when they identify themselves with the organization. Furthermore, we analyze the moderating role of trust in organization, i.e., how trust in the integrity of organization acts as a situational factor in promoting affective commitment to change and curbing exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees.
This establishes new knowledge in the field of major organizational changes. In terms of managerial practice, it offers empirical data from a developing country context, where retention of trained people is a growing issue for private sector organizations. Such data about affective commitment to change, trust, and exit-based withdrawal in a major organizational change context has not been studied. Hence, we offer useful insights for practitioners and change agents involved in transformational changes and their sustainability.
1.1. Organizational Identification, and Affective Commitment to Change
Employees who commit to change endorse a particular logic and worldview. The greater the employee’s endorsement, the higher the likelihood that concerned actions are internalized and implemented [ 20 ]. In this process, affect can positively or negatively strengthen commitment to change, with implications for how well employees work together.
Affect associated with commitment enables identification with the organization and in certain scenarios correlates positively with performance. In the milieu of major organizational changes, little remains are known about the driving psychological forces underpinning the employees’ affective commitment [ 7 , 21 ]. Following the group engagement model (GEM), we theorize that affective commitment to change depends on a sense of justice being delivered and change favorableness—mediated by the notion of organizational identification and moderated by trust in the organization. Our review of the field supports the hypothesis that organizational identification is positively related to affective commitment to change. Historically, the notion of organizational identification has been studied for decades [ 22 , 23 ]. The concept of organizational identification is defined by Conroy et al. [ 24 ] as “an individual’s perception of oneness with his or her organization”. Studies associate positive outcomes with organizational identification, such as reduced turnover intention [ 25 ] and greater job satisfaction [ 26 ].
Studies also associate negative outcomes with organizational identification, such as the tendency to over-work [
27
], as well as to partake in unethical behavior [
28
], and resistance to change [
29
]. Though studies have linked organizational identification with affective commitment to change [
30
], little attention is given to causality between these two variables [
31
,
32
]. The rationale we explore is that a greater organizational identification will lead to greater affective commitment to change. Both psychological processes draw the individual to the organization [
33
]. Thus, a context that changes the organization is likely to influence these variables in terms of their relationship. Therefore, we propose the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis
1.
Organizational identification is positively related to affective commitment to change .
1.2. Organizational Identification and Exit-Based Withdrawal
In the context of transformational change, our study adds the outcome of exit-based withdrawal following organizational identification. This stands alongside affective commitment to change ( Figure 1 ). Research has identified links between the two constructs. Specifically, Van Knippenberg et al. [ 26 ] found a negative relationship between organizational identification and withdrawal from the job. However, this was conducted with an emphasis on poverty as a barrier. Prior to this, a few decades earlier, the notion of exit-based withdrawal was suggested by Hirschmann [ 34 ] and Farrell [ 35 ]. Exit is one of four theoretical categories underpinning diverse organizational behaviors, including turnover intention, requesting a transfer, and absenteeism, amongst others [ 35 , 36 ]. Thus, it constitutes a threat to the sustainability of major organizational changes. Exit is defined as “equivalent to voluntary separation or turnover from the job” [ 35 ].
Figure 1. Theoretical framework.
It is argued that greater identification with one’s workplace will lead to an attachment that would reduce the chances of exit-based withdrawal. This enables the retention of potentially valuable human capital for the purpose of competitive advantage [
33
]. The notion of exit has also been applied at macro scales to organizations and their withdrawal from, for instance, a supplier [
37
]. In the developing country context, Fennell and Malik [
38
] examined exit and voice options for poor households as customers in the education sector and with little option to withdraw from a deteriorating public good. This suggests that in such markets the behavior of organizational actors remains susceptible to barriers, for example, inability to withdraw from a position in the context of poverty and therefore having limited alternative options [
28
]. This also suggests that in studying organizational identification behavior, poverty might be a barrier for an inverse relationship with exit-based withdrawal. Specifically, an organizational actor who poorly identifies with the organization may not be able to exit because of economic hardships and social stigma. Nasir and Bashir [
39
] recognize the financial pressures that Pakistani workers face. We contend that the inverse relationship between organizational identification and exit-based withdrawal may not be straightforward in the case of Pakistan and its context of poverty. We conclude the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis
2.
Organizational identification is negatively related to exit-based withdrawal .
1.3. The Mediating Role of Organizational Identification
Our review and theoretical model places organizational identification at the center of the organizational actor’s behavior during major organizational changes. Studies have tested a variety of organizational behaviors in terms of the mediating power of organizational identification. De Cremer [ 40 ] shows that procedural justice and counterproductive feelings of disappointment are mediated by identification with the organization. Umphress et al. [ 28 ] found the mediating influence of organizational identification between transformational leadership and unethical pro-organization behavior.
Our review below found that overall justice judgements and change favorableness relate with affective commitment to change through the mediating influence of organizational identification. Soenen et al. [ 7 ] noted that whilst literature associated with group engagement model offers different types of justice constructs—including distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal—comparatively less is known about overall justice judgements. This latter construct is defined as the individuals’ overall perceptions about the fairness of an entity (such as that of their organization). It includes personal experiences and knowledge of how others have been treated [ 7 , 41 , 42 , 43 ]. We asked whether participants in these overall justice judgements studies were from developing countries. Asking this acted as motivation for our study into the dynamics and applicability of these notions in the developing-country context, i.e., in Pakistan.
Major organizational changes often induce concerns about justice with consequences for the individual’s affective commitment to change, as well as identification with an organization. The individual who feels unjustly or justly treated tends to generate affective responses towards change projects and initiatives [
13
,
44
,
45
]. In this regard, justice matters as it predicts affective commitment behavior [
46
]. Such behavior is important because it may advance, change, or take forms of resistance to change projects, making sustainable change a challenge. This includes a loss of identity and disengagement with the merger and acquisition process [
47
]. Concurrently, a sense of justice or fair treatment is also associated with the organizational identity. Individuals who perceive fair or unfair overall treatment accordingly respond by adjusting their identification with the organization as cognitive dissonance tends to set in [
48
]. Attitudes of justice also tend to be affective in their drive. Consequently, the onset of identification behavior following on from justice judgements is likely affective in its consequences. That is, organizational justice judgements may lead to affective commitment to change, and this process may involve organizational identification. Thus, we hypothesize that
Hypothesis
3a.
Overall justice judgements predicts affective commitment to change mediated by organizational identification .
In research circles, Soenen et al. [
7
] have examined the poorly researched concept of overall justice judgements in association with organizational identification. Adding to this, we found that during major organizational changes, such as merger and acquisitions, employees riddled with identity concerns can choose to exit their organization. Research implies the role of justice at work, which is associated with the choices to stay at the organization or exit it. Dissatisfactory feelings regarding fair treatment associated with a sense of hardship can induce an employee’s intention to leave [
35
]. The model by Hirschman [
34
] suggests that employees, who have no voice in major organizational change projects exit the organization. Concurrently, evaluations of unjust treatment that involves dis-identification with the organization may thus culminate into exit-based withdrawal behavior, along with affective responses about change projects, processes, and discursive practices [
49
]. Given Pakistan’s developing country context, economic hardships and limitations, variables of overall justice judgements, change favorableness, and organizational identification may not necessarily culminate into exit-based withdrawal. Thus, we propose the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis
3b.
Overall justice judgements predict exit-based withdrawal mediated by organizational identification .
Our fourth hypothesis introduces change favorableness. Specifically, based on our review, we propose two sub-hypotheses that examine the impact of change favorableness on both affective commitments to change and exit-based withdrawal mediated by organizational identification in a change context. In addition to overall justice judgements, our study included change favorableness as an antecedent variable. The change favorableness construct is identified through the group engagement model as a positive perception of organizational change [
13
]. This is predicated on the extent to which the employee feels that there is a gain or economic benefit following from change projects [
7
]. Similarly, the concept of change favorableness is identified as “the degree to which individuals see themselves as better off as a result of change” [
50
]. They point out that valence, the positivity or negativity associated with change, dictates the extent to which the individual takes favor with change projects. We adopt the notion of change favorableness as an attitude, manifest in behavior, which to an extent favors change.
Insofar as change favorableness involves an attitude to respond to change, the employee is moved in affective ways to commit or deny encountered projects [
51
]. In developing an attitude towards change projects, the individual emotionally identifies with aspects of the project that warrant the commitment to act. This signals an emotional contagion that binds employees to either favor or to reject the change insofar as one identifies and thus commits to the environmental demands [
52
]. Overall, change favorableness seems to influence affective commitments to change with a role for identification with the organization. Studies that research merger and acquisitions activity place organizational identification as a significant variable in driving attitudes about change, as well as correlating reactions such as the decision to support a change project [
26
]. Therefore, we hypothesize that
Hypothesis
4a.
Change favorableness predicts affective commitment to change through the mediating role of organizational identification .
Upon further research, we also considered that change favorableness as an attitude to change correlates with the individual’s decision to exit the organization. The exit-based withdrawal concept suggests that during a change, individuals can develop a power struggle with senior management, and at these crucial junctures they can be driven to exit the organization [
36
,
37
]. However, it also seems that this process may be mediated by the degree to which the individual identifies with the organization and thus has a sense of loyalty, which may influence the decision to stay or leave [
36
]. The argument is that change favorableness, therefore, predicts exit from the organization relative to the degree to which the individual identifies with the organization. Studies have suggested that dis-identification with one’s organization and its evolving dynamic during change activity can alienate employees who feel a sense of silence and disappointment, only to subsequently leave the organization [
34
]. Hence, we propose the following hypothesis:
Hypothesis
4b.
Change favorableness predicts exit-based withdrawal through the mediating role of organizational identification .
Thus far, our review has demonstrated a case for a range of hypotheses that configure into a model (see Figure 1 ).
1.4. The Moderating Effect of Trust
The last hypothesis we propose draws on debates that discuss the construct of trust. The notion of trust is crucial in the context of different types of organizational change projects. We locate trust as a moderator between independent variables overall justice judgements and change favorableness, and the mediating variable organizational identification. This provides a bridge to the outcome variables of affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal. Historically, trust is a widely researched construct that still remains contentious [
53
,
54
]. Thus, an explicit definition is important. Kong et al. [
55
] draw on Rousseau et al. [
56
] to define trust as “the intention to accept vulnerability based upon positive expectations of the intentions or behavior of another”.
Whilst overall, links between justice and trust are scarcely researched [
57
], some studies have recently investigated this. Kaltiainen et al. [
58
] examined employee perceptions of justice and cognitive trust in top management during organizational change. They found that perceptions of justice positively correlate with employee feelings of trust in others. This influence was bi-directional and reciprocal. Studies also suggest that trust is crucial because it is a relational mechanism, which organizational change projects tend to disturb [
59
]. As change initiatives dismantle legacy systems and routines, employees who identify with such systems can experience varying levels of trust in senior management. In this context, a sense of injustice can settle in and affect feelings of commitment.
During organizational change, an employee’s sense of justice can depend on trust in authority figures, as well as the degree to which they identify with the organization [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Positively correlating outcomes may include affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal; however, this case in the developing country context of Pakistan remains unknown. We have limited knowledge in this regard. For instance, Iqbal and Ahmad [ 63 ] advanced the argument that organizational justice—a tripartite construct of distributive, interactional, and procedural justice—correlates significantly with organizational commitment through the mediating role of trust. This takes a looser viewpoint compared with our study that specifically looks at overall justice judgment studied by Soenen et al. [ 7 ]. That is, Iqbal and Ahmad [ 63 ] suggest a generic-level confirmation about the presence and influence of trust in relation to commitment. More broadly, in the larger spectrum of eastern countries, a study that involved hotel staff from Turkey reported the significant and positive influence of justice and trust on affective commitment [ 64 ]. Another study that involved employees from Hong Kong reported that justice (procedural and distributive) contributed to the employee’s commitment [ 65 ]. However, the construct of overall justice judgements remains scarcely understood.
Our second independent variable change favorableness, has been demonstrated as positive and desirable behavior that leads to greater identification with the organizations undergoing change [
13
]. Hypothesis 5 hypothesizes the influence of change favorableness on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal, and, along this pathway, the role of trust also attenuates the influence of change favorableness on organizational identification. In this regard, Morin et al. [
66
] argue that the impact of factors including favorableness, trust in management, and justice in a change context, remain less researched. Along these lines, Stinglhamber et al. [
32
] found that favorable work experiences increase employee affective commitment to organizations mediated by organizational identification. Our model adds exit-based withdrawal to this pathway. We hold that exit-based withdrawal from one’s organization during change may be correlated with the strength of identification with one’s organization. However, given the developing country context of Pakistan and economic hardships faced by employees, exit-based withdrawal may be contingent on more than just non-pecuniary considerations such as organizational identification. The employee may value trust as a safety net for securing employment prospects. Thus, we propose the following hypothesis to account for the moderating influence of trust:
Hypothesis
5.
The relationships of overall justice judgements and change favorableness with affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal via organizational identification is moderated by trust in organization. The higher the trust, the higher the affective commitment to change will be and the lower the exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees
.
Overall, the current study takes a relatively fine-grained approach by testing a meticulous model that hitherto has not been tested in a developing country context (i.e., specifically that of Pakistan). We build on the ideas of a group engagement model, Soenen et al. [ 7 ], the psychology of sustainability [ 5 ], as well as the arguments reviewed above, and test a new model that provides a novel perspective on employee behavior for a sustainable organizational change.
2. Methods
2.1. Measures
To collect data, we designed our survey questionnaire based on existing scales (relevant to the constructs in our study) published previously. All variables were measured using a five-point Likert-type scale (ranging from ‘strongly disagree = 1; disagree = 2; neutral = 3; agree = 4; strongly agree = 5).
Overall justice judgements: This was measured by a six-item measure (two items were reverse coded) adopted from the study of Ambrose and Schminke [ 41 ], with an α value of 0.93. Organizational justice is usually measured in terms of procedural, interactional, and distributional justice. Keeping in consideration that employees would be expecting justice in all facets in a post-change scenario, we asked the respondents to reply on these items of overall justice. A sample item was “Overall, I’m treated fairly by my organization”. The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.78 was achieved for the current study.
Change favorableness: A three-item scale was adopted from the study of Fedor et al. [
50
], with an
α
value of 0.72. The outcomes of change are critical for both individual and collective capacity that lead to the success of the change process. Change favorableness is an estimate of benefit that employees perceive to be achieved. Here, we have used change favorableness as a perceived collective outcome of change because organizational identification gives the gesture of ‘we’ instead of ‘I’ or ‘they’. A sample item was “People in this organization find their work more interesting (post-change)”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this study came out to be 0.77.
Organizational identification: A six-item scale adapted from the study of Jones and Volpe [ 67 ] ( α = 0.79), to access the extent of employees’ social identification in terms of perceived prestige associated with organization’s name after the organizational change. A sample item was “This organization’s successes are my successes”. In this study, the Cronbach’s alpha for this measure was α = 0.86.
Trust in organization: A two-item scale was adopted from the study of Thau et al. [ 68 ] ( α = 0.82). A sample item was “I believe my employer has higher integrity”. The Cronbach’s alpha for this measure was α = 0.71.
Affective commitment to change: This measure was adopted from the work of Herscovitch and Meyer [ 11 ] ( α = 0.88) using a six-item scale (out of six, three items were reverse coded) developed by Meyer et al. [ 69 ]. It was used to measure the extent of support to organizational changes by the respondents in a post-change period. The Cronbach’s alpha for this measure was α = 0.76. A sample item was “I believe in the value of this change”.
Exit-based withdrawal: Employees’ exit-based withdrawal behavior was measured with a two-item scale adapted from the study of Boswell and Olson-Buchanan [ 70 ] ( α = 0.84) to assess the quitting intentions of respondents from the current organization that has undergone transformational changes. Kopelman et al. [ 71 ] identified that job search behavior is likely to turn intentions into action. A sample item was “I am seriously considering quitting this job for an alternative employer”. The Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.88 was achieved for the present study.
The measures were designed following approval by the ethics committee of the department at the university (items for each measure in Appendix A ). While distributing questionnaires, respondents’ anonymity was maintained.
2.2. Sample and Procedure
The following criteria were used to select respondents for the present study. Firstly, to avoid any influence of country differences, the present study focuses on a single country context, i.e., Pakistan, where industry is flourishing and evolving rigorously because of foreign investment and decentralization in the services sector. The majority of the past studies were conducted in the developed world [ 7 , 15 , 72 ], whereas the developing country context offers more insight and understanding towards organizational changes in a cross-cultural setting. Secondly, we focused on larger organizations (having more than 500 employees) with a view to avoid any potential firm size dynamics with respect to major organizational changes, such as merger and acquisitions, downsizing, major restructuring, and changes in culture, HR policies, as well as in leadership [ 36 , 73 ]. Thirdly, organizations from the banking sector who underwent major organizational changes over the past two years were selected. It was made sure to select only those employees (for the survey) who have experienced major organizational changes within the same organization in the past.
Researchers contacted HR offices of the organizations selected on the above criteria and, after getting permission, distributed the survey questionnaire to officer-level employees (who have confronted one or more types of major organizational changes in the past two years) from private commercial banks in Pakistan. The questionnaire was designed in English, keeping in view that participants are white-collar employees with at least 16 years of education, and the English language being the medium of instruction after high school in the country. Respondents were given a time of one week to fill the survey questionnaire. A total of 800 questionnaires were distributed with return postal envelopes. 401 completed questionnaires were received. Male respondents were 68.6%, whereas female respondents were 31.2%, and others, 0.2%. The majority of the respondents were in the age group of 20–29 years old i.e. 48.1%, whereas 30–39 years were 38.4%, 40–49 years were 10%, 50–59 years were 3.2%, and above 60 years were approximately 0.2%. In terms of education, approximately half of the respondents, i.e., 56.9% had a master’s degree, MPhil/MS (postgraduate) were 21.4%, bachelors (four years) were 19.5%, and rest were with other professional banking and finance certifications equivalent to sixteen years of education. The demographical details established the notion that most of the employees have a sophisticated educational background according to a Pakistani context and are in the growing stage of their career.
3. Results
3.1. Initial Analyses
Common method variance (CMV) bias is an issue for self-completion survey questionnaires [
74
]. To address any potential CMV issue in the present study, we first adopted Harman’s test to examine the potential influence of common method variance bias, in which all variables were merged into one factor. Results showed poor fit, i.e., one single factor of merging all variables was inappropriate for data analysis (χ
2
(275) = 1933.51,
p
< 0.001, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.12, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.60, goodness fit index (GFI) = 0.68, non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.57). We adopted Pavlou et al.’s [
75
] formula to examine the correlation coefficients of research variables, and results suggested that CMV influence was relatively low (Spearman
r s
= −0.14 − 0.59), all lower than the threshold level of 0.90. We also adopted an unmeasured latent construct method (ULCM) to examine the potential influence of CMV, and it indicated no change in any of the correlative path coefficients or significance levels, and the chi-square difference test was significant (Δχ
2
(12) = 407.86,
p
< 0.001). In sum, the influence of common method variance bias was carefully examined via three tests and the results affirmed a very slim probability of common method variance influence [
76
,
77
].
3.2. Analytical Procedure
A series of confirmatory factor analysis models were run to find the distinctiveness among variables by utilizing AMOS v.23. First, we tested the theorized, six-factor model which was then compared with other alternative models to identify the threats that could be present in the original model because of common method variance [
78
]. Hypotheses 1 and 2 were tested through simple linear regression. We tested mediation and moderation hypotheses through PROCESS Macro as recommended by Preacher et al. [
79
]. These tests gave the complete estimates of the predictors on outcomes variables along with mediation and moderation estimates. The mediation direct effects estimated and displayed the mediating effect of organizational identification between predictor and the outcome variables (Hypotheses 3a,b and 4a,b). The moderating effect for Hypothesis 5 was estimated with a bootstrapped size of 10,000. The indirect moderating effect size of trust in organization through organization identification on the outcome variables, affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal, was also measured with an accelerated 10,000 bootstrap size and a 95% confidence interval [
79
]. To avoid multicollinearity, predictors were mean-centered [
80
]. Age, gender, and qualification were used as control variables in these tests.
3.3. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Table 1
shows the results of confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the distinctiveness of all the variables and their items in the hypothesized research model. First, the overall model fitness was checked through the six-factor baseline model and then compared with other alternative models. The CFI results predicted that the six-factor model showed the best model fit as compared with all other alternative models. Traditionally, the limit for RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) value is set up to 0.06, and CFI close to 0.90 [
81
]. Our baseline model (six-factor model) showed these estimates very close to the cut off values as compared to five, three, and one factor-models (
Table 1
). For example, the six-factor model predicted the good model fitness as goodness fit index (GFI) = 0.92, comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.95, non-normed fit index (NNFI) = 0.90, and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.04, as compared with the three-factor model estimates (RMSEA 0.10; CFI 0.73; NNFI 0.57; GFI 0.68). These values showed the validity of variables which does not hold any significant common method variance issues with respect to the validity of items for each factor. Thus, our baseline model was accepted for further hypotheses testing.
Table 1. Results of confirmatory factor analysis.
3.4. Correlation Coefficients
Table 2
shows the means, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient values of all the variables in the present study. Reliability scores, i.e., Cronbach’s alpha (α), all fell within the acceptable range (0.7 to 0.99). Overall justice judgements was positively correlated to trust in organization (r = 0.54,
p
< 0.01), organizational identification (r = 0.45,
p
< 0.01), and affective commitment to change (r = 0.38,
p
< 0.01), whereas it was negatively correlated with exit-based withdrawal (r = −0.29,
p
< 0.01). Change favorableness was positively correlated to trust in organization (r = 0.58,
p
< 0.01), organizational identification (r = 0.44,
p
< 0.01), affective commitment to change (r = 0.45,
p
< 0.01), and negatively correlated with exit-based withdrawal (r = −0.14,
p
< 0.01). Organizational identification was positively correlated to affective commitment to change (r = 0.43,
p
< 0.01), and organizational identification was negatively correlated with exit-based withdrawal (r = −0.20,
p
< 0.01). In conclusion, the results of correlation coefficients were inline as expected.
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of research variables.
3.5. Regression Analysis
Table 3 shows the regression results of organizational identification with affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal behavior. Organizational identification was observed to have a significant positive relationship with affective commitment to change ( β = 0.432, p < 0.001), thus confirming Hypothesis 1. Organizational identification showed a significant negative relationship with exit-based withdrawal behavior ( β = −0.200, p < 0.001). Thus, Hypothesis 2 was also accepted.
Table 3. Summary of regression analysis.
3.6. Mediation Analysis
Table 4
and
Table 5
present the mediation results of organizational identification between overall justice judgements and change favorableness with affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal behavior.
Table 4
shows that overall justice judgements was significant and positively related to organizational identification (
β
= 0.4960,
p
< 0.001) and affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.2309,
p
< 0.001), and was significantly negatively related to exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.4194,
p
< 0.001). Organizational identification was significantly positively related to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.2842,
p
< 0.001), and organizational identification was negatively related to exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.1288,
p
= not significant). Thus, we have found that there exists partial mediation of organizational identification between overall justice judgements and affective commitment to change, confirming Hypothesis 3a. On the other hand, organizational identification did not mediate between overall justice judgements and exit-based withdrawal, which rejects Hypothesis 3b.
Table 5
shows that change favorableness was significantly positively related to organizational identification (
β
= 0.4248,
p
= 0.001) and with affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.2608,
p
< 0.001), whereas change favorableness had a non-significant negative relationship with exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.0846,
p
= ns). However, organizational identification was significantly positively related to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.2526,
p
< 0.001), and organizational identification was significantly negatively related to exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.2631,
p
< 0.05). Results showed that organizational identification played a partial mediation role between change favorableness and affective commitment to change (Hypothesis 4a) whereas organizational identification played a full mediation role between change favorableness and exit-based withdrawal (Hypothesis 4b).
Table 4. Results of bootstrapped mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements, organizational identification on affective commitment to change, and exit-based withdrawal.
Table 5. Results of bootstrapped mediation analysis examining the relations of change favorableness and organizational identification on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
3.7. Moderated Mediation Analysis
Table 6 and Table 7 show the moderated mediation effect of organizational trust upon affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees via organizational identification. Moderated mediation analysis was done using a 10,000 bootstrapping size through Preacher and Hayes PROCESS Macro. Hypothesis 5 predicted the moderation of trust between overall justice judgements, change favorableness, and organizational identification. Table 6 shows that the interaction between overall justice judgements and trust in organization had a non-significant relationship with organizational identification and exit-based withdrawal, and a significant relationship with affective commitment to change ( β = 0.0801, p < 0.05) ( Figure 2 ). Table 7 shows that the interaction between change favorableness and trust in organization had a significant direct relationship with exit-based withdrawal ( β = 0.1984, p < 0.01) ( Figure 3 ) and had no significant relationship with organizational identification and affective commitment to change.
Figure 2. Two-way interaction plot (overall justice judgements × trust in organization)–affective commitment to change.
Figure 3. Two-way interaction plot (change favorableness × trust in organization)–exit-based withdrawal behavior.
Table 6. Results of bootstrapped moderated mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements and organizational identification on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
Table 7. Results of bootstrapped moderated mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements and organizational identification on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
We also examined the indirect effects of trust in organization.
Table 8
shows that overall justice judgements were positively and significantly related via organizational identification to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.0438), and negatively related with exit-based withdrawal behavior (
β
= −0.0243) when trust in organization was low. Similarly, overall justice judgements via organizational identification was significant and positively related to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.0601), and negatively related with exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.0334) when trust in organization was high.
Table 9
shows that change favorableness via organizational identification was significant and positively related to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.0309), and negatively related with exit-based withdrawal (
β
= −0.0326) when trust in organization was low. However, change favorableness via organizational identification was significant and positively related to affective commitment to change (
β
= 0.0455), and negatively related with exit-based withdrawal behavior of employees (
β
= −0.0480) when trust in organization was high. The results support the notion that when trust in organization was high, it provides a cushion against the negative outcomes, i.e., exit-based withdrawal behavior in case of change favorableness, whereas trust in organization acted as an intensifier in case of affective commitment to change for both organizational justice judgements and change favorableness, as proposed in Hypothesis 5.
Table 8. Indirect effects of overall justice judgements on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
Table 9. Indirect effects of change favorableness on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
4. Discussion
The current paper focused on developing and testing the proposed hypotheses. The hypotheses were based on research conducted by Soenen et al. [ 7 ] inspired by the group engagement model and psychology of sustainability [ 5 ]. It centers on organizational identification in the context of workplace change conditions and commitment of employees for organizational sustainability. Specifically, in recent years, given the global context of market forces and constraints, companies have undertaken transformational change activities to consolidate their goals and secure a sustainable position in markets [ 7 ]. At the heart of it, merger and acquisitions as a form of organizational change are crucial for seeking enhanced capability and sustaining a competitive edge in the marketplace. However, such environments can induce identity problems for individuals involved with and implementing change [ 17 , 82 ]. This may include a sense of identity loss, but conversely, also over-identification behavior [ 24 ], both posing harms to change processes.
Overall, our study addresses Soenen et al.’s [ 7 ] argument that “future research on major organizational changes integration may benefit from using the group engagement model as a theoretical framework”. In doing so, our hypothesized model was tested in the developing country context of Pakistan. Transformational changes in such contexts face sustainability challenges. As such, little research has been done along these lines. Studies have found that change projects tend to influence the degree to which employees identify with their organizations [ 83 , 84 ].
In line with previous studies, we found that greater identification correlated with an increased commitment to the organization. This provides some causality between organizational identification and affective commitment to change, which has been lacking in the field [ 32 ] (Hypothesis 1), whilst the association of organizational identification and exit-based withdrawal of employees has been somewhat established [ 26 ] (Hypothesis 2). We provide evidence in the major organizational changes in the context of Pakistan and its third-world conditions.
Concerning Hypothesis 3a,b, the data confirmed the partial mediating role of organizational identification, specifically with regard to overall justice judgements, which remain poorly established in the transformational change context [
7
]. Whilst organizational identification was partially mediated between overall justice judgements and affective commitment to change (Hypothesis 3a), it did not mediate between overall justice judgements and exit-based withdrawal (Hypothesis 3b). This suggests that identifying with one’s organization during change is not enough in countering the impact of overall justice judgements on exit-based withdrawal. Disengagement is often followed by withdrawal from the job.
Results showed that organizational identification plays a partial mediation role between change favorableness and affective commitment to change (Hypothesis 4a), whereas organizational identification plays a full mediation role between change favorableness and exit-based withdrawal (Hypothesis 4b). Thus, Hypothesis 4a,b are accepted. Research supports the view that favoring change works insofar as it involves identifying with the organization’s positively communicated core values that influence exit choices [ 51 , 85 ].
Finally, the centrality of trust is suggested in Hypothesis 5. Trust moderated overall justice judgements—change favorableness in relation to affective commitment to change via organizational identification. That is, trust is significant in how people identify with the organization based on judgements of fair treatment. Higher trust levels also moderated the negative relationship of change favorableness and exit-based withdrawal via the mediating role of organizational identification. Given the latter predilections, employees are likely to favor change as fair and affectively committed with the organization. This happens only if trust exists when identifying with the changing landscape. Managerial practices aimed towards greater trust-based engagement with change and healthy communication has been found to work [
86
]. Thus, this adds to the positive psychology of sustainability that, with change favorableness and overall justice judgements, it is trust that accentuates the long term stickability and commitment of employee with the changing organization.
The variable overall justice judgements under the influence of trust was not significantly related to organizational identification and exit-based withdrawal. However, it was significantly related to affective commitment to change. Likewise, change favorableness under the influence of trust in organization produced a significant direct relationship with exit-based withdrawal and no correlation with affective commitment to change. Thus, a sense of justice combined with trust in the firm, to some degree, shapes how employee sees change projects. Our study uniquely introduces the variable trust to a family of models [
7
,
50
,
87
,
88
] proposed by past studies on major organizational change dynamics.
We found that in the context of transformational changes, the effects of organizational identification and trust in organization may produce some unexpected behavior, such as positive exit-based withdrawal due to opportunities available in the market for trained employees, thus posing a threat to the sustainability of the change. As we have seen from the empirical results, though exit-based withdrawal is slightly lower than the average rate with a mean score value of 2.98 (
Table 2
), the tendency to stay with the organization is still not very appreciative. That should be lower provided with the existence of overall justice judgements, change favorableness, trust in organization, and organizational identification. For the organization, it is an alarming situation, as they may be required to hire and train new human resources whilst managing to sustain a large-scale change. Hence, to achieve sustainability, organizations are required to bring forth more favorable outcomes of change for employees in terms of economic gains that can reduce their exit-based withdrawal tendency further. We anticipate this will present challenges for human resource management, particularly with respect to the turbulent and uncertain markets in Pakistan.
Following the recommendations by Soenen et al. [
7
] which is based on the group engagement model, our study introduced ‘trust in organization’ and ‘exit-based withdrawal’ as two crucial variables. These latter variables have not been tested, particularly in the developing country context of Pakistan. Our study opens space for further research to test similar models, aimed at improving the sustainability of change. For practitioners in Pakistan, this means a greater focus on human resource development. One approach is to adopt the lens of the three Es of sustainability (economy, equity, and ecology [
5
]), with a particular focus on inclusion and fair treatment that builds trust. Employees who trust change projects may better identify with the organization’s efforts. This adds to collective wellbeing of employees, employers, and organizations in developing countries.
This study has certain limitations—because of access issues concerning employee data, probability sampling was a big challenge, so we adopted convenience sampling as a suitable option. Alternatively, the current study, if conducted in a longitudinal timeframe, would have collected varying outcomes with respect to the changing workplace circumstances, for instance, biannual appraisals that are highly subjective. Given time constraints, data were collected in a cross-sectional timeframe that collected only current scenarios of employee behavior. Furthermore, the inclusion of multilevel data would have validated this theoretical framework from both the employer and employees’ perspective.
Without the sense of belongingness within the organization, employees cannot sustain the turbulence associated with change and are inclined towards switching to a more secure place. This is a common problem in developing countries, where vigorous evolution of organizations creates unrest amongst employees. However, if provided with favorable change outcomes for the employees, this can enhance their intrinsic motivation to stay with the same organization. This can be explored further in other sectors with special attention paid to contextual factors, i.e., salary, job security, and emotional wellbeing of employees, among other factors. Future research may investigate models based on the group engagement model, sustainable development, and psychology of sustainability at multiple levels—both micro and macro. For instance, variables including predictors with respect to leadership, stakeholders’ self-choices and individual dimensions of justice can contribute to the sustainability of organizations who underwent major organizational changes. Such studies will provide a habitat to analyze diverse employee behavioral outcomes in developed or developing country contexts. On this front, in methodological terms, a multi-level analysis has the potential to provide a holistic picture of major organizational changes and employee propensities. For practitioners and policymakers, we have opened the niche of psychological sustainability from people’s perspective. There is a dire need to care for psychological capital of employees, such as justice and equity rights in a changing organization. Only then employees will own the major change activities, and their sustainability can be ensured for both public and private organizations.
5. Conclusions
Broadly, our study shows that in the context of sustainable change, variables that reflect identity concerns, trust in organizations, affective commitment, and exit behaviors of employees constitute crucial factors that require attention. Emphasizing this, our study brings a focus on the psychology of sustainable change in the context of developing countries. Up until now, organizations in developing countries have mostly addressed the economic benefits of change, rather than the psychological concerns of employees. Hence, the employees’ perspective during change has largely been marginalized.
In other words, a change that may seem to be economically favorable right now may not be sustainable over a longer period. In particular, our study highlights trust as a major factor in retaining employees and in improving commitment, as well as a sustainable attitude predicated on the extent to which one identifies with change projects and conditions. This implies that in such situations change is not sustainable and difficult to manage. Our study also found the presence of exit behaviors, despite high levels of justice judgements, trust, organizational identification, and affective commitment to change. This provides a new direction in sustainable change research.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, A.M.; data curation, A.M.; formal analysis, A.M., M.N.A., and K.C.; methodology, A.M. and M.N.A.; project administration, M.N.A.; supervision, M.N.A.; validation, M.N.A.; visualization, A.M. and M.N.A.; writing—original draft, U.T.; writing—review and editing, M.N.A.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
Overall justice judgements
▪
Overall, I’m treated fairly by my organization.
▪
Usually, the way things work in this organization are not fair.
▪
In general, I can count on this organization to be fair.
▪
In general, the treatment I receive around here is fair.
▪
For the most part, this organization treats its employees fairly.
▪
Most of the people who work here would say they are often treated unfairly.
Change favorableness
▪
People in this organization find their work more interesting.
▪
Most people in this unit are better off.
▪
People’s quality of life at work has improved.
Trust in organization
▪
I believe my employer has high integrity.
▪
My employer is open and upfront with me.
Organizational identification
▪
When someone criticizes my organization, it feels like a personal insult.
▪
I am very interested in what others think about my current organization.
▪
When I talk about my organization I usually say ‘‘we’’ rather than ‘‘they.’’
▪
This organization’s successes are my successes.
▪
When someone praises my organization, it feels like a personal compliment.
▪
If a story in the media criticized my organization, I would feel embarrassed.
Affective commitment to change
▪
I believe in the value of this change.
▪
This change is a good strategy for this organization.
▪
I think that management has made a mistake by introducing this change.
▪
This change serves an important purpose.
▪
Things would be better without this change.
▪
This change was not necessary.
Exit-based withdrawal
▪
I am seriously considering quitting this job for an alternative employer.
▪
During the next year, I will probably look for a new job outside this company.
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Figure 1. Theoretical framework.
Figure 2. Two-way interaction plot (overall justice judgements × trust in organization)–affective commitment to change.
Figure 3. Two-way interaction plot (change favorableness × trust in organization)–exit-based withdrawal behavior.
Table 1. Results of confirmatory factor analysis.
Model x 2 df GFI RMSEA CFI NNFI Δ x 2 Δdf One-factor model 1933.510 *** 275 0.69 0.12 0.60 0.57 533.787 3 Three-factor model 1399.723 *** 272 0.73 0.10 0.73 0.68 331.566 7 Five-factor model 1068.157 *** 265 0.80 0.08 0.80 0.76 639.9 13 Six-factor model 428.257 *** 253 0.92 0.04 0.95 0.90 Base line model
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001). GFI = goodness of fit index; RMSEA = root mean square error of approximation; CFI = comparative fit index; NNFI = non-normed fit index. Six-factor model refers to the proposed six factors in this study. The other models are the five-factor model (organizational identification and affective commitment to change were merged), three-factor model (overall justice judgements, change favorableness organizational identification, trust in organization were merged), and one-factor model (all the variables were merged into one factor).
Table 2. Descriptive statistics of research variables.
Mean SD 1 2 3 4 5 6 OJJ 3.49 0.67 ( 0.78 ) CFAV 3.42 0.79 0.49 ** ( 0.77 ) TO 3.53 0.83 0.54 ** 0.58 ** ( 0.71 ) OI 3.72 0.73 0.45 ** 0.44 ** 0.53 ** ( 0.86 ) ACtC 3.47 0.65 0.38 ** 0.45 ** 0.42 ** 0.43 ** ( 0.76 ) EBW 2.98 1.12 −0.29 ** −0.14 ** −0.19 ** −0.20 ** −0.26 ** ( 0.88 )
Notes: N = 401; (** p < 0.01). OJJ = overall justice judgements; CFAV = change favorableness; TO = trust in organization; OI = organizational identification; ACtC = affective commitment to change; EBW = exit-based withdrawal. Cronbach’s α value of each variable is presented in italic font.
Table 3. Summary of regression analysis.
ACtC EBW Variable Model 1 β Model 2 β Model 1 β Model 2 β Gender 0.1 0.085 −0.087 −0.08 Age 0.077 0.083 −0.06 −0.063 Qualification −0.018 0.018 0.051 0.034 OI 0.432 *** −0.200 *** R 2 0.014 0.199 0.013 0.052 Δ R 2 0.014 0.185 0.013 0.039 F 2 1.891 91.369 1.694 16.489
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001). ACtC = affective comment to change, EBW = exit-based withdrawal, OI = organizational identification. The regression coefficients shown are standardized regression coefficients ( β ).
Table 4. Results of bootstrapped mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements, organizational identification on affective commitment to change, and exit-based withdrawal.
β(SE) OI ACtC EBW Qualification −0.0658(0.0374) 0.0092(0.0326) 0.0159(0.0614) Age −0.0208(0.0416) 0.0636(0.0360) −0.0808(0.0680) Gender 0.0537(0.0706) 0.1226(0.0613) * −0.2015(0.1156) OJJ 0.4960(0.0486) *** 0.2309(0.0474) *** −0.4194(0.0894) *** OI 0.2842(0.0436) *** −0.1288(0.0822) F 27.1603 *** 25.5498 *** 8.9888 *** R 2 0.2153 0.2444 0.1022
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001; * p < 0.05). OJJ = overall justice judgements, OI = organizational identification, ACtC = affective comment to change, EBW = exit-based withdrawal. Bootstrap sample size = 10,000.
β(SE) OI ACtC EBW Qualification −0.0778(0.0374) ** 0.0003(0.0319) ** 0.0481(0.0631) Age −0.0706(0.0419) 0.0317(0.0356) * −0.0769(0.0706) Gender 0.0395(0.0706) 0.1156(0.0599) * −0.1915(0.1186) CFAV 0.4248(0.0415) *** 0.2608(0.0396) *** −0.0846(0.0784) OI 0.2526(0.0426) *** −0.2631(0.0844) ** F 27.3424 *** 30.4606 *** 4.5884 *** R 2 0.2164 0.2783 0.0549
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05). CFAV = change favorableness; OI = organizational identification; ACtC = affective commitment to change; EBW = exit-based withdrawal. Bootstrap sample size = 10,000.
Table 6. Results of bootstrapped moderated mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements and organizational identification on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
β(SE) OI ACtC EBW Qualification −0.0761(0.0346) * 0.0007(0.0320) 0.0551(0.0617) Age −0.0081(0.0384) 0.0668(0.0354) * −0.0834(0.0681) Gender 0.0422(0.0653) 0.1256(0.0602) * −0.1946(0.1159) OJJ 0.0774(0.1654) −0.1177(0.1524) −0.6654(0.2936) * TO 0.1850(0.1626) −0.1110(0.1500) −0.3023(0.2890) OJJ×TO 0.0515(0.0457) 0.0801(0.0421) * 0.0773(0.0811) OI 0.2121(0.0464) *** −0.1177(0.0894) F 33.0531 21.4872 6.5666 *** R 2 0.3348 0.2768 0.1047
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001; * p < 0.05). OJJ = overall justice judgements; OI = organizational identification; ACtC = affective comment to change; EBW = exit-based withdrawal. Bootstrap sample size = 10,000.
Table 7. Results of bootstrapped moderated mediation analysis examining the relations of overall justice judgements and organizational identification on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
β(SE) OI ACtC EBW Qualification −0.0836(0.0348) ** −0.0060(0.0316) 0.0510(0.0624) Age −0.0293(0.0393) 0.0424(0.0355) −0.0897(0.0701) Gender 0.0271(0.0657) 0.1100(0.0594) −0.2086(0.1172) CFAV 0.0319(0.1394) 0.0244(0.1256) −0.6844(0.2484) ** TO 0.2029(0.1336) −0.0542(0.1210) −0.8241(0.2388) *** CFAV×TO 0.480(0.0379) 0.0527(0.0343) 0.1984(0.0677) ** OI 0.2035(0.0455) *** −0.2144(0.0898) ** F 31.7617 *** 23.5197 *** 5.1488 *** R 2 0.3260 0.2952 0.0840
Notes: N = 401; (*** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01). CFAV = change favorableness; TO = trust in organization; OI = organizational identification; ACtC = affective commitment to change; EBW = exit-based withdrawal. Bootstrap sample size = 10,000.
Table 8. Indirect effects of overall justice judgements on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
Indirect Effect of OJJ Effect (SE) 95% CI LL UL Affective Commitment to Change Mediator: Organizational identification −1 SD of trust in organization 0.0438(0.0217) 0.0081 0.0924 Mean trust in organization 0.0547(0.0181) 0.0234 0.0928 +1 SD of trust in organization 0.0601(0.0191) 0.0261 0.0996 Exit-Based Withdrawal Mediator: Organizational identification −1 SD of trust in organization −0.0243(0.0248) −0.0847 0.0127 Mean trust in organization −0.0303(0.0273) −0.0922 0.0162 +1 SD of trust in organization −0.0334(0.0295) −0.0992 0.0173
Notes: OJJ = overall justice judgements; LL = Lower limit; UL = upper limit; CI = confidence interval. Bootstrap size = 10,000.
Table 9. Indirect effects of change favorableness on affective commitment to change and exit-based withdrawal.
Indirect Effect of CFAV Effect (SE) 95% CI LL UL Affective Commitment to Change Mediator: Organizational identification −1 SD of trust in organization 0.0309(0.0196) 0.0010 0.0773 Mean trust in organization 0.0407(0.0163) 0.0146 0.0779 +1 SD of trust in organization 0.0455(0.0166) 0.0181 0.0826 Exit-Based Withdrawal Mediator: Organizational identification −1 SD of trust in organization −0.0326(0.0241) −0.9103 0.0009 Mean trust in organization −0.0428(0.0240) −0.0970 −0.0046 +1 SD of trust in organization −0.0480(0.0258) −0.1053 −0.0055
Notes: CFAV = change favorableness; LL = Lower limit; UL = upper limit; CI = confidence interval. Bootstrap size = 10,000.
MDPI and ACS Style
Malik, A.; Akhtar, M.N.; Talat, U.; Chang, K. Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3159.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113159
AMA Style
Malik A, Akhtar MN, Talat U, Chang K. Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal. Sustainability. 2019; 11(11):3159.
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Chicago/Turabian Style
Malik, Ambreen, Muhammad Naseer Akhtar, Usman Talat, and Kirk Chang. 2019. "Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal" Sustainability11, no. 11: 3159.
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Malik, A.; Akhtar, M.N.; Talat, U.; Chang, K. Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3159.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113159
AMA Style
Malik, Ambreen, Muhammad Naseer Akhtar, Usman Talat, and Kirk Chang. 2019. "Transformational Changes and Sustainability: From the Perspective of Identity, Trust, Commitment, and Withdrawal" Sustainability11, no. 11: 3159.
https://doi.org/10.3390/su11113159
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Baby it's cold outside - glad for the extra sq. footage! | BackYard Chickens - Learn How to Raise Chickens
Here in the Twin Cities, it is expected to be -20 tonight. That's not wind chill (which is going to be around -40) - those are real temps. Last night...
Baby it's cold outside - glad for the extra sq. footage!
Here in the Twin Cities, it is expected to be -20 tonight. That's not wind chill (which is going to be around -40) - those are real temps. Last night, because of ice and blowing snow, they actually closed down the Interstate. Today, at the warmest part of the day, it was -1. My girls (I only have 4) have been locked up for 2 days now. Still getting along fine and no fighting that I can hear (over the monitor).
I am really glad that I built my coop with about 12 sq. ft. per bird - that's WAY over the recommended amount, but now with the weather on a bad streak that is expected to last several more days, they will have to stay inside. They have a large southern window and plenty of room to party (and get away from each other). I'm not feeling guilty about leaving them inside. In another 2 days I may have a different opinion, but for now it is working out.
The down side to too much square footage is that it is VERY hard to keep warm. With such a small flock, body heat doesn't add up to diddly. Being draft free is a huge help, but -0- is still -0-.
I'm not writing this post to whine about the cold. I just know that when I was researching coop designs, I could spend HOURS going over posts and trying to learn from other's mistakes/advice. When folks say "Build Bigger" they really do mean it. It's the best piece of advice that I took to heart. And I can only speak for myself, but I am also very glad now that I spent the extra time and money to fully insulate both the walls and the roof. With tonight's temps, I don't think I would be able to sleep knowing that the girls were outside.
Well, you can corral them into a smaller area for body heat if you have extra square footage per bird, but if you are fudging on the numbers and have a few extra, even at the minimum recommendation of 4 sf per bird, then the ammonia is harder to control. All that poop is wet, wet, wet, then their respiration adds to the moisture and all the moisture adds to the ammonia smell. So, you did great in that respect. Zero feels much better in Colorado or Utah than it does in humid Georgia, though! I know from experience!
I'm just NE of the twin cities metro area and I've been watching the outside temps closely too. We've got 2 coops (2 diff age groups) and I went out about an hour ago to check them. It was -9 at 8:00 and both coops were between 45-50 degrees, so I expect them to stay above freezing overnite. We have 22 adults in one coop (12x20) and 18 teenagers (13 wks) in the other (8x16). We plan on moving them in together in January, then with all of that body heat we shouldn't be having any heat issues.
One bummer though. In 2007 we had a hydrant installed so we wouldn't have to lug the water from the house out to the coops. Today when I got home from work I discovered that the hydrant handle had frozen closed, so I ended up having to get water from the house. Waaa...I won't be taking that for granted again (as soon as it warms up enough to thaw out!)
I was just wondering about this--don't you want a SMALLER coop so their body heat will keep it warm? Obviously in FRIGID weather like we're having here in the Twin Cities (I'm in St. Paul
) the chickens wouldn't want to go out, so they would have more space in the coop, but then wouldn't it get cold in there???
Can you put a heat lamp or two in there?
Yes, beakkeeper, it's very hard to keep it warm in there.
If I was to do it all over again, I would design the coop with the same floor footprint, but not so tall, thereby reducing the volume of space to heat up. Playhouse coop style. It's easier to heat up the coop using body heat when there are 15-20 birds in there, but when you only have 4 birds, it doesn't even register on the map. They would still have the same amount of floor space, they just don't really need 6-7 ft. ceilings (they don't, but I do). I didn't do this originally because I wanted the floor of the coop to be close to the ground (more insulating and we were worried about wind rushing below the house and making the floor too cold). If I was to do it again, I'd put a food/storage compartment below the coop, making a "basement" of sorts.
And yes, birdlover, I do have a 250 watt heat lamp. When the temps are 5 and above (which is pretty normal), it keeps it around 12-17 degrees warmer inside, which I think is okay. But what I'm finding is when the temps go below 5 (which would be downright BALMY today), the heat lamp is only keeping the coop about 5-9 degrees warmer. And if it's going to be -20 tonight, that still makes it -15 to -11ish in the coop. The lamp is just no match for the frigid temps. I just keep telling myself that it's warmer directly under the lamp, which is above their roost, than it is in the rest of the coop, so they can huddle together there if it gets too bad.
Could you do a coop within a coop. Like a big doghouse thing with a heat lamp in it in one corner that they could all fit in? Then the regular heated coop, which is probably none too hot right now could be sort of like the run play area, that they could access for exercise. You could do a temporary kind of thing and dissassemble the "bedroom" when the extreme winter weather warms up enough in spring.
It got realy cold here suddenly and so I have been thinking all afternoon. I think I am putting a cardboard dropped ceiling in my small coop in the morning.
Edited to add: Traumatic cold temperatures to us out here would leave you laughing it is +15 here with highs like +25.
Here in balmy Central Oregon, it's only going to be -1 tonight. I have a flat panel heater in my coop, with 1 roo, 1 hen, and 5 teenagers. In the corner farthest from the heater, the thermometer reads 20 degrees. Nobody's huddling for warmth, they're just running around doing their own thing. I've been worried, as this is my first winter with chickens. How cold is too cold for them (breeds are golden laced giant cochin, easter egger, brahmas, and wyandottes).
Quote:
And, I think that's a good idea (whether it is necessary or just desirable is up to you
).
This year my coop was set up so that a tarp could be lowered to just above the roost during the coldest nights of the year. Then I decided that it was not likely to be of much help - too thin. After dark, they are already in an insulated room that is really quite small.
Now, I'm thinking of a large cardboard box above the top rail of the roost. I could even cover the box with shavings. But, not all the birds get up that high and they may not be able to fit, either.
The top "rail" is actually, "rails" and there's 5 of them placed fairly close together - a horizontal roost. Probably if I had 1 or 2 more rails they could all fit and then a large box could cover them all. Right now, 2 sleep on one of the
ladder steps
.
Of course, they may try to get
on top
the box. Or, the box may be too new and frightening and they won't climb on the roost at all . . .
I've never bothered with such things in past Winters but the BYC people are starting to soften me up
. It will go below zero tonight and is supposed to be 15 below later this week so I'll scout out a box and see what they think about it
.
Steve
Well we don't have 0 Temps here, yet... I really don't envy you in this situation. We have a couple of bantam cochins in a space that is real big for them (the coop being 4 x 4 x 3 1/2... the run being 8 x 4 x 2. For bantam cochins that is great when they need to stay in (it's rainy and cooler here today (40 feeling like 37).
Maybe you could get a little dog igloo - we have a guy in our area that sells pigeons, cages and feed out of his house and we got a nice shelter thingie from him for $30.00 - we feed a stray Blue Russian male cat we named Vladimir and he's now figured out that little thing under the deck is his winter home, it's great for $30.00 maybe one of those in your coop would be a place they could cuddle up...
But in anticipation of really brutal cold, snowy and windy weather the wife and I hit our local Agway this weekend and got a Chicken Hutch... we put it together and put it down in the basement, all filled with pine shavings and put a night light nearby (our hen is only 3 1/2 months old and newly with us) to keep them company. We have one of those projector clocks that puts the time and temp up on the ceiling. We put the sensor in the basement and it was a cozy 55 down there all night... I know it's an extreme measure but we can't stand losing animals for ANY reason. So the wife and I gave each other this peace of mind present to each other for an early Christmas...
After putting together this Chicken Hutch I will say it's an ok thing for an inside environment or as a place to stash a sick bird INSIDE a larger coop, but not suitable as an outside standalone building. But for what we needed it was better than us pestering and waiting for our carpenter neighbor to have time (especially during the Holidays) to help us build a tiny coop. $139.00 isn't bad for peace of mind.
| https://www.backyardchickens.com/threads/baby-its-cold-outside-glad-for-the-extra-sq-footage.113416/ |
Faecal indicator organisms | Request PDF
Request PDF | Faecal indicator organisms | The fecal indicator organisms represent the first and foremost technique for detecting and quantifying the aquatic pollution. The role of fecal... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Chapter
Faecal indicator organisms
December 2003
DOI: 10.1016/B978-012470100-7/50008-X
In book: Handbook of Water and Wastewater Microbiology (pp.105-112)
Authors:
Abstract
The fecal indicator organisms represent the first and foremost technique for detecting and quantifying the aquatic pollution. The role of fecal indicator organisms is central to the reduction of microbial pollution of water that occurrs in all parts of the world. Some of the properties of the ideal fecal indicator bacterium requires that they should be suitable for all the categories of water, present in wastewaters and polluted waters whenever the pathogens are present, present in greater numbers than pathogens, having similar survival characteristics as pathogens in waters, unable to multiply in waters, and non-pathogenic. The fecal coliforms, and particularly the E. coli, are the best overall indicators of the fecal pollution of waters. They are good indicators of bacterial pathogens, less good indicators of viral pathogens, but very poor indicators of the protozoan and helminthic pathogens. The fecal coliform numbers in the treated tropical wastewaters prove to be good indicators of the level of viral contamination.
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... Coliforms, a group of bacteria including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp. and other members of the Enterobacteriaceae family are usually associated with faecal matter of animal origin. It is this feature that enables their use as indicators of faecal pollution of water
(Horan 2003)
. The estimated number of coliforms in water is determined by the Most Probable Number (MPN) test which is the most common method used to determine the presence of coliforms in water thereby also indicating the presence of faecal contamination of a water sample (Srivastava et al. 2017). ...
... The presence of E. coli in a water body is mainly due to faecal contamination as it is mostly shed form the gut of warm-blooded animals. Other members of the group Coliform like Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Serratia and Yersinia are usually harmless but can behave as opportunistic pathogens
(Horan 2003)
. ...
... A report by Rouf and Rigney (1993) provided evidence for the presence of gram positive, gram negative and spirillum like bacteria in the gut of Chironomus larvae. Since most of the bacteria isolated from the larval gut are themselves indicators of water pollution
(Horan 2003)
, the larval host which is more easily detected and identifiable with the naked eye can also be considered as a potential bioindicator of the presence of these pathogens in the water. The reports that adult Chironomids also harbour the same bacterium as those in the larva poses a significant threat to the possibility of transmission of these pathogens from an aquatic habitat to terrestrial habitats and also to other noncontaminated water bodies (Moore et al. 2003, Broza et al. 2005, Basu et al. 2010). ...
Chironomus Larvae as Potential Indicators of Coliforms and Other Pathogenic Bacteria in Fresh Water Bodies
Article
Full-text available
Jan 2021
J N Syiem
Jane Shangpliang
H G Lyngdoh
Water pollution could be due to physical, chemical or biological pollutants contaminating the water. One of the main biological contaminants of water is bacteria. Water-borne bacterial pathogens like Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Aeromonas and Vibrio act as indicators of water pollution. The Dipteran insect Chironomus spends part of its life as a water dwelling larva and is found buried or on the surface of sediment on the floor of a water body. These insects are well known indicators of organic pollution in water. Their association with bacteria like coliforms and other pathogens as mentioned earlier shows that they share a mutualistic relationship. Bacteria like Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella and other pathogens are present throughout the life stages of the insect either on their surface or in their gut which provides a suitable environment for their survival. Coliforms have also been detected in the larval gut using the Most Probable Number (MPN) test. Other pathogenic bacterial species like Aeromonas and Shigella have also been identified among the gut microbiome using their 16S rRNA sequence data. This implicates the potentiality of the Chironomus larva to be considered as a bioindicator of the presence of such pathogens in water.
... It is impossible to isolate every microorganism that is found in sludge, due to a lack of specificity of detection methods, as well as the fact that it is extremely costly and time consuming (Sidhu and Toze, 2009). The principle of indicator organisms was then developed that entails the identification of an organism that is always present in faecal matter, so indicating the presence of other microorganisms and thus contamination of the excreta
(Horan, 2003;
Sidhu and Toze, 2009). The criteria for an ideal indicator organism are as follows (Horan, 2003;Sidhu and Toze, 2009): ...
... The principle of indicator organisms was then developed that entails the identification of an organism that is always present in faecal matter, so indicating the presence of other microorganisms and thus contamination of the excreta (Horan, 2003;Sidhu and Toze, 2009). The criteria for an ideal indicator organism are as follows
(Horan, 2003;
Sidhu and Toze, 2009): ...
... No single organism or group of organisms meets all the above criteria; however, faecal coliforms and faecal streptococci are the closest bacterial indicators (Sidhu and Toze, 2009 and are able to produce gas and acid from lactose
(Horan, 2003)
. Faecal coliform bacteria are now used as indicators of water and biosolid safety, where low numbers (<1000 per gram of sludge) indicate the absence of any other pathogens (Sidhu and Toze, 2009). ...
TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT AND STANDARDISATION OF A MODIFIED HELMINTH EXTRACTION AND QUANTIFICATION METHOD FOR SANITATION SAMPLES Report to the Water Research Commission
Technical Report
Full-text available
May 2022
Danica Naidoo
Colleen Archer
This technical report highlights the experiments and steps involved in the comparison of existing helminth test methods for water and sanitation samples, and the subsequent compilation of the most successful parameters to form an optimised method.
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Show abstract
... The microbiological indicators frequently used in quality evaluations of continental waters correspond to fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci and spores of sulfite-reductor anaerobes (Wyer et al., 1995;Gesche et scientific note al., 2003). Unlike pathogenic bacteria, indicator bacteria may be easily detected and quantified by simple and economic methods (Murgel, 1984), allowing the sanitary classification of water for different uses, the determination of criteria and compliance of quality standards, the identification of contaminant discharges, the control of processes of water treatment, and epidemiological studies among others (EPA, 1997;Gesche et al., 2003;
Horan, 2003)
. However, there is no universal indicator group of fecal contamination; therefore, the appropriate bacterial group must be selected for the specific situation under study (Suárez, 2002). ...
... In regard to the determination of the animal or human origin of the contamination, it is proposed the use of fecal streptococci, bacterial group comprising several species of the genera Enterococcus and Streptococcus (Suárez, 2002;
Horan, 2003)
. Fecal streptococci include species found in feces from humans and hot-blooded animals (Sinton et al., 1993). ...
... Fecal streptococci include species found in feces from humans and hot-blooded animals (Sinton et al., 1993). They present survival rates similar to enteric pathogens and they do not proliferate in the environment
(Horan, 2003)
. Fecal streptococci have been used by sanitary authorities in different countries to evaluate the quality of their water resources, along with fecal coliforms to differentiate the fecal contamination of human and animal origin (Marín, 2003;Sankararamakrishnan and Guo, 2005). ...
Relations fecal coliforms/fecal Streptococci as indicators of the origin of fecal pollution in urban and rural water bodies of Temuco, Chile
Article
Full-text available
Reinaldo Rivera
Patricio De Los Ríos-Escalante
Angel Contreras
The presence of alloctone bacteria is considered as one of the more important biological pollutants of water bodies, existing one close relation between the fecal contamination indicators and the existence of urban and industrial zones. In the present study we utilized indicators of fecal contamination (coliforms and streptococci) and the coliform/streptococci index (FC/FE) for determine the origin of fecal pollution in two water bodies of Temuco, Northern Campus at north surrounding of Temuco, and Rucamanque source that is located in a rural zone. It utilized the multiple assays number for obtain the bacteria more probable number in 100 ml of water sample. It was done the correlations between microbiological indicators and physic-chemical variables. The results indicate that both sites have low fecal contamination. It was reported important correlation between fecal coliforms, temperature and pH, but negative correlations with dissolved oxygen. The index (FC/FE) was correlated only with dissolved oxygen. The temperature would have an important regulator role in the coliform growth, whereas the fecal streptococci have high densities at low values of temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The origin of microbiological pollution was related with the antrophogenic intervention in both studied sited, human origin in Northern Campus, and mixed origin in Rucamanque source. It was suggest the use of index as first approach for identify the origin of fecal pollution.
... The microbiological indicators frequently used in quality evaluations of continental waters correspond to fecal coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, fecal streptococci and spores of sulfite-reductor anaerobes (Wyer et al., 1995;Gesche et scientific note al., 2003). Unlike pathogenic bacteria, indicator bacteria may be easily detected and quantified by simple and economic methods (Murgel, 1984), allowing the sanitary classification of water for different uses, the determination of criteria and compliance of quality standards, the identification of contaminant discharges, the control of processes of water treatment, and epidemiological studies among others (EPA, 1997;Gesche et al., 2003;
Horan, 2003)
. However, there is no universal indicator group of fecal contamination; therefore, the appropriate bacterial group must be selected for the specific situation under study (Suárez, 2002). ...
... In regard to the determination of the animal or human origin of the contamination, it is proposed the use of fecal streptococci, bacterial group comprising several species of the genera Enterococcus and Streptococcus (Suárez, 2002;
Horan, 2003)
. Fecal streptococci include species found in feces from humans and hot-blooded animals (Sinton et al., 1993). ...
... Fecal streptococci include species found in feces from humans and hot-blooded animals (Sinton et al., 1993). They present survival rates similar to enteric pathogens and they do not proliferate in the environment
(Horan, 2003)
. Fecal streptococci have been used by sanitary authorities in different countries to evaluate the quality of their water resources, along with fecal coliforms to differentiate the fecal contamination of human and animal origin (Marín, 2003;Sankararamakrishnan and Guo, 2005). ...
Relación coliformes fecales/estreptococos fecales, como indicador del origen de la contaminación fecal en cuerpos de agua urbano y rural de la Comuna de Temuco, Chile
Article
Full-text available
Reinaldo Rivera
Patricio De Los Ríos-Escalante
Angel Contreras
The presence of alloctone bacteria isconsidered as one of the more important biological pollutants of water bodies, existing one close relation between the fecal contamination indicators and the existence of urban and industrial zones. In the present study we utilized indicators of fecal contamination (coliforms and streptococci) and the coliform/streptococci index (FC/FE) for determine the origin of fecal pollution in two water bodies of Temuco, Northern Campus at north surrounding of Temuco, and Rucamanque source that is located in a rural zone. It utilized the multiple assays number for obtain the bacteria more probable number in 100 mi of water sample. It was done the correlations between microbiological indicators and physic-chemical variables. The results indicate that both sites have low fecal contamination. It was reported important correlation between fecal coliforms, temperature and pH, but negative correlations with dissolved oxygen. The index (FC/FE) was correlated only with dissolved oxygen. The temperature would have an important regulator role in the coliform growth, whereas the fecal streptococci have high densities at low values of temperature, conductivity and dissolved oxygen. The origin of microbiological pollution was related with the antrophogenic intervention in both studied sited, human origin in Northern Campus, and mixed origin in Rucamanque source. It was suggest the use of index as first approach for identify the origin of fecal pollution.
... Sewage treatment in the Antarctic environment presents several particular challenges (Bleasel et al. 1989;McAneney 1998;Mellor 1969;Reed and Sletton 1989), many of which are caused by the low ambient temperatures. Low temperatures reduce the efficiency of biological treatment (Bitton 2005;
Mara 2003;
McAneny 1998), and as a consequence heated facilities must be allocated for treatment equipment such as holding tanks, pumps and solids handling. Treatment also requires varying amounts of energy for heat, pumps (particularly for actively aerated systems) and control and ancillary equipment. ...
... Discharge above the ice in this way limits dispersion, as it must first permeate through the ice which tends to channel effluents, and may cause aesthetic and odour problems Redvers 2000.) In temperate environments, small wastewater systems often employ open settling and oxidation ponds as forms of primary and secondary treatment (Bitton 2005;
Mara 2003;
US EPA 1992). The low mean temperatures at higher latitudes in Antarctica effectively rule out such systems because of freezing and logistical problems (McAnaney 1998). ...
... The most commonly used indicators of faecal pollution in near-shore marine environments are faecal and thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli, or enterococci (APHA 2005;
Mara 2003;
WHO 2003). Although total coliforms and faecal coliforms have been used as standard indicators of faecal pollution for many years, studies have demonstrated a number of deficiencies in their use as indicator organisms in marine waters compared to enterococci (Cabelli et al. 1982;Noble et al. 2003). ...
Sewage Disposal and Wildlife Health in Antarctica
Chapter
Dec 2008
James J. Smith
Martin J Riddle
Sewage and its microbiology, treatment and disposal are important to the topic of Antarctic wildlife health because disposal of untreated sewage effluent into the Antarctic marine environment is both allowed and commonplace. Human sewage contains enteric bacteria as normal flora, and has the potential to contain parasites, bacteria and viruses which may prove pathogenic to Antarctic wildlife. Treatment can reduce levels of micro-organisms in sewage effluent, but is not a requirement of the Environmental Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty (the Madrid Protocol). In contrast, the deliberate release of non-native organisms for any other reason is prohibited. Hence, disposal of sewage effluent to the marine environment is the only activity routinely undertaken in Antarctica knowing that it will likely result in the release of large numbers of potentially non-native species.
When the Madrid Protocol was negotiated, the decision to allow release of untreated sewage effluent was considered the only pragmatic option, as a prohibition would have been costly, and may not have been achievable by many Antarctic operators. In addition, at that time the potential for transmission of pathogens to wildlife from sewage was not emphasised as a significant potential risk. Since then, the transmission of disease-causing agents between species is more widely recognised and it is now timely to consider the risks of continued discharge of sewage effluent in Antarctica and whether there are practical alternatives.
... For instance, traditionally, fecal contamination is a central parameter in wastewater quality monitoring, and fecal coliforms is the most common indicator of the possible presence of other fecal pathogens. Moreover, they are considered as the most efficient indicators for measuring removal of bacterial pathogens
(25)
. Although many reports demonstrate an elevated concentration of fecal coliforms in greywater (4,26), its relevancy as an indicator for the microbial quality in greywater is disputed (17,18). ...
... Methods for quantifying rotavirus concentrations in greywater are not as straightforward and simple as those used for quantifying fecal coliforms or E. coli, which is a major group in the fecal coliform bacteria and is often measured as a representative indication for fecal contamination
(25)
. Different studies have tried to correlate the rotavirus load with fecal indicators such as E. coli. ...
... It should be noted that several greywater treatment systems were found to reduce E. coli concentration to low and even undetectable levels after the introduction of a disinfection unit (23,39,40). As discussed above, it should be noticed that E. coli is not necessarily a sufficient indicator of bacteria and may even be less appropriate for viruses, protozoa, and helminth
(25)
. Another complementary approach can be the establishment of barriers to minimize human contact with potentially hazardous bacteria (17). ...
Safe on-Site Reuse of Greywater for Irrigation - A Critical Review of Current Guidelines
Article
Apr 2010
Adi Maimon
Alon Tal
Eran Friedler
Amit Gross
Reuse of greywater for landscape irrigation can significantly reduce domestic water consumption. Alongside its benefits, there are potential drawbacks to greywater reuse, raising legitimate concerns about the impact on human and environmental health. In this review, a risk assessment framework is used to assess the adequacy of different regulations to ensure safe and long-lasting, onsite greywater reuse for irrigation. Existing regulations from around the world are assessed along with a standardized evaluation of measures taken to protect public and environmental health. In most cases, human health considerations currently dominate regulatory strategies, while environmental risks are either ignored or underrepresented. A distinction between single and multiple households was found to be a fundamental component of the regulations which often lead to approved utilization of untreated greywater among single households. We concluded that the use of untreated greywater is not recommended, especially in multihousehold systems as it may compromise public health, with single household systems posing more likely risks to the environment. Existing rules to control greywater use should be further revised toward the establishment of a more advanced regulatory system which can avert the salient potential risks associated with greywater reuse, while exploiting the enormous potential of this alternative water resource.
... Bacteriological examination of water and sediment samples was conducted using standard methods
(Horan, 2003;
Cabral, 2010;Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013). Total coliforms and faecal bacteria were determined by the membrane filtration method using M-Endo-Agar Les (Difco) at 37°C and on MFC Agar at 45°C, respectively (Cabral, 2010). ...
... Microbial contamination of water and sediment is a growing concern for the ecosystem and human health (Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013;Walker et al., 2015). Faecal indicator organisms are often used to detect and quantify aquatic pollution
(Horan, 2003;
Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013). The faecal bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli and Enterococcus spp.) are used to indicate pathogens of faecal origin in surface and coastal water bodies (Medema et al., 2003;Pandey et al., 2014). ...
Physicochemical influence on the spatial distribution of faecal bacteria and polychaetes in the Densu Estuary, Ghana
Article
Dec 2019
Lailah Gifty Akita
... Bacteriological examination of water and sediment samples was conducted using standard methods
(Horan, 2003;
Cabral, 2010;Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013). Total coliforms and faecal bacteria were determined by the membrane filtration method using M-Endo-Agar Les (Difco) at 37°C and on MFC Agar at 45°C, respectively (Cabral, 2010). ...
... Microbial contamination of water and sediment is a growing concern for the ecosystem and human health (Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013;Walker et al., 2015). Faecal indicator organisms are often used to detect and quantify aquatic pollution
(Horan, 2003;
Odonkor and Ampofo, 2013). The faecal bacteria (total coliforms, E. coli and Enterococcus spp.) are used to indicate pathogens of faecal origin in surface and coastal water bodies (Medema et al., 2003;Pandey et al., 2014). ...
Physicochemical influence on the spatial distribution of faecal bacteria and polychaetes in the Densu Estuary, Ghana
Article
Jun 2020
Lailah Gifty Akita
Jürgen Laudien
Mark O. Akrong
Samuel Addo
... However, as E. coli belongs to a large group of coliform bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, polyclonal antibodies can cross-react with different bacterial species, which all can produce a measurable biosensor signal. As many coliforms are present in bathing waters (Jeng et al. 2005), these bacteria are potentially reflected in immunodetection-based E. coli analysis
(Horan 2003)
. To ensure the specific bio-recognition of E. coli, biosensors also use monoclonal antibodies with monovalent affinity (Krishnan et al. 2014). ...
The assessment of coli index with E. coli immunosensor in natural water
Article
Jun 2022
INT J ENVIRON SCI TE
Eerik Jõgi
Ingrid Väling
Toonika Rinken
The bathing water microbiological quality is commonly assessed by cultivation. Microbiological cultivation is the “gold standard” for water quality assessment, but the results take several days. Alternatives, such as the qPCR method, allow bacteria to be enumerated more efficiently but are yet laborious and require the transportation of samples and complex instrumentation. For the automated in situ monitoring of water quality, E. coli immunosensors have great potential for replacing the lab-based methods mentioned above. However, interpreting E. coli immunosensor response can be complicated as all antigens that interact with the antibody used for bio-recognition potentially generate a measurable signal. These antigens can be live, dead, or fragmented cells of E. coli, but also different coliforms present in the environment. In the present study, we identified which bacteria and at what degree of cell degradation are causing the measurable signal of E. coli immunosensor in natural bathing waters. It was found that the live cultivable E. coli bacteria caused only ~ 10% of the measured immunosensor output. At the same time, most of the signal was generated by non-cultivable E. coli and its fragments along with different coliforms.
... The presence of E. coli in selected water sources in Gweru was previously shown by Matsa et al. (2021). E. coli is a type of faecal coliform bacteria, and it is a strong indicator of sewage or animal waste contamination
(Horan, 2003)
. According to WHO (2017), E. coli should not be detectable in any 100 ml sample. ...
Drinking water quality and antibiotic resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. from different sources in Gweru urban, Zimbabwe
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2021
ENVIRON MONIT ASSESS
Desmond Tichaona Mugadza
Sibusisiwe Isabel Nduku
Edlyn Gweme
Talknice Jombo
The study focused on assessing drinking water quality from different sources in Gweru urban. Seventy six samples were collected from 6 different locations and analysed for physicochemical parameters and microbial quality. Bacteria isolates were identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and antibiotic susceptibility was determined for 4 isolates that had been identified as Escherichia coli (2) and Salmonella spp. (2). Although most samples were within World Health Organisation limits for most parameters, none met coliform limits. pH ranged between 6.2 and 6.9. Salmonella prevalence was 2%. Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to at least three antibiotics. The study showed inconsistent water quality across the city and contamination in alternative water sources.
... A perfect organism with all the criteria does not exist. Even existing faecal coliform E. coli is having concern with replication in the environment
49
. But studies that focused on the viable count of faecal or gallbladder bacteria from pig, human, and poultry sources, found the E. coli as the majority and most abundant across the different sources. ...
Influence of Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent on the Presence of Culturable Pathogenic Bacteria in the Water Body
Article
Full-text available
Mar 2021
Biosci., Biotechnol. Res. Asia
Gulsanga Lemar
Saleha Shahar
Abdul Rahman i Osman
The purpose of the sewage treatment process is to decrease the concentration of contaminants, including pathogens, before discharging into the receiving streams. And the standard operating procedure of STP in Malaysia is to discharge the treated wastewater with low nutrient and low organic materials into the streams but the bacterial content of the discharge and its risk to the stream’s natural microbial verity or health is unknown. However, studies reported that pathogens could escape sewage treatment plants (STPs) processes and showed health risk of streams impacted by STP effluent. On the other hand, majority of these studies relied on metagenomic strategy, without assessing changes to culturable bacteria. Isolation of living microbes provides realistic risk assessment compared to metagenome survey alone. Therefore, this study aims to determine the presence of culturable pathogenic bacteria from water impacted by STP effluent to establish justifiable public health risk. For that, the presence of bile resistant bacteria was determined from water taken from surface water receiving effluent from STP-1 (Kolej 9, UTM) in Malaysia. Enumeration and isolation of bacteria were done on MacConkey agar through membrane filtration method, followed by partial identification, using Triple Sugar Iron agar (TSI). The result showed that STP effluent changes the diversity, and abundance, of bile resistant bacteria (specifically Enterobacteriaceae family) of receiving streams. Most of the isolated bile resistant bacteria are opportunistic pathogens for human. Findings from this study provide a snapshot of the bigger picture of microbial changes in a stream impacted by STP effluent painted initially by metagenome studies. And shows that despite of treatment, some contaminants (microbes) remained and released into surface waters, which contribute to the water pollutions.
... Unlike bacteria, protozoa are single-celled organisms with membrane-enclosed organelles and are about 10 times larger than bacteria. The presence of protozoa in wastewater may be beneficial because they prey on pathogenic bacteria
(Horan 2003)
. Some protozoa cause diseases in the human intestinal tract and produce cysts or oocysts that are excreted and become part of wastewater. ...
Onsite Sewage Treatment and Disposal Systems: Bacteria and Protozoa
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2011
Tom Obreza
Mary Lusk
Gurpal S Toor
Keeping disease-causing microorganisms out of groundwater used for drinking water supplies is important to protect human health. This 7-page fact sheet reports the sources of bacteria and protozoa in wastewater, discusses diseases associated with drinking water contaminated with wastewater, and then details their fate in septic systems. Written by Mary Lusk, Gurpal S. Toor, and Tom Obreza, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, July 2011. (Photo by Tara Piasio) http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss552
... Para determinar la calidad biológica del agua, se han utilizado microorganismos indicadores fecales, indicadores en sistemas de tratamiento de agua o modelos de organismos patógenos. De igual manera, los microorganismos se pueden utilizar como indicadores de procesos en los ecosistemas, ya que participan en diversas funciones e, incluso, se pueden asociar con alteraciones o procesos de degradación en los ecosistemas (Ashbolt, 2001;Allan, 2004;Maier et al., 2009
(Horan, 2003;
A nivel internacional, se han establecido normas y lineamientos para establecer la calidad del agua destinada a diferentes usos, con la intención de prevenir y disminuir los problemas de salud pública. Un ejemplo de esto es el reúso de agua residual tratada para riego agrícola, en la cual la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS; ...
Microorganismos en agua como indicadores del proceso de degradación de la Cuenca del Río Grande de Comitán- Lagos de Montebello, Chiapas, México.
Thesis
Full-text available
Aug 2015
Elisa Hernández
... More specifically, together with E. coli, the species belonging to these genera make up the coliforms which is traditionally defined as the group of the Enterobacteriaceae with the ability to ferment lactose to acid and gas. Both E. coli and coliforms are fecal indicator bacteria because they inhabit the gastrointestinal tract of warm-blooded animals
(Mara, 2003)
. Coliforms are found in the aquatic environment, in soil, and on vegetation and therefore several coliform species can be simultaneously present in the same food, water or agricultural sample. ...
Sensitive and specific detection of E. coli using biomimetic receptors in combination with a modified heat-transfer method
Article
Apr 2019
BIOSENS BIOELECTRON
Peter Cornelis
Stella Givanoudi
Derick Yongabi
Patrick Wagner
We report on a novel biomimetic sensor that allows sensitive and specific detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria in a broad concentration range from 1E2 up to 1E6 CFU/mL in both buffer fluids and relevant food samples (i.e. apple juice). The receptors are surface-imprinted polyurethane layers deposited on stainless-steel chips. Regarding the transducer principle, the sensor measures the increase in thermal resistance between the chip and the liquid due to the presence of bacteria captured on the receptor surface. The low noise level that enables the low detection limit originates from a planar meander element that serves as both a heater and a temperature sensor. Furthermore, the experiments show that the presence of bacteria in a liquid enhances the thermal conductivity of the liquid itself. Reference tests with a set of other representative species of Enterobacteriaceae, closely related to E. coli, indicate a very low cross-sensitivity with a sensor response at or below the noise level.
... Almost all of the literature on microbial removal in biofilters is limited to indicator microorganisms (e.g., [6][7][8][9][10]), even though it is well established that indicators and pathogens respond differently to various stresses found in the natural environment [2,
11]
. Obtaining data on the capacity of biofilters to remove other faecal microorganisms (including 'reference' pathogens, as suggested by various health organisations [3]) is crucial to validate the use of biofilters to treat water for stormwater harvesting and also to protect recreational waters that receive a stormwater discharge. ...
Stormwater Biofilters as Barriers against Campylobacter jejuni, Cryptosporidium Oocysts and Adenoviruses; Results from a Laboratory Trial
Article
Full-text available
Dec 2017
Gayani I. Chandrasena
Ana Deletic
Anna Lintern
David Mccarthy
Biofilters are a widely used stormwater treatment technology. However; other than some evidence regarding non-pathogenic indicator microorganisms; there are significant knowledge gaps in the capacity of stormwater biofilters to remove actual pathogens and how this removal is impacted by biofilter design elements and operational conditions. In this study; we explored the capacity of stormwater biofilters to remove three reference pathogens (Campylobacter spp.; adenovirus and Cryptosporidium oocysts) and compared these to commonly used indicator microorganisms (E. coli; FRNA coliphages and Clostridium perfringens). Two different biofilter designs; each having a submerged zone (SZ); were tested under extended dry weather periods (up to 4 weeks) and different event volumes (the equivalent of 1-2 pore volumes) in a laboratory trial. These systems were able to consistently reduce the concentrations of all tested reference pathogens (average log reduction in Campylobacter spp. = 0.7; adenovirus = 1.0 and Cryptosporidium oocysts = 1.7) and two of the indicators (average log reduction in E. coli = 1.2 and C. perfringens = 2.1). However; none of the tested indicators consistently mimicked the removal performance of their corresponding reference pathogens after extended dry weather periods and during larger simulated storm events. This indicates that the behaviour of these pathogens in stormwater biofilters are not adequately represented by their corresponding indicator microorganisms and that to optimise biofilter designs for pathogen removal it is critical to further study pathogen removal processes in these systems.
... Since protozoa are »10 times the size of bacteria, they have a very different fate in septic systems, as discussed in the following section. Because some protozoa prey on infectious bacteria, the presence of protozoa may be beneficial in wastewater
(Horan, 2003)
. However, a number of protozoa cause diseases in the human intestinal tract (Table 16), and their cysts become part of the wastewater stream after excretion from an infected individual. ...
A Review of the Fate and Transport of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Pathogens, and Trace Organic Chemicals in Septic Systems
Article
Full-text available
May 2017
Mary Lusk
Gurpal S Toor
Yun-Ya Yang
Thomas A. Obreza
A large population living in suburban and rural areas in the world uses septic systems, also called onsite wastewater treatment systems, to dispose of household wastewater. In a conventional septic system, the wastewater flows from a household to a septic tank, where solids settle and a clarified effluent is produced. This effluent is dispersed into the soil for further treatment and can be a potential source of various contaminants such as nutrients, pathogens, and a new class of compounds known as trace organic chemicals in shallow groundwater and surface waters. We review the current state of the science on the fate and transport of three groups of contaminants–nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus), pathogens, and trace organic chemicals–and water quality impacts associated with these contaminants in conventional septic systems. We conclude with a discussion on alternative technologies that may be employed when site conditions or environmental needs preclude the use of conventional septic systems.
... botulinum (Dijk and Grootenhuis 2003). The hardiness of SRC spores makes it useful to indicate recent faecal contamination compounded by chemical pollutants, where other faecal pollution indicators have been destroyed
(Horan 2003)
. The total anaerobic sulphite reducing bacterial population in fresh pabda was 0.2 log 10 cfu/g meat. ...
Microbiological and shelf life characteristics of eviscerated and vacuum packed freshwater catfish (Ompok pabda) during chill storage
Article
Full-text available
Mar 2013
P.K. Binsi
Viji Pankyamma
Visnuvinayagam Sivam
C. N. Ravishankar
The effect of vacuum packaging technique on the shelflife of eviscerated pabda catfish (Ompok pabda) during chill storage at 4 ± 2 °C was studied. The shelflife of pabda fish was predicted based on the cumulative observations of biochemical, microbiological and sensory parameters. There was no significant difference in the lipid quality parameters studied between the samples during the chill storage period, whereas, vacuum packaging significantly improved the sensory and microbiological quality. Based on microbiological parameters such as Total Viable Count, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Spp, total Vibrios, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, faecal Streptococcus and anaerobic sulphite reducers, the shelflife of chilled gutted pabda catfish was estimated to be 14–16 and 18–20 days for air packed and vacuum packed samples, respectively. The sensory parameters showed extended shelflife by four more days for both the samples.
... There are, for example, numerous reports of problems with using FC bacteria and E. coli as indicators of faecal contamination in tropical waters, including a poor correlation with disease occurrences (Moe et al. 1991), as well as violation of criteria for effective indicator organisms. The criteria for effective indicator organisms include that: (i) they are associated only with the intestinal tracts of humans and other animals; and (ii) they not multiply in the environment (
Horan 2003
), both of which appear to be violated in tropical and subtropical waterbodies (Carrillo et al. 1985; Hazen et al. 1987; Bermúdez & Hazen 1988; Anderson et al. 2005). The present study combines chemical, culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to identify sources of human faecal contamination in the La Plata and Guajataca reservoirs in Puerto Rico. ...
Tracking Human Faecal Contamination in Tropical Reservoirs in Puerto Rico
Article
Dec 2008
José A. Amador
David Sotomayor
Gustavo Martinez
Dave Bachoon
Using a combination of chemical and microbiological (culture-dependent and -independent) approaches, sources of human faecal contamination were identified in two water reservoirs in Puerto Rico – Guajataca and La Plata. Fluorescence from optical brighteners (OB) – commonly found in laundry detergents – was used as an indicator of contamination from septic systems and other household discharges. Traditional indicators of faecal contamination (e.g. Escherichia coli; faecal enterococci) were enumerated, and human faecal contamination was confirmed through detection of Bifidobacterium adolescentis utilizing polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analyses. For Guajataca Reservoir, four of 19 sampling sites (21%) were positive for the presence of B. adolescentis under baseflow conditions. The OB fluorescence data suggested that the most likely source for three of these sites was residential, whereas the source of contamination at the remaining site, although of human origin, was probably non-residential. B. adolescentis was present in 83% (19 of 23) of the sampling sites in La Plata. The La Plata sources were more difficult to identify because samples were taken under stormflow conditions, although the presence of OB fluorescence suggested a residential origin in a number of instances. OB fluorescence and traditional bacterial indicators of faecal contamination produced a number of false positive and negative findings for both reservoirs, pointing to the importance of understanding the limitations of these tools for tropical freshwater systems. The results of this study should be useful in developing a weight-of-evidence approach for the identification of potential sources and extent of human faecal contamination in similar tropical reservoirs, a necessary step in the development of management plans to reduce or eliminate these sources.
... The FC to FS ratio has been employed to determine the origin of microbial contamination. It has been shown that FC to FS ratio of more than 4.0 usually indicates a human source of microbial contamination (Feachem 1975;Geldreich et al. 1968;
Horan 2003
; Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater 1998). FS are generally associated with animal feces, and early studies identified the ratio of FC to FS as useful for differentiation of human from animal fecal pollution sources but the assumption now appears largely unwarranted (Kator and Rhodes 2003) because the ratio is not stable and Fig. 3 Box plots for the microbial concentration (log 10 units/100 ml) of the wastewater samples at different stages of treatment of Sewage Treatment Plant Fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci, Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio were examined. ...
Monitoring of Pathogenicity of Effluents from the UASB Based Sewage Treatment Plant
Article
Full-text available
Feb 2007
Anju Pant
Atul Kumar Mittal
The microbial profile of an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor based sewage treatment plant located at a suburb of Delhi, India, and possible risk due to the pathogenicity of the treated wastewater was investigated. Frequency of occurrence of Salmonella, Shigella and Vibrio was 100% at all the stages of sewage treatment. However, recovery of Vibrio was the highest among all the pathogens. The order of removal of all the pathogens was same at the different stages of the treatment. Ratio of counts of fecal coliforms (FC) and fecal streptococci (FS) at different stages of treatment showed the origin of contamination was from the human source. The average density of FC in the treated sewage was 4.6 x 10(5) MPN/100 ml, which exceeds the prescribed limit of 1,000 MPN/100 ml for the FC. The proposed national standard were evaluated with the help of potential risk on the basis of indicator to pathogen ratio, and the concept of Infective Dose (ID(50)) causing infection in 50% exposed population. The analysis showed that the proposed microbial standards could adequately safeguard the risk against wastewater pathogenicity.
... Microbial indicator organisms in the drinking water indicate a risk; however, the detection of such organisms is not sufficient to estimate the pathogen levels. Bacterial indicator concentrations may be low suggesting safety, while persistent pathogens could still be present in potentially high concentrations
(Horan 2003)
. ...
Evaluation of the microbial risk reduction due to selective closure of the raw water intake before drinking water treatment
Article
Full-text available
Feb 2007
J WATER HEALTH
Johan Åström
Susan Rebecca Petterson
Olof Bergstedt
Thor Axel Stenström
Short-term peaks in pathogen concentrations may increase the risks for waterborne diseases considerably. In this study the occurrence of indicator organisms and pathogens in the river Göta älv at the raw water intake to Göteborg was evaluated and related to risk for drinking water consumption. About half of the 24 pathogen samples, taken during event and non-event conditions, were positive for at least one of the following: Cryptosporidium, Giardia, norovirus, enterovirus, Campylobacter and E. coli O157. Positive pathogen detects were often associated with heavy rainfalls and viruses with a sewage emergency discharge. The annualised probability of infection from this type of event was calculated from pathogen concentrations in a QMRA model. Given that the water intake is not closed, the risk given present water treatment seems to be acceptable for Giardia; however, it is at a borderline for Cryptosporidium and insufficient for noro- and enteroviruses. Present results emphasise the need for an appropriate intake regulation with respect to high pathogen loads, as the risk increases with time of exposure to pathogen contaminants. Rather than a threshold level on E. coli, reports on upstream microbial discharges are valuable for quick pathogen indications.
Artisanal tannery wastewater: Quantity and characteristics
Article
Full-text available
Dec 2021
Helen Michelle Korkor Essandoh
Miriam Appiah-Brempong
Nana Y. Asiedu
Francis W. Y. Momade
Tannery wastewater is one of the most toxic waste generated in industries. In spite of this, there still remains a paucity of information on characteristics of wastewater generated from artisanal tanneries. This study, therefore, assessed the water consumption, wastewater generation rates, physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of wastewater produced from each process unit of an artisanal tannery in Ghana. The study revealed that the total amount of water use in the tannery ranged between 1171 and 2120L/day whilst the total volume of wastewater generated was within 820 and 1324L/day. Physicochemical characteristics of the different wastewater types generated at the tannery including chemical oxygen demand (13600 -24333.30mg/L), biochemical oxygen demand (1445.64 – 2803mg/L), ammonia (3.20 - 21.38mg/L), colour (950.35 - 53900.10PtCo), electrical conductivity (8170 - 10080μS/cm), turbidity (450.24-1805NTU), suspended (1033.50 - 3216.40mg/L) and dissolved (26166.50 - 4996.65mg/L) solids exceeded the guidelines set by the Ghana Environmental Protection Agency. There were also high levels of chlorides, sodium, sulphates and calcium ions. The most dominant anion and cation in the wastewater were chlorides (715 - 20490.60mg/L) and sodium ions (258 - 14056.45mg/L) respectively. Heavy metals identified in the wastewater included zinc, aluminium, iron and chromium ions with the most dominant one being aluminium ions (0.58 - 78.18mg/L). Whilst the E-coli was below detectable limit, the count of total coliforms ranged between 0 and 4.5x10⁴CFU/100mL. Five helminth egg species (Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, Strongyloides stercoralis, and Enterobius vermicularis) were identified with their numbers surpassing the safe limit set by the World Health Organisation for irrigation purposes. These results indicated that the indiscriminate discharge of the untreated wastewater on the bare soil as it is practised at the tannery has the potential to adversely affect public and environmental health. Appropriate treatment schemes are therefore, required to treat the wastewater to safe limits prior to discharge.
Quantification and Characterization of Artisanal Tannery Wastewater
Article
Jan 2021
Miriam Appiah-Brempong
Helen Essandoh
Nana Y. Asiedu
Francis W. Y. Momade
Modelling of Escherichia coli removal by a low-cost combined drinking water treatment system
Article
May 2020
Water Sci Tech Water Supply
Stephen Siwila
Isobel Brink
This work presents mathematical modelling of Escherichia coli (E.coli) removal by a multi-barrier point-of-use drinking water system. The modelled system is a combination of three treatment stages: filtration by geotextile fabric followed by filtration and disinfection by silver-coated ceramic granular media (SCCGM) then granular activated carbon (GAC) filtration. The presented models accounted for removal mechanisms by each treatment stage. E.coli was modelled as a microbial particle. E.coli inactivation by SCCGM was modelled using the Chick's, Chick-Watson, Collins-Selleck and complete mix system bacterial inactivation kinetic models, which were considered adequately representative for describing the removal. Geotextile removal was modelled using colloidal filtration theory (CFT) for hydrosol deposition in fibrous media. The filtration removal contributions by the SCCGM and GAC were modelled using CFT for removal of colloidal particles by granular media. The model results showed that inactivation by silver in the SCCGM was the main bacterial removal mechanism. Geotextile and GAC also depicted appreciable removals. The theoretical modelling approach used is important for design and optimization of the multi-barrier system and can support future research in terms of material combinations, system costs, etc. Collector diameter, particle size, filtration velocity and contact time were identified as critical parameters for E.coli removal efficiency.
Palm oil industry effect on water quality status of Pawan and Jelai Rivers in Ketapang Regency in 2012-2016
Article
Full-text available
Oct 2019
Mohamad Rusdi Hidayat
Agus Sri Mulyono
Pawan and Jelai Rivers are two of the three main rivers in Ketapang Regency, West Kalimantan. The extensive growth of palm oil industry in Ketapang might affect the aquatic environment, especially the rivers, due to excessive uses of water. Therefore, the aims of this study were to examine the effect of palm oil industry on the changes in water quality status of Pawan and Jelai Rivers in Ketapang regency during 2012-2016 and to identify critical parameters that might determine the water quality status in the two rivers. This study used the laboratory testing results of Pawan and Jelai Rivers, which were carried out periodically by various companies/institutions. There were 24 physical, chemical, and microbiological parameters that were analyzed to determine the water quality status using STORET method. Critical parameters were determined by comparing parameters analyzed with their threshold values. The results revealed that Pawan and Jelai Rivers passing through oil palm plantations and palm oil mills were moderately to highly polluted in 2012, 2014 and 2016. Critical parameters of the river water quality are BOD, COD, Cl2, phenol, Fe, and total Coliform.
Critical evaluation of the use of different nanoscale zero-valent iron particles for the treatment of effluent water from a small biological wastewater treatment plant
Article
Full-text available
Aug 2017
CHEM ENG J
Primož Oprčkal
Ana Mladenovic
Janja Vidmar
Janez Ščančar
Nanoremediation procedures are usually designed so that only one contaminant or similar class of contaminants is being considered. In the present work, a holistic approach was applied towards processes which simultaneously occur after the treatment of real effluent water from a small biological wastewater treatment plant (SBWTP) with different nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles. Three different types of nZVI particles were tested: in-house nZVI, commercially available Nanofer STAR and Nanofer25 slurry, which differ in reactivity and their methods of synthesis. In order to optimise the conditions for the efficient removal of selected elements, nitrogen species, and pathogenic bacteria (Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Intestinal Enterococci and Clostridium perfringens), effluent water samples were treated with different iron loads from each of the investigated nZVI at various mixing and settling times.
New adsorption and oxidation-based approaches for water and wastewater treatment. Studies regarding organic peracids, boiler-water treatment, and geopolymers
Thesis
Full-text available
Jan 2016
Tero Luukkonen
This thesis examines three different areas of water treatment technology: the application of organic peracids in wastewater treatment; the removal of organic residues from boiler make-up water; and the use of geopolymers as sorbents.
The main advantages of peracids as alternative wastewater disinfectants are their effective antimicrobial properties and high oxidation power, as well the absence of harmful disinfection byproducts after their use. Performic, peracetic and perpropionic acids were compared in laboratory scale disinfection, oxidation and corrosion experiments. From the techno-economical point of view, performic acid proved to be the most effective disinfectant against E. coli and fecal enterococci. However, in the bisphenol-A oxidation experiments, no advantages compared to hydrogen peroxide use were observed. It was also determined that corrosion rates on stainless steel 316L were negligible, while carbon steel seemed unsuitable in terms of corrosion for use with peracids even in low concentrations.
Organic compounds in the boiler plant water-steam cycle thermally decompose and form potentially corrosive species. Activated carbon filtration was confirmed to be a suitable method for the removal of organic residue from deionized boiler make-up water. No significant differences in terms of treatment efficiency between commercial activated carbons were observed. However, acid washing as a pre-treatment reduced the leaching of impurities from new carbon beds. Nevertheless, a mixed-bed ion exchanger was required to remove leached impurities, such as silica and sodium.
Geopolymers, or amorphous analogues of zeolites, can be used as sorbents in the treatment of wastewater. Metakaolin and blast-furnace-slag geopolymers showed positive potential in the treatment of landfill leachate (NH4+) and mine effluent (Ni, As, Sb).
Impacts of Global Change in Benin
Article
Jul 2010
Andreas Fink
Under the present climate conditions, physical water scarcity does not appear to be a major limiting factor for food and livelihood security in Benin. Rather, the fast demographic growth arising from high fertility rates and immigration causes a high pressure on natural resources such as soils, forests, water as well as on biodiversity, and challenges the assurance of food security and economic development. The projected climate warming and drying trend occurs in addition to these developments. In parts of the sub-humid tree savannah of Central Benin, particularly in the Haute Vallée de l'Ouémé (HVO), farmland expanded considerably at the expense of natural forests during the IMPETUS project period 2000-2009. In the HVO, some of the highest population growth rates in Benin in excess of 5% p.a. also occurred due to immigration mainly from the Atakora mountain area in northwest Benin. The increasing population and the prevailing extensive, labor-intensive cropping and animal husbandry systems were the major drivers of the rapid land use change that was monitored by IMPETUS in the HVO. Migrants were strongly involved in the process of agricultural colonization. In some villages in the HVO, rural migrants without secure land rights already constitute the majority of the population.
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Multiplex-pcr markers for detecting faecal water pollution in antalya coast
Jan 2012
FRESEN ENVIRON BULL
Tulay Çagatay
High tourist population during summer season usually results in an increase in amount of faecal pollution being discharged without any treatment into seawater. ;Faecal pollution is one of the major environmental threats to human health, and fast detection of contaminants is very important for protecting public health. Conventional methods to detect faecal microbial pollution in seawater are well-known for their technical limitations, such as lack of direct pathogen detection capacity, time-consuming and laborious process. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technology, used to detect virulence gene markers, allows for various new approaches in faecal indicator research due to its high sensitivity, speed and culture-independent assay capacity. This work aims at using virulence Eco 1, Typ 1, Sson l, and EpsM gene markers to detect faecal indicators, such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella typi, Shigella sonnei and Vibrio cholerae to show microbial pollution in Antalya beaches during summer seasons by using multiplex PCR. Multiplex PCR analysis was performed on 216 water samples collected from 6 stations in Konyaalti, Old-cityport, Kemer, Beldibi, Lara and Side between September 2010 to August 2011. The results show that E. coli Eco 1 gene and S. sonnei Sson 1 gene were identified positively in Konyaalti, Lara, Belek and Kemer beach water which simply indicated that Antalya coasts have been contaminated by faecal sewage during the hot and touristic season.
Review: Markers of Potability, Sanitation Basic and Costs of Treatment and Microbiological Monitoring of Water for Human Consumption in Brazil
Dec 2012
João Paulo Mota Emiliano
Maria Cláudia Dantas Porfirio Borge André
In this study we discuss the microbiological markers used to set up the water potability for human consumption, sanitation basics and costs of treatment and microbiological monitoring of water for human consumption in Brazil. The microbiological quality of water is closely associated with the concentration of chlorine. There is discussion of the exclusive adoption of the current microbiological markers used to attest the potability of the water for consumption and the necessity or not of adding new microbiological markers. The literature demonstrates some cases where monitoring showed failures to establish the safety of the water consumed and the evidence presented in this article cannot be ignored. The presence of contaminating microorganisms in drinking water and the high cost of waterborne diseases are closely linked with basic sanitation. It mainly affects developing countries, because of limited resources and sanitation basics. Each Brazilian spends US$ 0.25 per month intended to be subjected to evaluation and microbiological monitoring for quality control; it does not include analysis for fungi and H. pylori. 39 % of Brazilian families spend 8.00 % of income to pay the tariff of water and sewage. This suggests an expansion of the microbiological markers used to establish the potability of water.
Bacteriological examination of drinking water in Northern Greece during 2000-2006
Jan 2011
Ilias Tirodimos
M. Arvanitidou
In the 7 year period 2000-2006, thousands of drinking water samples were sent from the local health authorities and other public services to our Laboratory, which performs the bacteriological examination of potable waters for the area of Northern Greece as Reference Center and as a service of the Ministry of Health and Social Security of Greece, as to assess the microbiological quality. Counts for total coliforms and fecal coliforms by the MF-method per 100 ml were undertaken. All information which accompanied the sample (supply, location, use, etc.) was processed. Over 12000 samples from 9 Prefectures, were sent, in order to be certified as appropriate or non appropriate for drinking. Of special attention were the results on the performed chlorination and on the trends of drinking suitability through the years. The results are discussed and proposals are made, as, in connection with the central and local health authorities, this will lead to the improvement of the condition of the water quality in Northern Greece.
Considerations in establishing a health risk management system for effluent irrigation in modern agriculture
Dec 2011
ISR J PLANT SCI
Chris Derry
Treated sewage effluent is a valuable and reliable agricultural irrigation resource in areas of low or unpredictable rainfall. Its importance is likely to grow under the influence of global climate change. The use of this resource is not, however, without health risk which is difficult to estimate using data from standard microbial and physicochemical monitoring alone. A health risk management system enables risk reduction through hazard identification, risk characterisation and analysis, strategy development and implementation, intervention assessment and risk communication. In this process data from both risk assessment and routine technological monitoring are integrated to yield synergies. In addition to meaningful information is a need for intersectoral collaboration in making the right decisions. This can be achieved through the establishment of a multidisciplinary risk management team with members drawn from communities of practice. Examples from the University of Western Sydney (UWS) experience are used to support the suggestions made.
Evaluation of the Compartment Bag Test for the Detection of Escherichia coli in Water
Apr 2014
Christine E Stauber
Candace Miller
Brittany Cantrell
Kate Kroell
Aims
Annually, more than 2 million diarrheal disease deaths can be attributed to the lack of access to water, sanitation and hygiene. These deaths occur mostly in developing countries where water quality testing resources are limited. Several tests are currently used to detect and quantify E. coli and other fecal bacteria in drinking water, however they can be expensive, complex, and technically demanding. There is a need for a simple, reliable, low-cost water quality test that can be used in resource limited settings. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to perform a rigorous evaluation of the recently developed compartment bag test for detection and quantification of E. coli against the standard method of membrane filtration.
Methods And Results
A total of 270 water samples were collected from forty-five various naturally contaminated water sources around metro-Atlanta from August 2011 through April 2012. Samples were processed using the compartment bag test and membrane filtration with mI agar. Concentrations of E. coli were significantly correlated with a correlation coefficient of 0.904 (95% CI 0.859 – 0.950). Sensitivity and specificity were 94.9% and 96.6%, respectively.
Conclusions
These results suggest that the compartment bag test produces results consistent with those produced by membrane filtration on mI agar. Based upon its performance, the compartment bag test has the potential to be used as a reliable, affordable drinking water quality test globally where other microbial water quality testing resources are not readily available, and can be implemented in monitoring activities for microbial water quality to provide reliable and actionable data.
Clostridium perfringens and sulphite reducing clostridia densities in selected tropical Malaysian rivers
Article
Full-text available
Oct 2012
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Publ Health
Florence Lee Chi Hiong
Septian Hakim
Muhammad Kamaluddin
Kwai Lin Thong
Clostridium perfringens (CP) and sulphite reducing clostridia (SRC) densities in the Selangor River, Bernam River and Tengi River Canal were examined between April 2007 and January 2008. Water samples were taken from two or three locations along each river, using either depth-integration or grab sampling methods. The downstream sampling site of the Selangor River, Rantau Panjang, reported the highest arithmetic mean of CP and SRC densities (583.45 and 8,120.08 cfu/100 ml, respectively). Both CP and SRC densities in the Selangor River increased further downstream, but the reverse was true in the Bernam River. The SRC densities in these rivers were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05) when comparing upstream and downstream results, but CP densities were not significantly different (p > 0.05). SRC densities were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) in different locations along the Selangor River and the Bernam River. The CP densities did not show such pattern (p > 0.05). River discharge had no significant correlation with SRC or CP densities by study site (p > 0.05). Since the Selangor River has a denser human population along its banks, this study confirms CP as a suitable indicator of human fecal contamination. However, tracing CP distribution along the river is more difficult than SRC. To our knowledge, this is the first study of CP and SRC densities from Malaysian rivers. CP densities found in this study were within the range of general water bodies reported from other countries.
Microbiological risk assessment and management of shallow groundwater sources in Lichinga, Mozambique
Sep 2006
WATER ENVIRON J
S. Godfrey MCIWEM
F. Timo
Mike Smith MCIWEM
The principal water target of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG) is to ensure environmental sustainability by halving the proportion of people without access to safe water by 2015. Although great strides have been made in meeting this challenge since the year 2000, the safety of many of these water supplies remains unknown. Acknowledging the weaknesses of current water quality and hydrogeological means of assuring microbial safety, this paper has the objective of developing improved methods for the assessment and management of microbiological water safety based on a ‘risk’ paradigm. This paper provides evidence for the risk assessment of both conventional aquifer pathways and localised (short circuiting) pathways to 25 wells of three well technology types in Mozambique between 2002 and 2005.‡ Findings from the research outline improve methods of risk assessment and management by demonstrating that (1) the predominant source of contamination was from animal faeces rather than from latrines/septic tanks, (2) short circuiting is a significant risk to shallow groundwater in developing countries, (3) the use of alternative indicator organisms (e.g. enterococci) may improve risk understanding and (4) the World Health Organisation Water Safety Plans are recommended as an appropriate method of risk management.
Determination of toxinotypes of environmental Clostridium perfringens by Polymerase Chain Reaction
Article
Full-text available
Apr 2011
TROP BIOMED
Florence Lee Chi Hiong
Septian Hakim
Muhammad Kamaluddin
Kwai Lin Thong
Toxinotype of Clostridium perfringens (CP) isolates collected from the Bernam River, Selangor River and Tengi Canal between April 2007 and January 2008 were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) using published primers. All the 147 isolates were toxinotype Type A, harbouring the alpha toxin gene. In addition, 5 of the isolates also had the enterotoxin (CPE) gene.
Fecal Pollution in Coastal Marine Sediments from a Semi-Enclosed Deep Embayment Subjected to Anthropogenic Activities: An Issue to Be Considered in Environmental Quality Management Frameworks Development
ECOHEALTH
Daniel González Fernández
Carmen Garrido-Pérez
E. Nebot-Sanz
Diego Sales
Sewage discharge is a major source of pollution in marine environments. Urban wastewaters can directly enter marine environments carrying pathogen organisms, organic loads, and nutrients. Because marine sediments can act as the ultimate fate of a wide range of pollutants, environmental quality assessment in this compartment can help to identify pollution problems in coastal areas. In the present study, characterization of surficial marine sediments allowed assessment of fecal pollution in a semi-enclosed deep embayment that is subjected to anthropogenic activities. Physicochemical parameters and fecal indicators presented a great spatial heterogeneity. Fecal coliform and Clostridium perfringens showed accumulation in an extensive area, not only in proximity to sewage discharge points, but also in sediments at 100 meters depth. Results included herein demonstrated that, in coastal areas, urban wastewater discharge can affect the whole ecosystem through accumulation of fecal matter in bottom sediments. Application of multivariate techniques provided useful information with applicability for management of coastal areas in such complex systems. Environmental implications of wastewater discharge in coastal areas indicate the need to implement and include sediment quality control strategies in legislative frameworks.
Classical Indicators in the 21st Century—Far and Beyond the Coliform
Article
Apr 2007
Marylynn V. Yates
Indicators have been used for many years to designate the microbiological quality of water. In 1914, the U.S. Public Health Service set a standard that required that drinking water show no evidence of coliform organisms (U.S. Treasury Department, 1914). Today, almost 100 years later, drinking waters in the United States must meet the standards established in the Total Coliform Rule, which requires that drinking water show no evidence of the presence of total coliform bacteria in 100 mL of water (U.S. EPA, 1989). However, as limitations with the use of coliforms have become apparent and the applications for indicator microorganisms have expanded, new indicators have been proposed and, in some cases, adopted, for specific purposes, as discussed in detail in a number of recent reports (i.e., National Research Council, 2004; World Health Organization, 2003).
The Removal of Excreted Bacteria and Viruses in Deep Waste Stabilization Ponds in Northeast Brazil
WATER SCI TECHNOL
J.I. Oragui
Tom Curtis
S.A. Silva
Duncan Mara
The removal of excreted bacteria (faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci, Clostridium perfringens, total and sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria, salmonellae and thermophilic campylobacters) and viruses (enterovirus and rotavirus) in a series of deep anaerobic, facultative and maturation ponds (depth range: 2. 8-3. 4 m), with an overall retention time of 21 days and a mean mid-depth temperature of 27 degree C, was studied. Thermophilic campylobacters, bifidobacteria and salmonellae were not detected after 11, 16 and 21 days' retention respectively. Faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and Cl. perfringens were reduced by 4, 4 and 2 orders of magnitude respectively, and enteroviruses and rotaviruses both by 3 orders. The results indicate that pathogen removal in deep ponds is similar to that in ponds of normal depth.
Faecal coliforms - everywhere (but not a cell to drink)
Jan 1995
Duncan Mara
Sources of Escherichia coli in a Coastal Subtropical Environment
Article
Jan 2000
Helena M Solo-Gabriele
Melinda A. Wolfert
Timothy R Desmarais
Carol J Palmer
Sources of Escherichia coli in a coastal waterway located in Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., were evaluated. The study consisted of an extensive program of field
measurements designed to capture spatial and temporal variations in E. coli concentrations as well as experiments conducted under laboratory-controlled conditions.E. coli from environmental samples was enumerated by using a defined substrate technology (Colilert-18). Field sampling tasks included
sampling the length of the North Fork to identify the river reach contributing high E. coli levels, autosampler experiments at two locations, and spatially intense sampling efforts at hot spots. Laboratory experiments
were designed to simulate tidal conditions within the riverbank soils. The results showed that E. coli entered the river in a large pulse during storm conditions. After the storm, E. coli levels returned to baseline levels and varied in a cyclical pattern which correlated with tidal cycles. The highest concentrations
were observed during high tide, whereas the lowest were observed at low tide. This peculiar pattern of E. coli concentrations between storm events was caused by the growth of E. coli within riverbank soils which were subsequently washed in during high tide. Laboratory analysis of soil collected from the
riverbanks showed increases of several orders of magnitude in soilE. coli concentrations. The ability of E. colito multiply in the soil was found to be a function of soil moisture content, presumably due to the ability of E. coli to outcompete predators in relatively dry soil. The importance of soil moisture in regulating the multiplication of E. coli was found to be critical in tidally influenced areas due to periodic wetting and drying of soils in contact with water bodies.
Given the potential for growth in such systems, E. coliconcentrations can be artificially elevated above that expected from fecal impacts alone. Such results challenge the use of
E. coli as a suitable indicator of water quality in tidally influenced areas located within tropical and subtropical environments.
Bacterial indicators of diarrhoeal disease from drinking-water in the Philippines
Article
Feb 1991
B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN
Christine L Moe
Mark Sobsey
G P Samsa
V Mesolo
Inadequate measures of water quality have been used in many studies of the health effects associated with water supplies in developing countries. The present 1-year epidemiological-microbiological study evaluated four bacterial indicators of tropical drinking-water quality (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci and faecal streptococci) and their relationship to the prevalence of diarrhoeal disease in a population of 690 under-2-year-olds in Cebu, Philippines. E. coli and enterococci were better predictors than faecal coliforms of the risk of waterborne diarrhoeal disease. Methods to enumerate E. coli and enterococci were less subject to interference from the thermotolerant, non-faecal organisms that are indigenous to tropical waters. Little difference was observed between the illness rates of children drinking good quality water (less than 1 E. coli per 100 ml) and those drinking moderately contaminated water (2-100 E. coli per 100 ml). Children drinking water with greater than 1000 E. coli per 100 ml had significantly higher rates of diarrhoeal disease than those drinking less contaminated water. This threshold effect suggests that in developing countries where the quality of drinking-water is good or moderate other transmission routes of diarrhoeal disease may be more important; however, grossly contaminated water is a major source of exposure to faecal contamination and diarrhoeal pathogens.
Bacteriological Methods for Distinguishing Between Human and Animal Faecal Pollution of Water: Results of Fieldwork in Nigeria and Zimbabwe
Article
Feb 1985
B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN
Duncan Mara
J.I. Oragui
Bacteriological techniques have traditionally been used to detect faecal pollution of drinking water supplies. Recently, methods have been developed to distinguish between human and animal faecal pollution in temperate climates. The present study assessed the applicability and practicality of these methods in tropical countries. Fieldwork in Nigeria and Zimbabwe has shown that animal faecal pollution can reliably be identified by the detection and enumeration of Rhodococcus coprophilus using modified M3 agar, whereas human faecal contamination can be identified by the detection of sorbitol-fermenting bifidobacteria. Each of these organisms was detected only in the faeces of the type (human or animal) that it was meant to indicate. Although Streptococcus bovis has been used in the past in mainly temperate countries to distinguish animal from human faecal contamination, the present study has shown that this organism is not a reliable indicator of animal pollution in the tropics because it was excreted by a proportion of the human population in both Nigeria and Zimbabwe. Water sources known to be contaminated by human or animal excreta were examined for these indicator organisms. The results correlated with the results obtained from examining human and animal faecal specimens for these organisms. The role of these bacteriological methods in water pollution control programmes is discussed.
A Selective Medium for the Enumeration of Streptococcus bovis by Membrane Filtration
Article
Sep 1981
J Appl Bacteriol
J.I. Oragui
Duncan Mara
A new selective medium (membrane-bovis agar) for the detection and enumeration of Streptococcus bovis is described. It has been successfully used to quantify this organism in polluted waters, sewage and faeces of humans and farm animals. This medium is based on the ability of Strep. bovis to utilize ammonium sulphate as its sole source of nitrogen. Streptococcus faecalis, Strep. faecium, Strep. equinus, Strep. salivarius. Strep. mitis and other bacteria commonly found in water, sewage and faeces are completely inhibited.
Streptococcus bovis appear to be the predominant faecal streptococci in the faeces of farm animals and absent in the faeces of humans. A total of 541 characteristic colonies (on m-BA), isolated from various sources were identified to species level. Over 97% proved to be Strep. bovis. Therefore, routine confirmatory tests on colonies growing on this medium would appear to be unnecessary.
Occurrence of Rhodococcus coprophilus and associated actinomycetes in feces, sewage, and freshwater
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280381398_Faecal_indicator_organisms |
Organic Syntheses Procedure
Org. Synth. 1928 , 8 , 64
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.008.0064
DI- o -NITROPHENYL DISULFIDE
[ Disulfide, bis ( o -nitrophenyl) ]
Submitted by Marston T. Bogert and Arthur Stull.
Checked by Frank C. Whitmore, W. F. Singleton, and F. E. Smith.
1. Procedure
In a 3-l. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser are placed 360 g. (1.5 moles) of crystalline sodium sulfide (Note 1) and 1.5 l. of 95 per cent alcohol . The flask is heated on a steam bath until the sulfide dissolves. Then 48 g. (1.5 atoms) of finely ground sulfur is added, and the heating is continued until the sulfur has dissolved, forming a brownish-red solution of sodium disulfide (Note 2) . A solution of 315 g. (2 moles) of o chloronitrobenzene (Note 3) in 500 cc. of 95 per cent alcohol is prepared in a 5-l. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser. The sodium disulfide solution is added slowly to this solution through a funnel placed in the top of the reflux condenser. The addition should be slow until the violence of the reaction abates somewhat.
The mixture is then heated on a steam bath, gently at first (Note 4) , and then at full heat for two hours. After cooling, it is filtered by suction. The mixture of the organic disulfide and the sodium chloride is transferred to a 1-l. beaker and stirred thoroughly with 500 cc. of water to remove the sodium chloride . It is then filtered by suction and the crystalline residue is washed on the filter with 100 cc. of alcohol to remove any o -chloronitrobenzene . The product melting at 192–195° weighs 180–210 g. ( 58–66 per cent of the theoretical amount).
2. Notes
1.
Crystals as dry as possible should be selected. If desired, an equivalent amount of analyzed fused sodium sulfide may be used. In this case, solution takes a longer time. Since an excess of sodium sulfide is added, slight inaccuracies in the amount used are not important.
2.
In case a small amount of sodium disulfide separates in a layer at the bottom, it should be taken up with a little more alcohol and added to the chloronitrobenzene solution.
3.
Commercial o -chloronitrobenzene containing 95–98 per cent of the ortho compound was used.
4.
If too much heat is applied at first, the reaction becomes very violent.
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
The procedures in Organic Synthesesare intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge athttp://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices.
In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red "Caution Notes" within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices.
The procedures described in Organic Synthesesare provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.
The paragraphs above were added in September, 2014. The statements above do not supersede any specific hazard caution notes and safety instructions included in the procedure.
3. Discussion
Di- o -nitrophenyl disulfide can be prepared by heating o -chloronitrobenzene in alcohol with sodium sulfide and sulfur 1 and from o -nitrophenylsulfur chloride and potassium hydrosulfide . 2 The procedure described is that of Blanksma 3 as elaborated by Wohlfahrt. 4
This preparation is referenced from:
Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 2, 455
Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 2, 471
Org. Syn. Coll. Vol. 5, 843
References and Notes
Elgersma, Rec. trav. chim. 48 , 752 (1929).
Dougherty and Haas, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 , 2469 (1937).
Blanksma, Rec. trav. chim. 20 , 127 (1901).
Wohlfahrt, J.prakt. Chem. (2) 66 , 553 (1902).
AppendixChemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);(Registry Number)
alcohol(64-17-5)
sodium chloride(7647-14-5)
sulfur(7704-34-9)
chloronitrobenzene, o-chloronitrobenzene, ochloronitrobenzene(88-73-3)
sodium sulfide(1313-82-2)
sodium disulfide
potassium hydrosulfide(1310-61-8)
Di-o-nitrophenyl disulfide, Disulfide, bis (o-nitrophenyl)(1155-00-6)
o-Nitrophenylsulfur chloride(7669-54-7)
Notes
1.
Crystals as dry as possible should be selected. If desired, an equivalent amount of analyzed fused sodium sulfidemay be used. In this case, solution takes a longer time. Since an excess of sodium sulfideis added, slight inaccuracies in the amount used are not important.
2.
In case a small amount of sodium disulfideseparates in a layer at the bottom, it should be taken up with a little more alcohol and added to the chloronitrobenzenesolution.
3.
Commercial o -chloronitrobenzene containing 95–98 per cent of the ortho compoundwas used.
4.
If too much heat is applied at first, the reaction becomes very violent.
References/EndNotes
Elgersma, Rec. trav. chim. 48 , 752 (1929).
Dougherty and Haas, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 59 , 2469 (1937).
Blanksma, Rec. trav. chim. 20 , 127 (1901).
Wohlfahrt, J.prakt. Chem. (2) 66 , 553 (1902).
| http://www.orgsyn.org/demo.aspx?prep=cv1p0220 |
Daerr Equipment - Horizons Unlimited - The HUBB
Is there an English-language version of the Daerr catalogue online? LRN ------------------ Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but wheeltracks..... tread
Adventure is what you make itby Simon McCarthy."Alternative" bridge near Salavan, Laos
# 1 20 Apr 2002 LandRoverNomad Registered Users HUBB regular Join Date: Mar 2001 Location: York, Yorkshire, UK or Cairo, Egypt Posts: 63 Daerr Equipment Is there an English-language version of the Daerr catalogue online? LRN ------------------ Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but wheeltracks..... tread lightly. Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+ __________________ Take nothing but photographs, leave nothing but wheeltracks..... tread lightly.
# 2 20 Apr 2002 roamingyak Registered Users Veteran HUBBer Join Date: Sep 2001 Location: Portugal Posts: 1,134 I don't think so. I have emailed them twice to ask them and never recieved a reply, and they don't have an 'english' version of their website. Send them an email also I guess.... Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+ __________________ Kiwi, 7 years around Africa. Overlanding channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/roamingyak
# 3 20 Apr 2002 GWJ Registered Users Veteran HUBBer Join Date: Apr 2000 Posts: 281 Därr does not have an english version! Even in german they do not answer e-mails, if you like to contact them you have to call: (Germany)???? 89 28 20 32 If you like to order the catalogue it costs you 8.95 Euros (your credit card number is required) I send you the link in case... http://www.daerr.de/Katalog_Info.htm Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+
# 4 21 Apr 2002 roamingyak Registered Users Veteran HUBBer Join Date: Sep 2001 Location: Portugal Posts: 1,134 The catalogue has lots of interesting looking products, and is worth getting hold of, but its frustrating as hell having to type in each product description to a web translater. Though some of the translations are almost worth it... Anybody else into a trip over there for a laugh? 2-4 in one landy etc? Cheers, Darrin Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+ __________________ Kiwi, 7 years around Africa. Overlanding channel: https://www.youtube.com/c/roamingyak
# 5 22 Apr 2002 Roman Registered Users Veteran HUBBer Join Date: Apr 2001 Location: Scotland Posts: 774 I did a mail order twice last year and it worked allrigt. They do speak English, at least Wolfgang Seel does. I don't think I was asked to pay for the first catalogue. This year they send me another one, FOC. If you live in the UK, get a copy of the catalogue - there's plenty of goodies not available here from any expedition outfitter. ------------------ Roman (UK) www.polandrover.com Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+ __________________ Roman (UK) www.overlandcruiser.com
# 6 23 Apr 2002 Pete Sinclair Registered Users HUBB regular Join Date: Feb 2002 Location: France and England Posts: 46 Hi Darrin, I could be up for a quick trip to Daerrs. When are you thinking of going? Feel free to email me directly if you want. Pete. ------------------ Pete Sinclair. Alnwick to Botswana http://www.a2b.uk.net Share Share this post on Digg Del.icio.us Twitter Share on Facebook Reddit! Share on Google+ __________________ Pete Sinclair. Alnwick to Botswana http://www.a2b.uk.net
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Marguerite Zorach - Biography
199 askART artist summary of Marguerite Zorach. Marguerite Thompson Zorach (1887 - 1968) was active/lived in New York, Maine, California. Marguerite Zorach is known for Modernist landscape, figure and genre painting.
Artist Biography & Facts
Marguerite Zorach
Marguerite Thompson Zorach (1887 - 1968) was active/lived in New York, Maine, California. Marguerite Zorach is known for Modernist landscape, figure and genre painting.
Subject to Copyright
A native of Fresno, California, Marguerite Zorach arrived in Paris in
the fall of 1908, an experience that placed her in the first generation
of American painters to be influenced by and to espouse the Fauves,
artists whose work was based on color and rhythm.
She studied at
the progressive school, La Palette, and shortly after met fellow
student, William Zorach, a Lithuanian born lithographer from
Cleveland. They returned to the United States and married in
1912, and then worked together closely, especially as painters in
oil.
Many critics regard her early years as a painter, 1908-1920, as her
most productive when she was experimenting with both Fauvism and Cubism
and actively promoting the work of these painters in America.
She
was not fully recognized for her role as a modern American artist until
1970, two years after she died, when some of her early canvases were
rediscovered. She had destroyed many of them, having changed he
...
[Displaying 1000 of 13410 characters.]
Artist bio
Artist auction records
. askART's database currently holds 199 auction lots for Marguerite Zorach (of which
132 auction records sold and 0 are upcoming at auction.)
Artist artworks for sale and wanted
. There are 5
artworks for sale on our website by galleries and art dealers
. There are 12
galleries and art dealers listing works of art by Marguerite Zorach as either "Wanted" or "For Sale"
.
Research resources
. askART lists Marguerite Zorach in 4 of its research Essays.
Marguerite Zorach has 22 artist signature examples available in our database.
Facts about Marguerite Zorach
Biographies
Essays
Publications
Marguerite Zorach
Born
: 1887 - Santa Rosa, California
Died : 1968 - Brooklyn, New York
Known for : Modernist landscape, figure and genre painting
Name variants : Marguerite Thompson
Subject to Copyright
Biography from the Archives of askART
A native of Fresno, California, Marguerite Zorach arrived in Paris in
the fall of 1908, an experience that placed her in the first generation
of American painters to be influenced by and to espouse the Fauves,
artists whose work was based on color and rhythm.
She studied at
the progressive school, La Palette, and shortly after met fellow
student, William Zorach, a Lithuanian born lithographer from
Cleveland. They returned to the United States and married in
1912, and then worked together closely, especially as painters in
oil.
Many critics regard her early years as a painter, 1908-1920, as her
most productive when she was experimenting with both Fauvism and Cubism
and actively promoting the work of these painters in America.
She
was not fully recognized for her role as a modern American artist until
1970, two years after she died, when some of her early canvases were
rediscovered. She had destroyed many of them, having changed her
medium after the birth of her children to work in brilliantly colored
wools rather than oils to express her love of color. In her
large-scale needleworks, she explored wide ranges of color and a
variety of stitches. In fact, her needlework skills were a key
factor in the Marguerite and William and their two children having some
stability during the Depression of the 1930s. Because of an
arrangement made by their New York dealer, Edith Halpert, Marguerite
had a commission for a tapestry with Abby Rockefeller for the family
home at Seal Harbor, Maine. The Zorach family visited the
Rockefellers, and Marguerite was then given a commission for a tapestry
that earned her $18,000.00, "a sum that allowed the Zorachs to continue
their work as artists and also provided for their two young children."
(Pollock, 129)
She and her husband both exhibited in the
1913 Armory Show in New York, and she served as Director of the Society
of Independent Artists and the first President of the New York Society
of Women Artists.
Sources include
:
Charlotte Streifer Rubinstein,
American Women Artists
Lindsay Pollock,
The Girl with the Gallery
Biography from the Archives of askART
Born in Santa Rosa, CA on Sept. 25, 1887, Marguerite Thompson Zorach
was raised in Fresno and showed artistic promise at age three. A
brilliant student, she was one of the first women admitted to Stanford
University in 1908. Shortly after her enrollment, she was lured
to Paris by an aunt who was living there. She studied art for
four years in Paris and, while there, met her future husband William
Zorach.
Returning to Fresno in 1912, she camped with her family in the Sierra
Madre and did a series of paintings of that area. The following
year, she returned to NYC, married Zorach, and lived in Brooklyn for
her remaining years.
A pioneer in modern art, she was one of the few young artists to
introduce Fauvist and Cubist styles to the U.S. between 1910-20. The
Zorachs made another trip to Yosemite in 1920.
She died in Brooklyn on June 27, 1968.
Exhibitions:
Paris Salon, 1911; Royer Gallery (LA), 1912; Armory Show, 1913; PPIE,
1915; AIC, 1920 (medal); Century of Progess (Chicago), 1933.
Collections:
MM; Fresno Federal Bldg; NMAA; MOMA; Whitney Museum; Newark Museum; Brooklyn Museum; Speed Museum (Louisville).
Edan Hughes,
"Artists in California, 1786-1940"
American Art Annual
1915-33;
Who's Who in American Art
1936-66;
Dictionnaire des Peintres, Sculpteurs, Dessinateurs, et Graveurs
(Bénézit, E);
American Women Artists
(Rubenstein);
Women Artists in America
(Collins & Opitz);
Artists of the American West
(Samuels); NY Times, 6-29-1968 (obituary).
Nearly 20,000 biographies can be found in Artists in California 1786-1940 by Edan Hughes and is available for sale ($150). For a full book description and order information please click here
.
Biography from Hollis Taggart Galleries
Marguerite Thompson Zorach produced most of her innovative work from shortly after her first arrival in Paris in 1908 until 1920. This was a period of experimentation with style and technique, and Zorach successfully integrated color strategies then being developed in Paris into her own style. Upon her return to the United States, Thompson actively promoted Modernism with avant-garde writers and artists in New York and New England.
Zorach was born Marguerite Thompson on September 25, 1887 in Santa Rosa, California to a prominent family whose ancestry can be traced back to the early New England settlers. From her sixth year, she was filling notebooks with drawings. She had just enrolled at Stamford University in 1908 when her aunt, artist Adelaide Harris, invited her to come to Paris. En route to Europe, Zorach made a stop-over in Chicago where she witnessed her first Impressionist paintings. Her aunt introduced her to Gertrude Stein, a friend from San Francisco. Although Zorach did not frequent the Stein salon, she did meet Picasso on occasion and became a close friend of the sculptor Ossip Zadkine. Zorach was very receptive to Matisse's work and felt an immediate affinity with the French Fauves.
For a time Zorach studied at the conservative Ecole de la Grande Chaumiere and privately with Francis Zuburtin. She and fellow artist Jessie Dismorr traveled together throughout Europe visiting museums and galleries and painting. The summer of 1910 they visited Provence, where the brilliant panorama reminded her of California. The vivid hues evidenced in her paintings there are as much a tribute to nature as to her own liberated approach to color. Her work began to be seen publicly in this period, as she exhibited at the American Women's Art Association and at the Salon des Indépendants in 1910 and the Salon d'Automne in 1911.
Zorach and Dismorr attended the progressive art school La Palette in Paris in March 1911. Zorach studied with Scottish colourist John D. Fergusson, who managed La Palette, and with the more traditional Jacques Emile Blanche. Fergusson, who was one of the founders of the London periodical Rhythm, published many of Zorach's drawings. It was at La Palette that she met her future husband William Zorach, a lithographer from Cleveland.
After Zorach left La Palette in the fall of 1911, she and her aunt departed on a voyage through the Middle East. The landscapes from her journey are rich with saturated color and simplified, abstracted forms.
Zorach arrived in San Francisco in April of 1912 and spent the summer camping in the Sierra Mountains. Aware of the difficulties of climbing with paint box and canvas, she made many pen and ink drawings, yet strong paintings also resulted from the summer. The Royar Galleries in Los Angeles sponsored her first one-person show in 1912, which attracted a large crowd. The show was remounted at the Parlor Club in Fresno, California.
Marguerite and William Zorach were married on December 24, 1912 in New York City. Urban life depressed Marguerite, and as a compromise they agreed to spend the summers surrounded by nature. Most of her oils stem from those summer retreats.
Zorach displayed a new angularity and flatness of form derived from Cubism to which she was exposed at the Armory Show of 1913 in which both she and her husband exhibited. She had a one-person show at the Daniel Gallery in New York in 1915. She was also selected out of seventeen artists to exhibit at the Forum exhibition at the Anderson Galleries in 1916, an attempt to bring the best modern paintings to the American public. Her good friend Abraham Walkowitz introduced her to Hamilton Easter Field, a critic and patron of the arts and founder of Arts magazine. Field lent her and her husband his farm in Randolph, New Hampshire for the summer of 1915 where they painted zealously.
The summer of 1916 was spent in Provincetown, Massachusetts with artist friends Marsden Hartley, Charles Demuth and Walkowitz. The Provincetown canvases reflect an involvement with Cubism. Both Zorachs participated in the exhibition of the Society of Independent Artists in 1917 at the Grand Central Palace.
From 1920 onwards Marguerite devoted a substantial amount of her energies to designing and making embroideries, though she never completely abandoned painting. Her embroideries drew high praise from art critics and collectors alike. Though she had shown her tapestries at Charles Daniel's Gallery in 1918, it was a joint exhibition with her husband. She had her first one-person show of her needlework, "Embroidered Tapestries by Marguerite Zorach" at Montross Gallery in New York in 1923. Although Marguerite focused more on her tapestries and embroideries in the 1920s and 1930s she returned to oil paintings in the 1930s. The works from these later years of her life continue the directions she had been exploring in the teens and 20s, mainly Cubism. Marguerite Zorach continued to paint and exhibit until her death on June 27, 1968.
© Copyright 2008 Hollis Taggart Galleries
Biography from Levis Fine Art
Marguerite Zorach is credited as being one of the few American modernist painters who introduced the European artistic theories and styles of Fauvism and Cubism, to the United States during the early 1900's.
After beginning her academic training at Stanford University, Zorach moved to Paris in 1908 to further her artistic training and career. She was immediately impressed by the work of the non-academic painters including Matisse and Derain and soon enrolled at La Palette, an avant-garde art school where she studied under the Scottish Fauvist John Duncan Fergusson. During this time period Zorach exhibited in the Salon d'Autumne and at the Societe des Artistes Independents and her works express heavy influences of both the color and expressive nature of the French Fauvists and German Expressionists, with her use of bold unconventional color and startling distortions of shape and line.
After returning to the United States, Zorach returned to California in 1912 and executed a number of powerful paintings in the Sierra Mountains and began to produce pen-and-ink drawings that reflected her observation of Oriental art. Her first solo exhibition was held in 1912 in Los Angeles, concurrent with her marriage to sculptor/painter William Zorach, whom she had met while in Paris. Both Marguerite and William exhibited at the Armory Show in 1913, a landmark event in the history of American art.
Influenced by Max Weber at the beginning of 1915, Marguerite lightly experimented with the techniques and theories associated with cubism. By 1920 she had begun to concentrate on large, intricate tapestries, generally featuring Arcadian scenes executed in brilliantly-colored silk and wool. She regarded these "sticheries" as her primary artistic work, although she returned to oils after 1930. Marguerite also collaborated with her husband in many of his sculptural commissions, providing original designs and sketches for his final works.
In the 1940's, she continued to do a small number of oil paintings and water colors. One of those works,
Night Still Life
, is one of her strongest and most colorful still life paintings and has been considered a favorite of the Zorach family, according to Peggy Zorach.
Marguerite also served as Director of the Society of Independent Artists and the first President of the New York Society of Women Artists. Her paintings have been exhibited extensively since 1908 including such venues as: Salon d'Automne, Society of Independent Artists, the Pan Pacific Exposition of 1915, Forum Exchange, NY, 1916(the only woman to exhibit), Corcoran Gallery biennials, 1930-45, Whitney Museum of American Art, 1932, 1940, 1951-52, Bates College, 1964, Worcester Art Museum, the Pennsylvania Academy of Arts and numerous other museums, shows and exhibitions.
© 2008 Levis Fine Art, Inc.
Biography from Cornish Colony Museum
Born in Fresno, CA. Studied in Paris and was a good friend of
Gertrude Stein. Met her husband William Zorach in Paris. She was
an accomplished painter and craftswoman who specialized in textile
design. She was a member of the New York Society of Women
Artists, and also the American Society of Painters, Sculptors and
Gravers. She received awards in the Pan.-Pacific Exposition in
1915; and a gold medal in the Art Institute of Chicago Exposition in
1920. Marguerite and William were considered to be in the
vanguard of modern art. Among their friends the Zorachs counted many of
the Modern Art giants greats like Picasso, Matisse, Léger and Braque.
Both Marguerite and William were intrigued with German Expressionism and Cubism.
They were the first and perhaps the only modern artists of the Cornish Colony.
Marguerite's work is in the collection of twenty-two museums: Colorado
Springs Fine Arts Center, Yale University Art Gallery, National Gallery
of Art, Smithsonian American Art Museum, The Corcoran Gallery of Art,
the Allen R. Hite Art Institute, the Addison Gallery of American Art,
the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, the Portland Museum of Art, the
Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, the Sheldon Memorial Art Gallery, the
Newark Museum the Brooklyn Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of
American Art, the Columbus Museum of Art in Ohio, La Salle University
Art Museum, the Jack B. Blanton Museum of Art in Austin, TX, the Tacoma
Art Museum, and our own Cornish Colony Museum.
| https://www.askart.com/artist/artist/9465/artist.aspx |
Aviation Accident Summary ATL04FA027
In-Depth Access to the NTSB Aviation Accident Database and Final Reports from international accident investigation branches on iPhone/iPad.
Aviation Accident Summaries
Aviation Accident Summary ATL04FA027
Spartanburg, SC, USA
Aircraft #1
N7799Y
Piper PA-30
Analysis
The flight was cleared for the ILS runway 5 approach. The last recorded radar position showed the airplane at an altitude of approximately 1800 feet mean sea level, aligned with the runway 5 localizer 2.8 nautical miles from the runway threshold. A witness near the accident site heard the airplane's engines rev up, then heard popping and crashing noises and saw the airplane on the ground in flames. The wreckage was located in a wooded area 0.7 nautical miles from the runway 5 threshold about 950 feet to the right of the center of the runway 5 localizer course. Examination revealed no evidence of mechanical malfunction with the airframe or engines. A co-worker of the pilot reported the flight initially departed Spartanburg, South Carolina, as a business flight that morning. The pilot flew the airplane to Lawrenceville, Georgia, then to Lexington, Kentucky, and then to Evansville, Indiana. The pilot dropped off his last passenger in Evansville, Indiana, and elected to return to Spartanburg, South Carolina. A family member stated the pilot had a cold and "had the sniffles." A co-worker of the pilot stated he noticed the pilot seemed to have a cold two days prior to the accident, and he stated the pilot "seemed fine" the day of the accident. Forensic toxicology revealed 0.008 ug/ml, ug/g brompheniramine was detected in the blood, and brompheniramine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine were detected in the urine. Title 14 CFR Part 91.17, Alcohol or Drugs, states, "(a) No person may act ... as a crewmember of a civil aircraft ... (3) While using any drug that affects the person's faculties in a way contrary to safety ...."
Factual Information
HISTORY OF FLIGHT
On October 26, 2003, at 2210 eastern standard time, a Piper PA-30, N7799Y, registered to and operated by Concept Displays LLC, collided with trees and the ground during approach to Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport, Spartanburg, South Carolina. The positioning flight was operated under the provisions of Title 14 CFR Part 91 with an instrument flight plan filed. Instrument meteorological conditions prevailed. The commercial pilot received fatal injuries, and the airplane was destroyed by impact and post-crash fire. The flight departed Evansville, Indiana, at 1900 central standard time on October 26, 2003.
A review of air traffic control records revealed the pilot made his initial contact with the Greer [South Carolina] Approach controller at 2148:14. The pilot was provided the Greer altimeter setting and was instructed to expect the ILS [instrument landing system] runway 5 approach at Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport. The pilot acknowledged and stated, "we have the AWOS [automated weather observing system] at Spartanburg we'll expect the ILS to five." At 2149:39 the controller stated, "nine nine yankee area of weather eleven o'clock ten miles about three mile diameter even with most of my weather filtered out it's still showing up so I guess it's best to take you around it." The pilot stated, "okay that will be just fine I appreciate that." The controller provided vectors, and at 2152:37 the controller stated, "twin comanche nine nine yankee looks like you are passing the weather now turn left heading one six zero," and the pilot acknowledged. The controller continued to provide vectors, cleared the flight to descend, and at 2204:39 the controller stated, "twin comanche nine nine yankee is niner miles from the runway turn left heading zero eight zero maintain two thousand five hundred 'til established on the localizer cleared ILS runway five approach." The pilot acknowledged, and the controller approved a change to the Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport common traffic advisory frequency. At 2206:11, the pilot stated, "change to advisory frequency approved nine nine yankee." No further radio contact was made with the flight.
A review of radar data revealed the flight intercepted the runway 5 localizer and descended on course toward the airport. About 2208:51, the last recorded radar position showed the airplane at an altitude of approximately 1800 feet mean sea level, aligned with the runway 5 localizer 2.8 nautical miles from the runway threshold; according to air traffic control personnel, the position where the flight was last seen on radar was the expected lower limit of the radar coverage for the area. About 2215, the Greer Approach controller received a telephone call from the Spartanburg 911 operator reporting a downed airplane.
Witnesses in residences near the airport reported hearing a low-flying airplane they described as "very loud," and one witness stated he heard the airplane's engines rev up, followed by popping and crashing noises. The witness saw the airplane on the ground in flames and telephoned the 911 operator.
PERSONNEL INFORMATION
The pilot held a commercial pilot certificate with ratings for airplane single-engine land, airplane multi-engine land, and instrument airplane. The pilot held a second class medical certificate issued August 18, 2003, with the restriction, "must wear corrective lenses." The pilot's logbook was not recovered for examination. A review of records on file with the Federal Aviation Administration revealed the pilot reported 1921 total civilian flight hours on his most recent application for an airman medical certificate.
AIRCRAFT INFORMATION
The Piper PA-30 was manufactured in 1965 and was powered by two Lycoming IO-320-B1A, 160-horsepower engines. A review of the maintenance logbooks revealed an annual inspection and the installation of two factory-overhauled engines were completed on May 28, 2003, at an airframe total time of 6948 hours, right engine hobbs meter reading of 1992 hours, and left engine hobbs meter reading of 1988 hours. The most recent maintenance logbook entry dated October 16, 2003, for an exhaust repair, recorded the left and right hobbs meter readings as 2162.54 and 2166.25 hours, respectively.
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION
The airport manager at Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport, Spartanburg, South Carolina, provided records of the airport's AWOS observations. According to the records, at 2141 sky conditions were overcast at 200 feet above ground level (AGL) and visibility 1 3/4 statue miles with haze; at 2201 sky conditions were overcast at 200 feet AGL and visibility 1 statute mile with haze; and at 2221 sky conditions were overcast at 200 feet AGL and visibility 1/2 statute mile with light rain.
WRECKAGE AND IMPACT INFORMATION
Examination of the accident site revealed wreckage was in a wooded area 0.7 nautical miles from the runway 5 threshold about 950 feet to the right of the center of the runway 5 localizer course. Wreckage debris was scattered approximately 300 feet along a 110-degree magnetic heading from a tree broken approximately 75 feet above the ground. Near the base of the tree were fragments of clear window plastic. The cockpit glareshield, the outboard section of the right aileron, and the right wing tip tank were at the base of trees near the beginning of the wreckage debris path. The fuselage, inboard sections of the wings, and the engines were on the ground at the end of the wreckage debris path amid charred trees and ground.
The fuselage was inverted and fire-damaged; the cockpit and the cabin forward of the empennage was consumed by fire down to the cabin roof, and the cabin door was separated. The cockpit instruments, avionics, and throttle quadrant were crushed and fire-damaged, and the fuel selector valves were separated and fire-damaged. The left fuel selector valve was positioned to the left main fuel tank. Examination revealed the valve moved freely, the ports were free of obstruction, and the screen was fire-damaged and free of obstruction. The right fuel selector valve was positioned to the right main fuel tank. Examination revealed the valve could not be moved, the ports were free of obstruction, and the screen was fire-damaged and free of obstruction.
The inboard nine feet of the left wing were fire-damaged, and the leading edge of the outboard wing was crushed aft to the main spar. The pitot tube was crushed with tree bark embedded, and the engine was separated. The main and auxiliary fuel bladders were breached, the tip tank was separated, and fuel was recovered from the tip tank. The left main landing gear was in the retracted position. The left aileron was attached to the airframe at the inboard attachment with the balance weight in place; the aileron push-pull rod was bent and separated at the aileron attachment. The left aileron bellcrank stops were in place, and both aileron cables were attached to the bellcrank. Continuity for the aileron primary control cable was established from the bellcrank to the chain at the cockpit yoke control. Continuity for the aileron balance cable was established from the bellcrank to a separation in the mid-cabin area. The left flap was crushed and fire-damaged and attached to the airframe at the outboard and middle flap tracks, and the flap was in the down position. The flap was attached to the bellcrank with the cable separated at the turnbuckle, which was bent.
The inboard six feet of the right wing were fire-damaged, the middle and outboard sections of the wing were crushed and separated, and the main spar was bent aft approximately 45 degrees. The engine was separated. The main and auxiliary fuel bladders were breached, the tip tank was separated, and fuel was recovered from the tip tank. The upper wing skin of the outboard six feet of the wing was crushed aft with tree bark embedded. The aileron was separated from the airframe and separated into three sections. The aileron bellcrank was attached to the airframe; the stops were in place, the push-pull rod was attached, and both aileron cables were attached to the bellcrank. Continuity for the aileron control cables was established from the bellcrank to separations approximately nine feet from the bellcrank. The right flap was crushed, fire-damaged, and separated. A one-foot section of the flap was attached to the middle flap track and the flap bellcrank, and the flap position could not be determined. Continuity for the flap control cable was established from the bellcrank to the turnbuckle, which was fire-damaged and broken with the safety wire in place.
The empennage was separated from the fuselage. The left side of the stabilator was separated two feet from the root, and the inboard section was fire-damaged. The right side of the stabilator was crushed with tree bark embedded; it was separated into three sections and was separated from the airframe at the root. Continuity for the stabilator control cable was established from the stabilator balance bar to the control column in the cockpit. Continuity for the stabilator trim control cable was established from the trim drum to the mid-cabin area. The vertical fin and rudder were separated and lodged in a tree approximately 25 feet above the ground. The left side of the vertical fin and rudder displayed a circular crush pattern with tree bark embedded. The rudder horn was attached to the empennage with the stops in place. Rudder cable continuity was established from the rudder horn to the rudder bar in the cockpit floor.
The left engine was inverted on the ground with the upper engine cowling attached. The tubular mounts and exhaust were crushed. The crankshaft was fractured aft of the propeller flange, and the propeller was separated. Examination revealed the crankshaft could be turned from the accessory drive; crankshaft continuity was established from the rear case to the fracture at the flange, movement of all valves was observed, and compression developed on all cylinders. Borescope examination of the piston domes and valves revealed no abnormalities, and the spark plugs displayed no evidence of abnormalities. The left magneto was damaged with the flange fractured, and the ignition harnesses were damaged; both magnetos produced spark on all towers when turned by hand. The fuel pump operated when turned by hand. The fuel injector servo was damaged, and the flange adapter was fractured. The injector inlet screen was free of obstruction. The fuel injector nozzles were free of obstruction, and fuel was observed in the nozzles, lines, and fuel flow divider. The oil suction screen and oil filter element were free of obstruction. The vacuum pump was attached; the vanes and drive coupling were intact, and the rotor was fractured.
The left propeller was separated on the ground with the spinner, flange, and part of the crankshaft attached. One propeller blade displayed chordwise scratches near the blade root, and the blade was curled with the tip missing. The other blade was bent aft and displayed chordwise and longitudinal scratches; paint was missing from the forward and aft faces of the blade and from the leading and trailing edges of the blade. The propeller governor was damaged, and the control arm was damaged. The propeller governor drive coupling was intact, the unit rotated when turned by hand, and oil pumping action was observed. The gasket screen was free of obstruction.
The right engine was inverted on the ground, and the propeller was attached. Examination revealed the crankshaft could be turned from the propeller; crankshaft continuity was established from the rear case to the propeller, movement of all valves was observed, and compression developed on all cylinders. Borescope examination of the piston domes and valves revealed no abnormalities, and the spark plugs displayed no evidence of abnormalities. The right magneto was damaged with the flange fractured, and the ignition harnesses were damaged; both magnetos produced spark on all towers when turned by hand. The fuel pump was damaged with the flange fractured. The fuel injector servo was damaged, and the flange adapter was fractured. Fire damage was observed in the area of the servo and firewall. The injector inlet screen was free of obstruction. The fuel injector nozzles were free of obstruction, and fuel was observed in the nozzles, lines, and fuel flow divider. The oil suction screen and oil filter element were free of obstruction. The vacuum pump was attached; the vanes, rotor, and drive coupling were intact.
The right propeller was attached to the crankshaft flange with the spinner attached, and both blades turned freely within the hub. One propeller blade displayed longitudinal scratches near the blade root; the blade was twisted with the tip missing, and paint was missing from the trailing edge of the blade. The other blade was bent forward with the tip missing. The propeller governor was damaged and separated, and the control arm was damaged. The propeller governor drive coupling was intact, the unit rotated when turned by hand, and oil pumping action was observed. The gasket screen was free of obstruction.
MEDICAL AND PATHOLOGICAL INFORMATION
An autopsy was performed on the pilot on October 28, 2003, by the Spartanburg Regional Medical Center, Spartanburg, South Carolina. The cause of death was reported as, "cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to internal hemorrhage, carbon monoxide intoxication, and probable concussion with diffuse severe thermal burns ... ."
Forensic toxicology was performed on specimens from the pilot by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Bioaeronautical Sciences Research Laboratory, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The report stated 11 percent carbon monoxide and 0.35 ug/ml cyanide were detected in the blood, no ethanol was detected in the urine, 0.008 ug/ml, ug/g brompheniramine was detected in the blood, and brompheniramine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine were detected in the urine.
A family member who spoke with the pilot via telephone prior to the flight's departure from Evansville, Indiana, stated the pilot had a cold and "had the sniffles." A co-worker of the pilot stated he noticed the pilot seemed to have a cold two days prior to the accident, and he stated the pilot "seemed fine" the day of the accident.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
According to the published approach procedures for the ILS runway 5 approach at Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport, for all category aircraft, the landing minima are decision altitude 1001 feet mean sea level (MSL) and reported visibility 1/2 statute mile. The touchdown zone elevation is 801 feet MSL. The missed approach procedures are climb on runway heading to 1300 feet MSL, then a climbing left turn to 3000 feet MSL direct to the Spartanburg VORTAC and hold.
The FAA performed a flight inspection of the ILS runway 5 approach and missed approach at Spartanburg Downtown Memorial Airport on October 27, 2003. The report stated the facility operation and the minimum safe altitude warning checked satisfactory. Subsequent inspection of the Visual Approach Slope Indicator on October 31, 2003, revealed the glide slope angle was 3.34 degrees.
According to a co-worker of the pilot, the flight initially departed Spartanburg, South Carolina, as a business flight that morning. The pilot flew the airplane to Lawrenceville, Georgia, then to Lexington, Kentucky. A review of Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) records revealed at 1642, the pilot telephoned the Louisville AFSS and filed an instrument flight rules (IFR) flight plan from Lexington, Kentucky, to Evansville, Indiana, and was provided a weather briefing for the route of flight. The pilot then filed another IFR flight plan from Evansville, Indiana, to Spartanburg, South Carolina, and he stated to the weather briefer that he would obtain updated weather information once on the ground in Evansville, Indiana. The pilot flew the airplane from Lexington, Kentucky, to Evansville, Indiana, where he dropped off his last passenger.
According to a family member who resided in the vicinity of Spartanburg, South Carolina, the pilot telephoned from Evansville, Indiana, prior to the accident flight to let the family know he was run
Probable Cause and Findings
The pilot's failure to follow IFR procedures and descent below the glide path, which resulted in an inflight collision with trees during an instrument approach. A factor was the pilot's impairment due to the sedating effects of medication.
Source:NTSB Aviation Accident Database
| https://www.accidents.app/summaries/accident/20031031X01843 |
Congenital Heart Disease and Impacts on Child Development-ICH GCP
Mari MA, Cascudo MM, Alchieri JC. Congenital Heart Disease and Impacts on Child Development. Braz J Cardiovasc Surg. 2016 Feb;31(1):31-7. doi: 10.5935/1678-9741.20160001.。 ICH GCP。
ICH GCP 美国临床试验注册处 Publications
2023年4月1日 早上 6点21分
Congenital Heart Disease and Impacts on Child Development
Mariana Alievi Mari, Marcelo Matos Cascudo, João Carlos Alchieri, Mariana Alievi Mari, Marcelo Matos Cascudo, João Carlos Alchieri
Abstract
Objective:
To evaluate the child development and evaluate a possible association with the commitment by biopsychosocial factors of children with and without congenital heart disease.
Methods:
Observational study of case-control with three groups: Group 1 - children with congenital heart disease without surgical correction; Group 2 - children with congenital heart disease who underwent surgery; and Group 3 - healthy children. Children were assessed by socio-demographic and clinical questionnaire and the Denver II Screening Test.
Results:
One hundred and twenty eight children were evaluated, 29 in Group 1, 43 in Group 2 and 56 in Group 3. Of the total, 51.56% are girls and ages ranged from two months to six years (median 24.5 months). Regarding the Denver II, the children with heart disease had more "suspicious" and "suspect/abnormal" ratings and in the group of healthy children 53.6% were considered with "normal" development (P≤0.0001). The biopsychosocial variables that were related to a possible developmental delay were gender (P=0.042), child's age (P=0.001) and income per capita (P=0.019).
Conclusion:
The results suggest that children with congenital heart disease are likely to have a developmental delay with significant difference between children who have undergone surgery and those awaiting surgery under clinical follow-up.
References
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Source: PubMed | https://ichgcp.net/zh/clinical-trials-registry/publications/127491-congenital-heart-disease-and-impacts-on-child-development |
(PDF) Differential Gene Expression from Midguts of Refractory and Susceptible Lines of the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti, Infected with Dengue-2 Virus
PDF | Suppressive subtractive hybridization was used to evaluate the differential expression of midgut genes of feral populations of Aedes aegypti... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
May 2010 Journal of Insect Science 10(41):41
DOI: 10.1673/031.010.4101
Source PubMed
License CC BY 2.5
Authors:
Olga Baron
French National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and Environment (INRAE)
Raul Ursic Bedoya
Hoffmann-La Roche Limited
Carl Lowenberger
Simon Fraser University
Clara B Ocampo
Ministry of ScienceTechnology and Innovation Colombia
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Citations (46)
References (109)
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Abstract and Figures
Suppressive subtractive hybridization was used to evaluate the differential expression of midgut genes of feral populations of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Colombia that are naturally refractory or susceptible to Dengue-2 virus infection. A total of 165 differentially expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were identified in the subtracted libraries. The analysis showed a higher number of differentially expressed genes in the susceptible Ae. aegypti individuals than the refractory mosquitoes. The functional annotation of ESTs revealed a broad response in the susceptible library that included immune molecules, metabolic molecules and transcription factors. In the refractory strain, there was the presence of a trypsin inhibitor gene, which could play a role in the infection. These results serve as a template for more detailed studies aiming to characterize the genetic components of refractoriness, which in turn can be used to devise new approaches to combat transmission of dengue fever.
Differential gene expression in susceptible and refractory subtracted libraries. High quality figures are available online.
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. EST identified in the susceptible midgut subtracted library using BLAST database.
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. EST identified in the susceptible midgut subtracted library using VECTORBASE database.
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. EST identified in the refractory midgut subtracted library using BLAST database.
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Differential Gene Expression from Midguts of Refractory and Susceptible Lines of the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti, Infected with Dengue-2 Virus.pdf
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Differential Gene Expression from Midguts of Refractory and Susceptible Lines of the Mosquito, Aedes aegypti, Infected with Dengue-2 Virus.pdf
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Citations (46) References (109)
... (AAEL004691) were increased in the susceptible population after 48 hours of infection (48)
. The cecropin gene (AAEL017211), an antimicrobial peptide, was downregulated after 24 hours of infection (27). ...
... Our data revealed key time-specific differences in gene expression when compared to previous transcriptomic studies of DENV-infected midguts (27, 48)
. Given differences in gene expression between carcass and midgut samples after DENV infection (27), our findings highlight the value of time-and tissue-specific transcriptional studies to investigate viral infection in mosquitoes. ...
Profiling Transcriptional Response of Dengue-2 Virus Infection in Midgut Tissue of Aedes aegypti Article Full-text available
Aug 2021
Tse-Yu Chen Yoosook Lee Xiaodi Wang Chelsea Smartt
Understanding the mosquito antiviral response could reveal target pathways or genes of interest that could form the basis of new disease control applications. However, there is a paucity of data in the current literature in understanding antiviral response during the replication period. To illuminate the gene expression patterns in the replication stage, we collected gene expression data at 2.5 days after Dengue-2 virus (DENV-2) infection. We sequenced the whole transcriptome of the midgut tissue and compared gene expression levels between the control and virus-infected group. We identified 31 differentially expressed genes. Based on their function, we identified that those genes fell into two major functional categories - (1) nucleic acid/protein process and (2) immunity/oxidative stress response. Our study has identified candidate genes that can be followed up for gene overexpression/inhibition experiments to examine if the perturbed gene interaction may impact the mosquito’s immune response against DENV. This is an important step to understanding how mosquitoes eliminate the virus and provides an important foundation for further research in developing novel dengue control strategies.
View Show abstract
... Apoptosis has been identified as an antiviral response in insects [56]. Moreover, previous studies showed that apoptosis pathway genes were highly expressed in a DENV-2 refractory strain of Ae. aegypti [57]
and that silencing of the pro-apoptotic gene Dronc allowed the DENV-2 infection rate to increase [21]. Apoptosis activation limits ZIKV and DENV-2 proliferation in the midguts of Ae. aegypti [58]. ...
Immune-related transcripts, microbiota and vector competence differ in dengue-2 virus-infected geographically distinct Aedes aegypti populations Article Full-text available
May 2023
Tse-Yu Chen Jovana Bozic Derrick K Mathias Chelsea Smartt
Background
Vector competence in Aedes aegypti is influenced by various factors. Crucial new control methods can be developed by recognizing which factors affect virus and mosquito interactions.
Methods
In the present study we used three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations and compared their susceptibility to infection by dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2). To identify any differences among the three mosquito populations, we evaluated expression levels of immune-related genes and assessed the presence of microbiota that might contribute to the uniqueness in their vector competence.
Results
Based on the results from the DENV-2 competence study, we categorized the three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations into a refractory population (Vilas do Atlântico), a susceptible population (Vero) and a susceptible but low transmission population (California). The immune-related transcripts were highly expressed in the California population but not in the refractory population. However, the Rel-1 gene was upregulated in the Vilas do Atlântico population following ingestion of a non-infectious blood meal, suggesting the gene’s involvement in non-viral responses, such as response to microbiota. Screening of the bacteria, fungi and flaviviruses revealed differences between populations, and any of these could be one of the factors that interfere with the vector competence.
Conclusions
The results reveal potential factors that might impact the virus and mosquito interaction, as well as influence the Ae. aegypti refractory phenotype.
Graphical Abstract
View Show abstract
... Phylogenetic studies on Ae. aegypti and DENV have revealed a coevolutionary process between the virus and the co-indigenous mosquito populations [26,47, 74]
which has in turn shaped susceptibility to the virus. Since CHIKV is an emerging disease, the lack of coevolutionary history with naïve Ae. aegypti populations (i.e., in the Americas) could be a source of the differences between the mechanisms that control infection inside the vector [26]. ...
Dengue and chikungunya virus loads in the mosquito Aedes aegypti are determined by distinct genetic architectures Article Full-text available
Apr 2023 PLOS PATHOG
Mario Novelo Heverton Lc Dutra Hillery C Metz Elizabeth A McGraw
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the arboviruses dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). These viruses exhibit key differences in their vector interactions, the latter moving more quicky through the mosquito and triggering fewer standard antiviral pathways. As the global footprint of CHIKV continues to expand, we seek to better understand the mosquito's natural response to CHIKV-both to compare it to DENV:vector coevolutionary history and to identify potential targets in the mosquito for genetic modification. We used a modified full-sibling design to estimate the contribution of mosquito genetic variation to viral loads of both DENV and CHIKV. Heritabilities were significant, but higher for DENV (40%) than CHIKV (18%). Interestingly, there was no genetic correlation between DENV and CHIKV loads between siblings. These data suggest Ae. aegypti mosquitoes respond to the two viruses using distinct genetic mechanisms. We also examined genome-wide patterns of gene expression between High and Low CHIKV families representing the phenotypic extremes of viral load. Using RNAseq, we identified only two loci that consistently differentiated High and Low families: a long non-coding RNA that has been identified in mosquito screens post-infection and a distant member of a family of Salivary Gland Specific (SGS) genes. Interestingly, the latter gene is also associated with horizontal gene transfer between mosquitoes and the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. This work is the first to link the SGS gene to a mosquito phenotype. Understanding the molecular details of how this gene contributes to viral control in mosquitoes may, therefore, also shed light on its role in Wolbachia.
View Show abstract
... Apoptosis has been identi ed as an antiviral response in insects [56]. Moreover, previous studies showed apoptosis pathway genes were highly expressed in a DENV-2 refractory strain of Ae. aegypti [57]
and silencing the pro-apoptotic gene Dronc allowed the DENV-2 infection rate to increase [21]. Apoptosis activation limits ZIKV and DENV-2 proliferation in the midguts of Ae. aegypti [58]. ...
Immune-related transcripts, microbiota and vector competence differ in dengue-infected geographically distinct Aedes aegypti populations Preprint Full-text available
Feb 2023
Tse-Yu Chen Jovana Bozic Derrick K. Mathias Chelsea Smartt
Background
Vector competence in Aedes aegypti is influenced by various factors and, by recognizing what affects virus and mosquito interactions, crucial new control methods can be developed.
Methods
Here we used three geographically distinct Ae. aegypti populations and compared their susceptibility to infection by dengue virus (DENV). To identify the population differences, we screened immune-related genes and microbiota which might contribute to the uniqueness in competency.
Results
Based on the results from the DENV competence study, we assigned a refractory population (Vilas do Atlântico), a susceptible population (Vero), and a susceptible but low transmission population (California). The immune-related transcripts were highly expressed in the California population but not in the refractory population. However, the Rel-1 gene upregulated after blood-feeding in the Vilas do Atlântico population suggesting involvement in non-viral responses, such as response to microbiota. The bacteria, fungi, and flaviviruses screening showed differences between populations and could be one of the factors that interfere with the vector competence.
Conclusions
All in all, we revealed the potential factors that might impact the virus and mosquito interaction, moreover, influencing the Aedes aegypti refractory phenotype.
View Show abstract
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are involved in cellular functions such as oxidative, cellular stress, immune response and detoxification of xenobiotic substances [61] [62]
[63]. Previous studies in Ae. aegypti reported CYPs being differentially expressed in response to DENV, ZIKV, and Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) (Alphavirus) [16,[64][65][66]. ...
Transcriptional response of Wolbachia-transinfected Aedes aegypti mosquito cells to dengue virus at early stages of infection Article Full-text available
Jan 2022
Michael Leitner Kayvan Etebari
Sassan Asgari
Mosquito-borne flaviviruses are responsible for viral infections and represent a considerable public health burden. Aedes aegypti is the principal vector of dengue virus (DENV), therefore understanding the intrinsic virus–host interactions is vital, particularly in the presence of the endosymbiont Wolbachia, which blocks virus replication in mosquitoes. Here, we examined the transcriptional response of Wolbachia-transinfected Ae. aegypti Aag2 cells to DENV infection. We identified differentially expressed immune genes that play a key role in the activation of anti-viral defence such as the Toll and immune deficiency pathways.
Further, genes encoding cytosine and N6-adenosine methyltransferases and SUMOylation, involved in post-transcriptional modifications, an antioxidant enzyme, and heat-shock
response were up-regulated at the early stages of DENV infection and are reported here for the first time. Additionally, several long non-coding RNAs were among the differentially regulated genes. Our results provide insight into Wolbachia-transinfected Ae. aegypti’s initial virus recognition and transcriptional response to DENV infection.
View Show abstract
... In mosquitoes, infection with arboviruses results in the altered expression of CYPs transcripts (Behura et al., 2011;Colpitts et al., 2011). A decreased expression of CYP in Ae. aegypti is associated with reduced DENV infection, probably due to enhancement of ROS and immune factors
(Baron, Ursic-Bedoya, Lowenberger, & Ocampo, 2010)
. Similarly, a high load of Wolbachia endosymbionts may trigger an upregulation of CYP gene expression which could also be associated with increased virus blocking effect (Sinkins, 2013). ...
Aspects moléculaires de l'influence de la température sur la transmission du virus du chikungunya par le moustique Aedes albopictus Thesis
Jun 2021
Rachel Bellone
Le virus du chikungunya (CHIKV) est un arbovirus émergeant qui, au cours des dernières décennies, s’est largement propagé à l’échelle mondiale. Le virus est transmis par les moustiques du genre Aedes, notamment Aedes albopictus qui est aujourd’hui présent dans une soixantaine de départements en France. Vecteurs de plusieurs agents pathogènes, Ae. albopictus représente une réelle menace de santé publique. L’émergence d’arboviroses est généralement liée à la convergence d’un ensemble de facteurs intrinsèques et extrinsèques affectant le vecteur, l’agent pathogène et l’hôte. Le moustique étant un organisme ectotherme, dont la température interne varie avec celle de l’environnement, il est très sensible aux variations de température du milieu ambiant. La relation entre la température et la transmission des arbovirus reste encore mal comprise, en particulier sur le plan moléculaire. L’objectif général de ce projet est de comprendre comment la température affecte les interactions virus-moustique et influence les cycles de transmission. Pour cela, nous étudions les aspects moléculaires du CHIKV, de son vecteur Ae. albopictus et de leurs interactions sous l’influence de la température. Nos résultats démontrent que la température affecte d’une part l’évolution du CHIKV et d’autre part, l’expression génétique et la composition microbienne du moustique, notamment en réponse à l’infection. Ces données apportent des informations importantes sur la manière dont les systèmes vectoriels peuvent être affectés par la température. La compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents les interactions virus-moustique avec l’environnement sont essentielles afin de prévenir les épidémies.
View Show abstract
Functional insight and cell-specific expression of the adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide in the human disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti Preprint Full-text available
Jul 2022
Salwa Afifi Azizia Wahedi Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
The adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide (ACP) is an insect neuropeptide structurally intermediate between corazonin (CRZ) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH). Unlike the AKH and CRZ signaling systems that are widely known for their roles in the mobilization of energy substrates and stress responses, respectively, the main role of ACP and its receptor (ACPR) remains unclear in most arthropods. The current study aimed to localize the distribution of ACP in the nervous system and provide insight into its physiological roles in the disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti . Immunohistochemical analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization localized the ACP peptide and transcript within a number of cells in the central nervous system, including two pairs of laterally positioned neurons in the protocerebrum of the brain and a few ventrally localized neurons within the pro- and mesothoracic regions of the fused thoracic ganglia. Further, extensive ACP-immunoreactive axonal projections with prominent blebs and varicosities were observed traversing the abdominal ganglia. Given the prominent enrichment of ACPR expression within the abdominal ganglia of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes as determined previously, the current results indicate that ACP may function as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator facilitating communication between the brain and posterior regions of the nervous system. In an effort to elucidate a functional role for ACP signaling, biochemical measurement of energy nutrients in female mosquitoes revealed a reduction in abdominal glycogen stores in response to ACP that matched the actions of AKH, but interestingly, a corresponding hypertrehalosaemic effect was only found in response to AKH since ACP did not influence circulating carbohydrate levels. Comparatively, both ACP and AKH led to a significant increase in haemolymph carbohydrate levels in male mosquitoes while both peptides had no influence on their glycogen stores. Neither ACP nor AKH influenced circulating or stored lipid levels in both male and female mosquitoes. Collectively, these results reveal ACP signaling in mosquitoes may have complex sex-specific actions, and future research should aim to expand knowledge on the role of this understudied neuropeptide.
View Show abstract
Strong Positive Selection in Aedes aegypti and the Rapid Evolution of Insecticide Resistance Article Full-text available
Mar 2023 MOL BIOL EVOL
R. Rebecca Love Josh R Sikder Rafael J. Vivero Daniel R. Schrider
Aedes aegypti vectors the pathogens that cause dengue, yellow fever, Zika virus, and chikungunya, and is a serious threat to public health in tropical regions. Decades of work has illuminated many aspects of Ae. aegypti's biology and global population structure, and has identified insecticide resistance genes; however, the size and repetitive nature of the Ae. aegypti genome have limited our ability to detect positive selection in this mosquito. Combining new whole genome sequences from Colombia with publicly available data from Africa and the Americas, we identify multiple strong candidate selective sweeps in Ae. aegypti, many of which overlap genes linked to or implicated in insecticide resistance. We examine the voltage-gated sodium channel gene in three American cohorts, and find evidence for successive selective sweeps in Colombia. The most recent sweep encompasses an intermediate-frequency haplotype containing four candidate insecticide resistance mutations that are in near-perfect linkage disequilibrium with one another in the Colombian sample. We hypothesize that this haplotype may continue to rapidly increase in frequency and perhaps spread geographically in the coming years. These results extend our knowledge of how insecticide resistance has evolved in this species, and add to a growing body of evidence suggesting Ae. aegypti has an extensive genomic capacity to rapidly adapt to insecticide-based vector control.
View Show abstract
Functional insight and cell-specific expression of the adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide in the human disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti Article
Oct 2022 GEN COMP ENDOCR
Salwa Afifi Azizia Wahedi Jean-Paul V Paluzzi
The adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide (ACP) is an insect neuropeptide structurally intermediate between corazonin (CRZ) and adipokinetic hormone (AKH). Unlike the AKH and CRZ signaling systems that are widely known for their roles in the mobilization of energy substrates and stress responses, respectively, the main role of ACP and its receptor (ACPR) remains unclear in most arthropods. The current study aimed to localize the distribution of ACP in the nervous system and provide insight into its physiological roles in the disease vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Immunohistochemical analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization localized the ACP peptide and transcript within a number of cells in the central nervous system, including two pairs of laterally positioned neurons in the protocerebrum of the brain and a few ventrally localized neurons within the pro- and mesothoracic regions of the fused thoracic ganglia. Further, extensive ACP-immunoreactive axonal projections with prominent blebs and varicosities were observed traversing the abdominal ganglia. Given the prominent enrichment of ACPR expression within the abdominal ganglia of adult A. aegypti mosquitoes as determined previously, the current results indicate that ACP may function as a neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator facilitating communication between the brain and posterior regions of the nervous system. In an effort to elucidate a functional role for ACP signaling, biochemical measurement of energy substrates in female mosquitoes revealed a reduction in abdominal fat body in response to ACP that matched the actions of AKH, but interestingly, a corresponding hypertrehalosaemic effect was only found in response to AKH since ACP did not influence circulating carbohydrate levels. Comparatively, both ACP and AKH led to a significant increase in haemolymph carbohydrate levels in male mosquitoes while both peptides had no influence on their glycogen stores. Neither ACP nor AKH influenced circulating or stored lipid levels in both male and female mosquitoes. Collectively, these results reveal ACP signaling in mosquitoes may have complex sex-specific actions, and future research should aim to expand knowledge on the role of this understudied neuropeptide.
View Show abstract
Endosymbionts and viromes: interplays between Wolbachia pipientis and the virome of Aedes mosquitoes Thesis Full-text available
Aug 2021
Rhys Parry
The yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti and the Asian tiger mosquito Aedes albopictus are the two most significant vectors of arthropod-borne viruses including dengue, yellow fever, Zika and Chikungunya viruses. Considerable progress has been made towards determining mosquito host factors controlling competence for transmission of arboviruses. Recent studies have demonstrated that insect-specific viruses (ISVs) can modulate refractoriness of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus to arbovirus infection in vitro and in vivo. While research is ongoing to implicate ISVs as potential pro or antiviral host factors, we have limited understanding of the composition and diversity of viruses associated with these mosquitoes.
One promising strategy for the control of arboviruses in these mosquitoes is the stable transinfection of the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia pipientis into Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes. Wolbachia has been demonstrated to restrict a range of RNA viruses in Drosophila melanogaster and both arboviruses and ISVs in Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, suggesting complex multi-factorial contributions of the virome and bacterial composition to mosquito vector competence. To unpack these complex interactions, we first set out to uncover previously unknown virome diversity in the mosquitoes using a metagenomics survey approach through the analysis of ~3000 published RNA-Seq libraries from wild-caught, laboratory colonies and cell line samples. We demonstrate that common laboratory colonies and cell lines harbour numerous novel mononegaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, and negeviruses. Additionally, we analysed ~100 individual mosquito transcriptomes and demonstrate that inter-host variation of ISVs exists between mosquitoes as well as heterogeneity between different laboratory strains. The results of which providing a resource for the further assessment of the ecology, evolution and interaction of ISVs with their mosquito hosts and arboviruses they transmit.
One virus uncovered from these analyses was Aedes anphevirus (AeAV), a negative-sense RNA virus from the order Mononegavirales. AeAV was present in laboratory colonies, wild�caught mosquitoes, and cell lines worldwide. We experimentally demonstrated the host range of AeAV as being infectious to Aedes cells, but not to three mammalian cell lines. Reanalysis of a small RNA library of Ae. aegypti cells coinfected with AeAV and Wolbachia indicated an abundant RNA interference (RNAi) response consistent with persistent virus replication. We found Wolbachia enhances replication of AeAV compared to a tetracycline�cleared cell line, and AeAV modestly reduces dengue virus replication in vitro.
In addition to the interactions between AeAV, Ae. aegypti and Wolbachia, we also explored the effect of Wolbachia infection on Aedes albopictus densovirus (AalDNV-1), a single�stranded DNA virus. We demonstrated that Wolbachia enhances AalDNV-1 in Aedes cell lines in a density-dependent manner. Further, we found that in Wolbachia-infected Aag2 cells greater absolute abundance of virus-derived short interfering RNAs was produced compared to uninfected cells. Additionally, we found the production of virus�derived PIWI-like RNAs (vpiRNA) in response to AalDNV-1 infection. Nuclear fractions of Aag2 cells produced a primary vpiRNA U1 bias signature, whereas the typical “ping-pong” signature (U1 - A10) was evident in vpiRNAs from the cytoplasmic fractions. These findings
are the first report of the density-dependent enhancement of a DNA virus by Wolbachia. Further, we report the generation of vpiRNAs in a DNA virus-host interaction for the first time. The results from both of these studies add to previous evidence indicating Wolbachia does not restrict a range of negative-strand RNA viruses or DNA viruses.
Finally, using the pipeline described for the data-mining of ISVs associated with Aedes mosquitoes, we explored the ability to uncover further host associations of divergent flaviviruses. Most flaviviruses are disease-causing pathogens of vertebrates maintained between mosquitoes or ticks and vertebrate hosts. However poor sampling of flaviviruses outside the vector-borne flaviviruses has presented a narrow understanding of flavivirus diversity and evolution. In the final study presented here, we discovered three crustacean flaviviruses (Gammarus chevreuxi flavivirus, Gammarus pulex flavivirus, and Crangon crangon flavivirus) and two cephalopod flaviviruses (Southern Pygmy squid flavivirus and Firefly squid flavivirus). Bayesian and maximum-likelihood phylogenetic methods
demonstrate that crustacean flaviviruses form a well-supported clade and share a more closely related ancestor with terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses than with classical insect�specific flaviviruses. Also, we identified variants of Wenzhou shark flavivirus in multiple gazami crab (Portunus trituberculatus) populations, with active replication supported by evidence of an active RNAi response. Taken together the evidence suggests Wenzhou shark flavivirus moves horizontally between sharks and gazami crabs in ocean ecosystems. These data provide evidence of flaviviruses circulating between marine vertebrates and invertebrates, expanding our understanding of flavivirus host range, and offer potential insights into the evolution and emergence of terrestrial vector-borne flaviviruses.
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Evolutionary Dynamics of Immune-Related Genes and Pathways in Disease-Vector Mosquitoes Article Full-text available Jun 2007 SCIENCE Robert M Waterhouse Evgenia V Kriventseva Stephan Meister George K Christophides Mosquitoes are vectors of parasitic and viral diseases of immense importance for public health. The acquisition of the genome
sequence of the yellow fever and Dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (Aa), has enabled a comparative phylogenomic analysis of the insect immune repertoire: in Aa, the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae (Ag), and the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster (Dm). Analysis of immune signaling pathways and response modules reveals both conservative and rapidly evolving features associated
with different functional gene categories and particular aspects of immune reactions. These dynamics reflect in part continuous
readjustment between accommodation and rejection of pathogens and suggest how innate immunity may have evolved. View Show abstract Barriers and Bridges to Prevention and Control of Dengue: The Need for a Social–Ecological Approach Article Full-text available Dec 2005 Jerry Spiegel Shannon Bennett Libby Hattersley Duane Gubler This article critically examines how programs for the prevention and control of dengue fever have been conducted in the absence
of an integrated approach, and considers the social and ecological factors influencing their effectiveness. Despite recognition
of dengue fever as the most important arboviral disease affecting humans, and in spite of a greater emphasis on community-based
control approaches, the burden placed on the communities, countries, and regions affected by this disease continues to rise.
In considering historical experience in the Americas and the Asia-Pacific region, as well as the global forces that are exerting
new pressures, the important elements of successful control programs are identified as community ownership, partnership with
government, leadership, scalability, and control of immature mosquitoes. The key barriers to the exchange of knowledge and
the transdisciplinary cooperation necessary for sustainable dengue control are rooted in differences in values among policy-makers,
citizens, and scientists and are repeatedly expressed in technical, economic, cultural, geographic, and political dimensions.
Through consideration of case studies in Cuba, Guatemala, Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Vietnam, the limitations of
control approaches that fail to take into account the complexities of ecological and social systems are presented. Bridges
to effective control are identified as the basis for adaptability, both of control programs to the mosquito vector’s changing
behavior and of education programs to public, regional and local particularities, as well as transdisciplinarity, community
empowerment, the ability to scale local experiences up to the macro-level, and the capacity to learn from experience to achieve
sustainability. View Show abstract Aedes aegypti in Tahiti and Moorea (French Polynesia): isoenzyme differentiation in the mosquito population according to human population density Article Feb 2000 Marie Vazeille-Falcoz Anna-Bella Failloux Francois Rodhain Christophe Paupy Genetic differences at five polymorphic isoenzyme loci were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis for 28 Aedes aegypti samples. Considerable (i.e., high F st values) and significant (i.e., P values 10 4 ) geographic differences were found. Differences in Ae. aegypti genetic structure were related to human population densities and to particularities in mosquito ecotopes in both Tahiti and Moorea islands. In highly urbanized areas (i.e., the Papeete agglomeration), mosquitoes were highly structured. Recurrent extinction events consecutive to insecticidal treatments during dengue outbreaks tend to differentiate mosquito populations. In less populated zones (i.e., the east coast of Moorea and Tahiti), differences in ecotope characteristics could explain the lack of differentiation among mosquitoes from rural environments such as the east coast of Tahiti where natural breeding sites predominate. When the lowest populated zones such as Tahiti Iti and the west coast of Moorea are compared, mosquito are less differentiated in Moorea. These results will be discussed in relation to the recent findings of variation in mosquito infection rates for dengue-2 virus. View Show abstract Natural cycles of vector-borne pathogens Article Jan 2005 J.L. Woodring Stephen Higgs B.J. Beaty View The Biology of Disease Vectors Article Jan 1996 Stephen Higgs B.J. Beaty View The biochemistry of apoptosis Article Oct 2000 Michael O Hengartner Apoptosis--the regulated destruction of a cell--is a complicated process. The decision to die cannot be taken lightly, and the activity of many genes influence a cell's likelihood of activating its self-destruction programme. Once the decision is taken, proper execution of the apoptotic programme requires the coordinated activation and execution of multiple subprogrammes. Here I review the basic components of the death machinery, describe how they interact to regulate apoptosis in a coordinated manner, and discuss the main pathways that are used to activate cell death. View Show abstract Prospects for control of African trypanosomiasis by tsetse vector manipulation Article Jan 2001 Parasitol Today Serap Aksoy View Nene V, Wortman JR, et al. Genome sequence of Aedes aegypti, a major arbovirus vector. Science 316(5832) Article Jan 2007 Vishvanath Nene Jennifer Russo Wortman Daniel Lawson View Mosquito immunity against Plasmodium Article Aug 2005 INSECT BIOCHEM MOLEC Kristin Michel Fotis C. Kafatos Understanding the molecular mechanisms of the innate immune responses of Anopheles gambiae against Plasmodium parasites is of great importance for current efforts to develop novel strategies for malaria disease control. The parasite undergoes substantial stage-specific losses during its development in the mosquito, which in some cases lead to complete refractoriness of the mosquito against the parasite. The underlying genetics of refractoriness are complex and multifactorial. Completion of the genome sequence of An. gambiae 2 years ago, together with the development of DNA microarrays in this species and the extension of the RNAi technique to adult mosquitoes, has allowed comparative and functional genomic approaches of the mosquito innate immune system. A variety of factors were shown to negatively affect the development of Plasmodium parasites in the mosquito, in some cases leading to complete transmission blockage. In addition, mosquito factors have been identified that play positive roles and are required for successful transmission of the parasite. These findings indicate a highly complex interplay between parasite and vector. Research is continuing to identify new factors involved in this interaction and to decipher the interplay of these molecules and their regulation. View Show abstract Evolutionary plasticity of monooxygenase-mediated resistance Article Mar 2004 Jeffrey G. Scott Shinji Kasai The cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are an important metabolic system involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics, and are thus one of the major mechanisms by which insects evolve insecticide resistance. However, comparatively little is known about the evolutionary constraints of this insecticide resistance mechanism. We investigated the genetic basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (NG98) from Georgia, USA that had evolved 3700-fold resistance to the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin, and compared this to other permethrin resistant strains of house flies from the US and Japan. Resistance in NG98 was due to kdr on autosome 3 and monooxygenase-mediated resistance on autosomes 1, 2, and 5. These results indicate that the genes which evolve to produce monooxygenase-mediated resistance to permethrin are different between different populations, and that the P450 monooxygenases have some degree of plasticity in response to selection. Monooxygenase-mediated resistance appears to evolve using different P450s, and possibly different regulatory signals controlling P450 expression, even in strains selected with the same insecticide. View Show abstract Show more
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Article
Natural Vertical Transmission of Dengue Viruses in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in Selected Si...
December 2015
· Journal of Vector Ecology
Frances E Edillo Stephanie Sayson
Janet R. Sarcos
This study aimed to determine the transovarial transmission of dengue virus (DENV) in Aedes aegypti in selected sites in Cebu city, Philippines. Mosquito subadults were collected monthly near the residents’ houses and in the fields during the wet-dry-wet season (inter-epidemic cycle) in November 2011-July 2012, and were reared until adults in the laboratory. Viral RNA extracts in mosquitoes were
... [Show full abstract]
assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results showed that 62 (36.26%; n=679) out of 171 pools (n=2,871) were DENV+. The minimum infection rate (MIR) of DENV ranged from 0 in 2011 wet months to 48.22/1,000 mosquitoes in April 2012 (mid-dry). DENVs were detected in larvae, pupae, male and female adults, with DENV-4, DENV-3, and DENV-1, in that rank. DENV-1 co-infected with either DENV-3 or -4 or with both in April 2012; DENV-3 and -4 were present in both seasons. More DENV+ mosquitoes were collected from containers in household than in field premises (P<0.001) with significant interaction (P<0.05) between study site and type of premises. Dengue cases and relative humidity were significant MIR predictors (P<0.001) by multivariate analysis. Surveillance of DENV prevalence in Ae. aegypti and detecting their natural foci in the dry season provide an early warning signal of dengue outbreak.
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Article Full-text available
Three Calibration Factors, Applied to a Rapid Sweeping Method, Can Accurately Estimate Aedes aegypti...
December 2007
· Journal of Medical Entomology
Claudia M E Romero-Vivas
Humberto Jesus Llinas Solano
Andrew Falconar
The ability of a simple sweeping method, coupled to calibration factors, to accurately estimate the total numbers of Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae) pupae in water-storage containers (20-6412-liter capacities at different water levels) throughout their main dengue virus transmission temperature range was evaluated. Using this method, one set of three calibration factors were derived that
... [Show full abstract]
could accurately estimate the total Ae. aegypti pupae in their principal breeding sites, large water-storage containers, found throughout the world. No significant differences were obtained using the method at different altitudes (14-1630 m above sea level) that included the range of temperatures (20-30 degrees C) at which dengue virus transmission occurs in the world. In addition, no significant differences were found in the results obtained between and within the 10 different teams that applied this method; therefore, this method was extremely robust. One person could estimate the Ae. aegypti pupae in each of the large water-storage containers in only 5 min by using this method, compared with two people requiring between 45 and 90 min to collect and count the total pupae population in each of them. Because the method was both rapid to perform and did not disturb the sediment layers in these domestic water-storage containers, it was more acceptable by the residents, and, therefore, ideally suited for routine surveillance purposes and to assess the efficacy of Ae. aegypti control programs in dengue virus-endemic areas throughout the world.
View full-text
Article Full-text available
Enhanced Vector Competence of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from the Torres Strait Compared wit...
December 2003
· Journal of Medical Entomology
Tessa Knox B H Kay R.A. Hall P A Ryan
Australian Aedes aegypti (L.) mosquitoes colonized from the Torres Strait and three mainland localities (Charters Towers, Townsville, and Cairns) were fed on blood suspensions containing dengue virus type 2 (DEN-2) or dengue virus type 4 (DEN-4). Variation was found in oral susceptibility to DEN-2 (59 -99% infection) and DEN-4 (28-79% infection) among Ae. aegypti assayed for virus at 8, 12, 16,
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or 20 d after ingestion of infected blood. Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were the most susceptible to DEN-2 and were significantly more efficient in transmission to capillary tube at 16 d (76% transmission) than mainland Ae. aegypti populations (20-28% transmission). Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were also the most susceptible to DEN-4, although transmission did not vary significantly from mainland populations at 16 d (12% compared with 0-4%) or 20 d (16% compared with 4-16%). Disseminated infection (i.e., leg infection) with either DEN-2 or DEN-4 was not an accurate predictor of transmission potential. This study demonstrates differences among Australian Ae. aegypti populations in vector competence for DEN-2 and DEN-4. Torres Strait Ae. aegypti were more frequently infected and able to transmit DEN-2 at higher rates than mainland populations. These data indicate that the Torres Strait region is potentially more receptive to dengue transmission than mainland localities, a finding discussed with respect to past outbreaks.
View full-text
Article Full-text available
Potential impact of a presumed increase in the biting activity of dengue-virus-infected Aedes aegypt...
September 2011
· Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
Paula Luz Tamara Lima-Camara
Rafaela V Bruno [...] A.A. Peixoto
Recently, we showed that infection with dengue virus increases the locomotor activity of Aedes aegypti females. We speculate that the observed increased locomotor activity could potentially increase the chances of finding a suitable host and, as a consequence, the relative biting rate of infected mosquitoes. We used a mathematical model to investigate the impact of the increased locomotor
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activity by assuming that this activity translated into an increased biting rate for infected mosquitoes. The results show that the increased biting rate resulted in dengue outbreaks with greater numbers of primary and secondary infections and with more severe biennial epidemics.
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Transcript profiling of the meiotic drive phenotype in testis of Aedes aegypti using suppressive sub...
June 2011
· Journal of Insect Physiology
Dongyoung Shin Lizhong Jin Neil Francis Lobo David W Severson
The meiotic drive gene in Aedes aegypti is tightly linked with the sex determination locus on chromosome 1, and causes highly male-biased sex ratios. We prepared cDNA libraries from testes from the Ae. aegypti T37 strain (driving) and RED strain (non-driving), and used suppressive subtraction hybridization techniques to enrich for T37 testes-specific transcripts. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs)
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were obtained from a total of 2784 randomly selected clones from the subtracted T37 (subT37) library as well as the primary libraries for each strain (pT37 and pRED). Sequence analysis identified a total of 171 unique genes in the subT37 library and 299 unique genes among the three libraries. The majority of genes enriched in the subT37 library were associated with signal transduction, development, reproduction, metabolic process and cell cycle functions. Further, as observed with meiotic drive systems in Drosophila and mouse, a number of these genes were associated with signaling cascades that involve the Ras superfamily of regulatory small GTPases. Differential expression of several of these genes was verified in Ae. aegypti pupal testes using qRT-PCR. This study increases our understanding of testes gene expression enriched in adult males from the meiotic drive strain as well as insights into the basic testes transcriptome in Ae. aegypti.
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Recruiting | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/44697123_Differential_Gene_Expression_from_Midguts_of_Refractory_and_Susceptible_Lines_of_the_Mosquito_Aedes_aegypti_Infected_with_Dengue-2_Virus |
Nanomaterials | Special Issue : New Trends of Bio- and Chemo- Sensors with Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials, an international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal.
Special Issue "New Trends of Bio- and Chemo- Sensors with Nanomaterials"
A special issue of Nanomaterials(ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".
Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 August 2021) | Viewed by 2919
Special Issue Editors
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Interests:
nanocomposites; nanomaterials; sensors; catalysis; detection
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Special Issue in Polymers : Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Potential Applications Special Issue in Gels : Gel-Based Noble Composite Nanostructure Materials and Their Potential Applications Special Issue in Biosensors : Recent Development and Progress of Nanocomposites and Nanostructured Materials Based Bio-Sensors and Chemi-Sensors Special Issue in Catalysts : Recent Trends in Functional Hybrid Nano-Composite Materials and Their Application for Catalysis Special Issue in Gels : Gel Electro-Catalysts Special Issue in Polymers : Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites and Their Potential Applications II Special Issue in Biosensors : Synthesis and Portable Biosensing Applications with Functional Nano-Composite Materials Special Issue in Nanomaterials : Catalytic Properties of Composite Nanostructure Materials
Prof. Dr. Abdullah Mohamed Asiri
Department of Chemistry & CEAMR, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia Interests: nanochemistry; sensors; organic materials; catalysis; photochemistry; synthesis
Prof. Dr. Jamal Uddin
Center for Nanotechnology, Department of Natural Sciences, Coppin State University, 2500 W. North Ave., Baltimore, MD 21216, USA
Interests:
dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC); Terahertz spectroscopy; nanomaterials; polymetallic complexes; renewable energy; chemical sensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dear Colleagues,First of all, it gives me an immense pleasure to introduce a Special Issue titled "New Trends of Bio- and Chemo-Sensors with Nanomaterials" in Nanomaterialsfor MDPI. This will deal with bio- or chemo-sensor coupled nano-technological aspects for the development of sensor probes for potential applications based on transition metal oxide doped or undoped semiconductor nanostructure materials on various substrates or devices or chips. Recently, the development of bio- and nano-technology has received much attention in terms of its research and improvement on the topic of sensors based on nanomaterials or nanocomposites. In the field of nano-materials, doped semiconductor nanostructures have emerged as an exciting prospect, because of their remarkable preparation, growth, characterizations, processing, fabrication, development, and potential bio- and chemo-sensors applications. Nanostructure materials have also attracted substantial consideration because of their unique properties and capability for investigating catalytic and bio- and chemo-sensing behaviors, which is simple and feasible for conventional materials coupled with composites in micro- and nano-structures. This Special Issue will deal with advanced and promising developments in the field of nano-biotechnology. Topics will cover all features of semiconductor doped nanocomposite materials, including their preparation; characterization; processing; fabrication; development; chemical, physical, and biological properties; optical and electronic properties; nano-hybrides; nano-tech, bio-tech, smart-chip, and micro devices; bio- and nano-medical sensors etc.
Both theoretical and practical features of nanostructure materials of nano-sciences, physico-chemicals, nano-technologicals, and bio-medicals will be covered. This Special Issue is intended to reach a wide audience with diverse backgrounds in the educational sector, and is aimed at assembling innovative research and development. It will information extensive information from dynamic experts in fields of nanomaterials, nanocomposite sciences, and technologies. Generally, all significant aspects dealing with the materials, chemistry, physics, biology, technology, health-sciences, and engineering of metal oxide doped nanocomposites, as well as their extensive applications in chemo- and bio-technology, will be shared. Authors are cordially invited to present their novel ideas and recent advanced development in the form of regular papers or reviews in the field of "New Trends of Bio- & Chemo-Sensors with Nanomaterials " for this Special Issue of MDPI.
I believe the topic of this Special Issue has certainly attained the achievement of its conventional essence and has achieved innovative routes for the preparation and improvement of continuous changes in the multi-dimensional nano–bio-technological areas. It will focus on the cutting-edge nano-sciences and bio-technology of metal oxide doped nano-composite materials and nanomaterials. It is expected to guide the preparation of novel nano-composite materials with special properties, functions, and potential applications. It will open up possibilities for the solution of bio- and chemo-sensor, environmental, and ecological problems. I hope that this Issue will contribute to providing an attractive atmosphere and precious resources to subsequent generations.
Prof. Dr. Mohammed Muzibur RahmanProf. Dr. Abdullah Mohamed AsiriProf. Dr. Jamal Uddin Guest Editors
Keywords
nanostructure materials
chemical sensors
electro-catalysis
nanocomposites
ionic-sensors
devices
immuno-assay
microchips
bio-sensors
Fast Fabrication of Solid-State Nanopores for DNA Molecule Analysis
by Yin Zhang , Dexian Ma , Zengdao Gu , Lijian Zhan and Jingjie Sha
Nanomaterials 2021 , 11 (9), 2450; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11092450 - 20 Sep 2021
Abstract
Solid-state nanopores have been developed as a prominent tool for single molecule analysis in versatile applications. Although controlled dielectric breakdown (CDB) is the most accessible method for a single nanopore fabrication, it is still necessary to improve the fabrication efficiency and avoid the generation of multiple nanopores. In this work, we treated the SiNx membranes in the air–plasma before the CDB process, which shortened the time-to-pore-formation by orders of magnitude. λ-DNA translocation experiments validated the functionality of the pore and substantiated the presence of only a single pore on the membrane. Our fabricated pore could also be successfully used to detect short single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) fragments. Using to ionic current signals, ssDNA fragments with different lengths could be clearly distinguished. These results will provide a valuable reference for the nanopore fabrication and DNA analysis. Full article
| https://www.mdpi.com/journal/nanomaterials/special_issues/Bio_Chemo_Sensors_nano |
Nocardia artemisiae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Artemisia annua L. | Microbiology Society
A novel actinobacterium, designated YIM 65623T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Artemisia annua L. Strain YIM 65623T had morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties that were consistent with its classification in the genus Nocardia. Growth occurred with 0–7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0–3 %), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and at 10–37 °C (optimum 20–28 °C). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YIM 65623T constituted a distinct sublineage within the genus Nocardia and displayed 94.1–98.2 % sequence similarity to members of established species in the genus Nocardia. However, DNA–DNA relatedness and physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that strain YIM 65623T could be differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relatives. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.6 mol%. It is proposed that strain YIM 65623T be classified as a representative of a novel species, Nocardia artemisiae sp. nov. The type strain is YIM 65623T ( = DSM 45379T = CCTCC AA 209038T).
Nocardia artemisiae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Artemisia annua L.
Guo-Zhen Zhao 1,† , Jie Li 2,† , Wen-Yong Zhu 1 , Hans-Peter Klenk 3 , Li-Hua Xu 1 , Wen-Jun Li 1,2
Affiliations: 1 Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education and Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China 2 Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization CAS, RNAH Center for Marine Microbiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 164 West Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510301, PR China 3 DSMZ – Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7b, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
Correspondence Wen-Jun Li [email protected] or [email protected]
Published: 01 December 2011 https://doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.029306-0
Abstract
A novel actinobacterium, designated YIM 65623 T, was isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Artemisia annuaL. Strain YIM 65623 Thad morphological, biochemical, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties that were consistent with its classification in the genus Nocardia. Growth occurred with 0–7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0–3 %), at pH 5.0–9.0 (optimum pH 6.0) and at 10–37 °C (optimum 20–28 °C). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain YIM 65623 Tconstituted a distinct sublineage within the genus Nocardiaand displayed 94.1–98.2 % sequence similarity to members of established species in the genus Nocardia. However, DNA–DNA relatedness and physiological and biochemical characteristics showed that strain YIM 65623 Tcould be differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relatives. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 69.6 mol%. It is proposed that strain YIM 65623 Tbe classified as a representative of a novel species, Nocardia artemisiaesp. nov. The type strain is YIM 65623 T( = DSM 45379 T= CCTCC AA 209038 T).
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Nocardia artemisiae sp. nov., an endophytic actinobacterium isolated from a surface-sterilized stem of Artemisia annua L.
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B.R Kapur v. State Of T.N And Another | Supreme Court Of India | Judgment | Law | CaseMine
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B.R Kapur v. State Of T.N And Another Supreme Court Of India Sep 21, 2001
Subsequent
References
B.R Kapur v. State Of T.N And Another
Case Information
CITATION CODES
citation codes
CASE NO.
Writ Petitions (C) No. 242 of 2001 with Nos. 245-46 and 261 of 2001, CA No. 6589 of 2001 and TC (C) No. 26 of 2001, decided on September 21, 2001
ATTORNEY(S)
Soli J. Sorabjee, Attorney-General, Harish N. Salve, Solicitor-General, Ashok H. Desai, Anil B. Divan, R. Mohan, F.S Nariman, P.P Rao, K.K Venugopal and M. Rama Jois, Senior Advocates (R.K Kapoor, R.A Mishra, B.R Kapoor, Sumit Kumar, P. Varma, S.K Srivastava, K.L Vohra, Chander Shekhar Ashri, V.G Pragasam, Dinesh Kr. Garg, R.C Kaushik, Dr Francis Julian, B.V Deepak, Ms Roxna Swamy, R.N Keswani, Ms Revathy Raghavan, Ms Shweta Garg, Manish Goswami, P. Parameswaran, Manish Singhvi, Sanjay R. Hegde, Satya Mitra, S.W.A Qadri, Dhruv Mehta, Preetesh Kapur, Siddharth Goswami, Ms Sushma Suri, K.V Viswanathan, N. Jyothi, Kunwar Ajit Mohan Singh, Atul Kr. Sinha, K.V Venkataraman, Ms Seema, Ms Divya, T.V George and Raj Kanwar in person) for Intervenors in IA No. 4 of 2001; S.N Bhat, Advocate, with them, for the appearing parties.
Petitioner-in-person in WP (C) No. 261 of 2001.
JUDGES
S.P Bharucha
G.B Pattanaik
Y.K Sabharwal
Ruma Pal
Brijesh Kumar, JJ.
ACTS
provisions of law(a) Constitution of IndiaProvisions relating to Union of India Articles 74, 75, 84, 88, 102Provisions relating to State Articles 163, 164, 173, 177 and 191(b) Representation of the People Act, 1951Section 3 Qualifications
Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987 (28 of 1987); or(h) Section 7 (offence of contravention of the provisions of Sections 3 to 6) of the Religious Institutions (Prevention of Misuse) Act, 1988 (41 of 1988); or(i) Section 125
Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (37 of 1967); or(e) the Foreign Exchange (Regulation) Act, 1973 (46 of 1973); or(f) the Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985 (61 of 1985); or(g) Section 3
provisions of the Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 (28 of 1961); or(d) any provisions of the Commission of Sati (Prevention) Act, 1987 (3 of 1988),and
Section 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 13(1)(c), 13(1)(d) and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988
sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of Section 376 or Section 376-A or Section 376-B or Section 376-C or Section 376-D
sub-section (4).(a) Sections 235(2), 248(2) and Section 309(2) third proviso.(b) 48th Law Commission Report, pp. 16-17.(c)
Section 8-A to Section 10 of the RoP Act, 1951.(c) Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act
(2001) 5 Scale 269, p. 279, paras 23 and 24.2. Australia Section 64 of the Australian Constitution Act
1980 Del 20.VI. History of Article 164(4)Section 10(2) of the Government of India Act, 193510. (2)
Government of India, Government of India Act, 1935 and the Constitution of India (7th Edn., 1992)
Article 191 read with the provisions of Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act
Indian Penal Code (45 of 1860); or(b) the Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 (22 of 1955),
Article 191(1)(e) read with Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951,
ANNEXURE IGovernment of India Act, 193552. Special responsibilities of Governor.(1)
Article 368 by the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act. They provided:368. (4)
Article 191 read with Sections 8 to 11 of the Representation of the People Act.
Article 191(1)(e) read with Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act,
Articles 163, 173, 191 of the Constitution and Section 8(3) of the RoP Act, 1951.
SECTION 8 REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT
Articles 74, 75, 84, 88 and 102.14. The Representation of the People Act, 1951
Section 33(7)(b) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.24-4-2001The
Sections 13(1)(c) and 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
Section 13(2) read with Section 13(1) of the Prevention of Corruption
Indian Constitution, p. 291 E/I.4. South Africa Act, 1909 Section 14(1)
SECTION 8 A REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT
PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT 1954
Section 55 of the Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976
Criminal Procedure Code. For this very reason, Section 389 CrPC
Articles 102/191 read with Sections 8 to 11(a) of the RP Act
suspended.33. Section 389 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
SECTION 10 GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935
Government of India Act, 1935 where Sections 51(1) and 51(2)
Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
Section 8(1) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951,
SECTION 81 REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT 1951
Council.Section 7 Definition.Section 8 Disqualification
Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act.46.
SECTION 4 INTER STATE WATER DISPUTES ACT 1956
courts.(i) Re: Government of India Act, 1935 Section 51:
PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT 1988
Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act,
Section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act
REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT 1951
Customs Act, 1962 (52 of 1962); or(d) Sections 10 to 12
Section 171-E (offence of bribery) or Section 171-F
SECTION 8 A REPRESENTATION OF THE PEOPLE ACT
Section 51(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935,
Section 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act
Section 389(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedure
SECTION 13 PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT
sub-section (2) or sub-section (3) of Section 505
SECTION 8 PREVENTION OF CORRUPTION ACT
provisions of Article 164 of the Constitution,
Section 389 of the Code of Criminal Procedure
fine.11. Section 409 of the Indian Penal Code,
ESSENTIAL COMMODITIES ACT 1955
SECTION 389 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE
provision of sub-article (4) of Article 164
Sections 8(1) read with sub-section (2) or (3).
clause (a) of sub-section (2) of Section 136
provisions of Section 8(4) of the RoP Act
Minister.Section 8 of the RoP Act, 1951(a)
Minister.6. Section 8 of the RP Act, 1951
provisions of Articles 164(4) and 75(5)
Minister.8. Section 8(3) of the RP Act
Section 409 of the Indian Penal Code.
Section 303 of the Indian Penal Code,
Assembly.Section 5-A Qualifications
Provisions) Act, 1991; or(k) Section 2
Constitution of India) or Section 3
Cosmetics Act, 1940 (23 of 1940);(c)
Section 8(3) of the RP Act, 1951
provisions therein (Article 191)
Companies Act, 1956 Section 287
Section 8(4), under Section 8(3)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935
Section 8(2) and Section 8(3)
National Honour Act, 1971 (69
provisions of Article 164(4)
provisions of Article 164(2)
provision in sub-section (3).
sub-section (3) of Section 8,
sub-clause (4) of Section 8
upheld.39. Section 8(4)
Sections 8(1), (2), (3)
5-6)5. Section 8
Section 8(3).35.
Section 8(3).38.
Section 10-A;(g)
Smart Summary (Beta)
Facts
The Constitution of India places great importance on the qualifications and disqualifications of representatives of the people. A disqualified person cannot be chosen as a Member of Parliament or the State Legislature. The appointment of a person who has incurred disqualification as a Member of Parliament is prohibited. The appointment of Respondent 2 as Chief Minister is unconstitutional and arbitrary.
Issues
Whether the appointment of a disqualified person as a Member of Parliament or State Legislature is prohibited by the Constitution of India?
Whether the appointment of Respondent 2 as Chief Minister is unconstitutional and arbitrary?
Whether a conviction under the Prevention of Corruption Act constitutes disqualification?
Whether the Governor has discretion in the appointment of a Chief Minister?
Decision
The appointment of the second respondent as the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil Nadu is quashed and set aside. The Governor cannot do anything that is contrary to the Constitution and the laws. The presumption of innocence is not weakened by a conviction. The conviction under the Prevention of Corruption Act does not per se constitute disqualification. The appointment of a disqualified person as a Member of Parliament or State Legislature is prohibited by the Constitution of India. The appointment of Respondent 2 as Chief Minister is unconstitutional and arbitrary.
Reasoning
The Constitution of India places great importance on the qualifications and disqualifications of representatives of the people. The appointment of a disqualified person as a Member of Parliament or State Legislature is prohibited by the Constitution of India. The appointment of Respondent 2 as Chief Minister is unconstitutional and arbitrary. The conviction under the Prevention of Corruption Act does not per se constitute disqualification. The Governor cannot do anything that is contrary to the Constitution and the laws. The presumption of innocence is not weakened by a conviction.
JUDGMENT
B.R Kapur v. State Of T.N And Another
written submissions of mr soli j. sorabjee, attorney-general for india as amicus curiae
Part I
1. Representative parliamentary democracy is a salient feature of our Constitution. Great importance is attached by the Constitution about who are to be the representatives of the people, what should be their qualifications; whether they have incurred any disqualifications. A disqualified person cannot be chosen as a Member of Parliament or the State Legislature. Our constitutional scheme interdicts the selection and appointment of a person who has incurred disqualification as a Member of Parliament. A disqualified person cannot be a representative of the electorate. Such a person cannot occupy any seat or vote in either House of Parliament or either House of the State Legislature. The Constitution provides strict penalties in this behalf. (See Articles 104 and 193.)
2. The aforesaid position relating to Members applies with greater force to Ministers. It is imperative that in a responsible representative parliamentary democracy the Government is run by an elected Ministry. The concept of an unelected Minister is alien to such a democracy. The only exception is provided in Article 164(4) which “privilege” is a one-time slot for a brief period of six months for the individual concerned during the term of the House. (SeeS.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab2001 7 SCC 126.) Like all exceptions the exception in Article 164(4) should be strictly construed and should not be extended to situations not contemplated by it.
3. In a written Constitution it is rarely that everything is said expressly. Powers and limitations are implied from the scheme and other provisions of the Constitution. (emphasis added) Fundamental rights not expressly mentioned in Part III of the Constitution have been deduced or inferred on the principle that they are implicit or implied in the express guarantees. To give a few examples: freedom of the press implicit inArticle 19(1)(a) (see Romesh Thappar2, Indian Express Newspapers3,SCC atp. 642 headnote); right to know and right to information have been deduced from the concept of open government and the requirement of accountability in a democratic policy (see S.P Gupta ( S.P Gupta v. Union of India,1981 Supp SCC 87), SCR at pp. 582, 602). Likewise right to privacy has been also inferred from Article 21 (seeR. Rajagopal v. State of T.N1994 6 SCC 632). For other instances, including the right to education, seeUnni Krishnan, J.P v. State of A.P1993 1 SCC645
Implied limitations have been read into constitutional provisions. For example,Article 368 of the Constitution.It is a fallacy that this method of judicial interpretation involves addition of provisions to the Constitution or rewriting it.
In Kesavananda Bharati (Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, 1973 4 SCC225 ), Article 368 of the Constitutionthe text of which does not speak of any limitations and is plenary in nature has been held by the Supreme Court to be subject to the implied and inherent limitation, namely, that the power of the amendment cannot be so exercised so as to destroy or damage the basic structure of the Constitution. (SeeSCC atpp. 344-45, 349, 351, 357, 358, 453.)
Applying the doctrine that basic structure of the Constitution constitutes an implied limitation on the power of amendment under Article 368, this Hon'ble Court struck downArticle 368(5) of the Constitution.(SeeMinerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India[1980 3 SCC 625=1981 1 SCR 206], SCR at pp. 236, 238, 240, 249, 288, 289.)
Another instance of implied limitation arising out of the constitutional scheme is the doctrine that Parliament cannot intrude into the judicial field and nullify judgment of the court without removing the legal infirmity or the legal basis of the judgment. “[I]t is plain that the legislature attempted to overrule or set aside the decision of this Court. That, in our judgment, is not open to the legislature to do under our constitutional scheme.” (emphasis added) (SeeJanapada Sabha Chhindwara v. Central Provinces Syndicate Ltd.1970 1 SCC 509, SCC atp. 515para 10.)
4. The silent immaculate premise of our Constitution is that a person who has been convicted by a court of law of a grave criminal offence involving moral turpitude cannot be appointed a Member, much less a Chief Minister. In other words, there is an implied inhibition in Article 164(1) prohibiting the appointment as Chief Minister of a person who has been convicted by a court of a grave criminal offence involving moral turpitude and which conviction is subsisting and is operative on the date of appointment. The disqualification is automatic and complete.
5. The implied prohibition arises from our constitutional structure and scheme, namely, that the rule of law and responsible and representative parliamentary democracy are essential features of our Constitution.
6. This Hon'ble Court in Bommai case S.R Bommai v. Union of India, 1994 3 SCC 1read into Article 356 the restriction or prohibition that the Government of a State should be carried out not only in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution but also not in violation of the basic features of the Constitution. On the basis of that reasoning and conclusion, dismissals of elected State Governments under Article 356 were upheld.
7. In any event, the disqualifications prescribed in Chapter III of theRepresentation of the People Act, 1951are incorporated inArticle 191 of the Constitutionand operate proprio vigore.
8. If a person is appointed in breach of a constitutional prohibition, the appointment is bad and void ab initio. It is non est. Subsequent events cannot obliterate or overcome the initial incompetency or incapacity of the person. Example of age, undischarged insolvency.
9. This Hon'ble Court should decline to interpret constitutional provisions in a manner which would attribute to the founding fathers an intention to permit persons who have committed grave criminal offences involving moral turpitude to head the Government at the Centre or in the States. Such an interpretation would strike at the roots of democracy and the rule of law and should be eschewed.
10. The respondent's submissions are based on the fallacy that the non-appointment as Chief Minister by the Governor of a person who suffers from a subsisting and operative disqualification amounts to adjudication on the part of the Governor. It is submitted that there is no adjudication involved as in the case of a list between parties. The Governor merely recognises an objective fact and gives effect to it. If on the date of appointment the person had in fact incurred disqualification, his or her appointment is invalid whether the Governor knows about it or not. The writ of quo warranto questions the legal authority of the person to hold office. It is not concerned with the motives or knowledge of the appointing authority.
Indeed the respondent's submissions that the Governor should go behind the validity of the conviction or the legality of the declaration of lunacy by the court before appointing or non-appointing a Chief Minister casts upon the Governor a burden and obliges the Governor to undertake an activity which is not contemplated by the Constitution.
11. The respondent's submission that even a person who is far below the requisite qualifying age or an undischarged insolvent or is a non-citizen or is a person declared by competent court to be a lunatic which are facts which can be demonstrated and which require no adjudication at all, can be appointed as Chief Minister leads to absurd and dangerous consequences. (SeeG. Narayanaswami v. G. Pannerselvam1972 3 SCC 717, SCC atp. 721)
12. The Governor does not have an absolute unfettered discretion to appoint any person as a Chief Minister. For example, the Governor cannot appoint as Chief Minister a person who does not enjoy the confidence of the House overlooking the claims of the leader of the majority party. That is because of well-settled constitutional conventions which are also binding on the constitutional functionaries and are judicially enforceable. [SeeSupreme Court Advocates onRecord Assn. v. Union of India1993 4 SCC 441, SCC atpp. 484, 656 (para 353).]
13. The argument that certain provisions were consciously dropped by the Constituent Assembly does not necessarily militate against their inclusion. For example, the due process clause. The rejection of expression “concurrence” and “retention of consultation” inArticle 217 of the Constitutionby the Constituent Assembly. (See SCC atp. 625, para 300.)
14. The courts are concerned not with the people's mandate but with the mandate of the Constitution. The will of the people who gave unto themselves this Constitution.
15. The rule of law and constitutional values must be preserved. Courts performing their functions of constitutional adjudication and reaching their decisions are not deterred by the prospect of lurid consequences and apprehensions of chaos that may be projected.
“There have again been arguments for taking consequences into consideration which really highlighted what would be the dire consequences if the result of the decisions being one way or the other but this Court ought not to be concerned with these aspects, if otherwise our decision is in accordance with the view of the law it takes. We should free ourselves of any considerations which tend to create pressures on the mind. (Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, SCC atp. 481, para 653 and at p. 613, para 1103.)”
“I must say this: if a local authority does not fulfil the requirements of the law, this Court will see that it does fulfil them. It will not listen readily to suggestions of ‘chaos’. The department of education and the council are subject to the rule of law and must comply with it, just like everyone else. Even if chaos should result, still the law must be obeyed; but I do not think that chaos will result. The evidence convinces me that the ‘chaos’ is much overstated.” ( Bradbury v. London Borough of Enfield 1967 3 All ER 434, All ER at p. 441G-H.)
Part II
I. In case Chief Minister's appointment is held to be unconstitutional, the following consequences would flow:
(a) The Chief Minister cannot continue to hold office thereafter. Occupation of the office after invalidation of her appointment would be that of a usurper or that of an intruder.
(b) The legal sequitur of the invalidation of the Chief Minister's appointment would be that all acts, decisions, transactions taken or done or appointments made by the Chief Minister would be without any legal efficacy and null and void.
II. However, courts in order to avoid confusion and uncertainty and to avert hardship and injustice to persons who have acted on a certain basis or their functioning prior to the declaration of law by the highest court of the land, have evolved the de facto doctrine.
III. The principle underlying the de facto doctrine is that
“the acts of the officers de facto performed by them within the scope of their assumed official authority, in the interest of the public or third persons and not for their own benefit, are generally held as valid and binding, as if they were the acts of officers de jure”.
“[T]he doctrine is founded on good sense, sound policy and practical expedience.”
“[T]he de facto doctrine was introduced into the law as a matter of policy and necessity, to protect the interest of the public and the individual where these interests were involved in the official acts of persons exercising the duties of an office without being lawful officers.”
“For the good order and peace of society their authority (must be upheld) until in some regular mode … their title is (directly) investigated and determined.” (See Gokaraju Rangaraju v. State of A.P1981 3 SCC 132, SCC atp. 136, para 4; p. 140, para 14; p. 139, para 11.)
IV. The de facto doctrine is applicable also in cases where the defect in the title or authority of a public functionary is traceable to the violation of a constitutional provision15.
V. Therefore, on account of the de facto doctrine, acts, decisions and transactions done or effected and appointments made prior to the declaration of invalidity of the Chief Minister's appointment would be saved and the same would be deemed to have been validly and lawfully done, provided the same were not in contravention of any legal or constitutional requirements.
(emphasis added)
VI. It may be contended that the Ministers were appointed by the Chief Minister and their appointments are not invalid on account of the de facto doctrine. The Ministers so appointed did not suffer from any disqualification regarding their appointment and consequently these Ministers continue to remain in office.
This argument is not tenable in view of the scheme ofArticles 163 and 164 of the Constitution. Article 163postulates that there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor. Secondly, after the Chief Minister's appointment is declared unconstitutional, the Chief Minister cannot continue in office. She would be bound to resign. Thereafter, the Governor in his discretion can immediately appoint as Chief Minister any other person belonging to a party, which enjoys the confidence of the House, preferably the leader of the party, which in the present case is the AIADMK. Subsequently, the “other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister”. It is implicit, therefore, that the Ministers appointed upon the advice of the former Chief Minister, whose appointment has been declared to be unconstitutional, cannot continue in office in order to enable the freshly appointed Chief Minister to advise the Governor about the appointment of the Ministers in his Cabinet. In other words, with the Chief Minister's non-continuance in office the other Ministers cannot continue in office in view of the scheme ofArticle 164(1) and also Article 164(2).There cannot be a headless Council of Ministers. The non-continuance or resignation of the Chief Minister automatically involves non-continuance or resignation of the entire Ministry. (SeeD. Srinivasan v. Governor of T.NAIR 1985 Mad 187)
Reference may also be had to Hogg's observations in his treatise Constitutional Law of Canada, 4th Edn.:
“… the resignation or dismissal of a Prime Minister involves the resignation or dismissal of the entire ministry.” (p. 256)
“… The dismissal (or resignation) of a Prime Minister automatically involves the dismissal (or resignation) of the entire Ministry. Thus what is formally a dismissal of a Prime Minister is in substance the dismissal of the Ministry or the Government.” (p. 259)
Besides, constitutional practice in our country establishes that when the Prime Minister dies, the other Ministers of the Cabinet have also resigned. This happened when Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri and Smt Indira Gandhi died. The Central Ministers resigned, the President appointed another person from the party which enjoyed the confidence of the House as Prime Minister, who thereafter advised the President to appoint other Members of the Council of Ministers.
brief propositions by mr anil divan, senior advocate on behalf of pratap singh chautala in ca no. 246 of 2001
1. There is no case where Article 164(4) has been utilised for swearing in a Chief Minister who has been disqualified under election law because of a conviction under thePrevention of Corruption Actand who has failed to get a stay from the court. The cases relate only to those persons who were qualified to contest elections but who either lost an election from a particular constituency or did not contest the elections.
2. The impugned decision appointing Respondent 2 as Chief Minister is wholly unconstitutional, arbitrary and subverts the law and the rule of law which is part of the basic structure of the Constitution.
3. Where the nation is engaged in fighting criminalisation of politics, when the highest executive has repeatedly called corruption a cancer eating into our democratic fabric, the impugned decision blatantly encourages and condones corruption and empowers a convicted person to occupy the Chief Minister's office.
4. The precedent set by the impugned decision leads to the following among other consequences:
(a) A convicted murderer or a dacoit can be appointed not only as a Minister but also a Chief Minister or even a Prime Minister of India.
(b) Persons who have been convicted of grave offences like murder, rape etc. and who have been disqualified can be appointed as Ministers in a State or even at the Centre.
(c) A Chief Minister who may be otherwise popular and unblemished can appoint many other Ministers who have been convicted of grave offences.
5. The basic postulate of representative government is undermined and subverted when a person who is convicted, who is disqualified, and whose stay application has been rejected by the High Court and therefore prevented by law from entering the precincts of the legislature as a member is appointed as a Chief Minister.
6. Section 8 of the RP Act, 1951 is a disqualification which applies to a person “for being chosen as, and for being a member” of any legislature. It is well-settled law that the relevant date for determination of the disqualification is the date of scrutiny of the nomination of the candidate and as a result Respondent 2 was disqualified.
7.Article 191(1)(e)of the Constitution raises a bar against a person “if he is so disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament”. Thus the bar under Section 8 is elevated to the level of a constitutional bar.
8. Constitutional interpretation must be in line with morality, observance of the law, and discouraging corrupt and criminal elements from holding office. The appointment of a convicted and corrupt official is wholly against constitutional morality.
9. If the logic of this appointment is upheld the same person may resign office a little before six months and then again may be invited to occupy the office of the Chief Minister if the majority party so decides.
10. The impugned decision far from upholding the rule of law, legitimises the rule of the outlaw.
response to the argument on behalf of respondent 2 by mr anil divan, senior advocate for the petitioners
I. Governor's discretion is not open to judicial review
(Re: R-2's Proposition IX)
Decision relied onR.K Jain v. Union Of India.1993 4 SCC 119(SCC atp. 161, para 55).
The contention of Respondent 2 based on this case was that India follows the British model of parliamentary government and the Governor's discretion in appointing the Chief Minister is not open to judicial review. This is a “political thicket”.
Our response
Certain facts need to be noticed.
The Election Commission of India by an order dated 28-8-1997 after exhaustively dealing in detail with the legal position issued directions under Article 324. The subject of the order is “Criminalisation of Politics — Participation of Criminals in the Electoral Process as Candidates — Disqualification on Conviction for Offences — Effect of Appeal and Bail”.
[The order of the Election Commission is Annexure VI, at p. 141 of the rejoinder-affidavit in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 245 of 2001 (Dhananjayan Chauhan, Petitioner v. Union of India).]
The Election Commission directed as under:
“Accordingly, the Election Commission … hereby directs that all the Returning Officers, at the time of scrutiny of nominations, must take note of the above legal position and decide accordingly about the validity or otherwise of the candidature of contestants disqualified under the saidSection 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.”
This order clearly mentions that despite suspension of sentence and release on bail the order of conviction remains in operation.
The Returning Officer by a speaking order dated 24-4-2001 rejected Respondent 2's nomination papers on the ground of disqualification underSection 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. That order is part of the compilation given to the Court at p. 28 (Annexure IV) in WP No. 242 of 2001.
Respondent 2 has not challenged the election of the respective candidates from these constituencies by an election petition on the ground that her nomination was wrongly rejected.
The period of limitation for filing the election petition is 45 days underSection 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.The election results were declared on 13-5-2001 and the time expired by the end of June 2001.
As a result the rejection on the ground of disqualification has reached finality.
The case ofR.K Jain v. Union Of India.was concerned with the appointment of the President of CEGAT and was cited on behalf of Respondent 2 but what needs to be highlighted is at para 73, at pp. 173-74.
It says:
“73. Judicial review is concerned with whether the incumbent possessed of qualification for appointment and the manner in which the appointment came to be made or the procedure adopted whether fair, just and reasonable. Exercise of judicial review is to protect the citizen from the abuse of the power etc. by an appropriate government or department etc.”
In this connection, the decision reported inKumar Padma Prasad v. Union of India1992 2 SCC 428is relevant. In this case, the President of India by a warrant under his hand and seal appointed one K.N Srivastava as a Judge of the Guwahati High Court. His appointment was challenged in a public interest litigation by a Senior Advocate of the Guwahati High Court. By an interim order the warrant of appointment was stayed by the High Court and Mr Srivastava was restrained from taking oath under Article 219. The petition was transferred and heard by the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court found that he was not qualified and consequently his appointment was quashed and he was restrained from taking oath of office as a High Court Judge. See para 41, at p. 457.
InKashinath G. Jalmi (Dr) v. Speaker1993 2 SCC 703the Court held that public interest in government administration required preventing continuation of usurpation of office (para 34, p. 717).
II. Governor is bound by the decision of the majority party
(R-2's Proposition IX)
Another contention urged on behalf of Respondent 2 is that the Governor is not required to hold an enquiry. There is no machinery or provision for the same. The Governor cannot take evidence or give a reasoned order. Therefore the Governor must abide by the decision of the majority party.
Our response
It is submitted that ex facie it is known that the candidate has been convicted and sentenced and that he was disqualified from contesting the elections, the Governor cannot shut his eyes to that fact. There was no further requirement or necessity of holding an enquiry.
Only in cases where the facts are in dispute or have to be established that the Governor can ignore unproved allegations.
III. Mandate of the people must be respected by the Governor
(R-2's Propositions VI and VII)
This contention was supported by the fact that AIADMK won 132 out of 234 seats and the AIADMK alliance in all won 196 seats as against the Opposition which won only 38 seats. In this connection counter-affidavit of Respondent 2 at pp. 52-54 (WP Civil No. 245 of 2001, Dhananjayan Chauhan v. Union of India).
Our response
It is submitted that the Constitution and the election laws are binding on every authority and every citizen. Constitutional provisions and the laws cannot be annulled or rendered nugatory by electoral voting. They have to be amended or enacted or repealed by the legislature concerned.
In this connection the relevant figures are given in WP (Civil) No. 245 of 2001 — Dhananjayan Chauhan v. Union of India, affidavit-in-rejoinder at p. 74 read with Annexure VII at p. 149.
It is clear from these figures that the AIADMK alliance got 50% of the votes cast while the DMK alliance obtained 38.7% of the votes cast and other parties got the balance of 11.3% of the votes cast.
Further, it is clear that AIADMK by itself got 31.4% of the votes cast while the supporting parties in the alliance got the balance of 18.6%. As against this DMK by itself got 30.9% and the balance in the DMK alliance got 7.8%. (Thus the majority of votes cast were not for AIADMK alone, even the AIADMK alliance only got 50% of the votes cast.)
A large body of voters in Tamil Nadu have not voted for AIADMK. Surely, they are entitled to the protection of the Constitution and the laws.
If this contention is accepted, it would lead to the following absurd and undesirable consequences. In all constitutional interpretations the consequences are relevant, the spirit behind a provision isimportant20 (All ER at p. 927).
(i) A convicted murderer, dacoit or corrupt person who has lost his appeal in the final court and who is disqualified can also be appointed as a Minister.
(ii) A non-citizen can be appointed as a Minister.
(iii) A person who has suffered any of the disqualifications under Sections 8(1), (2), (3)can be appointed as a Minister and can function as such till 5 months and 29 days.
(iv) If there is a coterie of such disqualified persons, one can have the entire Ministry of such persons including the Chief Minister for a period of 5 months and 29 days in rotation.
IV. Conviction and sentence are inseparable
(R-2's Proposition II)
In this connection, observations from the judgment of Justice Malai Subramaniam dated 14-4-2001 were cited.
Our response
The leading judgment holding that they are separable and distinct is under theCompanies Act, 1956 Section 287which has discussed the question —Rama Narang v. Ramesh Narang1995 2 SCC 513(SCC para 19).
This has been followed inDy. Director of Collegiate Education (Admn.) v. S. Nagoor Meera1995 3 SCC 377(SCC para 9),State Of T.N v. A. Jaganathan.1996 5 SCC 329 andK.C Sareen v. CBI2001 6 SCC584.
In another unreported judgment dated 13-1-1997 inState of T.N v. R. SebastianCriminal Appeal No. 32 of 1997the above principle has been followed and it was held that the High Court was not justified in suspending the conviction underSection 13(2) read with Section 13(1) of the Prevention of CorruptionAct.
Even conceptually, if on the basis of a finding of conviction, a sentence is imposed the stay of sentence only means that the convicted person will not undergo imprisonment immediately and may be released on bail.
V. No disqualification till final judgment of conviction
(R-2's Proposition III)
A further contention was urged that Section 8(3) be interpreted in the same manner as Section 8(4) i.e the disqualification should be effective only after the final court convicts and imposes the sentence.
Our response
This flies in the face ofsub-clause (4) of Section 8which starts with the words “Notwithstanding anything in sub-section (1), sub-section (2) and sub-section (3)”. It is an exception carved out with a view to give a locus poenitentiae to sitting MLAs and sitting members of Parliament and to avoid an immediate election pending appeal. There is no challenge to the validity of Section 8(3) by Respondent 2. Such a contention cannot be permitted. There is a presumption of constitutionality. In fact this Hon'ble Court has upheld the validity of this sub-section (3) inRaghvir Singh v. Surjit Singh1994 Supp 3 SCC162.
An extract from an Australian judgment was cited, namely,Nile v. Wood 167 CLR 133(CLR at p. 138). The case was dismissed and rejected on the ground that there were no proper averments in the petition as required by law. The Court of Appeal has not dealt with this question at all. There is only an observation by the first court in line with the Australian law which is not relevant in India. We have a series of judgments of the Supreme Court referred to above.
VI. Presumption of innocence continues
(R-2's Proposition III)
Another contention raised was that the presumption of innocence continues till the final appeal is finally decided. For this purpose the case cited wasPadam Singh v. State of U.P2000 1 SCC 621( SCC atp. 625).
Our response
The ratio of the case is to be judged in the context of its facts. The Court merely decided that while hearing an appeal, the Court must satisfy itself that after looking into the evidence and material the guilt is established beyond reasonable doubt. The Court held that the presumption of innocence is not weakened by a conviction. The prosecution has to satisfy the appellate court that there is sufficient evidence and material available to prove the case beyond reasonable doubt and displace the presumption of innocence. It does not mean that because an appeal is preferred there is an automatic stay and the convicted person is innocent. On the contrary,Section 389 of the Code of Criminal Procedureand the decisions under it point to the contrary.
VII. Acquittal wipes out the conviction retrospectively
This contention was supported by relying onV.C Shukla v. Purshottam Lal Kaushik1981 2 SCC 84 ( SCC atp. 97, paras 28 and 29). The argument was urged that if an acquittal is recorded and the conviction is set aside such an acquittal has retrospective effect and it wipes out the conviction.
Our response
This case has no relevance because the facts were entirely different. V.C Shukla's nomination as a candidate was accepted. He was elected. An election petition was filed challenging his nomination and election because he suffered a disqualification because of a conviction. In the Madhya Pradesh High Court judgment, reported inPurushottamlal Kaushik v. Vidyacharan ShuklaAIR 1980 MP 188Verma, J. (as he then was) held that on the date of his nomination Shukla was disqualified and set aside the election, even though by the time the case was argued in the High Court Shukla was acquitted by the Supreme Court [V. C. Shukla v. State (Delhi Administration)1980 2 SCC 665]. This was the well-known case of the film Kissa Kursi Ka when the Supreme Court's direction of viewing the film was not complied with.
It is respectfully submitted that V.C Shukla case decided by a Bench of three Judges may require a second look and reconsideration in an appropriate case. It is submitted that the High Court judgment was correct. Para 11 onwards the High Court has referred to a string of decisions of this Hon'ble Court in support of its decision. The High Court held that the decision in Manni Lal caseManni Lal v. Parmai Lal, 1970 2 SCC 462has to be read with the decision in Amrit Lal v. Himatbhai case1969 1 SCR 277. Both the cases were decided by the same Bench (J.C Shah and v. Bhargava, JJ.) and incidentally the judgment in both cases was by Bhargava, J. Amrit Lal case clearly rules that the subsequent events happening after the date of scrutiny have no relevance. In Amrit Lal case the effect of subsequent event was expressly considered. It is submitted that this Hon'ble Court should not give its imprimatur on the correctness of the decision in V.C Shukla case.
It is further submitted that the present case is entirely different and is the obverse viz. a case where the potential candidate's nomination was rejected and consequently the candidate was not allowed to contest. In the present case Respondent 2 Jayalalitha was not permitted to contest as her nomination was rejected. She did not contest the election. Her right to set aside the election has now become barred by limitation underSection 81 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.Therefore, the rejection of her nomination has reached finality. This is the reverse case as mentioned in V.C Shukla case (SCC para 39at p. 102) and as already observed by Your Lordships.
The main point for consideration in the present case is whether Respondent 2 was disqualified from being appointed as a Minister on the date of her appointment as the Chief Minister.
And whether the stay of the sentence alone coupled with the rejection of her application for staying the conviction could protect her from the disqualification.
further response by mr anil divan, senior advocate for the petitioners
Maintainability of the petitions
1. S.P Gupta v. Union of India1981 SuppSCC 87— relevant paras 13, 14, 17, 23, 25, 141.
Para 23
“23. We would, therefore, hold that any member of the public having sufficient interest can maintain an action for judicial redress for public injury arising from breach of public duty or from violation of some provision of the Constitution or the law and seek enforcement of such public duty and observance of such constitutional or legal provision.” ( SCC p. 218)
2.D.C Wadhwa (Dr) v. State of Bihar1987 1 SCC 378— challenging repeated or repromulgation of ordinances.
Para 3 at pp. 383-84:
“Besides Petitioner 1 is a Professor of Political Science and is deeply interested in ensuring proper implementation of the constitutional provisions. He has sufficient interest to maintain a petition under Article 32 even as a member of the public because it is a right of every citizen to insist that he should be governed by laws made in accordance with the Constitution and not laws made by the executive in violation of the constitutional provisions.
The rule of law constitutes the core of our Constitution and it is the essence of the rule of law that the exercise of the power by the State whether it be the legislature or the executive or any other authority should be within the constitutional limitations and if any practice is adopted by the executive which is in flagrant and systematic violation of its constitutional limitations, Petitioner 1 as a member of the public would have sufficient interest to challenge such practice by filing a writ petition and it would be the constitutional duty of this Court to entertain the writ petition and adjudicate upon the validity of such practice. We must, therefore, reject the preliminary contention raised on behalf of the respondents challenging the locus of the petitioners to maintain these writ petitions.”
3. Sub-Committee on Judicial Accountability v. Union of India1991 4 SCC 699, SCC atp. 719, para 116
The law as to standing to sue in public interest actions has undergone a vast change over the years and liberal standards for determining locus standi are now recognized. The matter has come to be discussed at considerable care and length in S.P Gupta v. Union of India. The present matter is of such nature and the constitutional issues of such nature and importance that it cannot be said that the Members of the Bar and particularly the Supreme Court Association have no locus standi in the matter. An elaborate resurvey of the principles and precedents over again is unnecessary. Suffice it to say that from any point of view the petitioners satisfy the legal requirements of the standing to sue. We, therefore, reject the contention H.
4. Janata Dal v. H.S Chowdhary1992 4 SCC 305
Para 97
In short, the decision in Gupta case is a golden master key which has provided access to the courts for the poor and downtrodden — discussion on PIL and locus standi from paras 50 to 96. Further discussion from paras 98 to 114.
5. Tamil Nadu Cauvery v. Union of India1990 3 SCC 440— writ petition filed under Article 32 for direction to refer the dispute to the Tribunal underSection 4 of the Inter-State Water Disputes Act, 1956— entertained and directions given.
6.S.P Anand v. H.D Deve Gowda1996 6 SCC 734Para 17
“Notwithstanding the decisions rendered in the said two cases, to which we have already referred to, we are informed by the petitioner himself that he had raised the issue in the Madhya Pradesh High Court and another such petition was filed in the Allahabad High Court. To avoid such snowballing leading to multiplicity of cases we thought it in public interest to examine the issue with a view to avoid conflict of opinions.” ( SCC p. 745)
7. Vineet Narain v. Union of India1998 1 SCC 226 — public interest litigation filed under Article 32.
8. Ranji Thomas v. Union of India2000 2 SCC 81 (Constitution Bench) — when important public issue involving interpretation of Article 156 is involved the petitioner need not be denied locus standi.
Article 361 — judicial review and political question
9. In S.R Bommai v. Union of India 1994 3 SCC 1the question in relation to judicial review has been authoritatively dealt with. See the headnote at pp. 30-42 of the Report. All the Judges have held that a proclamation under Article 356 is amenable to judicial review but there was a difference of opinion only on the area and extent of justiciability. See para 32, at p. 80 (Ahmadi, J.); paras 40 and 43, at pp. 83, 84 (per Verma and Yogeshwar Dayal, JJ.); para 74, at p. 102 (Sawant and Kuldip Singh, JJ.); paras 200-01, at pp. 177-178 (per K. Ramaswamy, J.); para 330, at pp. 246-47. (At para 2, p. 65 Pandian, J. is in agreement with Sawant, J.)
10. Kehar Singh v. Union of India1989 1 SCC204
The question here was interpretation of Article 72 and the President's power to grant a pardon. Even here the Court has held that the power is subject to judicial review.
11. Minerva Mills v. Union of India1980 3 SCC 625,SCC atpp. 693-94
Bhagwati, J. has clearly enunciated the difference between a political question not involving determination of any legal or constitutional right or obligation which the court would not entertain, since the court is concerned only with adjudication of legal rights and liabilities. He observed: “The controversy before the court may be political in character, but so long as it involves determination of a constitutional question, the court cannot decline to entertain it.” ( SCC para 98)
written submissions on behalf of the petitioner submitted by mr ashok h. desai, senior advocate
I. Interconnected writ petitions and other petitions
There are in all six connected matters: four writ petitions in which rule was issued on 20-7-2001; one SLP and one transfer petition, and in both these petitions notice was issued on 20-7-2001 and were tagged with WP No. 242 of 2001. These are:
1. WP No. 242 of 2001 — B.R Kapur v. Stateof T.N
2. WP No. 245 of 2001 — Dhananjayan Chauhan v. Union of India.
3. WP No. 246 of 2001 — Pratap Singh Chautala v. Unionof India.
4. WP No. 261 of 2001 — B.L Wadhera v. State of Tamil Nadu.
5. SLP No. 11763 of 2001 — V. Selvaraj v. Union of India.
Against an order dated 29-6-2001 dismissing the petitioner's writ petition (WP No. 10570 of 2001) (along with two other writ petitions) without going into merits, on the ground that the abovementioned writ petitions were pending in the Supreme Court of India.
6. TP No. 382 of 2001 — Dr Subramaniam Swamy v. Unionof India.
Petition seeking to transfer writ petition (No. 10682 of 2001) filed on 28-5-2001 which is before the High Court of Madras.
II. Important question of law
This Hon'ble Court has in its order dated 20-7-2001 (Annexure 1) set out the issue, as referred to the Constitution Bench, in the following terms:
“A question of great constitutional importance arises in these matters, namely, whether a person who has been convicted of a criminal offence and whose conviction has not been suspended pending an appeal can be sworn in and can continue to function as the Chief Minister of a State.”
III. Brief factual context
9-10-2000
Tansi I (CC No. 4 of 1997): Ms Jayalalitha was convicted by the Special Judge for offences punishable underSection 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 13(1)(c), 13(1)(d) and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988and for the offence underSection 409 of the Indian Penal Code.She was sentenced to 3 years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 10,000 was imposed on her. (The fine amount has been paid.)
Criminal Appeal No. 972 of 2000 has been filed against the judgment in Tansi I case which is pending before the High Court of Madras.
Tansi II (CC No. 13 of 1997): Ms Jayalalitha was convicted by the Special Judge for offences punishable underSection 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 13(1)(c), 13(1)(d) and 13(2) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988and for the offence underSection 409 of the Indian Penal Code.She was sentenced to 2 years' rigorous imprisonment and a fine of Rs 5000 was imposed on her.
Criminal Appeal No. 969 of 2000 has been filed against the judgment in Tansi II case which is pending before the High Court of Madras.
3-11-2000
In Criminal Appeals Nos. 969 and 972 of 2000, Ms Jayalalitha filed Criminal MPs Nos. 7728 and 7731 of 2000 before the High Court of Judicature, Madras. In these criminal MPs an order was passed on 3-11-2000, wherein the sentence of imprisonment alone was suspended and Ms Jayalalitha and others were released on bail. (See Annexure 2 herein.)
14-4-2001
In Criminal MPs Nos. 2026 and 2025 of 2001 as filed in the two criminal appeals (Nos. 972 and 969 of 2000) before the High Court of Madras, Ms Jayalalitha sought the stay of operation of the effect of the judgments or conviction in both the Tansi appeals. By the order dated 14-4-2001, the High Court dismissed both the criminal MPs and thus declined to stay the operation of the judgments and conviction. (See Annexure 3 herein.)
April 2001
In the general election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly, Ms Jayalalitha filed her nomination papers from four constituencies, contrary to Section 33(7)(b) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
24-4-2001
The nomination papers were rejected on account of her disqualification underSection 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. (These orders have not been challenged and Ms Jayalalitha has also not filed election petitions against the returned candidates within the limitation period of 45 days.) (See Annexure 4 herein.)
13-5-2001
The election results to the Tamil Nadu Assembly were announced, and Ms Jayalalitha's party, AIADMK won 132 seats out of 234 seats. The AIADMK alliance secured 196 seats.
14-5-2001
After the result of the general election was announced, by a resolution of AIADMK, Ms Jayalalitha was elected leader of the largest party in the Assembly. The resolution also stated that the party was not ready to either consider or accept any other person as their leader. Ms Jayalalitha was sworn in as the Chief Minister on the same day.
17-5-2001
CWP No. 242 of 2001 was filed in the Supreme Court against her appointment as the Chief Minister. Subsequently other writ petitions were also filed.
4-6-2001
Order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, issuing notice in the writ petitions. Notice was also issued to the learned Attorney-General. However, the interlocutory applications were rejected. The matter was directed to be heard by a three-Judge Bench.
20-7-2001
Order of the Hon'ble Supreme Court issuing rule in the writ petitions. Notice was also issued in the connected SLP and the transfer petition.
By the said order the three-Judge Bench referred the matter to a Constitution Bench by framing the abovementioned question of law.
IV. Relevant provisions of law
(a) Constitution of India
Provisions relating to Union of India — Articles 74, 75, 84, 88, 102
Provisions relating to State — Articles 163, 164, 173, 177 and 191
(b) Representation of the People Act, 1951
Section 3 — Qualifications for membership of the Council of States.
Section 4 — Qualifications for membership of the House of the People.
Section 5 — Qualifications for membership of a Legislative Assembly.
Section 5-A — Qualifications for membership of the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim.
Section 6 — Qualifications for membership of a Legislative Council.
Section 7 — Definition.
Section 8 — Disqualification on conviction for certain offences.
Section 8-A — Disqualification on ground of corrupt practices.
Section 9 — Disqualification on dismissal for corruption or disloyalty.
Section 9-A — Disqualification for government contracts, etc.
Section 10 — Disqualification for office under government company.
Section 32 — Nomination of candidates for election.
Section 37 — Withdrawal of candidature.
Section 100 — Grounds for declaring election to be void.
V. The issue of a non-member being a Minister and theprovisions of Articles 164(4) and 75(5)have been considered by this Court in 5 decisions as follows:
— Har Sharan Verma v. Tribhuvan Narain Singh, (1971) 1 SCC 616 (Constitution Bench) paras 3, 6.
—Har Sharan Verma v. State of U.P, (1985) 2 SCC 48paras 12, 15.
—Harsharan Verma v. Union of India, 1987 Supp SCC 310paras 2, 3.
—S.P Anand v. H.D Deve Gowda, (1996) 6 SCC 734paras 8, 14.
—S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269.
—Inder Mohan v. Union of India, AIR 1980 Del 20.
VI. History of Article 164(4)
Section 10(2) of theGovernment of India Act, 1935—
“10. (2) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of either Chamber of the Federal Legislature shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.”
In Prof. C.L Anand's Constitutional Law and History ofGovernment of India, Government of India Act, 1935 and the Constitution of India (7th Edn., 1992)referring to the parliamentary debates on the enactment ofclause (2) of Section 10 of the Government of India Act, 1935,the author says:
“… As a matter of practice, however, even in England appointments are not made from outside Parliament except in case of some national emergency such as war. While the law in England does not require that a Minister must be a member of Parliament, there is a strong convention to the effect that a Minister who has not a seat in Parliament must get one, the reason being the advantage of the interplay between the executive and the Legislature.
***
An amendment was moved by Sir Charles Oman to leave out clause (2) of section 10 (supra). Viscount Wolmer referred to the difficulties which made the amendment (provision) desirable, such as the occasional practical difficulty in forming a suitable Ministry without breaking the normal practice, and emphasised the advisability of securing that elasticity in the choice of Ministers which exists under an unwritten Constitution….
***
In reply to the view taken that members of the Federal Assembly would be returned by indirect election and, therefore, would not necessarily be representative of public opinion, it was stated that, nevertheless, it was on the hole (sic) more democratic to select Ministers form (sic) such persons than to nominate them from outside the Legislature. The amendment was negatived.”
Article 144(3) of the Draft Constitutionwhich corresponds withArticle 164(4) of the Constitutionreads as under: CAD, Vol. 8, p. 505, Vol. 7, 1173.
“144. (3) A Minister who, for any period of six consecutive months, is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.”
Amendment proposed by Mr Mohd. Tahir, MP, Vol. 7, 1173—
“A member shall, at the time of his being chosen as such be a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of the State as the case may be.”
Dr Ambedkar opposed the amendment:
“… First is this, it is perfectly possible to imagine that a person who is otherwise competent to hold the post of a Minister has been defeated in a constituency or for some reason which, although it may be perfectly good, might have annoyed the constituency and he might have incurred the displeasure of that particular constituency. It is not a reason why a member so competent as that should be not permitted to be appointed a member of the Cabinet on the assumption that he shall be able to get himself elected either from the same constituency, or from another constituency.”
See: CAD, Vol. 8, p. 521
S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269, paras 7-10.Harsharan Verma v. Union of India, 1987 Supp SCC 310, para 3.
Har Sharan Verma v. Tribhuvan, (1971) 1 SCC 616, para 7.
VII. Schemes of other Constitutions
1. UK — Jennings, Cabinet Government, 3rd Edn., p. 60—
“It is a well-settled convention that these Ministers should be either peers or members of the House of Commons. There have be (sic) occasional exceptions. … The House of Commons is, however, critical of such exceptions.”
Referred to in:
Har Sharan Verma v. Tribhuvan Singh, ( 1971) 1 SCC 616 at p. 618, para 8.
S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269, p. 279, para 25.
Bradley, A.W and Ewing, K.D Constitutional and Administrative Law, 12th Edn., p. 300—
“It is a convention that the ministerial office-holders should be members of one or the other House of Parliament. Such membership is essential to the maintenance of ministerial responsibility. There is, however no law that a Minister must be in Parliament.”
S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269, p. 279, para 26.
In Halsbury's Laws of England (4th Edn.,) Vol. 8, para 819 dealing with British conventions, it is observed:
“… Since the Sovereign must always act upon ministerial advice, Ministers are always politically responsible to the House of Commons for their acts, even if done in Her name. Their responsibility is both personal and collective.”
Halsbury's Laws of England (4th Edn.), Vol. 34, para 1006—
“… Ministers of the Crown cannot indefinitely remain in office without being members of either the House of Lords or the House of Commons.”
S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269, p. 279, paras 23 and 24.
2. Australia — Section 64 of the Australian Constitution Act says—
“… no Minister of State shall hold office for a longer period than three months unless he is or becomes a Senator or a member of the House of Representatives.”
Har Sharan Verma v. Tribhuvan Singh, (1971) 1 SCC 616 at p. 618, para 9.
3. Canada—
There is no statutory prohibition against a non-member becoming a Minister. But by convention, he must within a reasonable time, become a member of either House of Parliament or resign.
See: Basu's Commentary on the Indian Constitution, p. 291 E/I.
4. South Africa — Act, 1909 Section 14(1)—
“… no Minister shall hold office for a longer period than three months unless he is or becomes a member of either House of Parliament.”
Har Sharan Verma v. Tribhuvan Singh, ( 1971) 1 SCC 616 at pp. 618-19, para 11.
VIII. The Constitution does not envisage that a person who is disqualified from being or is not qualified to be a member of the Legislature can be appointed as a Minister under Article 164(4)
(a) The purpose of Article 164(4) is to enable those persons who are otherwise competent, but who are not members of the Legislature, to work as a Minister for a limited period. It is basically a good governance provision, which should not be so read as to allow those persons who are ineligible at the time of appointment to become Ministers.
(b) Theprovisions of Article 164(4)itself postulate that a person who has been appointed a Minister ceases to be one if such person does not become a member of the Legislature within the short prescribed time. This necessarily means that such a person is eligible to be a member at the time of appointment as a Minister but is in fact not such a member.
(c) Article 164(4) has to be read in conjunction withArticles 163, 173 and 191 of the Constitution of India,as well as theRepresentation of the People Act, 1951(“the RoP Act”).
(d) An appointment of any person as a Minister while such person is not a member of the Legislature is an exception to the normal rule that a Minister must be a member of the Legislature at the time of appointment.
(e) The appointment of a Minister under Article 164(4) should be read subject to theprovisions of Article 164(2)which speak of the collective responsibility of the Council of Ministers. This means that each Minister is individually and collectively responsible to the House.
(f) It is submitted that Article 164(4) should be interpreted as above, otherwise:
(i) a person who does not have even the qualification to be a member of the Legislature under Article 173 can become a Minister, though he is not:
— a citizen of India;
— 25 years of age;
(ii) a person who is disqualified under Article 191 could become a Minister, even though:
— he holds an office of profit under the Government;
— he is of unsound mind and declared so by a competent court;
— he is an undischarged insolvent;
— he is not a citizen of India or has voluntarily acquired the citizenship of a foreign State or acknowledged allegiance or adherence to a foreign State;
— he has been disqualified by or under any law made by Parliament.
(iii) a person who is disqualified under Chapter III of the RoP Act could become a Minister even though:
— he is convicted under Sections 8(1), 8(2) or 8(3);
— he is guilty of corrupt practice under Section 8-A;
— he is dismissed for corruption or disloyalty under Section 9;
— he is disqualified for reason of entering into government contracts under Section 9-A;
— he is disqualified for the reason that he holds office under a government company under Section 10;
— he is disqualified for not having lodged the accounts under Section 10-A;
(g) It is submitted that theprovisions of Section 8(4) of the RoP Actin fact support the above interpretation since a limited exception is carved out only in the case of sitting MPs or MLAs. The fact that this exception had to be expressly carved out shows that the general rule is as submitted by the petitioner.
(h) The provisions should be interpreted purposively to advance the constitutional scheme of good governance. The provision is an exception essentially required to be used to meet very extraordinary situations.
IX. Suspension of a sentence does not mean suspension of conviction — see the following judgments:
State Of T.N v. A. Jaganathan., ( 1996) 5 SCC 329, 2J, para 3.
Dy. Director v. S. Nagoor Meera, (1995) 3 SCC 377, 2J, paras 7 and 8.
K.C Sareen v. CBI, (2001) 6 SCC 584, paras 11, 12 and 13.
Vikram Anand v. Rakesh Singha,AIR 1995 HP 130, paras 18-30.
BhanubhaiM. Raval v. Union of India,AIR 1991 Bom 91: Corruption.
Sarat Chandra v. Khagendranath Nath, (1961) 2 SCR 133.
X. Under the Constitution there is collective responsibility of the Minister. The principle of collective responsibility governs the democratic process. Collective responsibility is essentially a political concept
— Article 75(3) “The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the House of the People.”
— Article 164(2) “The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.”
—Har Sharan Verma v. State of U.P, (1985) 2 SCC 48, p. 53 para 12.
Article 177 ensures the implementation of constitutional principle contained in Article 164(2). Ministerial responsibility to the Legislative Assembly is a means of assuring that the Government is in line with popular opinion.
—S.P Anand v. H.D Deve Gowda, (1996) 6 SCC 734, para 16.
— Secy., JaipurDevelopment Authority v. Daulat Mal, (1997) 1 SCC 35, 2J, paras 10-13.
— Mackintosh, John P. The British Cabinet, pp. 529 and 531.
— Jennings, Ivor Cabinet Government, p. 449.
— Bradley, A.W and Ewing, K.D Constitutional and Administrative Law, pp. 115-18.
— Philips, Hood O. Constitutional and Administrative Law, 7th Edn., p. 125.
XI. Good governance is a basic postulate of our Constitution
Secy., JaipurDevelopment Authority v. Daulat Mal, (1997) 1 SCC 35, 2J, p. 47, para 15 — corruption and its effect on democratic institutions—
“[I]t is particularly dangerous for democracy because it undermines two of the major principles on which democracies are based; the equality of citizens' rights and the transparency of the political decision-making process. Bribes open up the way for access to the State for those who are willing to pay and can afford the price. The situation may leave non-corrupt citizens with the belief that one ‘counts’ only if one has the right personal contacts with those who hold power.”
Vineet Narain v. Union of India, (1998) 1 SCC 226, 3J, pp. 268-69, paras 56 and 57—
“The adverse impact of lack of probity in public life leading to a high degree of corruption is manifold. It also has adverse effect on foreign investment and funding from the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank who have warned that future aid to underdeveloped countries may be subject to the requisite steps being taken to eradicate corruption, which prevents international aid from reaching those for whom it is meant. Increasing corruption has led to investigative journalism which is of value to a free society. The need to highlight corruption in public life through the medium of public interest litigation invoking judicial review may be frequent in India but is not unknown in other countries: R. v. Secy. of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs[( 1995) 1 WLR 386].
***
It cannot be doubted that there is a serious human rights aspect involved in such a proceeding because the prevailing corruption in public life, if permitted to continue unchecked, has ultimately the deleterious effect of eroding the Indian polity.”
K.C Sareen v. CBI, (2001) 6 SCC 584, 2J-para 12 — corruption by public servants has reached monstrous dimensions in India.
Patangrao Kadam v. Prithviraj, (2001) 3 SCC 594, 3J, p. 605, para 13 — election petition— “Clean, efficient and benevolent administration are the essential features of good governance which in turn depends upon persons of competency and good character. … this purpose is sought to be achieved by these provisions contained in the RPA.”
Kashinath G. Jalmi (Dr) v. Speaker, (1993) 2 SCC 703, 3J, p. 717, para 34 — Tenth Schedule case—
“34. In our opinion the exercise of discretion by the court even where the application is delayed, is to be governed by the objective of promoting public interest and good administration; and on that basis it cannot be said that discretion would not be exercised in favour of interference where it is necessary to prevent continuance of usurpation of office or perpetuation of an illegality.”
BhanubhaiM. Raval v. Union of India,AIR 1991 Bom 91, p. 94, para 7.
“In the instant case, the evident object of the statutes such as theRepresentation of the People Actor the Regulations in question is to give a clean and decent administration to the citizenry. It must be assumed that the Legislature did not want, at the helms of the affairs of the State, persons with unwiped-off convictions of offences. Words assume different meanings and colours in the context of the objects of the statutes in which the words are employed. Giving clean administration to the citizenry is, ex hypothesi, the object of every election statute.”
— Barnett, Hilaire, Constitutional and Administrative Law, p. 262 —qualification for ministerial office — the most elementary qualification demanded of a Minister is honesty and incorruptibility.
— Jennings, I. Cabinet Government, 3rd Edn., p. 106.
— Secy., JaipurDevelopment Authority v. Daulat Mal, (1997) 1 SCC 35, 2J, p. 46, para 14.
“The most elementary qualification demanded of a Minister is honesty and incorruptibility. He should not only possess these qualifications but should also appear to possess the same.”
submissions in rejoinder by mr ashok h. desai on behalf of the petitioner
On preliminary points
(a) The issue in the present case has to be considered in the light of admitted facts (see the main writ petition and counter-affidavit-in-reply at pp. 31-33):
9-10-2000
Conviction and sentence in two cases for 3 years and a fine of Rs 10,000 and, for 2 years and fine of Rs 5000 respectively.
3-11-2000
Order of Mr Justice B. Akbar Basha Khadiri (Compilation: Written submissions for the petitioner, p. 3).
1-4-2001
Order of Mr Justice Malai Subramanian (Compilation: p. 8). (The sentence of fine has been carried out. The execution of the sentence of imprisonment is suspended.)
24-4-2001
Nomination papers of Respondent 2 were rejected because of disqualification under Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This order remained unchallenged.
14-5-2001
Appointment of Respondent 2 as the Chief Minister.
18-5-2001
Appointment of Respondent 2 as the Chief Minister was challenged under quo warranto.
The present case raises no question of any adjudication on any factual dispute. The question is purely of interpretation.
(b) The issue for consideration is whether a non-member can be appointed as a Minister even if he does not have the prescribed qualifications to be a member of the State Legislature under Article 173 or suffers from any of the disqualifications for being chosen as a member of the Legislature as prescribed underArticle 191 read with the provisions of Section 8 of the Representation of the People Act[in this case Section 8(3)]. The respondents have candidly accepted that as per their submissions a foreigner or a person who is less than even 24 years of age, or a person who is declared to be of unsound mind by a competent court or who is dismissed from office under the Government for his disloyalty (Section 9 of the RoP Act) can become a Chief Minister (and by analogy the Prime Minister).
(c) In the present case the petitioner has averred the violation of the fundamental rights: in para 1 at p. 2. The averments clearly allege that the State's action is arbitrary and in violation ofArticle 14 of the Constitution.In any view of the matter, as the appointment of Ms Jayalalitha is arbitrary and unconstitutional, the petition is clearly maintainable.
— S.P Gupta v. Union of India, 1981 Supp SCC 87at pp. 218, 219 para 23.
—D.C Wadhwa (Dr) v. State of Bihar, (1987) 1 SCC 378para 3.
— Ranji Thomas v. Union of India, ( 2000) 2 SCC 81 para 6.
(d) It is submitted that the petitioner seeks a writ of quo warranto (“by what authority”) which questions the authority of the Chief Minister to hold that public office. If the Chief Minister has no such authority on the date of appointment the court would set aside the usurpation of the public office.
—S.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab, (2001) 5 Scale 269, para 1 — quo warranto issued against the appointment of a Minister.
section 8 of the rop act, 1951
(a) The constitutionality of section 8 of the rop act has already been considered by the Court. This Court has upheld the classification as provided underSections 8(1) read with sub-section (2) or (3).
—Raghbir Singh v. Surjit Singh, 1994 Supp (3) SCC162, paras 6 and 7.
The constitutionality of Section 8 is upheld. The categories covered by sub-sections (1), (2), (3) being distinct and different, the question of comparison inter se between any two of these distinct classes does not arise. Without such a comparison between persons governed by these different sub-sections being permissible, the very basis of attack on the ground of discrimination is not available. Prescription of period of disqualification for different classes of persons convicted of different offences is within the domain of legislative discretion and wisdom which is not open to judicial scrutiny.
(b) The marginal note of Section 8 clearly demonstrates that it imposes disqualifications on conviction for certain offences. The first three sub-sections lay down that the conviction must relate to the type of offences and the term of sentence specified therein. Section 8(4) is the only exception carved out of Section 8. Even under this sub-section, if there is no appeal within 3 months, the disqualification becomes final. Section 8(4) does not apply to other disqualifications under Chapter III i.e Section 8-A to Section 10 of the RoP Act, 1951.
(c)Section 8(3) of the Representation of the People Actis fully applicable in the present case. UnderSection 389 of the Criminal Procedure Codethe appeal court has the power to grant stay of the order (of conviction) or only stay of the execution of the sentence. In the present case what the learned Judge has suspended is only the execution of the sentence and not the conviction. The application for stay of conviction was specifically dismissed. No appeal was filed against that order. It became final. Further the suspension of sentence does not mean suspension of conviction. Please see the earlier note. (Compilation: at p. ‘L’)
General
(a) When there is violation of constitutional provisions, there is no question of the courts abstaining from deciding it on the ground that it may involve a political question. Indian courts have consistently rejected the concept of political thicket. In the case ofS.R Chaudhuri v. State of Punjab(supra) this Court set aside the appointment of the Minister. Some other judgments on this point are:
S.R Bommai v. Union of India, ( 1994) 3 SCC 1.
State of Rajasthan v. Union of India, (1977) 3 SCC 592.
(b) Judicial review has been held to be a part of the basic structure of the Constitution:
Minerva Mills Ltd. v. Union of India, (1980) 3 SCC 625para 87.
L.Chandra Kumar v. Union of India, (1997) 3 SCC 261 para 78.
In conclusion
Article 164(4) of the Constitutionhas to be read in conjunction withArticles 163, 173, 191 of the Constitution and Section 8(3) of the RoP Act, 1951.The purpose of Article 164(4) is to enable those persons who are Otherwise Competent, but who are not members of the Legislature at the time of appointment, but must become so as quickly as possible, latest within 6 months. It is a limited privilege but essentially a part of good governance provision, which should not be so read as to allow those persons who are ineligible, at the time of appointment, to become Ministers. An appointment of any person as a Minister while such person is not a member of the Legislature is an exception to the normal rule that a Minister must be a member of the Legislature at the time of appointment.
brief submission-in-rejoinder — article 164
slp no. 11763 of 2001 — v. selvaraj v. union of india and others
submitted by mr f.s nariman, senior advocate
1. It is not necessary to read any implied limitations in Article 164 — the submission that a person who is disqualified from being appointed a member of the Legislative Assembly cannot be appointed a Chief Minister or Minister flows directly from the language employed in Article 164(4).
2. The words “is not a member …” in Article 164(4) indicate that the proposed appointee must be eligible or qualified to be a member at the date of his or her appointment; this is not merely implicit in the words actually used:
— It was also the avowed assumption of those who first drafted Section 51(2) of the Government of India Act, 1935,Annexure I.
— It was also the assumption of the framers of our Constitution.
— It has been the assumption accepted in judgments of courts.
(i) Re:Government of India Act, 1935Section 51: See Joint Committee Report on Indian Constitutional Reform, Vol. I, paras 85-88 (Governor's Selection of Ministers) — Annexure II.
(ii) Assumption of the framers of our Constitution: on 31-12-1948 see Statement of Dr B.R Ambedkar, CAD, Vol. 7, Book 3, p. 1186 (also quoted in p. 48 of Mr P.P Rao's compilation:
“… it is perfectly possible to imagine that a person who is otherwise competent to hold the post of a Minister has been defeated in a constituency for some reason which, although it may be perfectly good, might have annoyed the constituency and he might have incurred the displeasure of that particular constituency. It is not a reason why a member so competent as that should be not permitted to be appointed a member of the Cabinet on the assumption that he shall be able to get himself elected either from the same constituency or from another constituency. After all the privilege that is permitted is a privilege that extends only for six months. It does not confer a right to that individual to sit in the House without being elected at all.”
Note.—(1) According to Dr Ambedkar, the assumption was that “he shall be able to get himself elected” i.e on the date of his appointment.
(2) It is this passage which is quoted in Deve Gowda case, ( 1996) 6 SCCatpp. 734-42.
(iii) Assumption in court judgments:
(a) SeeAIR 1962 All 301( Har Sharan Varma v. Chandra Bhan) S.S Dhavan, J. (already cited), at p. 305, para 23—
“23. The next question is whether this Court can interfere. The petitioner contended that it can and should. But I am of the opinion that this Court cannot interfere in this case. The nomination of the first respondent has not been shown to be illegal. If, for example, the Governor had nominated a person who was not a citizen of India, this Court would have issued a writ of quo warranto on the ground that that person was not qualified to be a member of the Legislature. But in the present case the petitioner has not shown that Mr Chandra Bhan Gupta was disqualified or that the Governor had no power to nominate him. He merely had made out a prima facie case that the power of nomination was made for a political purpose and therefore improper. This is not enough, in my opinion, to empower the Court to interfere and issue notice to the first respondent.”
(b)Inder Mohan v. Union of India, AIR 1980 Del 20 at p. 22, para 3 (Division Bench) already cited—
“Mr Lekhi contends that if a person cannot be a member of Parliament if he is under any acknowledgment of allegiance or adherence to a foreign State, it inevitably follows that such a person is also disqualified to be a Minister. Though Article 102 does not mention disqualification for being a Minister, we are prepared to accept that a person will be ineligible for being a Minister if he suffers from any of the disqualifications as mentioned in Article 102. This is both logical and understandable. Because if there is any constitutional bar on a person being a member of either House of Parliament it surely cannot be accepted that a Minister who holds a more responsible position should be free from fetters of the disqualifications laid down in the Constitution. The broad argument that if a person is disqualified under Article 102(1)(d)to be a member he will not be entitled to be a Minister can be readily accepted.”
“51. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Governor's Ministers shall be chosen and summoned by him, shall be sworn as members of the Council, and shall hold office during his pleasure.
(2) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Provincial Legislature shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.
(3) The salaries of Ministers shall be such as the Provincial Legislature may from time to time by Act determine, and, until the Provincial Legislature so determine, shall be determined by the Governor:
Provided that the salary of a Minister shall not be varied during his term of office.
(4) The question whether any, and, if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the Governor shall not be enquired into in any court.
(5) The functions of the Governor under this section with respect to the choosing and summoning and the dismissal of Ministers, and with respect to the determination of their salaries, shall be exercised by him in his discretion.”
ANNEXURE I
Government of India Act, 1935
“52. Special responsibilities of Governor.—(1) In the exercise of his functions the Governor shall have the following special responsibilities, that is to say—
(a) the prevention of any grave menace to the peace or tranquillity of the Province or any part thereof;
(b) the safeguarding of the legitimate interests of minorities;
(c) the securing to, and to the dependants of, persons who are or have been members of the public services of any rights, provided or preserved for them by or under this Act and the safeguarding of their legitimate interests;
(d) the securing in the sphere of executive action of the purposes which the provisions of Chapter III of Part V. of this Act are designed to secure in relation to legislation;
(e) the securing of the peace and good government of areas which by or under the provisions of this Part of this Act are declared to be partially excluded areas;
(f) the protection of the rights of any Indian State and the rights and dignity of the ruler thereof; and….”
ANNEXURE II
JOINT COMMITTEE REPORT ON INDIAN CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM
(SESSION 1933-34): VOLUME I: (PART I)
(ii) The Governor's selection of Ministers
“85. Qualifications proposed for Ministers.—The White Paper proposes that the instrument of instructions shall direct the Governor to select his Ministers in consultation with the person who in his judgment is likely to command the largest following in the Legislature, and to appoint those persons, including so far as possible members of important minority communities, who will best be in a position collectively to command the confidence of the Legislature. It is also proposed that Ministers must be, or become within a stated period (by which we understand a period of six or twelve months to be intended), members of the Legislature.
86. Ministerial responsibility and representation of communities.—The question how a direction to the Governor to include among his Ministers, so far as possible, members of important minority communities is to be reconciled with ministerial responsibility, in the accepted sense of that expression, to a Legislature which is itself based on a system of communal representation and in which the numbers of the representatives of the different communities are fixed by statute and unalterable, will be more conveniently discussed later when we examine the more general question of the relation of the Provincial Executive to the Provincial Legislature. We accordingly confine ourselves here to a consideration of the proposal in the White Paper that every Minister shall be, or become within a stated period, a member of the Legislature.
87. Difficulties of proposal that Ministers should be elected members of Legislature.—Indian opinion appears to attach great importance to this qualification as securing in the most effective manner control by the Legislature over the executive. It is unknown to the law of the United Kingdom; but it has long been the rule in this country that a Minister must either find a seat within a reasonable time or resign his appointment, unless the Prime Minister should see fit to recommend him for a peerage; so that the qualification exists in practice, if not in law, though during the war there were instances of Ministers who had a seat in neither House. On the other hand we were impressed by the argument that at least in some Provinces the Governor might find it difficult to constitute an efficient Ministry from the members of a small and inexperienced Legislature; and it is no doubt true that in India, owing to the very small proportion which the educated classes bear to the total population, there is no certainty that in the smaller Provinces the Legislatures will always contain men fit or experienced enough to assume the heavy responsibilities which Provincial autonomy under the new order must necessarily involve. It was, therefore, suggested to us that the Governor ought not to be thus restricted in his choice, and that he ought to be in a position, if the need should arise, to select a Minister or Ministers from persons otherwise qualified for appointment but to whom the doubtful pleasures of electioneering might make no appeal.
88. Suggested methods for meeting difficulty.—We have considered various suggestions to meet this difficulty: (1) that the Governor should be empowered, if he thought fit, to appoint a Minister from outside the Legislature, the Minister so appointed having precisely the same status as other Ministers and sharing their policy and political fortunes, with the right to take part in all proceedings of the Legislature, though not entitled to vote; (2) that in addition to the elected members, there should be one or two members nominated by the Governor, who would be eligible for appointment as Ministers, though not necessarily so appointed; (3) that the Governor should be empowered, if he desired to have an outside Minister, to nominate the person whom he selected as a member ad hoc of the Legislature; and (4) that the Ministers themselves should be empowered, if so requested by the Governor, to co-opt someone from outside and present him to the Governor for appointment. We can see no advantage, and many disadvantages, in the second and third of these suggestions, and the fourth is open to the grave objection that it would infringe upon the Governor's prerogative. The only plan, therefore, which, in our opinion, merits consideration is the first. We have, however, come to the conclusion that such advantages as might be anticipated from a provision in the Constitution Act enabling the Governor to appoint to his Ministry one or more persons who are not members of the Legislature would weigh little in the balance against the dislike and suspicion with which such a provision would undoubtedly be viewed with almost universally in India — a dislike and suspicion so strong that we think it unlikely that any Governor would, in fact, find it possible to exercise such a power. We recommend, therefore, that the proposal in the White Paper to which we have alluded45 should remain unchanged.”
reply to argument under article 361 submitted by
mr F.S Nariman, Senior Advocate
1. (a) The contention that the Governor is not answerable in any court for his actions is correct. But it does not follow that his actions cannot be tested in a court of law: second proviso to Article 361.
(b) Kihoto case (Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillhu),1992 Supp ( 2) SCC 651cited by counsel for Respondent 2 itself answers the argument raised that there can be no judicial review of discretion of the Governor because of a finality clause inArticle 163(2) of the Constitution.See Justice Venkatachaliah's judgment in Kihoto on how such a finality is to be read 1992 Supp ( 2) SCC 651at p. 711; the minority judgment in fact struck down clause 7 of the Ninth Schedule1992 Supp ( 2) SCC 651at pp. 741-43.
2. Whilst it is true that a writ of quo warranto is addressed to the appointee, and not to the appointor, the State Government in the present case has actually supported the action of the Governor as constitutional (para 3 of the counter), and arguments that the Governor has no adjudication machinery at hand are all irrelevant on the facts of this case.
3. In the present case, the State Government has taken a positive stand on merits viz.
(a) that the Governor had “considered all legal aspects and satisfied (herself) that the third respondent is qualified to become the Chief Minister of the State” (para 7 of the counter); and
(b) that there is no violation of law in the Governor appointing the third respondent as the Chief Minister (paras 16 and 18 of the counter).
4. It is settled law that although the Governor is not answerable to any court for any act done in purported exercise of his powers and functions, this does not restrict the right of any person to bring appropriate proceedings against the Government of the State to have such acts declared unconstitutional.
propositions on behalf of the second respondent, ms jayram jayalalitha by mr k.k venugopal, senior advocate
I. In a conviction covered bySection 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951the nature and character of offence are not relevant and it is the sentence alone which is relevant, as a result of which the stay or suspension of the sentence amounts to suspension of the disqualification.
II. Additionally, the requirement of Section 8(3) that the person should be convicted and sentenced are conjunctive as a result of which by suspending the sentence the cumulative requirement of Section 8(3) no more operates.
III. The presumption of innocence continues until the final judgment affirming the conviction is passed and as a result, as of today, no disqualification operates against this respondent.
IV. The principle underlying Section 8(4) has to be extended to an Article 164(4) Minister, or a candidate for election, as otherwise Article 14 would stand violated as the presumption of innocence will apply to a sitting member till the conviction is finally affirmed, but in the case of an Article 164(4) Minister, or a candidate, the disqualification will operate on conviction by the court of first instance itself.
V. If the date of final affirmation of the conviction is not taken as the date of disqualification, then Article 14 will stand violated as the period of disqualification in the case of the more serious offences under Section 8(1) will be a maximum of six years, while in the cases covered bySection 8(2) and Section 8(3)the entire period of incarceration plus a further period of six years thereafter would operate as the period of disqualification.
VI. While qualifications and disqualifications are prescribed for a candidate or a member of the Legislature and machinery is provided for the adjudication thereof, the absence of the prescription of any qualification or disqualification for an Article 164(4) Minister and for adjudication thereof, would mean that a Governor has to accept the will of the people in selecting a Chief Minister or Minister, the only consideration being whether the political parties and its leader commands a majority in the House and can provide a stable Government.
VII. In the case of an Article 164(4) Minister/Chief Minister the people who are the ultimate sovereign express their will through their elected representatives so that for a period of six months a “locus poenitentiae” operates as an exception, as a result of which for that period the people's will prevails in a true parliamentary democracy, especially as no provision is made for adjudicating the alleged disqualifications like holding of an office of profit or a subsisting contract for supply of goods or execution of works.
VIII. In other words, in this area of constitutional governance, for the limited period of six months, it would not be open to the court to import qualifications and disqualifications for a Minister qua Minister, when none exists in Article 164(4).
IX. The Governor not being armed with the machinery for adjudicating qualifications or disqualifications e.g on the existence of subsisting contracts or holding of offices of profit and having no power to summon witnesses, or to administer oath or to summon documents and deliver a reasoned judgment, the appointment made on the basis of the conventions of the Constitution cannot be challenged by quo warranto so that an appointment validly made cannot be rendered one without the authority of law. In doing so the court will be entering into the political thicket.
further propositions on behalf of the second respondent
I. A disqualification is in the nature of a penalty and has to be expressly found engrafted in the Constitution or the law in regard to that person or that situation.
II. The Constitution prescribes disqualifications for a member of the House and for a candidate contesting election to Parliament or the Legislature, but does not prescribe disqualifications for a Minister qua Minister, so that a non-member can be a Minister for the limited period of six months, without being subject to any adjudication of alleged disqualifications.
III. The constitutional provision would be clear by examining the provisions regarding the Governor, who though part of the House, is not subject to disqualifications of a member as in the case of a non-member Minister so that no quo warranto would lie against a Governor by reason of any disqualification relating to a member.
IV. The absence of a machinery for adjudicating any disqualification in regard to a non-member Minister or the Governor would establish that no such disqualification exists.
V. If a member's disqualifications were to be read into the appointment of a non-member Minister under Article 164(4), then the Governor or the President should be competent to adjudicate on each one of the disqualifications inArticles 102/191 read with Sections 8 to 11(a) of the RP Actor none at all. The Constitution does not make any difference between alleged ex facie disqualifications and the rest.
VI. If so the President and the Governor, in the case of a non-member Minister, would have to convert themselves into quasi-judicial authorities, and if necessary, record evidence and deliver a reasoned order and in the result expose themselves and their orders to judicial review, a matter not contemplated byArticle 361 of the Constitutionor the other provisions thereof.
VII. The only valid and reasonable conclusion to be drawn is that the Constitution does not contemplate the scrutiny of the credentials of a non-member Prime Minister, Chief Minister, Minister, as in constitutional theory it is the House, consisting of the majority thereof, which proposes him for this transient, temporary and limited period of 6 months, and it is the House alone which can remove him.
VIII. In any event, no judicial review of the Governor's appointment under Article 164(4) is open, without calling for the Governor's files, for ascertaining the basis on which the appointment was made in the background of the alleged disqualification.
a submission in regard to issues which may arise for the consideration of the court — for respondent 2
I. The Governor/President can appoint only a person to be a Minister/Chief Minister/Prime Minister who is eligible to be elected.
1. There should be a possibility of such eligibility arising by the end of the period of six months, even ifArticle 75(4) and Article 164(4)are read as requiring such eligibility.
2. In the present case a Governor was entitled to proceed on the basis that the appeals having been directed, in October 2000, to be heard within two months, it would always be open to the accused to have the appeal disposed of within the time-limit of six months and, in case of an acquittal, no question of ineligibility to contest elections within the period of six months will arise. The hearing of the appeals had in fact commenced on 27-8-2001 and would have been completed in the normal course, long before the expiry of the period of six months.
3. Even today, with the order of the Supreme Court directing that the appeals should not be heard before 1-10-2001, it is possible to have the appellate judgment sufficiently in advance, for the purpose of being elected before the expiry of six months, of course, on the basis that the Chief Minister will be able to establish her innocence in the appeal.
II. Even if the Governor/President has immunity against his/her decision to appoint a Minister/Chief Minister/Prime Minister from being called in question, the appointee Minister/Chief Minister/Prime Minister has no such protection.
1. The answer to this can only be that if the Governor has in fact invited the leader of the party, if he be a non-member, to form the Government, it would thereafter not be open to the courts in a quo warranto to decide that the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister is disqualified. In other words, otherwise, this would mean that the Governor/President validly invites, in accordance with conventions, the leader to be a Chief Minister/Prime Minister and the next second, ipso facto, the leader is to vacate his office by reason of the quo warranto.
2. This will also give rise to a precedent where immediately after a leader, who is a non-member, is invited to be the Prime Minister or the Chief Minister, the issue of his qualifications and disqualifications would forthwith become the subject-matter of judicial review by the courts, as a result of which writ petitions would be filed against the Prime Minister's appointment in every court of the country, for alleged absence of qualifications or disqualifications, resulting in destabilising the very functioning of the Prime Minister himself.
3. Additionally, the courts would then be placing themselves in a position of pre-eminence among the three organs of the State, as a result of which, instead of the House deciding whether to remove such a person through a no-confidence or not, the courts will take over the functions, contrary to the will of the House, which would mean the will of the people represented by the majority in the House. The courts will then decide that the Prime Minister should demit office. This will equally apply to the case of the Chief Minister. The court will be entering into the political thicket with the court reserving to itself a power never intended by the Constitution and the exercise of which power could result in instability in the governance of the country.
submissions of mr p.p rao, senior advocate on behalf of the state of tamil nadu
A. Preliminary submissions
I. The writ petitions having not made out any case of violation of a fundamental right, they are not maintainable under Article 32.
NainSukh Das v. State of U.P, 1953 SCR 1184, 1185, 1187-88 (CB).
Sadhu Ram v. Custodian General, ( 1955) 2 SCR 1113, 1114, 1117 (CB).
Bhagwandas v. UOI,AIR 1956 SC 175, 176, para 5 ( CB).
Kasturi & Sons v. N. Salivateeswaran, 1959 SCR 1, 10-11 (CB).
State of J&K v. Mir Gulam Rasul, ( 1961) 3 SCR 969, 972-73 ( CB).
E.P Royappa v. State of T.N, (1974) 4 SCC 3, 384, 385-86 (CB).
II. There cannot be more than one PIL based on the same cause of action and seeking the same relief. The very first writ petition represents the entire public. Consequently all other writ petitions filed in the Supreme Court and in the High Court are liable to be dismissed as not maintainable. The principle contained in Explanation VI to Section 11 CPC is applicable to PIL.
Forward Construction Co. v. Prabhat Mandal, (1986) 1 SCC 100, para 21.
III. The action of the Governor in appointing the unanimously elected leader of the legislature party of AIADMK which commands a majority in the State Assembly as the Chief Minister, in exercise of her discretion, is not unconstitutional and not amenable to judicial review. This is evident from Articles 163 and 361. The framers were of the view that legal sanction would be inadequate and public opinion would be a better sanction. Constituent Assembly Debates, Vol. VII, pp. 1026-37, 1146, 1159-60, 1175-89
(i) Ramamoorthi, In Re,AIR 1953 Mad 94, 95, para 4.
(ii)Mahabir Prasad Sharma v. Prafulla Chandra Ghose, AIR 1969 Cal 198, 208-11, paras 40, 41, 43 and 50.
(iii)R.K Nokulsana Singh v. Rishang Keising, AIR 1981 Gau 47, 49-50, para 6, p. 51, paras 10-11.
(iv)Jogendra Nath Hazarika v. State of Assam, AIR 1982 Gau 25, 29, para 6, p. 32, para 11, p. 33, para 12, p. 34, para 13.
(v)Har Sharan Varma v. Chandra Bhan Gupta,AIR 1962 All 301, 302, paras 1, 2 and 5, 303-04, paras 1-12.
(vi)G. Krishta Goud v. State of A.P, (1976) 1 SCC 157, 160 para 7.
IV. Scope ofArticle 32 read with Article 13(2)being limited to the enforcement of fundamental rights against the State, only the validity of action taken by the State or by the Governor on the advice of the Council of Ministers can be examined, but not the action taken by the Governor in her sole discretion in view of the immunity under Article 361(1). As the order of appointing the Chief Minister was made by the Governor without the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, the Constitution does not expect, much less require, the State Government to defend the action of the Governor. In such cases, where neither the Governor is answerable for the impugned action taken in her sole discretion nor the State Government is answerable, a writ of quo warranto cannot be issued under Article 32.
(i) HEH The Nizam v. State, AIR 1955 Hyd 241, 245-47, paras 12-16.
(ii)Bijayananda v. President of India, AIR 1974 Ori 52 at pp. 61-62, paras 20, 21, 22.
(iii) Pratapsingh R. Rane v. Governor of Goa,AIR 1999 Bom 53, 64, 66, paras 36-47 (already placed by Mr K.K Venugopal).
V. (a) Unless there is a clear infringement of a constitutional or statutory provision, a writ of quo warranto cannot issue either under Article 32 or under Article 226.
(i) Statesman v. H.R Deb, ( 1968) 3 SCR 614, 621mid. pr. (CB).
(ii)A.N Shashtri v. State of Punjab, 1988 Supp SCC 127, 131.
(b) Was there any clear violation of a constitutional or a statutory provision by the Governor? When the Governor made the appointment under Article 164(1), the law was not clear. There is no express provision either in the Constitution or in the Representation of the People Act, 1951 disqualifying a person who suffered conviction for an offence and a sentence of imprisonment of not less than two years, even after the suspension of the sentence by the trial court and by the appellate court later during the pendency of an appeal. There is a conflict of views among the High Courts as to whether suspension of sentence would have the effect of suspension of disqualification underSection 8(3) of the RP Act, 1951or not. The High Courts of Madhya Pradesh, Allahabad, Himachal Pradesh and Bombay took the view that suspension of sentence does not suspend the disqualification. However, the High Court of Madras expressed the contrary view, that if the sentence of imprisonment is suspended, there may not be any disqualification for a person to contest in the election. The Governor of a State cannot disregard the law declared by the High Court of the State till the judgment of the High Court is reversed by a superior court.
(i) Purushottamlal v. V.C Shukla,AIR 1980 MP 188.
(ii) S.N Tripathi v. Dood Nath, 84 ELR 46 (All).
(iii) Vikram Anand v. Rakesh Singha,AIR 1995 HP 130.
(iv)Bhanuhai M. Raval v. UOI,AIR 1991 Bom 91. Followed inAIR 1980 MP 188.
The law declared in the above decisions requires reconsideration.
(v) The judgment dated 11-4-2001 of the Madras High Court in Criminal MPs Nos. 2025 and 2026 of 2001 in Criminal Appeals Nos. 769-72 of 2000 (p. 8 at pp. 17 to 18) of Mr Ashok Desai's compilation (already placed by Mr K.K Venugopal).
VI. In the event of the writ petitions being dismissed as not maintainable, the order of the High Court impugned in SLP (C) No. 11763 of 2001V. Selvaraj v. UOIdismissing WP No. 10570 of 2001 will be liable to be set aside as the High Court proceeded on the assumption that the writ petitions filed in this Hon'ble Court would be decided on merits, and the WP will be liable to be dismissed as not maintainable for the reasons stated in Submissions III and V. above.
B. Submissions on merits
1. Parliamentary democracy is admittedly a basic feature of the Constitution. It is the duty of every functionary under the Constitution including the Governor and the judiciary to give effect to the will of the people as reflected in the election to the Legislative Assembly of a State as far as possible.
2. Once the electorate has given its mandate to a political party and its leader to run the Government of the State for a term of five years, in the absence of any express provision in the Constitution to the contrary, the Governor is bound to call upon the leader of that legislature party to form the Government. Article 164(4) permits appointment of a non-member of the State Legislature to be appointed as Chief Minister, but to continue as the Chief Minister beyond six months, he should become a member of the Legislature before the said period expires. There is no other constitutional limitation.
3. There is no express, unambiguous provision in the Constitution or in the RP Act, 1951 or any decision of the Supreme Court or a High Court declaring that a person convicted of an offence and sentenced to imprisonment for a period of not less than 2 years by the trial court shall not be appointed as the Chief Minister during the pendency of the first appeal. In such a situation, the Governor cannot be expected to take a position of confrontation with the people of the State who voted the ruling party to power and plunge the State into a turmoil. As held inSamsher Singh v. State of Punjab, (1974) 2 SCC 831, 885, para 154 “the head of the State should avoid getting involved in politics”.
4. Conviction of offences under the Prevention of Corruption Act does not per se constitute disqualification. Under theGovernment of India Act, 1935also, the position was no different vide Sections 26 and 69.
5. (i) For a correct interpretation ofSection 8(3) of the RP Act, 1951, it is necessary to consider all the sub-sections of section 8 and section 11. In terms of sub-section (1) conviction for any of the offences specified therein by itself operates as disqualification. Under sub-section (2), mere conviction for the contravention of any of the laws mentioned therein does not ipso facto operate as a disqualification. In addition to conviction there should be sentence of imprisonment for not less than six months to constitute disqualification. Offences under thePrevention of Corruption Actare not considered by Parliament so serious as the offences mentioned in sub-sections (1) and (2). They are not even separately dealt with. They are covered by the residuaryprovision in sub-section (3).For an offence under thePrevention of Corruption Act, both conviction and a sentence of imprisonment for not less than two years together constitute disqualification. Unless both conviction and sentence of not less than 2 years operate simultaneously, there is no disqualification. According to Section 8(3) the disqualification operates from the date of conviction. However, conviction and sentence by the trial court need not take place on the same date. Under CrPC there can be a gap of a few days between the conviction and sentence. Only the appellate court can pass an order of conviction and sentence on the same day invariably. This apart, in the event of either conviction or sentence being suspended there will be no disqualification till the order of suspension is vacated. There is no need to suspend both conviction and sentence to suspend the operation of the disqualification. In other words, the disqualification can only run on two wheels, namely, conviction and sentence of imprisonment of not less than two years. When the sentence is suspended, one wheel gets immobilized. Therefore, the disqualification cannot operate by the force of conviction alone. This interpretation of sub-section (3) will be in harmony with the intention of Parliament clearly expressed in sub-section (4).
(a) Sections 235(2), 248(2) and Section 309(2) third proviso.
(b) 48th Law Commission Report, pp. 16-17.
(c)Santa Singh v. State Of Punjab, ( 1976) 4 SCC 190, 194-197, para 205 (P.N Bhagwati, J.), 199, 200-01, para 14 ( S.M Fazl Ali, J.).
(d) Muniappan v. State of T.N, (1981) 3 SCC 11, pp. 13-14, para 2.
(e)Allauddin Mian v. State of Bihar, ( 1989) 3 SCC 5, 20-21, para 10.
(f)Malkiat Singh v. State of Punjab, ( 1991) 4 SCC 341, 356, para 18.
(g) State of Maharashtra v. Sukhdev Singh, (1992) 3 SCC 700, 748.
(h)Ramdeo Chauhan Alias Raj Nathpetitioner/ v. State Of Assam., ( 2001) 5 SCC 714, 740-41, paras 25-28, pp. 742-43, paras 32 and 33.
(ii) What is implicit in sub-section (3) is made explicit in sub-section (4) by Parliament by providing that a sitting member of the Legislature shall not be subjected to any disqualification under Section 8 till the disposal of his appeal or application for revision by the superior court. Even if the sitting member happens to be a Minister, he does not suffer any disqualification till the appeal or application for revision is disposed of. Could it be the intention of Parliament that a non-member of the Legislature should be subjected to disqualification under Section 8(3) notwithstanding the suspension of his sentence by a competent court during the pendency of his appeal against conviction and sentence while a sitting member is not? The principle of harmonious construction requires that sub-section (3) should be so interpreted so as to be in consonance with sub-section (4). Otherwise it would lead to a serious anomaly inasmuch as a sitting member including a Minister whose continuance as such is more risky and prejudicial to public interest can enjoy his position without any disqualification during the pendency of his appeal or revision, but a non-member politician whose case falls under sub-section (3) has to suffer irreparable damage, for no good reason, which cannot be undone if the appeal is allowed subsequently. Such an unreasonable and unprincipled intention cannot be attributed to Parliament. The real purpose of sub-section (4) is to give a sitting member three months' time to prefer an appeal or revision against the conviction and sentence and to ensure that in the meanwhile the disqualification does not take effect till the disposal of the appeal or revision.
(iii) Rule of law postulates at least one appeal against conviction and sentence. The right of appeal is a basic human right. The Criminal Procedure Code provides for a right of appeal on the assumption that the judgment of the trial court could be erroneous. It is part of the procedure established by law in terms of Article 21. The appeal cannot be rendered infructuous either wholly or partly by making a person suffer irreparable loss due to penal consequences like disqualification during the pendency of his appeal. That would be unreasonable, unjust and unfair.
(i) 14th Report of the Law Commission, Vol. 1, p. 364, para 9 and p. 371, para 16.
(ii) 54th Report of the Law Commission, p. 74, para 1-J. 16-A.
(iii) Article 14(5) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
(iv) M.H Hoscot v. State of Maharashtra, (1978) 3 SCC 544, 551-53 paras 10-13.
(v)A.R Antulay v. R.S Nayak, ( 1988) 2 SCC 602, 56 B-C, 64-C, 69-F, 71 B-E.
(iv) Deprivation of personal liberty can only be in accordance with the procedure established by law(Article 21). As the Criminal Procedure Codeconfers a right of appeal, deprivation can take only after the appellate court has affirmed the conviction and sentence. So long as the sentence remains suspended the convict is free to participate in elections or serve the country as Minister if called upon to shoulder the responsibility.
Articles 21(3) and (6) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
6. The rule of law is a basic feature of the Constitution. It does not permit irreversible penal consequences to flow from a sentence while the appeal is pending. Precisely for this reason there are provisions for bail and suspension of sentence in theCriminal Procedure Code. For this very reason, Section 389 CrPCmandates the trial court to suspend a sentence not exceeding three years. Once the sentence is suspended, the disqualification which arises out of the sentence also stands suspended automatically.
Gudikanti N. v. Public Prosecutor, (1978) 1 SCC 240, 247, para 19.
S.R Bommai v. UOI, ( 1994) 3 SCC1 , 123-24, paras 112-14 and pp. 224-25, para 289.
7. The inability of the courts to effectively enforce the right to speedy trial (which includes appeal) cannot make the appellant in a criminal case suffer any penal consequences before the disposal of his appeal.
AbdulRehman Antulay v. R.S Nayak, (1992) 1 SCC 225, 270, para 86(2).
(1988) 2 SCC 602, 69-70;71-72, 84-85, 88-89.
8. Assuming that conviction and a sentence of not less than two years awarded by the trial court constitutes disqualification, such disqualification will be provisional in character during the pendency of the appeal. So long as the disqualification is provisional or tentative in character and subject to the decision in the pending appeal, the possibility of the person concerned getting rid of the disqualification either on account of acquittal or reduction of sentence by the appellate court within the period of six months stipulated in clause (4) of Article 164 cannot be ruled out. Therefore, such a person can be appointed underArticle 164(1) of the Constitutionas Chief Minister, provided he commands the confidence of the House.
9. In the event of the court declaring the impugned appointment unconstitutional, it will be open to the court to decline to issue a writ of quo warranto for the following reasons:
(i) The writ of quo warranto is discretionary — Halsbury's Laws of England, 4th Edn., Vol. I., at p. 167, para 177.
(ii) “If the irregularity in the appointment of an office held at pleasure could be cured by immediate reappointment, the court in the exercise of its discretion would doubtless refuse the information.”
R. v. Speyer, ( 1916) 1 KB 595, 612-13.
HariShankar Prasad Gupta v. Sukhdeo Prasad, AIR 1954 All 227, paras 4, 15.
P.LLakhanpal v. A.N Ray, AIR 1975 Del 66, 68-71 paras 6-11 (FB).
(iii) The period of six months will expire in about 2 months from now. The appeal filed by Respondent 2 is due to be heard next month and there are three possibilities: acquittal or reduction of sentence to less than two years or affirmation of the conviction and sentence. In the event of her acquittal or reduction of sentence by the appellate court a writ of quo warranto issued in the meantime would become a futile exercise for all practical purposes. Therefore, unsettling the administration of the State all of a sudden and creating a vacuum in the office of Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers by issuing the writ will not be in public interest.
(iv) When the period left for the operation of the impugned order is too short, the court will only declare the law and will not give effect to it in that particular case.
K.N Guruswamy v. State of Mysore, (1955) 1 SCR 305, 312-13.
10. The following are some of the cases in which the Supreme Court declared the law for the future, but declined to grant relief:
(i) Golaknath v. State of Punjab, ( 1967) 2 SCR 762, 805-14 (11Judges).
(ii)Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib, ( 1981) 1 SCR 722, 109-F (CB).
(iii)Ashok Kumar Yadav v. State of Haryana, (1985) 4 SCC 417, 700 (4 Judges).
(iv) Waman Rao v. UOI, (1980) 3 SCC 587, 588 (CB).
(v)Synthetics & Chemicals Ltd. v. State of U.P, (1990) 1 SCC 109, 159, para 89, 28-58 (7 Judges).
concluding submissions of mr p.p rao for the state of tamil nadu
1. Democracy is a basic feature. It functions through political parties and periodic elections which throw leaders acceptable to the people from time to time to govern the States and the Union. Unless it is a constitutional compulsion, ordinarily the verdict of the people shall prevail, in the appointment of a Chief Minister.
2. Public interest lies in respecting people's choice of legislators and their choice of leader. Public interest does not permit destabilization of administration of the State and creating a vacuum of leadership before the final verdict is given in the pending appeals of Respondent 2.
3. As held in Statesman v. H.R Deb, (1968) 3 SCR, pp. 614, 621 (D-F) if there be some doubt about the impugned appointment that is to be resolved in favour of upholding the appointment. Unless there is a clear infringement of the law, a writ of quo warranto will not be issued. There is no clear infringement of law.
4. The writ petitions filed under Article 32 are clearly not maintainable and liable to be dismissed for not making out a case of violation of any fundamental right. Consequently transfer petition of Dr Subramanian Swami is not maintainable. The WP filed by V. Selvaraj in the Madras High Court is also not maintainable as the impugned appointment is not subject to judicial review.
5. The qualifications mentioned in Article 173 and the disqualifications mentioned in Article 191 for membership of the Legislative Assembly are not made applicable to the appointment of a Minister under Article 164(1) read with (4) thereof. Wherever framers of the Constitution intended that these qualifications and disqualifications should apply to a non-member of a Legislature, they have made an express provision to that effect — videArticle 58(1)(c)— one of the qualifications for election as President is that the person concerned is qualified for election as a member of the House of the People andArticle 66(3)(c)which requires a person to be eligible for election as Vice-President to be qualified for election as a member of the Council of States. There is no such prescription in the case of a Minister appointed by virtue of Article 164(4) who can function only for six consecutive months without being a member of the Legislature of a State.
6. Article 164(4) is like a safety valve intended to be invoked in exceptional circumstances and in larger public interest. Such power should remain flexible, as it has been all along.
7. The office of Chief Minister is a high political office as described in the Special Courts Bill, 1978, In re, (1979) 1 SCC 380, 394 — consequently the appointment is a political appointment. In this area the exercise of power is subject only to political sanctions such as the State Legislature consisting of elected representatives of the people and the people themselves. Such appointments involve assessment of political situation requiring an entirely different approach from the one adopted by the courts. There are no judicially manageable standards to enable courts to interfere with such appointments. As rightly pointed out by Dr B.R Ambedkar on the floor of the Constituent Assembly, such matters should be left to the good sense of the Legislatures and the public at large. Public opinion was considered a far better sanction than outside legal sanction. The instant case warrants judicial statesmanship and not judicial interference with the discretion exercised by the Governor in the appointment of the Chief Minister.
8. Section 8(3) of the RP Act can apply only when conviction and sentence are awarded on the same date. In view of the requirement of separate hearing on sentence and power of the court to adjourn the hearing to enable the parties to place materials bearing on sentence, conviction and sentence need not take place on the same date in every case when the trial court disposes of the case. That is possible only at the appellate stage.
9. Assuming that Section 8(3) is susceptible to two interpretations on the question whether the disqualification arises immediately after the judgment of the trial court convicting a person and awarding a sentence of not less than 2 years or when the conviction and sentence has become final, considering the penal nature of the provision the court will prefer that interpretation which is favourable to the convict. The principle of harmonious construction also favours the view that as inSection 8(4), under Section 8(3)also the disqualification does not operate till the conviction and sentence become final on appeal or revision.
10. So far the courts have proceeded on the footing that the exercise of power of a Chief Minister by the Governor is not subject to judicial review. InR.K Jain v. Union Of India., (1993) 4 SCC 119, 161, para 55 the Supreme Court has expressed the same view. If this Constitution Bench is inclined to overrule that view and read the qualifications and disqualifications prescribed for a member into Article 164(4) for the first time, it would be an eminently fit case for declaring the law for future operation without affecting the appointment in question.
11. The writ petitions and the SLP are premature as the appeals of Respondent 2 are due to be heard next month and there is every possibility of the judgment in the appeals being pronounced before the expiry of 6 months from the date of the impugned appointment and in the event of the verdict of the appellate court erasing the alleged disqualification from the inception, any judgment pronounced by this Hon'ble Court in the present proceedings in the meanwhile would become a futile exercise and in the event of the petition being allowed it is likely to have an unsettling effect on the administration as political stability is necessary for effective governance.
The Judgments of the Court were delivered by
S.P Bharucha, J.— (for himself, Y.K Sabharwal and Ruma Pal, JJ.)— Leave granted.
2. A question of great constitutional importance arises in these matters, namely, whether a person who has been convicted of a criminal offence and whose conviction has not been suspended pending appeal can be sworn in and can continue to function as the Chief Minister of a State.
3. The second respondent, Ms J. Jayalalitha, was the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil Nadu between 1991 and 1996. In respect of that tenure in office she was (in CCs Nos. 4 and 13 of 1997) convicted for offences punishable underSection 120-B of the Indian Penal Code read with Sections 13(1)(c), 13(1)(d) and 13(2) of thePrevention of Corruption Act, 1988and for the offence underSection 409 of the Indian Penal Code.She was sentenced to undergo 3 years' rigorous imprisonment and pay a fine of Rs 10,000 in the first case and to undergo 2 years' rigorous imprisonment and pay a fine of Rs 5000 in the second case.
4. The fine that was imposed in both cases was paid.
5. The second respondent preferred appeals against her conviction before the High Court at Madras. The appeals are pending. On applications filed by her in the two appeals, the High Court, by an order dated 3-11-2000, suspended the sentences of imprisonment underSection 389(3) of the Code of Criminal Procedureand directed the release of Respondent 2 on bail on the terms and conditions specified in that order. Thereafter, she filed petitions in the two appeals seeking the stay of the operation of the judgments in the two criminal cases. On 14-4-2001 a learned Single Judge of the High Court at Madras, Mr Justice Malai Subramanium, dismissed these petitions since the convictions were, inter alia, for offences underSections 13(1)(c) and 13(1)(d) of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.These orders were not challenged.
6. In April 2001 the second respondent filed nomination papers for four constituencies in respect of the general election to be held to the Tamil Nadu Assembly. On 24-4-2001 three nomination papers were rejected on account of her disqualification underSection 8(3) of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, by reason of her conviction and sentence in the two criminal cases. The fourth nomination paper was rejected for the reason that she had filed her nomination for more than two seats. The correctness of the orders of rejection was not called in question.
7. On 13-5-2001 the results of the election to the Tamil Nadu Assembly were announced and the AIADMK party, which had projected the second respondent as its Chief Ministerial nominee, won by a large majority. On 14-5-2001, consequent upon the result of the election, AIADMK elected the second respondent as its leader.
8. On 14-5-2001 the second respondent was sworn in as the Chief Minister of the State of Tamil Nadu.
9. These writ petitions and appeal contend that the second respondent could not in law have been sworn in as the Chief Minister and cannot continue to function as such. They seek directions in the nature of quo warranto against her.
10. Theprovisions of the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988,that are relevant to the second respondent's conviction and sentence read thus:
“13. Criminal misconduct by a public servant.—(1) A public servant is said to commit the offence of criminal misconduct,—
(c) if he dishonestly or fraudulently misappropriates or otherwise converts for his own use any property entrusted to him or under his control as a public servant or allows any other person so to do; or
(i) by corrupt or illegal means, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or
(ii) by abusing his position as a public servant, obtains for himself or for any other person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage; or
(iii) while holding office as a public servant, obtains for any person any valuable thing or pecuniary advantage without any public interest; or
(2) Any public servant who commits criminal misconduct shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which shall be not less than one year but which may extend to seven years and shall also be liable to fine.”
11. Section 409 of the Indian Penal Code, also relevant to the conviction and sentence, reads thus:
“409. Criminal breach of trust by public servant, or by banker, merchant or agent.—Whoever, being in any manner entrusted with property, or with any dominion over property in his capacity of a public servant or in the way of his business as a banker, merchant, factor, broker, attorney or agent, commits criminal breach of trust in respect of that property, shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.”
12. For the purposes of answering the question formulated earlier, the following provisions of the Constitution of India are most relevant:
“163. (1) There shall be a Council of Ministers with the Chief Minister at the head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions, except insofar as he is by or under this Constitution required to exercise his functions or any of them in his discretion.
164. Other provisions as to Ministers.—(1) The Chief Minister shall be appointed by the Governor and the other Ministers shall be appointed by the Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister, and the Ministers shall hold office during the pleasure of the Governor:
Provided that in the States of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa, there shall be a Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Castes and Backward Classes or any other work.
(2) The Council of Ministers shall be collectively responsible to the Legislative Assembly of the State.
(3) Before a Minister enters upon his office, the Governor shall administer to him the oaths of office and of secrecy according to the forms set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule.
(4) A Minister who for any period of six consecutive months is not a member of the Legislature of the State shall at the expiration of that period cease to be a Minister.
(5) The salaries and allowances of Ministers shall be such as the Legislature of the State may from time to time by law determine and, until the Legislature of the State so determines, shall be as specified in the Second Schedule.
173. Qualification for membership of the State Legislature.—A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature of a State unless he—
(a) is a citizen of India, and makes and subscribes before some person authorised in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule;
(b) is, in the case of a seat in the Legislative Assembly, not less than twenty-five years of age and in the case of a seat in the Legislative Council, not less than thirty years of age; and
(c) possesses such other qualifications as may be prescribed in that behalf by or under any law made by Parliament.
177. Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses.—Every Minister and the Advocate-General for a State shall have the right to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, the Legislative Assembly of the State or, in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, both Houses, and to speak in, and otherwise to take part in the proceedings of, any committee of the Legislature of which he may be named a member, but shall not, by virtue of this article, be entitled to vote.
191. Disqualifications for membership.—(1) A person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a member of the Legislative Assembly or Legislative Council of a State—
(a) if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State specified in the First Schedule, other than an office declared by the Legislature of the State by law not to disqualify its holder;
| https://www.casemine.com/judgement/in/5609ad93e4b0149711411bd1?target=amp_summary |
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The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Giulia Barbareschi
, Catherine Holloway
, Katherine Arnold, Grace Magomere, Wycliffe Ambeyi Wetende, Gabriel Ngare, Joyce Olenja
We present the findings of a case study of mobile technology use by People with Visual Impairment (VIPs) in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi. We used contextual interviews, ethnographic observations and a co-design workshop to explore how VIPs use mobile phones in their daily lives, and how this use influences the social infrastructure of VIPs. Our findings suggest that mobile technology supports and shapes the creation of social infrastructure. However, this is only made possible through the existing support networks of the VIPs, which are mediated through four types of interaction: direct, supported, dependent and restricted.
CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference; 2020
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Abstract
The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Living in an informal settlement with a visual impairment can be very challenging resulting in social exclusion. Mobile phones have been shown to be hugely beneficial to people with sight loss in formal and high-income settings. However, little is known about whether these results hold true for people with visual impairment (VIPs) in informal settlements. We present the findings of a case study of mobile technology use by VIPs in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi. We used contextual interviews, ethnographic observations and a co-design workshop to explore how VIPs use mobile phones in their daily lives, and how this use influences the social infrastructure of VIPs. Our findings suggest that mobile technology supports and shapes the creation of social infrastructure. However, this is only made possible through the existing support networks of the VIPs, which are mediated through four types of interaction: direct, supported, dependent and restricted.
Cite
The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Giulia Barbareschi, Catherine Holloway, Katherine Arnold, Grace Magomere, Wycliffe Ambeyi Wetende, Gabriel Ngare, and Joyce Olenja. 2020. The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/331383...
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The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Type
Editorial
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Culture and Participation
COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment
Ikenna D Ebueny, Emma M Smith,
Catherine Holloway
, Rune Jensen, Lucía D'Arino, Malcolm MacLachlan
Social empathy is ‘the ability to more deeply understand people by perceiving or experiencing their life situations and as a result gain insight into structural inequalities and disparities’. Social empathy comprises three elements: individual empathy, contextual understanding and social responsibility. COVID-19 has created a population-wide experience of exclusion that is only usually experienced by subgroups of the general population. Notably, persons with disability, in their everyday lives, commonly experience many of the phenomena that have only recently been experienced by members of the general population. COVID-19 has conferred new experiential knowledge
on all of us. We have a rare opportunity to understand and better the lives of persons with disabilities for whom some aspects of the COVID- 19 experience are enduring. This allows us greater understanding of the importance of implementing in full a social and human rights model of disability, as outlined in the UNCRPD.
BMJ Global Health; 2020
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Abstract
COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment COVID-19 has conferred new experiential knowledge on society and a rare opportunity to better understand the social model of disability and to improve the lives of persons with disabilities. The COVID-19 experience may offer contextual knowledge of the prepandemic lives of persons with disabilities and foster greater social awareness, responsibility and opportunities for change towards a more inclusive society. Information, family and social relationships, health protection and healthcare, education, transport and employment should be accessible for all groups of the population. The means must be developed and deployed to ensure equity – the deployment of resources so that people with different types of needs have the same opportunities for living good lives in inclusive communities. We have learnt from COVID-19 that inclusive healthcare and universal access should be the new normal, that its provision as a social good is both unifying and empowering for society as a whole.
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COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment
Ebuenyi ID, Smith EM, Holloway C , et al
COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment BMJ Global Health
2020; 5:
e003039.
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COVID-19 as social disability: the opportunity of social empathy for empowerment
Type
Editorial
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Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Social Justice
Developing inclusive and resilient systems: COVID-19 and assistive technology
Emma M. Smith, Malcolm MacLachlan, Ikenna D. Ebuenyi, Catherine Holloway
& Victoria Austin
While the inadequacies of our existing assistive technology systems, policies, and services have been highlighted by the acute and rapidly changing nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, these failures are also present and important during non-crisis times. Each of these actions, taken together, will not only address needs for more robust and resilient systems for future crises, but also the day-to-day needs of all assistive technology users. We have a responsibility as a global community, and within our respective countries, to address these inadequacies now to ensure an inclusive future.
Disability & Society; 2020
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Abstract
Developing inclusive and resilient systems: COVID-19 and assistive technology
Assistive technology is a critical component of maintaining health, wellbeing, and the realization of rights for persons with disabilities. Assistive technologies, and their associated services, are also paramount to ensuring individuals with functional limitations have access to important health and social service information, particularly during a pandemic where they may be at higher risk than the general population. Social isolation and physical distancing have further marginalized many within this population. We have an opportunity to learn from the COVID-19response to develop more inclusive and resilient systems that will serve people with disabilities more effectively in the future. In this Current Issues piece, we present a starting point for discussion, based on our experiences working to promote access to assistive technologies through inclusive and sustainable systems and policies.
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Developing inclusive and resilient systems: COVID-19 and assistive technology
Emma M. Smith, Malcolm MacLachlan, Ikenna D. Ebuenyi, Catherine Holloway & Victoria Austin (2021) Developing inclusive and resilient systems: COVID-19 and assistive technology, Disability & Society, 36:1, 151-154, DOI: 10.1080/09687599.2020.1829558
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Developing inclusive and resilient systems: COVID-19 and assistive technology
Type
Conference Paper
Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez,
Giulia Barbareschi
, Maggie Kate Donovan-Hall, Mohammad Sobuh, Nida' Elayyan, Brenda T Nakandi, Robert Tamale Ssekitoleko, joyce Olenja, Grace Nyachomba Magomere, Sibylle Daymond, Jake Honeywill, Ian Harris, Nancy Mbugua, Laurence Kenney,
Catherine Holloway
80% of people with disabilities worldwide live in low resourced settings, rural areas, informal settlements and in multidimensional poverty. ICT4D leverages technological innovations to deliver programs for international development. But very few do so with a focus on and involving people with disabilities in low resource settings. Also, most studies largely focus on publishing the results of the research with a focus on the positive stories and not the learnings and recommendations regarding research processes.
ASSETS '20: Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility; 2020
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Abstract
Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
80% of people with disabilities worldwide live in low resourced settings, rural areas, informal settlements and in multidimensional poverty. ICT4D leverages technological innovations to deliver programs for international development. But very few do so with a focus on and involving people with disabilities in low resource settings. Also, most studies largely focus on publishing the results of the research with a focus on the positive stories and not the learnings and recommendations regarding research processes. In short, researchers rarely examine what was challenging in the process of collaboration. We present reflections from the field across four studies. Our contributions are: (1) an overview of past work in computing with a focus on disability in low resource settings and (2) learnings and recommendations from four collaborative projects in Uganda, Jordan and Kenya over the last two years, that are relevant for future HCI studies in low resource settings with communities with disabilities. We do this through a lens of Disability Interaction and ICT4D.
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Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez, Giulia Barbareschi, Maggie Kate Donovan-Hall, Mohammad Sobuh, Nida' Elayyan, Brenda T Nakandi, Robert Tamale Ssekitoleko, joyce Olenja, Grace Nyachomba Magomere, Sibylle Daymond, Jake Honeywill, Ian Harris, Nancy Mbugua, Laurence Kenney, and Catherine Holloway. 2020. Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings. In Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 11, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/337362...
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Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Type
Editorial
Research Group
Social Justice
Assistive Technology (AT), for What?
Vicki Austin , Catherine Holloway
This year (2022) has seen the publication of the World’s first Global Report on Assistive Technology (GReAT) [ 1
]. This completes almost a decade of work to ensure assistive technology (AT) access is a core development issue. The lack of access to assistive products (APs), such as wheelchairs, hearing aids, and eyeglasses, as well as less well-referenced products such as incontinence pads, mobile phone applications, or walking sticks, affects as many as 2.5 billion people globally. Furthermore, the provision of APs would reap a 1:9 return on investment [
2
]. This could result in a family in need netting (or living without) over GBP 100,000 in their lifetime [ 2
] or more, if we count dynamic overspills in the economy such as employment of assistive technology services and manufacturing of devices [ 3
].
Societies; 2021
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Abstract
Assistive Technology (AT), for What?
Amartya Sen’s seminal Tanner lecture: Equality of What?
began a contestation on social justice and human wellbeing that saw a new human development paradigm emerge—the capability approach (CA)—which has been influential ever since. Following interviews with leading global assistive technology (AT) stakeholders, and users, this paper takes inspiration from Sen’s core question and posits, AT for what?
arguing that AT should be understood as a mechanism to achieve the things that AT users’ value. Significantly, our research found no commonly agreed operational global framework for (disability) justice within which leading AT stakeholders were operating. Instead, actors were loosely aligned through funding priorities and the CRPD. We suggest that this raises the possibility for (welcome and needed) incoming actors to diverge from efficiently designed collective action, due to perverse incentives enabled by unanchored interventions. The Global Report on Assistive Technology (GReAT) helps, greatly! However, we find there are still vital gaps in coordination; as technology advances, and AT proliferates, no longer can the device-plus-service approach suffice. Rather, those of us interested in human flourishing might explore locating AT access within an operational global framework for disability justice, which recognizes AT as a mechanism to achieve broader aims, linked to people’s capabilities to choose what they can do and be.
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Assistive Technology (AT), for What?
Austin, V.; Holloway, C. Assistive Technology (AT), for What? Societies 2022
, 12
, 169. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc120...
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Assistive Technology (AT), for What?
Type
Workshop
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Disability Interactions
Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolution
Sahan Bulathwela, María Pérez-Ortiz,
Catherine Holloway
, John Shawe-Taylor
This paper starts by synthesising how AI might change how we learn and teach, focusing specifically on the case of personalised learning companions, and then move to discuss some socio-technical features that will be crucial for avoiding the perils of these AI systems worldwide (and perhaps ensuring their success). This paper also discusses the potential of using AI together with free, participatory and democratic resources, such as Wikipedia, Open Educational Resources and open-source tools. We also emphasise the need for collectively designing human-centered, transparent, interactive and collaborative AI-based algorithms that empower and give complete agency to stakeholders, as well as support new emerging pedagogies.
Workshop on Machine Learning for the Developing World (ML4D) at the Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2021; 2021
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Abstract
Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolution
Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Education has been said to have the potential for building more personalised curricula, as well as democratising education worldwide and creating a Renaissance of new ways of teaching and learning. Millions of students are already starting to benefit from the use of these technologies, but millions more around the world are not. If this trend continues, the first delivery of AI in Education could be greater educational inequality, along with a global misallocation of educational resources motivated by the current technological determinism narrative. In this paper, we focus on speculating and posing questions around the future of AI in Education, with the aim of starting the pressing conversation that would set the right foundations for the new generation of education that is permeated by technology. This paper starts by synthesising how AI might change how we learn and teach, focusing specifically on the case of personalised learning companions, and then move to discuss some socio-technical features that will be crucial for avoiding the perils of these AI systems worldwide (and perhaps ensuring their success). This paper also discusses the potential of using AI together with free, participatory and democratic resources, such as Wikipedia, Open Educational Resources and open-source tools. We also emphasise the need for collectively designing human-centered, transparent, interactive and collaborative AI-based algorithms that empower and give complete agency to stakeholders, as well as support new emerging pedagogies. Finally, we ask what would it take for this educational revolution to provide egalitarian and empowering access to education, beyond any political, cultural, language, geographical and learning ability barriers.
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Could AI Democratise Education? Socio-Technical Imaginaries of an EdTech Revolution
Type
Workshop
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Towards Proactive Information Retrieval in Noisy Text with Wikipedia Concepts
Tabish Ahmed, Sahan Bulathwela
The informational needs of people are highly contextual and can depend on many different factors such as their current knowledge state, interests and goals [1, 2, 3]. However, an effective information retrieval companion should minimise the human effort required in i) expressing a human information need and ii) navigating a lengthy result set. Using topical representations of the user history (e.g. [4]) can immensely help formulating zero shot queries and refining short user queries that enable proactive information retrieval (IR). While the world has digital textual information in abundance, it can often be noisy (e.g. extracted through Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR), PDF text extraction etc.), leading to state-of-the-art neural models being highly sensitive to the noise producing sub-optimal results [5]. This demands denoising steps to refine both query and document representation. In this paper, we argue that Wikipedia, an openly available encyclopedia, can be a humanly intuitive knowledge base [6] that has the potential to provide the world view many noisy information Retrieval systems need.
Published at the First Workshop on Proactive and Agent-Supported Information Retrieval at CIKM 2022; 2022
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Abstract
Towards Proactive Information Retrieval in Noisy Text with Wikipedia Concepts
Extracting useful information from the user history to clearly understand informational needs is a crucial feature of a proactive information retrieval system. Regarding understanding information and relevance, Wikipedia can provide the background knowledge that an intelligent system needs. This work explores how exploiting the context of a query using Wikipedia concepts can improve proactive information retrieval on noisy text. We formulate two models that use entity linking to associate Wikipedia topics with the relevance model. Our experiments around a podcast segment retrieval task demonstrate that there is a clear signal of relevance in Wikipedia concepts while a ranking model can improve precision by incorporating them. We also find Wikifying the background context of a query can help disambiguate the meaning of the query, further helping proactive information retrieval.
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Towards Proactive Information Retrieval in Noisy Text with Wikipedia Concepts
Type
Article
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
These tools help visually impaired scientists read data and journals
Alla Katsnelson
This article was featured in Nature and discusses tools that help visually impaired scientists read data and Journals. Innovation Manager, Daniel Hajas, was interviewed as part of this piece and highlights the need for an ecosystem approach, and access to data / visualisations for blind members of the research and science community.
Nature; 2023
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These tools help visually impaired scientists read data and journals
Type
Editorial
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Disability Interactions
The Digital and Assistive Technologies for Ageing initiative: learning from the GATE initiative
Chapal Khasnabis, Catherine Holloway
, Malcolm MacLachlan
We are now in an era of assistive care and assistive living—whereby many people, of all ages, in good health, and those who are more frail, or with cognitive or functional impairments, are using a broad range of technologies to assist and enhance their daily living. Assistive living 1
is becoming an important part of population health and rehabilitation, which can help to maximise an individual's abilities, regardless of age or functional capacity. This encouraging shift in ethos has been strengthened by the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, in which a plethora of digital and remote technologies have been used.
The Lancet; 2020
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The Digital and Assistive Technologies for Ageing initiative: learning from the GATE initiative
Type
Editorial
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Culture and Participation
Research Group
Social Justice
Critical Junctures in Assistive Technology and Disability Inclusion
Dr Maria Kett
, Catherine Holloway
,
Vicki Austin
, Dr Maria Kett
It is clear from the events of the last 18 months that while technology has a huge potential for transforming the way we live and work, the entire ecosystem—from manufacturing to the supply chain—is vulnerable to the vagaries of that ecosystem, as well as having the potential to exacerbate new and existing inequalities [ 1
]. Nowhere has this been more apparent than in the lives of people with disabilities, who make up around 15% of the world’s population and already face barriers to accessing education, employment, healthcare and other services [ 2
]. Some of these barriers are a result of unequal access and opportunities. However, there is a growing movement to better understand how assistive technology systems and services can be designed to enable more robust and equitable access for all. As part of this growing movement, the Paralympic Games in Tokyo this autumn saw the launch of a new global campaign to transform the lives of the world’s 1.2 bn persons with disabilities: the ‘WeThe15’ campaign reached more than 4.5 billion people through its marketing and stands ready to be the biggest of its kind in history. Next year, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), AT scale and GDI Hub will publish the first World Report on Access to Assistive Technology, which will include research from the £20 million, UK Aid funded, GDI Hub-led, programme, AT2030. Ahead of that, in this Special Issue, we focus on how some events and situations—as diverse as the coronavirus pandemic and the Paralympics—can act as ‘critical junctures’ that can enable a rethink of the status quo to facilitate and promote change.
Sustainability; 2021
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Critical Junctures in Assistive Technology and Disability Inclusion
Kett, M.; Holloway, C.; Austin, V. Critical Junctures in Assistive Technology and Disability Inclusion. Sustainability 2021
, 13
, 12744. https://doi.org/10.3390/su1322...
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Critical Junctures in Assistive Technology and Disability Inclusion
Type
Editorial
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Disability Interactions
Introduction to the companion papers to the global report on assistive technology
Johan Borg, Wei Zhang, Emma M. Smith, Cathy Holloway
GReAT, but do we care?
If accessible, assistive technology would be life changing for a billion people across the world today – and two billion people in 2050 (WHO, 2018
). It would make the difference between independence and dependence, inclusion and exclusion, life and death. It holds the potential to improve and transform health, education, livelihood and social participation; fundamental human rights everyone is entitled to. And if we are lucky to grow old, the chances are that we all would use assistive technology by then. But do we care?
Assistive Technology, The Official Journal of RESNA; 2021
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Introduction to the companion papers to the global report on assistive technology
Johan Borg, Wei Zhang, Emma M. Smith & Cathy Holloway (2021) Introduction to the companion papers to the global report on assistive technology, Assistive Technology, 33:sup1, 1-2, DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2021.2003658
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Introduction to the companion papers to the global report on assistive technology
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Barbareschi, G
; Daymond, S; Honeywill, J; Singh, A; Noble, D; Mbugua, N; Harris, I; Austin, V
; Holloway, C
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Assistive Technology (AT) as “an umbrella term covering the systems and services related to the delivery of assistive products and services” [6]. This definition highlights how AT encompasses not only the physical and digital products used by millions of persons with disabilities (PWDs) worldwide, but also the systems and services that accompany the provision of these devices [78].
ASSETS '20: The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility.; 2020
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Abstract
Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Innovations in the field of assistive technology are usually evaluated based on practical considerations related to their ability to perform certain functions. However, social and emotional aspects play a huge role in how people with disabilities interact with assistive products and services. Over a five months period, we tested an innovative wheelchair service provision model that leverages 3D printing and Computer Aided Design to provide bespoke wheelchairs in Kenya. The study involved eight expert wheelchair users and five healthcare professionals who routinely provide wheelchair services in their community. Results from the study show that both users and providers attributed great value to both the novel service delivery model and the wheelchairs produced as part of the study. The reasons for their appreciation went far beyond the practical considerations and were rooted in the fact that the service delivery model and the wheelchairs promoted core values of agency, empowerment and self-expression.
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Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Culture and Participation
Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
Nusrat Jahan, Giulia Barbareschi
, Clara Aranda Jan, Charles Musungu Mutuku, Naemur Rahman, Victoria Austin
,
Catherine Holloway
Worldwide it is estimated that there are over a billion people who live with some form of disability [1]
. Approximately 80% of people with disabilities live in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). The combination of an inaccessible environment compounded by socio-economic factors such as poverty and stigma, makes it more likely for people with disabilities to be marginalised and excluded from society [1]
. Assistive Technologies (ATs) are known to bridge the accessibility gaps and allow for greater social inclusion. However, there is a lack of adequate access to ATs in LMICs, combined with often poorly designed services, which only magnifies these challenges, thus limiting the opportunities for persons with disabilities to live an independent life
[2]
. Despite the importance of AT, access to AT globally is inadequate with only 10 percent of those in need having access to the ATs that they need [2]
.
2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference
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Abstract
Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
Globally, mobile technology plays a significant role connecting and supporting people with disabilities. However, there has been limited research focused on understanding the impact of mobile technology in the lives of persons with disabilities in low or middle- income countries. This paper presents the findings of a participatory photovoice study looking at the role that mobile phones play in the daily lives of 16 persons with disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh. Participants used a combination of pictures and voice recordings to capture their own stories and illustrate the impact that mobile phone use has on their lives. Through thematic analysis, we categorized the benefits of mobile phones captured by participants as 1) Improved social connection; 2) Increased independence and 3) Access to opportunities. While mobile phones are ubiquitously used for communication, for persons with disabilities they become essential assistive technologies that bridge barriers to opportunities which are not accessible otherwise. Our paper adds evidence to the need for mobile phones for persons with disabilities to enable communication and connectivity in support of development.
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Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
N. Jahan et al
., "Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh," 2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)
, Seattle, WA, USA, 2020, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/GHTC46280.2020.9342934.
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Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Local Productions
A Preliminary Study to Understand How Mainstream Accessibility and Digital Assistive Technologies Reaches People in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
Tigmanshu Bhatnagar
, George Torrens, Ben Oldfrey, Priya Morjaria
Felipe Ramos Barajas
, Katherine Perry
and Catherine Holloway
Access to information on digital platforms not only facilitates education, employment, entertainment, social interaction but also facilitates critical governmental services, ecommerce, healthcare services and entrepreneurship [1]. Article 9 of United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) enforces its signatories to commit to provide full accessibility to every citizen of the nation [2]. This has helped to spearhead accessibility directives such as the European Accessibility Act [3] that aims to improve the functioning of markets for accessible products and services. Such directives contribute to ensure that mainstream digital technologies (smartphones, computers etc.) are accessible for everyone and without being socially remarkable, they are able to assist in daily living. Additionally, there is evidence that improving access in mainstream technologies improves product experience and usability for everyone [4]. However, mainstream access has not been fully realized, leading to inferior opportunities for people with disabilities, a disparity which is more prominent in lower and middle-income countries [5].
RESNA Annual Conference; 2021
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A Preliminary Study to Understand How Mainstream Accessibility and Digital Assistive Technologies Reaches People in Lower- and Middle-Income Countries
Type
Working Paper
Themes
Culture and Participation
Research Group
Disability Interactions
Barriers to Access and Retain Formal Employment for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh and Kenya
Nusrat Jahan and Catherine Holloway
This working paper was developed to support the development of challenge statements for a GDI Hub innovation challenge fund call related to improving access to and retention of employment for persons with disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh and is written by GDI Hub's Nusrat Jahan and
Professor Catherine Holloway
.
The issue of disability and employment has taken centre stage on the global arena in part because it is recognised across several areas of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, in which confrontation of extreme poverty in its many manifestations is the number one goal [2]. The World Health Organization (2011) reports about 15 percent of the world’s population has a disability [1]. In developing countries, 80 to 90 percent of people with disabilities of working age are unemployed.
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Abstract
Barriers to Access and Retain Formal Employment for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh and Kenya
Globally persons with disabilities have lower employment rates compared to the general population due to systemic barriers particularly in the formal sector. In developing countries, 80 percent to 90 percent of people with disabilities of working age are unemployed. There has been limited research in low-income and middle-income countries focused on the barriers to access and retain formal employment for persons with disabilities. The aim of this paper, based on desk research, is to analyse the barriers to access and retain formal employment of persons with disabilities which are framed in three categories according to where the barriers primarily manifest: 1. In the workplace among employers and co-workers without disabilities, 2. Among persons with disabilities seeking or engaged in formal employment and 3. In the wider social, physical and policy environment. Although the study mainly focuses on Kenya and Bangladesh other countries’ literature on access to and retention of employment of persons with disabilities were reviewed where relevant. In the current context where the global pandemic is breaking barriers to remote working one part of the solution will be to empower persons with disabilities with appropriate access to Information and Communication Technology, assistive devices and services, digital skills, creating more accessible and inclusive digital platforms for persons with disabilities which also hold the potential to improve working conditions and productivity for the whole workforce as well as enhancing resilience to potential future shocks.
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Barriers to Access and Retain Formal Employment for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh and Kenya
Jahan & Holloway, 2020, Barriers to Access and Retain Formal Employment for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh and Kenya, GDI Hub Working Paper Series Issue 01
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Barriers to Access and Retain Formal Employment for Persons with Disabilities in Bangladesh and Kenya
Type
Workshop
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Culture and Participation
Rethinking the Senses: A Workshop on Multisensory Embodied Experiences and Disability Interactions
Maryam Bandukda
, Aneesha Singh,
Catherine Holloway,
Nadia Berthouze, Emeline Brulé, Ana Tajadura-Jiménez, Oussama Metatla, Ana Javornik, and Anja Thieme
The emerging possibilities of multisensory interactions provide an exciting space for disability and open up opportunities to explore new experiences for perceiving one's own body, it's interactions with the environment and also to explore the environment itself. In addition, dynamic aspects of living with disability, life transitions, including ageing, psychological distress, long-term conditions such as chronic pain and new conditions such as long-COVID further affect people's abilities. Interactions with this diversity of embodiments can be enriched, empowered and augmented through using multisensory and cross-sensory modalities to create more inclusive technologies and experiences. To explore this, in this workshop we will explore three related sub-domains: immersive multi-sensory experiences, embodied experiences, and disability interactions and design.
CHI EA '21: Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Abstract
Rethinking the Senses: A Workshop on Multisensory Embodied Experiences and Disability Interactions
The emerging possibilities of multisensory interactions provide an exciting space for disability and open up opportunities to explore new experiences for perceiving one's own body, it's interactions with the environment and also to explore the environment itself. In addition, dynamic aspects of living with disability, life transitions, including ageing, psychological distress, long-term conditions such as chronic pain and new conditions such as long-COVID further affect people's abilities. Interactions with this diversity of embodiments can be enriched, empowered and augmented through using multisensory and cross-sensory modalities to create more inclusive technologies and experiences. To explore this, in this workshop we will explore three related sub-domains: immersive multi-sensory experiences, embodied experiences, and disability interactions and design. The aim is to better understand how we can re-think the senses in technology design for disability interactions and the dynamic self, constructed through continuously changing sensing capabilities either because of changing ability or because of the empowering technology. This workshop will: (i) bring together HCI researchers from different areas, (ii) discuss tools, frameworks and methods, and (iii) form a multidisciplinary community to build synergies for further collaboration.
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Rethinking the Senses: A Workshop on Multisensory Embodied Experiences and Disability Interactions
Maryam Bandukda, Aneesha Singh, Catherine Holloway, Nadia Berthouze, Emeline Brulé, Ana Tajadura-Jiménez, Oussama Metatla, Ana Javornik, and Anja Thieme. 2021. Rethinking the Senses: A Workshop on Multisensory Embodied Experiences and Disability Interactions. Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 118, 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/341176...
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Rethinking the Senses: A Workshop on Multisensory Embodied Experiences and Disability Interactions
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Opportunities for Supporting Self-efficacy through Orientation and Mobility Training Technologies for Blind and Partially Sighted People
Maryam Bandukda
, Catherine Holloway
, Aneesha Singh, Giulia Barbareschi
, Nadia Berthouze
We conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 BPS people and 8 Mobility and Orientation Trainers (MOT). The interviews were thematically analysed and organised into four overarching themes discussing factors influencing the self-efficacy belief of BPS people: Tools and Strategies for O&M training, Technology Use in O&M Training, Changing Personal and Social Circumstances, and Social Influences. We further highlight opportunities for combinations of multimodal technologies to increase access to and effectiveness of O&M training.
ASSETS '21: Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
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Abstract
Opportunities for Supporting Self-efficacy through Orientation and Mobility Training Technologies for Blind and Partially Sighted People
Orientation and mobility (O&M) training provides essential skills and techniques for safe and independent mobility for blind and partially sighted (BPS) people. The demand for O&M training is increasing as the number of people living with vision impairment increases. Despite the growing portfolio of HCI research on assistive technologies (AT), few studies have examined the experiences of BPS people during O&M training, including the use of technology to aid O&M training. To address this gap, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 20 BPS people and 8 Mobility and Orientation Trainers (MOT). The interviews were thematically analysed and organised into four overarching themes discussing factors influencing the self-efficacy belief of BPS people: Tools and Strategies for O&M training, Technology Use in O&M Training, Changing Personal and Social Circumstances, and Social Influences. We further highlight opportunities for combinations of multimodal technologies to increase access to and effectiveness of O&M training.
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Opportunities for Supporting Self-efficacy through Orientation and Mobility Training Technologies for Blind and Partially Sighted People
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT
Giulia Barbareschi
, Norah Shitawa Kopi,
Ben Oldfrey
, Catherine Holloway
In this paper, we examine how young Kenyans without disabilities view people with disabilities and AT users. Findings show that while the portrayal of disability is often shaped by negative emotion, participants felt that many of the barriers affecting people with disabilities were created by society. Perceptions of AT differed –devices were not only seen as a mark of disability but also as a sign of access to resources. Therefore, what we see is an emergent picture where social barriers can be reinforced by poverty, and where poverty reinforces social barriers faced by people with disabilities. We conclude that access to appropriate technology alongside societal interventions tackling incorrect beliefs about disability can help to overcome the stigma faced by people with disabilities.
ASSETS '21: Proceedings of the 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
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Abstract
What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT
Most research which investigates stigma towards with people with disabilities and the use of Assistive Technology (AT) are based in the Global North and focus on the experiences of people with disabilities and the consequences that stigma has on choices surrounding AT. However, stigma is a societal construct rooted in the attitude and beliefs that people without disabilities hold on disability and AT. Furthermore, the portrayal of people with disabilities and AT is dependent on the social context. In this paper, we examine how young Kenyans without disabilities view people with disabilities and AT users. Findings show that while the portrayal of disability is often shaped by negative emotion, participants felt that many of the barriers affecting people with disabilities were created by society. Perceptions of AT differed –devices were not only seen as a mark of disability but also as a sign of access to resources. Therefore, what we see is an emergent picture where social barriers can be reinforced by poverty, and where poverty reinforces social barriers faced by people with disabilities. We conclude that access to appropriate technology alongside societal interventions tackling incorrect beliefs about disability can help to overcome the stigma faced by people with disabilities.
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What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT
Giulia Barbareschi, Norah Shitawa Kopi, Ben Oldfrey, and Catherine Holloway. 2021. What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT. In The 23rd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility
( ASSETS '21
). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 18, 1–13. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3441852.3471226
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What difference does tech make? Conceptualizations of Disability and Assistive Technology among Kenyan Youth: Conceptualizations of Disability and AT
Type
Editorial
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
A right to the frivolous? Renegotiating a wellbeing agenda for AT research
Giulia Barbareschi
& Tom Shakespeare
Assistive products (APs) are broadly defined as “
any product (including devices, equipment, instruments, and software), either specially designed and produced or generally available, whose primary purpose is to maintain or improve an individual’s functioning and independence and thereby promote their wellbeing
” (Khasnabis et al., 2015
). Although the concept of wellbeing is extremely slippery and researchers have yet to agree on a single definition for it, as individuals we instinctively develop mental models about what does, and does not, promote our happiness and wellbeing. Considerations about values, wellbeing and happiness are extremely personal and are shaped by a variety of factors ranging from our age and socio-cultural background to our life experiences (Schwartz & Bardi, 2001
).
RESNA
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Abstract
A right to the frivolous? Renegotiating a wellbeing agenda for AT research
Assistive products (APs) are broadly defined as “ any product (including devices, equipment, instruments, and software), either specially designed and produced or generally available, whose primary purpose is to maintain or improve an individual’s functioning and independence and thereby promote their wellbeing
” (Khasnabis et al., 2015
). Although the concept of wellbeing is extremely slippery and researchers have yet to agree on a single definition for it, as individuals we instinctively develop mental models about what does, and does not, promote our happiness and wellbeing. Considerations about values, wellbeing and happiness are extremely personal and are shaped by a variety of factors ranging from our age and socio-cultural background to our life experiences (Schwartz & Bardi, 2001
).
However, when it comes to assistive technology (AT) research, our focus seems to be primarily geared toward values and activities in the domains of education, employment, transport or health, often framed according to an outcome driven perspective that is heavily influenced by what is seen as useful (often what is measurable), vs what is frivolous (less tangible social or emotional aspects).
This disparity parallels the priorities of the disability rights movement and disability studies research that have helped to shape the research agenda around disability and AT. Often influenced by labor movement politics, or feminism, there appears to have been more concern with public and practical aspects of social life as opposed to the more private and sensitive ones (Shakespeare, 2014
). The focus on the public utilitarian function of AT becomes even more evident when we consider AT research carried out in the Global South. In this context the success of an intervention is usually assessed using measures of outcome and impact which can be somehow linked to economic improvement (Alkire, 2016
).
In this editorial, we are not suggesting that enabling people with disabilities to gain a good education, obtain a fulfilling job or be able to vote are not important goals for the APs we develop and research. But are those the only worthwhile goals? Should we not also enquire whether existing and future APs could help people with disabilities to develop meaningful friendships, enjoy fulfilling sex lives with their partners of choice, cook sociable dinners, or engage in their favorite hobbies? Although sporadic publications focus on the role of APs in the context of personal relationships, sexuality, or fun and play for people with disabilities do exist, these are rare, and often framed around utilitarian goals. For example, research around AT and play is largely focused on children and often examined in connection to learning outcomes. Similarly, sex and sexuality are often explored solely in connection to dysfunction, abuse or sexual health (Shakespeare & Richardson, 2018
).
These unbalanced narratives show how the AT research agenda is dictated by a set of universal priorities that are largely focused on global measurable goals that do not necessarily match the everyday values of people with disabilities. We invite researchers and practitioners to consider ways to find a better balance between public and private aspects of life, and between utilitarian and emotional values. Both approaches have a significant impact on the lives of people with disabilities.
Ultimately, as AT researchers we need to actively engage with people with disabilities to uncover their priorities, understand what different people with disabilities most value in life, and identify how current and future APs might help to make a positive impact on wellbeing. Aspects of life such as friendship, socialization, sexuality, love and play might indeed be more frivolous than practical ones such as education, health, employment and civil rights, but they are inherent to our shared humanity and fundamental to our happiness.
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A right to the frivolous? Renegotiating a wellbeing agenda for AT research
Giulia Barbareschi & Tom Shakespeare (2021) A right to the frivolous? Renegotiating a wellbeing agenda for AT research, Assistive Technology, 33:5, 237, DOI: 10.1080/10400435.2021.1984112
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A right to the frivolous? Renegotiating a wellbeing agenda for AT research
Type
Workshop
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Research Group
Disability Interactions
Disability Design and Innovation in Low Resource Settings: Addressing Inequality Through HCI.
Giulia Barbareschi
,
Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez
,
Catherine Holloway
, Swami Manohar Swaminathan, Aditya Vashistha, and Edward Cutrell.
Approximately 15% of the world's population has a disability and 80% live in low resource-settings, often in situations of severe social isolation. Technology is often inaccessible or inappropriately designed, hence unable to fully respond to the needs of people with disabilities living in low resource settings. Also lack of awareness of technology contributes to limited access. This workshop will be a call to arms for researchers in HCI to engage with people with disabilities in low resourced settings to understand their needs and design technology that is both accessible and culturally appropriate.
Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
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Abstract
Disability Design and Innovation in Low Resource Settings: Addressing Inequality Through HCI.
Approximately 15% of the world's population has a disability and 80% live in low resource-settings, often in situations of severe social isolation. Technology is often inaccessible or inappropriately designed, hence unable to fully respond to the needs of people with disabilities living in low resource settings. Also lack of awareness of technology contributes to limited access. This workshop will be a call to arms for researchers in HCI to engage with people with disabilities in low resourced settings to understand their needs and design technology that is both accessible and culturally appropriate. We will achieve this through sharing of research experiences, and exploration of challenges encountered when planning HCI4D studies featuring participants with disabilities. Thanks to the contributions of all attendees, we will build a roadmap to support researchers aiming to leverage post-colonial and participatory approaches for the development of accessible and empowering technology with truly global ambitions.
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Disability Design and Innovation in Low Resource Settings: Addressing Inequality Through HCI.
Giulia Barbareschi, Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez, Catherine Holloway, Swami Manohar Swaminathan, Aditya Vashistha, and Edward Cutrell. 2021. Disability Design and Innovation in Low Resource Settings: Addressing Inequality Through HCI. Extended Abstracts of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 124, 1–5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3411763.3441340
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Disability Design and Innovation in Low Resource Settings: Addressing Inequality Through HCI.
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Inclusive Educational Technology
Transforming a Monolithic Sheet of Nitinol into a Passive Reconfigurable Tactile Pixel Array Display at Braille Resolution
Tigmanshu Bhatnagar
, Nicolai Marquardt, Mark Miodownik,
Catherine Holloway
Shape changing materials create a unique opportunity to design reconfigurable tactile display actuators. In this paper, we present a method that transforms a single thin monolithic sheet of Nitinol into a passive reconfigurable tactile pixel array at Braille resolution. We have designed a 27x27 tactile pixel array in which each pixel can be selectively actuated with an external source of heat. The pixels rise 0.4mm vertically with a peak blocked force of 0.28kg and have an average blocked force of 0.23kg at room temperature. After cooling, the pixels can be mechanically reconfigured back to their flat state for repeatable actuation. We demonstrate this actuator’s interactive capabilities through a novel erasable tactile drawing interface.
IEEE World Haptics Conference; 2021
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Abstract
Transforming a Monolithic Sheet of Nitinol into a Passive Reconfigurable Tactile Pixel Array Display at Braille Resolution
Shape changing materials create a unique opportunity to design reconfigurable tactile display actuators. In this paper, we present a method that transforms a single thin monolithic sheet of Nitinol into a passive reconfigurable tactile pixel array at Braille resolution. We have designed a 27x27 tactile pixel array in which each pixel can be selectively actuated with an external source of heat. The pixels rise 0.4mm vertically with a peak blocked force of 0.28kg and have an average blocked force of 0.23kg at room temperature. After cooling, the pixels can be mechanically reconfigured back to their flat state for repeatable actuation. We demonstrate this actuator’s interactive capabilities through a novel erasable tactile drawing interface.
Cite
Transforming a Monolithic Sheet of Nitinol into a Passive Reconfigurable Tactile Pixel Array Display at Braille Resolution
T. Bhatnagar, N. Marquardt, M. Miodownik and C. Holloway, "Transforming a Monolithic Sheet of Nitinol into a Passive Reconfigurable Tactile Pixel Array Display at Braille Resolution," 2021 IEEE World Haptics Conference (WHC)
, 2021, pp. 409-414, doi: 10.1109/WHC49131.2021.9517239.
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Deidre Brock - Scotland Office debates
Deidre Brock's 3 debates with Scotland Office
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Will the Secretary of State’s colleagues in the House of Lords make the changes he promised us he would make to the Brexit Bill? And will he sit down with the Scottish Government thereafter to discuss what further powers need to be devolved?
David Mundell
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I intend to sit down with the Scottish Government next week to discuss progress on amending clause 11. In relation to further devolution, the Smith Commission determined the nature of the settlement,
to which all parties in the Scottish Parliament signed up. This Government do not support changes to the devolution arrangements, as agreed in the Smith Commission.
--- Later in debate ---
The Prime Minister
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My hon. Friend raises an important point. It has not been easy reducing the deficit in the way we have. We had to deal with the biggest deficit in our peacetime history, which was left to us by the Labour party, but by decisions the Government—
[Interruption.]
Yes, yes. Labour might not like hearing that, but it is what happened. It is by the hard work of the British people and by decisions the Government have taken that we have been able to reduce the deficit. Adding to it an extra £170 billion to meet the ideological desires of the Leader of the Opposition would saddle people up and down this country with higher debt, and ordinary people would pay the price.
Deidre Brock (Edinburgh North and Leith) (SNP)
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-
Q9. Will the Prime Minister instruct the Department for Work and Pensions to release the details of benefits
claimants with disabilities who took their own lives after their claims were turned down or their payments stopped without notice or significantly reduced?
The Prime Minister
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The DWP does not give details of individuals with whom it deals, and that is absolutely right; what it does is ensure we have a welfare system that provides support to those who need it and increasingly encourages those who can to get into the workplace, because we continue to believe that work is the best route out of poverty.
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Public Finances: Scotland
Deidre Brock Excerpts
Wednesday 3rd February 2016
(7 years, 5 months ago)
Commons Chamber
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Deidre Brock (Edinburgh North and Leith) (SNP)
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Like everyone in Scotland, we have an interest in these negotiations. I thank the Leader of the Opposition for bringing this debate to the Chamber, especially in view of the time pressures. It is important to conclude the negotiations quickly. As has been mentioned, the parties standing in the Holyrood elections will want to fashion their manifestos with the extra responsibilities in mind and lay their plans before the Scottish people in good time.
Labour’s leader in Scotland, Kezia Dugdale, has already started with her proposed tax increase, which would mean that basic rate taxpayers would pay 5% more tax than they do now, that being the effect of a 1% rise in the base rate. It is a brave strategy and I am sure we will watch her progress with interest.
We note from the motion that Labour wants all the negotiations out in the open. May I gently remind that party that the Smith commission was not the first to examine Scottish devolution? It followed the Calman commission, which resulted in the 2012 Act, and that followed the constitutional convention of the 1990s. Never were the negotiations over the fiscal model conducted in public. The Treasury statement of funding policy to the devolved Administrations, now in its seventh edition, was presented as a fait accompli. It was never fair to Scotland, and it became a hurdle that the Scottish Government had to clear in trying to deliver for Scotland.
The introduction of local income tax in Scotland was held back as a result of the refusal of the then Chancellor, now in the other place, to amend the funding policy to allow council tax benefit to be applied to a new tax system. Of course, Labour was in government both in London and Edinburgh at the time the funding policy was created, and the negotiations were in private. As we would expect, nothing was made public at that time. At least with the involvement of the SNP Scottish Government, we know that someone in there is standing up for Scotland, and we are hearing at least some of the details.
We understand Labour’s frustration—we all want to know what is going on—but it would be a foolish negotiator who gave away their entire position with the first round of tea. Time is running out, however, and if the deal is not done, the Scottish Government will be left with no choice but to take the issue back to the people. A deal that is not good for Scotland will not be acceptable either to the Scottish Government or to we who sit on these Benches casting a gimlet eye in the UK Government’s direction.
A couple of weeks will determine whether the coming Scottish Parliament election is fought in a spirit of good-spirited competition. The alternative will be a Scottish electorate once more setting their face against a UK Government who have forgotten that governing can be done only by consent. The ideal solution, of course, is independence, but we will have to wait a little while longer for that. In the meantime, we must have a system that can serve Scotland’s people well.
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Scotland Bill
Deidre Brock Excerpts
Monday 9th November 2015
(7 years, 7 months ago)
Commons Chamber
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David Mundell
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My starting point is that I believe that the Scottish Parliament has the capacity to deal with this issue. It is in danger of verging on the patronising to suggest that the Scottish Parliament is not capable of dealing with it. Even though it is an issue of great importance and conscience, I am satisfied that the Scottish Parliament has the capacity to deal with it.
Deidre Brock (Edinburgh North and Leith) (SNP)
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Does the Minister agree that it is extraordinary that, despite all three main parties in Scotland being led by women and the Scottish Parliament having brought in some of the most progressive legislation on equal marriage in the world, the Labour party apparently still feels that Scotland’s people need male-dominated Westminster to protect women’s rights?
David Mundell
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I do not totally agree with that analysis, either. However, I am strongly of the view that there is no constitutional reason not to devolve abortion. The Scottish Parliament has responsibility for most aspects of the NHS and the criminal justice system.
--- Later in debate ---
Yvette Cooper
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I want to comment briefly on the proposal to devolve abortion law to the Scottish Parliament.
Since 1967, a framework has allowed women to make personal decisions with their doctors. Those decisions are often very difficult, but they should rightly be made by women. I fear that new clause 15, which is being rushed through without proper consultation, will allow the existence of different frameworks in Scotland and in England and Wales. We know that when similar arrangements have operated in Ireland, and also in parts of the United States, many women who may be very vulnerable have often had to travel in order to gain access to the abortion services, advice or healthcare that they need. We do not think it right for women in those circumstances to have to travel far from home and family to secure the services and support that they need, but new clause 15 would allow that to happen.
The new clause also opens the door for deliberate campaigning against a fragmented system. In the United States, anti-abortion campaigners have deliberately targeted individual states and legislatures, and, having failed to
change abortion law at federal level, have been able to do so at state level. In fact, they have introduced 200 changes and restrictions on women’s access to abortion over just three years.
Deidre Brock
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I think it is a very sad reflection of Labour Members’ mistrust in their party that they do not trust Kezia Dugdale and her colleagues in the Scottish Parliament with any action that might require some thought and care. Why have Labour Members in Westminster such low opinions of their Scottish colleagues?
Yvette Cooper
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I think that, sadly, the hon. Lady is missing the point completely. The issue is whether there are to be different frameworks, and whether women will be expected to travel because the jurisdictions are different.
We know that there is a significant chance that the anti-abortion campaigners will campaign in this instance, because we know that they already want to do so.
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Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines – topic of research paper in Biological sciences. Download scholarly article PDF and read for free on CyberLeninka open science hub.
Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines Academic research paper on " Biological sciences "
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Academic journal
BioMed Research International
2014
OECD Field of science
Biological sciences
Keywords
{""}
Article preview DOI: 10.1155/2014/787034
Academic research paper on topic "Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines"
Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2014, Article ID 787034, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787034
Research Article
Cross-Comparison of Leaching Strains Isolated from Two Different Regions: Chambishi and Dexing Copper Mines
Baba Ngom,1,2 Yili Liang,1,2 and Xueduan Liu1,2
1 School of Minerals Processing and Bioengineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
2 Key Laboratory of Biohydrometallurgy, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410083, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Xueduan Liu; [email protected]
Received 28 April 2014; Revised 23 July 2014; Accepted 12 August 2014; Published 16 November 2014
Academic Editor: Paula Loureiro Paulo
Copyright © 2014 Baba Ngom et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
A cross-comparison of six strains isolated from two different regions, Chambishi copper mine (Zambia, Africa) and Dexing copper mine (China, Asia), was conducted to study the leaching efficiency of low grade copper ores. The strains belong to the three major species often encountered in bioleaching of copper sulfide ores under mesophilic conditions: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and Leptospirillum ferriphilum. Prior to their study in bioleaching, the different strains were characterized and compared at physiological level. The results revealed that, except for copper tolerance, strains within species presented almost similar physiological traits with slight advantages of Chambishi strains. However, in terms of leaching efficiency, native strains always achieved higher cell density and greater iron and copper extraction rates than the foreign microorganisms. In addition, microbial community analysis revealed that the different mixed cultures shared almost the same profile, and At. ferrooxidans strains always outcompeted the other strains.
1. Introduction
Bioleaching is the extraction of specific metals such as gold and copper from their ores through the exploitation of the oxidative activity of some microbial species, mainly sulfur and iron oxidizers [1]. Most of these ores are mineral sulfides categorized into "acid-soluble" and "acid-insoluble" metal sulfides. These two types of minerals are dissolved through two different pathways: thiosulfate pathway for acid-insoluble minerals and polysulfide pathway for acid-soluble metal sulfide ores [2, 3]. For both cases, leaching microbes provide the main leaching agents which consist of ferric iron and proton H+ [4, 5]. Over the last decades, a lot of work has been conducted on leaching microbes, and the descriptions of most of known microorganisms involved in biohydrometallurgy are well documented [4]. Several recent reviews have given a broad view of the microbial diversity within mining biotopes [6-8]. Even though huge efforts have been made on understanding such microorganisms, finding the suitable microorganisms or microbial combination, which may perform a high leaching efficiency and work under extreme environmental conditions, remains a huge challenge [9]. The
efficiency is rather a result of the interaction of different microorganisms with different physiology than the action of a single microorganism [9]. However, physiological traits are not cumulative, and a microbial community composed of microorganisms with the most interesting physiological traits would not necessarily perform the best leaching efficiency in a given mineral ore [10]. Foreign strains such as commercially available microbial reference strains often prove ineffective for the leaching of new metal sulfides ores, due to their difficulty to adapt to and survive on the sulfides and other minerals present in an ore [11]. Therefore, more robust microbes and microbial combinations are being sought to enhance the bioleaching of these minerals. The use of native microbes, acclimatized to a given sulfide ore through many generations, may be one option for increasing viability and improving metal extraction efficiency. So this study aimed at investigating the leaching efficiency of native and foreign leaching microorganisms for the bioleaching of low grade copper ores.
For the purpose of this study, we compared some bacteria isolated from the Chambishi copper mine in Chambishi
BioMed Research International Table 1: Chemical and copper mineral composition (% wt/wt) of Chambishi and Dexing minerals samples.
Components Chambishi Dexing Copper minerals Chambishi Dexing
Cu 0.221 0.591 Free copper oxide 0.16 0.03
Fe 1.991 6.612 Combined copper oxide 0.032 0.011
S 0.224 2.563 Secondary copper sulfide 0.021 0.08
As, Cd, Ni, Pb <0.01 ~0.01 Primary copper sulfide 0.008 0.47
Total copper 0.221 0.591
(Zambia) with those isolated from the Dexing copper mine (China). The strains we isolated belong to three major species commonly encountered in copper heap leaching operations: Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (an iron- and sulfur-oxidizing bacterium), Leptospirillum ferriphilum (a bacterium that only oxidizes iron), and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (a bacterium that only oxidizes reduced forms of sulfur). These three leaching bacteria have been reported to carry on various interactions (competition, synergism, and mutualism) in bioleaching systems and environment, and the strength of these interactions strongly impacts the global leaching efficiency [12].
This paper extends the study on microbial strains coming from different regions, to compare their physiological characteristics and their leaching efficiencies in their native and foreign ores. It also discusses whether the use of native microbial community is an alternative to overcome the ineffectiveness of available commercial reference strains in the bioleaching of new ores.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Bacterial Strains and Culture Conditions. Three strains including Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans FOX1 (Af FOX1 accession number JF934687), Leptospirillum ferriphilum BN (Lf BN accession number JQ820324), and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans ZMB (At ZMB accession number JQ820325) were isolated from Chambishi copper mine, Zambia. Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans YTW (Af YTW accession number DQ062116), Leptospirillum ferriphilum YTW315 (Lf YTW315 accession number EU733647), and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans (At A02 accession number FJ154540) were isolated from Dexing copper mine, China. Strains were isolated and/or purified by overlay plate (FeSo medium) [13]. The bacteria were cultured in 9K medium containing (NH4)2SO4 3.0 g, KCl 0.1 g, K2HPO4 0.5 g, MgSO47H2O 0.5 g, and Ca(NO3)2 0.01gin 1 liter ofwater for 5 days. For At. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum strains, 9K was supplemented with 4.5% (wt/v) ferrous iron, while for At. thiooxidans 1% (wt/v) of sulfur was added. Growth and activity of the isolates under normal or various stress conditions, which include pH (1.2-3.0), temperature (25-45°C), heavy metals (CuSO4 (15-75 mmolL-1) and Fe2(SO4)3 (100-600 mmol L-1)), and organic compounds such as glucose, sucrose, yeast extract, peptone, and tryptone soya broth (0.1-1 gL- ), were examined in 9K medium supplemented with ferrous iron and sulfur.
2.2. Bioleaching Experiments. Low grade copper mineral samples were taken from Chambishi copper mine in Zambia (0.221% Cu) and Dexing copper mine in China (0.591% Cu). The copper moiety of Chambishi mineral sample was mostly composed of free copper oxide (72%), combined copper oxide (15%), and secondary copper sulfide (9.5%) while that of Dexing copper mine was mainly composed of primary copper sulfide (79%) (Table 1). For both mineral samples, the primary and copper sulfides were mainly composed of chalcopyrite and pyrite, respectively.
Bioleaching tests were carried out in 250 mL flasks containing 100 mL 9K medium without ferrous sulfate, under the following conditions: 30°C, initial pH 2.0, and 170 xg. 9K basal salts medium supplemented with 3.0% (wt/v) pulp density was used. The inoculums were prepared by growing the microorganisms for 5 days in 500 mL conical flasks containing 200 mL of 9K medium. For bioleaching with mixed cultures, strains from Chambishi and those from Dexing were equally mixed (same number of cells) to form the Chambishi consortium (ZC) and the Dexing consortium (DC), respectively. In bioleaching, using Dexing ore sample, Dexing strains and Chambishi strains were considered as native and foreign bacteria, respectively, and vice versa for the Chambishi ore. Pure or mixed cultures were inoculated for a final cell density of approximately 106 cells mL-1. Abiotic controls were also designed by replacing the bacterial inoculums by an equal volume of related medium. Aliquots of leachate were regularly taken, and redox potential, pH value, and iron and copper concentrations were analyzed. For the mixed cultures, bacterial compositions were analyzed based on quantitative PCR methods at the middle and the end of the experiment [14]. At the end of the bioleaching experiment, the leaching residues were washed, dried, and subjected to mineral analysis.
2.3. Analytical Methods. Chemical and mineral compositions of the mineral samples and leaching residues were analyzed by ICP-AES (IRIS Advantage 1000) and X-ray diffraction (XRD, D/MAX 2550 VB/PC, Rigaku, Japan), respectively. Ferrous and total iron concentrations in solution were determined by method of dichromate potassium [15] and UV-Vis molecular absorption spectrometry [16], while that of copper was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). Iron and copper extraction rates were calculated as the ratio of total iron and total copper in leaching liquor to total iron and total copper initially present in the 3 g of mineral sample, respectively. The pH value was measured with pH S-3C acid meter, and the redox potential (or Eh)
was determined with a platinum electrode with an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. Free cells in solution were observed and counted under an optical microscope. All the treatments were done in triplicate unless otherwise mentioned specifically, and the mean and standard deviation of the data from the three independent samples are presented.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physiological Properties. Microorganisms used in bioleaching, like any other processes involving living beings, are persistently influenced by environmental, biological, and physicochemical factors, which affect bacterial activities and consequently the yield of metal extraction [17]. So in such work, it is of great importance to study the growth and activity of the isolates under normal or various stress conditions, including pH, temperature, and inhibitory substances such as low molecular weight organic matter and heavy metals.
In terms of energy source, the results revealed that L. ferriphilum strains were only iron-oxidizers and At. thioox-idans strains were only sulfur-oxidizers, while At. ferroox-idans could use both ferrous iron and sulfur. None of them could use organic substrates, but they were differently affected by the presence of carbohydrates, such as glucose, sucrose, yeast extract, peptone, and tryptone soya broth (see Table S1 in Supplementary Material available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787034). For instance, strains of At. ferrooxidans were inhibited by glucose and sucrose but slightly stimulated by peptone and tryptone soya broth at concentration lower than 0.5 gL-1, while those of L. ferriphilum were inhibited by all these carbon substances. Similar results were reported by Patel et al. [18] who reported that At. ferrooxidans SRDSM2 responded to the addition of 0.5 gL- peptone and 1.0 gL- tryptone soya broth (TSB) in the ferrous sulfate tryptone soya broth (ITSB) medium with 35.3% and 29.6% increase in iron oxidation rate (IOR) but decrease in the IOR at higher peptone or tryptone soya broth levels [18]. This was more obvious with strain FOX1 (isolated from Chambishi) which scored an increase of IOR of 8.6% against 2.1% for strain YTW (isolated from Dexing) when 0.5gL-1 TSB was added (see Figure S1 in Supplementary Material). From the obtained results, it is hard to speculate the mechanisms involved in this particular response of At. ferrooxidans strains on peptone and tryptone; however, it might be an interesting future research focus. Nevertheless this result confirms the higher tolerance of At. ferrooxidans species to organic matter and may explain the reason why members of At. ferrooxidans are much easier to grow on agar plate than L. ferriphilum strains [13, 19]. Again, for a given species, strains used the same energy source and responded similarly to the different organic compound; however, there was a slight difference in terms of metabolic activity. Strains isolated from Chambishi were found to have higher growth and iron oxidation rate. For instance, At. ferrooxidans FOX1 (isolated from Chambishi) and At. ferrooxidans YTW (isolated from China) showed an increase in cell density from ~106 to 7.14 x 107 and 5.23
x 107 cells mL 1 (Figures 1(a) and 1(c)) with an iron oxidation rate of 72.6 and 67.1 mgL-1 h-1 (Figures 1(b) and 1(d)) within 5 days in 9K medium containing 4.5% (w/v) of ferrous sulfate, respectively.
The influence of initial pH and temperature on the isolates' growth and metabolic activity was also determined. As can be seen from Figure 1, L. ferriphilum strains presented more interesting characteristics for their use in bioleaching, as they showed higher growth and iron oxidation rate at low pH and high temperature. At pH > 1.6, At. ferrooxidans scored a higher iron oxidation rate, but at pH < 1.6 L. ferriphilum strains were found more efficient (Figure 1(b)). At temperature ranging between 30 and 35°C, At. ferrooxidans and At. thiooxidans presented higher cell density with higher activity, but around 40° C only growth of L. ferriphilum occurred (Figures 1(c) and 1(d)). This is important to be pointed out because these parameters impact not only the growth and activity of leaching bacteria but also the leaching kinetics of sulfide minerals [17]. By hindering ferric ion precipitation within the heap bed, low pH promotes heap permeability and the availability of the ferric ion reagent for the leaching of most sulfide minerals, whereas high temperature increases kinetics of chemical reaction involved in such mineral dissolution [20]. Again, under the same stress of pH and temperature, strains isolated from Chambishi showed higher activity, as noticed in normal condition (Figure 1).
Tolerance to metal ions (specifically ferric and copper ions) is an important factor for a leaching strain to be used in metal extraction and bioextraction of metals from copper mineral sulfide ores, as it results in dissolution of copper and iron as major soluble metals in the leachate; therefore, it was of interest to determine the influence of copper and ferric iron on the growth and activity of the strains. As can be seen from the results shown in Figure 2, Leptospirillum ferriphilum strains, whether they are from Chambishi or Dexing, both showed the highest tolerance to ferric ion. This result is consistent with many reports assuming that members of Leptospirillum ferriphilum species are less sensitive to ferric iron than those of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans, and at high redox potential (due to high ferric/ferrous iron ratio) they outcompete Acidithiobacillus genus [21, 22]. This property allows Leptospirillum sp. to play a pivotal role in mineral sulfide dissolution and specially during the late stage of metal sulfide leaching in which the high concentration of metal ions and Eh hinder the activity of leaching bacteria such as At. ferrooxidans species. In fact, at low temperature (30 to 40°C), Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and Leptospirillum ferriphilum are the main producers of ferric ions (1), which assures the chemical dissolution of metal sulfides (2), where Me represents metal ions:
t . . At. ferrooxidans 2|
4Fe + O2 + 4H+ —--> 4Fe + 2H2O (1)
MeS + Fe2(SO4)3 MeSO4 + 2FeSO4 + So (2)
So, not only do they have to perform a high iron oxidation rate, but they also have to be tolerant to ferric iron. In terms of comparison at origin level, there was not a big difference.
£ с T3
1.2 1.4 1.6 1
Af FOX1 Lf BN At ZMB
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 pH
-B- Af YTW -0- Lf YTW315 -A- At A02
L 50 -
1.2 1.4 1.6
-■- AfFOX1 -•- Lf BN -A- At ZMB Af YTW
2 2.2 pH
Lf YTW315 At A02 -ae- Control
2.6 2.8
£ с T3
2 ff' 0
30 35 40
Temperature (° C)
Af FOX1 -E3- Af YTW
Lf BN -0- Lf YTW315
At ZMB At A02
о 30-
T3 X 20 -
-■- Af FOX1 -•- Lf BN -ä- At ZMB Af YTW
Temperature (°C)
-0- Lf YTW315
At A02 -Ж- Control
Figure 1: Influence of initial pH and temperature on cell growth and iron oxidation rates of the Chambishi strains (solid lines) and Dexing strains (long dash lines). Effect of pH on (a) cell growth and (b) iron oxidation rates of the isolates; effect of temperature on (c) cell growth and (d) iron oxidation rates of the different leaching strains.
For a given species, the strains presented almost the same tolerance to ferric iron, whether they are from Chambishi or Dexing.
Tolerance to copper is an important factor for the use of a strain in copper extraction from copper-bearing minerals, since the copper concentration of the pregnant solution can reach up to 100 mM [23]. Unlike ferric iron, tolerances to copper were slightly different among strains (Figure 2). For At. ferrooxidans strains, YTW (isolated from Dexing) presented a higher copper tolerance than FOX1 (isolated from
Chambishi). In contrast, for L. ferriphilum isolates, that of Chambishi (strain BN) showed a higher copper tolerance than that of Dexing (YTW315). For At. thiooxidans strains, difference was not observed in terms of copper tolerance. Furthermore, unlike ferric ions, the copper resistance was not species-specific.
Basically, all the strains presented interesting properties that can be exploited in bioleaching of mineral sulfides; however, the conditions under which the physiological characterization was carried out were relatively simple and different
12 1 k.
8 -6 -
Af FOX1 Lf BN AtZMB
200 300 400 500 [Fe3+] (mmol L-1)
-B- AfYTW -G- Lf YTW315 -A- At A02
Af FOX1 -•- Lf BN -A- AtZMB Af YTW
[Fe3+] (mmol L-1)
Lf YTW315 At A02
Control
Af FOX1 Lf BN At ZMB
30 45 60
[Cu] (mmol L-1)
Af YTW Lf YTW315 At A02
-■- Af FOX1 -•- Lf BN —A— AtZMB Af YTW
30 45 60
[Cu2+] (mmol L-1)
Lf YTW315 -A- At A02 -X- Control
Figure 2: Influence of ferric iron and copper concentration on the growth and activity of the Chambishi strains (solid lines) and Dexing strains (long dash lines). Effect of ferric iron on (a) the growth and (b) the iron oxidation rates of the different strains; effect of copper on (c) the growth and (d) the iron oxidation rates of the strains.
from the complex conditions of leaching environment. So, a study of the strains in leaching environment would give a better insight into their leaching abilities.
3.2. BioleachingEfficiency. The changes in pH and cell densities over time are shown in Figure 3. During the first 5 days, an increase in pH was observed in leaching liquor of both
Dexing and Chambishi mineral samples; and sulfuric acid was added to maintain the pH at 2.0. This increase in pH is mainly due to the acid consumption by gangue minerals and the biological oxidation of Fe2+ (1) [24]. After this period, a decrease in pH was observed, indicating the production of acids through the biological oxidation of elemental sulfur (3) or the precipitation of ferric ions ((4) and (5)).
Table 2: Copper mineral compositions (% wt/wt) of leaching residues of the Chambishi mineral sample after 30 days of bioleaching using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Copper compounds Af FOX1 Lf BN At ZMB ZC Systems Af YTW Lf YTW315 At A02 DC Control
Free copper oxide 0.01 0.014 0.034 0.003 0.012 0.016 0.035 0.007 0.035
Combined copper oxide 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.009 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.012 0.013
Secondary copper sulfide 0.011 0.012 0.018 0.006 0.013 0.015 0.017 0.011 0.022
Primary copper sulfide 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.007 0.009 0.005 0.009
Total copper 0.04 0.046 0.073 0.024 0.044 0.051 0.075 0.035 0.079
Table 3: Copper mineral compositions (% wt/wt) of leaching residues of the Dexing mineral sample after 30 days of bioleaching using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
Copper compounds Af FOX1 Lf BN At ZMB ZC Systems Af YTW Lf YTW315 At A02 DC Control
Free copper oxide — — — — — — — — —
Combined copper oxide — — — — — — — — —
Secondary copper sulfide 0.041 0.037 0.047 0.023 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.018 0.057
Primary copper sulfide 0.416 0.436 0.453 0.367 0.413 0.427 0.449 0.354 0.463
Total copper_0.457 0.473 0.496 0.389 0.448_0.465_0.490 0.372 0.523
Consider
At. thiooxidans
2So + 3O + 2HO
3Fe3+ + 2SO42- + 6H2O
2H2SO4
Fe3(SO4)2(OH)6 + 6H+
3Fe3+ + 2HSO4- + 6H2O + M+ MFe3(SO4)2(OH)6 + 8H+
where M+ = K+, Na+, or NH4+.
The decrease in pH was noticed in all samples, but it was much more important in systems with mixed culture followed by those with At. ferrooxidans. In fact, At. thiooxidans and, to some extent, At. ferrooxidans are the main producers of acid, through the biooxidation of sulfur (3), in mesophilic condition. So their copresence in mixed culture enhances the production of acid. For the systems with At. thiooxidans, less production of acid can be explained by the absence of sulfur produced through the chemical dissolution of metal sulfides by ferric iron, which cannot be regenerated by At. thiooxidans. In contrast, members of Leptospirillum genus can regenerate ferric iron but cannot oxidize sulfur compound released by mineral sulfide dissolution which explains the slight change in pH observed in systems inoculated with BN and YTW315. The decrease in pH in systems inoculated with Leptospirillum is rather a result of the precipitation of ferric iron ((4) and (5)) than that of sulfur biooxidation (3). In addition, the decrease in pH was much more important with native bacteria than foreign microorganisms, indicating higher activities of indigenous than foreign microbes. These results were also consistent with changes in Eh and cell
densities. For instance, native microorganisms always achieved higher cell densities than foreign microorganisms (Figure 3). This result demonstrates the ease of native bacteria to adapt to their original ores [11].
The iron and copper extraction rates of Dexing and Chambishi samples bioleaching are depicted in Figure 4. As can be seen, the iron and copper extraction rates followed the same trends, and they were consistent with changes in pH and cell densities (Figure 3), assuming that there are several interacting parameters in the bacterial leaching of sulfide minerals. Apart from being the relevant agent for metal sulfides dissolution, iron represents also an indicator for leaching efficiency, since it represents itself a product of most of the metal sulfide dissolutions (pyrite, chalcopyrite, and arsenopyrite). So, a high iron extraction rate leads to and indicates a high metal sulfide dissolution rate and consequently a high copper extraction rate. In other words, the iron and copper extraction rates are strongly correlated. Of course, in metal sulfide under the form of CuxFeySz such as chalcopyrite, this correlation is obvious; but even in metal sulfides in which copper and iron are not combined this correlation stands.
Figure 4 also shows that, for any samples, mixed cultures always performed the highest iron and copper extraction rates. In fact, it is the actions and interactions of different microorganisms with different abilities that provide high leaching efficiency rather than the action of a single microorganism (pure culture) [10]. Each of these three species detains some leaching abilities but not enough to give a high leaching efficiency. These results are in agreement with many reports suggesting that the iron oxidizers (At. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum) combined with sulfur oxidizers (At. thiooxidans and At. caldus) performed better than pure cultures of any of these three bacterial leaching species [25, 26].
16 -, 14 -
L 12" e
= 10-1
8 -6 4 2 -0
Af FOX1 Lf BN AtZMB ZC
10 15 20 25
Bioleaching time (days)
-B- AfYTW
-e- Lf YTW315
-A- At A02
-0- DC
5 10 15 20 25
Bioleaching time (days)
Af FOX1 -B- AfYTW
Lf BN -e- Lf YTW315
At ZMB -A- At A02 ZC DC
3.4 -, 3.2 -
3 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4
-■- Af FOX1
Lf BN -àr- AtZMB ZC
Af YTW
10 15 20
Bioleaching time (days)
-0- Lf YTW315 At A02 DC -tK- Control
1- Af FOX1 »- Lf BN ir AtZMB ZC
Af YTW
10 15 20
Bioleaching time (days)
-e- Lf YTW315 At A02 DC -5K- Control
Figure 3: Changes in cell density and pH during bioleaching of low grade copper ores from Chambishi and Dexing with Chambishi strains (solid lines) and Dexing strains (long dash lines). Evolution of cell densities in pure and mixed cultures during the bioleaching of (a) Chambishi and (b) Dexing samples; changes in pH in pure and mixed cultures during the bioleaching of (c) Chambishi and (d) Dexing mineral samples.
Figure 4 reveals also that iron extraction rate was higher with native microorganisms than foreign strains. The same result was also observed in copper extraction rate, indicating that, for a given bacterial species or bacterial population composition, native microorganisms are always more efficient than foreign bacteria. Obviously, the microorganisms involved for setting in proper physicochemical changes like
Eh, pH, temperature, and concentration of metals and metalloids into the system leading to mineral oxidation and dissolution are of particular significance [27]. However, the type of ores and the ease of the microorganism to adapt to it impact a lot the time that the leaching microorganisms take to create adequate mineral dissolution conditions [11, 27]. In the case of this study, foreign microorganisms were found
-■- Af FOX1 -•- Lf BN -à- At ZMB ZC
-B- Af YTW
10 15 20 25
Bioleaching time (days)
-в- Lf YTW315 -A- At A02 -O- DC -Ж- Control
я 20 -
-■- Af FOX1
Lf BN -àr- At ZMB + ZC
Af YTW
10 15 20
Bioleaching time (days)
-0- Lf YTW315 At A02 DC -Ж- Control
Я 50-
-■- Af FOX1 -•- Lf BN -à- At ZMB -♦- ZC
Af YTW
10 15 20 25
Bioleaching time (days)
-e- Lf YTW315 At A02 DC -ж- Control
Af FOX1 Lf BN At ZMB ZC
Af YTW
10 15 20 25
Bioleaching time (days)
-e- Lf YTW315
-A- At A02
-O- DC
-Ж- Control
Figure 4: Iron and copper extraction rates during bioleaching of low grade copper ores from Chambishi and Dexing with Chambishi strains (solid lines) and Dexing strains (long dash lines). Iron extraction rates of (a) Chambishi and (b) Dexing mineral samples; copper extraction rates of (c) Chambishi and (d) Dexing mineral samples.
to observe a longer lag phase than the native strains and consequently a delay in generating suitable conditions (high Eh and ferric iron concentration and low pH) for metal sulfide dissolution. These results demonstrate that the use of native microbes, even though the recovery of the suitable one is challenging, constitutes an option for increasing viability and improving metal extraction efficiency.
The composition of the copper moiety in the leaching residues of the Chambishi sample is presented in Table 2, while that of the Dexing mineral sample is shown in Table 3. Great changes have been noticed in the three forms of copper (free copper oxides, combined copper oxides, and secondary copper sulfides); however, the primary copper sulfide ratios in the residues were almost similar to those of the mineral
100 -,
ä 60 -
.2 40 -
□ AtZMB H Lf BN
Time (days)
6j Af FOX1
100 90 80
3 40-1
« 3020 10 0
□ AtZMB H Lf BN
Time (days)
Af FOX1
.2 60 ■
■g 40 -
Я 30 -
Time (days)
Q At A02 U Lf YTW315
S 50 -
« 30 -
Time (days)
Q At A02 U Lf YTW315
Af YTW
Figure 5: Changes in bacterial composition in mixed cultures systems. Bacterial composition of Chambishi consortium during the bioleaching of (a) Chambishi and (b) Dexing mineral samples; bacterial composition of Dexing consortium during the bioleaching of (c) Chambishi and (d) Dexing mineral samples.
samples (Tables 1, 2, and 3), suggesting that the latter was not effectively leached. It has been reported that, under mesophilic bioleaching conditions, primary copper sulfides, such as chalcopyrite, are often characterized by the slow dissolution kinetics and incomplete dissolution due to their
refractory character, which is controversially attributed to the occurrence of a passivation layer on the mineral surface by elemental sulfur, ferric precipitates, or intermediate copper polysulfides [20,25]. An effective bioleaching of such mineral sulfide requires high temperature [28] and low pH and
consequently bacteria that can work under such condition (thermophilic or moderately thermophilic microorganisms). Considering the condition (30°C) under which the experiment was carried out, these results make sense; they are even in agreement with the copper extraction rate which revealed that the Chambishi ore sample (mostly composed of copper oxides and secondary copper sulfides) was easier to be leached than the Dexing ore sample (mainly composed of primary copper sulfides) (Figure 4).
3.3. Bacterial Population Analysis. Leaching bacteria do not only live in perfect symbiotic association in leaching environment; they may have a competition between them leading to changes in microbial population composition overtime. Changes in microbial population composition and structure are mainly according to the environmental conditions (pH, temperature, Eh, substrates, and inhibitors) which evolve also according to the microbial community activity. In this study, At. ferrooxidans strains (FOX1 and YTW) were found to be the dominant strains followed by L. ferriphilum strains (BN and YTW315) in all mixed cultures systems (Figure 5). For instance, in the bioleaching of the Chambishi sample with Chambishi strains, the percentage of At. ferrooxidans FOX1 increased from 33% to 47% during the first 15 days and then decreased to 40% on the 30th day. In contrast, that of L. ferriphilum BN decreased slightly during the first 15 days and then increased to ~37% on the 30th day. At. thiooxidans strains represented the lowest percentage. From 33%, their ratios decreased to 21% on the 15th day and remained almost the same (23%) at the end of the experiment. Similar results were also obtained with Dexing strains. These results are consistent with cells density in systems with pure culture, in which those inoculated with At. ferrooxidans strains always showed the highest cell density (Figure 3). Indeed, the condition under which the experiment was carried out is more suitable to At. ferrooxidans growth (compared to L. ferriphilum). Another reason is the versatility of members of this species in terms of substrate, unlike the two other species; members of At. ferrooxidans can use both ferrous ions and sulfur, and then have less susceptibility to encounter nutrient deficiency. In the last 10 days, L. ferriphilum strains tended to outcompete At. ferrooxidans isolates, and this was more obvious with bioleaching of Dexing mineral sample, in which the percentage of L. ferriphilum became almost equal to that of At. ferrooxidans. For instance, in system of the Dexing sample bioleaching with Dexing strains, the ratio of At. ferrooxidans and L. ferriphilum reached 38% and 37%, respectively (Figure 5). This phenomenon can be attributed to the increase in ferric iron [21, 22,29]. Another explanation is the decrease of pH to which At. ferrooxidans is more sensitive than L. ferriphilum [7].
4. Conclusions
Physiological properties and leaching performances of six strains isolated from Chambishi (Chambishi) and Dex-ing (China) copper mines were characterized. The results revealed that, except for copper tolerance, strains within
species presented almost similar physiological traits with slight advantages of Chambishi strains. Despite the slight physiological advantages of the Chambishi strains over the Dexing strains, the latter were more efficient for the bioleach-ing of the Dexing mineral sample, and vice versa. These results confirmed the fact that physiological characteristics are not cumulative, and a microbial community composed of microorganisms with the most interesting physiological traits would not necessarily provide the best leaching efficiency. This study also revealed that native strains were always more effective than foreign microorganisms for the bioleaching of a given ore, suggesting that the use of native microorganisms would be an interesting alternative to overcome the ineffectiveness of available commercial reference strains for the bioleaching of new mineral sulfide ores.
Conflict of Interests
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the High Tech Research and Development Program (863 Program: 2012AA061502) and the National Key Basic Research Program of China (973 Program no. 2010CB630901).
References
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[2] T. Rohwerder and W. Sand, "Mechanisms and biochemical fundamentals of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation," in Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides, pp. 35-38, Springer, 2007.
[3] A. Schippers and W. Sand, "Bacterial leaching of metal sulfides proceeds by two indirect mechanisms via thiosulfate or via polysulfides and sulfur," Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol. 65, no. 1, pp. 319-321,1999.
[4] M. Vera, A. Schippers, and W. Sand, "Progress in bioleach-ing: fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation—part A," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 97, pp. 7529-7541, 2013.
[5] T. Rohwerder, T. Gehrke, K. Kinzler, and W. Sand, "Bioleach-ing review part A: progress in bioleaching: Fundamentals and mechanisms of bacterial metal sulfide oxidation," Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 239-248, 2003.
[6] A. Schippers, "Microorganisms involved in bioleaching and nucleic acid-based molecular methods for their identification and quantification," in Microbial Processing of Metal Sulfides, E. R. Donati and W. Sand, Eds., pp. 3-33, Springer, Houten, The Netherlands, 2007.
[7] P. R. Norris, "Acidophile diversity in mineral sulfide oxidation," in Biomining, D. E. Rawlings and D. B. Johnson, Eds., pp. 199216, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2007.
[8] J. Plumb, R. B. Hawkes, and P. D. Franzmann, "The microbiology of moderately thermophilic and transiently thermophilic ore heaps," in Biomining, D. E. Rawlings and B. Johnson, Eds., pp. 217-235, Springer, Heidelberg, Germany, 2007.
[9] D. E. Rawlings and D. B. Johnson, "The microbiology of biomining: development and optimization of mineral-oxidizing microbial consortia," Microbiology, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 315-324, 2007.
[10] N. Pradhan, K. C. Nathsarma, K. Srinivasa Rao, L. B. Sukla, and B. K. Mishra, "Heap bioleaching of chalcopyrite: a review," Minerals Engineering, vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 355-365, 2008.
[11] S. M. Mousavi, S. Yaghmaei, M. Vossoughi, A. Jafari, R. Roostaazad, and I. Turunen, "Bacterial leaching of low-grade ZnS concentrate using indigenous mesophilic and thermophilic strains," Hydrometallurgy, vol. 85, no. 1, pp. 59-65, 2007.
[12] B. Fu, H. Zhou, R. Zhang, and G. Qiu, "Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by pure and mixed cultures of Acidithiobacillus spp. and Leptospirillum ferriphilum " International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, vol. 62, no. 2, pp. 109-115, 2008.
[13] D. B. Johnson and K. B. Halberg, "Techniques for detecting and identifying acidophilic mineral-oxidizing microorganisms," in Biomining, pp. 237-261, Springer, Berlin, Germany, 2007.
[14] C. Bowei, L. Xingyu, L. Wenyan, and W. Jiankang, "Application of clone library analysis and real-time PCR for comparison of microbial communities in a low-grade copper sulfide ore bioheap leachate," Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol. 36, no. 11, pp. 1409-1416, 2009.
[15] A. Vogel, A Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, ELBS and Longman, London, UK, 3rd edition, 1962.
[16] S. Dobrinas, A. Soceanu, C. B. Gheorghiu, and M. Tanase, Comparative Methods Applied for the Determination of Total Iron, Ovidius University Press, Constanta, Romania, 2010.
[17] T. V. Ojumu and J. Petersen, "The kinetics of ferrous ion oxidation by Leptospirillum ferriphilum in continuous culture: the effect of pH," Hydrometallurgy, vol. 106, no. 1-2, pp. 5-11, 2011.
[18] M. J. Patel, D. R. Tipre, and S. R. Dave, "Isolation, identification, characterization and polymetallic concentrate leaching studies of tryptic soy- and peptone-resistant thermotolerant Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans SRDSM2," Bioresource Technology, vol. 102, no. 2, pp. 1602-1607, 2011.
[19] D. B. Johnson and S. McGinness, "A highly efficient and universal solid medium for growing mesophilic and moderately thermophilic, iron-oxidizing, acidophilic bacteria," Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 113-122,1991.
[20] H.-B. Zhou, W.-M. Zeng, Z.-F. Yang, Y.-J. Xie, and G.-Z. Qiu, "Bioleaching of chalcopyrite concentrate by a moderately thermophilic culture in a stirred tank reactor," Bioresource Technology, vol. 100, no. 2, pp. 515-520, 2009.
[21] M. Boon, J. Heijnen, and G. Hansford, "The mechanism and kinetics of bioleaching sulphide minerals," Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, vol. 19, pp. 107-115,1998.
[22] B. C. Patel, D. R. Tipre, and S. R. Dave, "Development of Lep-tospirillum ferriphilum dominated consortium for ferric iron regeneration and metal bioleaching under extreme stresses," Bioresource Technology, vol. 118, pp. 483-489, 2012.
[23] A. Orell, C. A. Navarro, R. Arancibia, J. C. Mobarec, and C. A. Jerez, "Life in blue: copper resistance mechanisms of bacteria and Archaea used in industrial biomining of minerals," Biotechnology Advances, vol. 28, no. 6, pp. 839-848, 2010.
[24] H. R. Watling, "The bioleaching of sulphide minerals with emphasis on copper sulphides—a review," Hydrometallurgy, vol. 84, no. 1-2, pp. 81-108, 2006.
[25] A. Akcil, H. Ciftci, and H. Deveci, "Role and contribution of pure and mixed cultures of mesophiles in bioleaching of a pyritic chalcopyrite concentrate," Minerals Engineering, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 310-318, 2007.
[26] L.-X. Xia, J.-S. Liu, L. Xiao et al., "Single and cooperative bioleaching of sphalerite by two kinds of bacteria— Acidithiobacillus ferriooxidans and Acidithiobacillus thiooxi-dans " Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 190-195, 2008.
[27] S. E. Keeling, M.-L. Palmer, F. C. Caracatsanis, J. A. Johnson, and H. R. Watling, "Leaching of chalcopyrite and sphalerite using bacteria enriched from a spent chalcocite heap," Minerals Engineering, vol. 18, no. 13-14, pp. 1289-1296, 2005.
[28] E. Gomez, A. Ballester, F. Gonzalez, and M. L. Blazquez, "Leaching capacity of a new extremely thermophilic microorganism, Sulfolobus rivotincti" Hydrometallurgy, vol. 52, no. 3, pp. 349366, 1999.
[29] B. C. Patel, D. R. Tipre, and S. R. Dave, "Optimization of copper and zinc extractions from polymetallic bulk concentrate and ferric iron bioregeneration under metallic stress," Hydrometallurgy, vol. 117-118, pp. 18-23, 2012.
| https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/995279 |
RFC 8539 - Softwire Provisioning Using DHCPv4 over DHCPv6
Softwire Provisioning Using DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 (RFC 8539, March 2019)
Softwire Provisioning Using DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 RFC 8539
Document Type RFC
- Proposed Standard (March 2019) Updates RFC 7598 Was draft-ietf-dhc-dhcp4o6-saddr-opt ( dhc WG ) Authors Ian Farrer , Qi Sun , Yong Cui , Linhui Sun Last updated 2019-03-15 Replaces draft-fsc-softwire-dhcp4o6-saddr-opt RFC stream Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Formats txt html pdf htmlized bibtex Reviews GENART Telechat review
(of
-05)
by Elwyn Davies Ready SECDIR Last Call review
(of
-04)
by Brian Weis Ready GENART Last Call review
(of
-04)
by Elwyn Davies Ready with Nits Additional resources Mailing list discussion Stream WG
state Submitted to IESG for Publication Associated
WG
milestone Mar 2018 WGLC draft-ietf-dhc-dhcp4o6-saddr-opt Document shepherd Bernie Volz Shepherd write-up Show Last changed 2018-06-21 IESG IESG state RFC 8539 (Proposed Standard) Action Holders (None) Consensus boilerplate Yes Telechat date (None) Responsible AD Suresh Krishnan Send notices to Bernie Volz < volz@ cisco. com > IANA IANA review state IANA OK - Actions Needed IANA action state RFC-Ed-Ack
RFC 8539
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) I. Farrer
Request for Comments: 8539 Deutsche Telekom AG
Updates: 7598 Q. Sun
Category: Standards Track Y. Cui
ISSN: 2070-1721 L. Sun
Tsinghua University
March 2019
Softwire Provisioning Using DHCPv4 over DHCPv6
Abstract
DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 (RFC 7341) is a mechanism for dynamically
configuring IPv4 for use as an over-the-top service in an IPv6-only
network. Softwires are an example of such a service. For DHCPv4
over DHCPv6 (DHCP 4o6) to function with some IPv4-over-IPv6 softwire
mechanisms and deployment scenarios (e.g., RFC 7596 or RFC 7597), the
operator needs to know the IPv6 address that the client will use as
the source of an IPv4-in-IPv6 softwire tunnel. This address, in
conjunction with the client's IPv4 address, and (in some deployments)
the Port Set ID are used to create a binding table entry in the
operator's softwire tunnel concentrator. This memo defines a DHCPv6
option to convey IPv6 parameters for establishing the softwire tunnel
and a DHCPv4 option (to be used only with DHCP 4o6) to communicate
the source tunnel IPv6 address between the DHCP 4o6 client and
server. It is designed to work in conjunction with the IPv4 address
allocation process.
"DHCPv6 Options for Configuration of Softwire Address and Port-Mapped
Clients" (RFC 7598) describes a deterministic DHCPv6-based mechanism
for provisioning softwires. This document updates RFC 7598, allowing
OPTION_S46_BR (90) to be enumerated in the DHCPv6 client's Option
Request Option (ORO) request and to appear directly within subsequent
messages sent by the DHCPv6 server.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8539.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Applicability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Solution Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Updating RFC 7598 to Permit the Reuse of
OPTION_S46_BR (90) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. DHCP 4o6 IPv6/IPv4 Binding Message Flow . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. DHCP Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
6.1. DHCPv6 Softwire Source Binding Prefix Hint Option . . . . 7
6.2. DHCP 4o6 Softwire Source Address Option . . . . . . . . . 8
7. Client Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.1. Client Initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7.2. Renewing or Rebinding the IPv4 Address Lease and
Softwire Source Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.2.1. Changing the Bound IPv6 Softwire Source Address . . . 10
7.3. Releasing the IPv4 Address Lease and Softwire
Source Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.4. OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX Validation Behavior . . . . . 11
7.5. Client and Server Softwire Source Address Mismatch . . . 11
7.6. Use with Dynamic, Shared IPv4 Addresses . . . . . . . . . 12
8. Server Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
8.1. Changing the Bound IPv6 Source Address . . . . . . . . . 12
8.2. Handling Conflicts between Clients' Bound IPv6 Source
Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
9.1. Client Privacy Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
10. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1. Introduction
Deterministic IPv4-over-IPv6 transition technologies require that
elements be preconfigured with binding rules for routing traffic to
clients. This places a constraint on the choice of address used as
the client's softwire source address: it must use a predetermined
prefix, which is usually configured on the home gateway device.
[RFC7598] describes a DHCPv6-based mechanism for provisioning such
deterministic softwires.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
A dynamic provisioning model, such as using DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 (DHCP
4o6) [RFC7341], allows much more flexibility in the location of the
IPv4-over-IPv6 softwire source address. In this model, the IPv6
address is dynamically communicated back to the service provider,
allowing the corresponding softwire configuration to be created in
the border relay (BR).
The DHCP 4o6 client and softwire client could be run on end devices
attached to a network segment using any routable IPv6 prefix
allocated to an end user, located anywhere within an arbitrary home
network topology. Dynamic allocation also helps to optimize IPv4
resource usage, because only clients that are actively renewing their
IPv4 lease hold on to the address.
This document describes a mechanism for dynamically provisioning
softwires created using DHCP 4o6, including provisioning the client
with the address of the softwire BR and informing the service
provider of a client's binding between the dynamically allocated IPv4
address and Port Set ID and the IPv6 address that the softwire
initiator will use for accessing IPv4-over-IPv6 services.
The mechanism operates alongside the DHCP 4o6 message flows to
communicate the binding information over the IPv6-only network. The
DHCP 4o6 server provides a single point in the network that holds the
current client binding information. The service provider can then
use this binding information to provision other functional elements,
such as the BR(s).
2. Applicability
The mechanism described in this document is only suitable for use for
provisioning softwire clients via DHCP 4o6. The options described
here are only applicable within the DHCP 4o6 message-exchange
process. Current softwire technologies suitable for extending to
incorporate DHCP 4o6 with dynamic IPv4 address leasing include
[RFC7597] and [RFC7596].
3. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and
"OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in
BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all
capitals, as shown here.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
4. Solution Overview
In order to provision a softwire, both IPv6 and IPv4 configurations
need to be passed to the client. To map this to the DHCP 4o6
configuration process, the IPv6 configuration is carried in DHCPv6
options [RFC8415], carried inside the DHCPv6 message DHCPV4-RESPONSE
(21) sent by the server. OPTION_S46_BR (90) is used to provision the
remote IPv6 address for the softwire BR (see Section 4.1).
OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX (137) is optionally sent by the DHCP 4o6
server to indicate to the client a preferred IPv6 prefix for binding
the received IPv4 configuration and sourcing tunnel traffic. This
may be necessary if there are multiple IPv6 prefixes in use in the
customer network (e.g., Unique Local Addresses (ULAs)) or if the
specific IPv4-over-IPv6 transition mechanism requires the use of a
particular prefix for any reason.
IPv4 configuration is carried in DHCPv4 messages [RFC2131] (inside
the DHCP 4o6 option OPTION_DHCPV4_MSG (87)) using the mechanism
described in [RFC7341].
In order for the client to communicate the softwire source address, a
new DHCPv4 option OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR (109) is defined in this
document. This is included in DHCPREQUEST messages sent by the
client and is stored by the server for the lifetime of the IPv4
address lease.
4.1. Updating RFC 7598 to Permit the Reuse of OPTION_S46_BR (90)
Section 4.2 of [RFC7598] defines option OPTION_S46_BR (90) for
communicating remote softwire BR IPv6 address(es) to a client, but it
mandates that the option can only be used when encapsulated within
one of the softwire container options: OPTION_S46_CONT_MAPE (94) or
OPTION_S46_CONT_LW (96). From Section 3 of [RFC7598]:
Softwire46 DHCPv6 clients that receive provisioning options that
are not encapsulated in container options MUST silently ignore
these options.
This document updates [RFC7598], removing this restriction for
OPTION_S46_BR (90), allowing it to be enumerated in the client's ORO
request and appear directly within subsequent messages sent by the
DHCPv6 server.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
5. DHCP 4o6 IPv6/IPv4 Binding Message Flow
Figure 1 shows the relevant extensions to the successful DHCP 4o6
IPv4 allocation client/server message flow for the softwire source
address function. The full process, including error handling, is
described in Section 7.
In each step, the DHCPv6 portion of the message and any relevant
option is shown above the arrow. The DHCP 4o6 content of the message
and its relevant options are below the arrow. All the DHCPv4
messages are encapsulated in DHCPV4-QUERY (20) or DHCPV4-RESPONSE
(21) messages. Where relevant, the necessary options and their
contents are shown.
DHCP 4o6 DHCP 4o6
Client Server
| |
| DHCPv6 - DHCPV4-QUERY message containing |
| OPTION_ORO (6) listing (90, 137) |
Step 1 |----------------------------------------------------->|
| DHCPv4 - DHCPDISCOVER message |
| |
| |
| DHCPv6 - DHCPV4-RESPONSE message containing |
| OPTION_S46_BR(90), OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX(137) |
| (bind-ipv6-prefix with service provider's |
| preferred prefix) |
Step 2 |<-----------------------------------------------------|
| DHCPv4 - DHCPOFFER message |
| containing an available IPv4 address |
| |
| DHCPv6 - DHCPV4-QUERY message |
Step 3 |----------------------------------------------------->|
| DHCPv4 - DHCPREQUEST message containing the |
| requested IPv4 address and OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR |
| (softwire-ipv6-src-address with client's bound |
| IPv6 softwire source address) |
| |
| |
| DHCPv6 - DHCPV4-RESPONSE message |
Step 4 |<-----------------------------------------------------|
| DHCPv4 - DHCPACK message containing |
| the leased IPv4 address and OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR |
| (softwire-ipv6-src-address with client's bound |
| IPv6 softwire source address) |
| |
Figure 1: IPv6/IPv4 Binding Message Flow
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
Step 1 The client constructs a DHCPv6 "DHCPV4-QUERY (20)" message.
This message contains two options: DHCPv6 OPTION_ORO (6) and
OPTION_DHCPV4_MSG (87). OPTION_ORO lists "90"
(OPTION_S46_BR) and "137" (OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX).
OPTION_DHCPV4_MSG contains a DHCPv4 DHCPDISCOVER message.
Step 2 The server responds with a DHCPv6 "DHCPV4-RESPONSE (21)"
message. This message contains an OPTION_S46_BR (90)
containing the IPv6 address of the BR for the client's
softwire configuration. The message may also optionally
contain OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX (137). OPTION_DHCPV4_MSG
contains a DHCPv4 DHCPOFFER message. The DHCPv4 message
contains an available IPv4 address.
Step 3 The client sends a DHCPv6 "DHCPV4-QUERY (20)" message
containing a DHCPv4 DHCPREQUEST message with the requested
IPv4 address and OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR (109) with the IPv6
address that the client will use as its softwire source
address.
Step 4 The server sends a DHCPv6 "DHCPV4-RESPONSE (21)" message.
OPTION_DHCPV4_MSG contains a DHCPv4 DHCPACK message with the
allocated IPv4 address. OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR with the
client's bound softwire source address is included.
6. DHCP Options
6.1. DHCPv6 Softwire Source Binding Prefix Hint Option
The format of the DHCPv6 source binding prefix hint option is as
follows:
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
| OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX | option-length |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
|bindprefix6-len| |
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ bind-ipv6-prefix .
. (variable length) .
+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
Figure 2: Format of OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX
o option-code: OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX (137)
o option-length: 1 + length of bind-ipv6-prefix, specified in bytes.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
o bindprefix6-len: 8-bit field expressing the bit mask length of the
IPv6 prefix specified in bind-ipv6-prefix. Valid values are 0 to
128.
o bind-ipv6-prefix: The IPv6 prefix indicating the preferred prefix
for the client to bind the received IPv4 configuration to. The
length is (bindprefix6-len + 7) / 8. The field is padded on the
right with zero bits up to the next octet boundary when
bind-ipv6-prefix is not evenly divisible by 8. These padding bits
are ignored by the receiver (see Section 7.4).
OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX is a singleton. Servers MUST NOT send
more than one instance of the OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX option.
6.2. DHCP 4o6 Softwire Source Address Option
The format of the DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 softwire source address option
is as follows:
0 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
| option-code | option-length |
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
+ softwire-ipv6-src-address +
. (128 bits) .
+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+--+
Figure 3: Format of OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR
o option-code: OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR (109)
o option-length: 16.
o softwire-ipv6-src-address: 16 bytes long; the IPv6 address that is
associated (either being requested for binding or currently bound)
with the client's IPv4 configuration.
Note: The function of OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR may seem similar to
the DHCPv4 message's "chaddr" field or the Client Identifier (61)
option in that it provides a unique lower-layer address that the
server can use for identifying the client. However, as both of these
are required to remain constant throughout the address lease
lifetime, they cannot be used with the mechanism described in this
document. This is because the client may only be able to construct
the IPv6 address to use as the source address after it has received
the first DHCPV4-RESPONSE message from the server containing
OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
7. Client Behavior
A client requiring dynamic softwire configuration first enables DHCP
4o6 configuration using the method described in Section 5 of
[RFC7341]. If OPTION_DHCP4_O_DHCP6_SERVER is received in the
corresponding REPLY message, the client MAY continue with the
configuration process described below.
Before the dynamic softwire configuration process can commence, the
client MUST be configured with a suitable IPv6 prefix to be used as
the local softwire endpoint. This could be obtained using DHCPv6,
Router Advertisement (RA) / Prefix Information Option (PIO), or
another mechanism.
7.1. Client Initialization
When constructing the initial DHCP 4o6 DHCPDISCOVER message, the
client includes a DHCPv6 OPTION_ORO (6) within the options field of
the DHCP-QUERY message. OPTION_ORO contains the option codes for
OPTION_S46_BR (90) and OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX (137).
On receipt of the DHCP 4o6 server's reply (a DHCPV4-RESPONSE
containing a DHCPOFFER message), the client checks the contents of
the DHCPv4-RESPONSE for the presence of a valid OPTION_S46_BR option.
If this option is not present, or does not contain at least one valid
IPv6 address for a BR, then the client MUST discard the message, as
without the address of the BR the client cannot configure the
softwire and so has no interface to request IPv4 configuration for.
The DHCPV4-RESPONSE message may also include
OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX, which is used by the operator to
indicate a preferred prefix that the client should bind IPv4
configuration to. If received, the client first checks the option
according to Section 7.4. If valid, the client uses this prefix as
the "IPv6 binding prefix" and follows to the process described in
Section 5.1 of [RFC7596] in order to select an active IPv6 prefix to
construct the softwire. If no match is found, or the client doesn't
receive OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX, the client MAY select any valid
IPv6 prefix (of a suitable scope) to use as the tunnel source.
Once the client has selected a suitable prefix, it MAY either use an
existing IPv6 address that is already configured on an interface or
create a new address specifically for use as the softwire source
address (e.g., using an Interface Identifier constructed as per
Section 6 of [RFC7597]). If a new address is being created, the
client MUST complete configuration of the new address, performing
duplicate address detection (if required) before proceeding.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
The client then constructs a DHCPV4-QUERY message containing a DHCPv4
DHCPREQUEST message. OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR is included in the
options field of the DHCPREQUEST message with the IPv6 address of its
softwire source address in the softwire-ipv6-src-address field.
When the client receives a DHCPv4 DHCPACK message from the server, it
checks the IPv6 address in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR against its
active softwire source address. If they match, the allocation
process has concluded. If there is a discrepancy, then the process
described in Section 7.5 is followed.
If the client receives a DHCPv4 DHCPNAK message from the server, then
the configuration process has been unsuccessful. The client then
restarts the process from Step 1 of Figure 1.
7.2. Renewing or Rebinding the IPv4 Address Lease and Softwire Source
Address
Whenever the client attempts to extend the lease time of the IPv4
address, OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR with the IPv6 address of its
softwire source address in the softwire-ipv6-src-address field MUST
be included in the DHCPREQUEST message.
7.2.1. Changing the Bound IPv6 Softwire Source Address
Across the lifetime of the leased IPv4 address, it is possible that
the client's IPv6 address will change, e.g., if there is an IPv6
renumbering event.
In this situation, the client MUST inform the server of the new
address. This is done by sending a DHCPREQUEST message containing
OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR with the new IPv6 source address.
When the client receives a DHCPv4 DHCPACK message from the server, it
checks the IPv6 address in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR against its
active softwire source address. If they match, the allocation
process has concluded. If there is a discrepancy, then the process
described in Section 7.5 is followed.
If the client receives a DHCPv4 DHCPNAK message in response from the
server, then the change of the bound IPv6 softwire source address has
been unsuccessful. In this case, the client MUST stop using the new
IPv6 source address. The client then restarts the process from Step
1 of Figure 1.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
7.3. Releasing the IPv4 Address Lease and Softwire Source Address
When the client no longer requires the IPv4 resource, it sends a
DHCPv4 DHCPRELEASE message to the server. As the options field is
unused in this message type, OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR is not
included.
7.4. OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX Validation Behavior
On receipt of the OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX option, the client
makes the following validation checks:
o The received bindprefix6-len value is not larger than 128.
o The number of bytes received in the bind-ipv6-prefix field is
consistent with the received bindprefix6-len value (calculated as
described in Section 6.1).
If either check fails, the receiver discards the invalid option and
proceeds to attempt configuration as if the option had not been
received.
The receiver MUST only use bits from the bind-ipv6-prefix field up to
the value specified in the bindprefix6-len when performing the
longest prefix match. bind-ipv6-prefix bits beyond this value MUST be
ignored.
7.5. Client and Server Softwire Source Address Mismatch
If the client receives a DHCPACK message with an
OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR containing an IPv6 address that differs from
its active softwire source address, the client SHOULD wait for a
randomized time interval and then resend the DHCPREQUEST message with
the correct softwire source address. Section 4.1 of [RFC2131]
describes the retransmission backoff interval process.
The default minimum time for the client to attempt retransmission is
60 seconds. If, after this time has expired, the client has not
received a DHCPACK message with the correct bound IPv6 address,
client MAY send a DHCPRELEASE message and restart the process
described in Section 7. The retry interval should be configurable
and aligned with any server policy defining the minimum time interval
for client address updates as described in Section 8.1.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
7.6. Use with Dynamic, Shared IPv4 Addresses
[RFC7618] describes a mechanism for using DHCPv4 to distribute
dynamic, shared IPv4 addresses to clients. The mechanism described
in this document is compatible with IPv4 address sharing and can be
enabled by following the process described in Section 6 of [RFC7618].
8. Server Behavior
Beyond the normal DHCP 4o6 functionality defined in [RFC7341], the
server MUST also store the IPv6 softwire source address of the client
in the leasing address database, alongside the IPv4 address and
client identifier.
An OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR containing the bound softwire source
address MUST be sent in every DHCPACK message sent by the server.
The binding entry between the client's IPv6 softwire source address
and the leased IPv4 address is valid as long as the IPv4 lease
remains valid.
8.1. Changing the Bound IPv6 Source Address
In the event that the server receives a DHCPREQUEST message for an
active IPv4 lease containing an OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR with an IPv6
address that differs from the address that is currently stored, the
server updates the stored softwire source address with the new
address supplied by the client and sends a DHCPACK message containing
the updated softwire source address in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR.
The server MAY implement a policy enforcing a minimum time interval
between a client updating its softwire source IPv6 address. If a
client attempts to update the softwire source IPv6 address before the
minimum time has expired, the server can either silently drop the
client's message or send back a DHCPACK message containing the
existing IPv6 address binding in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR. If
implemented, the default minimum client source address update
interval is 60 seconds.
8.2. Handling Conflicts between Clients' Bound IPv6 Source Addresses
In order for traffic to be forwarded correctly, each customer edge's
(CE's) softwire IPv6 source address must be unique. To ensure this,
on receipt of every client DHCPREQUEST message containing
OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR, the DHCP 4o6 server MUST check the received
IPv6 address against all existing CE source addresses stored for
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
active client IPv4 leases. If there is a match for any active lease
other than the lease belonging to the client sending the DHCPREQUEST,
then the client's IPv6 source address MUST NOT be stored or updated.
Depending on where the client and server are in the address leasing
lifecycle, the DHCP 4o6 server then takes the following action:
o If the DHCP 4o6 does not have a current, active IPv4 address lease
for the client, then the DHCP address allocation process has not
been successful. The server returns a DHCPNAK message to the
client.
o If the DHCP 4o6 does have a current, active IPv4 address lease,
then the source address update process (see Section 8.1) has not
been successful. The DHCP 4o6 server can either silently drop the
client's message or return a DHCPACK message containing the
existing IPv6 address binding in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR.
9. Security Considerations
Security considerations that are applicable to [RFC7341] are also
applicable here.
A rogue client could attempt to use the mechanism described in
Section 7.2.1 to redirect IPv4 traffic intended for another client to
itself. This would be performed by sending a DHCPREQUEST message for
another client's active IPv4 lease containing the attacker's softwire
IPv6 address in OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR.
For such an attack to be effective, the attacker would need to know
both the client identifier and the active IPv4 address lease
currently in use by another client. This could be attempted in three
ways:
1. One customer learning the active IPv4 address lease and client
identifier of another customer via snooping the DHCP4o6 message
flow between the client and server. The mechanism described in
this document is intended for use in a typical ISP network
topology with a dedicated Layer 2 access network per client,
meaning that snooping of another client's traffic is not
possible. If the access network is a shared medium, then
provisioning softwire clients using dynamic DHCP4o6 as described
here is NOT RECOMMENDED.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
2. Learning the active IPv4 address lease and client identifier via
snooping the DHCP4o6 message flow between the client and server
in the aggregation or core ISP network. In this case, the
attacker requires a level of access to the ISP's infrastructure
that means they can already intercept or interfere with traffic
flows to the client.
3. An attacker attempting to brute-force guess the IPv4 lease
address and client identifier tuple. The risk of this can be
reduced by using a client identifier format that is not easily
guessable, e.g., by using a random-based client identifier (see
Section 3.5 of [RFC7844]).
An attacker could attempt to redirect existing flows to a client
unable to process the traffic. This type of attack can be prevented
by implementing network ingress filtering [BCP38] in conjunction with
the BR source address validation processes described in [RFC7596]
Section 5.2 and [RFC7597] Section 8.1.
A client may attempt to overload the server by sending multiple
source address update messages (see Section 7.2.1) in a short time
frame. This risk can be reduced by implementing a server policy
enforcing a minimum time interval between client address changes, as
described in Section 8.1.
9.1. Client Privacy Considerations
[RFC7844] describes anonymity profiles for DHCP clients. These
considerations and recommendations are also applicable to clients
implementing the mechanism described in this document. As DHCP 4o6
only uses DHCPv6 as a stateless transport for DHCPv4 messages, the
"Anonymity Profile for DHCPv4" described in Section 3 is most
relevant here.
In addition to the considerations given in [RFC7844], the mechanism
that the client uses for constructing the interface identifier for
its IPv6 softwire source address (see Section 7.1) could result in
the device being trackable across different networks and sessions,
e.g., if the client's softwire Interface Identifier (IID) is
immutable.
This can be mitigated by constructing the softwire source IPv6
address as per Section 6 of [RFC7597]. Here, the address's IID
contains only the allocated IPv4 address (and port set identifier if
[RFC7618] is being used). This means no additional client
information is exposed to the DHCP 4o6 server; it also means that the
IID will change as the leased IPv4 address changes (e.g., between
sessions when Section 3.5 of [RFC7844] is implemented).
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
10. IANA Considerations
IANA has assigned the OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX (137) option code
from the DHCPv6 "Option Codes" registry maintained at
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/dhcpv6-parameters> as follows:
Value: 137
Description: OPTION_S46_BIND_IPV6_PREFIX
Client ORO: Yes
Singleton Option: Yes
Reference: RFC 8539
IANA has assigned the OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR (109) option code from
the "BOOTP Vendor Extensions and DHCP Options" registry maintained at
<http://www.iana.org/assignments/bootp-dhcp-parameters> as follows:
Tag: 109
Name: OPTION_DHCP4O6_S46_SADDR
Data Length: 16
Meaning: DHCPv4 over DHCPv6 Softwire Source Address Option
Reference: RFC 8539
IANA has updated the entry for DHCPv6 OPTION_S46_BR (90) in the
"Option Codes" registry maintained at
<https://www.iana.org/assignments/dhcpv6-parameters> as follows:
Old Entry:
Value: 90
Description: OPTION_S46_BR
Client ORO: No
Singleton Option: No
Reference: [RFC7598]
New Entry:
Value: 90
Description: OPTION_S46_BR
Client ORO: Yes
Singleton Option: No
Reference: [RFC7598], [RFC8539]
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2131] Droms, R., "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol",
RFC 2131, DOI 10.17487/RFC2131, March 1997,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2131>.
[RFC7341] Sun, Q., Cui, Y., Siodelski, M., Krishnan, S., and I.
Farrer, "DHCPv4-over-DHCPv6 (DHCP 4o6) Transport",
RFC 7341, DOI 10.17487/RFC7341, August 2014,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7341>.
[RFC7598] Mrugalski, T., Troan, O., Farrer, I., Perreault, S., Dec,
W., Bao, C., Yeh, L., and X. Deng, "DHCPv6 Options for
Configuration of Softwire Address and Port-Mapped
Clients", RFC 7598, DOI 10.17487/RFC7598, July 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7598>.
[RFC8174] Leiba, B., "Ambiguity of Uppercase vs Lowercase in RFC
2119 Key Words", BCP 14, RFC 8174, DOI 10.17487/RFC8174,
May 2017, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8174>.
[RFC8415] Mrugalski, T., Siodelski, M., Volz, B., Yourtchenko, A.,
Richardson, M., Jiang, S., Lemon, T., and T. Winters,
"Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol for IPv6 (DHCPv6)",
RFC 8415, DOI 10.17487/RFC8415, November 2018,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc8415>.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
11.2. Informative References
[BCP38] Ferguson, P. and D. Senie, "Network Ingress Filtering:
Defeating Denial of Service Attacks which employ IP Source
Address Spoofing", BCP 38, RFC 2827, May 2000,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp38>.
[RFC7596] Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Boucadair, M., Tsou, T., Lee, Y., and I.
Farrer, "Lightweight 4over6: An Extension to the Dual-
Stack Lite Architecture", RFC 7596, DOI 10.17487/RFC7596,
July 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7596>.
[RFC7597] Troan, O., Ed., Dec, W., Li, X., Bao, C., Matsushima, S.,
Murakami, T., and T. Taylor, Ed., "Mapping of Address and
Port with Encapsulation (MAP-E)", RFC 7597,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7597, July 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7597>.
[RFC7618] Cui, Y., Sun, Q., Farrer, I., Lee, Y., Sun, Q., and M.
Boucadair, "Dynamic Allocation of Shared IPv4 Addresses",
RFC 7618, DOI 10.17487/RFC7618, August 2015,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7618>.
[RFC7844] Huitema, C., Mrugalski, T., and S. Krishnan, "Anonymity
Profiles for DHCP Clients", RFC 7844,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7844, May 2016,
<https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7844>.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Ted Lemon, Lishan Li, Tatuya Jinmei,
Jonas Gorski, and Razvan Becheriu for their contributions and
comments.
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]
RFC 8539 Softwire Provisioning with DHCP 4o6 March 2019
Authors' Addresses
Ian Farrer
Deutsche Telekom AG
Landgrabenweg 151
Bonn, NRW 53227
Germany
Email: [email protected]
Qi Sun
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5822
Email: [email protected]
Yong Cui
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
China
Phone: +86-10-6260-3059
Email: [email protected]
Linhui Sun
Tsinghua University
Beijing 100084
China
Phone: +86-10-6278-5822
Email: [email protected]
Farrer, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc8539/ |
Catalytic reduction of nitro-phenolic compounds over Ag, Ni and Co nanoparticles catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3 | Request PDF
Request PDF | Catalytic reduction of nitro-phenolic compounds over Ag, Ni and Co nanoparticles catalysts supported on γ-Al2O3 | In this work, 1 wt.%Ag/γ-Al2O3, 1 wt.%Ni/γ-Al2O3 and 1 wt.%Co/γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts have been prepared using impregnation method. Their... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
April 2020 Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 8(2):103707
DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2020.103707
Authors:
Mustapha Aazza
Mustapha Aazza
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Hammou Ahlafi
Concordia University Montreal
Hamou Moussout
University of Ibn Tofaïl
Chadia Mounir
Chadia Mounir
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Citations (22)
References (64)
Abstract
In this work, 1 wt.%Ag/γ-Al2O3, 1 wt.%Ni/γ-Al2O3 and 1 wt.%Co/γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts have been prepared using impregnation method. Their activities were investigated toward the reduction of the nitro-phenolic compounds (NPCs) (ortho-, metha- and para-nitrophenol, respectively, o-NP, m-NP and p-NP) to their corresponding aminophenol compounds (APCs), in the presence of excess of NaBH4 as a reducing agent. Characterization techniques such as (FTIR), (XRD), (SEM/EDX), (UV–vis), (MES/EDS/TEM) and BET textural analysis showed that the metallic nanoparticles of Ag, Ni and Co were well dispersed on γ-Al2O3 support. The results demonstrated that the unreduced catalysts (fresh and calcined in air) exhibited a good catalytic activities and stabilities for the reduction of NPCs (> 85%) even after 8 catalytic cycles. The catalytic activity of calcined catalysts at T = 450 °C, was in the order of 1 wt.%Ag/γ-Al2O3 > 1 wt.%Ni/γ-Al2O3 > 1 wt.%Co/γ-Al2O3 and that of fresh catalysts in the order of 1 wt.%Ag/γ-Al2O3 > 1 wt.%Co/γ-Al2O3 > 1 wt.%Ni/γ-Al2O3. The kinetics of the reduction of the NPCs isomers were studied at T = 25, 35 and 45 °C, and were found to follow the kinetics of pseudo-first order and Arrhenius equation. Their reactivities over each catalyst followed the order of p-NP > o-NP > m-NP, except for calcined 1 wt.%Co/γ-Al2O3. Based on our results and the literature data, a mechanism of catalytic reduction reaction of NPCs has been proposed.
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Citations (22) References (64)
... [7,[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22] Although these catalysts resulted in reaction rate activation, the Ag-based-catalysts were characterised by superior catalytic activity in the nitroaromatic transformation than those based on non-noble metals. [23]
[24]
[25][26] Ag-based catalysts have attracted much attention due to their potential application for decomposition and 10.1002/cnma.202200464 ...
... Among the limited literature data devoted to a comparative analysis of the catalytic transformation of the nitrophenol isomers, it is concluded that their reduction can be dramatically affected by the nature of the isomer molecule and the catalyst (composition, morphology, texture, etc.). [20][21][22][23] [24]
[25][26]33] The comparison of the catalysts efficiency in reducing o-NP, m-NP, and p-NP nitroaromatic isomers is barely explored in the literature. Thus, in the present work, the effect of OH-substituent position was studied in detail in the catalytic reduction of o-NP, m-NP and p-NP molecules using Ag/ZA4 as a catalyst prepared by ion exchange or microwaved-assisted methods. ...
... For the o-NP and m-NP reduction, it seems that the stability of the reagent on the catalyst surface is controlled by the molecular acidity related to the position of the -NO2 group and the electron conjugation across the molecule, known as the electron delocalisation. [24,
39,40] However, the tendency found for Ag/ZA4-MW sample cannot be similarly described. Adytia et al. found the following reactivity tendency for nitroaromatic isomers: m-nitroaniline>o-nitroaniline>p-nitroaniline for octahedral Cu2O catalysts. ...
Catalytic Transformation of Positional Nitrophenol Isomers on Highly Active Ag/Linde‐Type A4 Zeolite: A Comparative Analysis Article Full-text available
Jan 2023
Patricia Horta Fraijo Guadalupe García Valdivieso M. C. Rodríguez-Aranda
Brenda Jeanneth Acosta
Since nitroaromatic compounds are a group of highly toxic pollutants, their remotion from the environment using catalysts is extensively demanded. The catalytic transformation of ortho‐(o‐NP), meta‐(m‐NP) and para‐nitrophenols (p‐NP) by Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) stabilised on zeolite A4 (ZA4) is presented for the first time. The catalysts are prepared by microwave‐assisted synthesis (Ag/ZA4‐MW) or ion‐exchange (Ag/ZA4‐IE). The catalytic reduction of the positional nitrophenol isomers into valuable products is monitored through UV‐vis spectroscopy in situ. The results indicate that the nitrophenols reduction rate depends on the molecule structure and the presence of low‐coordinated metallic Ag NPs. The synthesis applied for the preparation of the catalysts determines the formation of Ag species and Ag NPs with different catalytic performances. The turnover frequency (TOF) values estimated for o‐NP, m‐NP and p‐NP reduction using Ag/ZA4‐MW catalyst are superior by several orders of magnitude compared with the TOF values obtained for Ag/ZA4‐IE catalyst. The high catalytic activity of the Ag/ZA4‐MW sample is attributed to the presence of finely dispersed Ag NPs with 2 nm and even sub‐nanometric size incorporated into the microporous zeolite by microwave irradiation. In addition, the catalyst exhibits remarkable catalytic stability for the reduction of p‐NP, presenting a TOF value of 25.3 s‐1‐μmol metal‐1 during the fifth consecutive catalytic run. A comparative analysis of catalytic activity data reveals that the presently prepared catalysts are characterised by superior catalytic activity for the reduction of nitroaromatic compounds than similar Ag‐based materials reported in the literature.
View Show abstract
... One type of such a reaction is the reduction of toxic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to the less toxic and more synthetically useful 4-aminophenol (4-AP). In recent years, this reaction has become a benchmark reaction to test the efficiency of catalysts toward the reduction reactions, amassing numerous publications, including highly ranked research journals [1][2][3][4][5][6] [7]
[8][9]. In most of these works, expansive noble metals such as Au, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag in the form of nanoparticles are used as the catalysts. ...
... In most of these works, expansive noble metals such as Au, Pd, Pt, Ru, Ag in the form of nanoparticles are used as the catalysts. Fewer works use nickel-based materials to catalyze this reaction [7,
10,11]. However, most of the works with nickel involve purposeful fabrication of nickel based nanoparticles (NPs), normally in a complex multi-step procedures. ...
... The catalytic properties of rGO/Ni were tested in the two different experimental setups. First approach was the same as described in the numerous papers, devoted to reduction of 4-NP [5][6] [7]
[9][10][11]43,44]. Namely, a certain quantity of the catalyst was dispersed in the aqueous solution of 4-NP, containing the 50x excess of NaBH 4 , to consider the reaction as the pseudo first order reaction. ...
Individual Ni Atoms on Reduced Graphene Oxide as Efficient Catalytic System for Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Article
Jun 2021 APPL SURF SCI
Anna Svalova Vasiliy Brusko Elza Sultanova Ayrat M Dimiev
The intelligent design of surface active sites and their manipulation on the atomic level is a new research paradigm both in surface science and in catalysis. In this study, we synthesize a composite material, comprising atomically dispersed nickel on reduced graphene oxide support (rGO/Ni), in a simple wet chemistry procedure. The as-prepared material is fully characterized by the set of experimental techniques, including TEM with atomic resolution. Nickel atoms uniformly cover the rGO surface, and do not coalesce into nanoparticles. Individual Ni atoms are situated on the oxidized domains of rGO, being strongly coordinated by remaining oxygen functionalities. The as-prepared rGO/Ni demonstrates extraordinary efficiency in catalyzing reduction of 4-nitrophenol. For the first time, the catalysis of this reaction was successfully demonstrated in a prototype of a continuous flow reactor. The excellent catalytic properties of rGO/Ni are explained by the high surface area of the catalyst particles and high lateral density of the active sites. The reaction can be considered as an example of a single-atom catalysis. The low cost of materials and ease of preparation in the environmentally friendly conditions, open the doors for potential usage of this catalyst in the real industrial processes.
View Show abstract
... Different types of materials such as CeO 2 [7], Al 2 O 3 [18]
, SiO 2 [19], graphene [6], metal-organic framework [20], bentonite clay [21] and synthetic polymers [22] have been used as the substrates to stabilise the metals. The synthesis of Ag@Pt/sepiolite [23], organoplatinum(II) complex supported on graphene oxide [20], Au@silica [19], Fe 3 O 4 @-SiO 2 -Ag [24], Pt-Au/CeO 2, etc. have been reported and explored for the catalytic hydrogenation of 4-NP in the presence of NaBH 4 . ...
... The mechanism of 4-NP reduction using metal-based or supported metal catalysts in the presence of NaBH 4 have been explored by several researchers [14, 18,
36]. However, a limited number of comparative studies are available on applying a cellulose-based catalyst for the hydrogenation of 4-NP, especially Ag-Co impregnated CNF catalyst. ...
... However, a limited number of comparative studies are available on applying a cellulose-based catalyst for the hydrogenation of 4-NP, especially Ag-Co impregnated CNF catalyst. Literature indicates that the hydrogenation of 4-NP can proceed through two reaction mechanisms: the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) mechanism or the Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism
[18]
. In the LH model, the value of K app decreases with an increase in the concentration of 4-NP, while in the ER model, it increases with an increase in the concentration of 4-NP [17]. ...
Ultrasound-assisted wet-impregnation of Ag-Co nanoparticles on cellulose nanofibers: Enhanced catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol Article
May 2021
Vividha Landge Shirish H. Sonawane
Sivakumar Manickam Grzegorz Boczkaj
In this study, a novel nanocomposite of bimetallic Ag-Co nanoparticles supported on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) was synthesised using the ultrasound-assisted wet-impregnation method for catalytic applications. CNFs were prepared from cellulose acetate using the electrospinning technique. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis confirmed the successful synthesis of CNFs. Further, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) revealed a uniform dispersion of Ag and Co metals on the CNFs. At the same time, X-Ray diffraction (XRD) spectra indicated the highly crystalline nature of the as-produced composite. The hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was used to study the efficiency of the synthesised nanocomposite. The progress of the reaction was examined via UV-visible spectroscopy. It was noted that Ag-Co nanoparticles supported on CNFs catalysed the hydrogenation of 4-NP (0.1 mM) to 4-aminophenol within just 110 s with an apparent rate constant of 0.0172 s⁻¹. This study proved that the obtained catalysts have superior stability and reusability with about 100% conversion up to 5 cycles. The excellent activity of the as-synthesised Ag-Co/CNFs nanocomposites makes it a promising nanocatalyst for catalytic applications.
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... This can reduce the required quantity of noble metals and offers unprecedented synergistic effects that enhance the electronics and catalytic properties of alloys. [14][15][16][17] In the recent past, cheaper and stable non-noble metals for instance Cu, 5,18 Co, 19
Ni, 7 and Fe (ref. 20) have received great consideration to produce alloys with noble metals. ...
... According to the literature p-NP reduction can occur by either the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (LH) or Eley-Rideal (ER) mechanism. 19
The LH reaction mechanism is applicable when a decrease in K app values for p-NP reduction with NaBH 4 is observed along with increasing p-NP concentration while an increase in K app values is observed in direct proportion to NaBH 4 concentration. Meanwhile, the ER reaction model is applicable when an increase in K app values is observed with increasing p-NP concentration. ...
Synthesis of bimetallic Co–Pt/cellulose nanocomposites for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol Article
Dec 2021
Vividha Landge Vikas Sadashiv Hakke Shirish H. Sonawane Grzegorz Boczkaj
In this study, bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) of Co–Pt anchored on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) for catalytic applications were synthesized via a sonochemical approach. The electro-spinning technique was employed for the synthesis of CNFs from cellulose acetate. The thorough characterization of synthesised Co–Pt/CNF nanocomposites was performed with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). This method leads to the facile preparation of Co–Pt bimetallic NPs using cellulose as a support. The synthesized nanocomposites were used for the p-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction to p-aminophenol (p-AP) with excess sodium borohydride (NaBH4) to assess their catalytic performance. The effects of various parameters on the performance of the catalyst were also investigated. The investigated parameters are catalyst loading, initial p-NP concentration and NaBH4 concentration. The extent of p-NP reduction into p-AP over Co–Pt/CNF nanocomposites with an excess of NaBH4 was examined with UV-vis spectroscopy. The p-NP reduction to p-AP over Co–Pt NPs anchored on CNFs was achieved within 98 seconds with around 100% conversion. The efficiency of the catalyst did not vary significantly up to 5 consecutive cycles. The excellent catalytic activity (Kapp = 0.028 s−1) and stability of the as-synthesized Co–Pt nanoparticles supported on CNFs make them potential catalysts for nitrophenol reduction and wastewater treatment.
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... As shown in Fig. 2(a), the fresh γ-Al 2 O 3 has a large specific surface area of 288.7 m 2 /g, a pore volume of 0.378 m 3 /g and an average pore diameter of 5.574 nm. The impregnation of the γ-Al 2 O 3 beads with active metals (Ni, Ag, or Pt) reduced these three parameters to varying degrees, which can be ascribed to pore blocking in γ-Al 2 O 3 by the penetration of these active metals [45, 50]
. Among the supported catalysts, these three parameters of Ag/γ-Al 2 O 3 and Pt/γ-Al 2 O 3 were higher than those of Ni/γ-Al 2 O 3 , possibly due to lower active metal loadings. ...
Plasma-enabled catalytic dry reforming of CH4 into syngas, hydrocarbons and oxygenates: Insight into the active metals of γ-Al2O3 supported catalysts Article
Jan 2023
Danhua Mei Minjie Sun Shiyun Liu
Xin Tu
Dry reforming of CH4 (DRM) using a plasma-enabled catalytic process is an appealing approach for reducing greenhouse gas emissions while producing fuels and chemicals. However, this is a complex process that is influenced by both catalysts and discharge plasmas, and low energy efficiency remains a challenge for this technology. Here, we developed a water-cooled dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor for plasma DRM reactions over supported catalysts (Ni/γ-Al2O3, Ag/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/γ-Al2O3) prepared via plasma-modified impregnation. Results show that metal loading on γ-Al2O3 enhanced the basic nature of the catalysts and promoted the formation of discharge channels and reactive species. The maximum conversion of CO2 (21.4 %) and CH4 (27.6 %) was obtained when using Ag/γ-Al2O3. The basic nature of the catalytic materials dominated CO2 conversion, whereas the properties of the catalyst and discharge plasma determined CH4 conversion. The highest selectivity of hydrogen (∼34.5 %) and carbon-containing gas products (∼81.0 %) were attained when using the noble metal catalysts (Ag/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/γ-Al2O3), while the highest total selectivity of liquid products (14.1 %) was achieved in the presence of Ni/γ-Al2O3. Compared with γ-Al2O3, the supported catalysts demonstrated higher stability, especially for Ag/γ-Al2O3 and Pt/γ-Al2O3, which also provided higher energy efficiency for gas conversion and product formation.
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... To achieve this goals, different treatment methods, such as coagulation/flocculation, membrane filtration [10], biological treatments [11], catalytic reduction [12,
13], adsorption [14,15], advanced oxidation processes, etc., have been used; however, adsorption remains the most effective technic that can provide promising results for eliminating this type of pollutant, and has great benefits when using a cheaper adsorbent [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] than activated carbon, which is expensive and difficult to regenerate. In this sense, many cheaper alternative adsorbents have been employed to remove by adsorption the p-NP pollutant from liquid effluents [8,[23][24][25]. ...
Study of the Effectiveness of Alumina and HDTMA/Alumina Composite in the Removal of Para-Nitrophenol and the Deactivation of Bacterial Effect of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp Article Full-text available
Oct 2022
Mustapha Aazza Chadia Mounir
Hammou Ahlafi Francesco Cacciola
Removal of para-nitrophenol (p-NP) from an aqueous solution was studied under various batch adsorption experiments, using alumina (Al2O3) and its composite hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA+-Br−) as adsorbents. These were later characterized, before and after adsorption of p-NP, by thermal analysis (DSC-TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and UV/Visible spectroscopies. The results show that HDTMA+/Al2O3 adsorbents have a greater affinity toward p-NP than Al2O3 alone. Linear and non-linear forms of kinetics and isotherms were used to analyze the experimental data obtained at different concentrations and temperatures. The results indicate that the pseudo-second order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data for the adsorption of p-NP on both adsorbents, and that the intra-particle diffusion was not only the rate controlling step. Both the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson (R-P) models were found to fit the sorption isotherm data well, but the Langmuir model was better. Physical adsorption of p-NP onto the adsorbents proved to be an endothermic and spontaneous process at high temperatures, which mainly involves a hydrogen bonding mechanism of interactions between p-NP and functional groups of adsorbents. The antibacterial activity of Al2O3, HDTMA+-Br− and HDTMA+/Al2O3 were evaluated against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. strains using both disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The HDTMA+-Br− and HDTMA+/Al2O3 displayed a bacteriostatic effect against all tested strains of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp., while Al2O3 exhibited no bacterial effect against all bacterial strains tested.
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... In the majority of papers, devoted to the reduction of p-nitrophenol, the developed catalysts are based on noble metals, such as Au, Pd, Pt, Ru, and Ag in the form of nanoparticles [13][14][15][16][17] [18]
[19]. However, the high cost of noble metals, their limited availability, and the ever-growing demand stimulate the search for cheaper and more available alternatives. ...
Nickel on Oxidatively Modified Carbon as a Promising Cost-Efficient Catalyst for Reduction of P-Nitrophenol Article Full-text available
Sep 2022 MOLECULES
Shamil Galyaltdinov Anna Svalova Vasiliy Brusko Ayrat M Dimiev
The reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol has become a benchmark reaction for testing the efficiency of new catalytic systems. In this study, we use oxidatively modified carbon (OMC) as a structural support to develop a new cost-efficient nickel-based catalytic system. The newly developed material comprises single nickel ions, chemically bound to the oxygen functional groups on the OMC surface. The highly oxidized character of OMC ensures the high lateral density of nickel ions on its surface at relatively low nickel content. We demonstrate excellent catalytic properties of the new material by using it as a stationary phase in a prototype of a continuous flow reactor: the reagent fed into the reactor is p-nitrophenol, and the product, exiting the reactor, is the fully converted p-aminophenol. The catalytic properties of the new catalyst are associated with its specific morphology, and with high lateral density of active sites on the surface. The reaction can be considered as an example of single-atom catalysis. The resulting material can be used as an inexpensive but efficient catalyst for industrial wastewater treatment. The study opens the doors for the synthesis of a new series of catalytic systems comprising transition metal atoms on the OMC structural support.
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... Many support materials have been reported so far including metal oxides (Al 2 O 3 [20]
, SiO 2 [14,21], ZnO [13], CeO 2 [19]), carbon based materials (commercially available carbon blacks [22], carbon nanotubes [23], graphene [24]), natural clays [25], and polymers [26]. However, natural phosphate (NP), which is an attractive and cost-effective catalyst or catalytic carrier for several chemical transformations, has received little attention as a support material for the metal nanoparticles [15,16], although hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite have been extensively employed in various catalytic applications [27,28]. ...
Ag, Co3O4, Ag–Co3O4, and Ag/Co3O4 Nanoparticles Decorated Mesoporous Natural Phosphate: Effect of Metal Synergy and Preparation Method on the Catalytic Reduction Reaction Article Full-text available
Jun 2022 J INORG ORGANOMET P
Hamza Orfi Ayoub Abdelkader Mekkaoui Buse Sündü Soufiane El Houssame
Addressed herein is a facile method for the preparation of cobalt-silver (Cox–Agy) nanoparticles decorated mesoporous natural phosphate (m-NP). Various Cox–Agy@NP nanocatalysts were prepared in different forms of Ag and Co3O4 including mono- and bimetallic active sites. The bimetallic nanocatalysts were prepared by two different preparation methods, namely in-situ (Ag–Co3O4) and ex-situ (Ag/Co3O4 core–shell). In the first step, colloidal Cox–Agy nanoparticles were synthesized in solution and their formation was monitored by using UV–Visible spectroscopy. Furthermore, the obtained nanoparticles were characterized by XRD and IR spectroscopy. All nanoparticles were deposited on m-NP using a simple wetness impregnation method followed by a calcination at 500 °C. The prepared nanocatalysts were fully characterized by advanced analytical techniques including IR, XRD, XPS, SEM–EDX, FESEM, and TEM. The catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol was studied as a model reaction to investigate the effect of synergy created between the metals, oxidation state, catalyst structure, and preparation method on their catalytic activity. Accordingly, reaction kinetics and comparative study of various colloidal Cox–Agy and m-NP supported nanocatalysts in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol was carried out. The optimized conditions were used to study the substrate scope of the catalytic reduction over various nitroarenes.
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... Catalytic reduction refers to heterogeneously catalyzed reduction, which involves the use of a solid catalyst and a reducing agent to degrade the pollutants from water through electron-transfer reactions [192]. Various metallic nanoparticles, including silver, nickel, gold, copper, and cobalt, have been used for the catalytic breakdown of various pollutants in water including colorants [193], phenols [194, 195]
, pharmaceuticals [196], pathogenic bacteria [82] and so on [197,198] owing to their remarkable surface properties [199]. Essentially, the mechanism of a catalytic reduction system can be described as catalysts collecting electrons from nucleophilic sources (the reducing agents) and delivering them to electrophilic pollutants, which changes the structure of the pollutants and degrades them. ...
Immobilizing catalysts on textiles- case of zerovalent iron and glucose oxidase enzyme Thesis Full-text available
Jun 2021
Mohammad Neaz Morshed
This doctoral thesis dealt with an innovative concept of using textile as inexpensive but robust support material for immobilizing catalysts. Here, experiment-based evidence has been gathered for the case of immobilization of zerovalent iron particle (Fe0, inorganic catalyst) and glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx, biocatalyst) on textile. The goal of this thesis is to establish the feasibility of textile as support material for immobilization of catalysts in the pursuit of fabrication of robust catalytic system (oxidative and reductive) for wastewater treatment. Polyester nonwoven fabric (PF) has been chosen as textile support material for catalyst immobilization due to both qualitative (high strength, porosity, biocompatibility and resistance to most acids, oxidizing agents & microorganisms) and commercial (availability, cheap and easily customizable) advantages. A combination of eco-friendly and resource-efficient processes (such as plasma treatment, use of hyperbranched dendrimer, bio-based polymers) has been considered for modification of PF surface with favorable surface chemical properties in the view of high and stable immobilization yield of Fe0 and GOx while preserving the inherent performance of the catalysts in solution.The thesis has three distinct parts related to immobilizing catalysts on textiles- (a) immobilization and stabilization of inorganic Fe0 on PF and optimizing their viability in either oxidative and/or reductive catalytic system; (b) immobilization of GOx on PF and optimizing their use in bio-catalytic systems; (c) Design of heterogeneous bio-Fenton system using immobilized catalysts (Fe0 and GOx) on textile. In all parts, the hydrophobic fiber surface of PF was first activated by either air atmospheric (AP) or cold removal plasma (CRP) treatment followed by chemical grafting of either hyperbranched dendrimers (polyethylene glycol-OH / polyamidoamine ethylene-diamine core) or amine/thiol functional group-rich polymers (3-aminopropyl-triethoxysilane / polyethylenimine, chitosan / 1-thioglycerol). This was followed by immobilization of either Fe0 using in-situ / ex-situ reduction methods or GOx through the physical adsorption method. A series of experiments have been carried out through systematic experiment design to study the optimum conditions for catalyst immobilization as well as practicability and performance of resultant catalysts in a model catalytic system designed for removal of dyes, phenols, or pathogenic contaminants from water.The novelty of the research presented in this doctoral thesis firstly attributed to the novelty of immobilizing two types of catalysts (inorganic catalyst and biocatalysts) on polyester nonwoven fabric for wastewater treatment application. It provides a solution to the challenge related to support material in catalyst immobilization. Secondly, sustainable approaches have been used for the preparation of support material to efficiently immobilize the catalysts using resource-efficient eco-technologies (plasma eco-technology, dendrimers, biopolymers). Thirdly, the realization of an innovative concept related to designing a heterogeneous bio-Fenton system for wastewater treatment using Fe0 and GOx immobilized textiles is a novelty. In general, this detailed study on catalytic wastewater treatment (with their kinetics and mechanism study) using immobilized catalysts through both oxidative and reductive approach contributes not only to the general knowledge of the catalytic system, Fenton and bio-Fenton processes but also to the advancement towards scaling-up of an efficient and sustainable wastewater treatment system.
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... A possible explanation for the reduction in textural properties is due to the fact that Fe 2 O 3 nanoparticles crystallize inside the pores of γ-χ-Al 2 O 3 [43,44]. Similarly, the calcination and impregnation process could be associated with the reduction of the textural properties of the Fe 2 O 3 /γ-χ-Al 2 O 3 [45]
. Other studies indicate that the reduction of the textural properties may be due to the occupation of the pores by Fe, causing in most of the times the rupture of the mesoporous crystalline network of the alumina-support [46]. ...
Effect of acidity on ferric oxide nanoparticles supported on γ–χ–Al2O3 in the methanol dehydration reaction toward dimethyl ether Article
Jul 2021 FUEL
Miguel Armenta Victor Maytorena
R. Silva-Rodrigo A. Olivas
In this work, the low cost synthesis of the Fe2O3/γ–χ–Al2O3 catalyst, carried out by the wet impregnation method, promoted a conversion in methanol dehydration by 46% (an increase of 5% with respect to γ–χ–Al2O3 support), and with a selectivity of 100% towards DME (at 250 °C and 1 atm pressure), due to a higher abundance in the density of moderate acidic sites generated by the synergistic metal-support interaction. The slight decrease in catalytic activity for the Fe2O3/γ–χ–Al2O3 system, compared to the γ–χ–Al2O3 from 260 °C, was linked to the effect of changes in the shape and size of the Fe2O3 nanoparticles. These particles went from semi-spherical to nano-needles at 290 °C reaction temperature. Finally, the great structural stability of Fe³⁺ measured by XPS, RAMAN spectroscopy and UV–Vis, and the low activation energy of the Fe2O3/γ–χ–Al2O3 material (102.66 kJ/mol), place the Fe2O3/γ–χ–Al2O3 catalyst as an excellent candidate for methanol dehydration, under conditions of 240 to 250 °C and methanol partial pressures between 9.8 and 7.8 kPa, respectively.
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... A reasonable strategy is to immobilize nanoparticles over a functionalized support so that highly active stabilized nanoparticles can be accessible for the reactant molecules. In order to prevent aggregation the process of immobilization over various supports such as alumina, silica, graphene, zeolite, nanotubes, polymeric substrates etc. were already reported and their efficiency of the catalytic process was explored [8][9][10] [11]
[12][13][14][15]. ...
An environment friendly free-standing cellulose membrane derived for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol: A sustainable approach Article
Dec 2020
Tushar Kanti Das Sanjay Remanan
Sabyasachi Ghosh Narayan Ch Das
Catalytic active and high flux free standing cellulose membrane is developed through mussel inspired polydopamine (PDA) chemistry using facile vacuum filtration method. Herein, quasi-spherical silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) illuminated nanocelluose (NC) fiber ([email protected]) based membrane was fabricated by in-situ reduction of silver salt over the surface of nanometer thick PDA coated synthesized NC. The permeation behavior of the membranes was studied using pure water under gravimetric condition. The catalytic activity was evaluated by assessing the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) as a water contaminant. The conversion efficiency of the 4-NP by the stacking membranes under gravimetric condition showed above 95 %. The catalytic activity was also studied toward reduction of 4-NP in a batch reactor and complete conversion could be accomplished within 8 min having turn over frequency (TOF) 2.25 × 10⁻³ molecules per gram per min. High water flux of the fabricated membrane was possibly due to the hydrophilicity of the PDA coated NC and hydrophobic pushing of AgNPs. Excellent catalytic activity of the synthesized [email protected] membrane can be described by the synergistic effect of PDA coated NC and AgNPs. Beside this, higher number of catalytic reusability proved excellent bonding ability of adhesive like PDA between NC and AgNPs. In future, the fabricated [email protected] membrane would be a potential candidate as catalytic converter for industrial applications.
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Metal oxide-biochar supported recyclable catalysts: A feasible solution for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol in water Article
Jun 2023 CATAL COMMUN
Lisette A. Ramirez Mariana Dennehy
Mariana Alvarez
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Flow-through catalytic nanofiber membrane assembly of hierarchically porous structure with Ag nanoparticles immobilized for enhanced catalysis Article
Apr 2023
Jiaxin Meng Senqing Fan Zenghui Mai
Zeyi Xiao
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Efficient and heterogeneous transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes using immobilized palladium nanoparticles on silica–starch substrate (PNP-SSS) Article
Jun 2022
Leyla Mohammadkhani Majid Heravi
Farhad Panahi
This paper reports the efficient transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines using immobilized palladium nanoparticles on a silica–starch substrate (PNP-SSS) in the presence of sodium borohydride as a reducing agent in water as a green solvent at room temperature. The prepared PNP-SSS nanocatalyst was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, SEM, EDS, BET, TEM, and ICP analyses. This catalyst system was found to be a powerful heterogeneous catalyst system to reduce the aromatic nitro compounds yielding anilines with high conversion rates. In this process, the PNP-SSS catalyst can be reused more than five times with almost consistent efficiency.
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Ag nanoparticles supported on a magnetic NiFe2O4/MIL-101(Fe) metal-organic framework nanocomposite for the room temperature rapid catalytic reduction of nitrophenols and nitroanilines Article
Jan 2022
Mirshad Amraei Saeed Farhadi
Abdelnasser Mohammadi
In the present research, a novel [email protected]2O4/MIL101(Fe) ternary magnetic nanocomposite was synthesized through a hydrothermal pathway for the room temperature catalytic reduction of nitrophenols and nitroanilines. Structural, optical, and magnetic properties of the nanocomposite were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Raman spectroscopy and BET surface analysis. The catalytic reduction of nitrophenols and nitroanilines was studied at room temperature to investigate the catalytic activity of the [email protected]2O4/MIL101(Fe) nanocomposite. The results showed that the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (0.2 mM) in the presence of Ag(25 wt%)@NiFe2O4/MIL101(Fe) and NaBH4 (20 mM) as a green reducing agent was completed within 3 min, and the [email protected]2O4/MIL101(Fe) ternary nanocomposite has a very effective performance in the conversion of these contaminants. In addition, the relatively high specific surface area of MIL-101(Fe), the magnetic properties of NiFe2O4 and the effect of silver nanoparticles increase the synergy and increase the removal efficiency of nitroaromatic pollutants. The fabricated composite containing 25 wt% of Ag demonstrated superior catalytic performance over other composites. The ternary magnetic catalyst can be easily separated from the reaction medium using an external magnetic field. The recycled nanocatalyst was used again after separation and washing. After 5 uses, the synthesized nanocomposite maintained its efficiency as a catalyst in reducing nitro-aromatic compounds by 100%, which shows the high stability of the catalyst.
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Quantum Mechanical Study of Three Aromatic Bioactive Fatty Alcohol Compounds with Nonlinear Optical and Potential Light Harvesting Properties Article
Jul 2022 OPT MATER
Shradha Lakhera Kamal Devlal
Meenakshi Rana Vivek Dhuliya
In the present work, Quantum mechanical properties of three different organic compounds [(2S)-1-(4-nitrophenyl) pyrrolidin-2-yl] methanol (NPPM), 2-(Methyl(4-nitrophenyl) nitro) ethanol (MNAE), and N, N-Bis (2-hydroxyethyl)-4-nitroaniline (HENA) were investigated by computational approach. The geometries were optimized to ground state using the density functional theory (DFT) with level B3LYP/6311-G (++d, p) basis set. The Mulliken charge distribution and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) map of the title molecules shows the existence of huge charge distribution and the charge transfer within the molecules due to the presence of nucleophilic and electrophilic moieties. The vibrational spectra of the title molecules seem to have high intensity Raman modes. The UV–Vis spectra for the three molecules were found to indicate the presence of π-π* and n-π* electronic transitions between wavelength 300–500 nm. The computed value of first-order hyperpolarizability for the molecules were found to be higher than the reference materials. This validates the nonlinear optical responses of the title molecules. The light harvesting efficiency of the molecules were also determined. For the NPPM molecule, light harvesting efficiency of 64% was obtained. This validates the potential applications of NPPM in designing new photosensitizer solar cells.
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Metal nanoparticles and its application on phenolic and heavy metal pollutants
Preprint Full-text available
Dec 2021
Vaanmathy Pandiyaraj Ankita Murmu
P. Saravana Kumari Shanamitha Arjunan
Metal nanoparticles and their application on phenolic and heavy metal pollutants
The perpetual exposure of several manmade materials and their activities such as urbanization, industrialization, transportation, mining, construction, petroleum refining, manufacturing, preservatives, disinfectants, etc., release various pollutants like organic, inorganic, and heavy metals which pollute the air, water, and soil. This poses various environmental issues which are relevant to the ecosystem and human wellbeing that intensify the implementation of new expedient treatment technologies. Likewise, phenolic and heavy metal pollutants find their way into the environment. These phenolic and heavy metals are toxic to the liver, heart and carcinogenic. Therefore, the removal of these kinds of pollutants from the environment is a highly challenging issue. As conventional treatment technologies have consequent drawbacks, new interests have been developed to remediate and remove pollutants from the ecosystem using metal nanoparticles (MPNs). To date, many researchers all over the world have been investigating novel approaches to enhance various remediation application technologies. One such approach that the researchers are constantly showing interest in is the use of nanomaterials with potential applications towards the environment. In this regard, MPNs like Copper (Cu), Nickel (Ni), Palladium (Pd), Gold (Au), Silver (Ag), Platinum (Pt), Titanium (Ti), and other nano metals are serving as a suitable agents to eliminate emerging contaminants in various fields, particularly in the removal of phenolic and heavy metal pollutants. This chapter discusses the mechanism and application of various MPNs in eliminating various phenolic and heavy metal pollutants from the environment.
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Kinetics and Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism for the catalytic reduction of para-nitrophenol over Cu catalysts supported on chitin and chitosan biopolymers Article
Sep 2021
Chadia Mounir Hammou Ahlafi
Mustapha Aazza Soufiane Mounir
Herein we report the performance of cheaper, more efficient and eco-friendlier chitin (CN) and chitosan (CS) biopolymers supported Cu nanoparticles (Cu NPs) catalysts (1.5 wt% Cu/CN) and (4.5 wt% Cu/CS) in the reaction model of para-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction to para-aminophenol (p-AP) by NaBH4. The catalysts were synthetized with impregnation method and CN was extracted from local shrimp shells wastes, while CS was obtained by the deacetylation of CN. It was found that the activity of 1.5 wt% Cu/CN, with a lower Cu loading, is better than that of 4.5 wt% Cu/CS, which achieved 100% p-NP conversion to p-AP in short reaction times at all studied reaction temperatures. The activity of each catalyst was found to depend on the interaction modes of Cu NPs with the functional groups of CN and CS, which affects the textural parameters of the catalysts and the dispersion of Cu NPs, as revealed by various characterization techniques used. Kinetic of p-NP reduction was found to follows the pseudo-first order with respect to p-NP concentration. The apparent rate constants at T = 25 °C were calculated to be kapp = 0.854 min−1 and 0.350 min−1 for 1.5 wt% Cu/CN and 4.5 wt% Cu/CS catalysts, respectively, which increased with the reaction temperature. Kinetics data of p-NP reduction at T = 25 °C, obtained for various concentrations of reagents, were successfully modeled using the Langmuir–Hinshelwood mechanism. The related kinetic parameters such as the adsorption equilibrium constants K(p-NP), K(\({\text{BH}}_{4}^{ - }\)) and the surface rate constant, k, were calculated. The competitive adsorption between p-NP and \({\text{BH}}_{4}^{ - }\) was shown to control the rate of p-NP reduction to p-AP.
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Active nickel hollow nanosphere supported over SiO 2 catalyst for reduction of nitro compound Article
Jul 2021 PARTICUL SCI TECHNOL
Priyanka S. Pawar Aboli A. Lokhande
Sachin Nandanwar Vijay V. Bokade
Nickel hollow nanospheres (Ni HNSs) was prepared by solvothermal method using mixture of ethylenediamine (EN) and ethanol (ET), sodium borohydride as reducing agent and nickel chloride hexahydrate as precursor. The particle size of the Ni HNSs were tuned by varying several parameters including precursor concentrations, reaction temperatures (130–190 °C), and ET to EN volume ratios. The particle size and morphology of Ni HNSs were confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope, respectively. Spherical shape of Ni nanoparticles of 300 nm size having ∼200 nm hollow space and 50 nm thickness was achieved at optimize condition of 4:6 volume ratio of ET/EN, 150 °C temperature, 0.1 M NaBH4 concentration, and 7 h. Ni HNSs supported over SiO2 (Ni HNSs/SiO2) with different loading of Ni HNSs (1–10 wt.%) were prepared by impregnation method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and inductively coupled plasma - optical emission spectroscopy. The catalytic performance of Ni HNSs/SiO2 was carried out in the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4 – Aminophenol (4-AP). 5 wt.% Ni HNSs/SiO2 exhibited 87% reduction of 4-NP in 25 min and stable up to 6 catalyst cycles due to higher surface area of the catalyst.
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Readily-fabricated supported MgO catalysts for efficient and green synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethyl carbamate and ethanol Article Full-text available
May 2021
Fengjiao Li Liguo Wang Shuang Xu
Ningning Zhang
Developing cost-effective, high-efficiency and heterogeneous catalysts is of prime importance for the green synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC) from ethyl carbamate (EC) and ethanol. Herein, a series of MgO/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were readily fabricated by an impregnation method for DEC synthesis from EC and ethanol. The activities of the as-prepared MgO/γ-Al2O3 catalysts as well as the individual MgO or γ-Al2O3 were first tested in the batch reactor. Among the investigated samples, the MgO/γ-Al2O3 with
a MgO loading of 10 wt% (denoted as 10% MgO/γ-Al2O3) exhibited the largest amount of stronger basic sites, and the highest activities with EC conversion of 41.8% and DEC yield of 30.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the DEC yield was greatly boosted to 52.1% with a high DEC selectivity of 93.8% over the 10% MgO/γ-Al2O3 catalyst under the optimized reaction conditions in the fixed bed reactor, outperforming most of the reported catalysts.
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Production of copper nanoparticles exhibiting various morphologies via pulsed laser ablation in different solvents and their catalytic activity for reduction of toxic nitroaromatic compounds Article
Oct 2020 J HAZARD MATER
Talshyn Begildayeva Seung Jun Lee
Yiseul Yu Myong Yong Choi
Comparative experiments were conducted to determine the effects of various solvents (i.e., deionized water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, butanol, ethylene glycol, hexane, and acetonitrile) on the final compositions, morphologies, and catalytic activities of copper-based nanoparticles (NPs). The NPs were effectively synthesized by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) using a copper plate as the target. The obtained copper NPs were characterized utilizing various analytical techniques. It was established that the developed methodology allows for the production of NPs with different morphologies and compositions in a safe and simple manner. When laser ablation of a solid copper plate was performed in acetonitrile, the formation of copper(I) cyanide cubes was observed. On the other hand, in deionized water and methanol, spherical and rod-like particles of copper(I) and copper(II) oxide were detected, respectively. The catalytic activity of the prepared copper NPs in the reduction of aromatic nitro compounds, such as 4-nitrophenol and nitrobenzene, was also evaluated. A high k value was determined for the reduction over the copper(II) oxide NPs produced in methanol. Moreover, particles with graphitic carbon (GC) layers exhibited superior catalytic performance in the reduction of a hydrophobic substance, i.e., nitrobenzene, over the reduction of 4-nitrophenol. The enhanced catalytic activity of this catalyst may be due its unique surface morphology and the synergistic effects between the copper nanostructure and the GC layer. Lastly, a detailed reduction pathway mechanism for the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol and nitrobenzene has been proposed.
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Electrodeposition of Silver in a Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent and the Electrochemical Sensing Ability of the Ag-Modified Electrode for Nitrofurazone Article
Sep 2020 LANGMUIR
Yung-Shun Lu Wei-Ying Pan Tzu-Chiao Hung Yi-Ting Hsieh
The determination of nitrofurazone has received substantial attention since it is a kind of antibiotics drug. Herein, a rapid and low-cost electrochemical sensor for the analysis of nitrofurazone is reported. The method uses Ag modified electrodes in which different surfactants, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), in a ternary choline chloride-urea-glycerol deep eutectic solvent were deposited. The physical properties of the solutions with various surfactants are investigated by conductivity meter, viscometer, and tensiometer. The morphologies and crystallinity of the Ag modified electrodes were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction. EIS and CVs analyses indicate that the as-prepared Ag-SDS electrode exhibited better performance as a nitrofurazone sensor. The dynamic linear range of nitrofurazone is 0.66 M to 930 M with a corresponding detection limit of 0.37 M. The proposed electrochemical sensor was applied to detect nitrofurazone (NFZ) in the aquaculture water sample, and the results showed good recovery in the range from 100.28 to 102.65%.
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The Decoration of Gold Core in Au@ZrO2 Nanoreactors with Trace Amounts of Pd for the Effective Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol Article Full-text available Jun 2019 CATAL LETT Brenda Jeanneth Acosta Viridiana Evangelista Serguei Miridonov Andrey Simakov Pd1/Au20@ZrO2 nanoreactors with the gold nuclei confined within zirconia shell and decorated with Pd were synthesized using an Au:Pd molar ratio of 20:1. The presence of even trace amounts of Pd on the gold nuclei surface, significantly enhanced catalytic activity of Pd1/Au20@ZrO2 nanoreactors in the 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol transformation by four times compared to Au@ZrO2. In addition, the Pd1/Au20@ZrO2 nanoreactors remained highly stable during the reaction even under harsh conditions, i.e. without nanoreactors cleaning before the subsequent catalytic run, comparable with the stability of Au@ZrO2 nanoreactors. The presently proposed synthesis technique allowed to prepare nanoreactors of uniform structure even with relatively unstable bimetallic NPs (Pd/Au) as nuclei.
Graphical Abstract View Show abstract Facile Synthesis and Phase-Dependent Catalytic Activity of Cabbage-Type Copper Oxide Nanostructures for Highly Efficient Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Article Full-text available Sep 2019 CATAL LETT Kavita Sahu Biswarup Satpati Satyabrata Mohapatra Cabbage-type morphology of cupric oxide (CuO) and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanostructures were synthesized via a simple and cost-effective chemical approach. HRTEM, FESEM, XRD, UV–Vis absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopies were used to identify the structural, optical, morphological and catalytic properties of the prepared nanostructures. Phase of the prepared copper oxide nanostructures was well controlled by changing the concentration of glucose. The prepared cabbage-type Cu2O nanostructures showed exceptionally improved catalytic performance towards the reduction of toxic 4-nitrophenol into useful 4-aminophenol as compared to cabbage-type CuO nanostructures. Cabbage-type Cu2O nanostructures completely transformed 4-NP into 4-AP in just 5 min with excellent rate constant (0.587 min⁻¹). The observed excellent catalytic activity of prepared cabbage-type Cu2O nanostructures indicates their potential use in catalytic applications.
Graphical Abstract
Open image in new window View Show abstract Desalination and Water Treatment Performance evaluation of column-SBR in paper and pulp wastewater treatment: optimization and bio-kinetics Article Full-text available Jan 2019 DESALIN WATER TREAT Nadeem A Khan Saif Khan Dar Tafazul Islam Arshad Husain Pulp and paper industry generates effluent containing harmful compounds like chlorophenols which are difficult to biodegrade. It requires an appropriate treatment in order to meet the stringent discharge standards. In this work, a bench scale column type sequential batch reactor (SBR) was employed for treating pulp and paper wastewater. The performance of SBR, seeded with acclimatized sludge was optimized and analysed for maximizing COD and AOX removal. The process parameters viz; pH, initial COD, cycle time and MLSS were optimized and their effects on response variables: COD removal efficiency, AOX removal efficiency and SVI were investigated. The optimum conditions were determined to be: initial COD 1200 mg/l, pH 7.5, MLSS 2100 mg/L and cycle time 15 h, for 73.2% COD removal, 57.6% AOX removal and 122.8 mL/g SVI. The complex compounds were broken down into numerous intermediate compounds thus enhancing COD and AOX removal with low SVI. The bio-kinetics of the optimized system was also analyzed in order to understand the bacterial nature towards substrate utilization. Two kinetic models namely Grau second-order model and Stover-Kincannon model were found to be fitwell with high correlation coefficients (R 2 = 0.99) for COD as well as AOX. View Show abstract Sol-Gel γ -Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Nanoparticles Assessment of the Removal of Eosin Yellow Using: Adsorption, Kinetic and Thermodynamic Parameters Article Full-text available Jan 2016 JEAS Mohamed Thabet Ahmed Ismaiel View Pd Loaded TiO2 Nanotubes for the Effective Catalytic Reduction of p-Nitrophenol Article Full-text available Feb 2016 CATAL LETT Vijila Kalarivalappil C. M. Divya Wilfried Wunderlich Baiju Vijayan Titania nanotubes decorated with Pd nanoparticles were synthesised by a hydrothermal method. The increased amounts of Pd concentration is found to facilitate the anatase to rutile crystalline phase transformation as well as in collapse of the morphology as revealed by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The presence of metallic as well as the oxidized form (PdO2) of surface metal ions was characterized by using XPS. The catalytic activity of the Pd loaded titania nanotubes has been demonstrated by studying the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. The 1.0 mol% Pd loaded titania nanotubes has been found to exhibit optimum catalytic activity (rate constant of 0.7072 min−1) while those with higher amounts of Pd loading showed lower catalytic activity. It is observed that retention of tubular morphology and higher anatase content play significant roles in their catalytic activity.
Graphical Abstract View Show abstract Ligand-free Gold Nanoparticles as a Reference Material for Kinetic Modelling of Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol Article Full-text available May 2015 Sasa Gu Julian Kaiser Galina Marzun Philipp Wagener The reduction of 4-nitrophenol by sodium borohydride is a common model reaction to test the catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles. As all reaction steps proceed solely on the surface of the metal nanoparticles (Langmuir–Hinshelwood model), ligand-coverage of metal nanoparticles impedes the merging of theory and experiment. Therefore we analyzed the catalytic activity of bare gold nanoparticles prepared by laser ablation in liquid without any stabilizers or ligands. The catalytic reaction is characterized by a full kinetic analysis including 4-hydroxylaminophenol as an intermediate species. Excellent agreement between theory and experiment is found. Moreover, the suspension of the nanoparticles remains stable. Hence, ligand-free nanoparticles can be used as a reference material for mechanistic studies of catalytic reactions. In addition, the analysis shows that gold nanoparticles synthesized by laser ablation are among the most active catalysts for this reaction.
Graphical Abstract View Show abstract ChemInform Abstract: Nitroarene Reduction: A Trusted Model Reaction to Test Nanoparticle Catalysts Article Full-text available Mar 2015 CHEM COMMUN Tarasankar Pal Teresa Aditya Anjali Pal Nitrophenol reduction to aminophenol with a reducing agent is conveniently carried out in aqueous medium mainly with a metal or metal oxide catalyst. This reduction is presently considered as a benchmark reaction to test a catalyst nanoparticle. Thousands of original reports have enriched this field of nanoparticle catalyzed reaction. Synthesis of different metal and metal oxide nanoparticles and their composites along with their role as catalyst for nitrophenol reduction with varying reducing agents have been elucidated here. The progress of the reaction is conveniently monitored by UV-Visible spectrophotometry and hence it becomes a universally accepted model reaction. In this review we have discussed the reaction kinetics considering its elegance and importance enlightening the long known Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism and Eley-Rideal mechanism at length, along with a few other mechanisms recently reported. A brief description of the synthetic procedures of various nanoparticles and their respective catalytic behaviour towards nitroarene reduction has also been accounted here. View Show abstract Facile reduction of nitrophenols: Comparative catalytic efficiency of MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) nano ferrites Article Full-text available Mar 2014 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG Ankita Goyal Sami Bansal Sonal Singhal Nano ferrites of the formula MFe2O4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn), synthesized using sol gel technique, were employed to catalyze the reductive transformation of nitrophenols to aminophenols. The catalytic reduction was carried out in the excess of NaBH4 as reducing agent in aqueous medium at room temperature. CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 were found to be active for the reduction of nitrophenols with significant difference in their activities whereas ZnFe2O4 was found to be inactive. The kinetics of the reduction of nitrophenols to aminophenols was also investigated. The reaction followed pseudo first order kinetics. The first order rate constant values for 30 mol% of CuFe2O4 and NiFe2O4 for the reduction of 2-nitrophenol were observed to be 3.68 min(-1) and 0.33 min(-1) respectively. The rates of reduction for the three isomers of nitrophenol were also studied and were observed to follow the order 2-nitrophenol > 4-nitrophenol > 3-nitrophenol. The selective formation of aminophenol was confirmed using LC-MS, H-1 NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic techniques. Copyright View Show abstract Recent Trends in Disposal and Treatment Technologies of Emerging-Pollutants- A Critical Review Article Nov 2019 TRAC-TREND ANAL CHEM Nadeem A Khan Saif Khan Sirajuddin Ahmed Fazlollah Changani khorasgani Recently pharmaceuticals are emerging as a major source of pollution for the environment. It has been well observed that the effluent discharge from hospitals has an eminent quantity of chemical waste as antibiotics, disinfectants and other treatments wastes. Pharmaceutical effluents are bioactive and their existence in the environment has been found harmful to both aquatic life and humans. In developing countries, untreated wastewaters are discharged to local water bodies by just following the local regulations. The current global challenges including high population growth rate and climate change have contributed to the widespread epidemics and emergence of diseases. Besides intractable and decaying antibiotic system, hospitals emit pathogenic waste during treatment process that can lead to situations where a total ban on hospital effluent are needed, for instance in multiple cases where discharge lead to strain on nature and quality of water. In case of pharmaceutical residues, it has been observed that only 18-32% of the pharmaceutical residues could be degraded by the secondary treatment of these seven technologies and it has been increased to 30-65% by tertiary treatment. As far as the pharmaceutical residues are concerned, it has been observed that MBR removes the residues with the efficiency of 28-100%, varying for each pharmaceutical. This paper reviews the existing treatment processes, their advantages and future perspective of this emerging area. View Show abstract Smart ways of hospital wastewater management, regulatory standards and conventional treatment techniques: A short review Article Oct 2019 Viola Vambol Nadeem Ahmad Khan Saif Khan Sirajuddin Ahmed Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to cover some aspects about the disposal and regulatory standard around the world toward hospital effluent discharge, its managements and treatment technologies that are adopted and best suitable nowadays.
Design/methodology/approach
Due to large and variety of antibiotics available in the market nowadays it is difficult to control its use, thereby risking the whole ecosystem and its components. The regulation pattern is variable depending upon the various factors in different countries. The permissible limit of these emerging pollutants found in sewage as compared to in hospital effluent streams having active pharmaceutical ingredients is very narrow and is a debatable issue.
Findings
The disparity in the available legislation for hospital waste management in different countries makes it difficult to compare pro’s and con’s of methods adopted. Strict laws need to be framed for hospital wastewater management and its treatment, as it contains harmful compounds in higher concentrations resulting in development of resistant genes. The guideline applicable nowadays makes it clear that, specific management guidelines with respect to HWW, but also indicate certain characteristics that can be represented to specify their nature and indicator.
Research limitations/implications
Determination of effluent characteristic for each specialized treatment need to be analyzed for meeting the framed regulatory standards. Up-gradation of existing treatment facilities, adopting new technologies and improving operation, maintained is a viable option. As there are no specific treatment schemes available hence combination and optimization of treatment methods may solve the problem to certain extent.
Practical implications
There is some flexibility also there so that law framework can be modified accordingly. For any health facilities direct discharges into natural water bodies it effluent need to follow national discharge standards. These are quite strict as compared to indirect standards and generally not meet by such facilities. This is quite logical because they are not being monitored or treated by municipal systems.
Social implications
The law indicates that hospital needed to collect and treat effluent according to the treatment standards. But on other hand the law was made making it consideration about the HWW collection in water bodies.
Originality/value
The best way of management as described, is to treat HWW onsite-dividing into primary, secondary and tertiary. The document also provides details about sludge disposal, possible reuse, including the application of new and innovative treatment technologies for HWW. It also provides guidance for minimum approach for HWW management because developing countries patients do not have proper sanitation facilities. View Show abstract Applications of Nanotechnology in Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review Article Oct 2019 WATER ENVIRON J Fazlollah Changani khorasgani Nadeem Ahmad Khan Saif Khan Sirajuddin Ahmed Water pollution due to heavy metals, organic and inorganic matters and biological organisms is a matter of serious concern all around the globe. Thus, providing clean and safe drinking water at a reasonable cost has become a challenge nowadays. Therefore the importance of technological advancement to facilitate integrated water management cannot be overruled. Due to this, emergence of nanotechnology has delivered pioneering solution to problems in the field of medicine, engineering, physics, chemistry, etc. Nanotechnology is basically the world of science employing nanoparticle for various engineering applications including environmental remediation. Among the nano-based techniques, use of nanoadsorbents, nanomembranes, and nano-photocatalysts has been quite promising in water and wastewater treatment, at both small and commercial scale. Nanoparticles have a higher aspect ratio, larger pore-volume, electrostatics, a higher specific surface area which is quite useful in processes like sorption, catalysis, censoring in the field of water treatment having higher efficiency, flexibility, being multifunctional and affordability. Considering these aspects, nanotechnology has proved to be an innovative, eco-friendly and an advanced treatment technique. The main limitation in applying nanotechnology is that uptil now most of the researches are confined to laboratory or pilot scale only. In this review, we have discussed in brief about a few recently used nanomaterials that are presently employed in treating water, with a focus on nano-based adsorbents and filtration membranes. View Show abstract Field hospital wastewater treatment scenario Article Aug 2019 Nadeem Ahmad Khan Sirajuddin Ahmed Sergij Vambol Izharul Haq Farooqi In extreme situations with a large number of victims, field hospitals are deployed to provide patients with medical treatment. The large number of patients with different types of medications used generates the problem of hospital waste accumulation, including hospital wastewater (HWW). Wastewater is water having compromised characteristics that adversely affect the environment. Many countries do not have strict regulations regarding the disposal of hospital effluent, which contains pathogens, toxic chemicals and radioisotopes. The disposal of such substances poses a serious threat to public health and the environment. This paper discusses the possibilities of field hospital wastewater management development. Micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals, are found in different ecosystem elements, like soil, surface and ground water, drinking water as well as treated effluent from conventional wastewater treatment plants. Wastewater discharged from different health facilities, with varying concentrations of pharmaceuticals, is often mixed with municipal sewage, thus remains untreated even after passing through conventional treatment plants. Extensive experience in the application of different types of HWW treatment methods allows the development of an optimal treatment scenario for field hospital wastewater problem resolution, including the combination of Microbiological Reactor and Fenton Process technologies. They are applicable in the case of low wastewater flow rate values, specific for field hospital conditions. @@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@ View Show abstract Au nanoparticles decorated on activated coke via a facile preparation for efficient catalytic reduction of nitrophenols and azo dyes Article Dec 2018 APPL SURF SCI Yukui Fu Piao Xu Danlian Huang Chen Zhang Activated coke (AC) exhibits excellent properties with a graphite-like layer crystallite structure and possesses mesopore and macropore structures, which can reduce the influence of internal diffusion on the general rate of adsorption and catalytic process greatly. In this work, AC was served as a support for gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) anchoring to prepare Au/AC catalysts via a facile synthesis using ascorbic acid as a mild reducing agent. The morphology and structure of catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, and XPS analysis. Our experiment results showed that the abundant functional groups on the surface of AC play a vital role in the immobilization of Au NPs. Au/AC was employed as a highly efficient catalyst with a rate constant of 0.1916 s⁻¹ for the reduction of 4-nitrophenols by NaBH4. Au/AC was also tested for the catalytic reduction of other nitrophenols (2-nitrophenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol) and azo dyes (congo red, methyl orange and erichrome black T), demonstrating that Au/AC exhibited superior catalytic efficiency compared with other Au NPs catalysts. The catalysts showed good reusability, with conversion of 84% in the reduction of 4-NP in 20 s after six cycles. The Au/AC with high TOF has potential to be a workable and efficient catalyst in industrial applications. Present study not only provides a facile preparation route of catalysts using AC as a promising support, but also sheds light on the understanding of mechanism of the synergistic effect between Au NPs and AC towards the reduction of nitrophenols. View Show abstract Facile synthesis of magnetic Co3O4/BFO nanocomposite for effective reduction of nitrophenol isomers Article Dec 2018 CHEMOSPHERE Xuefeng Shi Linmei Yang Gui Mei Shi Fanian Shi Co3O4/BiFeO3 nanocomposite catalysts were synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method following the impregnation process. The nanocomposite was successfully characterized by powder X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), nitrogen adsorption desorption isotherms and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) analysis.
The as-synthesized Co3O4/BiFeO3 nanocomposites were tested as a catalyst in the reduction of nitrophenol isomers with NaBH4 at room temperature. The results indicate that the as-prepared Co3O4/BiFeO3 nanocomposites are an efficient recyclable catalyst for the reduction of nitrophenol isomers. The reduction kinetics for all the reactions follows the pseudo-first order. The rate reduction of nitrophenols followed the order 3NP > 2NP > 4NP. View Show abstract Removal of nitrophenols and their derivatives by chemical redox: A review Article Nov 2018 Zhaokun Xiong Heng Zhang Wenchao Zhang Gang Yao This review intends to provide an overview of chemical redox degradation of nitrophenols (NPs) and their derivatives. The main scientific focus is on the degradation of NPs by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs, such as microwave assisted catalytic oxidation, ultrasound-enhanced oxidation, electrochemical oxidation, catalytic ozonation, photocatalytic oxidation, persulfate and peroxymonosulfate oxidation, etc.), advanced reduction processes (ARPs, such as zero valent iron, bimetals and NaBH4 with precious metal catalysts), and their synergistic processes. The strengths and weaknesses of various treatment technologies are described. The degradation mechanisms of NPs by chemical redox treatment are proposed and summarized. Other aspects such as mechanism of chemical redox, and degradation pathways of NPs, are also discussed in detail. Furthermore, pretreatment of real industrial wastewater containing NPs was introduced according to the reports. The combination of chemical redox and biological treatments for the real industrial wastewater was finally evaluated and discussed significantly. View Show abstract Synthesis of AuNPs@RGO nanosheets for sustainable catalysis toward nitrophenols reduction Article Nov 2018 Vellaichamy Balakumar Prakash Periakaruppan Jeena Thomas A facile, green and one-pot synthesis strategy for the convenient preparation of well-dispersed gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) decorated reduced graphene oxide (RGO) without using any other toxic chemicals and reductants is reported herein. The synthesized AuNPs@RGO hybrid nanomaterials were characterized by UV-visible absorption spectroscopy, FT-IR, XRD, Raman, SEM, TEM and EDX analysis. The AuNPs@RGO acts as an efficient catalyst for the reduction of organic nitroaromatics (2- & 4-nitro phenols) in the presence of NaBH4. This newly synthesized hybrid AuNPs@RGO has superior catalytic activity over any other Au-nanomaterials ever reported. The rate of nitro aromatics reduction is found to be dependent on concentrations of substrate, reductant and catalyst. The mechanisms for the synthesis and catalytic reduction have been studied and discussed. View Show abstract Synthesis of Au nanoparticles supported on mesoporous N-doped carbon and its high catalytic activity towards hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol Article Nov 2017 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG Yuwen Yang Sha Luo Shuailong Guo Yuxiu Li Au nanoparticles supported on mesoporous N-doped carbon (CN) nanocomposites have been synthesized via a facile and green method using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as a reductant at room temperature. The structure, composition and morphology of the as-prepared nanocomposites were characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), high-angle annular dark-field scanning TEM (HAADF-STEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Further, the catalytic activity of Au/CN was investigated for hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol (4-NP) to p-aminophenol (4-AP) and it exhibited excellent catalytic activity with a TOF of 11.4 min⁻¹. The unique structure and high catalytic performance make the nanocomposites highly promising candidates for diverse applications in the area of catalysis. View Show abstract Ortho-Nitro-Phenol adsorption onto alumina and surfactant modified alumina: Kinetic, isotherm and mechanism Article Jun 2017 Mustapha Aazza Hammou Ahlafi Hamou Moussout H. Maghat Alumina (Al2O3) and its elaborated composite, Hexadecyl Tri Methyl Ammonium Bromide/Al2O3 (HDTMA/Al2O3), were used as adsorbents for removal of ortho-nitrophenol (ONP) from aqueous solution. The adsorbents were characterized by means of FTIR, B.E.T, XRD, and TEM analysis. Adsorption experiments were conducted in a batch system as a function of ONP concentration (4 × 10⁻⁴ M), contact time and temperature (25 to 45 °C). The experimental results indicate that, HDTMA/Al2O3 adsorbent possesses a greater affinity toward ONP than Al2O3 at pH = 6. Pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models were used to analyze the kinetic data obtained at different concentrations. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data for the adsorption of ONP on both adsorbents, and the intra-particle diffusion was not only the rate controlling step. The equilibrium adsorption data were analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Temkin isotherm models. The results indicate that the Langmuir model does not provide the best fit of the experimental data. A thermodynamic study indicates that the adsorption of ONP on both adsorbents has been found to be spontaneous and endothermic in nature. View Show abstract Insights into the Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol on Catalysts Article Jun 2017 CHEM PHYS LETT Xiangkai Kong Hongying Zhu Changle Chen Qianwang Chen New insights for the mechanism of nitro to amino groups conversion have been revealed on both N-doped graphene and Ag nanoparticles catalysts, based on the paper assisted ultrasonic spray ionization mass spectrometry: 1) water molecules not NaBH4 are the hydrogen source for the reduced amino groups, 2) NaBH4 could contribute to the ionization of H⁺ from water, facilitating its adsorption on nitro groups, 3) six different intermediates have been detected to depict the whole catalytic process, and no condensed roots are involved in and 4) this reduction process is spontaneous to some extent, and even without catalysts it is not totally stopped as obtained from the spectral measurements. View Show abstract Ultrasonic assisted synthesis of palladium-nickel/iron oxide core-shell nanoalloys as effective catalyst for Suzuki-Miyaura and p -nitrophenol reduction reactions Article May 2017 Najmeh Ghanbari S. Jafar Hoseini Mehrangiz Bahrami In this study, ultrasonic assisted synthesis of Pd-Ni/Fe3O4 core–shell nanoalloys is reported. Unique reaction condition was prepared by ultrasonic irradiation, releasing the stored energy in the collapsed bubbles and heats the bubble contents that leads to Pd(II) and Ni(II) reduction. Co-precipitation method was applied for the synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). Immobilized solution was produced by sonicating the aqueous mixture of Fe3O4 and mercaptosuccinic acid to obtain Pd-Ni alloys on Fe3O4 magnetic NP cores. The catalytic activity of the synthesized Pd-Ni/Fe3O4 core–shells was investigated in the Suzuki-Miyaura C-C coupling reaction and 4-nitrophenol reduction, which exhibited a high catalytic activity in both reactions. These magnetic NPs can be separated from the reaction mixture by external magnetic field. This strategy is simple, economical and promising for industrial applications. View Show abstract Reduced graphene oxide decorated with Co 3 O 4 nanoparticles (rGO-Co 3 O 4 ) nanocomposite: A reusable catalyst for highly efficient reduction of 4-nitrophenol, and Cr(VI) and dye removal from aqueous solutions Article Apr 2017 Amer Al-Nafiey Ahmed Addad Brigitte Sieber Rabah Boukherroub Water contamination with synthetic dyes and metal ions is an escalating problem, despite the huge research efforts put in the field of water treatment. The paper reports on one-step synthesis of reduced graphene oxide-cobalt oxide nanoparticles (rGO-Co3O4) nanocomposite under mild conditions. The nanocomposite material has been characterized using various analytical techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectrophotometry and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The catalytic properties of the nanocomposite were demonstrated for the sodium borohydride-induced 4-nitrophenol reduction to 4-aminophenol. A full reduction has been achieved within less than 1 min at room temperature. Further, the nanocomposite was successfully applied for Cr(VI) adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 208.8 mg.g⁻¹, which is much higher than that obtained using many other magnetic adsorbents. Finally, the nanocomposite was found to be very efficient for anionic and cationic dye adsorption with complete removal within less than 2 min. The performance of the rGO-Co3O4 nanocomposite is quite high as compared to other graphene-based adsorbents. The ferromagnetic properties of the composite allowed effective separation and recyclability of the material by simple application of an external magnet. View Show abstract N doped cobalt-carbon composite for reduction of p-nitrophenol and pendimethaline Article Jan 2017 J ALLOY COMPD Zubair Hasan Yong Sik Ok Jörg Rinklebe Hocheol Song View Biogenic silver nanoparticles from Trachyspermum ammi (Ajwain) seeds extract for catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol in excess of NaBH4 Article Jan 2017 J MOL LIQ Neelu Chouhan Rakshit Ameta Rajesh Kumar Meena View Core-shell Ag@Pt nanoparticles supported on sepiolite nanofibers for the catalytic reduction of nitrophenols in water: Enhanced catalytic performance and DFT study Article Dec 2016 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON Ying Ma Xiaoyong Wu Gaoke Zhang We reported the enhanced catalytic property of core-shell Ag@Pt nanoparticles supported on sepiolite nanofibers for the reduction of nitrophenols in the presence of NaBH4. Furthermore, we confirmed the contribution of core-shell structure to the enhanced catalytic performance of Ag@Pt nanoparticles by DFT calculations. The Ag@Pt/sepiolite catalysts were prepared using a successive reduction method, in which core-shell Ag@Pt nanoparticles were highly dispersed on sepiolite nanofibers. DFT calculations showed that the charge redistribution and s-d hybridization between Ag cores and Pt shells contributed to the unique electronic structure of Ag@Pt nanoparticles. More importantly, 2 wt. % Ag@Pt/sepiolite catalyst exhibited much higher catalytic activity toward nitrophenols reduction than Ag/sepiolite and Pt/sepiolite, and relatively high catalytic stability even after 5 cycles. The enhanced catalytic performance of Ag@Pt/sepiolite catalysts was primarily owing to the large surface area and high porosity of sepiolite nanofibers and the unique electronic structure of core-shell Ag@Pt nanoparticles, which resulted in the effective adsorption of nitrophenols and the electron transfer from BH4⁻ to nitrophenols, respectively. This study probably provides new insights into the catalytic reduction of nitrophenols in water by forming the composite between bimetallic core-shell nanoparticles and natural low-cost supports. View Show abstract Nickel Nanoparticles Decorated on Electrospun Polycaprolactone/Chitosan Nanofibers as Flexible, Highly Active and Reusable Nanocatalyst in the Reduction of Nitrophenols under Mild Conditions Article Oct 2016 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON Kadir Karakas Asli Celebioglu Metin Çelebi Mehmet Zahmakıran Today, the reduction of nitro aromatics stands a major challenge because of the pollutant and detrimental nature of these compounds. In the present study, we show that nickel(0) nanoparticles (Ni-NP) decorated on electrospun polymeric (polycaprolactone(PCL)/chitosan) nanofibers (Ni-NP/ENF) effectively catalyze the reduction of various nitrophenols (2-nitrophenol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, 2,4,6-trinitrophenol) under mild conditions. Ni-NP/ENF nanocatalyst was reproducibly prepared by deposition-reduction technique. The detailed characterization of these Ni-NP/ENF based nanocatalyst have been performed by using various spectroscopic tools including ICP-OES, P-XRD, XPS, SEM, BFTEM, HRTEM and BFTEM-EDX techniques. The results revealed the formation of well-dispersed nickel(0) NP (dmean = 2.71–2.93 nm) on the surface of electrospun polymeric nanofibers. The catalytic activity of the resulting Ni-NP/ENF was evaluated in the catalytic reduction of nitrophenols in aqueous solution in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4) as reducing agent, in which Ni-NP/ENF nanocatalyst has shown high activity (TOF = 46.2 mol 2-nitrophenol/mol Ni.min; 48.2 mol 2,4-dinitrophenol/mol Ni.min; 65.6 mol 2,4,6-trinitrophenol/mol Ni.min). More importantly, due to the nanofibrous polymeric support, Ni-NP/ENF has shown a flexible characteristics along with reusability property. Testing the catalytic stability of Ni-NP/ENF revealed that this new catalytic material provides high reusability performance (at 3rd reuse 86% for 2-nitrophenol, 83% 2,4-dinitrophenol and 82% 2,4,6-trinitrophenol) for the reduction of nitrophenols even at room temperature and under air. The present study reported here also includes the compilation of wealthy kinetic data for Ni-NP/ENF catalyzed the reduction of nitrophenols in aqueous sodium borohydride solution depending on temperature and type of support material (Al2O3, C, SiO2) to understand the effect of the support material and determine the activation parameters. View Show abstract Reduction of nitrophenols to aminophenols under concerted catalysis by Au/g-C3N4 contact system Article Mar 2017 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON Yongsheng Fu Ting Huang Bingquan Jia Xin Wang We report a facile one-step strategy to fabricate an Au/g-C3N4 contact system with different Au contents. Morphology observation shows that Au nanoparticles with an average diameter of 2.6 nm are firmly anchored on the surface of two-dimensional g-C3N4 sheets. It is found that the Au/g-C3N4 contact system exhibits an unusual bi-functionality of catalytic and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activities, thus the hydrogenation reduction of nitrophenol to aminophenol can be rapidly achieved under concerted catalysis by the system. Among the Au/g-C3N4 contact systems studied, the Au/g-C3N4-6 exhibits the highest rate constant of 5.9362 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ in the dark and 7.9895 × 10⁻³ s⁻¹ under visible light irradiation for the reduction of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol, which is impressively higher than that pure Au nanoparticles or recently reported Au-based nanocatalysts. Such a concerted catalysis can be attributed to the negative shift in Fermi level of Au caused by the induced charge-transfer effect as a result of the strong interaction between Au nanoparticles and g-C3N4. View Show abstract Flow hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol with nano-Ag/Al2O3 Article Sep 2016 Jacinto Sa Cristina Paun Grzegorz Słowik Erik Lewin Herein, we report the first continuous-flow hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol with molecular hydrogen, as a reducing agent. This reaction converts a known pollutant into a high value product with only water as a by product, which is also the solvent. We employed Ag nanoparticles (<5 nm) supported on alumina, which were synthesized directly on low surface area alumina, avoiding the need for catalyst post-processing to confer the required nominal size for flow applications. View Show abstract Hydrazine assisted catalytic hydrogenation of PNP to PAP by Ni:XPd100- x nanocatalyst Article Jan 2016 Debaleena Bhattacharjee Kaustab Mandal Subrata Dasgupta The present study demonstrates the catalytic reduction of PNP to PAP by N2H4 in the presence of our room temperature synthesized Ni-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles (BMNPs) in aqueous alkaline solution. NixPd100-x BMNPs of different compositions were synthesized by co-reduction of hydroxides of Pd²⁺ and Ni²⁺ in the presence of PVP at 298 K. The bimetallic structure of the NixPd100-x nanoparticles is confirmed by XRD, TEM, TEM-EDS, HRTEM, SAED and XPS studies. Among the various compositions Ni70Pd30 shows maximum efficiency towards the catalytic reduction of PNP to PAP in the presence of hydrous hydrazine. Detailed kinetics analysis at room temperature revealed that the reduction follows the Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism where PNP reduction occurred through intermolecular electron transfer between N2H4 and PNP when both were adsorbed on the catalytic site. The catalyst remains active at the end of the reaction and can be recycled. View Show abstract Hierarchical synthesis of silver monoliths and their efficient catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-Nitrophenol to 4-Aminophenol. Article Jan 2016 Mustri Bano Devendra Ahirwar Molly Thomas Farid Khan A novel catalyst Ag/Triton X-705/SiNPs is synthesized by a modified sol-gel method without the use of an acid or a base as a catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) to 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in the presence of 0.1 M NaBH4 in aqueous media. The reduction time was found to be 30-35 seconds when the concentration of 4-NP was varied from 0.001 M to 0.009 M while maintaining a constant amount of the Ag/Triton X-705/SiNP catalyst at 0.006 g. Fe3O4NPs, dextran, and trimethylbenzene (TMB) were added separately to Ag/Triton X-705 hydrogels to modify their morphology and catalytic activities against the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP. The as-synthesized monoliths were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis. The pseudo first order rate constant (k), energy of activation (Ea), and thermodynamic parameters viz. activation enthalpy (ΔH‡), activation Gibbs free energy (ΔG‡) and entropy of activation (ΔS‡) have also been determined. The turnover frequency (TOF) of the Ag/Triton X-705/SiNP catalyst was 9.66 × 10²⁰ molecules per s and the catalyst was used up to nine cycles successfully with greater efficiency, making it a potential and leading candidate for the industrial conversion of 4-NP to 4-AP. We claimed that the Ag/Triton X-705/SiNP catalyst took almost minimum time for the reduction of 4-NP to 4-AP. © The Royal Society of Chemistry and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 2016. View Show abstract Characterization and treatment of electroplating industry wastewater using Fenton's reagent Article Jan 2014 Arshad Husain Izza Javed N.A. Khan With the rapid increase in population, developmental works and industries, the environment is bound to get polluted, if timely steps are not taken for proper treatment of the pollutants, before allowing their mixing in the raw form with the main components of the environment i.e. air, food and water, earth, forests etc. which are the life sustaining resources available in the environment. The need of the hour is to adopt necessary steps for proper treatment of all types of wastes that are generated in the society due to our own day to day activities. The electroplating of a metallic product is done to prevent it from corrosion and to give a decorative and smooth finish. This paper deals with Characterization, quantification and treatment of electroplating Industry wastewater. The wastewater was treated with Fenton's reagent for the removal of heavy metals. The results indicated an increase in the percentage reduction of heavy metals with an increasing dose of Fenton's reagent. Hydrogen peroxide alone was not effective in the removal of heavy metals. However, hydrogen peroxide in combination with ferrous Sulphate (Fenton's reagent) was effective in the removal of heavy metals. View Show abstract Anatase supported nickel nanoparticles for catalytic hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol Article Jun 2014 APPL SURF SCI R.K. Dhokale Hemraj M. Yadav S. N. Achary Sagar Delekar Nickel nanoparticles supported on titania were prepared by a combined sol-gel and chemical reduction procedure. XRD reveals face centred cubic structure of nickel nanoparticles; while tetragonal anatase type structure for the supporting titania phase. The structural and morphological properties showed well dispersion of nickel nanoparticles on the supported titania lattice. From TEM images, the average crystallite size of nickel nanoparticles was found to be ∼20 nm. HRTEM images identified lattice fringes with spacing around 0.203 nm, which matches with 'd' value for the (1 1 1) plane of cubic nickel. The saturation magnetization, remanent magnetization, and coercivity values of supported nickel/bare nickel nanoparticles were higher than that of bulk nickel. This enhanced magnetization property was helpful for its separation from the reaction mixture by magnetic field. The influence of titania support on the performance of nickel catalysts for the hydrogenation of 4-nitrophenol was investigated. The catalytic performance was higher for supported nickel nanoparticles as compared to that of bare nickel nanoparticles. Supported nickel catalyst was found to be superior, cost effective, magnetically separable and recyclable in hydrogenation reactions. View Show abstract Green synthesis of Pd/RGO/Fe3O4 nanocomposite using Withania coagulans leaf extract and its application as magnetically separable and reusable catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol Article Dec 2015 J COLLOID INTERF SCI Monireh Atarod Mahmoud Nasrollahzadeh S.Mohammad Sajadi A reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Fe3O4 based nanocomposite with palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) has been synthesized via a green route by Withania coagulans leaf extract as a reducing and stabilizing agent and its catalytic activity has been tested for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) in water at room temperature. The hydroxyl groups of phenolics in W. coagulans leaf extract is directly responsible for the reduction of Pd(2+), Fe(3+) ions and GO. The nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Furthermore, due to the magnetic separability and high stability of the composite the catalyst can be recovered and recycled several times without marked loss of activity. View Show abstract Hydrogenation of nitrophenols catalyzed by carbon black-supported nickel nanoparticles under mild conditions Article Jan 2016 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON Jiawei Xia Guangyu He Lili Zhang Xin Wang A carbon black (CB) supported nano-Ni catalyst is prepared by a facile method using nickel chloride as the nickel source and hydrazine hydrate as the reducing agent. TEM observation shows that Ni nanoparticles have a good dispersion with a narrow size distribution on the surface of carbon black. The catalyst exhibits significantly high catalytic activity for hydrogenation of nitrophenols even at 30 °C. The high performance obtained here can be attributed to the specific characteristics of the nanostructure of the catalyst and the synergistic effect of nano-Ni and carbon black, including plenty of oxygen-containing groups of carbon black for anchoring Ni atoms, strong adsorption ability for organic molecules and good conductivity for electron transfer from the carbon black to Ni nanoparticles. Moreover, the Ni-based catalyst is relatively cheap and magnetically separable, thus achieving a low-cost hydrogenation of nitrophenols to aminophenols. View Show abstract Effect of NaBH4 on properties of nanoscale zero-valent iron and its catalytic activity for reduction of p-nitrophenol Article Mar 2016 APPL CATAL B-ENVIRON Sungjun Bae Suji Gim Hyungjun Kim Khalil Hanna The reduction of p-Nitrophenol (p-NP) to p-Aminophenol (p-AP) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI)/NaBH4 system in an oxygen environment was studied by means of liquid chromatography, spectroscopy (vibration and X-ray photoelectron), solid analyses (transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Addition of NaBH4 into NZVI suspension showed the disintegration of NZVI(60-100 nm), resulting in the formation of much smaller particles (15-40 nm) due to the chemical etching of outermost surfaces (i.e., magnetite). Interestingly, complete reduction of p-NP and high conversion efficiency of p-AP (> 98%) were observed in NZVI/NaBH4 system even after four recycling which is quite comparable with widely used noble metallic catalysts. Surface analysis confirmed that NaBH4 can prevent the oxidation of NZVI surface, leading to the continuous reduction of p-NP in oxygen environments. Experimental results and DFT calculations suggested that not only the formation of smaller NZVI but also thermodynamic preferences for reduction of p-NP on outermost surfaces of NZVI (i.e. magnetite) may significantly affect the reduction process of p-NP in NZVI/NaBH4 system. These novel findings can promote the development of new NZVI technologies which can be used for wastewater reductive treatment in oxygen environments. View Show abstract Highly Active Layered Double Hydroxide-Derived Cobalt Nano-Catalysts for p-Nitrophenol Reduction Article Jan 2016 Hanyu Ma Haitao Wang Tong Wu Chongzheng Na Replacing precious noble-metal catalysts with non-precious metal ones is a well-recognized strategy for reducing the cost of catalytic water treatment. The implementation of this strategy is, however, challenging. To reduce the cost by using non-precious metal catalysts, the reactivity ratio between non-precious and precious metal catalysts must exceed their price ratio. Here, we report for the first time that the parity condition has been surpassed for cobalt (Co), in comparison to the most active precious metal catalyst made of palladium, in the catalytic reduction of p-nitrophenol with borohydride. This is achieved by affixing Co nanoparticles on two-dimensional layered double oxide (LDO) nano disks through thermal phase transformation of cobalt-magnesium-aluminum layered double hydroxide precursors. We show that the catalytic activity of LDO-Co is a function of Co molar fraction among metal cations. The highest reactivity is achieved at a molar fraction of 28%, giving a pseudo first order rate constant of 86(±3)min-1 at 25°C for a catalyst dose of 1gL-1 (as Co) and an initial p-nitrophenol concentration of 0.2mM. Compared to other Co nano-catalysts described in the literature, the LDO-Co design has improved the reactivity of cobalt by at least 49 times. We further show that the high reactivity of LDO-Co remains after repeated reuse as well as after borohydride is replaced by formate, a moderate reductant and hydrogen donor. We propose that the high reactivity and superior longevity of LDO-Co are results of the heteroepitaxial fixation of cobalt on LDO through cobalt-oxygen bonds that are similar to those in spinel cobalt oxide. View Show abstract Electro-oxidation of nitrophenol by ruthenium oxide coated titanium electrode: Parametric, kinetic and mechanistic study Article Mar 2015 CHEM ENG J Shailendra Kumar Seema Singh Vimal Chandra Srivastava Present study investigates mechanism of electrochemical (EC) oxidative degradation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) by ruthenium oxide coated titanium (Ti/RuO2) electrode. First, the process proficiency was determined in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), current efficiency (CE) and specific energy consumption (SEC) under different experiment conditions of initial pH (pHo), current density (j), electrolyte concentration (m) and initial PNP concentration (Co). Maximum COD and TOC removal efficiencies of 98.9% and 81.9%, respectively, were obtained at j = 168.9 A/m2, pHo = 5.5, Co = 100 mg/L and m = 300 mg/L with SEC of 535.7 kW h/kg COD. PNP degradation mechanism has also been proposed on the basis of identification of intermediates by gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Various intermediates such as quinine, benzoquinone, organic acids and small mineralization products were obtained during the EC treatment of PNP. PNP was found to be oxidized by both direct (hydroxyl radical generated via water electrolysis on anode surface) and indirect (via mediators, hypochlorous acid and active chlorine generated during chlorine oxidation in solution) EC oxidation. Kinetics of EC oxidation was represented by pseudo-first order kinetic model. View Show abstract Different surfactants-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical γ-Al2O3 and its adsorption performances for parachlorophenol Article Nov 2013 CHEM ENG J Wenwen Wang Jiabin Zhou Zhong Zhang Weiquan Cai Porous gamma-Al2O3 material with viable morphologies and structures were prepared via a facile surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis followed by calcination. The characterization results indicate that the mesoporous gamma-Al2O3 with hierarchical nanoarchitectures are composed of nanosized aluminium oxide crystallites as building units and possess high surface area (maximum of 164.27 m(2)/g with assistance of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SOS)). Depending on different surfactants as the crystallization modifiers, the gamma-Al2O3 exhibited various morphologies, such as flowerlike aggregation of nanosheets, spindles of twisted nanoflakes, or thinner featherlike particles. Using parachlorophenol as model pollutant, the batch adsorption experiments were carried out in order to investigate the adsorption capacity of the prepared materials. It was revealed that pseudo-second-order kinetic model can better describe the adsorption kinetics. Furthermore, the equilibrium adsorption data were congruous with the Jovanovic model with maximum adsorption capacity of 163.1 mg/g. The as-prepared Al2O3 materials with hierarchical pore structure and specific surface area would be regarded as effective adsorbents for the removal of parachlorophenol in water. View Show abstract Effect of electric field to infrared absorption properties of sodium nitrate on silver/diamond powder (Ag/DP) composites Article Oct 2014 CHEM PHYS LETT Mingchan Xu Jiesheng Wang Chun Li Guang Yuan Silver/diamond powder (Ag/DP) composites have been prepared via pyrolysis of silver nitrate (AgNO3) on silicon substrate. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra shows that the infrared absorption of nitrate (NO3-) is enhanced by the as-grown composites and increased further by the employment of an external electric field, which not only makes the Ag/DP composites improve the NO3- vibration strength considerably, but also induces significant differences in absorption intensity and frequency between the two individual antisymmetric stretching modes of NO3-. These features will expand the reach of infrared spectroscopy to a new class of nitrate salt detections. View Show abstract Ni/graphene Nanostructure and Its Electron-Enhanced Catalytic Action for Hydrogenation Reaction of Nitrophenol Article Mar 2014 Yan-ge Wu Ming Wen Qing-Sheng Wu Hao Fang Two-dimensional (2D) heterostructured Ni/graphene nanocomposites were constructed via electrostatic-induced spread by following in situ-reduction growth process for magnetically recyclable catalysis of p-nitrophenol to p-aminophenol. The heterostructures with large 2D surface and moderate inflexibility enable the superior catalytic activity and selectivity toward hydrogenation reaction for p-nitrophenol. On the basis of high-efficiency utilization of Ni Nps catalysis activity and electron-enhanced effect from graphene, the coupling effect of Ni/graphene magnetic nanocomposites can lead to highly catalytic activity for the hydrogenation reaction of p-nitrophenol with the pseudo-first-order rate constants of 11.7 × 10–3 s–1, which is over 2-fold compared to Ni Nps (5.45 × 10–3 s–1) and higher than reported noble metal nanocomposites. Complete conversion of p-nitrophenol was achieved with selectivity to p-aminophenol as high as 90% under atmosphere and room temperature. Additionally, this heterostructured magnetic nanocatalyst can be efficiently recycled with long lifetime and stability over 10 successive cycles. This work displayed the value of non-noble metal/graphene nanocomposites in catalysts development for green chemistry. View Show abstract Fabrication of highly dispersed palladium/graphene oxide nanocomposites and their catalytic properties for efficient hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol and hydrogen generation Article Jun 2014 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG Weining Sun Xiaofeng Lu Yan Tong Ce Wang In this report, graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets decorated with ultrafine Pd nanoparticles (Pd.NPs) have been successfully fabricated through a reaction between [Pd-2(mu-CO)(2)Cl-4](2-) and water in the presence of GO nanosheets without any surfactant or other reductant. The as-synthesized small Pd NPs with average diameter of about 4.4 nm were well-dispersed on the surface of GO nanosheets. The Pd/GO nanocomposites show remarkable catalytic activity toward the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol at room temperature. The kinetic apparent rate constant (k(app)) could reach about 34.3 x 10(-3) s(-1). Furthermore, the as-prepared Pd/GO nanocomposites could also be used as an efficient and stable catalyst for hydrogen production from hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB). The catalytic activity is much higher than the conventional Pd/C catalysts. Copyright View Show abstract Synthesis of Colloidal CuO/γ-Al2O3 by Microemulsion and Its Catalytic Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Article Sep 2012 Sachin Nandanwar Mousumi Chakraborty Monodispersed colloidal copper oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by water-in-oil microemulsion using CuCl2·H2O and NaOH. The effect on CuO particle size was studied by varying the water-to-surfactant molar ratio, precursor concentration and molar ratio of NaOH to CuCl2. The morphology, size and size distribution of the particles were studied by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Dispersion destabilization of the colloidal copper oxide nanoparticles was detected by a Turbiscan apparatus. CuO/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were prepared by dispersing highly stable CuO nanoparticles on γ-alumina by mechanical stirring. The catalysts were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron, and X-ray diffraction, which confirmed the uniform dispersion of CuO on the support. The reduction of the nitro aromatic compounds, 4-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, and 2-nitrophenol, were studied. The CuO/γ-Al2O3 catalysts were active for the reduction of these nitro aromatic compounds. View Show abstract Catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to produce p-aminophenol over a nickel catalyst supported on active carbon Article Jun 2012 Jianfei Ding Ligen Chen Rong Shao Wantian Dong The catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol to produce p-aminophenol (PAP) was carried out over the catalyst nickel supported on active carbon (AC). The calcination temperature was one of the most important technical conditions: temperature higher than 450 °C would result in the reduction of NiO to Ni phase by AC and the loss of support. The surface area and nickel dispersion over catalyst decreased obviously after 450 °C calcination temperature because of the loss of support and the Ni phase sintering. Addition of K2O enhanced the alkalinity of the Ni/AC catalyst, and the p-nitrophenol stuff performed rather stronger acidity. Therefore, the level of p-nitrophenol adsorption over Ni/AC catalyst was improved, and the reaction efficiency was enhanced consequently. The p-nitrophenol conversion and PAP selectivity reached 97.7 and 99.3% over Ni–K2O/AC catalyst, respectively. During the process of catalytic hydrogenation, higher PAP selectivity was kept successively. It indicated that no side reactions happened during the catalytic hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. View Show abstract CuFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles: A simple and efficient catalyst for the reduction of nitrophenol Article Apr 2013 CHEM ENG J Jie Feng li Su Yanhua Ma Xingguo Chen View Preparation of Ag nanoparticle loaded mesoporous γ-alumina catalyst and its catalytic activity for reduction of 4-nitrophenol Article Dec 2012 POWDER TECHNOL Bhanudas Naik Vadakkethonippurathu Sivankuttynair Prasad Narendra Nath Ghosh In this paper, we report a simple chemical reduction method for synthesis of spherical Ag nanoparticles (average size ~ 7 nm) within mesoporous alumina matrix. Shape and size of the Ag nanoparticles and structure of the catalysts are investigated by using high resolution transmission electron microscopy, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, XRD and particle size analysis. The synthesized catalysts possess BET surface area of 281.6 m2/g and average pore size 6.38 nm. The synthesized Ag nanoparticle loaded mesoporous aluminas exhibit catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol. View Show abstract Fabrication of graphene oxide decorated with Au–Ag alloy nanoparticles and its superior catalytic performance for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol Article Jun 2013 Tao Wu Lei Zhang Jianping Gao Jing Yan Using graphene oxide (GO) as both a reducing agent and a support, a two-step method was used to fabricate GO decorated with Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles with an Au-rich shell. The material exhibited excellent catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in water at room temperature and its activity was superior to that of GO decorated with Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles that was prepared by a one-step method and GO decorated with either Au or Ag nanoparticles alone. This journal is View Show abstract Synthesis of nature polymer supported Au, Ag and Au-Ag nanoparticles in aqueous medium and catalytic activity towards 4-nitrophenol reduction Article Feb 2011 Chih Wei Chou Hui-Hsuan Hsieh We presented the preparation of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles and gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles (Au- Ag) by hyaluronic acid (HA). Initially small gold or silver nanoparticles acted as seeds, which catalyzed the reduction of added metallic ion in the presence of HA to form individual nanoparticles and Au-Ag bimetallic nanoparticles. To investigate their catalytic performance, we investigated that two metal nanoparticles functioned as effective catalysis for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol in the presence of NaBH4. The formation and catalytic activity of metal nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible-NIR spectrophotometer. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) study revealed the morphology of these metal nanoparticles. Keywords-hyaluronic acid; metal nanoparticles; catalytic activity In this study, we revealed a novel approach to reduce metal nanoparticles by seeds-mediated growth method in the presence of hyaluronic acid. The absorption spectrum of metal nanoparticles and catalytic activity were analyzed by UV- Visible-NIR spectrophotometer. The morphology of metal nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). II. EXPERIMENTAL View Show abstract A TEM and UV–Visible Study of Silver Reduction by Ethanol in Ag–Alumina Catalysts Article Oct 2011 APPL CATAL A-GEN Elie Sayah Yihao Wu Dalil Brouri Pascale Massiani A transmission electron microscopy (TEM) study dedicated to the understanding of dispersion and location of Ag nanospecies in silver–alumina catalysts is reported. A special attention is put on the conditions of powder catalyst deposition on the grids for TEM analysis. When the deposition is conducted through conventional suspension in ethanol (EtOH) then drying, numerous Ag nanoparticles with sizes between 2 and 10nm are observed in the micrographs of calcined Ag/Al2O3. This drastically contrasts with the absence of particle after dry deposition, silver being then well dispersed all over the alumina support, as can be seen by combined STEM/EDS mapping. These distinct observations are straightforwardly attributable to the reducing effect of ethanol towards Ag species that is also identified by UV–visible spectroscopy. The results highlight the importance, for correctness of TEM interpretations, of avoiding any contact between an alcohol solvent and Ag–oxide catalysts in the course of TEM studies, in contrast to experimental conditions that are still often applied nowadays. Finally, the reducing effect of ethanol on silver active sites that is likely to occur during SCR (selective catalytic reduction) of NOx in the presence of EtOH is envisaged and discussed as well. View Show abstract Standard nitrogen adsorption data for α-alumina and their use for characterization of mesoporous alumina-based materials Article Apr 2013 Mietek Jaroniec Pasquale F Fulvio Nitrogen adsorption isotherm measured at −196 °C for a macroporous α-alumina (α-Al2O3) is reported. This isotherm is compared with the previously reported adsorption data measured on LiChrospher 1000 silica and with available reference isotherms measured at moderate and high relative pressures on macroporous aluminas. The isotherm reported in this work for α-Al2O3 and that recorded previously on LiChrospher 1000 silica were used as reference data for adsorption characterization of ordered and disordered mesoporous aluminas by α
s
-plot analysis and pore size analysis. It is shown that both reference isotherms provide almost identical adsorption characteristics of the aforementioned mesoporous aluminas, indicating that the available reference data for the silica surface are also suitable for adsorption analysis of alumina-based materials. View Show abstract Proof of Reversible Ag + /Ag 0 Redox Transformation on Mesoporous Alumina by in situ UV-Vis Spectroscopy Article May 2004 M. Richter A. Abramova Ursula Bentrup R. Fricke It is shown by in situ UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements that a reversible reduction/reoxidation of Ag+ on high surface area mesoporous alumina occurs in the temperature range up to 550°C, comprising both isolated Ag+ ions fixed to the surface and Ag2O that is detectable only after preceding reduction to Ag0. View Show abstract On the Characterisation of Silver Species for SCR of NO x with Ethanol Article Mar 2009 Andrea Musi Pascale Massiani Dalil Brouri Patrick Da Costa Reducing of nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) in a lean exhaust gases has become one of the most important environmental concerns. Among the different active phases studied for NO
x
reduction reaction, silver-based catalysts supported over alumina show good performances using, as reducing agents, either hydrocarbons or oxygenated compounds. Nevertheless, a good understanding of the mechanism reaction has not been reached yet. This comprehension requires a better characterisation of the silver-based catalysts system. In our study, Ag/Al2O3 catalysts showed high efficiency in NO
x
reduction using ethanol as reducing agent. The conversion plots, in steady state conditions for the different samples Ag/Al2O3 (0.8–3.5% Ag wt), show a great dependance of the activity with the metal loading. The optimal silver loading has been established around 2 wt.% Increasing the silver loading, the temperature of maximal NO
x
conversion shifted toward the lower temperatures. According to the literature, a reduced and an oxide phase of silver have been observed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. The ratio between the two phases is changing with the silver loading. However, temperature programmed reduction (TPR) measurements reveal the presence of two types of oxide phases. TPR reveal the coexistence of a silver oxide phase (Ag2O), according to a production of water in the course of the reaction, and a non-oxygenated phase attributed to isolated Ag+ cation. Thus, an original way using TPR measurements has been developed to differentiate the various oxidized phases. The aim of this characterisation is to correlate the catalyst’s activity with the observed silver phases, in order to understand the nature of phase active for NO
x
reduction at low temperatures. View Show abstract Show more
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Effect of a Deep Learning Model on the Productivity and Interobserver Agreement of MRI Lumbar Spine Interpretation by Radiologists: A Retrospective, Multireader Study
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Abhishek Bhattacharya
Maria L. Wei
Artificial intelligence (AI) promises to change health care, with some studies showing proof of concept of a provider-level performance in various medical specialties. However, there are many barriers to implementing AI, including patient acceptance and understanding of AI. Patients’ attitudes toward AI are not well understood. We systematically reviewed the literature on patient and general public attitudes toward clinical AI (either hypothetical or realised), including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods original research articles. We searched biomedical and computational databases from Jan 1, 2000, to Sept 28, 2020, and screened 2590 articles, 23 of which met our inclusion criteria. Studies were heterogeneous regarding the study population, study design, and the field and type of AI under study. Six (26%) studies assessed currently available or soon-to-be available AI tools, whereas 17 (74%) assessed hypothetical or broadly defined AI. The quality of the methods of these studies was mixed, with a frequent issue of selection bias. Overall, patients and the general public conveyed positive attitudes toward AI but had many reservations and preferred human supervision. We summarise our findings in six themes: AI concept, AI acceptability, AI relationship with humans, AI development and implementation, AI strengths and benefits, and AI weaknesses and risks. We suggest guidance for future studies, with the goal of supporting the safe, equitable, and patient-centred implementation of clinical AI.
Jun 2020
Jae Hyun Kim
Chang Min Park
Early identification of pneumonia is essential in patients with acute febrile respiratory illness (FRI). We evaluated the performance and added value of a commercial deep learning (DL) algorithm in detecting pneumonia on chest radiographs (CRs) of patients visiting the emergency department (ED) with acute FRI. This single-centre, retrospective study included 377 consecutive patients who visited the ED and the resulting 387 CRs in August 2018–January 2019. The performance of a DL algorithm in detection of pneumonia on CRs was evaluated based on area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curves, sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values (NPVs), and positive predictive values (PPVs). Three ED physicians independently reviewed CRs with observer performance test to detect pneumonia, which was re-evaluated with the algorithm eight weeks later. AUROC, sensitivity, and specificity measurements were compared between “DL algorithm” vs. “physicians-only” and between “physicians-only” vs. “physicians aided with the algorithm”. Among 377 patients, 83 (22.0%) had pneumonia. AUROC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the algorithm for detection of pneumonia on CRs were 0.861, 58.3%, 94.4%, 74.2%, and 89.1%, respectively. For the detection of ‘visible pneumonia on CR’ (60 CRs from 59 patients), AUROC, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 0.940, 81.7%, 94.4%, 74.2%, and 96.3%, respectively. In the observer performance test, the algorithm performed better than the physicians for pneumonia (AUROC, 0.861 vs. 0.788, p = 0.017; specificity, 94.4% vs. 88.7%, p < 0.0001) and visible pneumonia (AUROC, 0.940 vs. 0.871, p = 0.007; sensitivity, 81.7% vs. 73.9%, p = 0.034; specificity, 94.4% vs. 88.7%, p < 0.0001). Detection of pneumonia (sensitivity, 82.2% vs. 53.2%, p = 0.008; specificity, 98.1% vs. 88.7%; p < 0.0001) and ‘visible pneumonia’ (sensitivity, 82.2% vs. 73.9%, p = 0.014; specificity, 98.1% vs. 88.7%, p < 0.0001) significantly improved when the algorithm was used by the physicians. Mean reading time for the physicians decreased from 165 to 101 min with the assistance of the algorithm. Thus, the DL algorithm showed a better diagnosis of pneumonia, particularly visible pneumonia on CR, and improved diagnosis by ED physicians in patients with acute FRI.
Could automated machine-learned MRI grading aid epidemiological studies of lumbar spinal stenosis? Validation within the Wakayama spine study
Mar 2020
BMC MUSCULOSKEL DIS
Yuyu Ishimoto
Amir Jamaludin
Cyrus Cooper
Jeremy Fairbank
Background:
MRI scanning has revolutionized the clinical diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS). However, there is currently no consensus as to how best to classify MRI findings which has hampered the development of robust longitudinal epidemiological studies of the condition. We developed and tested an automated system for grading lumbar spine MRI scans for central LSS for use in epidemiological research.
Methods:
Using MRI scans from the large population-based cohort study (the Wakayama Spine Study), all graded by a spinal surgeon, we trained an automated system to grade central LSS in four gradings of the bone and soft tissue margins: none, mild, moderate, severe. Subsequently, we tested the automated grading against the independent readings of our observer in a test set to investigate reliability and agreement.
Results:
Complete axial views were available for 4855 lumbar intervertebral levels from 971 participants. The machine used 4365 axial views to learn (training set) and graded the remaining 490 axial views (testing set). The agreement rate for gradings was 65.7% (322/490) and the reliability (Lin's correlation coefficient) was 0.73. In 2.2% of scans (11/490) there was a difference in classification of 2 and in only 0.2% (1/490) was there a difference of 3. When classified into 2 groups as 'severe' vs 'no/mild/moderate'. The agreement rate was 94.1% (461/490) with a kappa of 0.75.
Conclusions:
This study showed that an automated system can "learn" to grade central LSS with excellent performance against the reference standard. Thus SpineNet offers potential to grade LSS in large-scale epidemiological studies involving a high volume of MRI spine data with a high level of consistency and objectivity.
Evaluation of Combined Artificial Intelligence and Radiologist Assessment to Interpret Screening Mammograms
Mar 2020
Thomas Schaffter
Hwejin Jung
Importance
Mammography screening currently relies on subjective human interpretation. Artificial intelligence (AI) advances could be used to increase mammography screening accuracy by reducing missed cancers and false positives.
Objective
To evaluate whether AI can overcome human mammography interpretation limitations with a rigorous, unbiased evaluation of machine learning algorithms.
Design, Setting, and Participants
In this diagnostic accuracy study conducted between September 2016 and November 2017, an international, crowdsourced challenge was hosted to foster AI algorithm development focused on interpreting screening mammography. More than 1100 participants comprising 126 teams from 44 countries participated. Analysis began November 18, 2016.
Main Outcomes and Measurements
Algorithms used images alone (challenge 1) or combined images, previous examinations (if available), and clinical and demographic risk factor data (challenge 2) and output a score that translated to cancer yes/no within 12 months. Algorithm accuracy for breast cancer detection was evaluated using area under the curve and algorithm specificity compared with radiologists’ specificity with radiologists’ sensitivity set at 85.9% (United States) and 83.9% (Sweden). An ensemble method aggregating top-performing AI algorithms and radiologists’ recall assessment was developed and evaluated.
Results
Overall, 144 231 screening mammograms from 85 580 US women (952 cancer positive ≤12 months from screening) were used for algorithm training and validation. A second independent validation cohort included 166 578 examinations from 68 008 Swedish women (780 cancer positive). The top-performing algorithm achieved an area under the curve of 0.858 (United States) and 0.903 (Sweden) and 66.2% (United States) and 81.2% (Sweden) specificity at the radiologists’ sensitivity, lower than community-practice radiologists’ specificity of 90.5% (United States) and 98.5% (Sweden). Combining top-performing algorithms and US radiologist assessments resulted in a higher area under the curve of 0.942 and achieved a significantly improved specificity (92.0%) at the same sensitivity.
Conclusions and Relevance
While no single AI algorithm outperformed radiologists, an ensemble of AI algorithms combined with radiologist assessment in a single-reader screening environment improved overall accuracy. This study underscores the potential of using machine learning methods for enhancing mammography screening interpretation.
A Multicenter, Scan-Rescan, Human and Machine Learning CMR Study to Test Generalizability and Precision in Imaging Biomarker Analysis
Article
Full-text available
Oct 2019
Anish N Bhuva
Wenjia Bai
Clement Lau
Charlotte H Manisty
Background:
Automated analysis of cardiac structure and function using machine learning (ML) has great potential, but is currently hindered by poor generalizability. Comparison is traditionally against clinicians as a reference, ignoring inherent human inter- and intraobserver error, and ensuring that ML cannot demonstrate superiority. Measuring precision (scan:rescan reproducibility) addresses this. We compared precision of ML and humans using a multicenter, multi-disease, scan:rescan cardiovascular magnetic resonance data set.
Methods:
One hundred ten patients (5 disease categories, 5 institutions, 2 scanner manufacturers, and 2 field strengths) underwent scan:rescan cardiovascular magnetic resonance (96% within one week). After identification of the most precise human technique, left ventricular chamber volumes, mass, and ejection fraction were measured by an expert, a trained junior clinician, and a fully automated convolutional neural network trained on 599 independent multicenter disease cases. Scan:rescan coefficient of variation and 1000 bootstrapped 95% CIs were calculated and compared using mixed linear effects models.
Results:
Clinicians can be confident in detecting a 9% change in left ventricular ejection fraction, with greater than half of coefficient of variation attributable to intraobserver variation. Expert, trained junior, and automated scan:rescan precision were similar (for left ventricular ejection fraction, coefficient of variation 6.1 [5.2%-7.1%], P=0.2581; 8.3 [5.6%-10.3%], P=0.3653; 8.8 [6.1%-11.1%], P=0.8620). Automated analysis was 186× faster than humans (0.07 versus 13 minutes).
Conclusions:
Automated ML analysis is faster with similar precision to the most precise human techniques, even when challenged with real-world scan:rescan data. Assessment of multicenter, multi-vendor, multi-field strength scan:rescan data (available at www.thevolumesresource.com) permits a generalizable assessment of ML precision and may facilitate direct translation of ML to clinical practice.
A comparison of deep learning performance against health-care professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Article
Full-text available
Sep 2019
Xiaoxuan Liu
Livia Faes
Aditya U. Kale
Alastair K Denniston
Background:
Deep learning offers considerable promise for medical diagnostics. We aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of deep learning algorithms versus health-care professionals in classifying diseases using medical imaging.
Methods:
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched Ovid-MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index for studies published from Jan 1, 2012, to June 6, 2019. Studies comparing the diagnostic performance of deep learning models and health-care professionals based on medical imaging, for any disease, were included. We excluded studies that used medical waveform data graphics material or investigated the accuracy of image segmentation rather than disease classification. We extracted binary diagnostic accuracy data and constructed contingency tables to derive the outcomes of interest: sensitivity and specificity. Studies undertaking an out-of-sample external validation were included in a meta-analysis, using a unified hierarchical model. This study is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42018091176.
Findings:
Our search identified 31 587 studies, of which 82 (describing 147 patient cohorts) were included. 69 studies provided enough data to construct contingency tables, enabling calculation of test accuracy, with sensitivity ranging from 9·7% to 100·0% (mean 79·1%, SD 0·2) and specificity ranging from 38·9% to 100·0% (mean 88·3%, SD 0·1). An out-of-sample external validation was done in 25 studies, of which 14 made the comparison between deep learning models and health-care professionals in the same sample. Comparison of the performance between health-care professionals in these 14 studies, when restricting the analysis to the contingency table for each study reporting the highest accuracy, found a pooled sensitivity of 87·0% (95% CI 83·0-90·2) for deep learning models and 86·4% (79·9-91·0) for health-care professionals, and a pooled specificity of 92·5% (95% CI 85·1-96·4) for deep learning models and 90·5% (80·6-95·7) for health-care professionals.
Interpretation:
Our review found the diagnostic performance of deep learning models to be equivalent to that of health-care professionals. However, a major finding of the review is that few studies presented externally validated results or compared the performance of deep learning models and health-care professionals using the same sample. Additionally, poor reporting is prevalent in deep learning studies, which limits reliable interpretation of the reported diagnostic accuracy. New reporting standards that address specific challenges of deep learning could improve future studies, enabling greater confidence in the results of future evaluations of this promising technology.
Funding:
None.
An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI
Article
Full-text available
Dec 2018
Alexander Lundervold
Arvid Lundervold
What has happened in machine learning lately, and what does it mean for the future of medical image analysis? Machine learning has witnessed a tremendous amount of attention over the last few years. The current boom started around 2009 when so-called deep artificial neural networks began outperforming other established models on a number of important benchmarks. Deep neural networks are now the state-of-the-art machine learning models across a variety of areas, from image analysis to natural language processing, and widely deployed in academia and industry. These developments have a huge potential for medical imaging technology, medical data analysis, medical diagnostics and healthcare in general, slowly being realized. We provide a short overview of recent advances and some associated challenges in machine learning applied to medical image processing and image analysis. As this has become a very broad and fast expanding field we will not survey the entire landscape of applications, but put particular focus on deep learning in MRI.
Our aim is threefold: (i) give a brief introduction to deep learning with pointers to core references; (ii) indicate how deep learning has been applied to the entire MRI processing chain, from acquisition to image retrieval, from segmentation to disease prediction; (iii) provide a starting point for people interested in experimenting and perhaps contributing to the field of deep learning for medical imaging by pointing out good educational resources, state-of-the-art open-source code, and interesting sources of data and problems related medical imaging.
Deep-learning-assisted diagnosis for knee magnetic resonance imaging: Development and retrospective validation of MRNet
Article
Full-text available
Nov 2018
PLOS MED
Nicholas Bien
Pranav Rajpurkar
Robyn L Ball
Matthew Lungren
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee is the preferred method for diagnosing knee injuries. However, interpretation of knee MRI is time-intensive and subject to diagnostic error and variability. An automated system for interpreting knee MRI could prioritize high-risk patients and assist clinicians in making diagnoses. Deep learning methods, in being able to automatically learn layers of features, are well suited for modeling the complex relationships between medical images and their interpretations. In this study we developed a deep learning model for detecting general abnormalities and specific diagnoses (anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] tears and meniscal tears) on knee MRI exams. We then measured the effect of providing the model’s predictions to clinical experts during interpretation.
Methods and findings
Our dataset consisted of 1,370 knee MRI exams performed at Stanford University Medical Center between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2012 (mean age 38.0 years; 569 [41.5%] female patients). The majority vote of 3 musculoskeletal radiologists established reference standard labels on an internal validation set of 120 exams. We developed MRNet, a convolutional neural network for classifying MRI series and combined predictions from 3 series per exam using logistic regression. In detecting abnormalities, ACL tears, and meniscal tears, this model achieved area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.937 (95% CI 0.895, 0.980), 0.965 (95% CI 0.938, 0.993), and 0.847 (95% CI 0.780, 0.914), respectively, on the internal validation set. We also obtained a public dataset of 917 exams with sagittal T1-weighted series and labels for ACL injury from Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Croatia. On the external validation set of 183 exams, the MRNet trained on Stanford sagittal T2-weighted series achieved an AUC of 0.824 (95% CI 0.757, 0.892) in the detection of ACL injuries with no additional training, while an MRNet trained on the rest of the external data achieved an AUC of 0.911 (95% CI 0.864, 0.958). We additionally measured the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of 9 clinical experts (7 board-certified general radiologists and 2 orthopedic surgeons) on the internal validation set both with and without model assistance. Using a 2-sided Pearson’s chi-squared test with adjustment for multiple comparisons, we found no significant differences between the performance of the model and that of unassisted general radiologists in detecting abnormalities. General radiologists achieved significantly higher sensitivity in detecting ACL tears (p-value = 0.002; q-value = 0.019) and significantly higher specificity in detecting meniscal tears (p-value = 0.003; q-value = 0.019). Using a 1-tailed t test on the change in performance metrics, we found that providing model predictions significantly increased clinical experts’ specificity in identifying ACL tears (p-value < 0.001; q-value = 0.006). The primary limitations of our study include lack of surgical ground truth and the small size of the panel of clinical experts.
Conclusions
Our deep learning model can rapidly generate accurate clinical pathology classifications of knee MRI exams from both internal and external datasets. Moreover, our results support the assertion that deep learning models can improve the performance of clinical experts during medical imaging interpretation. Further research is needed to validate the model prospectively and to determine its utility in the clinical setting.
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Automation of reading of radiological features from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the lumbar spine without human intervention is comparable with an expert radiologist
Article
Full-text available
May 2017
EUR SPINE J
Amir Jamaludin
Meelis Lootus
Timor Kadir
I W McCall
Study designInvestigation of the automation of radiological features from magnetic resonance images (MRIs) of the lumbar spine. Objective
To automate the process of grading lumbar intervertebral discs and vertebral bodies from MRIs. Summary of background dataMR imaging is the most common imaging technique used in investigating low back pain (LBP). Various features of degradation, based on MRIs, are commonly recorded and graded, e.g., Modic change and Pfirrmann grading of intervertebral discs. Consistent scoring and grading is important for developing robust clinical systems and research. Automation facilitates this consistency and reduces the time of radiological analysis considerably and hence the expense. Methods12,018 intervertebral discs, from 2009 patients, were graded by a radiologist and were then used to train: (1) a system to detect and label vertebrae and discs in a given scan, and (2) a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that predicts several radiological gradings. The performance of the model, in terms of class average accuracy, was compared with the intra-observer class average accuracy of the radiologist. ResultsThe detection system achieved 95.6% accuracy in terms of disc detection and labeling. The model is able to produce predictions of multiple pathological gradings that consistently matched those of the radiologist. The model identifies ‘Evidence Hotspots’ that are the voxels that most contribute to the degradation scores. Conclusions
Automation of radiological grading is now on par with human performance. The system can be beneficial in aiding clinical diagnoses in terms of objectivity of gradings and the speed of analysis. It can also draw the attention of a radiologist to regions of degradation. This objectivity and speed is an important stepping stone in the investigation of the relationship between MRIs and clinical diagnoses of back pain in large cohorts.Level of Evidence: Level 3.
SINGA: A Distributed Deep Learning Platform
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Oct 2015
Beng Chin Ooi
Yuan Wang
Zhongle Xie
Anthony Tung
Deep learning has shown outstanding performance in various machine learning tasks. However, the deep complex model structure and massive training data make it expensive to train. In this paper, we present a distributed deep learning system, called SINGA, for training big models over large datasets. An intuitive programming model based on the layer abstraction is provided, which supports a variety of popular deep learning models. SINGA architecture supports both synchronous and asynchronous training frameworks. Hybrid training frameworks can also be customized to achieve good scalability. SINGA provides different neural net partitioning schemes for training large models. SINGA is an Apache Incubator project released under Apache License 2.
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Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Improves Radiologist Performance in Skeletal Age Assessment: A Prospective Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial
Article
Sep 2021
David Ken-Ming Eng
Nishith Khandwala
Jin Long
Safwan S Halabi
Background Previous studies suggest that use of artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms as diagnostic aids may improve the quality of skeletal age assessment, though these studies lack evidence from clinical practice. Purpose To compare the accuracy and interpretation time of skeletal age assessment on hand radiograph examinations with and without the use of an AI algorithm as a diagnostic aid. Materials and Methods In this prospective randomized controlled trial, the accuracy of skeletal age assessment on hand radiograph examinations was performed with (n = 792) and without (n = 739) the AI algorithm as a diagnostic aid. For examinations with the AI algorithm, the radiologist was shown the AI interpretation as part of their routine clinical work and was permitted to accept or modify it. Hand radiographs were interpreted by 93 radiologists from six centers. The primary efficacy outcome was the mean absolute difference between the skeletal age dictated into the radiologists' signed report and the average interpretation of a panel of four radiologists not using a diagnostic aid. The secondary outcome was the interpretation time. A linear mixed-effects regression model with random center- and radiologist-level effects was used to compare the two experimental groups. Results Overall mean absolute difference was lower when radiologists used the AI algorithm compared with when they did not (5.36 months vs 5.95 months; P = .04). The proportions at which the absolute difference exceeded 12 months (9.3% vs 13.0%, P = .02) and 24 months (0.5% vs 1.8%, P = .02) were lower with the AI algorithm than without it. Median radiologist interpretation time was lower with the AI algorithm than without it (102 seconds vs 142 seconds, P = .001). Conclusion Use of an artificial intelligence algorithm improved skeletal age assessment accuracy and reduced interpretation times for radiologists, although differences were observed between centers. Clinical trial registration no. NCT03530098 © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Rubin in this issue.
Deep Learning Model for Automated Detection and Classification of Central Canal, Lateral Recess, and Neural Foraminal Stenosis at Lumbar Spine MRI
Article
May 2021
James T P D Hallinan
Lei Zhu
Kaiyuan Yang
Swee Quek
Background Assessment of lumbar spinal stenosis at MRI is repetitive and time consuming. Deep learning (DL) could improve -productivity and the consistency of reporting. Purpose To develop a DL model for automated detection and classification of lumbar central canal, lateral recess, and neural -foraminal stenosis. Materials and Methods In this retrospective study, lumbar spine MRI scans obtained from September 2015 to September 2018 were included. Studies of patients with spinal instrumentation or studies with suboptimal image quality, as well as postgadolinium studies and studies of patients with scoliosis, were excluded. Axial T2-weighted and sagittal T1-weighted images were used. Studies were split into an internal training set (80%), validation set (9%), and test set (11%). Training data were labeled by four radiologists using predefined gradings (normal, mild, moderate, and severe). A two-component DL model was developed. First, a convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to detect the region of interest (ROI), with a second CNN for classification. An internal test set was labeled by a musculoskeletal radiologist with 31 years of experience (reference standard) and two subspecialist radiologists (radiologist 1: A.M., 5 years of experience; radiologist 2: J.T.P.D.H., 9 years of experience). DL model performance on an external test set was evaluated. Detection recall (in percentage), interrater agreement (Gwet κ), sensitivity, and specificity were calculated. Results Overall, 446 MRI lumbar spine studies were analyzed (446 patients; mean age ± standard deviation, 52 years ± 19; 240 women), with 396 patients in the training (80%) and validation (9%) sets and 50 (11%) in the internal test set. For internal testing, DL model and radiologist central canal recall were greater than 99%, with reduced neural foramina recall for the DL model (84.5%) and radiologist 1 (83.9%) compared with radiologist 2 (97.1%) (P < .001). For internal testing, dichotomous classification (normal or mild vs moderate or severe) showed almost-perfect agreement for both radiologists and the DL model, with respective κ values of 0.98, 0.98, and 0.96 for the central canal; 0.92, 0.95, and 0.92 for lateral recesses; and 0.94, 0.95, and 0.89 for neural foramina (P < .001). External testing with 100 MRI scans of lumbar spines showed almost perfect agreement for the DL model for dichotomous classification of all ROIs (κ, 0.95-0.96; P < .001). Conclusion A deep learning model showed comparable agreement with subspecialist radiologists for detection and classification of central canal and lateral recess stenosis, with slightly lower agreement for neural foraminal stenosis at lumbar spine MRI. © RSNA, 2021 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Hayashi in this issue.
Deep Learning Measurement of Leg Length Discrepancy in Children Based on Radiographs
Article
Apr 2020
Qiang Zheng
Sphoorti Shellikeri
Hao Huang
Raymond W. Sze
Background Radiographic measurement of leg length discrepancy (LLD) is time consuming yet cognitively simple for pediatric radiologists. Purpose To compare deep learning (DL) measurements of LLD in pediatric patients to measurements performed by radiologists. Materials and Methods For this HIPAA-compliant retrospective study, radiographs obtained to evaluate LLD in children between January and August 2018 were identified. LLD was automatically measured by means of image segmentation followed by leg length calculation. On training data, a DL model was trained to segment femurs and tibias on radiographs. The validation set was used to select the optimized model. On testing data, leg lengths were calculated from segmentation masks and compared with measurements from the radiology report. Statistical analysis was performed by using a paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare DL calculations and radiology reports. In addition, the measurement time was manually assessed by a pediatric radiologist and automatically assessed by the DL model on a randomly chosen group of 26 cases; the values were compared with the paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results Radiographs obtained to evaluate LLD in 179 children (mean age ± standard deviation, 12 years ± 3; age range, 5-19 years; 89 boys and 90 girls) were evaluated. Radiographs were randomly divided into training, validation, and testing sets and consisted of studies from 70, 32, and 77 patients, respectively. In the training and validation sets, the DL model showed a high spatial overlap between manual and automatic segmentation masks of pediatric legs (Dice similarity coefficient, 0.94). For the testing set, the correlation between radiology reports and DL-calculated lengths of separated femurs and tibias (r = 0.99; mean absolute error [MAE], 0.45 cm), full pediatric leg lengths (r = 0.99; MAE, 0.45 cm), and full LLD (r = 0.92; MAE, 0.51 cm) was high (P < .001 for all correlations). Calculation time for the DL method per radiograph was faster than the mean time for radiologist manual calculation (1 second vs 96 seconds ± 7, respectively; P < .001). Conclusion A deep learning algorithm measured pediatric leg lengths with high spatial overlap compared with manual measurement at a rate 96 times faster than that of subspecialty-trained pediatric radiologists. © RSNA, 2020 See also the editorial by van Rijn and De Luca in this issue.
UK radiologist staffing crisis reaches critical levels
Oct 2017
LANCET ONCOL
Elizabeth Gourd
Management of lumbar spinal stenosis
Jan 2016
Br Med J
Jon D Lurie
Christy C Tomkins-Lane
Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) affects more than 200 000 adults in the United States, resulting in substantial pain and disability. It is the most common reason for spinal surgery in patients over 65 years. Lumbar spinal stenosis is a clinical syndrome of pain in the buttocks or lower extremities, with or without back pain. It is associated with reduced space available for the neural and vascular elements of the lumbar spine. The condition is often exacerbated by standing, walking, or lumbar extension and relieved by forward flexion, sitting, or recumbency. Clinical care and research into lumbar spinal stenosis is complicated by the heterogeneity of the condition, the lack of standard criteria for diagnosis and inclusion in studies, and high rates of anatomic stenosis on imaging studies in older people who are completely asymptomatic. The options for non-surgical management include drugs, physiotherapy, spinal injections, lifestyle modification, and multidisciplinary rehabilitation. However, few high quality randomized trials have looked at conservative management. A systematic review concluded that there is insufficient evidence to recommend any specific type of non-surgical treatment. Several different surgical procedures are used to treat patients who do not improve with non-operative therapies. Given that rapid deterioration is rare and that symptoms often wax and wane or gradually improve, surgery is almost always elective and considered only if sufficiently bothersome symptoms persist despite trials of less invasive interventions. Outcomes (leg pain and disability) seem to be better for surgery than for non-operative treatment, but the evidence is heterogeneous and often of limited quality.
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Show abstract
Lumbar Disc Nomenclature: Version 2.0 Recommendations of the Combined Task Forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology, and the American Society of Neuroradiology
Nov 2014
SPINE J
David F. Fardon
Alan L. Williams
Edward J. Dohring
Gordon Sze
Background context:
The paper ''Nomenclature and classification of lumbar disc pathology, recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology,'' was published in 2001 in Spine (© Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins). It was authored by David Fardon, MD, and Pierre Milette, MD, and formally endorsed by the American Society of Spine Radiology (ASSR), American Society of Neuroradiology (ASNR), and North American Spine Society (NASS). Its purpose was to promote greater clarity and consistency of usage of spinal terminology, and it has served this purpose well for over a decade. Since 2001, there has been sufficient evolution in our understanding of the lumbar disc to suggest the need for revision and updating of the original document. The revised document is presented here, and it represents the consensus recommendations of contemporary combined task forces of the ASSR, ASNR, and NASS. This article reflects changes consistent with current concepts in radiologic and clinical care.
Purpose:
To provide a resource that promotes a clear understanding of lumbar disc terminology amongst clinicians, radiologists, and researchers. All the concerned need standard terms for the normal and pathologic conditions of lumbar discs that can be used accurately and consistently and thus best serve patients with disc disorders.
Study design:
This article comprises a review of the literature.
Methods:
A PubMed search was performed for literature pertaining to the lumbar disc. The task force members individually and collectively reviewed the literature and revised the 2001 document. The revised document was then submitted for review to the governing boards of the ASSR, ASNR, and NASS. After further revision based on the feedback from the governing boards, the article was approved for publication by the governing boards of the three societies, as representative of the consensus recommendations of the societies.
Results:
The article provides a discussion of the recommended diagnostic categories pertaining to the lumbar disc: normal; congenital/developmental variation; degeneration; trauma; infection/inflammation; neoplasia; and/or morphologic variant of uncertain significance. The article provides a glossary of terms pertaining to the lumbar disc, a detailed discussion of these terms, and their recommended usage. Terms are described as preferred, nonpreferred, nonstandard, and colloquial. Updated illustrations pictorially portray certain key terms. Literature references that provided the basis for the task force recommendations are included.
Conclusions:
We have revised and updated a document that, since 2001, has provided a widely acceptable nomenclature that helps maintain consistency and accuracy in the description of the anatomic and physiologic properties of the normal and abnormal lumbar disc and that serves as a system for classification and reporting built upon that nomenclature.
Consensus conference on core radiological parameters to describe lumbar stenosis - an initiative for structured reporting
Jul 2014
Gustav Andreisek
Richard Deyo
Jeffrey G Jarvik
Johann Steurer
Purpose
To define radiological criteria and parameters as a minimum standard in a structured radiological report for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) and to identify criteria and parameters for research purposes.
Material and methods
All available radiological criteria and parameters for LSS were identified using systematic literature reviews and a Delphi survey. We invited to the consensus meeting, and provided data, to 15 internationally renowned experts from different countries. During the meeting, these experts reached consensus in a structured and systematic discussion about a core list of radiological criteria and parameters for standard reporting.
Results
We identified a total of 27 radiological criteria and parameters for LSS. During the meeting, the experts identified five of these as core items for a structured report. For central stenosis, these were “compromise of the central zone” and “relation between fluid and cauda equina”. For lateral stenosis, the group agreed that “nerve root compression in the lateral recess” was a core item. For foraminal stenosis, we included “nerve root impingement” and “compromise of the foraminal zone”.
Conclusion
As a minimum standard, five radiological criteria should be used in a structured radiological report in LSS. Other parameters are well suited for research.
Key Points
• The five most important radiological criteria for standard clinical reporting were selected
• The five most important quantitative radiological parameters for research purposes were selected
• These core criteria could help standardize the communication between health care providers
A Systematic Review of Semiquantitative and Qualitative Radiologic Criteria for the Diagnosis of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Article
Nov 2013
AM J ROENTGENOL
Gustav Andreisek
Mario Imhof
Maria M. Wertli
Johann Steurer
Objective:
The objective of our study was to perform a systematic review of the semiquantitative and qualitative radiologic criteria that are used for the diagnosis of lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS).
Materials and methods:
A four-step systematic literature search including the MEDLINE database was performed by an experienced librarian to reveal all semiquantitative or qualitative radiologic criteria used for the diagnosis of LSS. The precise definitions of all criteria, normal or abnormal values (if applicable), and intra- and interrater reliability were noted by two independent readers. Descriptive statistics were used.
Results:
A total of 14 semiquantitative or qualitative radiologic parameters were identified and distinguished according to relevant anatomic spaces into criteria for central canal stenosis, lateral (recess) stenosis, and foraminal stenosis. Great variability in terms of the exact definitions of the criteria was found. For 10 of the 14 criteria, the intra- and interrater reliability data were found with kappa values ranging from 0.01 to 1.0.
Conclusion:
Our systematic literature review identified 14 different semiquantitative or qualitative radiologic criteria that are used for the diagnosis of LSS; however, these criteria show remarkable variability in terms of their exact individual definitions and intra- and interrater reliability.
Uncertainties in the Diagnosis of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Dec 2011
RADIOLOGY
Gustav Andreisek
Jürg Hodler
Johann Steurer
Low back pain in the United States: Incidence and risk factors for presentation in the emergency setting
Jan 2012
Brian R Waterman
Philip J Belmont
Andrew J. Schoenfeld
Low back pain is prevalent in the United States. At the present time, no large longitudinal study is available characterizing the incidence of this condition in the US population or identifying potential risk factors for its development.
To characterize the incidence of acute low back pain requiring medical evaluation in the emergency department and establish risk factors for its development.
Cross-sectional study.
United States population estimates.
Incidence rate ratios were calculated to determine the influence of age, sex, and race on the development of low back pain requiring emergent medical evaluation.
The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System was queried for all cases of low back pain presenting to emergency departments between 2004 and 2008. Incidence rate ratios were then calculated with respect to age, sex, and race. The chi-square statistic was used to identify statistically significant differences in the incidence of low back pain requiring emergent medical evaluation between subgroups.
An estimated 2.06 million episodes of low back pain occurred among a population at risk of over 1.48 billion person-years for an incidence rate of 1.39 per 1,000 person-years in the United States. Low back pain accounted for 3.15% of all emergency visits. Injuries sustained at home (65%) accounted for most patients presenting with low back pain. Low back pain demonstrates a bimodal distribution with peaks between 25 and 29 years of age (2.58/1,000 person-years) and 95 to 99 years of age (1.47/1,000) without differentiation by underlying etiology. When compared with females, males showed no significant differences in the rates of low back pain. However, when analyzed by 5-year age group, males aged 10 to 49 years and females aged 65 to 94 years had increased risk of low back pain than their opposite sex counterparts. When compared with Asian race, patients of black and white race were found to have significantly higher rates of low back pain. Older patients were found to be at a greater risk of hospital admission for low back pain.
Age, sex, and race are significant risk factors for the development of low back pain necessitating treatment in an emergency department.
Lumbar root compression in the lateral recess: MR imaging, conventional myelography, and CT myelography comparison with surgical confirmation
Apr 2003
Walter S Bartynski
Luke Lin
Previous authors have shown that conventional myelography is superior to plain CT in the assessment of root compression in the lateral recess, but this question has never been evaluated with respect to MR imaging of the lumbar level. Our purpose was to assess the accuracy of MR imaging, conventional myelography, and postmyelography CT (CT myelography) of the lumbar level in identifying degenerative lateral recess root compression with surgical confirmation.
MR imaging, conventional myelography, and CT myelography of the lumbar level were assessed in the imaging of 58 lateral recesses at 38 lumbar levels in 26 patients who underwent surgery for radiculopathy with degenerative lateral recess abnormality. Each lateral recess was graded as normal, small without root compression, small with root compression, or severe root compression.
MR imaging underestimated root compression in 28% to 29% of the cases in which root impingement was surgically confirmed. Conventional myelography underestimated root compression in only 5% to 7% of the cases and correctly predicted impingement in 93% to 95%. CT myelography underestimated root compression in 38% of the surgically confirmed cases.
MR imaging significantly underestimated root compression caused by degenerative changes in the lateral recess. Although MR imaging is a superb study when used in the search for degenerative disk disease and disk protrusion, conventional myelography is a crucial supplemental study that is necessary to confirm degenerative root impingement in the lateral recess as the cause of radiculopathy.
Reliability of Readings of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Jul 2008
SPINE
Jon D Lurie
Anna Tosteson
Tor D Tosteson
Richard J Herzog
A reliability assessment of standardized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) interpretations and measurements.
To determine the intra- and inter-reader reliability of MRI features of lumbar spinal stenosis (SPS), including severity of central, subarticular, and foraminal stenoses, grading of nerve root impingement, and measurements of cross-sectional area of the spinal canal and thecal sac.
MRI is commonly used to assess patients with spinal stenosis. Although a number of studies have evaluated the reliability of certain MRI characteristics, comprehensive evaluation of the reliability of MRI readings in spinal stenosis is lacking.
Fifty-eight randomly selected MR images from patients with SPS enrolled in the Spine Patient Outcomes Research Trial were evaluated. Qualitative ratings of imaging features were performed according to defined criteria by 4 independent readers (3 radiologists and 1 orthopedic surgeon). A sample of 20 MRIs was reevaluated by each reader at least 1 month later. Weighted kappa statistics were used to characterize intra- and inter-reader reliability for qualitative rating data. Separate quantitative measurements were performed by 2 other radiologists. Intraclass correlation coefficients and summaries of measurement error were used to characterize reliability for quantitative measurements.
Intra-reader reliability was higher than inter-reader reliability for all features. Inter-reader reliability in assessing central stenosis was substantial, with an overall kappa of 0.73 (95% CI 0.69-0.77). Foraminal stenosis and nerve root impingement showed moderate to substantial agreement with overall kappa of 0.58 (95% CI 0.53-0.63) and 0.51 (95% CI 0.42-0.59), respectively. Subarticular zone stenosis yielded the poorest agreement (overall kappa 0.49; 95% CI 0.42-0.55) and showed marked variability in agreement between reader pairs. Quantitative measures showed inter-reader intraclass correlation coefficients ranging from 0.58 to 0.90. The mean absolute difference between readers in measured thecal sac area was 128 mm (13%).
The imaging characteristics of spinal stenosis assessed in this study showed moderate to substantial reliability; future studies should assess whether these findings have prognostic significance in SPS patients.
Deep Spine: Automated Lumbar Vertebral Segmentation, Disc-Level Designation, and Spinal Stenosis Grading using Deep Learning
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357797713_Effect_of_a_Deep_Learning_Model_on_the_Productivity_and_Interobserver_Agreement_of_MRI_Lumbar_Spine_Interpretation_by_Radiologists_A_Retrospective_Multireader_Study |
Anyone watch "Wild Justice" ? [Archive] - Pet forum for dogs cats and humans - Pets.ca
[Archive] Anyone watch " Wild Justice" ? Newspaper Articles of Interest (animal/pet related) from Around the World
Anyone watch "Wild Justice" ?
I just started watching it, and I really like it :thumbs up Nothing better then education to help bring about change! http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild-justice/all/Overview
We started watching this program a couple of weeks ago. I find it very interesting. The lengths these people go to get the people is amazing. I don't think it happens in Canada. :(
We started watching this program a couple of weeks ago. I find it very interesting. The lengths these people go to get the people is amazing. I don't think it happens in Canada. :( I know eh! It's amazing the dedication these people have to their job!! And no I don't think that goes on as often here, although I think many of the MNR people really do care, I don't believe our laws are tough enough, nor do I think the government wants to spend money for amount of people it would take to properly control all the bad apples!! I knew of one MNR worker who himself was a poacher, and would let anyone take/kill/shoot whatever they wanted for a price $$$. :frustrated: he made more money that way the he actually did from his MNR job.......I often wonder how often this goes on? :(
I don't get this channel, so I will have to watch it online. I am completing my Fish and Wildlife Conservation Technician program in April. Enforcement is what I want to do..either that or wildlife control.
I havent seen it yet but really want to. And poaching is something that happens in Canada more than you would think. As someone who has been raised by hunters, lives with hunters, and hunts the stories of poachers who were caught are just sickening. Every fall in just this area alone i would say on average 10 parties get caught poaching, makes me wonder how many dont. Its sad really. I know of a first time hunter getting trigger happy and shooting both deer he had seen, neither of which he had a tag for. He reported himself immediately as he felt so terrible and surrendered his guns on the spot willingly, asked how much his fine was going to be and has never hunted again. Poaching is very real and sadly very common. Not only hunting, but fishing too. We get stopped by MNR every year when we go for trout up north, they have the dogs run through our truck and those dogs check EVERYWHERE even your hubcaps/wheels, under the hood ( from underneath) trunk if you have a car ect. You are only allowed 2 trout per person, when they are biting really good in a day trust me its hard to stop at 2, but you do as it is just not worth it for one and there is a very good reason there are limits in place. Same as slot sizes, even if you fillet your fish prior to leaving the lake in hopes of not getting caught with one in slot size, MNR knows how big that fish was. I have heard of many people being charged by doing this as well.
Another common way of poachers trying to do it "legally" Pay a friend with full status to say they had killed it and bring it in. Many people think the gun registry is a complete waste of money and time but it is another way that I have heard of people getting caught for shooting something they weren't supposed to and paying someone who can to say they did. If you shoot with one kind of gun yet the guy you just paid does not own that gun, the bullet will show it was not said person who just brought it in to be butchered. I suppose you could say you borrowed that gun, but I'm not sure of the laws about lending guns. If you hunt you have your own that you prefer
wow! i havent heard of this show since i dont have nat geo at school but i was watching some of the clips on the website, and it looks like a great show. Its good to see that people are out there and taking their job seriously like these guys do, in the little clips you dont see if they get punished, but you always hear the officer say this is a big issue, or something along that line. I cant wait to be able to watch a full episode
I lovee this show. Ive always been interested in the ways they go about finding poachers,or illegal merchants. I dont think ive missed an episode yet. Another good one if you guys like Wild Justice is Alaska State Troopers,they deal with some of the same situations. I find these to be the more interesting reality tv shows,some can be pretty hows a polite way to put it.....dull there we go lol.
Thank you for posting the link. We meant to watch but couldn't find it. I think it was advertised as a come on for a channel we don't get. Maybe we can see it on line, will check. I think my OH is the only person here with direct experience in the line, and our friends, so we are anxious to see how everything is portrayed. And differences in other areas of the county(ries) I'm so glad he is not doing that now. We know a CO who took his dog with him in the green and white and the dog was shot in the car by poachers. Back when my OH did this job there was no radio backup in off hours. Now they are linked to police radio. Of course now, with game cameras, the local COs have found cases where there is a camera on their house and the bad guys know the minute they go out to do their job. It's a dangerous job.
I too have been watching it and yesterday,Wild Justice Alaska...yesterday though I ended up in tears,had to stop watching near the end. Some jerk had killed a mother Moose and left 2 very young babies,whom after the gamewarden could not find a rescue for,had to be killed,too young to fend for themselves.:( Also they found the hides of two bear-cubs,illegally killed..very upsetting stuff. I admirer these game-wardens greatly,they deal with some scary people,especially in Alaska. Most people there kill for food legally,but some kids looking for a thrill had killed 12 Cariboos and just left them there:yell: But all in all it's a good show,enlightening in a way..
Yes the show makes me very emotional at times, and I know I could never do thier job......I would take their gun and beat them to within an inch of their life with it, if I ever had to deal with any of these sickening, disguting, useless, A hole poachers !!
HappyCats,I am sure it takes great restraint from the troopers not to react to these people,however as it often is just one trooper against a bunch of "hunters",it would be so easy for them to shoot him,he has too keep calm. Also don't forget,even the poachers know they are filmed,they are not going to attack the trooper,although I am sure it happens.
| http://www.pets.ca/forum/archive/index.php/t-75721.html |
Evaluation of testicular dose and associated risk from common pelvis radiation therapy in Iran - Physica Medica: European Journal of Medical Physics
Original paper
|
Volume 30, ISSUE 8
,
P867-870,
Evaluation of testicular dose and associated risk from common pelvis radiation therapy in Iran
Ahmad Shanei
Ahmad Shanei
Affiliations
Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Milad Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi
Milad Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi
Correspondence
Corresponding author. Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran. Tel.: +98 311 7922432, +98 913 3155377 (mobile); fax: +98 311 6688597.
Affiliations
Medical Physics and Medical Engineering Department, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Medical Students Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
Highlights
Highlights
•
We investigate the associated risk of heritable disease from pelvis radiotherapy.
•
An excess risk of hereditary disorders of 72 per 10000 births was calculated.
•
The risk is negligible in comparison with the correspondent nominal risk.
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate testicular dose (TD) and the associated risk of heritable
disease from common pelvis radiotherapy of male patients in Iran. In this work, the
relation between TD and changes in beam energy, pelvis size, source to skin distance
(SSD) and beam directions (anterior or posterior) was also evaluated. The values of
TDs were measured on 67 randomly selected male patients during common pelvis radiotherapy
using 1.17 and 1.33 MeV, Theratron Cobalt-60 unit at SSD of 80 cm and 9 MV, Neptun
10 PC and 18 MV, GE Saturne 20 at SSD of 100 cm at Seyed-Al Shohada Hospital, Isfahan,
Iran. Results showed that, the maximum TD was up to 12% of the tumor dose. Considering
the risk factor for radiation-induced heritable disorders of 0.1% per Sv, an excess
risk of hereditary disorders of 72 per 10,000 births was conservatively calculated.
There was a significant difference in the measured TD using different treatment machines
and energies (
P
< 0.001). The Pearson Correlation test showed that, as expected, there was a correlation
between TD and patient's pelvis size (
r
< 0.001). Using the student's
t
-tests, it was found that, there was not a significant difference between TD and beam
direction (
P
= 0.231). Iranian male patients undergoing pelvic radiotherapy have the potential
of receiving a TD of more than 1 Gy which might result in temporary azoospermia. The
risk for induction of hereditary disorders in future generations should be considered
as low but not negligible in comparison with the correspondent nominal risk.
Keywords
Pelvis radiotherapy
Testicular dose
Infertility
Hereditary effects
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Article info
Publication history
Published online: July 09, 2014
Accepted:
June 18,
2014
Received in revised form:
June 13,
2014
Received:
April 7,
2014
Identification
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmp.2014.06.038
Copyright
| https://www.physicamedica.com/article/S1120-1797(14)00142-2/fulltext |
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Natural image denoising: Optimality and inherent bounds
Download Citation | Natural image denoising: Optimality and inherent bounds | The goal of natural image denoising is to estimate a clean version of a given noisy image, utilizing prior knowledge on the statistics of natural... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Conference Paper
Natural image denoising: Optimality and inherent bounds
July 2011
Proceedings / CVPR, IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
DOI: 10.1109/CVPR.2011.5995309
Source
IEEE Xplore
Conference: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 2011 IEEE Conference on
Authors:
Anat Levin
Boaz Nadler
Abstract
The goal of natural image denoising is to estimate a clean version of a given noisy image, utilizing prior knowledge on the statistics of natural images. The problem has been studied intensively with considerable progress made in recent years. However, it seems that image denoising algorithms are starting to converge and recent algorithms improve over previous ones by only fractional dB values. It is thus important to understand how much more can we still improve natural image denoising algorithms and what are the inherent limits imposed by the actual statistics of the data. The challenge in evaluating such limits is that constructing proper models of natural image statistics is a long standing and yet unsolved problem. To overcome the absence of accurate image priors, this paper takes a non parametric approach and represents the distribution of natural images using a huge set of 10<sup>10</sup> patches. We then derive a simple statistical measure which provides a lower bound on the optimal Bayesian minimum mean square error (MMSE). This imposes a limit on the best possible results of denoising algorithms which utilize a fixed support around a denoised pixel and a generic natural image prior. Our findings suggest that for small windows, state of the art denoising algorithms are approaching optimality and cannot be further improved beyond ~ 0.1dB values.
... A contemporary technique of NLM that was proposed by Awate and Whitaker [168], also exploits the advantages of non-local information. Moreover, when we said non-local formulations have revolutionised image filtering methods, we meant that such ideas have been adopted in variational methods [169][170][171][172][173], Bayesian approaches [14,[174]
[175]
[176][177][178][179], range filters [180,181] as well as local smoothing filters [18]. These ideas are also being used in various other image processing applications [58,169,172,[182][183][184][185]. ...
... It basically considers a processing of the data at several spatial scales. Secondly, there are also techniques which use patch and image information from external databases as well
[175,
179,240,[253][254][255][256][257][258][259]. Now that we have reviewed the various classes of AWGN elimination methods, we move on to the less prominent Poissonian noise removal filters. ...
... Considering the huge amount of literature that we have surveyed in this chapter, it is not surprising that there have also been works which studied the theoretical bounds of quality that patch-based methods can achieve
[175,
291]. The gist of these studies is that while BM3D almost reaches optimal performance in texture like scenarios, there is definitely scope for improvement in piecewise constant images. ...
Structure-aware image denoising, super-resolution, and enhancement methods
Thesis
... This extensive work over several decades has led to many well-performing denoising algorithms, and to a compelling and rich scientific field. In fact, ten years ago, these glorious achievements have led some researchers to consider the possibility that "Denoising is Dead", believing that the existing solutions are already touching the achievable performance ceiling [45,
162,
163]. ...
... This impression relied on the considerable progress in design of denoising algorithms during the preceding years, and the fact that very different approaches towards this problem were found to lead to comparable denoising performance. A followup work
[162,
163] by Levin and Nadler in 2011-2012 addressed the same question. Both lines of work suggested a derivation of an approximated lower-bound of the MSE for noise removal ability. ...
Image Denoising: The Deep Learning Revolution and Beyond -- A Survey Paper --
Preprint
Image denoising (removal of additive white Gaussian noise from an image) is one of the oldest and most studied problems in image processing. An extensive work over several decades has led to thousands of papers on this subject, and to many well-performing algorithms for this task. Indeed, 10 years ago, these achievements have led some researchers to suspect that "Denoising is Dead", in the sense that all that can be achieved in this domain has already been obtained. However, this turned out to be far from the truth, with the penetration of deep learning (DL) into image processing. The era of DL brought a revolution to image denoising, both by taking the lead in today's ability for noise removal in images, and by broadening the scope of denoising problems being treated. Our paper starts by describing this evolution, highlighting in particular the tension and synergy that exist between classical approaches and modern DL-based alternatives in design of image denoisers. The recent transitions in the field of image denoising go far beyond the ability to design better denoisers. In the 2nd part of this paper we focus on recently discovered abilities and prospects of image denoisers. We expose the possibility of using denoisers to serve other problems, such as regularizing general inverse problems and serving as the prime engine in diffusion-based image synthesis. We also unveil the idea that denoising and other inverse problems might not have a unique solution as common algorithms would have us believe. Instead, we describe constructive ways to produce randomized and diverse high quality results for inverse problems, all fueled by the progress that DL brought to image denoising. This survey paper aims to provide a broad view of the history of image denoising and closely related topics. Our aim is to give a better context to recent discoveries, and to the influence of DL in our domain.
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Show abstract
... In many practical applications, the image to be denoised is known to belong to a certain class. In such a situation, a large data set of clean images, termed ''external data set'' [38]-
[40]
, from the same class, may be available, which can be used to tailor a statistical prior to enhance the denoising performance. Further development of this idea can be observed in [41]- [43], in which the principles of importance sampling (IS) are exploited to approximate the intractable minimum mean square error (MMSE) integral, which is a usual roadblock in image denoising. ...
... [dB],
(40)
where φ image is the true unwrapped phase image, φ image 2π is the estimated InPhase, N is the number of pixels, and W is the wrapping operator defined in (3). In Figs. ...
Class-Specific Interferometric Phase Estimation Using Patch-Based Importance Sampling
Interferometric phase (InPhase) estimation, that is, the denoising of modulo-2π phase images from sinusoidal 2π-periodic and noisy observations, is a challenging inverse problem with wide applications in many coherent imaging techniques. This paper introduces a novel approach to InPhase restoration based on an external data set and importance sampling. In the proposed method, a class-specific data set of clean patches is clustered using a mixture of circular symmetric Gaussian (csMoG) distributions. For each noisy patch, a “home-cluster”, i.e., the closest cluster in the external data set, is identified. An InPhase estimator, termed as Shift-invariant Importance Sampling (SIS) estimator, is developed using the principles of importance sampling. The SIS estimator uses samples from the home-cluster to perform the denoising operation. Both the clustering mechanism and the estimation technique are developed for complex-valued signals by taking into account patch shift invariance, which is an important property for an efficient InPhase denoiser. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is shown using experiments conducted on a semi-real InPhase data set constructed using human face images and medical imaging applications involving real magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data. It is observed that, in most of the experiments, the SIS estimator shows better results compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms, yielding a minimum improvement of 1 dB in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) for low to high noise levels.
... Visual Quality Enhancement. There is a wide variety of enhancement methods dealing with different kinds of artifacts, such as deblurring (where the objective is to recover a sharp version x of a blurry image y without knowledge of the blur parameters) [34], [46], [47], [48],
[49]
, [50], [51], [52], denoising (where the goal is the restoration of an image x from a corrupted observation y = x + n, where n is assumed to be noise with variance σ 2 ) [48], [49], [53], [54], compression artifact reduction (which focuses on removing blocking artifacts, ringing effects or other lossy compression-induced degradation) [55], [56], [57], [58], reflection removal [59], [60], and super-resolution (which attempts to estimate a high-resolution image from one or more low-resolution images) [20], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68]. Other approaches designed to deal with atmospheric perturbations include dehazing (which attempts to recover the scene radiance J, the global atmospheric light A and the medium transmission t from a hazy image [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], and rain removal techniques [74], [75], [76], [77]. ...
... Visual Quality Enhancement. There is a wide variety of enhancement methods dealing with different kinds of artifacts, such as deblurring (where the objective is to recover a sharp version x of a blurry image y without knowledge of the blur parameters) [34], [46], [47], [48], [49], [50], [51], [52], denoising (where the goal is the restoration of an image x from a corrupted observation y = x + n, where n is assumed to be noise with variance σ 2 ) [48],
[49]
, [53], [54], compression artifact reduction (which focuses on removing blocking artifacts, ringing effects or other lossy compression-induced degradation) [55], [56], [57], [58], reflection removal [59], [60], and super-resolution (which attempts to estimate a high-resolution image from one or more low-resolution images) [20], [61], [62], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68]. Other approaches designed to deal with atmospheric perturbations include dehazing (which attempts to recover the scene radiance J, the global atmospheric light A and the medium transmission t from a hazy image [69], [70], [71], [72], [73], and rain removal techniques [74], [75], [76], [77]. ...
Bridging the Gap Between Computational Photography and Visual Recognition
IEEE T PATTERN ANAL
Rosaura G. Vidal Mata
Sreya Banerjee
What is the current state-of-the-art for image restoration and enhancement applied to degraded images acquired under less than ideal circumstances? Can the application of such algorithms as a pre-processing step improve image interpretability for manual analysis or automatic visual recognition to classify scene content? While there have been important advances in the area of computational photography to restore or enhance the visual quality of an image, the capabilities of such techniques have not always translated in a useful way to visual recognition tasks. To address this, we introduce the UG
$^2$
dataset as a large-scale benchmark composed of video imagery captured under challenging conditions, and two enhancement tasks designed to test algorithmic impact on visual quality and automatic object recognition. Furthermore, we propose a set of metrics to evaluate the joint improvement of such tasks as well as individual algorithmic advances, including a novel psychophysics-based evaluation regime for human assessment and a realistic set of quantitative measures for object recognition performance. We introduce six new algorithms for image restoration or enhancement, which were created as part of the IARPA sponsored UG
$^2$
Challenge workshop held at CVPR 2018.
... From Table 5, one can see that regarding the average PSNR and SSIM on BSD68, MRWM surpasses ATVBH by a large margin, and significantly outperforms BM3D and WNNM. According to the literature
[60]
, [61], few denoising methods can exceed BM3D by more than 0.3dB on average. In contrast, the proposed MRWM outperforms BM3D by about 0.6dB for the average PSNR acting on the 68 images in BSD68. ...
MRWM: A Multiple Residual Wasserstein Driven Model for Image Denoising
Residual histograms can provide valuable information for vision research. However, current image restoration methods have not fully exploited the potential of multiple residual histograms, especially their role as overall regularization constraints. In this paper, we propose a novel framework of multiple residual Wasserstein driven model (MRWM) that can organically combine multiple residual Wasserstein constraints and various natural image priors for image denoising. Specifically, by utilizing the Wasserstein distance derived from the optimal transmission theory, the multiple residual histograms of the observed images are forced to be as close as possible to the reference residual histogram, thereby improving the accuracy of residual estimation. Furthermore, the proposed concrete MRWM unifies the multiple residual Wasserstein distribution approximation and the image total variation prior knowledge to carry out image denoising. Alternating iterative algorithm of histogram matching and Chambolle dual projection has the characteristics of less parameters and easy implementation. Finally, our experiments confirm that compared with some representative image denoising algorithms, the MRWM can obtain better performance in objective evaluation, and can better preserve the details such as the image edges, making the image look more natural.
View
... Specifically, the average PSNR of GSMRF The BM3D method is often used as a baseline for comparison. According to the conclusions of
[37]
and [38], few methods can obtain PSNR values that are more than 0.3dB higher on average than BM3D, and the upper limit is 0.7dB. Specifically, the average PSNR of our proposed method outperforms BM3D by 0.46dB, 0.37dB, 0.25dB, 0.64dB, 0.4dB, 0.35dB, 0.44dB and 0.60dB at noise levels 5, 10, 15, 25, 35, 45, 55 and 65, respectively. ...
An Efficient Gaussian Filter Based on Gaussian Symmetric Markov Random Field
Zhiqiang Zhang
This article presents a new image denoising algorithm that uses Gaussian Symmetric Markov random fields based on maximum a posteriori estimation. First, an image denoising model based on Gaussian Symmetric Markov random fields is built, and the image denoising problem was converted to a maximum a posteriori estimation problem. The prior probability of an image can be estimated using the Gibbs distribution, which is equivalent to Markov random fields. Second, the maximum a posteriori estimation is calculated using the expectation-maximization algorithm and conjugate gradient method, where the expectation-maximization algorithm is used to estimate Gaussian Symmetric Markov random field hyper-parameters and the conjugate gradient method is used to calculate the criterion function. The experimental results for the synthetic images and the standard Berkeley segmentation datasets demonstrate the success of the proposed Gaussian denoising filter, as compared with the state-of-the-art methods such as BM3D, WNNM, SGWD-HMMs, SSLBD, DnCNN and BUIFD.
... An alternative denoising technique we applied exploits the colocated CO 2 and NO 2 observations in the synthetic CO 2 images. It is based on a method called block-matching and 3D filtering, or BM3D (Dabov et al., 2007), which performs around the upper bound of possible performance that a denoising technique can achieve
(Levin and Nadler, 2011)
. In short, BM3D works by denoising an image patch-wise in two steps. ...
Analyzing Local Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen Oxide Emissions From Space Using the Divergence Method: An Application to the Synthetic SMARTCARB Dataset
Janne Hakkarainen
Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, the role of space-based observations for monitoring anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased. To meet the requirements for monitoring carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions, the European Copernicus programme is preparing a dedicated CO 2 Monitoring (CO2M) satellite constellation that will provide CO 2 and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) observations at 4 km 2 resolution along a 250 km wide swath. In this paper, we adapt the recently developed divergence method to derive both CO 2 and nitrogen oxide (NO x) emissions of cities and power plants from a CO2M satellite constellation by using synthetic observations from the COSMO-GHG model. Due to its long lifetime, the large CO 2 atmospheric background needs to be removed to highlight the anthropogenic enhancements before calculating the divergence. Since the CO 2 noise levels are large compared to the anthropogenic enhancements, we apply different denoising methods and compare the effect on the CO 2 emission estimates. The annual NO x and CO 2 emissions estimated from the divergence maps using the peak fitting approach are in agreement with the expected values, although with larger uncertainties for CO 2. We also consider the possibility to use co-emitted NO x emission estimates for quantifying the CO 2 emissions, by using source-specific NO x-to-CO 2 emission ratios derived directly from satellite observations. In general, we find that the divergence method provides a promising tool for estimating CO 2 emissions, alternative to typical methods based on inverse modeling or on the analysis of individual CO 2 plumes.
... However, the PSNR score of our method has surpassed that of the learning-based and model-based methods FFDNet and BM3D by 0.18 (on average) to 0.54 dB and 0.54 (on average) to 0.69 dB, respectively. Since only a few methods surpass the benchmark BM3D method by more than 0.3 dB on average
[40,
41], this is a significant improvement. To demonstrate the robustness of our method, we performed comparisons by randomly selecting 50 images from the BSD, making the process of image denoising more challenging. ...
An Unsupervised Weight Map Generative Network for Pixel-Level Combination of Image Denoisers
Image denoising is a classic but still important issue in image processing as the denoising effect has a significant impact on subsequent image processing results, such as target recognition and edge detection. In the past few decades, various denoising methods have been proposed, such as model-based and learning-based methods, and they have achieved promising results. However, no stand-alone method consistently outperforms the others in different complex imaging situations. Based on the complementary strengths of model-based and learning-based methods, in this study, we design a pixel-level image combination strategy to leverage their respective advantages for the denoised images (referred to as initial denoised images) generated by individual denoisers. The key to this combination strategy is to generate a corresponding weight map of the same size for each initial denoised image. To this end, we introduce an unsupervised weight map generative network that adjusts its parameters to generate a weight map for each initial denoised image under the guidance of our designed loss function. Using the weight maps, we are able to fully utilize the internal and external information of various denoising methods at a finer granularity, ensuring that the final combined image is close to the optimal. To the best of our knowledge, our enhancement method of combining denoised images at the pixel level is the first proposed in the image combination field. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the proposed method shows superior performance, both quantitatively and visually, and stronger generalization. Specifically, in comparison with the stand-alone denoising methods FFDNet and BM3D, our method improves the average peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) by 0.18 dB to 0.83 dB on two benchmarking datasets crossing different noise levels. Its denoising effect is also greater than other competitive stand-alone methods and combination methods, and has surpassed the denoising effect of the second-best method by 0.03 dB to 1.42 dB. It should be noted that since our image combination strategy is generic, the proposed combined strategy can not only be used for image denoising but can also be extended to low-light image enhancement, image deblurring or image super-resolution.
... We showed in this research that a simple MLP with supervised learning that maps noisy patches onto noise-free ones could reach state-of-the-art digital image denoising performance. In order to make this possible, the following components were integrated
[21,
22]: ...
Comprehensive Overview of Backpropagation Algorithm for Digital Image Denoising
Artificial ANNs (ANNs) are relatively new computational tools used in the development of intelligent systems, some of which are inspired by biological ANNs, and have found widespread application in the solving of a variety of complex real-world problems. It boasts enticing features as well as remarkable data processing capabilities. In this paper, a comprehensive overview of the backpropagation algorithm for digital image denoising was discussed. Then, we presented a probabilistic analysis of how different algorithms address this challenge, arguing that small ANNs can denoise small-scale texture patterns almost as effectively as their larger equivalents. The results also show that self-similarity and ANNs are complementary paradigms for patch denoising, as demonstrated by an algorithm that effectively complements BM3D with small ANNs, surpassing BM3D at a low cost. Here, one of the most significant advantages of this learning technique is that, once taught, digital images may be recovered without prior knowledge of the degradation model (noise/blurring) that caused the digital image to become distorted.
... Over the past few decades, many studies [2,9,10,35] have been devoted to reducing Gaussian noise in images. However, Levin et al.
[29]
have shown that natural image denoising algorithm based on traditional machine learning methods with prior knowledge on image statistics seemed to be starting to converge. With the development of deep learning in recent years, [3] employed a plain multi-layer perceptron network to achieve the similar denoising performance as the classic BM3D algorithm [9]. ...
Effective PRNU extraction via densely connected hierarchical network
MULTIMED TOOLS APPL
Yanhui Xiao
Huawei Tian
Gang Cao
Hui Li
The photo-response non-uniformity (PRNU) noise of imaging sensor can be used as the fingerprint for identifying individual imaging device uniquely. As the first step of PRNU fingerprint extraction, estimating the natural noise from real-world images is rather important for source camera identification based on PRNU. The performance of most existing noise estimation schemes, which adapt to the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), degrade sharply for natural noise. In this paper, we present a new and effective PRNU extraction algorithm based on Densely-connected Hierarchical Denoising Network (DHDN) for source camera identification. Specifically, DHDN network is trained for dealing with different noise levels with one specific set of trained parameters. In addition, dense connectivity and residual learning are introduced to repeatedly utilize the antecedent feature maps as input and effectively solve the vanishing gradient problem for network training. Furthermore, the network can fully dig up the real-world image noise, and more PRNU related components remain in the extracted noise. By evaluating on the open digital camera and smartphone image databases, i.e., Dresden camera dataset and Daxing smartphone dataset, the proposed PRNU extraction algorithm outperforms other classical algorithms.
... These methods are especially attractive, since rather than relying on setting parameters, they allow the method to learn the correct model from data and adapt for the correct noise setting at test time, without any user intervention. In signal processing literature, it is widely believed that image denoising has reached close to optimal performance [45,
147]
. One of our main motivations is therefore to show the applicability of this general idea, and especaially the supervised approaches such as [213], that learn them from a set of noisy meshes and their ground-truth counterparts, to the setting of 3D point clouds. ...
Learning-based representations and methods for 3D shape analysis, manipulation and reconstruction
Efficiently processing and analysing 3D data is a crucial challenge in modern applications as 3D shapes are becoming more and more widespread with the proliferation of acquisition devices and modeling tools. While successes of 2D deep learning have become commonplace and surround our daily life, applications that involve 3D data are lagging behind. Due to the more complex non-uniform structure of 3D shapes, successful methods from 2D deep learning cannot be easily extended and there is a strong demand for novel approaches that can both exploit and enable learning using geometric structure. Moreover, being able to handle the various existing representations of 3D shapes such as point clouds and meshes, as well as the artefacts produced from 3D acquisition devices increases the difficulty of the task. In this thesis, we propose systematic approaches that fully exploit geometric information of 3D data in deep learning architectures. We contribute to point cloud denoising, shape interpolation and shape reconstruction methods. We observe that deep learning architectures facilitate learning the underlying surface structure on point clouds that can then be used for denoising as well as shape interpolation. Encoding local patch-based learned priors, as well as complementary geometric information such as edge lengths, leads to powerful pipelines that generate realistic shapes. The key common thread throughout our contributions is facilitating seamless conversion between different representations of shapes. In particular, while using deep learning on triangle meshes is highly challenging due to their combinatorial nature we introduce methods inspired from geometry processing that enable the creation and manipulation of triangle faces. Our methods are robust and generalize well to unseen data despite limited training sets. Our work, therefore, paves the way towards more general, robust and universally useful manipulation of 3D data.
... Therefore, identifying distortions can be very useful for image enhancement and correction techniques. Instead of blindly applying such techniques [1]
[2]
[3][4][5][6][7][8][9], quality enhancement methods or other image processing algorithms can be performed or adjusted depending on the types of distortion determined. In addition, a priori knowledge of the type of distortion improves the performance of image quality assessment (IQA) metrics. ...
Deep multi-task learning for image/video distortions identification
Sid Ahmed Fezza
Identifying distortions in images and videos is important and useful in various visual applications, such as image quality enhancement and assessment techniques. Instead of applying them blindly, these techniques can be applied or adjusted depending on the type of distortion identified. In this paper, we propose a deep multi-task learning (MTL) model for identifying the types of distortion in both images and videos, considering both single and multiple distortions. The proposed MTL model is composed of one convolutional neural network (CNN) shared between all tasks and N parallel classifiers, where each classifier is dedicated to identify a type of distortion. The proposed architecture also allows to adjust the number of tasks according to the number of distortion types considered, making the solution scalable. The proposed method has been evaluated on natural scene images and laparoscopic videos databases, each presenting a rich set of distortions. The experimental results demonstrate that our model achieves the best performance among the state-of-the-art methods for both single and multiple distortions (Code is available at: https://github.com/zoubidaameur/Deep-Multi-Task-Learning-for-Image-Video-Distortions-Identification).
... The denoising techniques improved very little during the last decade. The denoising algorithms were believed to have reached their optimal performance, which cannot be further improved
[38]
. It was about this time that the emergence of machine learning techniques opened a new door to image quality improvement and denoising. ...
Enhancing the Robustness of Visual Object Tracking via Style Transfer
The performance and accuracy of computer vision systems are affected by noise in different forms. Although numerous solutions and algorithms have been presented for dealing with every type of noise, a comprehensive technique that can cover all the diverse noises and mitigate their damaging effects on the performance and precision of various systems is still missing. In this paper, we have focused on the stability and robustness of one computer vision branch (i.e., visual object tracking). We have demonstrated that, without imposing a heavy computational load on a model or changing its algorithms, the drop in the performance and accuracy of a system when it is exposed to an unseen noise-laden test dataset can be prevented by simply applying the style transfer technique on the train dataset and training the model with a combination of these and the original untrained data. To verify our proposed approach, it is applied on a generic object tracker by using regression networks. This method's validity is confirmed by testing it on an exclusive benchmark comprising 50 image sequences, with each sequence containing 15 types of noise at five different intensity levels. The OPE curves obtained show a 40% increase in the robustness of the proposed object tracker against noise, compared to the other trackers considered.
... There exist literature that introduced the priors to likelihood distributions such as GMM prior [17]. The reason to use priors in image denoising is that it can provide Maximum A-posteriori (MAP) based statistical estimation
[18]
using some regularization parameters of images. Based on this idea, a Bayesian framework based Expected Patch Log Likelihood (EPLL) algorithm [20] has been proposed to model the probability of image patches using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). ...
Likelihood Estimation and Wavelet Transformation Based Optimization for Minimization of Noisy Pixels
Article
Full-text available
In recent times the statistical computation techniques are gaining a lot of interest for analyzing the behavior of various mathematical distributions. This paper derives the likelihood distribution of image priors which has been further used to denoise the image. This paper aims to maximize the likelihood estimation of the parameters of interest i.e. prior and posterior estimation. We have proposed a prior-based distribution model which has been applied to additive, multiplicative and mixed noise cases. The various estimation parameters such as statistical variance and mean parameters have been used to evaluate the maximum likelihood of image priors for these noise models. Later, we have used an optimization technique based on the likelihood to reconstruct noise-free images efficiently. This paper uses conditional likelihood and wavelet transformation-based minimization techniques to minimize the noise in the pixels and a final denoised image is recovered. The conditional likelihood of the image has been optimized using pixel-based minimization w.r.t. the wavelet transformation coefficients. The simulation and analytical results have also been presented for the different noise cases.
... In the case of Gaussian noise, progress by the standard quality measures is tending to stagnate, it is therefore assumed that the new methods will no longer be able to significantly ameliorate the standard indicators of image quality. Numerous studies suggest that current methods are already quite close to the theoretical, impassable, restoration quality limit
[21]
. The situation is different in the case of impulsive noise removal. ...
Is large improvement in efficiency of impulsive noise removal in color images still possible?
The substantial improvement in the efficiency of switching filters, intended for the removal of impulsive noise within color images is described. Numerous noisy pixel detection and replacement techniques are evaluated, where the filtering performance for color images and subsequent results are assessed using statistical reasoning. Denoising efficiency for the applied detection and interpolation techniques are assessed when the location of corrupted pixels are identified by noisy pixel detection algorithms and also in the scenario when they are already known. The results show that improvement in objective quality measures can be achieved by using more robust detection techniques, combined with novel methods of corrupted pixel restoration. A significant increase in the image denoising performance is achieved for both pixel detection and interpolation, surpassing current filtering methods especially via the application of a convolutional network. The interpolation techniques used in the image inpainting methods also significantly increased the efficiency of impulsive noise removal.
... Such technique is useful for removing artifact and noise but is not enough for a video reconstruction process and needs to be embedded to a reconstruction methodology which is able to deal with the masked parts of the image. In addition, Levin et al.
[48,
49] have experimentally proved the asymptotic optimality regarding patch-based denoising algorithms. ...
Plug-and-Play video reconstruction using sparse 3D transform-domain block matching
In this paper, we propose a novel video reconstruction methodology built based on a generalization of alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) named Plug-and-Play. The motivation of the proposed technique is the improvement in visual quality performance of the video frames and decreasing the reconstruction error in comparison with the former video reconstruction methods. The proposed algorithm is an end-to-end embedding tool to integrate video reconstruction techniques with denoiser methods. Correspondingly, we use compressive sensing (CS)-based Gaussian mixture models (GMM) as a sub-problem regarding the proposed framework which is used as a method to model spatiotemporal video patches for video reconstruction. On the other hand, sparse 3D transform-domain block matching is applied as the denoiser of the proposed methodology to remove the remaining artifacts and noise in the reconstructed video frames. Consequently, by considering both online and offline CS-based GMM frameworks, we are able to make two forms of GMM-based embedding video reconstruction algorithms. The outcome has been compared with the result of CS-based GMM algorithm, GAP, TwIST and KSVD-OMP on the same datasets considering PSNR, SSIM, VSNR, WSNR, NQM, UQI, VIF and IFC as the evaluation metrics. It has been experimentally proved that the proposed online and offline GMM-based Plug-and-Play algorithms have more suitable results in comparison with their conventional CS-based online and offline GMM counterparts as well as other state-of-the-art techniques. The general quantitative results (considering all the datasets) for online proposed method regarding PSNR and SSIM metrics are 29.84 and 0.891, respectively, which is higher than the results of other techniques.
... However, as the convolutional layer increases, the level of DWT decomposition increases either, resulting in coefficient redundancy which reduces the efficiency of the model. Moreover, Levin et al.
[36]
pointed out that the receptive field size range from 31*31 to 66*66 can be significantly improved the denoising performance, but the bigger size of the receptive field only has little influence. The receptive field size of MWCNN is 226 × 226 . ...
DSTnet: a new discrete shearlet transform-based CNN model for image denoising
Chengkun Zhang
Min Han
Due to the superior performance and fast running speed, deep learning methods have been widely employed in image processing fields. However, most deep learning-based denoising methods require a specific noise level to train their models, and denoising models are built to remove specific levels of noise, which lacks the flexibility to deal with spatially variant noise. In this paper, we present a discrete shearlet transform (DST)-based denoising convolutional network (DSTnet). The proposed method first decomposes an image by DST and gets several subband images, then these subband images are used as input samples into the convolutional neural networks (CNNs) blocks. The proposed method has a good compromise between denoising performance and computation time. The DSTnet not only has a good efficiency in noise removing and detail preservation but also has the ability to handle a wide range of noise levels, which are suitable for real image denoising.
... Locally, the neighbor pixels have a similar value to the current pixel to predict. High noise levels usually require larger patch sizes to capture context information
[29]
. One way to get more spatial information is by selecting the kernel size larger than the typical 3 × 3 size. ...
A Residual Dense U-Net Neural Network for Image Denoising
In recent years, convolutional neural networks have achieved considerable success in different computer vision tasks, including image denoising. In this work, we present a residual dense neural network (RDUNet) for image denoising based on the densely connected hierarchical network. The encoding and decoding layers of the RDUNet consist of densely connected convolutional layers to reuse the feature maps and local residual learning to avoid the vanishing gradient problem and speed up the learning process. Moreover, global residual learning is adopted such that, instead of directly predicting the denoised image, the model predicts the residual noise of the corrupted image. The algorithm was trained for the case of additive white Gaussian noise and using a wide range of noise levels. Hence, one advantage of the proposal is that the denoising process does not require prior knowledge about the noise level. In order to evaluate the model, we conducted several experiments with natural image databases available online, achieving competitive results compared with state-of-the-art networks for image denoising. For comparison purpose, we use additive Gaussian noise with levels 10, 30, 50. In the case of grayscale images, we achieved PSNR of 34.39, 29.11, 26.99, and SSIM of 0.9297, 0.8193, 0.7491. For color images we obtained PSNR of 36.68, 31.43, 29.12, and SSIM of 0.9600, 0.8961, 0.8465.
... Empirically, it can be observed that the network's depth and patch size are dependent on the type and level of noise present. Specifically, larger patch sizes are shown to exhibit better performance in the presence of higher noise levels
[58]
. The network presented in [11] used ten convolutional layers (or five stages) with patches of 61 × 61 to remove a predefined level of Gaussian noise. ...
Deep convolutional neural network for mixed random impulse and Gaussian noise reduction in digital images
Full-text available
Dec 2020
IET IMAGE PROCESS
Mehdi Mafi
Walter Izquierdo
Harold Martin
Malek Adjouadi
This study utilises a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) implementing regularisation and batch normalisation for the removal of mixed, random, impulse, and Gaussian noise of various levels from digital images. This deep CNN achieves minimal loss of detail and yet yields an optimal estimation of structural metrics when dealing with both known and unknown noise mixtures. Moreover, a comprehensive comparison of denoising filters through the use of different structural metrics is provided to highlight the merits of the proposed approach. Optimal denoising results were obtained by using a 20-layer network with 40 × 40 patches trained on 400 180 × 180 images from the Berkeley segmentation data set (BSD) and tested on the BSD100 data set and an additional 12 images of general interest to the research community. The comparative results provide credence to the merits of the proposed filter and the comprehensive assessment of results highlights the novelty and performance of this CNN-based approach.
... Dictionary learning [25] helps remove noise quickly. The prior knowledge
[26]
[27] [28] restores the details of the potentially clean image by smoothing the noise image. More competitive denoising methods including BM3D [29], WNNM [30], NLR-MRF [31] and TNRD [32] can be used. ...
Deep Iteration Assisted by Multi-level Obey-pixel Network Discriminator (DIAMOND) for Medical Image Recovery
Dianlin Hu
Weifei Wu
Image restoration is a typical ill-posed problem, and it contains various tasks. In the medical imaging field, an ill-posed image interrupts diagnosis and even following image processing. Both traditional iterative and up-to-date deep networks have attracted much attention and obtained a significant improvement in reconstructing satisfying images. This study combines their advantages into one unified mathematical model and proposes a general image restoration strategy to deal with such problems. This strategy consists of two modules. First, a novel generative adversarial net(GAN) with WGAN-GP training is built to recover image structures and subtle details. Then, a deep iteration module promotes image quality with a combination of pre-trained deep networks and compressed sensing algorithms by ADMM optimization. (D)eep (I)teration module suppresses image artifacts and further recovers subtle image details, (A)ssisted by (M)ulti-level (O)bey-pixel feature extraction networks (D)iscriminator to recover general structures. Therefore, the proposed strategy is named DIAMOND.
... Patch Size: In image denoising, researchers usually use patches with size of 30 × 30. According to
[32]
, the higher noise level, the larger blocks needed. Considering the low SNR of desert seismic data, we use patches with size of 100 × 100 to train ADMM-CNN. ...
Desert Seismic Low-Frequency Noise Attenuation Using Low-Rank Decomposition-Based Denoising Convolutional Neural Network
Desert seismic data are often characterized by low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to the fickle surface conditions and desert random noise with nonstationarity, nonlinearity, spatial directivity, and low-frequency characteristics. This low SNR is likely to affect the following inversion and interpretation. Therefore, robust noise attenuation is crucial to improve the SNR of desert seismic data. We propose a novel method alternating direction method of multipliers-based denoising convolutional neural network (ADMM-CNN) by combining low-rank decomposition with feed-forward denoising convolutional neural network (DnCNN). DnCNN is a deep-learning-based method for noise removal, which can make good noise attenuation performance through training. However, there is no feature extraction procedure before model learning in its structure, so DnCNN cannot make full use of the prior information of signals. Combining low-rank decomposition just addresses this issue. Compared with DnCNN, our method has two main novelties. First, we use the synthetic seismic data that resemble the characteristics of field desert seismic data and desert noise to train the ADMM-CNN. Second, we use ADMM to decompose the data into three layers (low-rank, sparse, and perturbation) which are used as the inputs of three channels neural network. Through this decomposition, the neural network can capture more features and prior information of desert seismic data. Both synthetic field data tests demonstrate the robuster performance of ADMM-CNN compared to traditional methods and DnCNN, also that the ADMM-CNN method suppresses the desert noise more thoroughly and greatly improves SNR of desert seismic data at the same time.
... El filtro Wiener realiza una ponderación casi óptima de los coeficientes espectrales wavelet en función de la relación señal / ruido local, minimizando el error cuadrado medio (MSE) entre la imagen filtrada y la imagen original sin ruido
[105]
, [106]. Utiliza la salida de la primera etapa como una estimación de la señal sin ruido y la desviación estándar local del ruido para calcular los pesos de Wiener en el dominio wavelet. ...
Mejora de la Exactitud Cuantitativa de la Tomografía por Emisión de Positrones (PET) incorporando información específica del escáner, del paciente y de la enfermedad.
Las imágenes médicas cuantitativas, a diferencia de las imágenes tradicionales cualitativas, permiten obtener mediciones de parámetros fisiológicos o anatómicos de manera no invasiva. Como toda técnica de medición, se encuentran sometidas a sesgos y variabilidad que pueden limitar su aplicación. En los últimos años, diferentes sociedades científicas han abordado el problema de mejorar la exactitud y la reproducibilidad de las imágenes cuantitativas, prescribiendo protocolos estandarizados de adquisición y procesamiento para diversas modalidades diagnósticas. En particular, la tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) ha sido la modalidad diagnóstica con mayor crecimiento en las últimas dos décadas y es un componente esencial en el manejo del paciente oncológico. Las imágenes PET tienen la particularidad de ser inherentemente cuantitativas ya que permiten medir la concentración de radiactividad del radiofármaco administrado al paciente de manera no invasiva. Esto permite inferir parámetros metabólicos invivo, cosa que otras modalidades anatómicas o funcionales como la tomografía computada por rayos X o la resonancia magnética nuclear no pueden hacer. Por ejemplo, la cuantificación del metabolismo de glucosa mediante el análogo 18F-Fluorodesoxiglucosa (18F-FDG) en tumores permite aumentar el valor pronóstico del estudio y evaluar la respuesta a tratamientos tales como radioterapia, quimioterapia, hormonoterapia e inmunoterapia, entre otros, de manera cuantitativa. Sin embargo, las mediciones provenientes de distintos tomógrafos PET pueden no ser comparables. El proceso de armonización cuantitativa tiene como objetivo que dichas mediciones sean lo más parecidas posibles para un amplio rango de tamaños de estructuras. Si bien ya existen protocolos de armonización cuantitativa para PET, suelen ser costosos y complejos, lo que limita su aplicación en centros PET no académicos. Por otro lado, las características propias del paciente tales como el peso o el índice de masa corporal también generan diferencias en las mediciones. En la presente tesis, proponemos un modelo simplificado de formación de imagen para PET que incluye la resolución espacial y propiedades del ruido. Este modelo sirve de base para la implementación de algoritmos de armonización novedosos y para el diseño de algoritmos de adquisición específicos para cada paciente y región anatómica. Los algoritmos son validados para una amplia variedad de modelos de tomógrafos PET y para diferentes tamaños de pacientes. Esta tesis provee una base sólida para mejorar la reproducibilidad y la exactitud de las mediciones provenientes de imágenes PET de distintos pacientes adquiridos en distintos tomógrafos.
View
... Previously, Levin et al.
[8]
proposed a Bayesian approach to calculate the mean square error lower bound of natural image denoising algorithms. Without formulating a parametric constraint, the prior knowledge (or distribution) of image structures is drawn from a collection of 10 10 natural images. ...
Variance lower bound on fluorescence microscopy image denoising
The signal to noise ratio of high-speed fluorescence microscopy is heavily influenced by photon counting noise and sensor noise due to the expected low photon budget. Denoising algorithms are developed to decrease these noise fluctuations in microscopy data by incorporating additional knowledge or assumptions about imaging systems or biological specimens. One question arises: whether there exists a theoretical precision limit for the performance of a microscopy denoising algorithm. In this paper, combining Cramér-Rao Lower Bound with constraints and the low-pass-filter property of microscope systems, we develop a method to calculate a theoretical variance lower bound of microscopy image denoising. We show that this lower bound is influenced by photon count, readout noise, detection wavelength, effective pixel size and the numerical aperture of the microscope system. We demonstrate our development by comparing multiple state-of-the-art denoising algorithms to this bound. This method establishes a framework to generate theoretical performance limit, under a specific prior knowledge, or assumption, as a reference benchmark for microscopy denoising algorithms.
... So, the patch size is chosen in relationship with the receptive field of a network, which is defined by its depth. But for images with strong noise larger patch sizes will help capture more contextual information and thus produce better results
[8]
. The patch size for training of DnCNN-S is chosen in [1] as 40 × 40, based on the noise level of 25. ...
Image Denoising for Strong Gaussian Noises With Specialized CNNs for Different Frequency Components
In machine learning approach to image denoising a network is trained to recover a clean image from a noisy one. In this paper a novel structure is proposed based on training multiple specialized networks as opposed to existing structures that are base on a single network. The proposed model is an alternative for training a very deep network to avoid issues like vanishing or exploding gradient. By dividing a very deep network into two smaller networks the same number of learnable parameters will be available, but two smaller networks should be trained which are easier to train. Over smoothing and waxy artifacts are major problems with existing methods; because the network tries to keep the Mean Square Error (MSE) low for general structures and details, which leads to overlooking of details. This problem is more severe in the presence of strong noise. To reduce this problem, in the proposed structure, the image is decomposed into its low and high frequency components and each component is used to train a separate denoising convolutional neural network. One network is specialized to reconstruct the general structure of the image and the other one is specialized to reconstruct the details. Results of the proposed method show higher peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM) compared to a popular state of the art denoising method in the presence of strong noises.
View
Show abstract
... En la segunda etapa, se aplica un filtro de Wiener colaborativo a la imagen original, utilizando la salida de la primera etapa para guiar un proceso de block-matching. El filtro Wiener realiza una ponderación casi óptima de los coeficientes espectrales wavelet en función de la relación señal / ruido local, minimizando el error cuadrado medio (MSE) entre la imagen filtrada y la imagen original sin ruido
(Levin & Nadler, 2011;
Milanfar, 2012). Utiliza la salida de la primera etapa como una estimación de la señal sin ruido y la desviación estándar local del ruido para calcular los pesos de Wiener en el dominio wavelet. ...
Mejora de la cuantificación y armonización cuantitativa en PET mediante filtrado adaptativo
Article
Oct 2020
Mauro Namías
Robert Jeraj
La cuantificación en la tomografía por emisión de positrones (PET) está sujeta a sesgos debido a limitaciones físicas y técnicas. El objetivo de la armonización cuantitativa es lograr mediciones comparables entre diferentes tomógrafos PET, permitiendo así ensayos clínicos multicéntricos. Las guías clínicas, como las de la Asociación Europea de Medicina Nuclear (EANM), recomiendan armonizar las reconstrucciones de PET para llevar los coeficientes de recuperación de contraste (CRC) dentro de las especificaciones. Sin embargo, estas reconstrucciones armonizadas pueden mostrar sesgos cuantitativos. En este trabajo mejoramos la armonización mediante el uso de un novedoso esquema de filtrado adaptativo. Nuestro objetivo fue obtener un sesgo de cuantificación bajo y valores de relación señal / ruido (PSNR) altos al mismo tiempo. Para ello se diseñó e implementó un nuevo filtro de eliminación de ruido adaptativo de tres etapas. Los parámetros del filtro se optimizaron para lograr un PSNR alto en un fantoma cerebral digital y un sesgo cuantitativo bajo de los valores máximos de recuperación de contraste (CRCmax) obtenidos de un fantoma de calidad de imagen de PET de la Asociación Nacional de Fabricantes Eléctricos (NEMA). El fantoma NEMA se escaneó en varios escáneres PET / CT y se reconstruyó sin filtros. La configuración de filtro óptima encontrada para un conjunto de datos de entrenamiento se aplicó luego a las reconstrucciones de prueba de otros escáneres. Los límites de armonización se definieron utilizando los intervalos de confianza del 95% entre reconstrucciones. Como resultado, se lograron valores de CRCmax promedio cercanos a la unidad (± 5%) para esferas con un diámetro igual o superior a 13 mm para el conjunto de datos de entrenamiento. Los valores de PSNR fueron comparables a otros resultados de filtros de última generación. Usando la misma configuración de filtro óptima para los conjuntos de datos de prueba, se encontraron resultados cuantitativos similares. La visibilidad de la lesión mejoró en imágenes clínicas en comparación con las reconstrucciones EANM, sin artefactos visibles. De esta forma, nuestro filtro adaptativo de tres etapas logró un rendimiento cuantitativo de vanguardia para la obtención de imágenes PET. Se lograron tolerancias de armonización con un sesgo y varianza más bajos que las directrices de EANM para una variedad de modelos de escáner. Los valores de CRCmax estaban cerca de la unidad y la variabilidad de cuantificación se redujo en comparación con las reconstrucciones estándar.
... The reason for choosing a 3 × 3 convolution kernel is that compared with a larger convolution kernel, a stack of multiple small convolution kernels can have more non-linearity while having the same receptive field size, which is beneficial to improving the network performance. As for the selection of patch size, according to
(Levin & Nadler 2011)
, high noise level images require larger effec- tive patch size to capture more context information for restoration. Since the SNR of seismic data in desert environment is low, a larger patch size is needed. ...
Denoising of seismic data in desert environment based on a variational mode decomposition and a convolutional neural network
Article
May 2020
Yx Zhao
Yue Li
B.-J. Yang
One of the difficulties in desert seismic data processing is the large spectral overlap between noise and reflected signals. Existing denoising algorithms usually have a negative impact on the resolution and fidelity of seismic data when denoising, which is not conducive to the acquisition of underground structures and lithology related information. Aiming at this problem, we combine traditional method with deep learning, and propose a new feature extraction and denoising strategy based on a convolutional neural network, namely VMDCNN. In addition, we also build a training set using field seismic data and synthetic seismic data to optimize network parameters. The processing results of synthetic seismic records and field seismic records show that the proposed method can effectively suppress the noise that shares the same frequency band with the reflected signals, and the reflected signals have almost no energy loss. The processing results meet the requirements of high signal-to-noise ratio, high resolution and high fidelity for seismic data processing.
View
Show abstract
... Over the past decade, image denoising has been studied extensively, leading to a vast line of works (,e.g., [75,36,27,73,53,29,32,20,14,48,47,44,74,39,30,61,87,21,85,40,45,68]). This has resulted in the availability of extremely efficient and effective algorithms, achieving nearly optimal performance [19,
49,
50]. ...
Regularization by Denoising via Fixed-Point Projection (RED-PRO)
Preprint
Aug 2020
Regev Cohen
Michael Elad
Peyman Milanfar
Inverse problems in image processing are typically cast as optimization tasks, consisting of data fidelity and stabilizing regularization terms. A recent regularization strategy of great interest utilizes the power of denoising engines. Two such methods are the Plug-and-Play Prior (PnP) and Regularization by Denoising (RED). While both have shown state-of-the-art results in various recovery tasks, their theoretical justification is incomplete. In this paper, we aim to enrich the understanding of RED and its connection to PnP. Towards that end, we reformulate RED as a convex optimization problem utilizing a projection (RED- PRO) onto the fixed-point set of demicontractive denoisers. We offer a simple iterative solution to this problem, and establish a novel unification of RED-PRO and PnP, while providing guarantees for their convergence to the globally optimal solution. We also present several relaxations of RED-PRO that allow for handling denoisers with limited fixed-point sets. Finally, we demonstrate RED-PRO for the tasks of image deblurring and super-resolution, showing improved results with respect to the original RED framework.
... At relatively higher noise levels, due to the increase of noisy pixels, it becomes increasingly harder for BM3D to differentiate between noise and true image textures, edges, and image details. Some results contradict the claim proposed in
[15]
that results by BM3D are the almost best for denoising. However, the proposed method increases the performance so remarkably that we can say we have opened the possibility for further improvements of denoising techniques. ...
Image noise reduction based on block matching in wavelet frame domain
Article
Full-text available
Sep 2020
MULTIMED TOOLS APPL
Nazeer Muhammad
Nargis Bibi
Muhammad Kamran
Dai-Gyoung Kim
This paper describes the shear wavelet frame transform (SWFT) with two sets of block matching for the application of image denoising. Using the SWFT, we can analyze anisotropic features, such as edges in images. To assign the directionality we use a shear matrix for the continuous wavelet transform. Block matching with 3-D collaborative filtering has been incorporated for hard thresholding of reference block. We deploy two sets of the search neighborhood blocks to avoid the artifacts while removing heavy noise. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on standard benchmark images and outperforms the recent state-of-the-art methods in terms of peak signal to noise ratio.
... However, during the past decade, nonlocal image denoising methods started to converge, and there has been little progress in improving the state-of-the-art denoising performance. Levin et al. 11,
12
derived a statistical measure for the best possible denoising results using a fixed support around a denoised pixel and generic natural image prior. They showed that, for small windows, state-of-the-art denoising methods cannot be further improved beyond fractional decibel (dB) values. ...
Deep learning algorithm for Gaussian noise removal from images
Article
Jul 2020
J ELECTRON IMAGING
Mickael Aghajarian
John E. McInroy
Suresh Muknahallipatna
A deep learning algorithm for Gaussian noise removal from both grayscale and color images is developed. As opposed to most existing discriminative methods that train a specific model for each noise level, the proposed method can handle a wide range of noise levels using only two trained models, one for low noise levels and the other for high noise levels. In the proposed algorithm, the training process consists of three successive steps. In the first step, a classifier is trained to classify the noisy and clean images. In the second step, a denoiser network aims to remove the noise in the image features that are extracted by the trained classifier. Finally, a decoder is utilized to map back the denoised images features into images pixels. To evaluate the performance of the model, the Berkeley segmentation dataset of 68 images (BSDS68) and 12 widely used images are used, and the denoising performance for additive white Gaussian noise is compared with several state-of-the-art methods in terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and visual quality. For grayscale image denoising of BSDS68, our method gives the highest PSNR on all noise levels (significant mean improvement of 0.99). For color image denoising of BSDS68, except for one low noise level, the proposed method gives the highest PSNR on all other noise levels (mean improvement of 0.3).
... we note that in [35], the RFs of most denoising methods are in the interval [35×35, 61×61]. It was shown in
[18]
that further increasing the RF actually contributes little to improving the denoising performance; and 2). using larger dilation rates makes the input sample extremely sparse, which may be detrimental to learning [28]. ...
A multiscale dilated residual network for image denoising
Article
Full-text available
Dec 2020
MULTIMED TOOLS APPL
Dongjie Li
Chen Huaian
Guoqiang Jin
Enhong Chen
In this paper, a more effective Gaussian denoiser is designed to enhance the resulting image quality. We propose a novel image denoising method using a multiscale dilated residual network, named MDRNet. The proposed method is based on two main strategies. First, we adopt dilated convolutions in our network to enlarge the receptive field while requiring fewer parameters. The hybrid dilation rate pattern (HDP) is implemented such that each pixel in the pattern contributes similarly to the receptive field, allowing our network to learn the image details equally. Second, we employ a contextualized structure to take advantage of the low-level features which are mainly concentrated in the first two layers. Our method achieves competitive denoising performance and requires fewer parameters compared to existing denoising methods that using convolutional network. Through comprehensive experiments, we show that the denoising performance of our method is competitive with the state-of-the-art methods in terms of both quantitative and qualitative evaluation.
... While these regularizers are mathematically well-understood, the complexity of natural images is only partially reflected in their formulation. For this reason, handcrafted variational methods have nowadays been largely outperformed by purely data-driven methods as predicted by Levin and Nadler
[28]
a decade ago. ...
Total Deep Variation: A Stable Regularizer for Inverse Problems
Preprint
Full-text available
Jun 2020
Erich Kobler
Alexander Effland
Karl Kunisch
Thomas Pock
Various problems in computer vision and medical imaging can be cast as inverse problems. A frequent method for solving inverse problems is the variational approach, which amounts to minimizing an energy composed of a data fidelity term and a regularizer. Classically, handcrafted regularizers are used, which are commonly outperformed by state-of-the-art deep learning approaches. In this work, we combine the variational formulation of inverse problems with deep learning by introducing the data-driven general-purpose total deep variation regularizer. In its core, a convolutional neural network extracts local features on multiple scales and in successive blocks. This combination allows for a rigorous mathematical analysis including an optimal control formulation of the training problem in a mean-field setting and a stability analysis with respect to the initial values and the parameters of the regularizer. In addition, we experimentally verify the robustness against adversarial attacks and numerically derive upper bounds for the generalization error. Finally, we achieve state-of-the-art results for numerous imaging tasks.
View
Show abstract
... It is also observed that the proposed method outperforms the benchmark BM3D method by 0.65 dB∼1.33 dB. Such a gain in the PSNR is remarkable because only a few methods can exceed the PSNR of the BM3D method by an average of more than 0.3 dB
[48,
49]. In addition, we calculated the metrics VIF and IW-SSIM to further assess the performance of our method. ...
Boosting of Denoising Effect with Fusion Strategy
Image denoising, a fundamental step in image processing, has been widely studied for several decades. Denoising methods can be classified as internal or external depending on whether they exploit the internal prior or the external noisy-clean image priors to reconstruct a latent image. Typically, these two kinds of methods have their respective merits and demerits. Using a single denoising model to improve existing methods remains a challenge. In this paper, we propose a method for boosting the denoising effect via the image fusion strategy. This study aims to boost the performance of two typical denoising methods, the nonlocally centralized sparse representation (NCSR) and residual learning of deep CNN (DnCNN). These two methods have complementary strengths and can be chosen to represent internal and external denoising methods, respectively. The boosting process is formulated as an adaptive weight-based image fusion problem by preserving the details for the initial denoised images output by the NCSR and the DnCNN. Specifically, we design two kinds of weights to adaptively reflect the influence of the pixel intensity changes and the global gradient of the initial denoised images. A linear combination of these two kinds of weights determines the final weight. The initial denoised images are integrated into the fusion framework to achieve our denoising results. Extensive experiments show that the proposed method significantly outperforms the NCSR and the DnCNN both quantitatively and visually when they are considered as individual methods; similarly, it outperforms several other state-of-the-art denoising methods.
... The best PSNR results are highlighted in bold in each noise level. Following
[17,
18], the denoising methods can have a 0.3 dB improvement over the BM3D algorithm on the BSD68 dataset, while our proposed method achieve an average of 0.78 dB improvement over the BM3D algorithm under five different noise levels. Compared with DnCNN-the current best denoising algorithm, our proposed method also has an average When compared with DnCNN at the noise levels of 40,50,60, the average improvement by our model reaches 0.20 dB. ...
The Combination of Multi-scale and Residual learning in Deep CNN for Image Denoising
Full-text available
IET IMAGE PROCESS
Fuyu Zhu
Xiangwei Mou
To better restore a clean image from a noise observation under high noise levels, the authors propose an image denoising network based on the combination of multi‐scale and residual learning. Instead of using filters with different large sizes in traditional multi‐scale schemes, they arrange multi‐layer convolutions with the filters of the same size to speed up the model. Some dilated convolutions of different rates are combined with the common convolutions to enrich the extracted features in multi‐layer convolutions. Furthermore, they cascade the multi‐layer convolutions with residual blocks to improve the performance of image denoising. Their extensive evaluations on several challenging datasets demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the state‐of‐art methods under all different noise levels in terms of peak signal‐to‐noise ratio, and the visual effects achieved by the proposed model are also better than the competing methods.
... The use of external priors for denoising has been motivated by the pioneering studies of
[34,
12], which showed that selecting correct reference patches from a large external image dataset of clean samples can theoretically suppress additive noise and attain infinitesimal reconstruction error. However, directly incorporating patches from an external database is computationally prohibitive even for a single image. ...
Identity Enhanced Residual Image Denoising
We propose to learn a fully-convolutional network model that consists of a Chain of Identity Mapping Modules and residual on the residual architecture for image denoising. Our network structure possesses three distinctive features that are important for the noise removal task. Firstly, each unit employs identity mappings as the skip connections and receives pre-activated input to preserve the gradient magnitude propagated in both the forward and backward directions. Secondly, by utilizing dilated kernels for the convolution layers in the residual branch, each neuron in the last convolution layer of each module can observe the full receptive field of the first layer. Lastly, we employ the residual on the residual architecture to ease the propagation of the high-level information. Contrary to current state-of-the-art real denoising networks, we also present a straightforward and single-stage network for real image denoising. The proposed network produces remarkably higher numerical accuracy and better visual image quality than the classical state-of-the-art and CNN algorithms when being evaluated on the three conventional benchmark and three real-world datasets.
CUR Transformer: A Convolutional Unbiased Regional Transformer for Image Denoising
Kang Xu
Weixin Li
Image denoising is a fundamental problem in computer vision and multimedia computation. Non-local filters are effective for image denoising. But existing deep learning methods that use non-local computation structures are mostly designed for high-level tasks, and global self-attention is usually adopted. For the task of image denoising, they have high computational complexity, and have a lot of redundant computation of uncorrelated pixels. To solve this problem and combine the marvelous advantages of non-local filter and deep learning, we propose a Convolutional Unbiased Regional (CUR) transformer. Based on the prior that, for each pixel, its similar pixels are usually spatially close, our insights are that 1) we partition the image into non-overlapped windows and perform regional self-attention to reduce the search range of each pixel, and 2) we encourage pixels across different windows to communicate with each other. Based on our insights, the CUR transformer is cascaded by a series of convolutional regional self-attention (CRSA) blocks with U-style short connections. In each CRSA block, we use convolutional layers to extract the query, key, and value features, namely Q , K , and V , of the input feature. Then, we partition the Q , K , and V features into local non-overlapped windows, and perform regional self-attention within each window to obtain the output feature of this CRSA block. Among different CRSA blocks, we perform the unbiased window partition by changing the partition positions of the windows. Experimental results show that the CUR transformer outperforms the state-of-the-art methods significantly on four low-level vision tasks, including real and synthetic image denoising, JPEG compression artifact reduction, and low-light image enhancement.
A deep learning approach to separating scattered direct waves from reflection seismic records on rugged surface: Synthetic data examples
Seismic records from reflection seismic exploration in complex surface areas often contain scattered direct waves, a type of scattered waves generated by direct waves propagating on a rugged surface. For imaging reflections, scattered direct waves are regarded as noise, which lowers the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the reflected waves and deteriorates the quality of the seismic profile. Importantly, it is very challenging to separate scattered direct waves with strong energy and complex wave field characteristics owing to the rugged surface. In the recent years, the rapid development of machine‐learning technology has broadened and advanced the application of deep learning in denoising seismic data. In this context, we propose an approach to using the convolutional autoencoder, a deep learning network, to intelligently separate scattered direct waves from seismic records on a rugged surface. The spectral element method is applied to simulate the elastic wave seismic records and scattered direct waves on a rugged surface. The synthetic shot gathers on the rugged ground are employed as the input for training the convolutional autoencoder network, while the simulated scattered direct waves on the uniform half‐space with the same rugged ground are employed as the label data for training. After the network training is completed, the trained convolutional autoencoder network can be applied to predict scattered direct waves from seismic records. The numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed approach has good potential for suppressing complex scattered direct waves generated by direct waves propagating on a rugged surface. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Compressive Learning for Patch-Based Image Denoising
Hui Shi
Yann Traonmilin
Image denoising based on global image similar patches searching and HOSVD to patches tensor
Article
Full-text available
Ziqing Wang
Nonlocal self-similarity of natural image is an essential property for image processing. But how to measure the similarity between different patches and how to better exploit the similarity of patches are two crucial problems for image denoising. In this article, we establish a novel image denoising method based on a global image similar patches searching method and the similar patches tensor high-order singular value decomposition theory. Particularly, in order to find the reasonable similar patches to a reference, a variant of Gaussian mixture model (GMM) global similar patches searching method is proposed, and the graph process unit-based GMM model training method is performed to speed up the training process. Furthermore, the k-means and the local inter-class searching are used to improve on the similarity measure between patches. To better exploit the similarity of patches to image denoising, we rearrange similar patches to a tensor for each reference, and an iterative adaptive weighted tensor low-rank approximation method is established to perform image denoising. Experimental results clearly show that the proposed method is comparable to many recent denoising algorithms from the PNSR, SSIM and NCC viewpoint. For higher noise level (e.g., sigma=50\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{wasysym} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{upgreek} \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \begin{document}$$sigma=50$$\end{document}), the performance of our proposed algorithm evinces a 0.06-unit, 0.05-unit and 0.12-unit improvement in the PNSR, SSIM and NCC score, respectively, when compared to state-of-the-art.
Total Deep Variation: A Stable Regularization Method for Inverse Problems
Karl Kunisch
Various problems in computer vision and medical imaging can be cast as inverse problems. A frequent method for solving inverse problems is the variational approach, which amounts to minimizing an energy composed of a data fidelity term and a regularizer. Classically, handcrafted regularizers are used, which are commonly outperformed by state-of-the-art deep learning approaches. In this work, we combine the variational formulation of inverse problems with deep learning by introducing the data-driven general-purpose total deep variation regularizer. In its core, a convolutional neural network extracts local features on multiple scales and in successive blocks. This combination allows for a rigorous mathematical analysis including an optimal control formulation of the training problem in a mean-field setting and a stability analysis with respect to the initial values and the parameters of the regularizer. In addition, we experimentally verify the robustness against adversarial attacks and numerically derive upper bounds for the generalization error. Finally, we achieve state-of-the-art results for several imaging tasks.
Regularization by Denoising via Fixed-Point Projection (RED-PRO)
Article
Sep 2021
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224254723_Natural_image_denoising_Optimality_and_inherent_bounds |
My Sister Didn't Maintain Her Fish Tank. Please Help!! | Freshwater Aquarium Discussion Forum | Page 2
Thank you all for your suggestions. I think I am going to clean the way @@luckdown suggested, but I will try my best to clean the most guck off of the...
My Sister Didn't Maintain Her Fish Tank. Please Help!!
Fish0n
Thank you all for your suggestions. I think I am going to clean the way @@luckdown suggested, but I will try my best to clean the most guck off of the substrate.
Try pinching the hose while siphoning. Controlling the flow rate will help you get the most out of the "vacuuming".
Try pinching the hose while siphoning. Controlling the flow rate will help you get the most out of the "vacuuming".
Ok thanks! I will post an update
Andrew3402 , don't take offense to everyone's comments. I believe the members are just being advocates for the fish's well being and were pointing out observations and realities that sometimes are hard to process when your intentions were good, but your plans did not turn out exactly as expected.
Some suggestions......
Ensure the fish isn't being overfed. It's easy for a seasoned fish keeper to understand portion control for fish. Those not enthusiastic about caring for fish will generally not be aware of how much they are overfeeding. Also, many non-fishkeepers have the "
goldfish
in a glass bowl" mindset, with a huge misconception of the required care involved.
Find a $5 mechanical timer for the LED to plug into. That way your sister doesn't have to remember to turn it off and on. Our 4 tanks all have timers.
Upgrade the media in the filter, so a disposable cartridge doesn't have to be relied upon. Did you buy the 5.5 gallon Top Fin starter kit from PetSmart? If so, I am familiar with them. We have one also. Here is a
(LINK)
to thread in the forum showing many examples with pics of how to add reusable
DIY
media to a filter, to increase its mechanical and biological filtration.
A water change is needed once a week. The water should need to be replaced due to evaporation. It takes me less than 10 minutes to vac the substrate and do a 50% water change in our 5.5g tank, so the excuse of "being too busy" doesn't really hold up.
If it doesn't work out in the end, having the fish shipped UPS/FedEx/USPS by a person who didnt take of it in the first place probably will not work out very well. It would be hard enough for me to correctly package a fish, finding the proper bags, then sealing it with air and it not leaking and finally packaging it up in a box.
It would be a lot easier to re-home it at a local fish store or find someone on Facebook/Craigslist to take it.
Good luck
Andrew3402 , don't take offense to everyone's comments. I believe the members are just being advocates for the fish's well being and were pointing out observations and realities that sometimes are hard to process when your intentions were good, but your plans did not turn out exactly as expected. Some suggestions...... Ensure the fish isn't being overfed. It's easy for a seasoned fish keeper to understand portion control for fish. Those not enthusiastic about caring for fish will generally not be aware of how much they are overfeeding. Also, many non-fishkeepers have the "goldfish in a glass bowl" mindset, with a huge misconception of the required care involved. Find a $5 mechanical timer for the LED to plug into. That way your sister doesn't have to remember to turn it off and on. Our 4 tanks all have timers. Upgrade the media in the filter, so a disposable cartridge doesn't have to be relied upon. Did you buy the 5.5 gallon Top Fin starter kit from PetSmart? If so, I am familiar with them. We have one also. Here is a (LINK) to thread in the forum showing many examples with pics of how to add reusable DIY media to a filter, to increase its mechanical and biological filtration. A water change is needed once a week. The water should need to be replaced due to evaporation. It takes me less than 10 minutes to vac the substrate and do a 50% water change in our 5.5g tank, so the excuse of "being too busy" doesn't really hold up. If it doesn't work out in the end, having the fish shipped UPS/FedEx/USPS by a person who didnt take of it in the first place probably will not work out very well. It would be hard enough for me to correctly package a fish, finding the proper bags, then sealing it with air and it not leaking and finally packaging it up in a box. It would be a lot easier to re-home it at a local fish store or find someone on Facebook/Craigslist to take it. Good luck
Thank you so much for your advice. I actually have a
Tetra
whisperer 10. I did buy the kit but replaced it with this filter. However, the current is still too strong, so I will definitely check out this forum. As for giving the fish to someone else, we will try our hardest to maintain the littles guys environment without selling it. Again, thank you
The forum here is an excellent community of fish keepers, always wanting to share info and help others out. Never hesitate to post a question, comment or concern!
Fish0n
For clarification when I suggested shipping it was under the knowledge that Andrew3402 was there and could do the shipping without relying upon his sister to pack everything perfectly right for safe transport. I do agree rehoming is a better option but letting go can be easier when you know where the animal is going.
Islandvic
Fish0n , I made the comment about shipping the fish with the intention of meaning that if the fishkeeping wasn't working out as planned a few months from now, it may be easier to re-home it locally if the OP wasn't there to ship it personally. I wasn't really clear in those regards
| https://www.fishlore.com/aquariumfishforum/threads/my-sister-didnt-maintain-her-fish-tank-please-help.421181/page-2 |
Rice Farmers" Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change | Download Table
Download Table | Rice Farmers" Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change from publication: Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change among Rice Farmers in Katsina-Ala Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria | Local Government, Adaptation and Rice | ResearchGate, the professional network for scientists.
Table 3
Rice Farmers" Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change
Source publication
Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change among Rice Farmers in Katsina-Ala Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... gauging farmers"level of awareness is a fundamental step toward such programmes. Source: field survey, 2014
Table 3
shows that personal observation/experience, Radio/television,and fellow farmers were the major sources of information. Chen et al., (2010) supported the significance of climate change information sharing in facilitating adaptation in China. ...
Context 2
... Zimbabwe, however, Madobi (2012) reported that radio and television were not important sources of information on climate change because of the low credibility these sources commanded in that country.
Table 3
presents the strategies that rice farmers adopted in response to climate change. The major strategies employed included the use of improved varieties. ...
Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change: Key Strategies for Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
Jun 2019
Oluwaseyi Aderemi Ajala
Citations
... Çalışma, RVC'deki genç aktörlerin işlevsel tarımsal danışmanlık hizmetleri yoluyla daha fazla teşvik edilmesini, pirincin doğrudan pazarlanmasının hakim olmasını ve pirinç kurutma makinelerinin sağlanmasını önermektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: İklim Değişikliği, Uyum Stratejileri, Değer Zinciri INTRODUCTION regime, early planting, changing of planting dates, use of chemical and organic fertilizers, cultivating different types of crops, planting cover crops amongst others (Onyeneke & Madukwe, 2010;Mohammed et al., 2013;Okpe & Aye, 2015;
Naswem et al., 2016;
Idoma et al., 2017). However, while it is apparent that climate extreme represents a threat to RVC in Nigeria, less attention has been given to examining the effect of extreme weather conditions along the RVC. ...
CLIMATE EXTREME CONDITIONS AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES BY RICE VALUE CHAIN ACTORS IN BENUE STATE, NIGERIA
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Oct 2022
Emmanuel Abah
Moradeyo Adebanjo Otitoju
Emeka Solomon Fidelis
The effect of climate change on agricultural value chain actors’ activities in Nigeria is pronounced, resulting in negative effects on their income and food security. Rice is particularly vulnerable to extreme weather activities due to its sensitivity to weather conditions. Therefore, this study examined the climate change adaptation strategies (CCAS) employed by rice value chain actors (RVCAs) in Benue State, Nigeria. Questionnaires were used to source primary data. The result of the strategies adopted by RVCAs in the study area showed diversification, drying after threshing, and the use of high-quality packaging materials were the major strategies adopted by input suppliers, processors, and rice marketers, respectively to mitigate the effect of climate change. The results of the Multinomial Logit (MNL) analysis revealed that the coefficients of household size (P<0.01) were positive
determinants of the choice of input supplying, processing, and marketing among the RVCA. The study recommends that younger actors in RVC be encouraged more through functional agricultural advisory services, direct marketing of rice should prevail and rice drying machines should be provided.
... Rice is an important food item as it forms the main part of the diet of over one third of the world's population. It is among the most valued cereal crops of West African and has become increasingly used as a constituent of animal feed
(Naswem, et al. 2016;
Onubogu, et al. 2019). Under the Agricultural Transformation Agenda (ATA) rice is one of the focal crops that the Federal Government intends to use to lift rural farmers from poverty. ...
EFFECT OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS ON THE PERCEPTION OF CLIMATE CHANGE AMONG RURAL RICE FARMERS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Article
Full-text available
Feb 2021
Onyinyechukwu Onubogu
This paper ascertained the level of awareness of climate change among rural rice farmers in Anambra Agricultural zone of Anambra state, determined the effect of socioeconomic characteristics of the farmers on their perception of climate change, and identified the coping strategies adopted by these farmers to mitigate the impact of climate change. A multistage sampling technique was used to select a total of 120 rice farmers in rice producing areas of Anambra Agricultural zone. Descriptive statistics and Regression analysis were used for the analysis. Results showed that 52% of the farmers were highly aware of the concept of climate change while 38% were slightly aware. These rice farmers' perceptions of climate change included high intensity of sun, variation in rainfall duration, change in weather, and poor yield of crops. Number of years in school, Farming experience, sex, number of visits by extension agents and mode of farming were identified as the socioeconomic characteristics affecting farmers' perception of the concept of climate change. The coping strategies adopted by these farmers included adjustment of planting calendar, mixed cropping, close monitoring of weather, improved managerial skills and usage of improved varieties. The study recommended that the extension agents should enlighten the farmers, through an on-farm education, on climate change and its coping strategies, and also, the use of plant varieties that can withstand changes in the climate should be promoted.
... The most efficient farmers change proactively their sowing time to overcome the uneven rain at the harvest time and use cushions to prevent rain to impact the paddy harvest piles when harvesting, threshing, drying, and transporting the paddy. These best practices related to cultivation and post-harvesting techniques and climate mitigation strategies together with the knowledge transfer of new technologies should be widespread via better extension services
(Naswem et al. 2016)
. Moreover, crop insurance is potentially a very effective climate mitigation strategy for the farmers in the study area that can be ensured by the government or private partners. ...
... Further, the government and private partners are responsible to secure the availability of high-quality production inputs (seeds, fertilizers, chemicals). Early maturing, drought-resistant and flood-resistant varieties of rice should be made available to farmers to enable them to cope with the vagaries of the climate
(Naswem et al. 2016;
Santeramo et al. 2016). ...
The Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on the Performance of the Rice Supply Chain in the Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar
Article
Full-text available
Dec 2019
AFE
Thuzar Linn
Broos Maenhout
Abstract In this paper, we study the relationship between environmental uncertainty and performance in the rice supply chain in the Ayeyarwaddy Region, Myanmar. Efficiency is one of the important performance indicators in both supply chain and agribusiness. In this regard, the objectives of the study are to identify the different sources of uncertainty perceived by the different actors in the supply chain, to measure the rice supply chain efficiency, and to study the impact of the environmental uncertainty on the supply chain efficiency. The data of 215 respondents is collected from the Ayeyarwaddy Region by using a purposive and stratified random sampling method, and we analyze this data via descriptive statistics, an exploratory factor analysis, data envelopment analysis (DEA), and Tobit regression analysis. The scores for the technical, pure, and scale efficiency show a very low performance of the rice supply chain in the Ayeyarwaddy Region resulting from the fact that most of the rice businesses are too small and need to expand their operating size. We found that this global rice supply chain performance is significantly impacted by the planning and control uncertainty and the climate uncertainty. Therefore, mitigation initiatives must be developed such as financial insurance mechanisms and extension services should be widespread. Both aim to improve the impact of the climate adverse conditions and to increase the efficiency of resource utilization in the supply chain. Moreover, the actors should organize themselves in cooperatives such that the scale of operations can be increased and information is captured and shared between different parties in the supply chain. This is crucial to operational control and planning because a higher quality of information input will increase the quality of managerial decision making.
Perceptions Paysannes Des Aléas Climatiques Sur La Production Du Riz Sur Le Périmètre Irrigué De Saga Dans La Vallée Du Fleuve Niger
Article
Full-text available
Jan 2022
Seydou Tahirou
Patrice Zerbo
Yacouba Sanou
Samuel Pare
Manan Nassirou Ado
L’objectif général poursuivi est d’analyser la perception des aléas climatiques auprès des exploitants en milieu urbain. Pour ce faire, des entretiens semi-structurés et des enquêtes ont été effectués. Au total 140 exploitants disponible ont été enquêtés. Un critère d’âge de sélection des exploitants variant de 15 à 50 ans a permis de s’assurer que les stratégies développées font suite à une perception effective des changements. L’analyse des données a été faite par le logiciel Access et Excel pour le calcul des paramètres statistiques descriptifs et la réalisation de graphiques. Ces derniers observent l’existence des paramètres climatiques qui interviennent dans leur pratique à 90%. Les résultats de la recherche révèlent que 66 % des exploitants ont un niveau d’instruction assez bas. Face aux aléas climatiques les exploitants mettent en œuvre des stratégies durables d’adaptations qui participent à l’amélioration des rendements.80 % des exploitants font recourt aux variétés locales et adoptent des stratégies diverses à la pratique d’irrigation et Le drainage et le curage des cours d’eau (30%) ;adoption des variétés résistantes au stress thermique et de variétés de cycle court (65%), décalage des dates de semis et irrigation (15%).Les principaux déterminants de l’adoption des stratégies adaptatives sont variables de perception. De ce fait, la nature et l’efficacité des stratégies utilisées mettent en évidence le caractère vulnérable des exploitants par des contraintes matérielles, financières et techniques et l’accès à l’information. Ainsi, malgré les stratégies mises en place, les exploitants sont soumis d’une part à une vulnérabilité tant sociale qu’aux vulnérabilités de production. The general objective is to analyze the perception of climatic hazards among farmers in urban areas. To do this, semi-structured interviews and surveys were conducted. A total of 140 available farmers were surveyed. An age criterion for the selection of farmers ranging from 15 to 50 years old was used to ensure that the strategies developed were based on an effective perception of changes. The data was analyzed using Access and Excel software to calculate descriptive statistical parameters and to produce graphs. The graphs show the existence of climatic parameters that are involved in 90% of their practices. The results of the research reveal that 66% of the farmers have a fairly low level of education. Faced with climatic hazards, farmers implement sustainable adaptation strategies that help improve yields. 80% of farmers use local varieties and adopt various strategies for irrigation and drainage (30%); adoption of heat stress resistant varieties and short cycle varieties (65%); and shifting of sowing dates and irrigation (15%).The main determinants of the adoption of adaptive strategies vary in perception. As a result, the nature and effectiveness of the strategies used highlight the vulnerability of farmers due to material, financial and technical constraints and access to information. Thus, despite the strategies implemented, farmers are subject to both social and production vulnerabilities.
Typologie Et Déterminants Des Stratégies D’adaptation Aux Changements Climatiques En Riziculture Au Nord Et Centre Du Bénin
Article
Full-text available
Feb 2020
Lionel Ulrich Ayedegue
Kassim Issaka
Jacob Afouda Yabi
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Di Benedetto, Marianne Diallo, David Diamond, Beverley Diamond, Charlotte Dias, José Díaz, Jorge Díaz-González, Joaquín Díaz-Mayo, Rosa-María Díaz-Olaya, Ana-María Díaz-Olaya, Ana Díaz-Pérez, Ignacio Dibben, Nicola Dibben, Nicola. Dibble, Jeremy DiBiase, Allan DiBlasi, Alex DiCenso, Daniel J. Dickey, Lisa Dickinson, Peter Dickinson, James Luther. Didier, Béatrice Dietz, Dan Dietz, Bill Díez-Antolinos, Luis Díez-Puertas, Emeterio DiFranco, Ani Dillane, Aileen. Dillon-Krass, Jacquelyn Dimery, Robert. Dimery, Robert Dines, Michael Dines, Michael. Dingle, Christopher Philip. Dingle, Christopher Philip Dinkel, Philippe DiNucci, Celeste DiPiero, Dan Dismanův rozhlasový dětský soubor, Ditchfield, David Dixon, Beau Dixon, Gavin Dixon, Ian Díaz, Joaquín. Díaz, Nelson Varas Díaz, Juan Diego Díaz-Olaya, Ana-María Djupsjöbacka, Tove Dlamini, Sazi Dlamini, Sazi Do, Jane Dobewall, Mareike Dobiáš, Dalibor Dobney, Jayson Kerr. Dobozy, B Dobozy, B Dobrea-Grindahl, Mary Dobszay, Á Dobszay, L Dobszay, Éászló Dobszay, L Dochartaigh, Seoirse Ó Doctor, Jennifer R. Dodd, Rose. Dodd, Julian Dodgion, Dottie Dodgson, Paul Doe, Julia Doffman, Mark Doggett, Peter Doggett, Peter. Doheny, James. Doherty, Harry. Doherty, Conor Doherty, Matt Dohnányi, E Dóka, Krisztina Dokalik, Dietmar Dokter, Julia Doky, Niels Lan Dolan, Emily I. Dolan, Therese Dolp, Laura Dombi, J Dombiné, J Domingo-Montesinos, Isabel-María Domínguez-López, Juan-José Domínguez, Freddy Cristóba Domínguez-Moreno, Áurea Domokos, M Domokos, Z Domoney, Kelly. Dömötör, Endre Dömötör, Zs Dompnier, Bernard Don Juan Archiv Wien. Donaldson, William Donau-Universität Krems. Dong, Lorraine. Dong, Arthur E. Donlon, Denise Donnelly, K. J. Donnelly, Stephen E. Donnelly, Ryann Doonan, Simon Dóra, Schneller Dóra, Pál-Kovács Dorbayani, Mosi Dore, Florence Dorf, Samuel N. Dorfman, Jay Dori, Dafna Dorottya, Németh Dorset, Erik Dougherty, William Patrick Doughty, Karolina Douglas, Tana Douse, Cliff Dovchin, Sender Dovercourt, Jonny Dow, Rosie Dowling, Martin W. Downes, Julia. Downes, Lawrence Downes, Stephen C. Downes, Andy Downing, Antonio Michael. Downing, K. K. Doyle, Alan Doyle, Tom Doyle, David M. Dózsa, K Dr. Rolf von Bockel Drabløs, Per Elias Drach, Saša Dragheim-Lauritsen, Tejs Dragonová, Martina Draheim, Joachim Drake, Nick J. Draper, Jason. Dratwicki, Alexandre. Drecki, Jacek Roman Drees, Stefan Drever, John Levack Dreyfus, Kay Driscoll, Jim Driscoll, Colin Driscoll, Christopher M. Dromey, Christopher Droumeva, Milena Drudy, Andy Drury, Sara A. Mehltre Drury, Jeffrey P. Mehltre Drury, John Drüner, Annie-Laure Drüner, Ulrich Dryden, Lynn Drysdale, John D. Du, Xinping = 杜新平 Dubber, Andrew. Dubois, Pierre DuBreuil, Alexandre Duch, Michael Francis Duchesneau, Michel Dudrah, Rajinder Kumar Dueck, Jonathan Duff, Jeff Duffett, Mark Duffy, Timothy Duffy, Michael J. Duffy, Michelle Dufour, Denis. Dufour, Valérie Dugan, Franjo Dukay, Barnabás Dukay, B Dunbar, Julie C. Duncan, Dayton Duncan, Stuart P. Duncan, Cheryll Duncan, Cheryll. Dunedin Dancers. Dungan, Myles Dunkel, Mario. Dunn, Henry Dunsby, Jonathan Durakoglu, Aysegul Duraković, Lada Durkin, Rachael Durney, Daniel Durrand, Mark Dusinberre, Edward Dümling, Albrecht Dürrfeld, Peter. Dvořák Society for Czech and Slovak Music, Dwyer, Benjamin Dyck, Kirsten Dyer, Joseph Henry Dylan, Bob Dyndahl, Petter. Eagle, Douglas Spotted Eames, Michael Earle, Ben Earles, Andrew Easlea, Daryl. Easlea, Daryl Eavis, Michael Eavis, Emily Ebenezer, Lyn. Eberhardt, Markus Ebrecht, Ronald. Echard, William Echeverría, María del Puy Pe Ecke, Andreas Eckes, Jutta Eckhardt, M Eckhardt, Mária Ecsedi, Zsuzsa Ed.), Ossa-Martínez; Marco Anto Edel Germany GmbH Edexcel (Organization) Edgar, Kate. Edgar, William Edgar-Hunt, Robert Edinburgh University Library. Edith Cowan University. EDITION GORZ Edjabe, Ntone Edling, Anders. Edling, Cecilia Wahlströ Edling, Anders Edlund, Bengt Edström, Olle Edwards, Janet. Edwards, Christine Edwards, Scott Lee Egan, Sean Egea, Susana Egeland, Ånon Egey, Emese Eggenschwiler, Byron Eglinton, Mark Ehmann, Julia Ehrlich, David Ehrlich, Robert Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques. Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques Eilish, Billie Eisel, John C. Eisendle, Reinhard Ejeby, Bo Eken, Cecilie Ekenberg, Anders Ekho Verlag Eklund, Christer. Eklund, Karl Johan Elek, Koloh Elgar, Edward Elgar, Alice Elias, Berner Elie, Paul Elixir Piping and Drumming (Firm), Elkins, Elizabeth Elliott, Paul Elliott, David J. Elliott, Richard Ellis, Karen Ellis, Katharine Ellis, Sarah Ellis, Carl Ellis, Sarah Taylor Ellison, Curtis W. Ellison, Barbara Ellsworth, Therese. Ellsworth, Jane Elms, Anthony Előd, Juhász Elowsson, Anders Elphick, Daniel Elsby, Jon Elsea, Peter Elvira-Esteban, Ana Isabel Elvira-Esteban, Ana-Isabel Emile, Wennekes Emília, Barna Emmerson, Simon Emmery, Laura V. Emőke, Sántha Encabo, Enrique. Encabo-Fernández, Enrique Encabo-Fernández, Enrique Ender, Daniel Ender, Daniel. Endō, Tōru Endre, Halmos Endre, Hegedűs Engelbrecht, Henrik Engl, Stefan Engleheart, Murray English, Helen J. English, T. J. English, Lawrence. English Hymnal Co., English National Opera, English National Opera. Englund, Axel Englund, Axel Engström, Andreas Enikő, Gyenge Eno, Brian Enstice, Wayne Eősze, L Eötvös, P Epstein, Dan Epstein, Marcia Jenneth Epting, Chris Érdi, T Erdmann, Hans Erickson, Kris Ericson-Roos, Catarina Erika, Nyerges Erika, Simon Erika, Fernbach Eriksen, Dorthe Eriksen, Jan Eriksson, Gunnar Eriksson, Karin L. Eriksson, Jeanette Eriksson, Karin. Eriksson, Josef Eriksson, Maria Eriksson, Åke Eriksson, Magnus Eriksson, Torbjörn Eriksson, Maria Erlmann, Veit Ernő, Kiss Erricker, Jane Erwin, Max Escuer-Salcedo, Sara Eshbach, Robert Whitehouse Espada, Martín Espeland, Magne I. Espiña-Campos, Yolanda Espínola, Francisco Espinosa, Santiago Esse, Melina Essex, David Esteve-Faubel, José María Esteve-Roldán, Eva Esteve-Roldán, Eva Estévez-Sola, Juan A. Eszter, Gombocz Ethniko kai kapodistriako panepisti̲mio Etter, Brian K. Etxebeste-Espina, Elixabete Etxeverria-Jaime, Jesús European Cantors Association, Éva, Fehér Éva, Kelemen Éva, Bieliczkyné Buzás Éva, Fehérné Sulyok Éva, Kondicsné Kovács Evans, Mark Evans, Timothy Evans, Julie Evans, Steve Evans, Bob Evans, Elfed Evans, David Evans, David T. Evans, Mike Evans, Tristian Everett, Walter Everett, William A. Everett, Andrew Everist, Mark. Everist, Mark Everley, Dave Evertsson, Maria Ewens, Hannah Eybl, Martin. Eybl, Martin Eydmann, Stuart Ezaki, Kimiko Ezquerro-Esteban, Antonio Fabényi, J Faber, Phillip Faber, Phillip. Fábián, Éva Fabian, Dorottya Facci, Serena. Fadipe, Israel A. Fadnes, Petter Frost Fagan, Gerald Fagerström, Eskil Fagius, Jan Fagius, Gunnel Fahlander, Thomas Faiman, David Fairbrass, Fred Fairbrass, Richard Fairchild, Charles Fairclough, Pauline Fairclough-Isaacs, Kirsty Fakir, Abdul Falco, Raphael Falconer, Tim Falkman, Carl Johan Fallon, Robert Falola, Toyin Falthin, Annika Falus, A Fan, Linlin = 范琳琳 Fancourt, Daisy Fang, Xiao = 方晓 Fanni, Hende Fanning, David Fano, Michel Fantappiè, Francesca Fantini, Bernardino. Fargeton, Pierre Fargion, Janet Topp Fariza, Paulina Farkas, Z Farkas, Z Farkas, Iván Farncombe, Tom. Farnsworth, Brandon Farr, Ray Farraj, Yasamin Farrell, Isabel Fassler, Margot Elsbeth Fast, Susan. Fast, Barbara Fatou, Kandé S Faulds, Katrina Faulk, Barry J. Faulkner, Simon Faulkner, Robert Faure, Michel Fauré, Gabriel Fauser, Annegret Fay, Brendan Fazakas, I Fazekas, G Fazekas, Gergely Fazekas, G Fearnley, James Featherstone, Sally Federico, Gabriel Fedoszov, J Fedrová, Stanislava Fein, Michael Fejérvári, Boldizsár Fejérvári, B Fejős, J Fekete, A Fekete, Károly Feldman, Zev. Feldman, Morton. Feldman, Morton Feldman, Heidi Carolyn Feldman, Evan Feldman-Barrett, Christine Jacqueline Feldstein, Ruth Fell, Mark Fell, Alex Fellani, Matin Felton, Dickie. Feneyrou, Laurent Fenlon, Ian Fenlon, Iain Fenton, Kathryn Fényes, G Ferenc, Verseghy Ferenc, Szénási Ferenc, Liszt Ferenc, Rátkai Ferenc, Apró Ferenczi, I Ferge, Béla Ferguson, Paul Ferić, Mihael Fernandes, Cristina Fernández, Gabriel Fernández-de-Latorre, R. Fernández-Manzano, Reynaldo Ferrada-Noli, Nicholas Ringskog Ferraguto, Mark Ferraiuolo, Augusto Ferrari, Brunhild Ferrari, Giordano. Ferreira, Manuel Pedro Ferreiro-Carballo, David Ferrer-Cayón, Jesús Ferrero, Lena Kagg Ferrett, D Ferri-Durà, Jaime. Ferris, William R. Fertel, Rien Ferzacca, Steve Festival de Música Antigua de Úbeda y Baeza Feurzeig, Lisa Feustle, Maristella Fèis Rois. Fhuartháin, Méabh Ní Fiala, Michele Fiddes, Luke Fiegel, Eddi. Field, Kim Fields, Kenneth Fifer, Julian Fifield, Christopher Fifield, Christopher Figueiredo, Marcio Figueroa, Michael A. Filippi, Daniele V. Fillerup, Jessie Fillion, Éric Fink, Jesse Finnerty, Adrian Finney, John Finscher, Ludwig Finzi, Gerald Fiore, Ivana Fiorentino, Giuseppe Fischer, Rebecca Fischer, Paul Fischlin, Daniel. Fischlin, Daniel Fišer, Ernest Fisher, Elizabeth Fisher, Mark Fiskvik, Anne Margrete Fitch, Fabrice FitzGerald, Martin Fitzgerald, Mark Fitzner, Frauke Fitzpatrick, Rob. Fjord, Jens Viggo Flack, Michael Flannagan, Andy Fleet, Paul Fleischer, Rasmus Fleischmann, Ruth Fleischmann, Tilly Fleischmann, Walter Fleming, Michael Jonathan Fleming, Simon Fletcher, Tom Fletcher, K. F. B. Fletcher, Tony. Fletcher, Tony Flintoff, Brian Flom, Jonathan Floquet, Oreste Flores-Fuentes, Juan Floridou, Georgia A. Floros, Constantin Flōrou, Louiza Flotzinger, Rudolf Floyd, James Michael Floyd, J. B. Floyd, Samuel A. Floyd, Richard Flury, Roger Flynn, Amanda Flynn, Patricia Földváry, MI Foley, Catherine E Foley, Catherine E. Foley, Byron Folkehojskolernes Forening i Danmark Fong-Torres, Ben Fong-Torres, Ben. Fonseca, Anthony J. Font-Batallé, Montserrat Fontán-del-Junco, Manuel Fontijn, Claire Anne Foon, Anthony Forbidden City (Nightclub: San Francisco, Calif.) Ford, Robert Ford, Charles Ford, Elizabeth Forde, Eamonn Foreman, Lewis. Forgács, Robert Forkel, Johann Nikolaus Forrest, Arick. Forrest, Nigel. Forsberg, Jan Foršek, Goran Forsell, Jacob Forsén, Arne Forssell, Jonas Forster, Robert Forster, Robert Fortey, Bryn. Fosbraey, Glenn Fosbraey, Glenn. Foss, Hubert J. Foss, Dora. Foster, Stephen Collins Foster, Mick Foster, Mo. Foster-Peters, Kelly-Jo Foulk, Ray Foulk, Caroline Foulkes, Julia L. Foundling Museum, Fouter-Fouter, Vera Fowke, Philip Fowler, Gene Föllmi, Beat A. Fraga-Suárez, Fernando Fraile-Gil, José Manuel. Fraile-Prieto, Teresa Frame, Pete Frampton, Peter Frances-Hoad, Cheryl Francfort, Didier. Franke, Leander Franke, Leander. Frankel, Emile Franklin, Neil Franklin, Dan Franks, Don Franziska, Diehr Fraser, Neil Fraser, Benjamin Fratini-Serafide, Roberto Frayssinet-Savy, Corinne Fredriksson, Niclas Fredriksson, Daniel Freeman, Phil Freeman, Dean Freeman, Peter Freeman, Robert Freestone, Brian D. Frego, R. J. David Frehley, Ace. Freiburghaus, Gabriela French, Stewart French, Mark Frenkel, A Frenz, Barbara Freund, Julia Friberg, Anders Frid, Emma Friddle, David Friedberg, Jeffrey Frieden, Ken Friedl, Erika Friedler, M Friedman, Allan Jay Friedmann, Jonathan L. Friedrich, Á Friehs, Julia Teresa Frierson-Campbell, Carol Friesen, Orin Frigyesi, Judit Frith, Simon Fritsch, Melanie Froehlich, Hildegard C. Frolova-Walker, Marina Frölich, Emilia. Frühauf, Tina Fry, Robert W. Fu, Hong = 傅鈜 Fuchs, Emily Fuchs, Dieter Fuente-Charfolé, José-Luis Fügedi, J Fugelso, Karl Fuhrich, Edda Fuhrmann, Wolfgang Fukuoka, Madoka. Fukuoka, Shōta. Fukushima, Kazuo Fukushima, Mutsumi Fuller, Nicholas Lester Fuller, Sophie Fundación Juan March, Fung, Victor. Furia, Philip G, Németh Gaar, Gillian G. GABARRÓN-TORRECILLAS, Antonio-Francisco Gabbard, Krin Gábor, Vásárhelyi Gábor, Barna Gábor, Eredics Gábor, Turi Gábor, Winkler Gábor, Simon Géza Gábor, Sarbak Gábor, Presser Gábriel, Szoliva Gabriēl, Angelos Gabriella, Gilányi Gaddy, K. R. Gademan, Göran Gádor, Ágnes Gádor, Á Gadpaille, Michelle Gagné, Nicole V. Gagné, David Gaifem, Monica Gaines, Jim Gaitanos, Kōstēs Galán-Bueno, Carlos Galán-Gómez, Santiago Galbraith, Patrick W. Galiana-Gallach, Josep Lluis Galicia-Poblet, Fernando Galilea, Carlos Galindo, João Maurício Galindo-Pozo, Miguel Gall, Zlatko Gall, Gregor Gallagher, Miriam Gallardo, Gemma Gallardo-Saborido, Emilio José Gallego, Antonio Gallet, Bastien Galloway, Vic Galpérine, Alexis Galuszka, Patryk Galvin, Anthony Gambetta, Beppe Gamble, Steven Gammond, Peter Gann, Kyle Gannon, Charles Gant, Andrew Gao, Tian = 高天 Garay, Ramón Garbage (Musical group), Garbayo-Montabes, Francisco-Javier Garber, Michael G. Garcia, Carlos-Benito García, Eliseo Garcia-Arevalo-Alonso, Julia García-Asensio, Enrique García-Gómez, Génesis García-Herrera, Vanessa García-Lorca, Federico García-Mahíques, Rafael García-Manzano, Julia-Esther García-Martínez, Rafael García-Matos-Alonso, María-Carmen García-Molero, Hayda García-Molina, Rafael García-Peinazo, Diego Garcia-Testal, Elena García, Esperanza Rodrígue García-López, Olimpia García-Montalbán, Antonio. Garda, Michela. Gardiner, John Eliot Gardiner, John Eliot Gardiner, Michael C. Gardner, Elysa Gardner, Robert Gardner, Abigail Gardner, Matthew Gárdonyi, Zs Gargagliano, Arlen Garneau, Michel Garner, Anita Faye Garnham, A. M. Garrett, Peter. Garrett, Valerie. Garrido, Sandra Garrido, Waldo Garrido-Aldomar, Miguel Garrido-Domené, Fuensanta Garry, Catherine Garst, John F. Gartz, Thomas Mera Garza, Luis Díaz-San Gasch, Stefan Gaspar-Grandal, Jacobo Gaston-Bird, Leslie Gatenby, Phill Gates, Rachael. Gatsioufa, Paraskevi. Gatti, Tom Gaulier, Armelle Gault, Brent M. Gault, Dermot. Gauthier, David. Gauthier, Mary Gautier, Théophile Gavanas, Anna Gavin, James Gayraud, Agnès Gazarik, Richard Ge Sang Qu Jie = 格桑曲杰 Gebhardt, Nicholas Geck, Martin Geck, Martin. Geesin, Ron Gégény, I Gehlawat, Ajay Gelabert, Cesc Gelbart, Matthew Gembero-Ustárroz, María Gemmell, Keith. Genborg, Catrin Gentil, Nicky Geoffroy-Schwinden, Rebecca Dowd GeoMotion Group. George, Thandi George-Warren, Holly Georgi, Oliver Georgiev, Kiril. Georgii-Hemming, Eva Gerald Coke Handel Foundation, Gerald Coke Handel Foundation. Gergely, Hubai Gergely, Fazekas Gergely, Z Gergely, Szilvay Gerhard, Roberto Germain, Emmanuelle Germano, William P. Gerothanasi, Stamatia Gerup, Martin Gerup, Anders Gethers, Peter Getman, Jessica Giannini, Juri Giannini, Juri Giannopoulos, Emmanouēl Gibbard, Alun Gibbon, Sarah Jane Gibbons, William Gibbs, Christopher H Gibson, Barry. Gibson, Chris Gibson, Kirsten Gibson, Corey Gibson, Colin Gibson, David Giddens, Rhiannon Giddings, Steve Gidman, Jean Giese, Detlef. Gilabert, Gastón Gilányi, G Gilányi, Gabriella Gilbert, Joël Gilbert, W. S. (Willia Gilbert, Susie Gildart, Keith Gilkes, Cheryl Gill, Denise Gill, Andy. Gill, Craig. Gill, Jon Ivan Gillan, Matt Gilles-Kircher, Susanne. Gillespie, Robert Gillett, Christopher Gillies, Richard Louis Gillies, Anne Lorne Gillin, Edward John Gilling, David F. Gilling, Tom Gillon, Les Gilman, Sander L. Gilmore, Tom Gilmore, Ruth Wilson Gilmore, Joe Gilroy, Andrea Gilson, D. Giménez-Morte, Carmen Ginell, Cary Giner, Bruno Ginger, Charlie Giovanni, Varelli Girard, Philippe Girardi, Michele Giray, Selim Giroud, Vincent. Giroud, Vincent Girsberger, Russ Giselbrecht, Elisabeth Gittins, Ian. Gittins, Ian Giuffre, Liz Giuntini, Roberto Giuriati, Giovanni Gladsø, Svein Glass, Philip Glatthorn, Austin Glauert, Amanda Glazer, Mitch. Gleeson, Clare Glennie, Evelyn Gligo, Nikša Glinsky, Albert Glitsos, Laura Glover, Jane Gluck, Bob Glyn, Gareth Glynn, Stephen. Gobbato, Angelo Goddard, Simon Goddard, Michael Goddard, Simon. Godefroy, Cécile Godin, Gérald Goertzen, Chris Goertzen, Valerie Woodring Goialde-Palacios, Patricio Goldberg, Michael Goldberg, Meira Goldberg, Tatjana Golden, Reuel Goldin-Perschbacher, Shana Golding, Rosemary A. Goldman, Jonathan Goldman, Vivien Goldmark, K Goldschmidt, Henrik. Goldschmitt, K. E. Goldsmith, Melissa Ursula Daw Goldstein, Jack. Golia, Maria Golovlev, Alexander Golub, Peter Gombos, L Gombos, L Gombos, László Gómez-Cifuentes, Blanca Gómez-Fernández, Lucía Gomez-Gallego, Alonso Gómez-Muntané, María- Carmen Gomm, Eric Gon, Federico Gonin, Frédéric. Gonnard, Henri. Gonzales, Chilly Gonzales, Chilly Gonzalez, Sara González-Barrionuevo, Herminio González-Lapuente, Alberto González-León, Julia-Edna González-Martínez, Juan-Miguel González-Mira, Pedro González-Ribot, María José Gonzalezné, V Gonzalo, Jaime González, Francisco González-Barba-Capote, Eduardo González-Serrano, Carlos Javier. Good-Perkins, Emily Goodall, Howard. Goodman, Alice Goodman, Alice. Goodman, Elizabeth Goodman, Fred Goody, Matthew Goody, Matthew Goodyear, David Turnbull Gopinath, Sumanth S. Gordienko, Anastasia Gordon, Lisa Gordon, Anna Gordon, Alastair Gorfinkel, Lauren Gorman, Paul Goron, Michael Gottlieb, Jane Gottlieb, Iris Gouk, Penelope. Gouk, Penelope Gould, Jonathan Govan, Chloe. Govan, Chloe Gowen, Bradford Gómez, Francisco Gómez-Castellano, Irene Gómez-Cruz, Camilo. Gómez-Muntané, María del Carmen Gómez-Rodríguez, José-Antonio Götte, Ulli Graakjær, Nicolai Graber, Naomi Grabowski, Stephan Grabócz, Márta Grace, Delilah. Gracon, David Gradowski, Mariusz Graffin, Greg Graham, Ben Graham, Stephen Graham-Jones, Ian Grainger, Percy GRAMMY Museum. Grana, Natalie Douglass Granger, Brian Cornelius Grant, Colin Grant, Nevin Grant, Jane Grapes, Dawn Grapes, Dawn Grasse, Jonathon Grassl, Markus Grassl, Markus. Grau, Anna Kathryn Graves, Eben Graves, Milford Gravestock, Joy. Gray, Timothy Greager, Rosemary Great Britain. Green, Jeffrey. Green, Ben Green, Robert A. Green, Johnny Green, Helen Green, Andy Green, Ian Green, Nick Green, Alan Green, Jenny Green, Jesse Green, Lucy Green, Lucy Green, Laura Gayle Greenacombe, John Greenberg, Yoel Greenberg, Keith Elliot Greene, Taylor Greene, Tom Greene, Jeffrey Greene, Richard Leighton Greenfield, Edward Greenfield, Thomas Allen Greenman, Ben Greer, David Gregor, Neil Gregory, Georgina. Gregory, David Gregory, Glenn Gregory, Georgina Greig, Donald Grenier, Line Grennell, Katherine GRGIĆ, Velimir Gribenski, Fanny Gridley, Mark C. Grieg, Rebecca Grier, James Grierson, Tim. Grierson, Tim Griffin, Michael J. Griffin, Michael Griffiths, Daniel Grigg, Simon Grillo, Jerry Grimaldi, Marco Grimalt, Joan Grimes, Nicole. Grimley, Daniel M. Grimshaw, Mark Gripentrog, Helmuth Griscom, Richard. Grocke, Denise Erdonmez Grogan, Christopher Grogan, Suzie Gróh, Gállné Groos, Arthur. Groote, Inga Mai Groothuis, Marijke Grosen, Peter Grove, George Grover-Friedlander, Michal Grozdits, K Gruber, Gernot Gruhn, Wilfried Grushkin, Paul Grünewald-Schukalla, Lorenz Grzebałkowska, Magdalena Gschwandtner, Harald Gu, Yumie = 谷玉梅 Gudmundsdottir, Helga R. Guerpin, Martin Guerra, Paula Guerriero, Leila Guesdon, Jean-Michel Guesnet, François Guest, John F. Guglielmetti, Yohann Guigné, Anna Kearney Guilbault, Jocelyne Guildhall School of Music and Drama (London, England) Guildhall School of Music and Drama (London, England), Guillaumier, Christina Guillot, Matthieu. Guilloux, F. Guilmard, Jacques-Marie Guiltenane, Christian. Guionnet, Jean-Luc Gullberg, Anna-Karin Gullbrandsson, Robin Gullö, Jan-Olof Gumplowicz, Philippe Gunji, Masakatsu Gunn, Jacky Gunnarson, Anna Charlotta Gunnarsson, Ulrika Gunrem, Michael E. Guns n' Roses (Musical group). Guo, Jie = 郭洁 Gurd, Sean Alexander Gurke, Thomas Gusau, Sa'idu Muhammad Gustafson, Klas Gustafsson, Henrik Gustafsson, Magnus Gustafsson, Lars H. Guthrie, Kate Guthrie, Nora Guthrie, Woody Gutiérrez-Carreras, Pablo Gutiérrez-Carreras, Pablo. Gutiérrez-Cordero, María Rosario Guy, Nancy Guzy-Pasiak, Jolanta Gwizdalanka, Danuta. Gyenge, E Gynne, Göran Gyöngyi, Mátai Gyöngyvér, Hortobágyi Gyöngyvér, Havas Györffy, M György, Solti György, Csobó Péter György, Nagy György, Hegedüs György, Szomory György, Jókúti György, Gyarmati György, Rusznák György, Székely Győri, L Győri, Zsolt Gyula, Hegedűs Gyula, Ajtonyi Gyula, Juhász Haapala, Tuomo Haas, Anita Hackett, Jon Haddon, Alfred C. Haering, Sylvia Ingeborg Haffner, Herbert Hagen, Trever Hageneder, Fred. Hagerman, Frans Hagestedt, Jens Hagiya, Yukiko Haglund, Rolf Haglund, Magnus Hagmann, Lea Hahn, Christopher Haikawa, Mika Hainge, Greg Hair, Ross Hajdók, J Håkanson, Knut Håkansson, Kenny Halász, Péter Halford, Rob Halfyard, Janet K. Hall, Clare Hall, Þorbjörg Daphne. Hallag, Alexander Hallam, Julia Hallam, Susan. Hallgren, Scott W. Halligan, Benjamin. Halligan, Benjamin Halling, Ingmarie Halliwell, Martin. Halliwell, Michael Hallman, Diana R. hAllmhuráin, Gearóid Ó Halper, L Hamanaka, Masatoshi Hamann, Martin Hamann, Donald L. Hamberlin, Larry Hambro, Camilla Hamelman, Steven L. Hamer, Laura Hamilton, Katy Hamilton, Duncan Hamilton, Kenneth Hamilton, Andy Hamilton, David A. Hamlyn, Nick Hammarlund, Rolf Hammarlund, Ingrid Hammarlund, Jan Hammer, Ken Hammerstein, Oscar Hammond, Alan Hammond, Nicholas Hampe, Michael Hampson, Thomas Hampton, Andy Hampton, Nick Hanberry, Gerard Hancock, Herbie Hancox, Grenville Handel House Trust, Hanenberg, Peter Hanke, Maureen. Hanna, Emma Hannah, Jonny Hanns-Werner, Heister Hansén, Stig Hansen, Mads Hansen, Adam. Hansen, Lene Halskov Hansen, Pil Hansen, Kai Arne Hara, Nobuo. Harada, Theresa Harada, Kaori Hardasmal, Sergio Hardi, R Harding, Charlie Harding, J. T. Harding, Phil Hardy, Martha Hargittai, Esther Hargreaves, David J. Hargreaves, Sam Harkins, Paul Harley, John Harmsen, Sophie Harnoncourt, Nikolaus. Harper, Sally Harper, Nancy Lee Harper, Ben Harper, Adam. Harper, Ellen Harper-Scott, J. P. E. Harpham, Geoffrey Galt Harrandt, Andrea Harrán, Don Harries, Judith Harrington, James Harris, Paul Harris, Craig Harris-Warrick, Rebecca Harrison, Peter T. Harrison, Danny Harrison, Sarah Harrison, Brady Harrison, Carol Harrison, Chris Harsent, David Harsløf, Olav Hart, Colin Hart, Chris Hart, Chaz Harte, Frank Hartenberger, Russell Hartl, Karla Hartley, John Hartmann, Astrid Pernille Hartmann, Annette Hartnoll, Paul Hartnoll, Phil Hartse, Joel Heng Hartt, Jared C. Hartyányi, Judit Harvard, Paul Harvey, Peter Harvey, Ryan Harwell, Jonathan H. Harwood, Robert W. Hascher, Xavier Haskins, Rob Hassler-Forest, Dan Haste, Cate Haste, Cate Hasted, Nick. Hasted, Nick Hasted, J. B. Hastey, Britt Hasty, Christopher Hasty, Christopher Francis Hatschek, Keith Hatter, Jane D. Hatzius, Lynn. Haupt, Adam Hauschka, Thomas Haute école de musique (Geneva, Switzerland), Haute école spécialisée de Suisse occidentale, Havas, Ádám Have, Iben Havelková, Tereza Havers, Richard Havránková, Lucie. Hawkey, James Hawkins, Kris Hawkins, Stan Hawkins, Rosa Hawkshaw, Susan Haworth, Rachel Hay, Chris Hayes, Aaron Haynes, Grace Hayslett, Bryan Hayton, Jeff Hayward, Philip Hayward, Mark. Hazlewood, Dave. Hâf, Mererid He, Fang He, Rong = 何荣 He, Yan = 何言 He, Yanshan = 何艳珊 He, Zipu = 何滋浦 Head, Raymond Head, Matthew Head, Paul Heal, Jamie Heath, Chris Heatley, Michael Heber, Noelle M. Heble, Ajay. Heble, Ajay Heble, Edited by. Edited Heckendorff, Nastasia Hédi, Sztanó Hedman, Dag Hedwall, Lennart Hegarty, Paul. Heile, Björn Hein, Morten Hein, Hartmut Hein, Ethan Heine, Christiane Heinemann, Michael. Heintz, Joachim Heintze, James R. Heisser, Jean-François Heister, Hanns-Werner Heisz, Tommy Heldt, Guido Helguera-Villa, Enrique Hellaby, Julian Hellín-Rubio, Inés Hembree, Mark Hemmingsen, Piers A. Henderson, George L. Henderson, Justin Henderson, David Henderson, Amy Henderson, John Hendler, Glenn Hendrickx, Marc Hendrikx, Eric. Hendrikx, Eric Hendrix, Janie Hendrix, Michael Henke, Matthias Henley, Darren. Hennessy, Sarah Henry, Dollie Henry, Pierre Henrysson, Harald Hensher, Philip Henson, David Hentschel, Linn Hentschel, Christian. Hepworth, David Hepworth-Sawyer, Russ Heras, Beatriz Herbert, Peter J. F. Herbert, Ruth Herbert, Trevor Herbert, Martin Herbert, Emily Herbert, Trevor. Herczka, Ferenc Herencsár, V Hergyán, T Herissone, Rebecca. 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Leković, Biljana Leloup, Jean-Yves Lemaire, Frans C Leman, Marc Lemay, Denyse Lempesē, Litsa Lencsés, L Lendvay, Domonkos Leneman, Helen Lenneberg, Hans Lennon, John Lenti, Vincent A. Lenz, Risto León-Ara, Agustín León-Rodríguez, Ángel-Luis Leonard, Maurice. Leonard, Anne Leonard, Kendra Preston Leong, Daphne Leopold, Silke Leppert, Richard D. Lerch-Kalavrytinou, Irmgard Lerena-Gutiérrez, Mario LeRoy, Dan Lesaffre, Micheline Lesner, Frej Vammen Lespinasse, Patricia G. Lester, Paul Lestidau, shane Letchford, Michael Letellier, Robert Ignatius. Letellier, Robert Ignatius Letham, Andy Lethem, Jonathan Levaux, Christophe Leve, James Levenson, Steven Levente, Váradi Levente, Király Leverton, Marc Levey, Marie Therese Levi, Erik. Levine, Victoria Lindsay LeVine, Mark Levinson, Jerrold Levitin, Daniel J. Levitz, Tamara Levy, Daniel Lewenhaupt, Carl-Gustaf Lewin, David Lewin-Lane, Stephanie Lewis, Eric Lewis, Tony Lewis, George Lewisohn, Mark. 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Yamada, Chieko Yamada, Takafumi Yamaguchi, Mutsumi Yamakawa, Shizuo Yamamoto, Hiroko Yamamoto, Hiroyuki Yamashita, Hiroaki Yang, Zoua Sylvia Yang, Dingwang = 杨丁旺 Yang, Heping = 杨和平 Yang, Sai = 杨赛 Yang, Xifan = 杨曦帆 Yao, Zhihui = 姚志辉 Yard, Ryan Yawson, Jude Yeaman, G. E. Yearsley, David Gaynor Yearsley, David Gaynor Yeo, Douglas Yewdall, Julian Leonard Yi, Yŏng-mi Yi, Shucheng = 易述程 Yip, Joyce Yoon, Sunmin Yoon, Jean Yordanova, Iskrena Yordanova, Iskrena. York St John University. Yorkshire Association of Change Ringers. Yorkston, James. Yoshida, Tamao Yoshida, Yukako. Yoshida, Minosuke Yoshihara, Mari Yoshikami, Miyuki Yoshizaki, Masaki. You, Jingbo = 尤静波 Young, John Bell Young, Miriama Young, La Monte Young, Rob Young, Toby Young Classical Artists Trust. Young Musician Hebrides (Organization) Ystad, Sølvi Yu, Jun Yu, Danhong = 余丹红 Yuan, Quanyou Yudkin, Jeremy Yue, Kaifeng = 乐开丰 Yun, Isang Yusta, Miguel Ángel Yuste-Martínez, Luis Yusuke, Nakahara Zackrisson, Lasse Zadig, Sverker. Zaeri, Mehrdad Zagorski-Thomas, Simon Zakić, Mirjana Zamora-Caro, Katerine Žanić, Ivo Zapke, Susana Zarate, Rebecca Zatkalik, Miloš Zauner, Michelle Zazulia, Emily Zdanowicz, Gina Zebec, Tvrtko Zeck, Melanie Zeller, Regine. Zembylas, Tasos Zepf, Markus Zeppetelli, John Zerbe, Michael J. 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Zon, Bennett Zondi, Nompumelelo Bernadette Zornica Hagyományőrző Egyesület Zouhar, Vít Zoumpoulakēs, Petros Zsófia, Borz Zsombor, Németh Zsuzsa, Kővágó Zsuzsa, Czagány Zsuzsa, Czagány Zsuzsanna, Erdélyi Zsuzsanna, Pintér Márta Zsuzsanna, Domokos Zsuzsanna, Réfi Zsuzsanna, Glavina Zsuzsanna, Szepesi Zsuzsanna, Bálint Zubillaga, Igor Contreras Zuckermann, Moshe. Zunigo, Xavier. Zurmühl, Sabine Žuvela, Sanja Kiš Zürcher Hochschule der Künste Østergaard, Per Јанковић-Бегуш, Јелена Маринковић, Соња 국남., 배 음악사연구회 川﨑, 瑞穂 Type any Book Miscellaneous Conference Proceedings Journal Website Web Article Audiovisual Thesis Conference Paper Report Journal Article Presentation Term any Year any 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2009 2001 Keyword any 7 (CaQQLa)201-0000282 (CaQQLa)201-0001542 (CaQQLa)201-0004568 (CaQQLa)201-0005777 (CaQQLa)201-0009248 (CaQQLa)201-0010484 (CaQQLa)201-0013983 (CaQQLa)201-0013986 (CaQQLa)201-0017854 (CaQQLa)201-0022164 (CaQQLa)201-0032589 (CaQQLa)201-0038053 (CaQQLa)201-0038355 (CaQQLa)201-0041435 (CaQQLa)201-0046052 (CaQQLa)201-0046054 (CaQQLa)201-0046163 (CaQQLa)201-0053875 (CaQQLa)201-0066316 (CaQQLa)201-0070033 (CaQQLa)201-0081252 (CaQQLa)201-0093787 (CaQQLa)201-0117737 (CaQQLa)201-0164320 (CaQQLa)201-0164324 (CaQQLa)201-0278656 (CaQQLa)201-0343563 (CaQQLa)201-0356887 (CaQQLa)201-0387198 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(OCoLC)fst02021107 (OCoLC)fst02021978 (OCoLC)fst02022009 (OCoLC)fst02023092 (OCoLC)fst02023366 (OCoLC)fst02024003 (OCoLC)fst02027038 (OCoLC)fst02029199 (OCoLC)fst02031393 (OCoLC)fst02032989 (OCoLC)fst02033725 (OCoLC)fst02033891 (OCoLC)fst02033893 (OCoLC)fst02033910 (OCoLC)fst02040679 (RERO)A021003248 (RERO)A021096923 (RERO)A022509224 (RERO)A024797456 (uri) http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008108258 (uri) http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85088762 (uri) http://id.worldcat.org/fast/fst01033799 13th century 15e siècle 15e siècle. 15th century 15th century. 16. century 16e siècle 16e siècle. 16th century 16th century. 17e siècle 17e siècle-18e siècle 17e siècle. 17th century 17th century. 17the century 18. století. 18.-20. století. 18.century 1814-1918 18e siècle 18e siècle. 18th century 18th century. 18th-20th centuries. 19. century 19.-20. století. 1900-1945. 1901-1910 1911-1920 1914 May 16- Auckland Boys' Choir -- History. Organists -- New Zealand -- Auckland -- Biography. Organists -- New Zealand -- Wellington -- Biography. 1914-1918 New Zealand music and the war; Patriotic music New Zealand History 20th century; World War 1914-1918 New Zealand Songs and music 1915 -2001 Ciricism and interpretation; Maori (New Zealand people) Music; Music New Zealand history and criticism; Puoro. reo 1918-2013 1919 -; Sound recording executives and producers New Zealand Biography; Sound recording industry New Zealand History; 1920-30's 1921-1930 1931-1940 x History and criticism. 1941-1950 1941-1950. 1943- Jackson 1944-2015. Composers -- New Zealand -- Biography. 1951-1960 1951-1960. 1952- anecdotes; Setchell 1955-2011; Popular music New Zealand History 1960-1969. 1961-1969. 1961-1970 1961-1970. 1970-1979. 1971-1980 1971-1980. 1978-1985 1980s 1981-1990 1981-1990. 1983- 1990-.... 1991-2000 1991-2000. 1993- 1996- career in popular music; Popular; music New Zealand 2011 - 2020; Rock musicians New Zealand biography; Singers New Zealand biography 19e siècle 19e siècle. 19th century 19th century. 19th-20th centuries. 20 century Croatia 20. století. 2001-2010 2001-2010. 2011-2020 2011-2020. 20e siecle. 20e siècle 20e siècle. 20th century 20th century & contemporary classical music. 20th century. 21e siècle 21e siècle. 21st century 21st century. 500-1400 500-1400. 600-1500 (Moyen Âge) 880-02 880-03 880-04 880-05 880-06 880-07 880-08 880-09 aat Aboriginal Australians Aboriginal Australians. Academic achievement Academic achievement. Accompaniments. Accordage. 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Auditory perception Auditory perception. Aufführung Auftritt August Abramović Adelburg August Adelburg Abramović Australia Australia |x History Australia. Australian Capital Territory Australie Austria Austria. Authenticité (Philosophie) Authenticity (Philosophy) Authors Authors and music. Authors, American Authors, American. Authors, Austrian Authors, Austrian. Authors, Canadian Authors, English Authors, French-Canadian Authors, French-Canadian. Authors, German Authors, German. Authors. Authorship Authorship. Autism Autism in adolescence Autism in adolescence. Autism in children Autistic children Autobiographie. autobiographies Autobiographies as Topic Autobiographies','Carter, Shayne Autobiographies. autobiography (genre) Autobiography. Autobiography: arts & entertainment Automatic control Automobile racing Automobiles Autonomisation. Autorschaft Autriche Autriche. Avant-garde (Aesthetics) Avant-garde (Music) Avante-garde (Music) New Zealand Awards Ästhetik Background music; Sociology of music Badalić Bagpipe Bagpipe music Bagpipe music, Arranged. Bagpipe music. Bagpipe. Bagpipers Bagpipers. Balkan Peninsula Balkan Peninsula. Ballader Ballades Ballads Ballads, English Ballads, English. Ballads, Japanese. Ballads, Scots Ballads. Ballet Ballet dancers Ballet dancers in art Ballet dancing. Ballet. Ballets Ballets. Ballroom dancing Ballroom dancing. Ballrooms Baloković Band music Bandes dessinées. Bands (Music) Bands (Music) Ireland Banjo Banjo. Bankers Barbados Barbados. Barcelona Bards and bardism. Baritō. Barnes, Jimmy. Baroque Baroque music Baroque music (c 1600 to c 1750). Barroco Barroque Bars (Drinking establishments) Bartók Bartol Đurđević/Jurjević Bass guitar Bass guitarists Batterie (Instrument de musique) Batteurs (Instrumentistes) Battle of Szigetvár Bawdy songs beat music Beatles. Bedeutung. Beethoven, Ludwig van, 1770-1827 Behavior modification. Bel canto Bel canto. Belarus Belarus. Belfast (Northern Ireland) Belgium Bell ringers Benefit performances Benet Casablancas Benjamin Britten Benson Bereavement Berghain Berliner Festspiele. Berlioz, Hector, 1803-1869 Bernard Herrmann Bernholm, Jonas, 1946- Berwald, Franz, 1796-1868 Bestandserhaltung Bible Bible films Bible in music. Bibliographie. Bibliographies & Indexes. bibliography Bibliography of bibliographies. Bibliography. Biblioteca Musical Víctor Espinós Bibliothécaires musicaux Bibliothéconomie musicale bicssc Bif Naked Big bands Binder's volumes (Music) Bio-bibliography Bio-bibliography. Biogaphy. Biographical sources Biographie (Genre littéraire) biographies biographies (literary works) Biographies as Topic Biographies. Biography BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Adventurers & Explorers BIOGRAPHY & AUTOBIOGRAPHY / Artists, Architects, Photographers. 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Birdsongs Birdsongs. bisacsh bisacsh. Black & Asian studies. Black Canadian women Black English (Dialecte) Black English. Black people Black power Black power. Blackface entertainers Blacks Blacks. Bluegrass festivals Bluegrass festivals. Bluegrass music Bluegrass music. Bluegrass musicians Bluegrass musicians. Bluegrasses Bluegrasses. Blues Blues (Music) Blues musicians Blues musicians. Blues-rock music Blues-rock music. Body BODY, MIND & SPIRIT / General BODY, MIND & SPIRIT / Parapsychology / General. Boîte à rythmes Bollinger Bonbons Book industries and trade Books of hours Books of hours. Bop (Music) Bow music Bow songs Bowed stringed instruments Bowie, David, 1947-2016 Bowie, David, 1947-2016. Bowing. Boy bands Boy bands. Boys Brahe, Per, d.y., 1602-1680 Brain Brain stimulation Brain stimulation. Brand name products. Branding (Marketing) branding. Brass band music Brass bands Brass bands. Brass ensembles Brass ensembles. Brass instruments Brass instruments. Brazil Brazil, Southeast Brazil. Brésil Brian Boydell Britanniques. British British & Irish history. British Columbia British Columbia. Broadsides Broadsides. Bruit Bruits. btr Buchanan, Dorothy, 1945 - Buchbinderei. Budapest Buddhism Buddhist chants Buddhist chants. Budgie (musical group) Buildings. Bulgaria Bunkazai hogo. Bunraku. burials Bushi. BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Careers / General BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Development / General BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Economics / Comparative BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Industries / Media & Communications Industries BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / International / Economics BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Leadership BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Management. BUSINESS & ECONOMICS / Nonprofit Organizations & Charities Business Aspects. Butai bijutsu. Buyō-Indoneshia. Byzantine influences. Cabo Verde Cadence Cadiz (Spain) Cahman, Hans Heinrich 1640-1699 Cahman, Johan Niclas, 1670-1737 Cajun music Cajun music. Cajuns California Californie Calligraphy. Calypso musicians Cameroon Cameroon. Cameroun Cameroun. Canada Canada. Canadian poetry Canadian poetry (English) Canary Islands Candy Cantatas Cantatas, Sacred Cantatas, Sacred. Cantatas, Secular. Cantates profanes. Canticles cantor books Cantors Cantors (Church music) Capitalism Capitalism. Capitalist realism (Economic theory) Care and hygiene Career development Caribbean Area Caribbean Area. Carnatic music Carnatic music. Carnival Carnival music; Historical context; Spanish Rebublic Carnival. Carols, English Carols, English (Middle) Carols, German Carols, German. Case studies. Castile Castrati. Castrats. Cataloging of music. Catalogs and collections Catalogs. catalogue of the exhibition Catalogues Catechisms. Catedral de Tarragona Cathedrals Cathedrals; Music chapells; Repertoire; 19th Century Cathedrals; Music chapells; Repertoire; Villancico; Eightheenth Century Catholic Church Catholic Church. Catholics cct Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Centre. 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Chanting chants Chants Chants et musique Chants sacrés Chants. Chapelles (Musique) Chapels (Music) Characters and characteristics in opera. Cheesemaking Chefs d'orchestre Chefs d'orchestre. Chefs de police Chiiki shakai. Child development Child development. Children Children in art Children in art. Children of immigrants children songs Children with autism spectrum disorders Children's choirs. Children's drawings Children's drawings. Children's plays, English. Children's plays. Children's poetry, Czech Children's poetry, Czech. Children's songs Children's songs, English Children's songs, English. Children's songs, Scots. Children's songs. Children. Childrens songs Chile Chile. Chills (Musical group) Exhibitions China China. Chine Chine. Chinese Chinese Americans Chinese Americans. Chinese influences. Chiptune Chiptunes Chiptunes. 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Concertos Concertos (Keyboard instrument) Concertos (Piano) Concertos (Viola) Concerts Concerts rock Concerts rock. Concerts. Conditionnement Conditions sociales. Conduct of life. Conducting Conducting. Conductors Conductors (Music) Conductors (Music) - Hungary Conductors (Music) -- New Zealand -- Biography. Conflict of generations Conflict of generations. Conflit interpersonnel Confucian influences. Congo (Democratic Republic) Congress. Congresses Congresses. Congrès. Conjoints Conjunto music Conjunto music. Consciousness. Conservation et restauration. Conservatories of music Conservatories of music. Consolidation and merger of corporations Construction Construction. Consumption (Economics) Contemporary Christian music Contemporary Christian music. Contemporary Christian musicians Contemporary Dance; Choreographers contemporary music Contemporary music; Composers; Spain Contingency (Philosophy) contmporary beat music Contraltos Contrebassistes Contrôleurs MIDI. conversation COOKING / Regional & Ethnic / American / Western States. COOKING / Regional & Ethnic / Mexican. Cooper, Alice - criticism and interpretation Copla Copla; Spanish song Copla; Spanish song; Sociopolitical context; Francoism Copyright Copyright and electronic data processing. Copyright infringement. Copyright New Zealand Copyright. Cork Cork (Ireland) Cornemuseurs Corps humain dans la musique. Correspondance. correspondence Correspondence. Cosmopolitanism Cosmopolitanism. Costume Counseling of. Counterculture Counterpoint Country (Musique) Country dancing Country dancing. Country life Country music Country music. Country musicians Country musicians New Zealand Biography; Pickett Country musicians. Couples Courage. Coureurs de bois Court music Courts and courtiers Courts and courtiers. Cousins, John, 1943 -career in music Cover versions Cover versions. COVID-19 (Disease) COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020- Creation (Literary, artistic, etc.) Creative ability in business Creative ability in business. Creative ability. Creativity Credo (Music) Credo (Musique) Cree women Création (esthétique) Cricket Crime in music. Crime organisé Criminal psychology. critical edition Criticism and interpretation Criticism and interpretation. Critique musicale Critiques musicaux Croatia Croatia - Medjimurje Croatia Records Croatia. Croatian art music Croatian language Croatian Music Croatian Music Cuture in 19. Century Croatian Music Institute Croatian popular music Croatian traditional music Croatian trditional musical instruments Croatian Writerw Croatie Cross-cultural studies. Crowd funding. Crusades Crusades. Crusell, Bernhard, 1775-1838 CSound (Computer program language) Cuba Cuban Americans Cuban Americans. 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Dance History Dance in motion pictures, television, etc. Dance in opera Dance music Dance music. Dance notation. Dance research Dance teaching Dance therapy Dance. Dance; Audiovisual arts; Copyrights; Law Dance; Choreographers; Women Dance; Choreographers; Women; Letters Dance; Classical dance; Choreographers Dance; Disabilty Dance; Escuela Bolera Dancers Danemark. Dans l'art Danse Danse, Musique de Danses de société Danseuses Data processing Data processing. Deadheads (Music fans) Deaf Deaf musicians. Deafness Death Death in music. Death. Decolonization Decolonization. Deconstruction. Dementia Dementia. Denazification. Denmark Denmark. Denshi ongaku-Rekishi. Denshi ongaku. Depeche Mode Deregulation Deregulation. Design Design and construction. Desire Desire in music. Devčić Natko Devotional literature, Indic Devotional literature, Indic. Décors Déesses hindoues Dépendants dějiny opery Dholi Dialectical behavior therapy. Diaries Diaries. Diario de Barcelona Dictatorship Diction Diction. Dictionaries Dictionaries. Difference (Philosophy) in music. Diffusion of innovations Digital audio editors. Digital electronics. Digital media Digital music players Digital rights management Digital rights management. Digital scores Digitalization Dimmer (musical group) Dinaric Region Dinner theater Dinner theater. Dionysia. Diplomatic relations. Diplomatie culturelle Diplomats Direction chorale. Directories. Dirigenter Disaster relief Disaster relief. Disasters Disc jockeys Disc jockeys. Disco (dans) Rave Modern dansmusik – historia Modern dansmusik – sociala aspekter Populärkultur – historia Disco music Discographie. Discographies. Discography Discography. discourse analysis Discrimination against people with disabilities. Diseases Diseases in opera. Diseases. Disinfection. Diskjockeyer Diskursanalyse Dissemination of music Dissemination of music. Diversity in the workforce Diversity in the workplace Divine office Divine office (Music) Do-it-yourself work Documentary films Dohnányi Domenico Scarlatti Domkyrkor Domnérus, Arne, 1924-2008 Don Juan (Legendary character) Don Quijote Doo-wop (Music) Double bass Double bassists Double bassists. Double Happys (musical group) Double-bassists Douglas Lilburn Dōwa. Dōyō-Nihon. Drama Drama. Dramatic music Dramatic music. Dramatisk och scenisk musik Dramatists, American Dramatists, English Dramatists, German Dramaturgie. Dramaturgy Dramaturgy. Droit d'auteur Droit d'auteur. Drottningar Musik – historia S{\aa}ngerskor – historia Kulturliv – historia Drug addicts Drug addicts. Drugs and popular music. Druids and druidism. Drum Drum and bugle corps. Drum circles Drum circles. drum language. Drum machine Drum machine. Drum set Drum set. Drum. Drummers Drummers (Musicians) dřevěné dechové nástroje. Dublin Dubrovnik dude Dudley Dufva, Petter, 1756-1836 dulcimer Dunedin Choral Society History Dutch Dutch. Dwarfs (Persons) Dylan, Bob, 1941- Dynamics. Dysphonie. Ear training. Early childhood education Early childhood education. Early modern history: c 1450/1500 to c 1700. Early modern, 1500-1700 Early music Early printed books Early works to 1800. East and West in art. East Asia East Asia. East Asians East Indian diaspora. Easter Easter Island Easter music. Easter Rising Eastern Europe Ecomusicology. Economic aspects Economic aspects. Economic conditions Economic conditions. Economic history. Economics, Finance, Business & Management. Economics. Ecrivains québécois eczenas Edition Edo period, 1600-1868. Edo period. Education EDUCATION / General EDUCATION / Higher EDUCATION / Multicultural Education EDUCATION / Special Education / General EDUCATION / Special Education / General. Education and state Education and state. Education, Elementary Education, Elementary. Education, Higher. Education, Humanistic. Education, Primary Education, Primary. Education, Secondary Education, Secondary. Education, Urban. Education. Education; Pedadogy Educational change. Educational sociology Educational sociology. Educational Technology Educational technology. Effect of human beings on. Effects pedals Effects pedals. Effets physiologiques. Effets pysiologiques Eiga ongaku. El Sistema (musikpedagogik) El Sistema (musikpedagogik) – historia election campaigns. Electric guitar Electric guitar makers Electric guitar makers. Electric guitar. Electricity Electroacoustic music Electroacustic music; Sound art; Criticism Electronic apparatus and appliances Electronic composition. Electronic dance music Electronic dance music. Electronic instruments, Digital. Electronic music Electronic music. Electronic musical instrument makers Electronic musical instrument makers. Electronic musical instruments Electronic musical instruments. Electronic reference sources. Electronic sound control. Electronica (Music) Elegiac poetry, English Elegiac poetry, English. Elektroakustisk musik Elektronisk musik Elektronmusikstudion Elementary school teaching. Elever Elgitarr – historia Gitarr – historia Ellington, Duke, 1899-1974-- influenser Elvis Presley Elvis Presley impersonators Elvis Presley impersonators. Embellishment (Vocal music) embne Emeralds Emeralds. Emigration and immigration Emigration and immigration. Emotions Emotions in art. Emotions in children. Emotions in music Emotions in music. Emotions in the performing arts Emotions in the performing arts. Empathy. Employees Empowerment Encyclopedias Encyclopedias. Encyclopédies. End of the world. Engeki-Nihon. Engeki-Roshia. Engelskspråkiga författare-- historia Engineering instruments Engineering instruments. England England, North East England, North East. England, Northern England. English English language English literature English literature. English New Zealand. Hymns English poetry English-speaking countries Enka Enka. Enlightenment Enlightenment. Enregistrements de terrain (Musique) Enrique Enrique Granados Enseignement Enseignement axé sur l'apprenant. Enseignement secondaire. Enseignement supérieur. Enseignement. Ensemble (Exécution musicale) Ensemble playing Ensemble playing. Entertainers Entertainers New Zealand Entertainers New Zealand Biography Entertainers. Entertainment & Performing Arts. Entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship. Entretiens. Environmental aspects Environmental aspects. Equipment and supplies Equipment and supplies. Erard piano. Ergonomi Eric Ericson Eriksson, Josef, 1872-1957 Ernő Dohnányi Errors of usage Esclavage Esclaves Essays. Estland Estonia Estonians Estonians. Etats-Unis ethics (philosophical concept) Ethiopia. Ethiopian Americans Ethiopian Americans. Ethiopians Ethiopians. Ethnic festivals -- New Zealand. Ethnic identity. Ethnic performing arts Ethnic relations. Ethnic Studies Ethnicity in music Ethnicity in music. Ethnological museums and collections Ethnological museums and collections. Ethnology Ethnomusicologie Ethnomusicologie. Ethnomusicology Ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology; Folklore; Songbooks Etnicitet Etnologi Musiketnologi Kulturmiljöv{\aa}rd Folkmusik Folkmusikuppteckningar eucharist Eurasia Eurasia. Eurasie. Europe Europe, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Eastern. Europe. European influences. Eurovision Song Contest Eurythmics. Evangelicalism Evangelicalism. Evangelists Evangelists. Events (Philosophy) Evolutionary computation. Evolutionary psychology. Examinations Examinations. Executors and administrators Executors and administrators. Exercices (Éducation musicale) exercises etc. Exécution Exécution (musique) Exécution. Exhibition catalogs exhibition catalogue Exhibitions Exhibitions. Exoticism in music. Expériences paroxystiques. Expression (Philosophy) Expression in art. Extreme metal (Music) Écoles secondaires Écomusicologie. Écosse. Écoute (Philosophie) Écrits de musiciens rock. Écrivaines noires américaines. Écrivains autrichiens Éditeurs audionumériques. Éditeurs de musique Édition Éducation holistique. Éducation humaniste. Éducation. Église catholique Église luthérienne Église luthérienne. Églises protestantes. Électronica (Musique) Électrophones États arabes États-Unis États-Unis (Sud) États-Unis. Éthiopie. Éthiopiens Étude et enseignement Étude et enseignement. Études de cas. Facsimiles. Facteurs d'orgues Facteurs liés à l'âge. Facture Facture. Faculty of Music in Belgrade Fair use (Copyright) Fairy tales Faith. Fame Families Families. Family relationships Fan magazines Fan magazines. Fandangos Fanfares (Orchestres) Fängelser Musik och samhälle Fans (Persons) Fantasy fiction Fantasy fiction. Fantasy films Fantasy games. Fanzines Farm life Farmers Fascism and culture Fascism and culture. Fascism and music Fascism and music. Fascisme et musique Fashion Fashion designers Fashion in art. fast Fathers and daughters Fathers and daughters. Fathers and sons Fathers and sons. Faust (Legendary character) Fågelsång. Feasts for the Blessed Virgin Mary. Federico García Lorca Feliks Petančić Femininity in music. Femininity in popular culture Femininity in popular culture. Feminism Feminism & Feminist Theory. Feminism and literature Feminism and literature. Feminism and music Feminism and music. Femmes dans l'industrie musicale. Femmes dans la musique. Femmes mécènes de la musique Femmes sauvages dans la littérature. Femmes violonistes Fender guitar Fender guitar. Fernsehproduzent. Festivals Festivals de musique Festivals. Féminisme et musique. Fiddle tunes Fiddle tunes. Fiddlers Fiddlers. Fiddling Field recordings Fife and drum corps Fife and drum corps music Fife and drum corps music. Fife and drum corps. Fifre et tambour, Musique de Filipino American youth Filipino Americans Film Film adaptations. Film catalogs. Film composers Film composers. Film music Film soundtracks Film soundtracks. Film theory & criticism,Film: styles & genres,Opera. Film, Musique de Filmmusik Filmmusik Animerad film Publiker Filmmusik, USA. Filmmusik. Filmska umjetnost filosofi Musik – sociala aspekter Finance, Personal. Fingering Fingering. Finland Finlandssvenskar Finn, Liam Finn, Neil Flageolet Flamenco Flamenco dancers; Biographies Flamenco dancers; Homosexuality; Gender studies Flamenco music Flamenco singers Flamenco; Ethnomusicology; Work songs Flight in art. Flöjt Musikframträdanden Florida Floride Flute Flute music Flute music. Flute players Flute players. Flûte à bec Flying Nun Records - History 20th century Flying Nun Records - History; Sound recording industry - New Zealand - History; Rock musicians - New Zealand; Music trade - New Zealand - history Flying Nun Records history Folk art Folk art. folk custom Folk dance folk dance in Hungary Folk dance music Folk dance music. folk dance research Folk dancing Folk dancing, Irish Folk dancing, Irish. Folk dancing, Scottish. Folk dancing. folk epics folk instrument Folk music folk music collection Folk music festivals Folk music festivals. folk music history Folk music Hungarian folk music research Folk music Southern Slavs in Hungary Folk music symphosyum Folk music, Irish. Folk music. folk musical instruments Folk musicians Folk musicians. folk musicof South Slavs in Hungary Folk poetry, Arabic Folk poetry, Bakhtiari. Folk poetry, Greek (Modern) Folk poetry, Italian Folk poetry, Italian. Folk singers Folk singers. Folk songs Folk songs, Aboriginal Australian Folk songs, Arabic Folk songs, Bakhtiari. Folk songs, Chinese Folk songs, Czech Folk songs, Czech. Folk songs, English Folk songs, English. Folk songs, Indonesian Folk songs, Indonesian. Folk songs, Japanese Folk songs, Japanese. Folk songs, Kannada. Folk songs, Korean Folk songs, Ladino Folk songs, Ladino. Folk songs, Manx. Folk songs, Nenets Folk songs, Old French Folk songs, Scots Folk songs, Scots. Folk songs, Scottish Gaelic Folk songs, Welsh. Folk songs. Folk-rock music Folk-rock music. folkdance Folkliga koraler Folklore Folklore. Folklorists Folkmusik Folkmusik Spelmän Folkmusik-- historia Folkmusik-- sociala aspekter folksongs folktradition Folkvisor-- forskning Fonds d'archives. Food in music Food in music. Football (Soccer Association Football) Forecasting. Foreign influences. FOREIGN LANGUAGE STUDY / Multi-Language Phrasebooks. Förenta staterna Forests and forestry. formal analysis Formation. Former Yugoslav republics Former Yugoslav republics. Foster children Fourrures Fragmente. fragments. France France, Southern France, Southern. France. Francoism Francoist dictatorship Franjo Ksaver Kuhač = Franz Ksaver Koch Frankrike Franz Joseph (František) Gläser Franz Xaver Kleinheinz Französisch Frederick May Free jazz Free jazz. French influences. French language French poetry French poetry. French. Friendship Friendship. From Scratch(Musical Group) Fue. Functor theory. Fundamentalism Fundamentalism. Funds Preservation Funeral consultants Funeral music Funeral music. Funeral service Funk (Music) Funk musicians Fur trade Fur trade. Fur traders Futurism (Literary movement) Futurism (Music) Fuzzy logic. Gagaku Gagaku. gaita Gakufu-Rekishi. ganga Gangsta rap (Music) Gangsters Gangsters. Garamut García family Gardberg, Tom, 1941- Gasshō. Gay culture Gay culture. Gay men Gay men. Gay musicians Gay musicians. Gay musicologists Gehörslära Geijutsu-Indoneshia. Geishas. Geistliche Musik. Gender Gender identity in music Gender identity in music. Gender nonconformity Gender nonconformity. Gender studies Gender studies, gender groups. Gender studies: women. Gender studies; Pedagogy Gender-nonconforming people Gender-nonconforming people. General & world history. General certificate of education examination (Great Britain) General. Generation Y. Generation Z Genetic algorithms. Genres & Styles genusaspekter. George Frideric Handel Georgia Gerald Dawe German influences. German language German literature German literature. German poetry German speaking countries German. Germany Germany (East) Germany (West) Germany. Gesang Geschlechterrolle Gestes dans la musique. Gestion numérique des droits Gestion. Gesture in music. Géorgie (État) Gēmu sofuto. Ghana Ghana. Ghāna Ghāna. Gidayūbushi. gipsy musicians Girei. Girl groups (Musical groups) Gitarrer-- historia Giuseppe Verdi Glam metal (Music) Glam rock music Glam rock music. Glam rock musicians Glasgow glazbeni nakladnici - Hrvatska - 20/21. st. Glee clubs Glee clubs. Globalisierung Globalization Globalization. Gluck-Piccinni controversy. gnd God (Christianity) Godfrey Gong Gospel Gospel music Gospel music. Gospel musicians Gospel musicians. Gospel singers Gospel singers. Govori Grading and marking (Students) Grainger, Percy, 1882-1961 Grammar. Grande-Bretagne Grande-Bretagne. Graphic novels. Greager, Richard, Great Britain Great Britain. Greece Greece. Greek Americans Greek influences. Greek literature Greek music Greek poetry, Modern Greek poetry, Modern. Greeks gregorian Gregorian chants Gregorian chants. Group identity Group identity in the performing arts Group identity. Groupes rock Groupes vocaux Groupies Growth Growth. Grunge (Musique) Grunge music Grunge music. gtt Guadeloupe Guadeloupe. Guerre mondiale, 1939-1945 Guidebooks. Guides touristiques (Personnes) Guinbri Guinea. Guitar Guitar makers Guitar makers. Guitar music Guitar music (Blues) Guitar music (Rock) Guitar music. Guitar teachers Guitar. Guitare Guitare, Musique de. Guitaristes Guitarists Guitarists. Gullahs Gunnar, Eriksson, 1936- Guralnick, Peter Gymnasieskolan Gypsy musicians Hagström Hainichi mondai. Haiyū. Håkanson, Knut, 1887-1929 Hallucinations and illusions. Handbooks, manuals, etc. Hardcore (Music) Hardcore (Musique) Hardcore musicians Harmonica Harmonica music. Harmonica players Harmonica players. Harmonicistes Harmonie (musique) Harmonie. Harmony Harmony of the spheres. Harmony. Harp Harp music Harpistes Harpists Harpists. Harpsichord Harpsichord. Harpsichordists Hassaniyya dialect Hate groups. Hawaii. Hayes, Roland, 1887-1977. hälsoaspekter. HEALTH & FITNESS / Healthy Living HEALTH & FITNESS / Work-Related Health Health and hygiene. Health aspects Health aspects. Health facilities Hearing Hearing Aids Hearing aids. Hearing impaired. Hearing. Heavy Metal Heavy metal (Music) Heavy metal (Musique) Heian period, 794-1185 Heike monogatari. Heritage tourism Heroines in opera. Higashinihon daishinsai. higher education. Hindu goddesses Hindu goddesses. Hindu music Hindu music. Hinduism Hindustani music Hindustani music. hip-hop Hip-hop dance Hip-hop in art. Hip-hop. Hiphop (musik) Samhällskritik Feminism Antirasism Musiksociologi Musik – sociala aspekter Hispanic Americans Histoire Histoire et critique Histoire et critique. Histoire. Histoires, intrigues, etc. Historia historia. Historically informed performance (Music) Historiographie Historiography historiography Croatia Historiography. History History & Criticism. HISTORY / Africa / South / Republic of South Africa. HISTORY / African American HISTORY / Asia / General HISTORY / Australia & New Zealand. HISTORY / Europe / France. HISTORY / Europe / Great Britain / General. HISTORY / Europe / Spain & Portugal HISTORY / Europe / Western HISTORY / General. HISTORY / Jewish HISTORY / Latin America / South America. HISTORY / Modern / General HISTORY / Oceania. HISTORY / Social History HISTORY / Social History. HISTORY / United States / 19th Century. HISTORY / United States / 20th Century. HISTORY / United States / General HISTORY / United States / State & Local / South (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV) History and criticism History and criticism. History and criticsm. History and critisicm. History in literature. History in opera. History in popular culture History in popular culture. History of music history of opera History. Högstadiet Holistic education. Holistic Health Holocaust survivors Holocaust, Jewish (1939-1945) Homages Homeland in music. Homes and haunts. Homes. homoit Homosexualité et musique. Homosexuality Homosexuality and music. Homosexuality and popular music Homosexuality and popular music. Homosexuality. Hongrie Hongrie. Honnête homme Horn (Musical instrument) Horror films Horror films. Horses Hospital care. Hospital patients Hospitalers Hospitalers. Hospitals Hospitals. House music House music. Hōgaku-Rekishi. Hōgaku. hrvatska poezija - 20/21. st. - antologije http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh2008106048 http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85069833 http://id.worldcat.org/fast/871620 http://id.worldcat.org/fast/871649 http://id.worldcat.org/fast/982165 http://id.worldcat.org/fast/982175 http://id.worldcat.org/fast/982185 https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Kultur https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Kulturhistoria https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Musik https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Musikhistoria https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Nazism%20och%20musik https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Orgel https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Propaganda--historia https://id.kb.se/term/sao/Reggae https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I13022 https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I14002 https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I18067 https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I21000 https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I22005 https://scigraph.springernature.com/ontologies/product-market-codes/I24032 Huang zhong (Musical instrument) hudba hudebniny hudební kritici hudební kritika hudební sbírky hudební skladatelé hudební skladatelky hudební vzdělávání hudební život hudebníci Hugo Badalić Human body Human body in music. Human body. Human evolution. Human geography. Human rights Human rights workers Human rights workers. Human rights. Human sacrifice in opera. Human-animal relationships Human-computer interaction. Humaniora och konst. Humanism Humanism in music Humanism in music. Humanism. Humanisme dans la musique. Humanists Humanities and the Arts. Humor in music. Humor. Hungarian hungarian composers Hungarian folk music Hungarian Folk songs Hungarian folksongs Hungarian music life hungarian musiciians hungarian musicology hungarian pop music Hungarian song Hungary Hungary. Hurdy-gurdy. Husband and wife. Hydroponics Hymnes Hymnes. Hymns Hymns, English Hymns, English. Hymns, Pitjantjatjara. Hymns, Welsh. Hymns. IAML Ian McGillis Iberian Peninsula Iceland Iconography Identification Identification (Religion) Identification. Identité sexuelle dans la musique. Identity (Psychology) in adolescence Identity (Psychology) in adolescence. Identity politics. Identity. Ideology Igor Illinois Illumination of books and manuscripts. Illustrators Imagery (Psychology) Imagination. Imitation (Littérature) Imitation in literature. Immigrants Immigrants. Impresarios Impression Impression. Imprésarios Improvisation (Music) Improvisation (Musique) Improvisation in art Ina Boyle Incas Incas. Inclusive education Inde Inde (Sud) Inde. Indexes. India India, South. India. Indian influences. Indian women activists Indian women singers Indians of North America Indie culture. Indie pop music Indigenous musicians Indigenous peoples Individual Composer & Musician. Individual composers & musicians, specific bands & groups. Indonesia Indonesia. Industrial music Industrial music. Industrie Industrie de la musique et du son. Industrie. Influence (Literary, artistic, etc.) Influence africaine. Influence américaine. Influence. Information literacy Information resources Informatique. Ingénieurs du son Inlärning Inscriptions. Installations sonores (Art) Institute of Registered Music Teachers of New Zealand Institute of Registered Music Teachers of New Zealand history Institutional care institutional history Instruction & Study Instruction and study Instruction and study. Instrumental music Instrumental music. instrumental works Instrumentation and orchestration Instrumentation and orchestration. Instrumentation et orchestration Instruments à clavier Instruments à cordes Instruments de musique Instruments de musique électroniques Intangible property Intelectual property Intellectual life Intellectual life. Intellectual property Intelligence artificielle. Intercultural communication Intercultural communication. Interfaith worship. Interior decoration Interior decoration. Intermediality. International relations. International trade. Internationalism Internationalism. Interpersonal conflict Interpersonal conflict. Interpretation Interpretation (Phrasing, dynamics, etc.) Interpretation and construction Interpretation and construction. Interracial adoption Intertextuality. Interviews Interviews. Inuit Invective in music. Iolo Morganwg iPad (Computer) iPhone (Smartphone) iPod (Digital music player) Iran Iraq Ireland Ireland. Irish Irish American soldiers Irish American soldiers. Irish American. Irish Americans Irlandais Irlandais. Irlande Irlande. Irony in music. Irving, Dorothy, 1927- Islam Islam Semiotik Hiphop Islam. Islamic arts Islamic countries Islamic countries. Islamic influences. Islamic music Islamic music. Islands. Isle of Man Isle of Man. Israel Israel. Israël. Italian language Italian Opera Italian poetry Italian poetry. Italie Italie. Italy Italy. Itálie Ivan Kukuljević Sakcinski Ivan pl. Zajc Ivan Zajc Jacinto Guerrero Jacinto Valledor Jack Jam bands Jam bands. Jamaica Jamaica. Jamaicans Jamaïque Jamaïque. James Goodman James Wilson Japan Japan. Japanese drama Japanese drama. Japanese influences. Japanese literature Japanese poetry Japon. Japonism Järnbruk-- historia Jay-Z. Jazz Jazz au cinéma. Jazz clubs Jazz dance. Jazz dans la littérature. Jazz festivals jazz history in Hungary Jazz history in Spain Jazz in Croatia Jazz in literature. Jazz in motion pictures. Jazz musicians Jazz Musicians - New Zealand jazz musicians - New Zealand - anecdotes; Clark Jazz musicians. Jazz New Zealand jazz record history Jazz singers Jazz singers. jazz theory Jazz vocals Jazz-- historia Jazz. Jazzklubbar Jazzmusiker Jazzmusiker Basister Tonsättare Jefferies, Graeme Jelena Zrinska=Ilona Zrínyi Jenny Jeux vidéo, Musique de Jew's harp Jewelry Jewelry theft Jewelry theft. Jewelry. Jewish composers Jewish composers. Jewish jazz musicians Jewish music Jewish musicians Jewish musicians. Jewish studies. Jewish theater Jews Jews in the performing arts Jews, German Jews, German. Jews. jlabsh/4 Joan Denise Moriarty Job stress. Joe Dolan John Barry John Beckett John Buckley John Egan Jojk Folkmusikuppteckningar Josep Mestres-Quadreny Journalism (Film & Media) Journalism. Journalists Jōruri Jōruri-Rekishi. Jōruri. Judaism Judaïsme. Judenverfolgung Jugaku. Jugoton Juifs Jukebox musicals Jukebox musicals. Jungian psychology. Jusqu'à 1500 Jusqu'à 1901 Jusqu'à 1931 Justice sociale Justice sociale. Juvenile Juvenile literature. K-pop Kabuki Kabuki music Kabuki music. Kabuki plays Kabuki plays. Kabuki-Rekishi. Kabuki. Kageki. Kagura Kagura. Kaitito waiata reo Korero taumata Kaiwaiata. Kamengeki. Kansas Karl Goldmark Kashu. Kayō. Keiongaku. Kentucky Kenya Kenya Nairobi Kenya. Kerry Kevin (trumpeter) - anecdotes - Keyboard instrument music Keyboard instrument music. Keyboard instruments Keyboard instruments. Keyboard music Keyboard players Keyboards (Music) Keybord music Kildare Kinematografija Kirchenmusik Kirtana (Hinduism) Klangfärg Improvisation (musik) Preparerat piano Klangkunst. Klapa singing Klarinettister Klassische Musik Klassische Musik. Klassisk musik Konserter (framträdanden) Pianister Scenframträdanden Nervsystemet Prestations{\aa}ngest Klassisk musik-- historia Klassisk musik-- mottagande Klezmer music Klezmer music. Knowableness. Knowledge, Theory of (Religion) Knowledge, Theory of. Kokusai bunka kōryū. Komponist Komponistin Komposition (musik) Komposition Musikframträdanden Kompositörer Konserter (framträdanden) Rock Könsmaktsordning Könsroller Konst Konst. Konstfilosofi Konstmusik Konstnärlig forskning Konstnärligt skapande Konzert Kördirigering Korea Korea (South) Korea. Korean Americans Korean language materials. Körer-- historia Körledning Körsång-- forskning Körsångng Körs{\aa}ng – sociala aspekter Körs{\aa}ng – psykologiska aspekter Kōrero taumata. Kŏmunʼgo music Kŏmunʼgo music. Kranjčević Vladimir Kropp och själ Kultur. Kulturell identitet Migration Musik – sociala aspekter Kulturförderung Kulturhistoria. kulturni kapital ; vrijednosti ; mladi ; kulturna potrošnja ; glazbeni ukus ; televizijske preferencije ; Jadranska Hrvatska (cultural capital ; values ; youth ; cultural consumption ; taste in music ; television preferences ; Adriatic Croatia) Kulturpolitik Kulturpolitik Offentliga sektorn Musikliv Kurt Weil Kuyō. Künste Kvarner Kvinnliga musiker Kvinnliga tonsättare Kvinnliga tonsättare Tonsättare Kvinnoförtryck Musik – historia – genusaspekter Kvinnor i musiken – historia Kvinnlighet – historia Kärlekss{\aa}nger – historia – genusaspekter Kwansei Gakuin Glee Club Kyōdo geinō. kyōdogeinō Kyōgen Kyōgen plays Kyōgen plays. Kyōgen-Rekishi. Kyōgen. Kyrkomusik Kyrkomusik – historia Kyrkomusiker. Kyrkos{\aa}ng Kyrkomusik Labor productivity Labour law Laienspiel Landscape architecture. Landscapes in music. Language Language acquisition. Language and languages Language and languages. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Alphabets & Writing Systems. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Composition & Creative Writing LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Grammar & Punctuation. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / Syntax. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Publishing LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Readers. LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Spelling. Language. Large type books. Larsson Gothe, Mats, 1965- Last years of a person's life. Latin America Latin America. Latin drama (Comedy) Law LAW / Jurisprudence Law and legislation Law and legislation. Lawyers lcgft Leadership. Learning Learning disabled children Legacies Legal status, laws, etc. Leisure Lent Lenten music Leonard Cohen Lesbian musicians Lesbian musicians. Letters Letters. Lésions et blessures. LGBT LGBT Studies. LGBT. LGBTQ+ musicians. Liberalism Libraries and minorities Libraries and minorities. Libraries. Librarinaship Library Library fund raising Library fund raising. Library outreach programs libreto Librettists Libretto Libretto Librettologi Libretto. Librettos Librettos. Licenses lidové hudební nástroje Lied Lieu (Philosophie) Life cycle, Human Lifestyle, sport and leisure / Sports and outdoor recreation / Active outdoor pursuits / Walking, hiking, trekking likovi kao alegorija nacije Lindblad, Adolf Fredrik, 1801-1878 Lindh, Björn J:son, 1944-2013 Lisa; Pearl (musical group Listening Listening (Philosophy) Listening. Literacy LITERARY COLLECTIONS / Essays. Literary collections. LITERARY CRITICISM LITERARY CRITICISM / American / Asian American & Pacific Islander. LITERARY CRITICISM / American / General LITERARY CRITICISM / American / General. LITERARY CRITICISM / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh LITERARY CRITICISM / European / English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh. LITERARY CRITICISM / Feminist. LITERARY CRITICISM / General. LITERARY CRITICISM / Modern / General. LITERARY CRITICISM / Poetry Literary sources Literary themes, motives. Literatur Literature Literature on music. Literature, Modern Literature, Modern. Littérature Liturgical drama; Religious festivities; Oral tradition liturgical songs Liturgics. Liturgie. Liturgies liturgy. Livres d'heures Livret (Musique) Ljudeffekter Ljudevit Gaj Ljudkonst Loggers Logging. Logiciels. Logistik Streamad media Programvara Musikbranschen – tekniska aspekter Loisir loneliness Longitudinal studies. Lorde Loss (Psychology) Louisiana Louisiane Love poetry, Scottish. Love songs Ludwig van Luis de Pablo Lullabies. Lumber trade. Lur (Iranian people) Lute Lutheran Church Lutheran Church. Luthiers Lyric writing (Popular music) Lyricists Lyricists. Lyrics. Maček Ivo Machine learning. Madrid Madrigal. Madrigaler. Madrigalkomödie. Madrigals Madrigals. Maintenance and repair Maintenance and repair. Makerspaces Maksimilijan Vrhovac Malawi Malawi. Malaysia Male actors. Male musicians Male singers Male singers. Malec Ivo Malerei Malta Malta. Män Man-woman relationships. Management. Mandolin Mandolinists Mandolinists. Manners and customs Manners and customs. Manuel de Falla manufacture of musical instruments. Manuscripts Manuscripts, German Manuscripts, German. Manuscripts, Latin (Medieval and modern) Manuscripts. Manuscrits latins médiévaux et modernes Maori (New Zealand people) Maori (New Zealand people), Maori in the performing arts Maori; Maori (New Zealand people) - music; wood instruments - New Zealand; Birds - New Zealand - songs and music Marcus, Greil Markedness (Linguistics) Marketing Marketing. Marque (Linguistique) Marriage. Marshall Islands Marshall Islands. Marshallais Marshallese Martin P. anecdotes Martin, Hans, 1934- Masculinité dans la musique. Masculinity Masculinity in music. Maskanda Maskanda. Mass Mass (Music) Mass media Mass media and music Mass media and music. Mass media; Broadcasting Massachusetts Masses Mastering (Sound recordings) Materialität. materiality. 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Types de voix (Chant) Tyskland Tyskland-- Berlin Ṭanbūr U boj, u boj Uilleann pipe Uilleann pipe music Ukraine. ukslc Ukulele Ukulele music (Rock) Ukulele music. Umweltfaktor Uncanny, The (Psychoanalysis) Underground dance music Underground music Underground music. Underground music; Music periodicals Underhåll Unemployment Unemployment in literature. unification of Italy United States United States in opera. United States. Universities and colleges unknown Unterhaltungsmusik Unterhaltungsmusik. Uppförandepraxis (musik) Musikhistoria Uppland Uppland-- Österlövsta socken (socken/stad) -- Lövstabruk (by/område) Urban life Urheberrecht URSS User interfaces (Computer systems) User Interfaces and Human Computer Interaction. usical engagement Uzbekistan. úmrtí. Van Morrison Vanuatu. Varaždin-glazba varhaníci Variety Shows, Music Hall, Cabaret Vaudeville Vendetta Vendetta. Veranstaltung Vercoe Verdi, Giuseppe Verism Versification. Vespers (Music) Vibration Vibration. Video catalogs. 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Zarzuela; Sound recordings; Mechanical instruments Zealandia Performances Zeichentrickfilm. Zheng Zheng music Zingen Zither Zora Zrinjski Zulu (African people) Zulu music Zydeco music ] Đàn tranh Đorđević 고전 음악[古典音乐] 교수 학습 방법[敎授学习方法] 교육 프로그램[敎育 러시아 문학 문학 평론文学评论 문화 예술 교육[文化艺术敎育] 서양 음악[西洋音乐] 심리학[心理学] 유아 음악 교육[幼儿音乐敎育] 음악 교육[音乐敎育] 음악(교과과목)[音乐] 음악(예술)[音乐] 음악사[音乐史] 작곡가[作曲家] 전기(인물)[传记] 클래식[classic] レコード音楽. 医学. 埼玉県 文学 流行歌. 演剧. 神楽 舞踊. 音楽.
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Kym, Min
. Gone : A Girl, A Violin, A Life Unstrung /
. First edition. United States: New York : Crown, 2017.
Kvarnhall, Victor
. Pojkars Musik, Reproduktionens Tystnad : En Explanatorisk Studie Av Pojkars Reproducerande Förhållningssätt Till Populärmusik Och Populärmusicerande
. Örebro: Örebro University, 2015.
http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-44687 (link is external)
.
Küssner, Mats B , Liila Taruffi , and Georgia A Floridou
. Music And Mental Imagery
. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, United States: Routledge, 2023.
https://www.vlebooks.com/vleweb/product/openreader?id=none&isbn=9781000789614 (link is external)
.
Kuyper-Rushing, Lois
. Eugène Bozza : A Thematic Index
. Music Library Association Index And Bibliography Series, 0094-6478
. Music Library Association Index And Bibliography Series, 0094-6478 . United States: Middleton, Wisconsin : Music Library Association ; A-R Editions, 2020.
Kuuse, Anna-Karin , Monica Lindgren , Eva Skåraeus , and Eva Saether
. ”Liksom Ett Annat Uppdrag” Iscensättning Av Social Rättvisa I Musikundervisningens Retorik Och Praktik
. Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2018.
Kutschke, Beate , and Katherine Butler
. The Heroic In Music
. Suffolk, United Kingdom: The Boydell Press, 2022.
Kusz, V
. Dohnányi Amerikai Évei
. Musica Scientia
. Musica Scientia. Budapest: Rózsavölgyi, 2015.
Kurtzman, Jeffrey G
. Approaches To Monteverdi : Aesthetic, Psychological, Analytical And Historical Studies /
. Vol. CS1031, 2013.
Kurtzman, Jeffrey G
. Vesper And Compline Music For Multiple Choirs
. United Kingdom : London : Routledge, 2020.
Kurth, Ernst , Daphne Tan , and Christoph Neidhöfer
.
Music Psychology
. Abingdon, Oxon, United Kingdom ; New York, United States: Rourledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2022., 2022.
Kurkela, Vesa , and Juha Markus Mantere
. Critical Music Historiography : Probing Canons, Ideologies And Institutions /
. United Kingdom : London : Routledge, 2020.
Kurihara, Utako
. Monogataranai Animēshon : Nōman Makuraren No Fushigi Na Sekai /
. Japan: [Place of publication not identified] : Shunpūsha,, 2016.
“ Piano Kunitachi Ongaku Daigaku Gakkigaku Shiryokan Shozo Mokuroku = Pianos In Gakkigaku Shiryōkan (Collection For Organology), Kunitachi College Of Music. ”
. Japan: Tōkyō-to Tachikawa-shi : Kunitachi ongaku daigaku,, 2016.
Nakamizo, Kazue , and Takahito Abe
. Pianos In Gakkigaku Shiryôkan : Collection For Organology /
. Japan: Tokyo : Kunitachi College of Music, 2016.
Kund, Laura
. 10 : Armel Opera Festival, 2008-2017
. Hungary: Budapest : Armel Produkció & Sajtóiroda Nonprofit Kft., 2018.
Kuijken, Barthold. , and Mai. Koshikakezawa
.
Gakufu Kara Ongaku E : Barokku Ongaku No Ensōhō /
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Improvement of Solid Precipitation Measurements Using a Hotplate Precipitation Gauge in: Journal of Hydrometeorology Volume 22 Issue 4 (2021)
Abstract Accurate snowfall measurement is challenging because it depends on the precipitation gauge used, meteorological conditions, and the precipitation microphysics. Upstream of weighing gauges, the flow field is disturbed by the gauge and any shielding used usually creates an updraft, which deflects solid precipitation from falling in the gauge, resulting in significant undercatch. Wind shields are often used with weighing gauges to reduce this updraft, and transfer functions are required to adjust the snowfall measurements to consider gauge undercatch. Using these functions reduces the bias in precipitation measurement but not the root-mean-square error (RMSE). In this study, the accuracy of the Hotplate precipitation gauge was compared to standard unshielded and shielded weighing gauges collected during the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment program. The analysis performed in this study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge bias after wind correction is near zero and similar to wind corrected weighing gauges. The RMSE of the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurements is lower than weighing gauges (with or without an Alter shield) for wind speeds up to 5 m s−1, the wind speed limit at which sufficient data were available. This study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurement has a low bias and RMSE due to its aerodynamic shape, making its performance mostly independent of the type of solid precipitation.
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Figures
Fig. 1.
(a) Geonor placed in a single-Alter (SA) shield, (b) a DFIR with a SA shielded Geonor in the middle, and (c) the Hotplate precipitation gauge (Rasmussen et al. 2011). Photos adapted from the WMO SPICE report (Nitu et al. 2018) andRasmussen et al. (2011).
Fig. 2.
Comparison of the 30-min accumulated precipitation with (a) the DFIR and the SA, (b) the DFIR and the SA corrected using the 10-m wind speed and 2-m air temperature (SA f( U, T)), (c) the DFIR and the UN, and (d) the DFIR and the UN corrected using the 10-m wind speed and 2-m air temperature (UN f( U, T)). Only solid precipitation ( T< −2°C) is considered. SA and UN denote the Geonor in the single-Alter shield and the unshielded Geonor, respectively. This figure differs from the one inKochendorfer et al. (2017b), who used the same data but for all precipitation types.
Fig. 3.
Comparison of the 30-min accumulated precipitation with the DFIR and (a) the HP, (b) the adjusted HP precipitation amount with respect to the wind speed (HP f( U)), (c) the adjusted HP precipitation amount with respect to wind speed and temperature (HP f( U, T)), and (d) the adjusted HP precipitation using a linear regression (HP f( LR)). Only solid precipitation is considered ( T< −2°C). HP denotes the Hotplate precipitation gauge.
Fig. 4.
Comparison of the total amount of precipitation measured by the different instruments (raw and adjusted) for T< −2°C for the common 30-min events to all the instruments. The dashed line shows the accumulated precipitation measured by the Geonor in the DFIR. SA, UN, and HP denote the Geonor in the single Alter, the unshielded Geonor, and the Hotplate precipitation gauge, respectively.
Fig. 5.
CE of the UN and SA with respect to the DFIR using 30-min sample as well as solid precipitation ( T< −2°C) for different wind speeds Uat the gauge height. The adjusted UN (UN f( U, T)) and SA (SA f( U, T)) are computed using(2)using the 10-m wind speed and 2-m air temperature. SA and UN denote the Geonor in the single-Alter shield and the unshielded Geonor, respectively. Here, [0, 1) means ≥0 and <1 m s −1.
Fig. 6.
CE of the adjusted UN (UN f( U, T)), adjusted SA (SA f( U, T)), and unadjusted HP using 30-min sample as well as solid precipitation ( T< −2°C) for different wind speeds U at the gauge height. The transfer function for precipitation correction [Eq.(2)] used the 10-m wind speed and the 2-m air temperature. SA, UN, and HP denote the Geonor in the single-Alter shield and the unshielded Geonor, and the Hotplate precipitation gauge, respectively. Here, [0, 1) means ≥0 and <1 m s −1.
Fig. 7.
CE of the raw and adjusted HP using 30-min sample for solid precipitation ( T< −2°C) for different wind speeds Uat the gauge height. The unadjusted HP measurements (red whisker boxes, HP) followed the wind correction ofRasmussen et al. (2011), who used the internal wind measurements of the HP precipitation gauge. The transfer functions used for wind speed adjustment is Eq. (3) (HP f( U)) and for wind speed and temperature adjustment is Eq.(2)(HP f( U, T)). The HP measurements were also adjusted following a linear regression (HP f(LR)) between the unadjusted HP measurements and the precipitation measurement by the DFIR. HP denotes the Hotplate precipitation gauge. Here, [0, 1) means ≥0 and <1 m s −1.
Fig. 8.
(a) RMSE between the amount of precipitation measured by each instrument (unadjusted and adjusted) and the DFIR ( T< 2°C) and (b) bias between the amount of precipitation measured by each instrument (unadjusted and adjusted) and the DFIR ( T< 2°C) varying with wind speed Uat gauge height. UN and UN f( U, T)denote the unadjusted and adjusted measurements of the unshielded Geonor, respectively. The same notation is used for the Geonor in the single-Alter shield (SA) and the Hotplate precipitation gauge (HP). The unadjusted HP measurements (red bars, HP) followed the wind correction ofRasmussen et al. (2011), who used the internal wind measurements of the HP precipitation gauge. Here, [0, 1) means ≥0 and <1 m s −1.
Fig. 9.
RMSE, bias, and R 2computed with the amount of precipitation unadjusted and adjusted for each instrument ( T< −2°C). UN and UN f( U, T)denote the unadjusted and adjusted measurements of the unshielded Geonor, respectively. The same notation is used for the Geonor in the single-Alter shield (SA) and Hotplate precipitation gauge (HP). The unadjusted HP measurements (red bars, HP) followed the wind correction ofRasmussen et al. (2011), who used the internal wind measurements of the HP precipitation gauge.
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Author:
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Editorial Type:
Article
Article Type:
Research Article
Improvement of Solid Precipitation Measurements Using a Hotplate Precipitation Gauge
Julie M. Thériault
Julie M. Thériault Centre ESCER, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Nicolas R. Leroux
Nicolas R. Leroux Centre ESCER, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Roy M. Rasmussen
Roy M. Rasmussen Research Applications Laboratory, NCAR, Boulder, Colorado
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Online Publication:
26 Mar 2021
Print Publication:
01 Apr 2021
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-20-0168.1
Page(s):
877–885
Abstract
Accurate snowfall measurement is challenging because it depends on the precipitation gauge used, meteorological conditions, and the precipitation microphysics. Upstream of weighing gauges, the flow field is disturbed by the gauge and any shielding used usually creates an updraft, which deflects solid precipitation from falling in the gauge, resulting in significant undercatch. Wind shields are often used with weighing gauges to reduce this updraft, and transfer functions are required to adjust the snowfall measurements to consider gauge undercatch. Using these functions reduces the bias in precipitation measurement but not the root-mean-square error (RMSE). In this study, the accuracy of the Hotplate precipitation gauge was compared to standard unshielded and shielded weighing gauges collected during the WMO Solid Precipitation Intercomparison Experiment program. The analysis performed in this study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge bias after wind correction is near zero and similar to wind corrected weighing gauges. The RMSE of the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurements is lower than weighing gauges (with or without an Alter shield) for wind speeds up to 5 m s −1, the wind speed limit at which sufficient data were available. This study shows that the Hotplate precipitation gauge measurement has a low bias and RMSE due to its aerodynamic shape, making its performance mostly independent of the type of solid precipitation.
Denotes content that is immediately available upon publication as open access.
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Spexis AG / Key word(s): Study results09-Jan-2023 / 07:15 CET/CESTRelease of an ad hoc announcement pursuant to Art. 53 LRThe issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.Ad hoc announcement pursuant to Art. 53 LRAllschwil, Switzerland, January 9, 2023Spexis reports solid safety and pharmacokine...
Spexis reports solid safety and pharmacokinetics results from first-in-human study with inhaled murepavadin, a novel macrocycle compound
Spexis AG / Key word(s): Study results09-Jan-2023 / 07:15 CET/CESTRelease of an ad hoc announcement pursuant to Art. 53 LRThe issuer is solely responsible for the content of this announcement.
Ad hoc announcement pursuant to Art. 53 LR
Allschwil, Switzerland, January 9, 2023 Spexis reports solid safety and pharmacokinetics results from first-in-human study with inhaled murepavadin, a novel macrocycle compound
Inhaled murepavadin shown to be well tolerated at all dose levels
Program derived from Spexis’ macrocycle platform
Data support moving forward to Phase 2 in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis lung infection
Spexis AG (SIX: SPEX), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on rare diseases and oncology, today announced the successful completion of the first-in-human clinical trial with novel class antibiotic murepavadin, delivered via the oral inhalation route (iMPV). iMPV is a macrocycle compound derived from Spexis’ proprietary platform and specifically targets the outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ( P. aeruginosa )including activity against highly resistant strains . P. aeruginosais the key pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections. The study was supported by the European Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI).
Juergen Froehlich, MD, Chief Medical Officer of Spexis, said: “The first clinical data with our inhaled murepavadin hold promise as we work to bring more efficacious and safe treatments for serious lung infections to patients in need, including people with cystic fibrosis and non-CF bronchiectasis. The strong collaboration established between Spexis and the European Innovative Medicines Initiative was an enabler for us to conduct this important first-in-human trial, and we are grateful for the IMI’s ongoing support. We look forward to continuing to advance this product candidate in clinical development.”
This Phase 1 trial was a single center, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial to investigate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single ascending doses of iMPV in healthy volunteers.
Analyses of the preliminary, blinded data from this study showed that iMPV was well tolerated at all dose levels, with all subjects completing the inhalation. No clinically relevant signs of irritation of the upper airways and no serious adverse events were reported. Serial pulmonary function tests were normal and did not show narrowing of the airways after administration of iMPV. Vital signs, ECGs and safety laboratory data were within the normal range.
At the highest single dose tested, systemic bioavailability of MPV was lower than 5%, and peak plasma concentrations were observed at 1-2 hours post start of inhalation. In the ELF, the concentration of MPV at the 24-hour timepoint was still above the concentration that would inhibit the growth of 90% of P. aeruginosaisolates (MIC90) obtained from people with CF.
These data indicate that iMPV leads to high inhibiting concentrations in the airways of the lung while systemic MPV levels remain substantially lower compared to the plasma level observed in previous clinical trials with intravenous administration of MPV. This observed favorable tolerability, safety and concentration profile of MPV after inhalation in the Phase 1 trial meets the company’s expectations and clears the way for further clinical trials of iMPV in people with CF or non-CF bronchiectasis.
About Spexis
Spexis (SIX: SPEX) is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company based in Allschwil, Switzerland, focused on rare diseases and oncology. For further information please visit:www.spexisbio.com.
| https://www.pharmiweb.com/press-release/2023-01-09/spexis-reports-solid-safety-and-pharmacokinetics-results-from-first-in-human-study-with-inhaled-mure |
Publications - Global Disability Innovation Hub
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The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Giulia Barbareschi
, Catherine Holloway
, Katherine Arnold, Grace Magomere, Wycliffe Ambeyi Wetende, Gabriel Ngare, Joyce Olenja
We present the findings of a case study of mobile technology use by People with Visual Impairment (VIPs) in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi. We used contextual interviews, ethnographic observations and a co-design workshop to explore how VIPs use mobile phones in their daily lives, and how this use influences the social infrastructure of VIPs. Our findings suggest that mobile technology supports and shapes the creation of social infrastructure. However, this is only made possible through the existing support networks of the VIPs, which are mediated through four types of interaction: direct, supported, dependent and restricted.
CHI '20: Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference; 2020
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Abstract
The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Living in an informal settlement with a visual impairment can be very challenging resulting in social exclusion. Mobile phones have been shown to be hugely beneficial to people with sight loss in formal and high-income settings. However, little is known about whether these results hold true for people with visual impairment (VIPs) in informal settlements. We present the findings of a case study of mobile technology use by VIPs in Kibera, an informal settlement in Nairobi. We used contextual interviews, ethnographic observations and a co-design workshop to explore how VIPs use mobile phones in their daily lives, and how this use influences the social infrastructure of VIPs. Our findings suggest that mobile technology supports and shapes the creation of social infrastructure. However, this is only made possible through the existing support networks of the VIPs, which are mediated through four types of interaction: direct, supported, dependent and restricted.
Cite
The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Giulia Barbareschi, Catherine Holloway, Katherine Arnold, Grace Magomere, Wycliffe Ambeyi Wetende, Gabriel Ngare, and Joyce Olenja. 2020. The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya. In Proceedings of the 2020 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1145/331383...
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The Social Network: How People with Visual Impairment use Mobile Phones in Kibera, Kenya
Type
Conference Paper
Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez,
Giulia Barbareschi
, Maggie Kate Donovan-Hall, Mohammad Sobuh, Nida' Elayyan, Brenda T Nakandi, Robert Tamale Ssekitoleko, joyce Olenja, Grace Nyachomba Magomere, Sibylle Daymond, Jake Honeywill, Ian Harris, Nancy Mbugua, Laurence Kenney,
Catherine Holloway
80% of people with disabilities worldwide live in low resourced settings, rural areas, informal settlements and in multidimensional poverty. ICT4D leverages technological innovations to deliver programs for international development. But very few do so with a focus on and involving people with disabilities in low resource settings. Also, most studies largely focus on publishing the results of the research with a focus on the positive stories and not the learnings and recommendations regarding research processes.
ASSETS '20: Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility; 2020
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Abstract
Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
80% of people with disabilities worldwide live in low resourced settings, rural areas, informal settlements and in multidimensional poverty. ICT4D leverages technological innovations to deliver programs for international development. But very few do so with a focus on and involving people with disabilities in low resource settings. Also, most studies largely focus on publishing the results of the research with a focus on the positive stories and not the learnings and recommendations regarding research processes. In short, researchers rarely examine what was challenging in the process of collaboration. We present reflections from the field across four studies. Our contributions are: (1) an overview of past work in computing with a focus on disability in low resource settings and (2) learnings and recommendations from four collaborative projects in Uganda, Jordan and Kenya over the last two years, that are relevant for future HCI studies in low resource settings with communities with disabilities. We do this through a lens of Disability Interaction and ICT4D.
Cite
Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Dafne Zuleima Morgado-Ramirez, Giulia Barbareschi, Maggie Kate Donovan-Hall, Mohammad Sobuh, Nida' Elayyan, Brenda T Nakandi, Robert Tamale Ssekitoleko, joyce Olenja, Grace Nyachomba Magomere, Sibylle Daymond, Jake Honeywill, Ian Harris, Nancy Mbugua, Laurence Kenney, and Catherine Holloway. 2020. Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings. In Proceedings of the 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility (ASSETS '20). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 11, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1145/337362...
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Disability design and innovation in computing research in low resource settings
Type
Article
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
These tools help visually impaired scientists read data and journals
Alla Katsnelson
This article was featured in Nature and discusses tools that help visually impaired scientists read data and Journals. Innovation Manager, Daniel Hajas, was interviewed as part of this piece and highlights the need for an ecosystem approach, and access to data / visualisations for blind members of the research and science community.
Nature; 2023
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These tools help visually impaired scientists read data and journals
Type
Book
Research Group
Disability Interactions
Disability Interactions Creating Inclusive Innovations
Catherine Holloway
, Giulia Barbareschi
; 2021
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Abstract
Disability Interactions Creating Inclusive Innovations
Disability interactions (DIX) is a new approach to combining cross-disciplinary methods and theories from Human Computer Interaction (HCI), disability studies, assistive technology, and social development to co-create new technologies, experiences, and ways of working with disabled people. DIX focuses on the interactions people have with their technologies and the interactions which result because of technology use. A central theme of the approach is to tackle complex issues where disability problems are part of a system that does not have a simple solution. Therefore, DIX pushes researchers and practitioners to take a challenge-based approach, which enables both applied and basic research to happen alongside one another. DIX complements other frameworks and approaches that have been developed within HCI research and beyond. Traditional accessibility approaches are likely to focus on specific aspects of technology design and use without considering how features of large-scale assistive technology systems might influence the experiences of people with disabilities. DIX aims to embrace complexity from the start, to better translate the work of accessibility and assistive technology research into the real world. DIX also has a stronger focus on user-centered and participatory approaches across the whole value chain of technology, ensuring we design with the full system of technology in mind (from conceptualization and development to large-scale distribution and access). DIX also helps to acknowledge that solutions and approaches are often non-binary and that technologies and interactions that deliver value to disabled people in one situation can become a hindrance in a different context. Therefore, it offers a more nuanced guide to designing within the disability space, which expands the more traditional problem-solving approaches to designing for accessibility. This book explores why such a novel approach is needed and gives case studies of applications highlighting how different areas of focus—from education to health to work to global development—can benefit from applying a DIX perspective. We conclude with some lessons learned and a look ahead to the next 60 years of DIX.
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Disability Interactions Creating Inclusive Innovations
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Conference Paper
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Assistive & Accessible Technology
Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Barbareschi, G
; Daymond, S; Honeywill, J; Singh, A; Noble, D; Mbugua, N; Harris, I; Austin, V
; Holloway, C
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines Assistive Technology (AT) as “an umbrella term covering the systems and services related to the delivery of assistive products and services” [6]. This definition highlights how AT encompasses not only the physical and digital products used by millions of persons with disabilities (PWDs) worldwide, but also the systems and services that accompany the provision of these devices [78].
ASSETS '20: The 22nd International ACM SIGACCESS Conference on Computers and Accessibility.; 2020
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Abstract
Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Innovations in the field of assistive technology are usually evaluated based on practical considerations related to their ability to perform certain functions. However, social and emotional aspects play a huge role in how people with disabilities interact with assistive products and services. Over a five months period, we tested an innovative wheelchair service provision model that leverages 3D printing and Computer Aided Design to provide bespoke wheelchairs in Kenya. The study involved eight expert wheelchair users and five healthcare professionals who routinely provide wheelchair services in their community. Results from the study show that both users and providers attributed great value to both the novel service delivery model and the wheelchairs produced as part of the study. The reasons for their appreciation went far beyond the practical considerations and were rooted in the fact that the service delivery model and the wheelchairs promoted core values of agency, empowerment and self-expression.
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Value beyond function: analyzing the perception of wheelchair innovations in Kenya
Type
Conference Paper
Themes
Assistive & Accessible Technology
Culture and Participation
Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
Nusrat Jahan, Giulia Barbareschi
, Clara Aranda Jan, Charles Musungu Mutuku, Naemur Rahman, Victoria Austin
,
Catherine Holloway
Worldwide it is estimated that there are over a billion people who live with some form of disability [1]
. Approximately 80% of people with disabilities live in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs). The combination of an inaccessible environment compounded by socio-economic factors such as poverty and stigma, makes it more likely for people with disabilities to be marginalised and excluded from society [1]
. Assistive Technologies (ATs) are known to bridge the accessibility gaps and allow for greater social inclusion. However, there is a lack of adequate access to ATs in LMICs, combined with often poorly designed services, which only magnifies these challenges, thus limiting the opportunities for persons with disabilities to live an independent life
[2]
. Despite the importance of AT, access to AT globally is inadequate with only 10 percent of those in need having access to the ATs that they need [2]
.
2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference
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Abstract
Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
Globally, mobile technology plays a significant role connecting and supporting people with disabilities. However, there has been limited research focused on understanding the impact of mobile technology in the lives of persons with disabilities in low or middle- income countries. This paper presents the findings of a participatory photovoice study looking at the role that mobile phones play in the daily lives of 16 persons with disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh. Participants used a combination of pictures and voice recordings to capture their own stories and illustrate the impact that mobile phone use has on their lives. Through thematic analysis, we categorized the benefits of mobile phones captured by participants as 1) Improved social connection; 2) Increased independence and 3) Access to opportunities. While mobile phones are ubiquitously used for communication, for persons with disabilities they become essential assistive technologies that bridge barriers to opportunities which are not accessible otherwise. Our paper adds evidence to the need for mobile phones for persons with disabilities to enable communication and connectivity in support of development.
Cite
Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
N. Jahan et al
., "Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh," 2020 IEEE Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC)
, Seattle, WA, USA, 2020, pp. 1-8, doi: 10.1109/GHTC46280.2020.9342934.
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Inclusion and Independence: The impact of Mobile Technology on the Lives of Persons with Disabilities in Kenya and Bangladesh
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ABSTRACTS - technology.matthey.com
of current literature on the platinum metals and their alloys
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PROPERTIES
Theoretical Investigation of Isomer Stability in Platinum–Palladium Nanoalloy Clusters
L. D. Lloyd, R. L. Johnston, S. Salhi
and N. T. wilson
, J. Mater. Chem.
, 2004, 14
, (11), 1691–1704 doi:10.1039/b313811a
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b313811a
The interatomic interactions of Pt–Pd nanoalloy clusters (1) were modelled by the Gupta many-body potential. For 18–20 atom clusters, a general algorithm was used to establish the lowest energy structures for each size and for all possible compositions. In the lowest energy isotopes (homotops), the Pd atoms are mainly at the surface, with the Pt atoms preferentially occupying interior sites.
Dendrimer-Templated Ag–Pd Bimetallic Nanoparticles
Y.-M. Chung
and H.-K. Rhee
, J. Colloid Interface Sci.
, 2004, 271
, (1), 131–135
doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.12.006
Ultrafine amine-terminated fourth-generation starburst poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-templated Ag–Pd bimetallic nanoparticles (1) were prepared from silver(I)-bis(oxalato)palladate(II) (2). The use of (2), in which two metal ions exist in one complex, prevented Ag halide formation. The particle size distributions of (1) were all in the narrow range of 2–5 nm, but were dependent upon the Ag/Pd ratio.
CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS
The Construction of P–O/P–N Ligands on Platinum and Palladium
P. Bergamini, V. Bertolasi
and F. Milani
,
Eur. J. Inorg. Chem.
, 2004, (6), 1277–1284 doi:10.1002/ejic.200300642
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejic.200300642
Pt II
and Pd II
diphenyldiphosphinites were prepared by adding diols to a solution containing cis
-[MCl 2
(PPh 2
Cl 2
] (M = Pt or Pd) preformed in situ
from
cis
-[MCl 2
(1,5-COD)] and PPh 2
Cl. As for the P–O bond, the P–N bond can be formed via nucleophilic attack of an amine group on coordinated PPh 2
Cl in the presence of base to give aminophosphine-phosphinite and N
, N
′-bis(antipyryl-4-methyl)piperazine complexes of Pt II
and Pd II
.
C–H and N–H Activation by Pt(0) in N- and O-Heteroaromatic Compounds
J. T. Chantson
and S. Lotz
, J. Organomet. Chem.
, 2004, 689
, (7), 1315–1324
doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.01.030
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.01.030
[Pt(PEt 3
) 4
] reacts with azoles to give Pt(II) hydride complexes, trans
-[PtH(1-azolyl)(PEt 3
) 2
] (azolyl = indolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, pyrazolyl, indazolyl), by oxidative insertion of the Pt centre into the N–H bonds of the respective azoles. Pyrrole was much less reactive. The trans
-[PtH(R)(PEt 3
) 2
] complexes (R = 2-furyl, 2-benzoxazolyl, 2-benzothiazolyl) were prepared via C–H bond activation.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
The Electrochemical Formation and Properties of Bilayers Composed of Polypyrrole and C 60 Pd Films
M. Wysocka, K. Winkler
and A. L. Balch
, J. Mater. Chem.
, 2004, 14
, (6), 1036–1042 doi:10.1039/b312538f
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b312538f
Bilayers of polypyrrole and C 60
Pd were prepared by sequential electropolymerisation of the parent monomers and investigated by cyclic voltammetry. For the electrode/polypyrrole/C 60
Pd bilayer, the high permeability of the C 60
Pd film for the supporting electrolyte ions allowed the oxidation of the polypyrrole inner layer. For the electrode/C 60
Pd/polypyrrole bilayer, the outer polypyrrole layer inhibited the reduction of the inner C 60
Pd layer.
PHOTOCONVERSION
Effects of Chlorine Gas Exposure on the Optical Properties of Rhodium Phthalocyanine Films
L. Gaffo, O. D. D. Couto, R. Giro, M. J. S. P. Brasil, D. S. GalvãO, F. Cerdeira, O. N. de Oliveira
and K. Wohnrath
, Solid State Commun.
, 2004, 131
, (1), 53–56
doi:10.1016/j.ssc.2004.04.011
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2004.04.011
Rh phthalocyanine films (1) were deposited on glass by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique. On exposure to Cl 2
(1) changed from blue to transparent. Incorporation of Cl 2
caused quenching of the characteristic triplet centred around the Q-absorption band at 662 nm. Leaving prior Cl 2
exposed (1) in air for several hours resulted in a slow partial recovery of the optical spectra.
A Synthesis and Luminescence Study of Ir(ppz) 3 for Organic Light-Emitting Devices
E. J. Nam, J. H. Kim, B.-O. Kim, S. M. Kim, N. G. Park, Y. S. Kim, Y. K. Kim
and Y. Ha
,
Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn.
, 2004, 77
, (4), 751–755 doi:10.1246/bcsj.77.751
http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.77.751
OLEDs were fabricated with doped films of tris(1-phenyl-κ C 1
-pyrazolato-κ N 2
)iridium (1) in several hosts. The electroluminescence peak occurred at 450 nm. The luminance of the OLEDs was pure blue, but luminous efficiencies were low since the LUMO of (1) was higher than those of the hosts.
Photobleaching and Single Molecule Detection of a Phosphorescent Organometallic Iridium(III) Complex
M. Vacha, Y. Koide, M. Kotani
and H. Sato
,
J. Luminesc.
, 2004, 107
, (1–4), 51–56
doi:10.1016/j.jlumin.2003.12.015
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2003.12.015
The photostability of bulk samples of Ir(ppy) 3
(1) (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine) in polymer films was examined by measuring the photobleaching kinetics under intense laser irradiation. On a single molecule level, (1) was characterised by phosphorescence time traces, distribution of phosphorescence intensity levels and by polarisation modulated excitation.
Synthesis and Characterization of Naphthyridine and Acridinedione Ligands Coordinated Ruthenium(II) Complexes and Their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
S. Anandan, J. Madhavan, P. Maruthamuthu, V. Raghukumar
and V. T. Ramakrishnan
, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells
, 2004, 81
, (4), 419–428
doi:10.1016/j.solmat.2003.11.026
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2003.11.026
The title complexes were synthesised and characterised, and then used in dye-sensitised solar cells. From the I
– V
curves, the short-circuit photocurrent ( I SC
) and the open-circuit photovolatage ( V OC
) were measured. A maximum current conversion efficiency of ∼ 7.7% was achieved by the 5-amino-4-phenyl-2-(4-methylphenyl)-7-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-1,6-naphthyridine-8-carbonitrile coordinated Ru(II) complex.
ELECTRODEPOSITION AND SURFACE COATINGS
Mesoporous Microspheres Composed of PtRu Alloy
J. Jiang
and A. Kucernak
, Chem. Mater.
, 2004, 16
, (7), 1362–1367
doi:10.1021/cm035237j
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm035237j
Electrochemical co-reduction of H 2
PtCl 6
and RuCl 3
dissolved in the aqueous domains of the liquid crystalline phase of an oligoethylene oxide surfactant (C 16
EO 8
) gave the title microspheres (1) (0.5–1 µm). The ordered mesoporous internal structure of (1) involves periodic pores of ∼ 2.4 nm in diameter separated by walls of ∼ 2.4 nm thick. (1) have high specific surface area.
Synthesis of PtN x Films by Reactive Laser Ablation
G. Soto
, Mater. Lett.
, 2004, 58
, (16), 2178–2180
doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2004.01.019
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2004.01.019
Thin films of Pt (1) with ∼ 14 at.% N were prepared by reactive laser ablation in molecular N 2
ambient. AES, XPS and electron energy loss spectroscopy were used to characterise (1). The existence of chemisorbed N was supported by the N 1s
binding energy of 398.4 eV. The +0.2 eV shift of the Pt 4f
peak position indicated charge transfer from Pt to N. The Pt formed an incipient nitride phase with composition near to Pt 6
N.
APPARATUS AND TECHNIQUE
Calorimetric Hydrocarbon Sensor for Automotive Exhaust Applications
M.-C. Wu
and A. L. Micheli
, Sens. Actuators B: Chem.
, 2004, 100
, (3), 291–297 doi:10.1016/j.snb.2003.11.010
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.11.010
The title sensor (1) is a thermoelectric device supported on a planar Al 2
O 3
substrate. A non-selective Pt catalyst was used in (1) to detect hydrocarbons with high selectivity. For CO detection (1) uses a CO oxidation catalyst of Pb-modified Pt, which exhibits excellent CO selectivity at 200–400°C. (1) gave a linear output of 0–2.75 mV over 0–1000 ppm of propylene (at 350°C). Engine dynamometer evaluation showed that the response of (1) paralleled the change in concentration of the CO and hydrocarbons when the engine air:fuel ratio was varied.
Chemiresistor Coatings from Pt- and Au-Nanoparticle/Nonanedithiol Films: Sensitivity to Gases and Solvent Vapors
Y. Joseph, B. Guse, A. Yasuda
and T. Vossmeyer
, Sens. Actuators B: Chem.
, 2004, 98
, (2–3), 188–195
doi:10.1016/j.snb.2003.10.006
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2003.10.006
Layer-by-layer self-assembly using 1,9-nonanedi-thiol and dodecylamine-stabilised nanoparticles of Pt or Au gave films (1) of thickness, 66 ± 2 and 31 ± 1 nm, respectively. The sensitivity of (1) was investigated by dosing them with NH 3
, CO and vapours of H 2
O and toluene (300 ppb–5000 ppm). (1) have a high signal:noise ratio. A detection limit for NH 3
< 100 ppb was achieved. NH 3
and CO bind to vacant sites on the metal nanoparticle cores.
HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS
Palladium(II) Chloride Catalyzed Selective Acetylation of Alcohols with Vinyl Acetate
J. W. J. Bosco
and A. K. Saikia
, Chem. Commun.
, 2004, (9), 1116–1117
doi:10.1039/b401218f
http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b401218f
PdCl 2
with CuCl 2
can be used for the catalytic acetylation of primary and secondary alcohols with vinyl acetate. The reaction is carried out in dry toluene at room temperature. The catalyst system can be recovered by filtration. The acetaldehyde byproduct can be removed by evaporation along with the toluene solvent. This mild reaction proceeds more rapidly with primary alcohols.
Assembled Catalyst of Palladium and Non-Cross-Linked Amphiphilic Polymer Ligand for the Efficient Heterogeneous Heck Reaction
Y. M. A. Yamada, K. Takeda, H. Takahashi
and S. Ikegami
, Tetrahedron
, 2004, 60
, (18), 4097–4105
doi:10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.068
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2004.02.068
An insoluble catalyst (1) was prepared from self-assembly of (NH 4
) 2
PdCl 4
and a non-cross-linked amphiphilic phosphine polymer. (1) in only 5.0 × 10 −5
mol equiv. concentration was effective for the heterogeneous Heck reaction of aryl iodides with acrylates, styrenes and acrylic acid. (1) could be recycled five times. (1) showed good stability in toluene and H 2
O and so efficiently catalysed the Heck reaction in these media. (1) can be used for the synthesis of resveratrol, a cyclooxygenase-II inhibitor.
Effect of Activated Carbon and Its Surface Property on the Activity of Ru/AC Catalyst
W. Han, B. Zhao, C. Huo
and H. Liu
, Chin. J. Catal.
, 2004, 25
, (3), 194–198
Activated C was pretreated by washing with HNO 3
and then calcined before the preparation of Ru/activated C catalysts (1) for NH 3
synthesis. The HNO 3
treatment increased the catalytic activity from 17.4 to 18.4%, due to the reduction of S and ash. Gas phase oxidation of the C caused the Ru to be more dispersed in (1) by changing the texture and surface groups of the support. Overall, the Ru dispersion and catalytic activity were improved from 43 to 62% and 17.4 to 19%, respectively.
HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSIS
The First Platinum-Catalyzed Hydroamination of Ethylene
J.-J. brunet, M. Cadena, N. C. Chu, O. Diallo, K. Jacob
and E. Mothes
,
Organometallics
, 2004, 23
, (6), 1264–1268 doi:10.1021/om030605e
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/om030605e
The hydroamination of ethylene with aniline, using PtBr 2
as a catalyst precursor in n
-Bu 4
PBr under 25 bar of ethylene pressure, gave N
-ethylaniline with 80 turnovers after 10 h at 150°C. 2-Methylquinoline was simultaneously produced in ∼ 10 cycles. Additions of P(OMe) 3
(2 equiv./PtBr 2
) or of a proton source (3 equiv./PtBr 2
) were beneficial. A TON of 145 after 10 h at 150°C was achieved with a biphasic system ( n
-Bu 4
PBr/decane) in the presence of C 6
H 5
NH 3
+
(3 equiv./PtBr 2
). The lower the basicity of the arylamine, the higher the TON.
Important Consequences for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of the Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction
E. H. Niemelä, A. F. Lee
and I. J. S. Fairlamb
, Tetrahedron Lett.
, 2004, 45
, (18), 3593–3595
doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.060
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.03.060
Typical quenching procedures for GC analysis of the Sonogashira reaction for 4-bromo-6-methyl-2-pyrone with phenylacetylene (catalysed by (Ph 3
P) 2
PdCl 2
) cannot be used. Turnover continues to occur in sample vials even after quenching by commonly used SiO 2
adsorption and product elution with CH 2
Cl 2
. Trace amounts of Pd are carried through the SiO 2
plug. Addition of 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane to the sample inhibited any further reaction.
Role of Base in Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Carbanions
A. V. Mitin, A. N. Kashin
and I. P. Beletskaya
, J. Organomet. Chem.
, 2004,
689
, (6), 1085–1090
doi:10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.12.039
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2003.12.039
The arylation of carbanions, derived from various sulfones, cyanoacetic ester and malononitrile, with aryl bromides using Pd 2
dba 3
/3L, L = PPh 3
, P t
Bu 3
, as well as the reaction of the carbanions with 1 equiv. of 4-CF 3
C 6
H 4
Pd(PPh 3
) 2
Br were carried out. A base stronger than the initial carbanion was required. The reaction mechanism includes the acceleration of the reductive elimination due to the deprotonation of the intermediate ArPdL 2
CHXY.
New Chiral Bis(oxazoline) Rh(I)-, Ir(I)- and Ru(II)-Complexes for Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenations of Ketones
n. debono, m. besson, c. pinel
and l. djakovitch
, Tetrahedron Lett.
, 2004, 45
, (10), 2235–2238
doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.12.163
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.12.163
The transfer hydrogenation of acetophenone in 2-propanol was used to examine the title complexes. The Ru(II)-based catalyst exhibited good activity with 50% conversion and high enantioselectivity (89%), whereas the Rh(I)- and Ir(I)-complexes gave low conversions (∼ 20%) and poor enantioselectivities (16–20%). A free hydroxyl group on the ligand was a prerequisite for high enantioselectivity. The stronger the base present, the higher the conversion.
FUEL CELLS
Effect of Preparation Conditions of Pt/C Catalysts on Oxygen Electrode Performance in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
J. H. Tian, F. B. Wang, Z. H. Q. Shan, R. J. Wang
and J. W. Zhang
, J. Appl. Electrochem.
, 2004, 34
, (5), 461–467
doi:10.1023/B:JACH.0000021860.94340.02
http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:JACH.0000021860.94340.02
Pt/C catalysts with 3.2 nm Pt crystallites were prepared by the impregnation-reduction method, varying conditions such as the reaction temperature, the concentration of H 2
PtCl 6
and different reducing agents. Heat treatment in N 2
of the C black support improved Pt dispersion and increased the relative content of Pt (111) orientation. This benefited the acceleration of the oxygen reduction reaction in the PEMFC.
Preparation and Performance of Pt–Co/C Catalyst for PEMFC
Y. Zhang, X. Li, X. Wu, M. Xu
and L. Deng
,
Precious Met. (Chin.)
, 2004, 25
, (1), 19–23
Pt–Co/C electrocatalysts (1) were prepared by the liquid deposition and high temperature alloying method. The Pt and Pt–Co have f.c.c. structure, with small particle size and high dispersity. The Co addition shortened the length of the Pt–Pt bond. (1) showed better performance than Pt/C in PEMFCs. The Co addition exhibited high catalytic activity.
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Bamboo-Like CoPt/Pt Multilayered Nanowire Arrays
y.-k. su, d.-h. qin, h.-l. zhang, h. li
and h.-l. li
, Chem. Phys. Lett.
, 2004, 388
, (4–6), 406–410
doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.041
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cplett.2004.03.041
Double-pulse electrodeposition into the pores of a porous anodic Al oxide template gave highly ordered CoPt/Pt multilayered nanowire arrays (1). The nanowires had a bamboo-like structure. The section lengths could be adjusted by varying the pulse width and pulse intensity. (1) exhibited in-plane anisotropy. High coercivity (H c
= 1.8 kOe) and squareness (Mr/Ms) ∼ 0.35 were obtained in (1) when the field was applied perpendicular to the wire axis of (1). This is attributed to the disordered f.c.c. CoPt formation.
Effects of Post-Annealing on the Dielectric Properties of Au/BaTiO 3 /Pt Thin Film Capacitors
E. J. H. Lee, F. M. Pontes, E. R. Leite, E. Longo, R. Magnani, P. S. Pizani
and J. A. Varela
, Mater: Lett.
, 2004, 58
, (11), 1715–1721
doi:10.1016/j.matlet.2003.10.047
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2003.10.047
BaTiO 3
thin films (1) were prepared by the polymeric precursor method and deposited onto Pt/Ti/SiO 2
/Si. The BaTiO 3
perovskite phase formation was investigated. (1) were post-annealed in O 2
and N 2
at 300°C for 2 h. Post-annealing in O 2
increased the dielectric relaxation phenomenon, whereas in N 2
a slight dielectric relaxation was produced.
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SIGNUP | https://technology.matthey.com/article/48/3/140-142/10.1246/10.1016/10.1002/10.1246/10.1002/ejic.200300642 |
Shoulder (outlet view) | Changeset | Radiopaedia.org
Shoulder (outlet view)
Body was changed:
TheoutletorNeers projectionof the shoulder is a specialised projection demonstrating the coracoacromial arch often utilised in the investigation of speculatedshoulder impingement 1
This projection is most commonly seen in orthopaedic clinics and closely resembles a lateral scapular projection however it incorporates a 10-15 degree caudal angulation of the tube.
Note:This projection is not advisable in acute imaging of the shoulder, angulation of the tub may result in elongation of decisive structures. For lateral views of the shoulder in trauma seelateral shoulder view.
Patient position
erect or sitting, facing the upright detector
rotated in an anterior oblique position
,
so the anterior portion of the shoulder is touching the upright detector
the hand is placed on the patient's abdomen with the arm flexed
the degree of anterior rotation can vary from patient to patient
scapula should be end-on to the upright detector, and this can be done via palpation of the scapula border
Technical factors
posteroanterior lateral projection
centring point
the level of the glenohumeral joint on the posterior aspect of the patient (5 cm below the top of the shoulder)
10-15 degree caudal angulation of the x-ray tube
central to the medial scapula border
collimation
laterally to include the skin margin
medially to cover the entirety of the medial scapula
superior to the skin margin
inferior to the inferior angle of the scapula
orientation
portrait
detector size
24 x 30 cm
exposure
60-70 kVp
10-20 mAs
SID
100 cm
grid
yes
Image technical evaluation
the scapula is
clearly
demonstrated in a lateral profile, giving the clear appearance of a ‘Y
’
.'
clear visualisation of the supraspinatus outlet
acromion and the coracoid process form the upper arms of the ‘Y
’
.'
if intact, the humeral head is superimposed at the base of the ‘Y
’
.'
Practical points
The lateral scapula projection can be technically demanding, especially when patients are in pain. An anecdotal method amongst radiographers is to feel for the medial border of the scapula and line it up with the anterior portion of the acromion and x-ray straight down the line.
The idea being, if they are lined up there will be a superimposition of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula and hence a perfect lateral position, although this
isn't
is not
always the case.
The best defence against positional errors is having a thorough understanding of radiographic anatomy and how it changes positionally when assessing for under/over rotation of the lateral shoulder,
assess
evaluate
the borders of the scapula.
Over rotation
Over rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too far away from the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘too square’ to the detector.
Over-rotation is clearly established as the lateral border of the scapular (significantly thicker than the medial) is projected over the thorax along with the humeral head; to adjust this, rotated the unaffected side towards the image receptor slightly.
Under rotation
Under rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too close to the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘flat’ to the detector.
The lateral border, as well as the humeral head, will be sitting overly lateral in the image; to fix this, rotated the unaffected side away from the detector to increase obliquity.
+<p>The <strong>outlet </strong>or<strong> Neers projection </strong> of the shoulder is a specialised projection demonstrating the coracoacromial arch often utilised in the investigation of speculated shoulder impingement <sup>1</sup></p><p>This projection is most commonly seen in orthopaedic clinics and closely resembles a lateral scapular projection however it incorporates a 10-15 degree caudal angulation of the tube.</p><p><strong>Note:</strong> This projection is not advisable in acute imaging of the shoulder, angulation of the tub may result in elongation of decisive structures. For lateral views of the shoulder in trauma see <a href="/articles/shoulder-lateral-scapula-view-1">lateral shoulder view</a>.</p><h4>Patient position</h4><ul>
-<li>rotated in an anterior oblique position so the anterior portion of the shoulder is touching the upright detector</li>
+<li>rotated in an anterior oblique position, so the anterior portion of the shoulder is touching the upright detector</li>
-<li>the scapula is clearly demonstrated in a lateral profile, giving the clear appearance of a ‘Y’</li>
+<li>the scapula is demonstrated in a lateral profile, giving the clear appearance of a ‘Y.'</li>
-<li>acromion and the coracoid process form the upper arms of the ‘Y’</li>
-<li>if intact, the humeral head is superimposed at the base of the ‘Y’</li>
-</ul><h4>Practical points</h4><p>The lateral scapula projection can be technically demanding, especially when patients are in pain. An anecdotal method amongst radiographers is to feel for the medial border of the scapula and line it up with the anterior portion of the acromion and x-ray straight down the line.</p><p>The idea being, if they are lined up there will be a superimposition of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula and hence a perfect lateral position, although this isn't always the case.</p><p>The best defence against positional errors is having a thorough understanding of radiographic anatomy and how it changes positionally when assessing for under/over rotation of the lateral shoulder, assess the borders of the scapula.</p><h5>Over rotation</h5><p>Over rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too far away from the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘too square’ to the detector.</p><p>Over-rotation is clearly established as the lateral border of the scapular (significantly thicker than the medial) is projected over the thorax along with the humeral head; to adjust this, rotated the unaffected side towards the image receptor slightly.</p><h5>Under rotation</h5><p>Under rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too close to the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘flat’ to the detector.</p><p>The lateral border, as well as the humeral head, will be sitting overly lateral in the image; to fix this, rotated the unaffected side away from the detector to increase obliquity.</p>
+<li>acromion and the coracoid process form the upper arms of the ‘Y.'</li>
+<li>if intact, the humeral head is superimposed at the base of the ‘Y.'</li>
+</ul><h4>Practical points</h4><p>The lateral scapula projection can be technically demanding, especially when patients are in pain. An anecdotal method amongst radiographers is to feel for the medial border of the scapula and line it up with the anterior portion of the acromion and x-ray straight down the line.</p><p>The idea being, if they are lined up there will be a superimposition of the medial and lateral borders of the scapula and hence a perfect lateral position, although this is not always the case.</p><p>The best defence against positional errors is having a thorough understanding of radiographic anatomy and how it changes positionally when assessing for under/over rotation of the lateral shoulder, evaluate the borders of the scapula.</p><h5>Over rotation</h5><p>Over rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too far away from the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘too square’ to the detector.</p><p>Over-rotation is clearly established as the lateral border of the scapular (significantly thicker than the medial) is projected over the thorax along with the humeral head; to adjust this, rotated the unaffected side towards the image receptor slightly.</p><h5>Under rotation</h5><p>Under rotation in this projection refers to the patient's unaffected side sitting too close to the image receptor, otherwise known as lying ‘flat’ to the detector.</p><p>The lateral border, as well as the humeral head, will be sitting overly lateral in the image; to fix this, rotated the unaffected side away from the detector to increase obliquity.</p>
References changed:
1. Masood Umer, Irfan Qadir, Mohsin Azam. Subacromial impingement syndrome. (2012) Orthopedic Reviews. 4 (2): 18. <a href="https://doi.org/10.4081/or.2012.e18">doi:10.4081/or.2012.e18</a> - <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22802986">Pubmed</a> <span class="ref_v4"></span>
2. Neer, C.S. II, Poppen, N.K. Supraspinatus outlet. Orthop Trans. 1987;11:234.
Sections changed:
Radiography
Images Changes:
Image 1 X-ray (Lateral) (create)
<here is a image 607540d99c130c9f-207eb320d7abc195>
Cases and figures
<here is a image 7049c06697eaf5ed-98df3f79494fd7f2>
<here is a image 607540d99c130c9f-207eb320d7abc195>
Figure 1: outlet view demonstrating subacromial impingement Figure 1: outlet view demonstrating subacromial impingement
| https://radiopaedia.org/articles/shoulder-outlet-view/changesets/144868/edits?from_revision_history=true&lang=us |
First Time Raising Meat Birds Advice | BackYard Chickens - Learn How to Raise Chickens
Hi there , we plan on purchasing some cornish cross chicks in the next couple months . This will be our first time raising meat birds . Now I've heard...
First Time Raising Meat Birds Advice
Hi there ,
we plan on purchasing some cornish cross chicks in the next couple months . This will be our first time raising meat birds . Now I've heard cornish x often have leg issues , what can I do to avoid this if possible ?
We plan to feed organic non-medicated feed (please don't ask why), a friend warned me that by not feeding medicated feed I should expect a 50% loss . I suspect that is a bit of a exaggeration , I know I should expect some loss but 50% ? With good care and sanitary conditions should I be okay ? What % should I expect to loose ?
Any advice on raising cornish x would be appreciated .
They do sometimes have leg issues. We use vitamins in our water to try and help with this issue. Out of a batch of 100, we usually have two or three that have leg problems. Sometimes they get better if we separate them into a smaller enclosure as soon as we notice it, and sometimes they don't. We never feed medicated feed. Ours do get the Coccidiosis spray before they leave the hatchery though. We didn't have ours sprayed when we first started doing cornish, but then had a batch where we lost several to Coccidiosis and decided the spray was worth it. Even in that batch though, we only lost about 15% and not all of that loss was due to Cocci. Our current loss rate is about 5-7%.
If you keep their area clean and they have plenty of space and lots of fresh water, you shouldn't lose any to disease and if you do it isn't going to be 50%. Where did your friend come up with this number??... I use an all natural feed with probiotics added to it to boost their immune system, (un-medicated) and I lost one bird to leg problems this batch(out of 50) and my birds are all thriving and doing well outside in a coop and run, at 7 wks... I lost 5 out of 35 my last batch and those were all due to (flip)... It really annoys me when people insist that you will lose a bunch of birds if you don't use medicated feed (hogwash)... I really do think that you have to use a good quality feed though, if you aren't going to use medicated.. JMO<here is a image 05f06684cdb4158b-c5b84a44ff775985>
If one looses 50% of ANY crop ... I would seriously question that person's animal husbandry practices ... as in LACK OF !!!
<here is a image 47350203b43de1a8-f196ec2e73695fa1>
Thank you, I thought that was extremely high. I've never seen how she raised her birds .
Now I've been trying to calculate my approximate cost from raising the birds . I'm excluding any initial equipment costs (brooder,feeders,waterers ...) as they will be used repeatedly . I will be getting the bird slaughtered for us at least for the first few batches than we will start to do our own.
Price per chick $1
Cost of Slaughter $2
Food , now I was reading from start to finish I can expect the birds to go through 20lbs of food each . So with 50 chickens that would work out to a 1000lbs . I currently have to by my oraganic food in 44lb bags so would go through 23 bags of feed at $17 each would work out to be $391
So with food , chick and slaugher I can expect to pay $541 working out to be a little under $11 a bird.
Which is on par with what you pay at the grocery store for a whole chicken average 3.5lb but thats not organic free range you can expect to pay over $8lb in store for that.
Am I forgetting anything ? Other than maybe supplements .
You might want to figure in the cost of bedding while they are in the brooder. Ours need fresh bedding every day due to the amount of poop they produce. That can add up much faster than most people consider.
The food amount depends on how old they are when you process, and how well the food converts. From reading, it seems some food blends might not convert to meat as well as others, but it's not a big difference usually.
I don't feed medicated, just the local mill blend of 21% grower from beginning to end. I failed to keep track of how much feed this batch did, but I started processing at 7 weeks and ended at 8 1/2 weeks, for carcass weights of about 5-6lbs. Rough estimate was about 15lbs per bird. Next batch I'll keep better track<here is a image 05f06684cdb4158b-c5b84a44ff775985>
I second the bedding. I kept mine in an enclosed coop of about 8x10, and went through at least 10 bags of shavings to keep them clean and dry. All of the soiled bedding was taken out to the garden when it was all over, so it was worth it to me - bedding and rich fertilizer.
I use that Sav A Chik water supplement the first couple gallons, and that's it. I think I lost 3 out of 42 over the time I raised the last batch, one shortly after I received the shipment, and the other two later toward the end, possibly from congestive heart failure. Two I processed had "leg issues" (the "hocks" were swollen and stiff") and I processed one that was in the stages of congestive heart failure that did have ascites. The rest were complete normal. I sold almost all of them, and all the folks who purchased have commented on how happy they are<here is a image 05f06684cdb4158b-c5b84a44ff775985>
It's fun!
Thank you , duhh how did I forget bedding . Bedding at my usual feed store is $9 for 12 cubic ft , I'll have to see if I can find them any cheaper .
I raised my first batch of 50 meat birds last spring/summer. I got them at .95/bird, used 1 bag of chick starter @$7.03, then 14 bags (50lb) of broiler crumble @ $13.53/bag. I used 7 bales of shavings and raised my roosters until 7 weeks and the hens until 8 weeks.
50 birds=$47.50
1 bag chick starter=$7.03
14 (50lb) bags broiler crumble$13.53=$189.42
7 bales shavings$5.25=$36.75
TOTAL=$280.70
Out of the 50 chicks 5 died from flip over. I was able to still use the meat (hopefully that's ok) if I actually saw them die. In the end I had 214.39 lbs. of chicken (bone in). If my math is right that's only $1.31/lb!
My suggestion is to with hold food after dark so they arent eating continuously. This year we will do that and we also plan to raise the birds in moveable hoop coops to avoid the cost of the shavings. Good luck! The best way to cook them is also at about 300 for 2+hrs or in a rotisserie. This makes them very moist and delicious! I hope this helps!
As far as shavings go I plan on using shredded leaves for my first batch this year to see if that can replace shavings. If so, thats just extra money in the pocket.
| https://www.backyardchickens.com/threads/first-time-raising-meat-birds-advice.624602/ |
In Pregnant Women, Flu Vaccine May Reduce Risk Of Severe Flu-Related Hospitalization By 50%
The CDC recommends pregnant women get an annual flu vaccine within two days of onset of flu symptoms to prevent hospitalization and pregnancy complications.
In Pregnant Women, Flu Vaccine May Reduce Risk Of Severe Flu-Related Hospitalization By 50%
Flu vaccine reduced the risk of severe flu by approximately 50 percent among pregnant women. Blake Patterson, CC BY 2.0
A new study published in The Journal of Infectious Diseasesfound that flu vaccine uptake among pregnant women, likethe majority of the population, falls short of recommendations. But for pregnant women, skipping the flu shot or other antiviral treatment like oseltamivir (Tamiflu) could lead to pregnancy complications.
During the 2009 influenza pandemic, study authors found that pregnant women, despite representing 1 percent of the U.S. population, accounted for 6 percent of hospitalizations and 5 percent of deathsassociated with severe flu. This form of flu is marked by intensive care unit admission, respiratory failure, and/or preterm delivery. It’s not just severe flu, though — the non-severe seasonal flu puts pregnant women at risk of hospitalization, too. But study authors found current estimates of vaccination coverage among pregnant women is around 50 percent.
The authors aimed to learn more about the epidemiology and clinical outcomes associated with flu hospitalizations among pregnant women in order to determine if early antiviral therapy (vaccine and oseltamivir), is beneficial. It's considered early if women seek treatment within two days of the onset of symptoms. Past studies have shown antiviral drugs to be safe and effective in pregnancy.
In their analysis, researchers included 3,169 pregnant women aged 15 to 44 years in the Influenza Hospitalization Surveillance Network, which includes over 240 hospital covering approximately 27 million people across 14 states. Data revealed 865 of these women were hospitalized within two days from a flu-positive test during the 2010-11 and 2013-2014 flu seasons. The authors defined hospitalization "as an admission to an inpatient ward of the hospital; an overnight stay was not required."
Women's medical records helped to categorize severe flu-related complications, from pneumonia, to respiratory failure, pulmonary embolism, asthma and COPD exacerbation, as well as dehydration. And after adjusting for underlying medical conditions,vaccination status, and pregnancy trimesters, the study authors found early antiviral therapy was associated with a shorter hospital stay.
Most hospitalized women had no underlying medical conditions and were admitted to the hospital for an average of 2.2 days if they had received treatment, which 26 percent had not; a majority of women had received oseltamivir. Women who did not or waited to seek treatment stayed in the hospital an average of 7.8 days.
Approximately 60 percent of women were in their third trimester at the time of hospitalization, and despite women being relatively healthy, 7 percent had severe flu, four women died, and another four experienced fetal loss. Of the 188 women who had a live birth during hospitalization, 41 were preterm deliveries. In fact,preterm deliverywas more common among women with severe flu than women with non-severe flu.
"Treating pregnant women who have influenza with antiviral drugs can have substantial benefit in terms of reducing length of stay in the hospital," senior study author Dr. Sandra S. Chaves, of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), said in apress release. "The earlier you treat the better chances you have to modify the course of the illness."
Chaves and her team report their study is the first and largest to report on clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women hospitalized with severe-flu since the 2009 pandemic. Vaccine uptake has improved since this time, but they believe coverage is "still suboptimal." Based on these findings, there should be a push for antiviral drugs in pregnancy. When speaking specifically to the flu vaccine, study authors found it reduced the risk of severe flu by approximately 50 percent among pregnant women.
The CDC "recommends treatment of suspected cases of flu among pregnant women with antiviral drugs as soon as possible, without waiting for test results to confirm influenza,” Chaves said. Annual flu vaccine reduces risk of associated complications for both women and their fetuses.
That said, these findings "should be tempered by recognizing some important limitations of the study." Drs. Alan T. N. Tita and William W. Andrews, of the University of Alabama at Birmingham, wrote in an accompanying editorial.
For one, the study does not assess the safety of oseltamivir in pregnancy, though current data does not indicate it poses risks to the fetus. In that same vein, Tita and Andrews said the study does not answer whether early treatment is associated with lower rates of important adverse outcomes, such asstillbirthsandmaternal deaths. The doctors also believe it would be helpful to know whether outcomes in the group who receive late treatment (after two days from symptom onset), are better if treated earlier.
"Overall, considering the accumulating evidence of fetal benefit and safety, influenza vaccination of pregnant and postpartum women should be a public health priority in accordance with national recommendations," Tita and Andrews concluded. "Prompt initiation of antiviral therapy if infection occurs, preferably within two days of suspected or confirmed influenza infection, is encouraged. Additional evaluation to assess fetal safety and to determine whether or not there is ongoing benefit when therapy is initiated after two days of symptoms are reasonable goals."
Source: Chaves S et al. The benefit of early influenza antiviral treatment of pregnant women hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed influenza. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2016.
| https://www.medicaldaily.com/pregnant-women-flu-vaccine-risk-pregnancy-complications-hospitalization-372162 |
About This Manual
Table of Contents
About This Manual
About This Manual
This section discusses the objectives, audience, organization, and conventions of the Cisco Systems
M and C Chassis Hardware Installation and Maintenance
publication.
Document Objectives
This publication contains the installation and maintenance procedures for the Cisco Systems
MGS and C chassis, which includes the CGS router and the CPT protocol translator. (For convenience, the CGS and CPT chassis will be referred to as the
C chassis
.) This publication will guide you through the initial site preparation, installation, and startup of your new chassis. After your hardware is installed, you will use the appropriate companion publications to configure your system. Descriptions of software-driven configuration commands and the procedures for implementing them are contained in the optional companion configuration guide, command summary, and getting started publications.
As you use your chassis, the maintenance chapters in this publication will help you with the general care and upkeep, as well as provide some general information on maintenance requirements. In the future, when you order additional hardware, software, and microcode upgrades, individualized documents called
configuration notes
will ship with each part.
Audience
Setting up and maintaining a network requires the knowledge and expertise of people with a variety of skills. In many environments, the people responsible for installing and maintaining hardware and wiring are not those who configure the software and administer the network. This publication provides information specific to installing and maintaining the MGS or C chassis. To use this publication, you should be familiar with electronic circuitry, wiring practices, and networks, and preferably have experience as an electronic or electromechanical technician.
Document Organization
The organization of this publication follows a recommended linear installation sequence; starting with Chapter 1, "Product Overview," and continuing through Chapter 3, "Installing the Chassis." Within each chapter, the differences between the MGS and C chassis will be clearly noted. The length of time it takes you to cover each chapter depends on the configuration you are installing.
This publication also includes some information that you may not need at initial installation, but that is useful when upgrading or adding components to the system. Additional reference information is included in Chapter 5 and the appendixes.
Following is a brief description of each chapter:
Chapter 1,
"
Product Overview
," describes the MGS and C chassis products, components, specifications, and interface options.
Chapter 2,
"
Preparing for Installation
," is a preparatory section that describes site considerations, safety measures, tools required, and any procedures you should perform
before
actual installation. The tables describe the environmental, power, and cooling specifications for the MGS and C chassis.
Chapter 3,
"
Installing the Chassis
," provides information about cabling and rack and slide mounting the MGS chassis. An installation checklist is included to keep track of what should be done. Illustrations of the connectors used with interface cables also are included.
Chapter 4, "
Troubleshooting the Initial Hardware Configuration
," describes how to test for problems with system memory and processor cards using the bootstrap program. It provides a summary of the bootstrap diagnostic tests and command options. Also included is general troubleshooting information to help you become operational quickly.
Chapter 5, "
Maintenance
," provides general descriptions of the MGS and
C chassis components, a list of tools and equipment with which to maintain the MGS and
C chassis, procedures for accessing the chassis interiors and components, and any user-configurable options. Illustrations of the cards used in the MGS and C chassis are also included and can be used as a point of reference.
Appendix A, "
Cabling Specifications
," lists the interfaces necessary to connect the chassis to your network and the respective pinouts for building your own cables.
Appendix B,
"
Reading LED Indicators
," discusses how to interpret the various LED indicators used on chassis cards and appliques. This appendix is helpful in troubleshooting the chassis hardware installation and can be used in conjunction with the troubleshooting guidelines presented in Chapter 4.
Appendix C,
"
Industry-Standard Wiring Plans
," lists the telephone industry color-code scheme for 25-pair wires, including the pin numbers.
Appendix D, "
Operating Conditions for the United Kingdom
," provides the guidelines and agency specifications for using these products in the United Kingdom.
Appendix E, "
References and Recommended Reading
," lists additional related readings.
Appendix F, "
Products Still Supported
," provides reference information for products that are no longer shipping from the factory, but that are still supported in the field.
Document Conventions
Software and
hardware
documentation uses the following convention:
The symbol ^ represents the key labeled
Control
.
For example, the key combination ^D means hold down the Control key while you press the D key.
Command descriptions use these conventions:
Commands and keywords are in
boldface
font.
Variables for which you supply values are in
italic
font.
Elements in square brackets ([ ]) are optional.
Alternative but required keywords are grouped in braces ({ }) and separated by vertical bars (|).
Examples use these conventions:
Terminal sessions and information the system displays are in
screen
font.
Information you enter is in
boldface screen
font.
Nonprinting characters, such as passwords, are in angle brackets (< >).
Default responses to system prompts are in square brackets ([ ]).
Caution Means reader be careful . You are capable of doing something that might result in equipment damage or loss of data.
Note
Means
reader take note
. Notes contain helpful suggestions or references to materials not contained in this manual.
Time Saver Means the described action saves time . You can save time by performing the action described in the paragraph.
Warning Means danger . You are in a situation that could cause bodily injury. Before you work on any equipment, be aware of the hazards involved with electrical circuitry and standard practices for preventing accidents.
Cisco Systems Inc.
| http://www.employees.org/univercd/Feb-1998/CiscoCD/cc/td/doc/product/access/acs_mod/cismc/mchim/22110.htm |
In re Moralez, C-75-0766 WHO. - Federal Cases - Case Law - VLEX 890895893
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In re Moralez, C-75-0766 WHO.
<table><tbody><tr><td> Court</td><td> United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. United States District Courts. 9th Circuit. Northern District of California</td></tr><tr><td> Writing for the Court</td><td> David J. Brown, Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, San Francisco, Cal., for appellee</td></tr><tr><td> Citation</td><td> 400 F. Supp. 1352</td></tr><tr><td> Parties</td><td> In re Herman MORALEZ and Josephine Pearl Moralez, Debtors.
Paul DeBruce WOLFF, as Chapter XIII Trustee, Appellant,
v.
WELLS FARGO BANK, national association, Appellee.</td></tr><tr><td> Docket Number</td><td> No. C-75-0766 WHO.,C-75-0766 WHO.</td></tr><tr><td> Decision Date</td><td> 03 July 1975</td></tr></tbody></table>
400 F. Supp.1352
In re Herman MORALEZ and Josephine Pearl Moralez, Debtors.
Paul DeBruce WOLFF, as Chapter XIII Trustee, Appellant,
v.
WELLS FARGO BANK, national association, Appellee.
No. C-75-0766 WHO.
United States District Court, N. D. California.
July 3, 1975.
400 F. Supp. 1353
Kornfeld & Koller, Lynn Anderson Koller, Oakland, Cal., for appellant.
David J. Brown, Brobeck, Phleger & Harrison, San Francisco, Cal., for appellee.
OPINION
ORRICK, District Judge.
This appeal from an order of the bankruptcy court presents the question whether Rule 13-307(d) of the Bankruptcy Rules (prescribed pursuant to28 U.S.C. § 2075and which became effective on October 1, 1973) modifies a substantive right in violation of 28 U.S.C. § 2075 1and is, therefore, of no legal effect. Meek v. Centre County Banking
400 F. Supp. 1354
Co.,
268 U.S. 426
,
45 S.Ct. 560
,
69 L.Ed. 1028
(1925). I find that it does and for the reasons hereinafter set forth affirm the order of the bankruptcy court
The facts of the case are simple. Herman and Josephine Moralez filed a petition for a Wage Earner Plan under the provisions of Chapter XIII of the Bankruptcy Act on August 13, 1974. Their plan required payments of $302.30 per month to the Chapter XIII trustee for disbursement to creditors. At the time of filing the debtors had an automobile which was financed by the Wells Fargo Bank (the "Bank"). The agreed balance due at the time of filing was $5,266.94. The car was valued under Rule 13-307(d) at $3,912.50, and the trustee informed the Bank he would honor the Bank's claim up to that amount and that the balance of the claim would be considered unsecured, to be paid pro rata with all other general creditors. The Bank moved for an order requiring the trustee to maintain full contract payments of $154 per month until the balance owed the Bank was paid. On March 6, 1975, the bankruptcy court found that Rule 13-307(d) constitutes a substantive change in the law thereby exceeding the rule-making power of the Supreme Court and granted the Bank's motion.
Rule 13-307(d) reads as follows:
"If a secured creditor files a claim, the value of the security interest held by him as collateral for his claim shall be determined by the court. The claim shall be allowed as a secured claim to the extent of the value so determined and as an unsecured claim to the extent it is enforceable for any excess of the claim over such value. For the purposes of this subdivision the court may appoint an appraiser in the manner specified by and subject to the limitations of Bankruptcy Rule 606."
Both parties agree that Rule 13-307(d) is properly construed to mean that a secured creditor holding an installment note whose security has a value as of the date of valuation less than the total amount due is not entitled to receive the full contract payments due and to become due under the note even though the debtor or his trustee retains the security. Such an interpretation flies in the face of the well-settled law that executory contracts, including secured installment notes with payments yet to become due, must be substantially performed once they have been accepted by the...
5 cases
Moralez, In re, 77-2642 United States United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) 1 Mayo 1980 ...it exceeded the rule-making authority of the Supreme Court. The district court affirmed the bankruptcy court's order, In re Moralez, 400 F.Supp. 1352(N.D.Cal.1975), and the trustee Rule 13-307(d) provides: If a secured creditor files a claim, the value of the security interest held by him ......
Matter of McKee, LR-B-75-543 United States United States District Courts. 8th Circuit. United States State District Court of Eastern District of Arkansas 28 Julio 1976 ...cases have been found on the validity of this new bankruptcy rule, and these have reached conflicting results. Compare In re Moralez, 400 F.Supp. 1352(N.D.Cal.1975), with In Re Wall, 403 F.Supp. 357 (E.D.Ark.1975). See also In Re Garcia, 396 F.Supp. 518 (C.D.Cal.1974). Similarly, pre-rule ......
In re Wall, PB-74-14 and 15-B. United States United States District Courts. 8th Circuit. United States State District Court of Eastern District of Arkansas 18 Noviembre 1975 ...re Garcia, 396 F.Supp. 518 (C.D.Cal.1974), and the opinion of Judge Orrick, Wolff v. Wells Fargo Bank, Herman Moralez et ux., Debtors, 400 F.Supp. 1352(N.D. Cal.1975), in which these distinguished jurists reach opposite conclusions as to the validity of Rule Judge Orrick holds that the rul......
In re Parr, Bankruptcy No. 79-B-1643 United States United States Bankruptcy Courts. Second Circuit. U.S. Bankruptcy Court — Eastern District of New York 24 Marzo 1980 ...Co., 563 F.2d 692, 699 (5th Cir. 1977); In re Wall, 403 F.Supp. 357, 360 (E.D.Ark.1975). Flushing cites only one case, In re Moralez, 400 F.Supp. 1352(N.D.Cal.1975), as an example of a court invalidating a Bankruptcy Rule, to wit Rule 13-307(b), because it modified a substantive right conf......
| https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/in-re-moralez-no-890895893 |
Expression of Interest Benefeciary relations consultant - 17.4088.5-004.00 UDP-NL | Daleel Madani
UDP-NL project is requesting to hire an individual consultant to receive and deal with complaints by project beneficiaries.
Expression of Interest Benefeciary relations consultant - 17.4088.5-004.00 UDP-NL
General Information
Brief information on the project
The “Local Development Programme For Urban Areas in North Lebanon” (UDP_NL) has the overall objective of contributing to social stability in North Lebanon (The districts of: Tripoli, Dannieh, Zgharta, Batroun, Koura, Bcharre) through addressing critical issues to stability and conflict prevention in the region. The main target groups are vulnerable youth (age 15 – 29) and women. The programme provides accessible and individual development-oriented life perspectives, especially for the youth. This, in turn, reduces social frustration and strengthens inter-communitarian relations. Its approaches are based on the assumption that the easing of tensions, especially in the most deprived areas, will prevent further hostilities and, in the end, contribute to more social stability in Lebanon.
The programme follows an integrated approach including measures of income and employment promotion, infrastructure development and furthering inter-community exchange of youth. The main partners of the programme are local municipalities and unions of municipalities as well as non-governmental organisations and services providers.
Context
As part of the overall programme strategy, UDP_NL supports local communities in North Lebanon (T5) through several projects in partnership with local NGOs and CBOs as well as through working with local service providers.
During implementation, collecting feedback and receiving complaints is a very important tool that allows UDP_NL to to make sure that the implementing partners and service providers are proceeding according to the objectives and activities stated in the contract and up to the standards agreed upon.
Therefore, UDP_NL is looking for a beneficiary relations consultant. The consultant would act as GIZ’s interface for callers in need of information about certain services and/or activities, those wanting to make a complaint related to the implementation the UDP_NL programme, or report incidents of sexual or other forms of exploitation and abuse. The consultant will provide information and refer complaints and requests for information within the UDP_NL/GIZ team, as needed.
The main entry-point for complaints will be a phone number connected to a WhatsApp account which allows participants of activities conducted under the UDP_NL programme to share their complaints, feedback and questions. This phone number will be shared with all beneficiaries of the programme. The consultant will act as neutral intermediary between complainants and GIZ and its partners and service providers. The consultant also ensures the anonymity of complaints, where desired by the complainant.
The number will be operational for pre-defined service times for callers and 24/7 for feedback and complaints shared via text or voice message, though these texts and voice messages will only be processed during office hours (i.e. 8 a.m. – 5 p.m.). Details are to be defined during the inception phase of the assignment.
GIZ shall hire the contractor for the anticipated contract term, from 15.05.2023 to 30.11.2023
Services to be provided
The contractor shall provide the following work/service:
1. Specific Duties and Responsibilities
1.1 Development of complaint and feedback pathway
Develop, along with GIZ staff, the complaint and feedback pathway and ensure the efficiency of the operations with all relevant activities conducted under the UDP_NL programme.
1.2 Hotline and data management
- Responsible for one smart phone and SIM card delivered by GIZ, making sure it is ready to function well and operating properly. GIZ will also be in charge of providing the consultant with recharge cards for the phone.
- Document calls and messages (as well as complaints received through any other means) and all relevant information into the logbook and ensure that all information related to the person calling are properly recorded. Specifics to be defined during the inception phase of the assignment.
- Adhere by GIZ’s data security guidelines and making sure all consents are collected with high commitment to confidentiality.
- Alert focal person at GIZ about sensitive complaints that require immediate intervention or action
- Address beneficiaries’ queries through the hotline number in a professional manner.
- Ensure the proper closure of all feedback and action steps with the focal point at GIZ.
- Responsible for the proper implementation of the procedures for dealing with complaints as agreed with GIZ upon the start of the assignment
- Raise awareness about certain trends or general changes that might affect the procedures.
1.3 Field visits & reporting incidents
- Submit visit reports and documents findings for GIZ and prioritize partners’ projects accordingly.
- Reporting on dropouts, loss of resources, sexual harassment, abuse, exploitation or any other potential observations risking the achievement of the programme’s objectives /contract violations by partners and service providers
- Develop a design for the hotline card and distribute it during field visits and making sure that beneficiaries are able to report on it.
1.4 Facilitation of up to 6 sessions with complainants and programme partners
- As needed, the consultant facilitates feedback sessions between complainants, programme partners and GIZ staff. These feedback sessions allow working constructively on feedback by participants of project activities. The consultant assumes the position of neutral third party and allows participants to share their feedback anonymously.
- The feedback sessions will be conducted by the consultant upon request by GIZ. The consultant may also suggest conducting a feedback session whenever they deem it appropriate.
- The logistics of the feedback sessions are arranged by GIZ and its implementing partners
1.5 Supporting in the M&E process of UDP_NL activities
When needed, the consultant will support the UDP_NL team in conducting the monitoring and evaluation of their activities
2. Deliverables:
2.1 Inception phase:
- Flowchart of process for processing complaints, feedback and questions developed in consultation with GIZ team
- All necessary templates (logbook, documentation of complaints, documentation of field visits and feedback sessions etc.) that are developed in consultation with GIZ
2.2 On a monthly basis:
- Logbook of the complaints and other calls and messages received. Report on the actions and measures taken in response to the received complaints
- Documentation on conducted feedback sessions in line with requirements of GIZ
- Documentation of field visits in line with requirements of GIZ
- Final Report: Develop a final report summarizing milestones, methods and lessons learned
The contractor is expected to have a means of transportation while in the field. Transportation will not be reimbursed separately by GIZ
Tender Requirements
1. Qualifications of proposed staff
1.1 Expert 1:
1.1.1 General qualifications
- Education: University Degree in psychology, political or social sciences or other relevant field
- At least 3 years of relevant experience, especially at NGOs, academic organizations, standard-setting bodies, public agencies, ideally in a call center or other position that required regular contact with clients/ beneficiaries.
- At least one year experience with collecting and processing client/ beneficiary feedback
- Proven experience and qualifications in mediation or other formats of facilitating feedback sessions is an asset
- Experience with Monitoring & Evaluation is an asset
- Basic knowledge in humanitarian principles and humanitarian processes
- Demonstrated awareness and sensitivity to gender and diversity; experience and ability to work in diverse cultural contexts in a culturally appropriate manner; and capacity to make accurate self-assessment particularly in high stress and high security contexts when dealing with sensitive complaints.
- Preferably trained on prevention of sexual harassment, exploitation and abuse (PSHEA).
- Average knowledge on data entry and MS office.
1.1.2 : At least 3 years of experience in Lebanon, experience in North Lebanon is an asset .
1.1.3 Language skills : Business fluency in Arabic, good English skills
Soft skills
- Motivated self-starter who enjoys working in a collaborative and international environment.
- Team-working skills
- High degree of own initiative
- Demonstrated communication skills and ability to liaise with affected communities
- String documentation and reporting skills
- Knowledge of the Northern region of Lebanon
- Sociocultural competence
- Efficient, partner- and client-focused working methods
- Interdisciplinary thinking
2. Appropriateness of proposed concept
2.1 Strategy : The bidder is required to consider the tasks to be performed with reference to the objectives of the services put out to tender (see Chapter 1). Following this, the bidder presents and justifies the strategy with which they intend to provide the services for which they are responsible (see Chapter 2).
2.2: The bidder is required to describe the key processes for the services for which it is responsible. In particular, the bidder is required to describe the necessary work steps for processing requests and feedback (both positive and negative) provided by beneficiaries.
How to apply
The applicant shall submit Expression of Interest (EOI) latest till Friday May 19th 2023, till 23:59 o’clock (Beirut Local Time) to [email protected] by copies of all the required documents (listed below).
The subject title of the email shall contain: "The consultant name / Beneficiary Relations Consultant" including the following pdf files:
- CV, including relevant experience and references.
- A cover letter
- Proposed Concept
We will ask the eligible applicant to send their financial document in a later stage
N.B. The maximum mailbox receive size is capped at 25 MB. Documents exceeding the mentioned MB should be transferred via : Start (giz.de)
Deadline
Friday, 19. May 2023
Type of Call
Call for Consultancies
Intervention Sector(s):
Conflict Resolution
Remuneration range:
4000 to 5000 (USD)
Duration of Contract:
Starting May 2023 till End of November 2023
| https://daleel-madani.org/civil-society-directory/deutsche-gesellschaft-fur-internationale-zusammenarbeit-giz/calls/expression-interest-benefeciary-relations-consultant-1740885-00400-udp-nl |
BCM-HGSC | Eric Boerwinkle, Ph.D. | page 7
Associate Director, Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center Contact information [email protected] Other positions Dean, UTHealth School of Public Health M. David Low Chair in Public Health Kozmetsky Family Chair in Human Genetics Professor, Human Genetics Center and Dept. of Epidemiology Research interests The research interests of Dr. Boerwinkle encompass the
Eric Boerwinkle, Ph.D.
Associate Director, Baylor College of Medicine Human Genome Sequencing Center
Contact information
[email protected] (link sends e-mail)
Other positions
Dean, UTHealth School of Public Health
M. David Low Chair in Public Health
Kozmetsky Family Chair in Human Genetics
Professor, Human Genetics Center and Dept. of Epidemiology
Research interests
The research interests of Dr. Boerwinkle encompass the genetic analysis of the common chronic diseases in humans, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes.
Dr. Boerwinkle received his B.S. in Biology from the University of Cincinnati in 1980, an M.A. in Statistics (1984), and M.S. and Ph.D. in Human Genetics (1985) from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor where he served as Senior Research Associate in the Department of Human Genetics from 1985-1986. He joined the University of Texas-Houston Center for Demographic/ Population Genetics in 1986 as a Research Assistant and became Assistant Professor in the same year. In 1991 he joined the Department of Human Genetics at the School of Public Health, University of Texas-Houston Health Science Center as Associate Professor, in 1996 was promoted to Professor, and in 1997, Director of the Human Genetics Center. He became a faculty member of the Institute of Molecular Medicine in 1996 and became Professor and Director of the Research Center for Human Genetics.
Dr. Boerwinkle is a member of the American Diabetes Association and the American Society of Human Genetics. The research interests of Dr. Boerwinkle encompass the genetic analysis of common chronic diseases in humans, including coronary artery disease, hypertension, and non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes. This work includes localizing genes which contribute to disease risk, identification of potentially functional mutations within these genes, testing these candidate functional mutations in experimental systems, defining the impact of gene variation on the epidemiology of disease, and determining the extent to which these genes interact with environmental factors to contribute to disease risk. Activities include both statistical analysis and laboratory work. A large part of Dr. Boerwinkle's current research effort consist of localizing genes contributing to disease risk using modern genome-wide mapping methods. Success depends on keeping up with the latest genomic technical advances. The laboratory is set-up and operating as a high through-put sequencing and genotyping facility in which speed, accuracy and efficiency are monitored continuously. However, we are constantly seeking out more efficient methods to collect and manage genetic information.
Dr. Boerwinkle and colleagues have completed the world's first genome-wide analyses for a variety of CAD risk factors, including diabetes and hypertension. These investigations have lead to the identification of novel susceptibility genes in both cases. Dr. Boerwinkle is particularly interested in methods for identifying potentially functional mutations within a gene region. This seemingly simple objective is made difficult because the functional mutations are expected to have small effects and are imbedded in a sea of silent genetic variation. Once nearly all of the variation is catalogued directly by DNA sequencing, individuals are genotyped for each variable site. Both novel and traditional statistical methods are applied to relate the array of genetic information to a wealth of phenotypic data. This algorithm generates "candidate functional mutations" that are then tested in an in vitro or mouse model system. Once a functional mutation has been identified, Dr. Boerwinkle's group evaluates the ability of the variable site to predict the onset of disease (e.g. myocardial infarction or stroke) above and beyond traditional risk factors. This work is carried out as part of multiple prospective studies of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in tens of thousands of individuals representing the major American ethnic groups.
Finally, he is working on experimental designs for studying genotype by environment interaction in humans. In particular, we are working on the extent to which interindividual variation in lipid lowering and anti-hypertensive medications are influenced by genetic factors. The practical objective of the research is to use genetic information to identify individuals at increase risk of disease and to design more efficacious interventions. Genetic studies are defining, at the molecular level, novel mechanisms of disease risk, onset and progression. Dr. Boerwinkle and collaborators address the localization of genes which contribute to disease risk in cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes. The methodology used involves screening of families having the disease and linking the presence of disease with known markers of the human genome. In this manner, the genomic region in which relevant mutations are located can be mapped and the relevant DNA sequenced. By assessing the structural change the mutation may have caused in the gene product (protein), it is possible to infer how it may affect biological function. In order to determine experimentally whether a mutation is functional, it is necessary to introduce the mutated gene into an animal, usually a mouse, and assess its biological effects on the animal's phenotype.
Dr. Boerwinkle has participated in multiple notable discoveries since joining the Institute. Only two will be highlighted here. First, Dr. Boerwinkle's group has completed the first ever genome-wide search for genes contributing to inter-individual blood pressure levels. This initial effort has lead to the identification of an important gene (an adrenergic receptor) which influences blood pressure levels and the risk to hypertension. This is the first time that such a genome-wide approach has led to the identification of a susceptibility gene to a major cardiovascular disease risk factor. Second, Dr. Boerwinkle has participated in similar efforts to identify genes contributing to the risk of developing non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes. In this case, however, there were no genes in the region that were suspects for the disease. A team of collaborating investigators have painstakingly characterized the genetic region and identified the mutated gene (in this case a protease). This is the first time that anyone has ever positionally cloned a gene contributing to any common chronic disease. This work is of obvious potential clinical importance. It may lead to improved prediction of those at increased risk of disease and the design of more efficacious intervention strategies. The technologies and information from the human genome project provide new tools for lessening the burden of ill-health. Dr. Boerwinkle's accomplishments in developing an internationally recognized team of investigators targeting the genetics of cardiovascular disease and its risk factors ensures a productive future and further discoveries.
Publications
2019
Tin A,Yu B,Ma J,Masushita K,Daya N,Hoogeveen RC, et al..Reproducibility and Variability of Protein Analytes Measured Using a Multiplexed Modified Aptamer Assay.J Appl Lab Med. 2019;4(1):30-39. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
de Vries PS,Brown MR,Bentley AR,Sung YJ,Winkler TW,Ntalla I, et al..Multiancestry Genome-Wide Association Study of Lipid Levels Incorporating Gene-Alcohol Interactions.Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(6):1033-1054. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Yu B,Zanetti KA,Temprosa M,Albanes D,Appel N,Barrera CBarrios, et al..The Consortium of Metabolomics Studies (COMETS): Metabolomics in 47 Prospective Cohort Studies.Am J Epidemiol. 2019;188(6):991-1012. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Flannick J,Mercader JM,Fuchsberger C,Udler MS,Mahajan A,Wessel J, et al..Exome sequencing of 20,791 cases of type 2 diabetes and 24,440 controls.Nature. 2019;570(7759):71-76. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Li Z,Li X,Liu Y,Shen J,Chen H,Zhou H, et al..Dynamic Scan Procedure for Detecting Rare-Variant Association Regions in Whole-Genome Sequencing Studies.Am J Hum Genet. 2019;104(5):802-814. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Loomis SJ,Köttgen A,Li M,Tin A,Coresh J,Boerwinkle E, et al..Rare variants in SLC5A10 are associated with serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (1,5-AG) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study.Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):5941. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Petty LE,Highland HM,Gamazon ER,Hu H,Karhade M,Chen H-H, et al..Functionally oriented analysis of cardiometabolic traits in a trans-ethnic sample.Hum Mol Genet. 2019;28(7):1212-1224. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Bentley AR,Sung YJ,Brown MR,Winkler TW,Kraja AT,Ntalla I, et al..Multi-ancestry genome-wide gene-smoking interaction study of 387,272 individuals identifies new loci associated with serum lipids.Nat Genet. 2019;51(4):636-648. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Posey JE,O'Donnell-Luria AH,Chong JX,Harel T,Jhangiani SN,Akdemir ZHCoban, et al..Insights into genetics, human biology and disease gleaned from family based genomic studies.Genet Med. 2019;21(4):798-812. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Li AH,Hanchard NA,Azamian M,D'Alessandro LCA,Coban-Akdemir Z,Lopez KN, et al..Genetic architecture of laterality defects revealed by whole exome sequencing.Eur J Hum Genet. 2019;27(4):563-573. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Liu Y,Chen S,Li Z,Morrison AC,Boerwinkle E, Lin X.ACAT: A Fast and Powerful p Value Combination Method for Rare-Variant Analysis in Sequencing Studies.Am J Hum Genet. 2019;104(3):410-421. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Justice AE,Karaderi T,Highland HM,Young KL,Graff M,Lu Y, et al..Protein-coding variants implicate novel genes related to lipid homeostasis contributing to body-fat distribution.Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):452-469. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
McGuire AL,Majumder MA,Villanueva AG,Bardill J,Bollinger JM,Boerwinkle E, et al..Importance of Participant-Centricity and Trust for a Sustainable Medical Information Commons.J Law Med Ethics. 2019;47(1):12-20. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Kunkle BW,Grenier-Boley B,Sims R,Bis JC,Damotte V,Naj AC, et al..Genetic meta-analysis of diagnosed Alzheimer's disease identifies new risk loci and implicates Aβ, tau, immunity and lipid processing.Nat Genet. 2019;51(3):414-430. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
de Vries PS,Sabater-Lleal M,Huffman JE,Marten J,Song C,Pankratz N, et al..A genome-wide association study identifies new loci for factor VII and implicates factor VII in ischemic stroke etiology.Blood. 2019;133(9):967-977. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Chen H,Huffman JE,Brody JA,Wang C,Lee S,Li Z, et al..Efficient Variant Set Mixed Model Association Tests for Continuous and Binary Traits in Large-Scale Whole-Genome Sequencing Studies.Am J Hum Genet. 2019;104(2):260-274. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Sabater-Lleal M,Huffman JE,de Vries PS,Marten J,Mastrangelo MA,Song C, et al..Genome-Wide Association Transethnic Meta-Analyses Identifies Novel Associations Regulating Coagulation Factor VIII and von Willebrand Factor Plasma Levels.Circulation. 2019;139(5):620-635. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Kilpeläinen TO,Bentley AR,Noordam R,Sung YJu,Schwander K,Winkler TW, et al..Multi-ancestry study of blood lipid levels identifies four loci interacting with physical activity.Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):376. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Selvaraj S,Seidelmann S,Silvestre OM,Claggett B,Ndumele CE,Cheng S, et al..HFE H63D Polymorphism and the Risk for Systemic Hypertension, Myocardial Remodeling, and Adverse Cardiovascular Events in the ARIC Study.Hypertension. 2019;73(1):68-74. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
Floyd JS,Bloch KM,Brody JA,Maroteau C,Siddiqui MK,Gregory R, et al..Pharmacogenomics of statin-related myopathy: Meta-analysis of rare variants from whole-exome sequencing.PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0218115. PubMed DOI Google Scholar Tagged
| https://www.hgsc.bcm.edu/people/boerwinkle-e?f%5Bauthor%5D=8775&page=6 |
Tourism and Hospitality | Free Full-Text | Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected all sectors including educational institutions transitioning from face-to-face to hybrid and virtual classes. Partial or full closure of tourism businesses has impacted college students’ jobs within the college and/or outside in the business sector. For a tourism dependent economy such as Maine’s, the impacts of COVID-19 have been severe, including lost job opportunities for students. Several studies have researched the impacts of COVID-19 on the physical, psychological, social, and mental health status of college students; however, few have addressed the impacts on college students’ jobs. Thus, the purpose of this study is to understand how students at the University of Southern Maine (USM) have been impacted in their jobs by COVID-19 and to consider what stakeholders can do to support and rebuild the workforce. A quantitative survey was distributed to all USM undergraduate students (completed by 160) between 26 April through 6 May 2021. The study found that pre-COVID, 44% of student employment was in non-tourism, 25% in tourism, and 16% in USM work study, while 15% were unemployed. At the time of the survey, those proportions had shifted to 42% in non-tourism, 22% in tourism, 14% in USM work study, and 22% not employed with a significant increase in the non-employed student category. The study found that, initially, COVID-19 had impacted student employment in terms of changed responsibilities, reduced hours, job layoffs/losses, increased hours, and voluntary job loss. Students’ current jobs (during the survey) were impacted in the form of changed responsibilities/jobs/locations and industries, including decreased hours. During the pandemic, students valued industry support such as enhanced cleaning/safety, flexible hours/time off, work from home, as well as academic support in terms of flexibility, emotional support, industry updates, and networking opportunities. The study recommends that stakeholders develop collaborative comprehensive emergency management plans (CEMPs) to mitigate disruptions such as COVID-19 and be prepared for future disasters of this nature.
Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland -Maine, USA
by Tek B. Dangi 1,* , Tracy Michaud 2 , Robyn Dumont 3 and Tara Wheeler 4
Department of Exercise, Health and Sport Sciences, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04104, USA
Department of Tourism & Hospitality, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04104, USA
Survey Research Center, Catherine Cutler Institute, University of Southern Maine, Portland, ME 04101, USA
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Tour. Hosp. 2022 , 3 (2), 509-535; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
Received: 29 March 2022 / Revised: 16 May 2022 / Accepted: 2 June 2022 / Published: 6 June 2022
Abstract
:
The COVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected all sectors including educational institutions transitioning from face-to-face to hybrid and virtual classes. Partial or full closure of tourism businesses has impacted college students’ jobs within the college and/or outside in the business sector. For a tourism dependent economy such as Maine’s, the impacts of COVID-19 have been severe, including lost job opportunities for students. Several studies have researched the impacts of COVID-19 on the physical, psychological, social, and mental health status of college students; however, few have addressed the impacts on college students’ jobs. Thus, the purpose of this study is to understand how students at the University of Southern Maine (USM) have been impacted in their jobs by COVID-19 and to consider what stakeholders can do to support and rebuild the workforce. A quantitative survey was distributed to all USM undergraduate students (completed by 160) between 26 April through 6 May 2021. The study found that pre-COVID, 44% of student employment was in non-tourism, 25% in tourism, and 16% in USM work study, while 15% were unemployed. At the time of the survey, those proportions had shifted to 42% in non-tourism, 22% in tourism, 14% in USM work study, and 22% not employed with a significant increase in the non-employed student category. The study found that, initially, COVID-19 had impacted student employment in terms of changed responsibilities, reduced hours, job layoffs/losses, increased hours, and voluntary job loss. Students’ current jobs (during the survey) were impacted in the form of changed responsibilities/jobs/locations and industries, including decreased hours. During the pandemic, students valued industry support such as enhanced cleaning/safety, flexible hours/time off, work from home, as well as academic support in terms of flexibility, emotional support, industry updates, and networking opportunities. The study recommends that stakeholders develop collaborative comprehensive emergency management plans (CEMPs) to mitigate disruptions such as COVID-19 and be prepared for future disasters of this nature.
Keywords:
COVID-19
;
college students
;
pandemic impacts
;
student jobs
;
job support
;
tourism recovery/resiliency
1. Introduction/Background
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in December 2019 affected every aspect of life in all countries around the world. Highlighting the early impacts of the pandemic on tourism in April 2020, Gossling et al. [
1
] (p. 1) stated, “Unprecedented global travel restrictions and stay-at-home orders are causing the most severe disruption of the global economy since World War II.” The Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities [
2
] states that globally, the equivalent of 255 million full-time jobs were lost in 2020 due to the pandemic, which is four times greater than the job losses during the 2009 financial crisis, another global economic crisis that impacted the tourism and hospitality industry. It is well known that such restrictions immediately affected tourism and its systems/sub-systems, including international and domestic tourism, day visits, air transport, public transport, accommodation, cafes and restaurants, meeting and conventions and sports tourism [
3
,
4
].
It has been noted that these impacts in the tourism and hospitality industry have been harsher on different groups of people, including women in the United States [ 5 , 6 ]. Research has shown that, since women make up the majority of workers in hospitality sectors, they have been affected to a greater extent by pandemic-related job losses [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ], while working mothers in particular have reduced their hours or left jobs more frequently in response to COVID-19 [ 11 ]. While studies have suggested ways to mitigate this inequality [ 12 , 13 ], this research tangentially touches upon impacts of the pandemic on female students’ employment while primarily focusing on the impacts of COVID 19 on USM student employment.
The United States declared the COVID-19 pandemic a national emergency on 20 March 2020 [
14
], followed by various levels of stay-at-home orders, social distancing, wearing of face masks, and other health and hygiene guidelines. These pandemic restrictions most negatively affected non-essential business operations, causing sharp cuts in workforce and in consumer spending [
14
]. While essential businesses such as supermarkets, convenience stores, pharmacies, hardware stores, and office supply stores remained open during high waves of COVID-19, online shopping increased exponentially, and many businesses in the tourism industry shut down and/or drastically changed their way of business to a takeout/low-touch model. In December of 2020, the US government began a massive vaccine rollout which countered the spread of the virus until variants such as Delta and Omicron came to dominate in the latter half of 2021. As of December 2021, various versions of COVID vaccines were validated for use by the World Health Organization (WHO) [
15
]. Despite all these efforts, according to updates from the New York Times (as of 11 May 2022), the number of reported COVID cases in the U.S. has reached 82, 145, 395 with 997, 481 deaths (single highest in any country). Further, the number of reported cases in Maine reached 252,653, with a total of 2330 deaths [
16
]. It is further reported that places including Hawaii, Maine, and Puerto Rico have recently surpassed the levels seen during last year’s Delta surge.
1.1. Maine Tourism
This research focuses on college students’ jobs in the Maine tourism industry as many of the front-line jobs in the industry are held by Maine college students. This statement is supported by the establishment of the Tourism and Hospitality program at USM in 2012 as a “direct response to needs expressed by leaders in Maine’s hospitality industry” [ 17 ]. Vibrant tourism businesses in Portland, Maine such as hotels, restaurants, recreational businesses, and retail shops needed a workforce that could sustain their business and USM has been supporting local businesses by aligning its programs to meet their needs [ 18 ]. Tourism is one of Maine’s largest industries, supporting more than 116,000 jobs, about 17% of total employment in the state, or one out of every seven jobs [ 19 ]. In 2019, tourists visiting Maine spent nearly $ 6.5 billion dollars [ 20 ] with more than 21.8 million overnight visitors spending one or more nights there. COVID-19 had a significant impact on Maine’s tourism economy. During the pandemic in 2020, data from Maine’s Office of Tourism showed that overnight tourists (residents and non-residents) decreased to 8.3 million, and spending decreased to about $ 4.8 billion, supporting only 90,600 jobs [ 21 ].
1.2. University of Southern Maine and COVID-19
Research is awash on the impacts of pandemic on colleges and universities including the shift to virtual learning and impacts on students’ physical and psychological health [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. The University of Southern Maine (USM), with campuses located in and around Portland witnessed the same impacts of the pandemic as experienced by other universities elsewhere. As of October 2021, the University had a student population of around 8000 students including 5956 undergraduate and 2040 graduate students [ 25 ]. The average age of all undergraduate students (full- and part-time) is 24 [ 25 ]. USM has a significant non-traditional, first-generation student population, working part-time and full-time jobs. First-generation students are generally defined as those “whose parents did not graduate from a four-year college in the United States, or students whose parents completed their degrees as nontraditional students over the age of 25” [ 26 ] (p. 1). Some of the characteristics of first-generation students are that they are older than their peers, almost one-third of them have dependents, they are more likely to juggle part-time classes while having a full-time job, and their median parental income is lower compared with non-first-generation undergraduates. The percent of USM undergraduates’ who live in college-owned, operated, or affiliated housing is small at 26%, while the percent of undergraduates who live off campus or commute is 74%. The commuter category includes students who commute from home and students who have moved to the area to attend college. Recognizing this significant non-traditional demographic in their population, USM has recently implemented the “USM Promise Program,” which provides scholarships and “an array of enrichment opportunities and a network of support from peer and professional staff to help first-generation college students overcome common barriers and persist to graduation” [ 27 ].
1.3. Purpose of the Study
While there is some research on how COVID-19 has affected employment, there is not much on how it has specifically affected student employment nor much on its impact on specific groups of students. Taking into consideration the wider and lasting impacts of the pandemic on Maine’s tourism economy, the main objective of this study was to understand how the employment of Maine college students in the tourism industry has been affected by COVID-19. This was explored through a confidential online student survey of USM students. The study had the following major research questions, which were broken down into survey questions as mentioned in the Methods Section. Survey questions were developed based on input from Maine tourism industry organizations and educational program leaders.
How have USM students’ jobs in tourism and recreation industries compared to other sectors been impacted by COVID-19? and
What can the university and industry learn from this to support and attract back the workforce they lost?
2. Literature Review
2.1. COVID-19 and Worldwide Tourism Jobs
Travel and tourism remains one of the most affected industries in the world due to COVID-19. Tourism includes various service sectors such as lodging, food and beverage, events, attractions, adventure and outdoor recreation, entertainment, and transportation [
28
]. Declines in both international and domestic travel in 2020 and 2021 affected jobs and income in tourism and recreation nationally and globally. In 2020 the Committee for the Coordination of Statistical Activities [
2
] (p. 5) stated that “International tourism recorded its worst year ever on record; international tourism declined by 74 percent.” The World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) notes a loss of around
$
4.5 trillion (in 2020) in the travel and tourism sector with the GDP contribution decreasing by 49.1% from the previous year [
29
]. The WTTC further stated that 62 million travel and tourism jobs were lost in 2020, a decrease of 18.5%. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) stated that compared with 1.5 billion international tourism arrivals in the world in 2019, there were only 381 million international tourist arrivals in 2020, which is a decline of 74% compared to pre-pandemic arrivals. Furthermore, the UNWTO estimated a loss of
$
1.3 trillion in international tourism receipts in 2020 [
30
].
2.2. COVID-19 and USA Tourism Jobs
In 2019, 79.3 million international visitors came to the USA creating 9.2 million jobs (5.9 million direct and 33.3 million indirect), contributing
$
233.5 billion in total travel and tourism related exports/earnings [
31
]. In 2020, the economic impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the travel sector in the USA was over
$
500 billion, and it is estimated that the travel industry will not recover to pre-pandemic levels until 2024 [
14
]. The authors state that “The Leisure & Hospitality (L&H) sector accounted for 11% of pre-pandemic employment in the United States, yet has suffered over one-third of all job losses. Approximately one-half of the 16.9 million jobs in the sector were lost in March and April 2020 alone” [
14
] (p. 12).
Important to note is that while around four million jobs were created or restored by August 2020, over one-quarter of workers remained unemployed in the leisure and hospitality (L&H) sector during 2020. Leisure and hospitality hiring decreased from 2 million new hires in June 2020 to just 600,000 new jobs in July 2020 [
14
]. In the lodging sector alone, 70% of hotel employees were laid off or furloughed, losing “more than
$
2.4 billion in earnings each week” [
14
] (p. 73). Furthermore, U.S. labor market shortages resulting from more resignations, more early retirements, women leaving the workforce to take care of children, and fewer immigrant “guest worker” visas have been highlighted as some of the factors contributing to an acute shortage in the U.S. workforce currently. How to get these workers back is an important question to which this research hopes to contribute.
The outdoor recreation industry is one of the largest economic sectors in the U.S. and makes up a significant part of the travel industry, generating 7.6 million jobs, $ 887 billion in consumer spending, $ 65.3 billion in federal tax revenue, and $ 59.2 billion in state and local tax revenue annually [ 32 ]. However, the contributions of outdoor recreation also seem to be affected by the pandemic. According to the Outdoor Industry Association [ 33 ], despite the challenges created by the pandemic, the outdoor recreation economy generated $ 689 billion in consumer spending and 4.3 million direct national jobs in 2020. On the positive side, a 2021 Outdoor Participation Trends Report by the OIA stated that in 2020, “53 percent of Americans ages 6 and over participated in outdoor recreation at least once” [ 34 ] (p. 1), which was the highest recorded participation rate. Remarkably, 7.1 million more Americans participated in outdoor recreation in 2020 than in the prior year as people needed an outlet for social connection and physical and mental health benefits. The Travel & Tourism: Impact of The Pandemic report stated that while most tourism activities were in decline in 2020, outdoor camping and recreation vehicle sales were high growth sectors as RV shipments in July 2020 were up by 53.5% from July 2019, and in June 2020 year-over-year RV sales were up by 10.8% [ 14 ]. Furthermore, the new trend for staycations, emerging due to people’s avoidance of crowded destinations, favors wide open spaces, state, and RV parks [ 14 ]. This will have long-term implications for the U.S. travel economy, including the state of Maine, which has significant outdoor nature recreation opportunities for all types of visitors.
2.3. COVID-19 and Maine Tourism Jobs
Maine is a nature tourism destination. Maine tourism and hospitality had grown for 11 straight years before the pandemic. According to the Maine Office of Tourism [
35
] (2018), more than 20.5 million visitors spent one or more nights in Maine on tourism-related trips in 2018, spending over
$
4.7 billion. Gabe and Crawley [
19
] (2019) stated that Maine’s “hospitality sector had a statewide economic contribution, including multiplier effects, of an estimated
$
6.9 billion in output, 79,000 full- and part-time jobs, and
$
2.2 billion in labor income” (p. 1). However, Gabe and Crawley [
36
] go on to state, “Employment in Maine’s restaurants and lodging establishments decreased by 59 percent between February and April” (p. 3) of 2020. In their latest COVID-19 impact update, Gabe and Crawley [
37
] mentioned that, because of COVID-19, “The Maine hospitality sector will generate a 2020 statewide economic contribution—including multiplier effects— of an estimated
$
5.2 billion in revenue, 51,033 full- and part-time jobs, and
$
1.8 billion in labor income” (p. 1), which means there will be around 28,000 fewer full and part-time jobs in Maine’s hospitality sector in 2020 compared to 2018.
On the positive side, journalist Valigra explains, “After the state [of Maine] lifted restrictions, many hotels and restaurants saw business return to or even exceed pre-pandemic levels this summer (2021), but worker shortages continue to limit activities” [ 38 ] (p. 2). In particular, outdoor recreation related activities in Maine remained busier than ever during the summer of 2020 and 2021. Local press reported that the pandemic has spurred interest in outdoor activities such as bicycling, camping, hiking, and other sports [ 39 ] and shifted visitors to more rural inland nature-recreation regions [ 40 ]. Acadia National Park reported high numbers and broke record attendance numbers in 2021, even with a new reservation system restricting the amount of travel to attractions in the park [ 39 ]. There was a surge of recreational tourists in Maine going into the fall of 2021 as 667,392 visitors were recorded at Acadia National Park in September 2021 alone; this is part of almost four million visits in the first nine months of 2021 [ 41 ]. However, the workforce shortage has served as a bottleneck to tourism and recreation economic recovery, which needs to be tackled with proper strategies to entice the workforce back [ 41 ].
The latest data, however, suggest that it may take time for the U.S. outdoor economy to fully rebound. According to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. BEA), “The new U.S. data show that the outdoor recreation economy accounted for 1.8 percent (
$
374.3 billion) of current-dollar gross domestic product (GDP) for the nation in 2020” [
42
] (p. 1). For the state of Maine, outdoor recreation is a major attraction to visitors, and the total outdoor recreation value added in Maine in 2020 was
$
2.27 billion, with a total outdoor recreation employment of 28,368. The U.S. outdoor recreation employment declined by 17.1% and Maine outdoor recreation employment by 23.9% in 2020. The U.S. BEA explains that “outdoor recreation economy estimates were impacted by the response to the spread of COVID-19, as governments issued and lifted ‘stay-at-home’ orders [leading] to rapid changes in demand as consumers canceled, restricted, or redirected their spending” [
42
] (p. 1).
2.4. Employment during College Is Vital for Many Students
Student employment has long been a part of the higher education experience in the U.S. and is an effective tool for supporting students financially [ 43 ], especially non-traditional and first-generation students, of which Maine has a high number. Cheng and Alcántara [ 43 ] showed that the significance of student employment for college students grew from 45% to 56% from 1959 to 1986. Martinez et al. [ 43 ] found that the Federal Work Study (FWS) program, which was created by the Higher Education Act (HEA) of 1965 and was envisioned as a means to generate employment opportunities for college students, especially low-income students, supports students’ academic achievement. As a result of this, many college students in the U.S. now engage in jobs while continuing their academic journey. Studies reported approximately 75% of dependent undergraduates and 80% of independent undergraduates worked while enrolled in college during 2003–2004 [ 44 ], including work-study jobs and off campus employment. Recent studies by Remenick and Bergman [ 45 ] affirm that a majority of students enrolled in two-year and four-year public institutions in the U.S. work at least part-time (81% of part-time students and 43% of full-time students) (p. 34). The importance of a job for college/university students seems to be vital as more and more students rely on work during their studies to support themselves and their families or to enhance their professional development. There is no study available on how many or what percentage of USM students work full- or part-time while in college; however, it is likely that the vibrant tourism and recreation and other allied industries in Maine support these students through jobs and internships to complete their studies.
2.5. COVID-19 Impacts on Student Employment
Several recent studies have indicated that COVID-19 has widely disrupted both work-study and off campus student employment. In a study (working paper series) of COVID-19 impacts on student experiences and expectations on higher education (undergraduate students) from Arizona State University (ASU), Aucejo et al. [
46
] revealed that the pandemic affected 13% of students in delaying their graduation; 40% in the loss of a job, internship or a job offer; and 29% in lessened expectations for earnings past age 35. Furthermore, the economic and health related disruptions triggered by the pandemic varied systematically by socioeconomic factors indicating the large (and heterogeneous) effects of the pandemic. The study added, “Working students suffered a 31% decrease in their wages and a 37% drop in weekly hours worked, on average” with around 61% of students reported to have a family member experiencing a reduction in income [
46
] (p. 3). Students’ perceived probability of finding a job post-graduation decreased by almost 20%, and they expected that the pandemic will have a long-lasting impact on their labor market prospects.
Cohen et al.’s [
47
] study of COVID-19 related experiences and perspectives of full-time college students in the U.S. (in Spring 2020) regarding psychological and economic impacts found that students “who received financial aid for college were more concerned about COVID-19′s economic… and emotional… impacts on their lives than those who did not receive financial aid, but the daily responsibility impacts were relatively similar” [
47
] (p. 373). The study reported that most participants (61.7%) were employed in February 2020, but only 32.4% were currently employed in late April 2020. Furthermore, more than half (52.6%) of those employed in February 2020 were no longer employed in late April 2020, and of those who were employed in both February 2020 and late April 2020, 44.8% had their take-home pay decreased owing to the COVID-19 pandemic, the report added.
Wall’s [ 48 ] study of COVID-19 impacts on postsecondary students in Canada revealed that the job loss and reduction in job opportunities due to the pandemic had significant impacts on student jobs and their academic success. The study stated that “among students aged 20 to 24, the employment rate fell by 23.6 percentage points, from 52.5% in February 2020 to 28.9% in April 2020” [ 48 ] (p. 3). This situation led to increased student concern about their growing student debt as “debt from student loans is common among students—half (50%) of postsecondary graduates had student debt at the time of graduation with a median debt of around $ 17,500” [ 48 ] (p. 3). As a result of COVID-19, students became increasingly worried about having to take more student loans to cover their current expenses, manage tuition, and cover accommodation for the upcoming term/s. Several scholars have conducted studies on these types of psychological impacts of COVID-19 [ 49 , 50 , 51 ]. The overall result of this research reveals there were many student hardships brought by COVID-19, including financial, and increased the potential risk of dropping out in the future.
In another study of college students’ concerns during the COVID-19 pandemic across seven countries (the U.S., the Netherlands, Ireland, South Korea, China, Malaysia, and Taiwan), Hawley et al. [
4
] reported major student concerns in education, safety, mental health, employment stability/finances, uncertainty about the future, and relationships. The study reported that, “The pandemic created instability related to students’ present employment prospects and finances” [
4
] (p. 16) and affected their payment of tuition through work. They also faced job losses or work-hour reductions and were concerned about whether they would get employed in their respective fields following graduation. Students also expressed concern relating to future uncertainty as they commonly asked, “When would things return to normal?” [
4
] (p. 16).
It can be seen from a range of studies that COVID-19 has had multiple negative impacts on university students and their employment throughout the world. These impacts included losses of jobs, internships, or job offers; decreases in wages and work hours; increased student loans to cover current tuition and accommodation expenses; and increased potential for dropping out. Other long-term impacts were observed in the studies which included delaying graduation, expecting to earn less post-graduation, uncertainty about the future and relationships, and mental health and psychological impacts.
2.6. COVID-19 Impacts on College Students’ Tourism Employment at USM, Maine
As discussed above, while the tourism and recreation sector were severely affected by the pandemic locally, nationally, and globally, there have also been impacts on student employment in U.S. colleges/universities and in other parts of the world, which seems to be having a negative effect on student success in college. It is thought that many front-line workers in hospitality are younger, college-aged students, and likely disproportionately affected by layoffs, which will be investigated in this study. The spread of COVID-19 imposed several social, economic, psychological, and health-related challenges for college students and hit the tourism industry particularly hard. These challenges are studied in this research from USM students’ perspectives to add insights into not just the impacts of the pandemic on students’ job but their perception of support or lack of support during this time. This information can inform tourism industry employers on potentially retaining and attracting them back. This information could also inform policy around public health as well as informing University administration and programs on how to support working students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
3. Materials and Methods
In order to explore how COVID-19 impacted both tourism and recreation jobs among University of Southern Maine (USM) students, a survey of students took place just prior to the end of the 2021 spring semester. The survey asked students to report the industry they were working in at the onset of COVID-19 using one of four categories provided
(USM, tourism/hospitality/recreation, non-tourism/hospitality/recreation, and not employed)
. Those students employed at the onset of the pandemic were then asked to select all the ways in which their employment was initially impacted by COVID-19. The survey also asked respondents about the industry in which they were currently working using the same four categories and then asked currently employed students about the impacts of COVID-19 on that employment. Additionally, respondents employed currently or prior to COVID-19 were asked about the ways their industry supported them during the pandemic.
At the end of survey, an open-ended question asked students if they wanted to add anything, including COVID-19 impacts on their past/current/future employment and lessons learned, etc. Finally, the survey collected demographic information, including data related to students’ education to see if groups of people were affected differentially (See Appendix A for survey questions).
The survey instrument was reviewed and approved by the University’s Institutional Review Board (IRB) for distribution through a university listserv including all undergraduate students currently enrolled at the University of Southern Maine. It was subsequently programmed into Qualtrics, an online survey platform. The survey was launched on April 26th by the listserv’s moderator and went to approximately 6000 USM undergraduate students. The survey was sent again on May 3rd and May 6th. In addition, faculty from the Tourism and Hospitality Department and the Recreation and Leisure Studies program sent email reminders to their students, asking them to complete the survey. A total of 160 students, about 3% of the listserv’s population, completed the survey. The data from these records were analyzed using SPSS 27. The chi-square test for association was used to identify significant differences between demographic and industry sub-populations. If the expected counts were too small to generate reliable chi-square probabilities and both the dependent and independent variable were dichotomous, Fisher’s exact test was conducted instead. Short, one-to-two sentence responses were received from 32 students regarding the open-ended question and are presented in the results and discussion where appropriate.
4. Results
4.1. Participant Demographics
As detailed in Table 1 , the students who completed the survey were mostly female, aged 18 to 30, white, commuters, were neither caretakers nor 1st generation students and were at various points in their degree (2, 4, and 6+ years being the highest categories reported).
4.2. Employment Industry of USM Undergraduate Students
The survey included two questions about their employment industry: one for the employment industry at the onset of COVID-19 and another about the student’s current employment industry. All respondents replied to both industry questions. As displayed in
Table 2
, results show that one-quarter (or 25%) of USM students were employed in the tourism industry at the onset of the pandemic while 60% were employed in non-tourism (which includes those working at USM) and 15% listed not-employed. For current employment industry, student employment shifted to more unemployed. The survey asked students to report the type of industry in which they were currently employed (as opposed to where they were at the beginning of the pandemic restrictions in March 2020). All respondents did so. The largest response was reported in
non-tourism/USM
jobs, at 56% (a 4% decrease); followed by
tourism
jobs, at 22% (a decrease of 3%); and
not employed
, at 22% (a 7% increase).
While analysis did not find employment industry at onset of COVID-19 to be correlated with any specific demographic or student characteristics, there were significant differences between current employment industry and respondent characteristics. As shown in
Figure 1
, current employment varied by residential status with 47% of commuter students reported working in
non-tourism
, compared to 20% of residential (on campus) students. Conversely, only 10% of commuter students reported that they worked at
USM
, compared to 36% of residential students, χ
2
(3,
n
= 160) =16.907,
p
= 0.001. Not surprisingly, students living on campus are more likely to work for
USM
or not work, whereas commuters are more likely to have a job outside of
USM
.
Of those employed, the distribution of industry types also varied significantly by pa-rental status with non-parents being more likely to work in the tourism industry than parents. As shown in Figure 2 , 32% of non-parents were more likely to work in tourism compared to only 9% of parents, χ 2 (1, n = 125) = 4.735, p = 0.030.
4.3. Initial Impact of COVID-19 on Employment
The second survey question asked respondents to select all the ways in which their employment was impacted by COVID-19 at the outset of the pandemic using six responses as well as an “other” response. The response category with the greatest number of responses was task, responsibility, or focus change, with almost a third (32%) of the responses followed by other categories as depicted in Figure 3 . This shows the pandemic had a significant impact on student jobs.
In their open-ended responses, three students expressed difficulties finding jobs. One student “applied everywhere all first and second semester with no luck and very little money”, another student decided to pursue a master’s degree for stability with a concern for future jobs, and the third student stated, “There was nobody hiring for jobs that I was qualified for because so many businesses had shut down.” Furthermore, one student mentioned COVID-related financial stress and three others mentioned mental stress. These statements from students complement survey results that COVID-19 created significant financial difficulties and mental stress. However, there were a few students who identified COVID-19 as an opportunity. One student reported replacing a job at which they were overworked and undercompensated with a job that paid more. Another student reported enjoying working from home but stated a desire to be in the office at least two or three days a week once COVID-19 ended.
4.4. Movement between Industries
Because the survey asked students to report data from two points in time, it was possible to track respondents’ movement between industries ( Figure 4 ). The majority, 72%, remained in the same category, whether they were in tourism , non-tourism , or unemployed . Smaller proportions, 13% moved into unemployment ; 9% into non-tourism ; and 6% into tourism jobs . Thus, most remained in the same industry, and the biggest movement was to unemployment, but there was a larger movement into non-tourism jobs than into tourism jobs.
4.5. Impact of COVID-19 on Current Employment
The survey asked respondents to select all the ways in which their current employment changed due to COVID-19 using six responses as well as an “other” response. Ninety-nine percent (99%) of currently employed respondents answered this question. As shown in Figure 5 , the response category with the greatest number of responses was changed responsibilities within job , with over a third (35%) of the responses. This was followed by changed jobs , at 31%, and decreased hours, at 26% . Additional response categories are depicted below.
While these impacts appear consistent across industry types, they did fluctuate by gender, age, and parental status as shown in
Figure 6
. Most significantly, 43% of females reported
changed responsibilities within job
, compared to 21% of males, χ
2
(1,
n
= 118) = 5.779,
p
= 0.016 (note: respondents who reported their gender as “other” (
n
= 3) or preferred not to answer (
n
= 2) were not included). Only 14% of parents reported
changed jobs
, compared to 35% of non-parents, χ
2
(1,
n
= 124) = 3.937,
p
= 0.047. Likewise, only 5% of parents/primary caregivers reported
changed locations
, compared to 25% of non-parents,
p
= 0.043 (Fisher’s exact test, 2-sided). Respondents aged 18 to 30 had a significantly higher rate (32%) of
decreased hours
than those aged 31 and over (7%), χ
2
(1,
n
= 124) = 7.069,
p
= 0.008. Thus, it appears that women experienced the highest impact to their jobs through changes to their responsibilities. Non-parental, younger, college age students were also impacted disproportionally with
decreased hours
and
changed locations
.
4.6. Planned Employment over Summer/Fall
The survey asked students whether or not they planned to be employed over the summer or fall using one of the three categories provided, and all responded. For this grouping, the distribution was 88% yes, definitely and 12% no/maybe . Figure 7 details these results.
The yes, definitely category fluctuated based on pre-COVID employment, with students who were not employed at the onset of the pandemic having a significantly lower rate (71%) than those in non-tourism (88%) and tourism (98%), χ 2 (2, n = 160) = 9.752, p = 0.008. These findings are detailed in Figure 8 . While future employment plans were not correlated with current employment nor any demographic characteristics, if a student was not employed at the beginning of the pandemic, they were less likely to indicate they definitely planned to get a job in the summer, but most who already had a job planned to work, especially those in tourism .
4.7. Incentives for Working in the Tourism Industry
The survey asked respondents to select all incentives that did or would encourage them to work in the tourism industry using five responses as well as an “other” response. As shown in Figure 9 , the incentive category with the greatest number of responses was higher pay , with over half (55%) of the responses followed by other categories presented below with further explanations. The rates with which respondents reported the various incentives varied by demographic and employment characteristics.
To detail further, differential impacts of incentives were observed on students which varied by age, race, -residential status, and number of years in college. For example, the majority of students aged 18 to 45 (59%) reported
higher pay
as an incentive, compared to only 22% of those aged 46 and older, χ
2
(1,
n
= 158) = 8.496,
p
= 0.004. Similarly, 62% of respondents who had been in school for 1 to 4 years selected
higher pay
, compared to 34% of 5 or more years, χ
2
(1,
n
= 157) = 9.123,
p
= 0.003. Further, 41% of respondents aged 18 to 45 reported
regular hours
as being an incentive to work within the tourism industry, while no respondents (0%) aged 46 and older identified this as an incentive, χ
2
(1,
n
= 158) = 11.782,
p
= 0.001. Additionally, 40% of white students selected
regular hours
as an incentive to work within the tourism industry, twice the rate (20%) with which people of color selected it as an incentive, χ
2
(1,
n
= 159) =4.333,
p
= 0.037. In the category of
end of COVID-19
as an incentive, comments by a student that “lack of childcare/school for my kids (at present) has been the biggest obstacle to returning to work” shows direct and related impacts of COVID-19 on jobs and family.
Another category,
increased ability to socialize and interact with others,
varied by residential status and number of years as a student. Almost half (48%) of residential students selected this as an incentive, compared to 24% of commuter students, χ
2
(1,
n
= 159) = 6.124,
p
= 0.013. Students who had been pursuing their degree for 1 to 2 years were more likely (38%) to select
increased ability to socialize and interact with others
than those in school for 3 or more years (22%), χ
2
(1,
n
= 157) = 5.115,
p
= 0.024. In the category of
no incentive
, nearly one-third of respondents (32%) employed in
non-tourism
at the onset of the pandemic reported that nothing would compel them, compared to those working in
tourism
and
not employed
, at 13% and 8%, respectively, χ
2
(2,
n
= 159) = 9.271,
p
= 0.010. Likewise, nearly one-third of respondents (31%) employed in
non-tourism
currently reported that nothing would compel them, compared to those working in
tourism
and
not employed
, at 11% and 15%, respectively, χ
2
(2,
n
= 159) = 7.244,
p
= 0.027. This shows
tourism
workers display more inclination to work despite COVID compared to other employees. Further, rates for
no incentive
also varied by age and number of years as a student. Students aged 31 and older selected
no incentive
at a significantly higher rate (41%) than respondents aged 18 to 30 (18%), χ
2
(1,
n
= 158) = 8.952,
p
= 0.003. Similarly, students pursuing their degree for 5 or more years selected
no incentive
at a significantly higher rate (39%) than those who had been a student for 1 to 4 years (17%), χ
2
(1,
n
= 157) = 8.543,
p
= 0.003.
4.8. Industry Support during COVID-19
The survey asked respondents to select all the ways their industry supported them during the COVID-19 pandemic using nine responses as well as an “other” response. The category with the greatest number of responses was enhanced cleaning/safety measures, with 41% of the responses, followed by flexibility at 36% and other categories as depicted in Figure 10 . One student expressed the feeling that they were “fortunate to work for a place that allows for great employee flexibility” and another student emphasized the need for second shift or night shifts regardless of the COVID-19 situation.
In order to explore the current support by industry, an additional variable was computed to capture respondents’ most recent employment. Those currently employed were recoded according to their current employment industry, and those not currently employed were recoded according to pre-COVID industry. The largest job category of this new variable was non-tourism , (including USM) at 65%, followed by tourism , at 26%, and not employed , at 9%. Results are shown in Table 3 .
Only one type of industry support,
allowed to work from home
, varied significantly by most recent employment industry type (
Figure 11
). While 32% of students reported this type of support, 67% of those most recently employed at
USM
reported being
allowed to work from home
, compared to 34% of those most recently employed in a
non-tourism
industry, and 7% of those most recently employed in the
tourism
industry, χ
2
(2,
n
= 146) = 26.861,
p
< 0.001 (Note: Respondents whose most recent employment is
not employed
(
n
= 24) were not included). Since many hospitality jobs cannot be performed from home, this pattern makes sense.
4.9. USM Support during COVID-19
The survey asked respondents to select all the ways the University supported them during the COVID-19 pandemic using seven categories as well as an “other” response. Ninety-eight percent (98%) of respondents answered this question. As shown in Figure 12 , the support category with the greatest number of responses was academic support (35%), followed by flexibility (29%), but the highest overall category was no support (39%). This leaves room for improvement at the University level in terms of supporting students during a time of crisis.
In their open-ended responses at least three students credited virtual classes as flexible University support. One student complained about not having a remote option for an in-person class. At least five students appreciated flexible/accommodative and good advising support from faculty and made statements such as “She is not my [faculty] advisor, yet is extremely responsive and proactive” and, “USM handled the pandemic pretty well and the professors were kind and accommodating”. However, one student who lost a work-study position, expressed disappointment stating, “I reached out (to USM) for help and was simply told to seek another work study position.”
While the overall rate of students noting help find employment during pandemic as a support from the University was 7%, the rate for students majoring in the Tourism & Hospitality and Recreation & Leisure Studies program was 24%, compared to 5% for those in all other majors, p = 0.021 (Fisher’s exact test, two-sided). Results are detailed in Figure 13 .
Additionally, while the overall rate of students saying the University
provided opportunities to make connections/networking
during the pandemic was 13%, again the rate for students majoring in the Tourism & Hospitality and Recreation & Leisure Studies program was significantly higher at 29% compared to 11% for students in all other majors
p
= 0.049 (Fisher’s exact test, two-sided). These results are shown in
Figure 14
. Further investigation into what these programs did to make students in those majors feel more supported might inform future attempts to support students across other programs.
5. Discussions
The results from the study suggest that tourism in Maine, “Vacationland”, remained one of the dominant sectors for student employment at the University of Southern Maine during the COVID-19 pandemic. One-fourth of employed students at USM who took the survey were in the
tourism
industry. This is almost double the normal employment rate in Maine, adding support to anecdotal evidence that the relatively high number of front-line, entry-level jobs in the tourism industry are held by younger college-age employees. This study suggests that tourism in Maine remains one of the dominant sectors for student employment, and any disruption in the flow of tourists due to COVID-19 or any other factors can be expected to produce a subsequent disruption in student employment as well as a disruption to Maine’s economy. Several studies have emphasized the role played by Maine’s tourism and hospitality industry in creating jobs and stimulating Maine’s economy [
19
,
20
,
21
].
This study also found that the initial impacts of COVID-19 on student employment (at the outset of the pandemic) took different forms, such as
task, responsibility, or focus change
;
reduced hours
;
layoffs
;
job loss
;
increased hours
; and
voluntary leaving.
The findings suggest the tourism industry in Maine needs to remain flexible in accommodating employees’ concerns if the industry wants to remain resilient and have a workforce to support it. A study by Aucejo et al. [
46
] found that because of the pandemic, “students suffered a 31% decrease in their wages and a 37% drop in weekly hours worked, on average” (p. 3). Furthermore, the study stated that the pandemic substantially reduced students’ labor-market prospects post-graduation including a reduction in their expected earnings. In an open-ended response, a student stated that he/she had decided to pursue a master’s degree since it provided stability at an uncertain time but explained further that he/she was “certainly thinking about how COVID is going to impact future employment.” Highlighting the early impacts of the pandemic in the U.S. accommodation sector, Gossling et al. [
1
] reported (citing McKinesy and Compancy [
52
]), “that jobs in the accommodation and food services sector account for over 20% of all vulnerable positions, i.e., jobs that are subject to furlough, layoffs, or being unable to work as a result of social distancing” [
1
] (p. 9). This is how the findings of this study corroborate the current phenomenon of tourism and hospitality jobs in the U.S. and around the globe.
The status of student employment changed over the year between the pre-COVID period (prior to March 2020) to the study period (during April–May 2021). Students in
tourism
jobs decreased from 25% to 22%, those in
non-tourism
jobs decreased from 60% to 56%, while the proportion of those
unemployed
increased from 15% to 22%. Unemployment increased overall for students employed in both tourism and non-tourism jobs during this time. At least three students in their open-ended responses confirmed they had difficulty finding jobs as so many businesses had shut down. College students are seeking work opportunities to support their study-related expenses [
43
]. Similar to this study, Wall’s study [
48
] of postsecondary students in Canada found that COVID-19 has had strong impacts on their summer jobs or work during their studies, which remains one of their major sources of income. Findings such as these suggest that disasters that affect jobs, such as COVID-19, pose a great threat to student retention and enrollment in colleges and universities. Furthermore, Gabe and Crawley’s [
36
] findings, which state that, due to the severe impacts of the pandemic, employment in “Maine’s restaurants and lodging establishments decreased by 59 percent between February and April [of 2020]” (p. 3) compared to the U.S. hospitality employment decline of 49 percent (during the same time of February–April 2020), support the findings of this study. Impacts such as these can have short- and long-term implications on USM students’ academic and professional plans which may require a separate study.
The study asserted other differential impacts of COVID-19 on student jobs. Commuter students seemed to work more in
tourism
(47%) compared to residential students (20%) and less at
USM
(10%) compared to residential students (36%). This is an important point to emphasize—that commuter students might be more affected by the pandemic and hence experience more changes in jobs, which may warrant further study for a more in-depth understanding. Furthermore, at 32%, non-parents were more likely to work in
tourism
than parents. This makes sense as many of the tourism jobs are weekends/evenings/seasonal which could be harder for those with parenting/caretaking responsibilities.
The study findings also revealed the movement of respondents between industries during COVID-19. This research showed that most working students remained in the same industry with the biggest movement being to
unemployment
, indicating most student employment change occurred not between industries but by employment status. Other studies highlight individual and contextual factors as reasons for job change following the pandemic-created disruptions, which include workplace revamping to accommodate social distancing, telecommuting, virtual meetings and conferences, job eliminations, work from home options [
53
], and booming of online businesses/home delivery services. These trends leave room for attracting these former employees back to work.
USM students who work indicated there were several changes at their jobs; the largest percentage (35%) modified what they did through
changed responsibilities
, 31% noted
reduced hours
, and 26%
changed locations
. It was shown that women were disproportionately impacted in their jobs as evidenced by a significantly higher rate of
changes to their job responsibilities
. Non-parental, younger, college-aged students had higher rates of impact in
decreased hours
and
changed locations
. This sets the foundation for research into why these patterns exist. It can be suggested that younger students likely had less time on the job and might be the first to have to accept new assignments and locations. However, the reasons why females reported
job responsibility changes
at a significantly higher level requires further research. Overall, findings from this study support recent research from Canada on the financial impacts of the pandemic on postsecondary students, which states, “among students aged 20 to 24, the employment rate fell by 23.6 percentage points, from 52.5% in February 2020 to 28.9% in April 2020” [
48
] (p. 3).
While future employment plans of USM students were not correlated with current employment nor any demographic characteristics, if a student was
not employed
at the beginning of the pandemic, they indicated they were less likely to get a job in the summer of 2021. However, most students who already had a job planned to continue to work, notably those employed in
tourism
. The response category of
definitely planning to work over summer/fall
was highest among those employed in
tourism
(98%), followed by those
in non-tourism
(88%), and those who were
not employed
(71%). These facts suggest the resilient nature of travel, hospitality and leisure/recreation industry over other sectors including the commitment and loyalty of their college-student staff. For example, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Statistics reported that in January 2022 there was a national employment net change of 2.356 million jobs in the leisure and hospitality sector compared to the same period of 2021 [
10
] which was remarkably higher than other sectors such as mining, logging, manufacturing, and construction which also witnessed a positive growth during that period.
When trying to determine what would entice student workers into staying or going into tourism jobs, the incentive category with the greatest number of responses was
higher pay
, with over half (55%) of the students indicating this as a response. This was followed by
more regular hours
(36%),
end of COVID-19
(28%),
increased ability to socialize or interact with others
(28%),
enhanced cleaning/public health measures
(18%), and
other
(9%). Twenty-three percent (23%) of respondents selected
none of the above
. This indicates that higher pay is more likely to attract younger workers.
Forty-one percent (41%) of respondents aged 18 to 45 reported
more regular hours
as being an incentive to work within the tourism industry, while no respondents (0%) aged 46 and older identified this as an incentive. Why younger students feel more incentivized by regular hours compared to older people should be investigated further. A common practice remains that younger students or employees who just begin the job start with a minimum pay.
Students who had been pursuing their degree for one to two years were more likely (38%) to select
increased ability to socialize and interact with others
than those in school for three or more years (22%). This is likely due to the fact these first and second year students are the youngest workers in the survey and are perhaps more likely to value socializing and is worth investigating further.
Keeping student employees safe and being flexible in offering work hours appear to be the things employers did that made students feel most supported during the pandemic. This is something employers should keep in mind when trying to attract this workforce back. While working from home was a significant way students employed at USM or in non-tourism jobs felt supported, it was not a frequently cited support for those in tourism jobs, likely due to the nature of the industry, where mostly in-person service is required.
Finally, of the ways students felt supported by the University,
academic support, flexibility, emotional support, industry updates,
and
networking
were most valued. Survey results were complemented by open-ended responses with at least three students mentioning virtual classes as examples of flexible university support. Five students commented that they appreciated the support of faculty in terms of flexibility, accommodation, and good advising. However, 39% of students said they did not feel supported at all. This indicates room for improvement within the University. Study programs that students listed as having the highest rates of support are suggested as a way to replicate and better support students in other programs. Students from Tourism & Hospitality and Recreation & Leisure Studies majors indicated significantly higher support from these programs in keeping their connection to industry throughout the pandemic than students from other majors at USM.
Since a significant percentage of students appreciate various supports provided by USM during the pandemic, the findings from this study can be related to a comprehensive global study (of 30,383 students from 62 countries) by Aristovnik et al. [ 54 ], which examined perceived levels of support provided by different institutions (i.e., government, universities, banks, and hospitals). The authors [ 54 ] found that “Teaching staff and universities’ public relations offered students the most important support at the university during the pandemic” (p. 22) which was “around 53%” [ 54 ] (p. 14) in North America and Europe and stood second only to hospitals with two-thirds of support. It seems encouraging that USM is performing its role well in supporting students during the pandemic which is comparable with other higher education institutions in Europe and North America; USM support was well over 61% when all support categories were combined. However, a significant percentage of students (39%) stated that they received no supports from USM, which underscores the need for institutions of higher education, such as USM, to have resiliency policies and strategies to build a more disaster-resistant university (DRU), similar to those utilized by businesses [ 4 ]. As established in Kapucu and Khosa’s study [ 55 ], and strongly recommended by Hawley et al. [ 4 ], institutions of higher education need to be resilient to disasters by developing a “culture of preparedness, with specific aspects including all- hazards comprehensive emergency management plans (CEMPs), continuity planning to avoid disruption of services” [ 4 ] (p. 13). This culture would seem to be highly relevant to USM and other tourism businesses in countering the negative impacts of disasters including COVID-19. Development and implementation of such disaster resistant policies and strategies could equip University staff to avoid disruption of services and to support students through jobs, community partnerships, and other means during hours of crises.
6. Practical Implications
Massive vaccination against COVID-19 in the U.S., including booster doses, has brought about significantly positive changes in the daily lives of U.S. citizens, including academic institutions and business sectors, such as tourism/recreation and hospitality. Disruptions further fueled by new COVID-19 variants such as Delta and Omicron continue, coupled with travel advisories and restrictions affecting the flow of travel movement and business operations. Furthermore, the economic, social, and psychological impacts of COVID-19 seem likely to affect people’s lives in the U.S. and around the world in the future, too. In this context, the findings from this study based on USM students’ tourism jobs seem to have both short-term and long-term implications for college students in general and USM students in particular.
This study suggests short-term and long-term policy and business implications for Maine tourism and academic institutions juxtaposed with related past and current studies. For example, in an April 2020 survey by The Harris Poll [
14
] of adults regarding anticipated changes in their travel and vacationing after the pandemic was over and things returned to normal, 31% replied it would mostly be the same, 36% replied it would be somewhat different, and 33% indicated it would be very different. In a study relating to the future/growth potential of outdoor recreation, Craig and Karabas [
56
] found, “Active leisure travelers report more post-COVID-19 glamping trip plans (45.9%) than hotel/resort trip plans (24.7%)” and “Active travelers report plans for more than twice as many post-COVID-19 glamping trips than they took in 2019 (21.4%)” (p. 253). Findings from surveys and studies such as these provide an early indication as to where the travel and tourism/recreation industry in Maine needs to make adjustments to accommodate such shifts in consumer demands. Possibly, findings of this study may provide some insights to the Maine Office of Tourism, Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Department of Agriculture, Conservation and Forestry, and Department of Transportation to further facilitate their cooperation and partnership in promoting outdoor recreation opportunities in Maine thereby enhancing the sustainability and resiliency of tourism operations and development [
57
,
58
].
As discussed earlier, leaders and educators in higher education institutions would benefit from developing comprehensive emergency management plans (CEMPs) to mitigate such disruptions at present and be prepared for future disasters [
4
]. Furthermore, differential impacts of the pandemic on students suggest varying implications. The study suggested that younger white students felt incentivized by
more regular hours
compared to older students and people of color, showing a relationship between age and race. Further,
increased ability to socialize and interact with others,
was preferred more by residential students and students pursuing their degree for one to two years compared to commuter students and students in school for three or more years. Further,
tourism
workers showing more inclination to work despite COVID compared to other
non-tourism
employees suggests the gravity tourism workers seem to put on their job supposedly guided by the spirit of service and hospitality. This is how the study has both immediate and long-term implications, and we recommend that tourism policy makers, tourism operators, and USM educators in Maine refer to the findings of this study in their future policy decisions to better facilitate and motivate students in their current studies, jobs, and in providing support for jobs or creating and expanding such support networks. Consideration to individual preferences and differences relating to race, age, gender, residential status, and number of years in college could be some new strategies to facilitate and motivate student employees in times of crises while respecting existing legal policy frameworks.
Other studies (e.g., [
1
,
23
]) have found that online/virtual teaching and work from home are the new disruptions to teaching–learning and workplace experiences, including organizing conferences and meetings. At least five students in this study appreciated virtual classes and flexible/accommodative and good advising support from faculty during the pandemic favoring such new disruptions in teaching–learning. Furthermore, this study presents a strong case to all stakeholders to be resilient and adaptive to new demands created by the technology and staff and to remain relevant in the current competitive business scenario whether running an academic institute or a tourism business. The COVID-19 pandemic has proven that there are different ways of doing businesses including teaching differently and efficiently through the adoption of digital learning, which students appreciated as academic support and flexibility.
7. Limitations
This study included only full-time students in spring 2021 (not in fall or summer). Since the impacts of COVID-19 have remained throughout all semesters over two years, covering the impacts of COVID-19 over one semester may not represent the overall scenario of job impacts on USM students. Furthermore, this study focused on exploring the impacts of COVID-19 on students’ tourism-related jobs and economic activities. Future studies may incorporate additional aspects such as social, psychological, mental health, uncertainty about the future, and relationships as covered in other studies (e.g., [
4
]) to obtain a broader picture.
Though the distribution of the survey, via listserv, allowed researchers to reach their target audience, the method had some limitations. First, researchers had little control over the timing of the emails, and due to a delay in deployment, the emails went out much later in the semester than expected. Second, researchers had little control over the overall content of the emails, and as a result the announcement inviting students to take the survey was one of many end-of-semester announcements. These factors likely contributed to the low 3% of survey completion rates. Hence, future researchers would be well advised to cover two or more semesters and to include sociological psychological and other aspects to determine the broader impacts on student employment. Distribution of the survey over a period of at least a month with at least two reminders may enhance the participation of students. The third limitation of the study was that it employed quantitative survey methods primarily with only one open-ended question. Adding qualitative in-depth interviews in future studies would contribute to bringing participant’s deeper perceptions and concerns regarding the impacts of the pandemic on student jobs to light.
8. Conclusions
This study explored COVID-19 impacts on college students’ jobs and specifically on how impacts varied between the tourism and recreation sector and other sectors. The study employed a confidential online survey of all USM undergraduate students in April–May 2021 with one open-ended question. It was found that while more students became unemployed, a significant majority remained in the same industry and that the largest impact was a change in responsibilities at the job. Despite this change, almost all who worked in the
tourism
industry still planned to do so in the summer of 2021. This study found that initial impacts of COVID-19 on student employment were seen in various ways and affected different groups of student employees differently, and most significantly among commuters, younger students, and women. Further, it was interesting to find the differential impacts of incentives on students which varied by age, race, residential or commuter status, number of years in college and by gender in some instances. Appreciation by students of the shift to virtual classes, and flexibility to work schedules were important findings worth consideration by prospective employers. The findings of the study suggest the tourism industry in Maine needs to remain flexible in accommodating student employees’ concerns and needs, with higher pay and by showing concern for employee safety with enhanced public health measures as a good way to attract and retain employees. By situating the findings of this study within past and current trends in the tourism and hospitality industry, the study made recommendations for higher education institutions and businesses. Crises management and resiliency policies and strategies are suggested while embracing innovation and flexibility. These measures hold short- and long-term implications for the sustenance of tourism in general and the Maine tourism and hospitality industry in particular. Without applying such measures, academic institutions which are facing major, unprecedented disruptions from the pandemic due to low student enrollment may face bigger challenges in the future. Furthermore, the study findings offer some recommendations for tourism businesses to address acute workforce shortage created by the ongoing pandemic.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Appendix A
In what industry were you primarily employed at the onset of COVID-19? (Report the job at which you spent the most hours) .
How was this employment impacted by COVID-19? (Select all that apply.)
Other (Please describe.) ________________________________________________
Yes, at a new/different job
No
In what industry are you primarily employed currently?
Tourism/hospitality/recreation-based job (restaurant/bar, lodging, attractions, beaches, retail catering to visitors, activity-based business such as guiding and tours, transportation catering to visitors, local/state parks, etc.)
Changed locations
Changed industries
Changed responsibilities within my job
□
Decreased hours
□
Eliminated job
□
Other (Please describe.) ________________________________________________
□
No change
Do you plan to [enter into any employment/stay employed] this summer or fall?
□
Yes
□
Yes, if the pandemic is over [this answer option displayed to those not currently employed]
□
No
Do you plan to [enter into employment/stay employed] in the tourism/recreation industry (restaurant/bar, lodging, attractions, beaches, retail catering to visitors, activity-based business such as guiding and tours, transportation catering to visitors, local/state parks, etc.) this summer or fall?
□
Yes
□
Yes, if the pandemic is over [this answer option displayed to those not currently employed]
□
No
What incentives [might] encourage you to work in the tourism/recreation industry (restaurant/bar, lodging, attractions, beaches, retail catering to visitors, activity-based business such as guiding and tours, transportation catering to visitors, local/state parks, etc.)? (Select all that apply.)
□
Enhanced cleaning/public health measures
□
Increased ability to socialize and interact with others
□
Higher pay
□
More regular hours
□
The end of COVID-19
□
Other (Please describe.) _____________________________________
□
None of the above
How has your industry supported you during the COVID-19 pandemic? (Select all that apply.)
□
Allowed to work from home
□
Enhanced cleaning/safety measures
□
Providing personal protective equipment
□
Increased pay
□
Flexible hours/time off
□
Virtual social time or other non-work activities
□
Extra training for changes in workplace
□
Offering time, money, or incentives for healthy programs/activities/apps
□
Regular check-ins
□
Other (Please describe.) _______________________________________
□
None of the above
How has USM supported you during the COVID-19 pandemic? (Select all that apply.)
□
Kept me up to date on changes within my industry
□
Helped me to find employment during pandemic
□
Academic support
□
Emotional support
□
Provided trainings within my industry/field
□
Provided opportunities to make connections/networking
□
Offered me flexibility
□
Other (Please describe.) _______________________________________
□
None of the above
Do you want to add anything? For example, COVID-19 pandemic impacts on your past/current/future employment, lessons learned, etc.? [ open-ended response]
What is your current gender identity?
□
Male
□
Female
□
Other ___________________________________________________
□
Prefer not to say
What is your current age?
□
18–30 years old
□
31–45 years old
□
46–60 years old
□
60+ years old
What is your race?
□
Asian/Pacific Islander
□
Black or African American
□
Native American or Alaska Native
□
White
□
From multiple races
□
Other ___________________________________________
□
Prefer not to say
Do you consider yourself Latino or Hispanic?
□
Yes
□
No
□
Prefer not to say
Are you…?
□
A commuter
□
Living on campus
Are you a parent, or are you the primary caretaker for a parent or other family member(s)?
□
Yes
□
No
Are you a first-generation college student?
□
Yes
□
No
For how many years have you been pursuing your degree?
□
1
□
2
□
3
□
4
□
5
□
>5
What is your major? [see Appendix B for list of majors]
Appendix B
Table A1. Major and type of major (98% responding, n = 157).
Table A1. Major and type of major (98% responding, n = 157).
Types of Majors Major Number Percent Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences Art 5 3% Economics 1 1% English 2 1% History 3 2% Liberal Studies-Humanities 1 1% Media Studies 5 3% Music 3 2% Philosophy 1 1% Political Science 2 1% Social & Behavioral Sciences 6 4% Theatre 1 1% Business Accounting 3 2% Business Administration 12 8% Marketing 2 1% Sports Management 1 1% Health/Nursing Athletic Training 1 1% Exercise Science 5 3% Health Sciences 9 6% Nursing 11 7% Human/Public Service Education 3 2% Environmental Planning & Policy 2 1% Science & Technology Biochemistry 1 1% Biology 7 4% Cybersecurity 3 2% Engineering 4 3% Environmental Science 1 1% Linguistics 5 3% Mathematics 1 1% Mechanical Engineering 1 1% Physics 1 1% Psychology 5 3% Technology 4 3% Tourism/Recreation Recreation & Leisure Studies 7 4% Tourism & Hospitality 10 6% Other/Undeclared Other 9 6% Undeclared 2 1%
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Figure 1. Residential status by current employment.
Figure 1. Residential status by current employment.
Figure 2. Currently in tourism by parental status.
Figure 2. Currently in tourism by parental status.
Figure 3. Pre-COVID impact on employment ( n = 133).
Figure 3. Pre-COVID impact on employment ( n = 133).
Figure 4. Movement between industries ( n = 160).
Figure 4. Movement between industries ( n = 160).
Figure 5. COVID-19 impact on current employment ( n = 124).
Figure 5. COVID-19 impact on current employment ( n = 124).
Figure 6. COVID-19 impact on current employment by demographic attribute.
Figure 6. COVID-19 impact on current employment by demographic attribute.
Figure 7. Planned employment over summer/fall ( n = 160).
Figure 7. Planned employment over summer/fall ( n = 160).
Figure 8. Definitely planning to work over summer/fall by pre-COVID employment.
Figure 8. Definitely planning to work over summer/fall by pre-COVID employment.
Figure 9. Tourism industry incentives ( n = 159).
Figure 9. Tourism industry incentives ( n = 159).
Figure 10. Industry support during COVID-19 pandemic ( n = 146).
Figure 10. Industry support during COVID-19 pandemic ( n = 146).
Figure 11. Work from home by most recent industry type ( n = 146).
Figure 11. Work from home by most recent industry type ( n = 146).
Figure 12. USM support during COVID-19 ( n = 157).
Figure 12. USM support during COVID-19 ( n = 157).
Figure 13. Help finding employment by type of major.
Figure 13. Help finding employment by type of major.
Figure 14. Networking opportunities by type of major.
Figure 14. Networking opportunities by type of major.
Table 1. Participant demographics denoted in percentage.
Table 1. Participant demographics denoted in percentage.
* See Appendix B for list of majors.
Table 2. Employment status.
Table 2. Employment status.
Employment COVID-19 Onset Employment ( n = 160) Current Employment ( n = 160) Tourism 25% 22% Non-tourism 44% 42% USM 16% 14% Not employed 15% 22%
Table 3. Most recent employment industry type.
Table 3. Most recent employment industry type.
Industry Type Most Recent Employment ( n = 160) Tourism 26% Non-tourism 48% USM 17% Not employed 9%
AMA Style
Dangi TB, Michaud T, Dumont R, Wheeler T. Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA. Tourism and Hospitality. 2022; 3(2):509-535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
Chicago/Turabian Style
Dangi, Tek B., Tracy Michaud, Robyn Dumont, and Tara Wheeler. 2022. "Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA" Tourism and Hospitality3, no. 2: 509-535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
Article Metrics
MDPI and ACS Style
Dangi, T.B.; Michaud, T.; Dumont, R.; Wheeler, T. Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA. Tour. Hosp. 2022, 3, 509-535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
AMA Style
Dangi TB, Michaud T, Dumont R, Wheeler T. Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA. Tourism and Hospitality. 2022; 3(2):509-535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
Chicago/Turabian Style
Dangi, Tek B., Tracy Michaud, Robyn Dumont, and Tara Wheeler. 2022. "Differential Impacts of COVID-19 on College Student Tourism Jobs: Insights from Vacationland-Maine, USA" Tourism and Hospitality3, no. 2: 509-535.
https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp3020032
| https://www.mdpi.com/2673-5768/3/2/32/htm |
Permission to Travel and Child Consent Form Letters
Single Parents, Grandparents and Guardians must satisfy legal requirements before crossing international borders with minor children by showing notarized Permission to Travel And Child Consent forms, available here.
Required Documents For Travel With Minors
Solo Parents, Grandparents and Guardians can satisfy legal requirements before crossing international borders with minor children by using these Permission to Travel Letter and Children’s Consent forms.
The Family Travel Forum community has learned the hard way that you need this paperwork: in the special FTF report “Permission To Travel Letters And Why You Need Them,” we interview consular officers, immigration agents and tourism officials to explain why.
• Permission to Travel or Consent to Travel Letter
Whether you’re married and leaving a spouse behind to work; grandparents taking grandchildren on vacation; same sex couples with adopted children; a divorced parent on a road trip to Canada -– even a military family trying to reunite for a holiday — you should be carrying notarized copies of the proper Children’s Consent Forms or Permission to Travel documentation.This is the form to use if you’re friends and family traveling with a minor child.
• Minor Consent to Travel Form
The same regulations apply to minors under 18 who are leaving the United States with school groups, teen tours, or friends on a vacation. If the supervisors of your child’s tour have not provided their own, you can use the email request form below to obtain a sample one.This is the form used for school / tour groups who are supervising travel with your minor child.
• Medical Treatment Authorization Letter
Additionally, FTF recommends that travelers vacationing with children other than their own carry a Medical Treatment Authorization Letter assigning them responsibility for a child’s care in case of medical emergency.This optional affidavit does not have to be notarized but we strongly recommend you also carry a copy of the minor child’s health insurance information..
Obtain the Necessary Forms Now
A sample of each of these forms may be requested via the email form below. Please note thatnew Canada regulationsrequest adults entering the country with minors carry a photocopy of the signature page of the passport belonging to the guardian whose signature is on the permission letter.
Note that South Africa, which used to require much more stringent paperwork for foreign minors arriving by air, sea or land, has waived all document requirements except a valid passport. See a full list ofRequirements for Children Travelling Through South African Ports of Entry.
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Be sure to have the proper documents for travel with minors.
Before you head out on a family vacation, protect your loved ones with much-needed travel insurance. Kids traveling with parents or grandparents are also insured free throughAllianzwhen traveling on a family vacation.
Get Blank Consent Forms & Required Documents Now
Crossing borders with children is serious business, and Permission to Travel, Medical Treatment Authorization and Consent for Minor Travel Letters could save your next vacation. To obtain them, please complete the following request, then check your email inbox and/or spam filter. Your reply email includes instructions to download three forms that you can fill out and use. Remember that Permission to Travel Letters and Consent Forms for Minor Travel should be signed and notarized. Keep blank copies to use on future trips.
To keep you up-to-date with ever-changing travel safety and security regulations, you will be subscribed to the FTF travel alerts e-mail list You may unsubscribe at any time. We do not sell, barter or trade your personal information. ReadFamily Travel Forum’s Privacy Policyif you have concerns.
And most importantly, safe there and safe home!
Don’t Forget! A Few More Tips!
Be sure your child carriestwo copiesof every notarized document (even a photocopy may work) in case an immigration or border official decides they need to keep one for their files.
• Additional Travel Documentation and ID
Regardless of where you travel outside the United States, when you are crossing a border by land, sea or air you will need to have proper identification documents for each traveler in addition to the above letters. Please see theCustoms & Border Protection Siteif you are unsure about the type of ID documents you and your family need.
• Additional Useful Papers
A March 2019 report by Scott McCartney in the Wall St. Journalnoted some other documents which might prove essential, depending on the destination. These include an original, raised stamp birth certificate for each minor in your party, extra passport photos on white backgrounds, plus about US$50 in small bills so that you can purchase entry visas on the spot. Be sure to assign a neighbor or relative back home the responsibility of retrieving some of these documents and sending them, if you need them after departure.
• Travel Insurance Really Works!
If you’re prepaying a big vacation with flights, hotels, cruises or any other non-refundable fee — or just worried about a “what if” moment when traveling with someone else’s child — getting afamily travel insurance policyis a good investment, and costs less than you think.
If you have any questions or would like to read more about why these papers are requirements and how rules are enforced, read “Permission To Travel Letters And Why You Need Them.”
If you’re still unsure, feel free to get in touch with our office and we’ll do our best to help out. Thanks for your attention to this critical matter!
| https://myfamilytravels.com/content/10645-required-documents-travel-minors/comment-page-2/?4c7=a5&duration=2023-2023&prId=28273 |
Water may prevent some fainting spells | EurekAlert! Science News
Drinking about 16 oz. of water may help prevent healthy people from fainting due to standing or after donating blood.
Water may prevent some fainting spells
American Heart Association
ORLANDO, Sept. 26 - Drinking about 16 oz. of water may help prevent healthy people from fainting due to standing or after donating blood, according to two reports presented today at the American Heart Association's 56th Annual High Blood Pressure Research Conference.
"Prolonged standing, especially in a warm environment, leads to occasional fainting, even in healthy people," says Christoph Schroeder, M.D., of Humboldt University in Berlin, Germany, first author on one report. "Our results show that drinking water right beforehand improves the ability to stand and may help prevent fainting."
Both groups studied healthy people without a history of fainting to follow up earlier research at Vanderbilt University. That research had shown that drinking water reduced the likelihood of fainting in people with malfunctioning autonomic nervous systems.
Such people are prone to pass out when they stand up. The autonomic nervous system regulates body functions that are not consciously controlled, including heart rate and blood pressure.
"As we considered that finding, it occurred to us that there is a big problem with people passing out after giving blood," says David Robertson, M.D., senior author of the other report. "We believe that around 150,000 people a year faint or experience near-fainting after blood donations, and many of those people never give blood again.
"We wondered if water might help prevent fainting in healthy people who donate blood," adds Robertson, a professor of medicine, pharmacology, and neurology at Vanderbilt University School of Medicine in Nashville, Tenn.
Both teams conducted their research in a similar manner, which involved using tilt-table testing. In that test, a person lies on a bed-like platform parallel to the floor. The bed is then titled upward so the head is above the feet. Both teams titled the tables so the person was at a 60 degree angle, two-thirds of the way between lying flat and standing upright.
"You might think you could lie at that angle all day," Robertson says. "But most people can't stay at that angle beyond 45 minutes without passing out."
Participants in each study were randomized to two groups and tested twice in what is called a crossover study.
On the first round of testing, one of the randomized groups drank water and the other didn't. On the second round, the two groups switched, with the water drinkers going without and the nondrinkers consuming water. The two tests were done on separate days.
Both teams monitored participants for physiological signs - such as falling blood pressure and heart rate - until they were nearing the point of fainting. The test was stopped before anyone passed out.
The Vanderbilt group provided 16 oz. of water five minutes prior to tilting. In this study, 10 of the 22 participants had abnormal heartbeats and/or a significant drop in blood pressure when tilt-tested for up to 45 minutes without drinking water. Only one person who drank water nearly fainted. Drinking water increased the time that test participants could tolerate remaining at a 60 degree angle to an average of 40.9 minutes, vs. 33 minutes without water. Those who drank water had a smaller decrease in heart rate associated with tilting than those who didn't drink.
Schroeder's group had nine women and five men drink about 16 oz. of mineral water 15 minutes before titling. The German team found that drinking water increased the time before participants nearly fainted by an average of five minutes, compared to when they were tested without drinking water. The researchers also found that drinking water tended to lower the heart rate while lying down, and improve the force and flow of blood in the body both when horizontal and upright.
The tilt protocol in the German study included lower-body negative pressure, which may explain why their subjects lasted less time on the tilt table and why the time difference after drinking water was not as much as in the Vanderbilt study, says Schroeder. Negative pressure is created with a chamber that causes a vacuum around the lower body.
###
Co-authors with Dr. Robertson were Chih-Cherng Lu, Jens Jordan, Andrè Diedrich, Sachin Paranjape, Paul Harris and Daniel Byrne.
Co-authors with Dr. Schroeder were Victoria E. Bush, Jens Jordan, Lucy J. Norcliffe, Friedrich C. Luft, Jens Tank and Roger Hainsworth.
Keywords
| https://archive.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2002-09/aha-wmp091802.php |
RadiaPlexRx Gel and Aquaphor Gel in Radiation Dermatitis - Clinical Trials Registry - ICH GCP
Primary Objective:To determine if RadiaPlexRx Hydrogel can reduce the development of grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis in breast cancer from adjuvant radia...
Comparing RadiaPlexRx Hydrogel and Standard-of-Care for Radiation Dermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients
Phase III Trial to Compare RadiaPlexRx Hydrogel and Standard-of-Care for Radiation Dermatitis in Breast Cancer Patients
Primary Objective:
To determine if RadiaPlexRx Hydrogel can reduce the development of grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis in breast cancer from adjuvant radiation when compared to a petroleum-based gel (Aquaphor) commonly used as best supportive care.
Study Overview
Status
Completed
Conditions
Radiation Dermatitis
Intervention / Treatment
Other: RadiaPlexRx Gel
Other: Aquaphor Gel
Detailed Description
The Study Gels:
RadiaPlexRx (requires a prescription) and Aquaphor (over-the-counter) are both gels that are designed to treat irradiated (received radiation) breast skin.
These 2 gels contain different ingredients that may make one gel better than the other to treat irradiated breast skin.
RadiaPlexRx contains hyaluronic acid (an ingredient found naturally in skin), aloe vera, and other ingredients that help the skin heal.
Aquaphor is made of mostly petroleum that helps protect the skin.
Application of Study Gels:
If you decide to participate in this study, the following steps will be taken:
You will be given detailed instructions on how to apply both of the gels.
You should not apply other gels or lotions on the areas of skin where you will be instructed to apply the study gels, unless you are instructed to do so by the treating doctor.
You will receive a supply of both gels (in tubes) with enough to last for the length of your treatment.
You will know which gel is which, but each gel will be labeled with "outer" or "inner" so that you will know which gel to use on which side.
You should not tell your treating doctor which side of the breast skin is being treated with which gel so that a fair comparison of the gels can be made.
You will apply 1 gel to the outer side of the irradiated breast skin and the other gel to the inner side of the irradiated breast skin.
If you experience any kind of allergic reaction (such as a rash) to the study gels, you should notify the study doctor or study staff immediately.
Schedule for Study Gels:
You will need to follow the schedule for applying the gels as follows:
You will need to apply both gels starting 1 day before the start of radiation treatments.
You will then need to apply both gels for 6 weeks during radiation treatment.
During the study period (1 day before the start of radiation treatment, during 6 weeks of radiation treatment), you will need to apply both gels 3 times (in the morning, afternoon, and evening just before going to sleep) each day at home.
During the days that you receive radiation treatment, you will be asked to apply the gels immediately after you receive your radiation treatment.
This will count as 1 of the 3 daily gel applications.
Clinic Visits:
You will have the following tests done during your clinic visits:
Three (3) sets of photos of your breast skin will be taken (before radiation starts and during Weeks 3 and 6 of radiation therapy treatment).
During Weeks 1 through 6, you will go to the clinic to have your skin checked by your treating physician to learn the effects of each gel on your symptoms. .
You will need to return any empty tubes of study gel so that new tubes can be given if you will need more.
Length of Study:
If the treating doctor sees that the irradiated breast skin reacts poorly (does not improve or gets worse) or you experience any intolerable side effects, you will be taken off this study.
Otherwise, the total time on this study is about 6 weeks.
End-of-Study:
-During your last week of radiation therapy treatment you will be asked to fill out a questionnaire about how you felt about each gel.
This is an investigational study.
RadiaPlexRx and Aquaphor are both FDA approved and commercially available.
Up to 92 patients will take part in this study.
All will be enrolled at M. D. Anderson.
Study Type
Interventional
Enrollment (Actual)
80
Phase
Phase 3
Contacts and Locations
This section provides the contact details for those conducting the study, and information on where this study is being conducted.
Study Locations
United States
Texas
Houston, Texas, United States, 77030
UT MD Anderson Cancer Center
Participation Criteria
Researchers look for people who fit a certain description, called eligibility criteria. Some examples of these criteria are a person's general health condition or prior treatments.
Eligibility Criteria
Ages Eligible for Study
ADULT
OLDER_ADULT
CHILD
Accepts Healthy Volunteers
No
Genders Eligible for Study
Female
Description
Inclusion Criteria:
Patient has histologically-confirmed carcinoma of breast (all subtypes are permitted)
Patient has breast conserving surgery (lumpectomy) for breast cancer with negative surgical margin
Stage Tis,0-3 N0-2 M0
Patient will receive irradiation of whole breast.
An additional field to treat the supraclavicular / axillary apex lymphatics is allowed, but a separate field to treat the internal mammary chain nodes is not allowed
The breast will receive radiation dose greater than or equal to 50 Gy, with or without a boost field to give additional dose to the tumor bed
Patient wears bras with cup size larger than A
Patient signs informed consent
Exclusion Criteria:
Breast cancer treatment with mastectomy
Stage T4 breast cancer
Patient will require the use of tissue-equivalent bolus during radiation treatment or double treatment of junctions of radiation treatment fields
Patient will require treatment to the internal mammary chain lymph node bed using a separate radiation electron field
Patient is planned for partial-breast irradiation or Mammo-site treatment.
Patient has unhealed wound or rash in the radiation field
Patient has allergy to RadiaPlexRx or aloe vera
Patient has systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma that increases the risk of radiation dermatitis development
Patient will receive concurrent chemotherapy with radiation.
(Patient is allowed to take concurrent hormonal therapy or Herceptin® [Trastuzumab])
Planned accelerated fractionation.
Planned radiation therapy to the bilateral breasts
Planned breast irradiation in the prone position
Study Plan
This section provides details of the study plan, including how the study is designed and what the study is measuring.
How is the study designed?
Design Details
Primary Purpose: TREATMENT
Allocation: RANDOMIZED
Interventional Model: SINGLE_GROUP
Masking: SINGLE
2
Arms and Interventions
<table><tr><th> Participant Group / Arm</th><th> Intervention / Treatment</th></tr><tbody><tr><td> EXPERIMENTAL: RadiaPlexRx Gel RadiaPlexRx Gel for application to one half of irradiated breast skin, determined by a randomization process.</td><td> Other: RadiaPlexRx Gel RadiaPlexRx Gel: The treated breast is divided into two vertical halves during the simulation using skin marker (medial and lateral halves).
Patients are given detailed instructions to apply RadiaPlexRx gel topically 3 Times Daily to one half of the irradiated breast skin and the control, Aquaphor gel, to the other half of irradiated breast skin.
This is determined through randomization process.</td></tr><tr><td> ACTIVE_COMPARATOR: Aquaphor Gel Aquaphor Gel for application to one half of irradiated breast skin, determined by a randomization process.</td><td> Other: Aquaphor Gel Aquaphor Gel: The treated breast is divided into two vertical halves during the simulation using skin marker (medial and lateral halves).
Patients are given detailed instructions to apply Aquaphor gel topically 3 Times Daily to one half of the irradiated breast skin and the experimental, RadiaPlexRx gel, to the other half of irradiated breast skin.
This is determined through randomization process.</td></tr></tbody></table>
What is the study measuring?
Primary Outcome Measures
<table><tr><th> Outcome Measure</th><th> Time Frame</th></tr><tbody><tr><td> Number of Patients using RadiaPlexRx Hydrogel that developed grade 2 or higher radiation dermatitis in breast cancer from adjuvant radiation compared to a petroleum-based gel (Aquaphor) commonly used as best supportive care Time Frame: 6 weeks</td><td> 6 weeks</td></tr></tbody></table>
Collaborators and Investigators
This is where you will find people and organizations involved with this study.
Sponsor
M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
Investigators
Principal Investigator: Thomas Buchholz, MD, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center
The person responsible for entering information about the study voluntarily provides these publications. These may be about anything related to the study.
Study record dates
These dates track the progress of study record and summary results submissions to ClinicalTrials.gov. Study records and reported results are reviewed by the National Library of Medicine (NLM) to make sure they meet specific quality control standards before being posted on the public website.
Study Major Dates
Study Start
May 1, 2007
Primary Completion (ACTUAL)
January 1, 2012
Study Completion (ACTUAL)
January 1, 2012
Study Registration Dates
First Submitted
May 31, 2007
First Submitted That Met QC Criteria
May 31, 2007
First Posted (ESTIMATE)
June 4, 2007
Study Record Updates
Last Update Posted (ESTIMATE)
May 2, 2016
Last Update Submitted That Met QC Criteria
April 29, 2016
Last Verified
January 1, 2012
Keywords
Other Study ID Numbers
| https://ichgcp.net/clinical-trials-registry/NCT00481884 |
Speech by CE at Symposium on Innovation & Technology 2017 (English only) (with photos/video)
Speech by CE at Symposium on Innovation & Technology 2017 (English only) (with photos/video)
Following is the speech by the Chief Executive, Mrs Carrie Lam, at the Symposium on Innovation & Technology 2017 this morning (October 13):
Margaret (Executive Director of the Hong Kong Trade Development Council, Ms Margaret Fong), Victor (Chairman of the Hong Kong Electronics and Technologies Association, Mr Victor Ng), Legislative Council members, distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,
Good morning. I am delighted to join all of you at the Symposium on Innovation & Technology (I&T) 2017 Opening Ceremony today. I understand this Symposium is a flagship event of the Hong Kong Electronics Fair (Autumn Edition).
As many of you know, I delivered my maiden Policy Address two days ago. I love to regard my presence at this I&T Symposium as a good post-Policy Address PR for two reasons: one is to reiterate the importance my government attaches to development of I&T in Hong Kong, a subject which has been given prominence in my Policy Address, and the other is to tell our symposium participants and exhibitors that my government is committed to providing more convention and exhibition facilities to meet the ever growing demand for expos, symposiums, conventions, etc to be held in Hong Kong, as I have announced in my Policy Address the proposal to build a new wing of the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre on an adjacent site now occupied by three government office buildings. These initiatives fit in with my conviction that "the best of Hong Kong is yet to come".
In the last month or so, I made two keynote speeches on I&T, first at a Hong Kong X Foundation event during which they launched a white paper on Hong Kong's I&T development and then at the opening of the InnoTech Expo organised by Our Hong Kong Foundation. On both occasions, I confessed that I was on a sharp learning curve as far as I&T development was concerned since taking office on July 1 this year. As a result of that learning process during which I had interacted with local, Mainland and overseas experts and visited technology and entrepreneurship projects, I have drawn the conclusion that innovation and technology will help power Hong Kong's future economy, improve people's livelihood and create quality jobs for young people as well as opportunities for young entrepreneurs.
However, in a highly competitive environment globally and with fast advances in the Mainland, the above vision may only be realised by the Government adopting the right policies, investing the needed resources and connecting with talents and renowned research institutions. Thus, in my first Policy Address, I have set out eight major areas which my government will step up efforts. I will briefly outline these efforts and will refer you to the Policy Address website to read the full text.
First is to increase resources for research and development (R&D). Here, we have set a goal to double the R&D expenditure as a percentage of the Gross Domestic Product from the current 0.73 per cent to 1.5 per cent by the end of the current-term Government's five-year-term of office. Apart from Government injecting more resources into the Research Endowment Fund under the University Grants Committee for allocation to the eight publicly-funded universities, we will take a bold step to provide super tax deduction for expenditure incurred by private enterprises on R&D, to the tune of 300 per cent for the first HK$2 million and 200 per cent for the remainder.
Second is to nurture local talent and recruit overseas talents. We will launch a HK$500 million Technology Talent Scheme to establish a Postdoctoral Hub to provide funding support for enterprises to recruit postdoctoral talent for scientific research and product development and another HK$3 billion to provide studentships for local students to engage in research postgraduate programmes. We will also invite world-acclaimed universities, R&D institutes as well as technology enterprises to collaborate and carry out forward-looking research projects with social benefits.
Third is to provide investment funding to support start-ups. We have seen a number of venture capital funds setting up in Hong Kong in recent years. To further boost the momentum, we have just launched the HK$2 billion Innovation and Technology Venture Fund and are inviting private VC companies to joint hands with the Government to invest in our technology start-ups. I believe that, given time, local enterprises will be more willing and ready to invest in technology development.
Fourth is to provide the hardware in terms of technological research infrastructure and related facilities. At present, Science Park, Cyberport, Hong Kong Productivity Council and R&D Centres have been supporting local R&D activities. We have a number of infrastructure projects in the pipeline, including expansion of the Science Park, development of the Data Technology Hub and the Advanced Manufacturing Centre in the Tseung Kwan O Industrial Estate. We are also working in full speed to implement the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Innovation and Technology Park at the Lok Ma Chau Loop, based on an agreement we signed with the Shenzhen Municipal People's Government in January this year. When completed, this will be the largest I&T infrastructure in Hong Kong. A residential building for talent called "InnoCell" is also being built at Science Park and should be completed in 2020.
Fifth is to review existing legislation and regulations, so as to remove those outdated provisions that impede the development of innovation and technology. To this end, I realise that there will be a lot of resistance within the Government, so I will task the newly formed Policy Innovation and Co-ordination Unit which works directly to me to spearhead this exercise.
Sixth is to open up government data for use as raw materials in technological research, innovation and development of smart city. I am happy to see that the Hospital Authority is taking steps to set up a big data analytics platform on health data, with other useful data in other areas to follow.
Seventh is to adjust government procurement methods to include I&T as a criterion in the selection process, with a view to encouraging local technological innovation.
Last but not the least is to step up our STEM education both at the school and community level. We will encourage fairs like this electronics fair to consider opening up a day for school visits so that students may be impressed by what technology could offer and inspire them to learn more. On the part of the Government, the Leisure and Cultural Services Department will update the permanent exhibitions of the Hong Kong Science Museum to further promote STEM education using the museum's facilities.
I should just add that apart from the eight major areas to promote I&T development, my Policy Address also contains a section of promoting smart city development in Hong Kong and IoT, electronics and technologies all have an important role to play in various smart city initiatives, or what this Symposium's theme refers to - "connected living".
In introducing my Policy Address in the Legislative Council, I said that in the coming few years, Hong Kong is entering a period when opportunities and challenges co-exist. This also applies to I&T development. The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Bay Area will bring exceptional opportunity for Hong Kong to join hands with Shenzhen and other Bay Area cities to develop an international I&T centre very much like the Silicon Valley. Hong Kong is blessed with distinct competitive edges including our unique advantages of "one country, two systems", geographical location, business environment, legal system, intellectual property protection, R&D capability, financial services, etc. Also, the setting up of the Karolinska Institutet research centre and an innovation node of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Hong Kong last year has also created more opportunities for us to work with and attract other renowned research institutes to Hong Kong. The challenge to seizing these opportunities naturally lies in how fast and how effective we are in pressing ahead with the initiatives I have committed to in my Policy Address.
Ladies and gentlemen, an innovation-driven economy will help enhance the competitiveness of Hong Kong and drive sustainable economic growth. We need all the stakeholders, that is, the Government, industry, academia and the research sectors, to collaborate and co-create to make this happen.
I would like to thank the Hong Kong Electronics and Technologies Association and the Trade Development Council in organising this event. May I wish the conference every success and all of you a fruitful experience, and our guests from overseas a very enjoyable stay in Hong Kong.
Thank you very much.
| http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201710/13/P2017101300473p.htm |
Installing Mac Mini Mid 2011 Dual Hard Drive Kit - iFixit Repair Guide
Second Revision of Dual Hard Drive Kit.
Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:01
Jun 27, 2018 - 11:06:14 Jun 27, 2018 - 11:06:27 Jun 27, 2018 - 11:06:12 Jun 27, 2018 - 11:06:24 Feb 19, 2018 - 08:02:03 Mar 15, 2017 - 02:03:34 Sep 30, 2016 - 10:09:55 Sep 30, 2016 - 10:09:42 Jan 15, 2016 - 06:01:02 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:27 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:27 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:27 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 13, 2015 - 04:11:26 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 Nov 10, 2015 - 09:11:16 May 26, 2015 - 04:05:43 May 21, 2015 - 04:05:50 Dec 29, 2014 - 07:12:57 Dec 29, 2014 - 07:12:57 Jan 26, 2014 - 07:01:02 Sep 11, 2013 - 12:09:04 Sep 04, 2013 - 05:09:45 Jul 31, 2013 - 04:07:01 Apr 10, 2013 - 12:04:00 Apr 05, 2013 - 11:04:07 Apr 05, 2013 - 11:04:39 Nov 12, 2012 - 10:11:44 Nov 12, 2012 - 10:11:11 May 30, 2012 - 11:05:20 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:21 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:19 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:42 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:13 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:12 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:22 Feb 06, 2012 - 04:02:20 Feb 06, 2012 - 12:02:45 Feb 06, 2012 - 12:02:36 Feb 06, 2012 - 12:02:28 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:18 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:16 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:22 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:20 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:39 Feb 06, 2012 - 11:02:37 Dec 19, 2011 - 05:12:14 Oct 17, 2011 - 05:10:39 Oct 17, 2011 - 05:10:08 Oct 17, 2011 - 05:10:40 Oct 17, 2011 - 05:10:34 Oct 17, 2011 - 05:10:47 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:06 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:26 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:27 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:29 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:26 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:23 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:20 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:20 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:18 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:05 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:01 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:04 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:02 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:26 Oct 17, 2011 - 04:10:23 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:14 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:11 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:44 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:41 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:36 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:34 Oct 17, 2011 - 03:10:29
Step 1 Dual Hard Drive Kit
The following steps will guide you through installing a second hard drive in your Mini.
There are two different types of rubber grommets included in the kit. In the next few steps you will be installing the grommet pictured on the right (it is the thinner of the two grommets).
The grommet you will install in the next steps is asymmetrical. Be sure that the smaller side of the grommet is installed on the outside face of the bracket. The side of the bracket you will be working on is boxed in orange on the second picture.
Step 2
While working from the inner side of the bracket, push the small side of the thinner grommet through the hole in the side of the bracket boxed in orange on the last step.
Be sure the grommet is seated nicely in the bracket as seen in the third picture.
Repeat the process for the second grommet on this side of the bracket.
Step 3
The bracket with all four grommets installed should look like the bracket shown in this picture.
Step 4
Attach the cable included in the kit to your second hard drive. In our case, we are using an SSD.
If your cable came with a small piece of black tape with rounded corners, you can install it over the hard drive cable connector to to secure the connector to its socket on the hard drive. The piece of tape is not required and not installing it will have no adverse effects on your machine's performance.
Step 5
Use a 1.5 mm hex bit to install the set screws on the side of the hard drive closest to the end of the hard drive cable that attaches to the logic board.
Be sure you are installing them on the correct side of the hard drive.
Tighten the screws until they contact the end of the threaded holes in the side of the hard drive. They are shown correctly installed in the third picture.
| https://www.ifixit.com/Guide/Installing+Mac+mini+Mid+2011+Dual+Hard+Drive+Kit/6634?revisionid=103870 |
Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion - Carless, PA - 2010 | Cochrane Library
*Practice Guidelines as Topic; Anemia [blood, therapy]; Erythrocyte Transfusion [adverse effects, mortality, *standards]; Hematocrit [standards]; Hemoglobin A [analysis, *standards]; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Reference Values; Transplantation, Autologous [standards]; Transplantation, Homologous [mortality, standards]
Transfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusion
Information
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub2 Copy DOI
Database:
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
Version published:
06 October 2010 see what's new
Type:
Intervention
Stage:
Review
Cochrane Editorial Group:
Cochrane Injuries Group
Copyright:
Copyright © 2010 The Cochrane Collaboration. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Article metrics
Altmetric:
Referenced in 1 Wikipedia pages
Cited by:
Authors
Paul A Carless
Correspondence to:Discipline of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
[email protected]
David A Henry
Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Canada
Jeffrey L Carson
Division of General Internal Medicine, UMDNJ‐Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, USA
Paul PC Hebert
Department of Medicine, Ottawa General Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
Brian McClelland
Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service, Edinburgh, UK
Katharine Ker
Cochrane Injuries Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
Contributions of authors
Contributors (names are listed alphabetically):
Paul Carless (University of Newcastle) performed computer database literature searches, screened abstracts and titles for relevant articles, obtained relevant papers, applied inclusion/exclusion criteria to retrieved papers, extracted data from the trials, quality assessed trials, entered data into Meta‐View 4.1, entered all study details intoReview Manager4.1, and co‐wrote the review; Jeffrey Carson (Robert Wood Johnson Medical School) provided expert opinion, co‐wrote review; Paul Hebert (Ottawa General Hosptial) provided expert opinion; David Henry (Institute of Clinical Evaluative Sciences) co‐wrote review; Katharine Ker (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) undertook the following tasks for the 2010 update ‐ screened search output, obtained articles, applied inclusion/exclusion criteria to retrieved papers, assessed risk of bias, extracted data, performed data analysis and revised the text of the review; Brian McClelland (Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service) provided expert opinion.
Sources of support
Internal sources
No sources of support supplied
External sources
NSW Ministerial Advisory Committee on Quality in Health Care, Australia.
NSW Health Department, Australia.
Declarations of interest
None known.
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the contribution of Suzanne Hill (World Health Organization), the first author of the original version and the 2004 update of the review. We also acknowledge the contribution of Kim Henderson in the original review first published in 2000. We thank Karen Blackhall who updated the electronic searches in 2009.
Version history
Published Title Stage Authors Version
2021 Dec 21
Transfusion thresholds for guiding red blood cell transfusion
Review
Jeffrey L Carson, Simon J Stanworth, Jane A Dennis, Marialena Trivella, Nareg Roubinian, Dean A Fergusson, Darrell Triulzi, Carolyn Dorée, Paul C Hébert
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub5
Revision date This is the date when the review was published Event Description2022 Jan 25AmendedTypographical errors corrected
2016 Oct 12 Show revisionsTransfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusionReviewJeffrey L Carson, Simon J Stanworth, Nareg Roubinian, Dean A Fergusson, Darrell Triulzi, Carolyn Doree, Paul C Heberthttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub4
Revision date This is the date when the review was published Event Description2016 May 27New search has been performedWe made the following changes:1) added 16 new trials;2) used 30‐day mortality as the primary outcome because mortality is a more clinically relevant outcome and the number of participants enrolled in the trials provided sufficient power to examine this outcome;3) added sensitivity analyses to evaluate heterogeneity for transfusion outcomes between trials;4) changed authors.2016 May 27New citation required and conclusions have changedThe conclusions of the review have changed, and the search date is now 27 May 2016.
2012 Apr 18 Show revisionsTransfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusionReviewJeffrey L Carson, Paul A Carless, Paul C Heberthttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub3
Revision date This is the date when the review was published Event Description2012 Apr 17AmendedMinor copy edits were made to the text.
2010 Oct 06 Show revisionsTransfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusionReviewPaul A Carless, David A Henry, Jeffrey L Carson, Paul PC Hebert, Brian McClelland, Katharine Kerhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub2
Revision date This is the date when the review was published Event Description2010 Feb 12New citation required but conclusions have not changedThe searches were updated to August 2009, seven new trials have been included and the Results amended accordingly. The Background section of the review has been updated. The overall conclusions of the review remain unchanged.As part of this update the assessment of methodological quality used in earlier versions of this review has been replaced with an assessment of the risk of bias. This amendment is in accordance to a change in the Cochrane Collaboration's methodological guidance.
2000 Jan 24 Show revisionsTransfusion thresholds and other strategies for guiding allogeneic red blood cell transfusionReviewSuzanne Hill, Paul A Carless, David A Henry, Jeffrey L Carson, Paul PC Hebert, Kim M Henderson, Brian McClellandhttps://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD002042
Revision date This is the date when the review was published Event Description2008 Sep 09AmendedConverted to new review format.2004 Nov 17New search has been performedAn updated search for new trials was conducted in November 2004. No new trials for inclusion were identified.
PICOs
Population
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
The PICO model is widely used and taught in evidence-based health care as a strategy for formulating questions and search strategies and for characterizing clinical studies or meta-analyses. PICO stands for four different potential components of a clinical question: Patient, Population or Problem; Intervention; Comparison; Outcome.
| https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD002042.pub2/information |
State v. Seidler, 18735. - Missouri - Case Law - VLEX 899863253
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State v. Seidler, 18735.
Court Court of Appeal of Missouri (US) Writing for the Court Allen Citation 267 S.W. 424 Parties STATE
v.
SEIDLER. Docket Number No. 18735.,18735. Decision Date 02 December 1924
267 S.W. 424
STATE v. SEIDLER.
No. 18735.
St. Louis Court of Appeals. Missouri.
December 2, 1924.
Rehearing Denied December 20, 1924.
"Not to be officially published."
Vincent Seidler was convicted of unlawful possession of intoxicating liquor with intent "to sell, and he brings error.Affirmed.
E. W. Nelson and Lewis O'Connor, both of Hannibal, for plaintiff in error.
Roy Hamlin and Ben Ely, Jr., both of Hannibal, for the State.
ALLEN, P. J.
The defendant was tried below upon an indictment returned by the grand jury of Marion county on December 20, 1922. The first count thereof charges that defendant, on the _____ day of September, 1922, did unlawfully have and possess certain intoxicating liquor, to wit, one-half pint, more or less, of whisky, containing one-half of 1 per cent. and more alcohol by volume, and being potable and fit for beverage purposes, with the unlawful purpose and intent to sell the same, in violation of state and federal prohibitory laws, etc.
The second count of the indictment charges that defendant did unlawfully sell certain intoxicating liquor, to wit, one-half pint, more or less, of whisky, containing one-half of 1 per cent. of alcohol by volume, and being potable and fit for beverage purposes, etc.
On defendant's application a change of venue was granted to the circuit court of Monroe county, and, the judge of that circuit having been disqualified upon defendant's affidavit of bias and prejudice, the cause was twice tried before Hon. A. W. Walker, judge of the Ninth judicial circuit. Upon the first trial the court directed a verdict for defendant on the second count of the indictment, and submitted the cause to the jury upon the first count thereof, but the jury were unable to agree, and a mistrial was declared. Upon the second trial, had on April 25, 1923, the defendant was found guilty upon the first count of the indictment, and his punishment assessed as imprisonment in the county jail for 30 days and a fine of $250. After unavailing motions for a new trial and in arrest, defendant has brought the case here by writ of error.
One Fred Ward, a resident of Hannibal, was the principal witness in behalf of the state. On direct-examination he testified that he saw defendant on Main street in Hannibal on September 26, 1922, and asked defendant if he knew where the witness could get any whisky; that defendant replied, "Yes"; and that the witness thereupon told defendant to wait, saying that he would return in half an hour. Being questioned further, Ward said that in this first conversation with defendant the latter said that he could get the whisky for $1.50. And he said that he procured the money, returned and met defendant, and went with him into the toilet of the "Mark Twain Smoke House," where he gave defendant $1.50, and defendant gave him a bottle containing a half pint of whisky, and the witness identified the bottle containing, it is said, whisky.
On cross-examination the witness admitted that he approached defendant in regard to purchasing whisky at the suggestion of the foreman of the grand jury, one Osterhout that he had been summoned as a witness before the grand jury, and that Osterhout said
267 S.W. 425
to him: "Go down and see if you can get any whisky," giving him $1; that after seeing defendant the first time he returned to the grand jury room, and was given the further sum of 50 cents. He denied that he stated to defendant, in his first conversation with the latter, that he was going to have a party that night and wanted the whisky for his friends, but said that he made a statement to that effect when he saw the defendant the second time, after receiving the whisky, and he testified that, after getting the whisky, he returned to the...
14 practice notes
State v. Sheeler, 28228 United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...or corn whiskey; because intent is not an element of the crime charged, requiring proof. State v. Presler, 290 S.W. 142; State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Fenley, 309 Mo. 520. (2) Proof of extraneous crimes which do not go to show intent, identity, or system, and are not a part of th......
State v. Kirkbride, 1226 United States United States State Supreme Court of Wyoming December 21, 1925 ...Myers, 172 Ill. 266; 50 [34 Wyo. 101] N.E. 204; State v. O'Brien, 35 Mont. 482; 90 P. 514, 10 Am. Cas. 1006; State v. Seidler, (Mo. App.) 267 S.W. 424 ; Clark v. State (Ind.) 195 Ind. 473, 145 N.E. 566; State v. Abraham, 158 La. 1021, 105 So. 50; State v. Smith, 152 N.C. 798; 67 S.E. 508; 30......
State v. Sheeler, 28228. United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...or corn whiskey; because intent is not an element of the crime charged, requiring proof. State v. Presler, 290 S.W. 142; State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Fenley, 309 Mo. 520. (2) Proof of extraneous crimes which do not go to show intent, identity, or system, and are not a part of th......
State v. Murphy, 27790 United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...the criminal design originated with the defendant and that he willingly committed the crime for which he is being tried. State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Feldman, 150 Mo.App. 120; State v. Lucas, 94 Mo.App. 120; State v. Quinn, 170 Mo. 176; State v. Chappell, 179 Mo. 324; State v. R......
14 cases
State v. Sheeler, 28228 United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...or corn whiskey; because intent is not an element of the crime charged, requiring proof. State v. Presler, 290 S.W. 142; State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Fenley, 309 Mo. 520. (2) Proof of extraneous crimes which do not go to show intent, identity, or system, and are not a part of th......
State v. Kirkbride, 1226 United States United States State Supreme Court of Wyoming December 21, 1925 ...Myers, 172 Ill. 266; 50 [34 Wyo. 101] N.E. 204; State v. O'Brien, 35 Mont. 482; 90 P. 514, 10 Am. Cas. 1006; State v. Seidler, (Mo. App.) 267 S.W. 424 ; Clark v. State (Ind.) 195 Ind. 473, 145 N.E. 566; State v. Abraham, 158 La. 1021, 105 So. 50; State v. Smith, 152 N.C. 798; 67 S.E. 508; 30......
State v. Sheeler, 28228. United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...or corn whiskey; because intent is not an element of the crime charged, requiring proof. State v. Presler, 290 S.W. 142; State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Fenley, 309 Mo. 520. (2) Proof of extraneous crimes which do not go to show intent, identity, or system, and are not a part of th......
State v. Murphy, 27790 United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 25, 1928 ...the criminal design originated with the defendant and that he willingly committed the crime for which he is being tried. State v. Seidler, 267 S.W. 424 ; State v. Feldman, 150 Mo.App. 120; State v. Lucas, 94 Mo.App. 120; State v. Quinn, 170 Mo. 176; State v. Chappell, 179 Mo. 324; State v. R......
| https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-v-seidler-no-899863253 |
Cabozantinib in Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer | Clinical Research Trial Listing ( Unresectable Urothelial Carcinoma | Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma With Squamous Differentiation | Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma | Locally Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma ) ( NCT04878029 )
Clinical trial for Unresectable Urothelial Carcinoma | Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma With Squamous Differentiation | Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma | Locally Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma , Cabozantinib in Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
Cabozantinib in Combination With Enfortumab Vedotin for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Cancer
STATUS
Recruiting
End date
Jan 21, 2025
participants needed
32
sponsor
Emory University
Updated on 4 October 2022
Summary
This phase I/Ib trial seeks to find out the best dose, possible benefits and/or side effects
of cabozantinib in combination with enfortumab vedotin in treating urothelial cancer that has
spread to nearby tissues and lymph nodes (locally advanced) or other parts of the body
(metastatic). Cabozantinib may stop the growth of tumor cells by blocking some of the enzymes
needed for cell growth. Enfortumab vedotin is a monoclonal antibody, enfortumab, linked to a
toxic agent called vedotin. Enfortumab attaches to nectin-4 tumor cells in a targeted way and
delivers vedotin to kill them. Cabozantinib in combination with enfortumab vedotin may be
safe and effective in treating locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer.
Description
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES:
I. To determine the recommended phase II dose (RP2D) of cabozantinib s-malate (cabozantinib)
and enfortumab vedotin 1.25 mg/kg on days 1, 8 and 15 of a 28-day cycle based on safety and
tolerability. (Phase I dose escalation) II. To evaluate the ongoing safety and tolerability
of cabozantinib and enfortumab vedotin in a dose expansion cohort. (Phase Ib dose expansion)
SECONDARY OBJECTIVES:
I. Obtain preliminary evidence of anti-tumor activity of the combination of cabozantinib and
enfortumab vedotin by assessing the objective response rate (ORR) using Response Evaluation
Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) version (v)1.1.
II. Progression-free survival (PFS). III. Overall survival (OS). IV. Disease control rate by
RECIST v1.1.
EXPLORATORY OBJECTIVES:
I. To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of cabozantinib during treatment with
enfortumab vedotin.
II. To evaluate the effect of the combination on selected biomarkers in the tumor
microenvironment, systemic circulation and gut microbiome and their relationship with
efficacy of the combination.
III. To evaluate quality of life, frailty and sarcopenia before, during and at the time of
treatment completion.
OUTLINE: This is dose-escalation study of cabozantinib.
Patients receive cabozantinib orally (PO) once daily (QD) on days 1-28 and enfortumab vedotin
intravenously (IV) on days 1, 8, and 15. Cycles repeat every 28 days in the absence of
disease progression or unacceptable toxicity.
After completion of study treatment, patients are followed up at 30 days and then every 12
weeks.
Details
<table><tbody><tr><th> Condition</th><td> Unresectable Urothelial Carcinoma, Infiltrating Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma With Squamous Differentiation, Locally Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma, Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma</td></tr><tr><th> Treatment</th><td> questionnaire administration,
quality-of-life assessment,
Enfortumab vedotin,
Cabozantinib S-malate</td></tr><tr><th> Clinical Study Identifier</th><td> NCT04878029</td></tr><tr><th> Sponsor</th><td> Emory University</td></tr><tr><th> Last Modified on</th><td> 4 October 2022</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><th colspan=2>Eligibility</th><th> Yes</th><th> No</th><th> Not Sure</th></tr><tbody></tbody><tr><th colspan=2>Inclusion Criteria</th></tr><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Histologically-documented urothelial carcinoma (squamous differentiation or mixed cell types allowed if urothelial carcinoma is present)</td><td> Yes for Histologically-documented urothelial carcinoma (squamous differentiation or mixed cell types allowed if urothelial carcinoma is present) inclusion criteria 1</td><td> No for Histologically-documented urothelial carcinoma (squamous differentiation or mixed cell types allowed if urothelial carcinoma is present) inclusion criteria 1</td><td> Not sure for Histologically-documented urothelial carcinoma (squamous differentiation or mixed cell types allowed if urothelial carcinoma is present) inclusion criteria 1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Metastatic disease or unresectable locally-advanced disease</td><td> Yes for Metastatic disease or unresectable locally-advanced disease inclusion criteria 2</td><td> No for Metastatic disease or unresectable locally-advanced disease inclusion criteria 2</td><td> Not sure for Metastatic disease or unresectable locally-advanced disease inclusion criteria 2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Must have received prior treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). A CPI is defined as a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor alone or with any other combination</td><td> Yes for Must have received prior treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). A CPI is defined as a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor alone or with any other combination inclusion criteria 3</td><td> No for Must have received prior treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). A CPI is defined as a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor alone or with any other combination inclusion criteria 3</td><td> Not sure for Must have received prior treatment with a checkpoint inhibitor (CPI). A CPI is defined as a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor alone or with any other combination inclusion criteria 3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Must either have prior treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy or be ineligible at time of enrollment</td><td> Yes for Must either have prior treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy or be ineligible at time of enrollment inclusion criteria 4</td><td> No for Must either have prior treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy or be ineligible at time of enrollment inclusion criteria 4</td><td> Not sure for Must either have prior treatment with platinum-containing chemotherapy or be ineligible at time of enrollment inclusion criteria 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy</td><td> Yes for Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy inclusion criteria 5</td><td> No for Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy inclusion criteria 5</td><td> Not sure for Recovery to baseline or =< grade 1 Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v5.0 from toxicities related to any prior treatments, unless AE(s) are clinically nonsignificant and/or stable on supportive therapy inclusion criteria 5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Tumor tissue samples must be available for submission prior to initiation of study treatment or patient must be willing to undergo repeat tumor biopsy</td><td> Yes for Tumor tissue samples must be available for submission prior to initiation of study treatment or patient must be willing to undergo repeat tumor biopsy inclusion criteria 6</td><td> No for Tumor tissue samples must be available for submission prior to initiation of study treatment or patient must be willing to undergo repeat tumor biopsy inclusion criteria 6</td><td> Not sure for Tumor tissue samples must be available for submission prior to initiation of study treatment or patient must be willing to undergo repeat tumor biopsy inclusion criteria 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Must have measurable disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (Version 1.1)</td><td> Yes for Must have measurable disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (Version 1.1) inclusion criteria 7</td><td> No for Must have measurable disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (Version 1.1) inclusion criteria 7</td><td> Not sure for Must have measurable disease according to Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) (Version 1.1) inclusion criteria 7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of =< 2</td><td> Yes for An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of =< 2 inclusion criteria 8</td><td> No for An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of =< 2 inclusion criteria 8</td><td> Not sure for An Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status score of =< 2 inclusion criteria 8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Must be >= 18 years of age</td><td> Yes for Must be >= 18 years of age inclusion criteria 9</td><td> No for Must be >= 18 years of age inclusion criteria 9</td><td> Not sure for Must be >= 18 years of age inclusion criteria 9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/uL without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/uL without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 10</td><td> No for Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/uL without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 10</td><td> Not sure for Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) >= 1500/uL without granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> White blood cell count >= 2500/uL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for White blood cell count >= 2500/uL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 11</td><td> No for White blood cell count >= 2500/uL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 11</td><td> Not sure for White blood cell count >= 2500/uL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 11</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Platelets >= 100,000/uL without transfusion (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Platelets >= 100,000/uL without transfusion (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 12</td><td> No for Platelets >= 100,000/uL without transfusion (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 12</td><td> Not sure for Platelets >= 100,000/uL without transfusion (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 12</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 13</td><td> No for Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 13</td><td> Not sure for Hemoglobin >= 9 g/dL (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 13</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN). ALP =< 5 x ULN with documented bone metastases (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN). ALP =< 5 x ULN with documented bone metastases (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 14</td><td> No for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN). ALP =< 5 x ULN with documented bone metastases (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 14</td><td> Not sure for Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) =< 3 x upper limit of normal (ULN). ALP =< 5 x ULN with documented bone metastases (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 14</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN (for subjects with Gilbert's disease =< 3 x ULN) (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN (for subjects with Gilbert's disease =< 3 x ULN) (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 15</td><td> No for Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN (for subjects with Gilbert's disease =< 3 x ULN) (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 15</td><td> Not sure for Total bilirubin =< 1.5 x ULN (for subjects with Gilbert's disease =< 3 x ULN) (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 15</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Prothrombin (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test < 1.3 x the laboratory ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Prothrombin (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test < 1.3 x the laboratory ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 16</td><td> No for Prothrombin (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test < 1.3 x the laboratory ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 16</td><td> Not sure for Prothrombin (PT)/international normalized ratio (INR) or partial thromboplastin time (PTT) test < 1.3 x the laboratory ULN unless participant is receiving anticoagulant therapy as long as PT or activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) is within therapeutic range of intended use of anticoagulants (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 16</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (>= 0.5 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (>= 0.5 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 17</td><td> No for Calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (>= 0.5 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 17</td><td> Not sure for Calculated creatinine clearance >= 30 mL/min (>= 0.5 mL/sec) using the Cockcroft-Gault equation (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 17</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol), or 24-hour (h) urine protein =< 1 g (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment)</td><td> Yes for Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol), or 24-hour (h) urine protein =< 1 g (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 18</td><td> No for Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol), or 24-hour (h) urine protein =< 1 g (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 18</td><td> Not sure for Urine protein/creatinine ratio (UPCR) =< 1 mg/mg (=< 113.2 mg/mmol), or 24-hour (h) urine protein =< 1 g (within 28 days before first dose of study treatment) inclusion criteria 18</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements and must have signed the informed consent document</td><td> Yes for Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements and must have signed the informed consent document inclusion criteria 19</td><td> No for Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements and must have signed the informed consent document inclusion criteria 19</td><td> Not sure for Capable of understanding and complying with the protocol requirements and must have signed the informed consent document inclusion criteria 19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception (e.g., barrier methods, including male condom, female condom, or diaphragm with spermicidal gel) during the course of the study and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception (e.g., barrier methods, including male condom, female condom, or diaphragm with spermicidal gel) during the course of the study and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment inclusion criteria 20</td><td> No for Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception (e.g., barrier methods, including male condom, female condom, or diaphragm with spermicidal gel) during the course of the study and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment inclusion criteria 20</td><td> Not sure for Sexually active fertile subjects and their partners must agree to use medically accepted methods of contraception (e.g., barrier methods, including male condom, female condom, or diaphragm with spermicidal gel) during the course of the study and for 4 months after the last dose of study treatment inclusion criteria 20</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential unless one of the following criteria are met: documented permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating (FSH) level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause). Note: Documentation may include review of medical records, medical examinations, or medical history interview by study site</td><td> Yes for Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential unless one of the following criteria are met: documented permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating (FSH) level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause). Note: Documentation may include review of medical records, medical examinations, or medical history interview by study site inclusion criteria 21</td><td> No for Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential unless one of the following criteria are met: documented permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating (FSH) level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause). Note: Documentation may include review of medical records, medical examinations, or medical history interview by study site inclusion criteria 21</td><td> Not sure for Female subjects of childbearing potential must not be pregnant at screening. Female subjects are considered to be of childbearing potential unless one of the following criteria are met: documented permanent sterilization (hysterectomy, bilateral salpingectomy, or bilateral oophorectomy) or documented postmenopausal status (defined as 12 months of amenorrhea in a woman > 45 years-of-age in the absence of other biological or physiological causes. In addition, females < 55 years-of-age must have a serum follicle stimulating (FSH) level > 40 mIU/mL to confirm menopause). Note: Documentation may include review of medical records, medical examinations, or medical history interview by study site inclusion criteria 21</td></tr></tbody><tr><th colspan=2>Exclusion Criteria</th></tr><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Prior treatment with cabozantinib</td><td> Yes for Prior treatment with cabozantinib exclusion criteria 1</td><td> No for Prior treatment with cabozantinib exclusion criteria 1</td><td> Not sure for Prior treatment with cabozantinib exclusion criteria 1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Prior enrollment in an enfortumab vedotin study or prior treatment with other monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)</td><td> Yes for Prior enrollment in an enfortumab vedotin study or prior treatment with other monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) exclusion criteria 2</td><td> No for Prior enrollment in an enfortumab vedotin study or prior treatment with other monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) exclusion criteria 2</td><td> Not sure for Prior enrollment in an enfortumab vedotin study or prior treatment with other monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE)-based antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) exclusion criteria 2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 3</td><td> No for Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 3</td><td> Not sure for Receipt of any type of small molecule kinase inhibitor (including investigational kinase inhibitor) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 4</td><td> No for Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 4</td><td> Not sure for Receipt of any type of cytotoxic, biologic or other systemic anticancer therapy (including investigational) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Radiation therapy within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Radiation therapy within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 5</td><td> No for Radiation therapy within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 5</td><td> Not sure for Radiation therapy within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Systemic treatment with radionuclides within 6 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after radiotherapy or at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after major surgery (e.g., removal or biopsy of brain metastasis). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after radiotherapy or at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after major surgery (e.g., removal or biopsy of brain metastasis). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 6</td><td> No for Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after radiotherapy or at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after major surgery (e.g., removal or biopsy of brain metastasis). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 6</td><td> Not sure for Known brain metastases or cranial epidural disease unless adequately treated with radiotherapy and/or surgery (including radiosurgery) and stable for at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after radiotherapy or at least 4 weeks prior to first dose of study treatment after major surgery (e.g., removal or biopsy of brain metastasis). Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Eligible subjects must be neurologically asymptomatic and without corticosteroid treatment at the time of first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following</td><td> Yes for Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following exclusion criteria 7</td><td> No for Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following exclusion criteria 7</td><td> Not sure for Concomitant anticoagulation with coumarin agents (e.g., warfarin), direct thrombin inhibitors (e.g., dabigatran), direct factor Xa inhibitor betrixaban, or platelet inhibitors (e.g., clopidogrel). Allowed anticoagulants are the following exclusion criteria 7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH)</td><td> Yes for Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) exclusion criteria 8</td><td> No for Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) exclusion criteria 8</td><td> Not sure for Prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin for cardio-protection (per local applicable guidelines) and low-dose low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) exclusion criteria 8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor</td><td> Yes for Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor exclusion criteria 9</td><td> No for Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor exclusion criteria 9</td><td> Not sure for Therapeutic doses of LMWH or anticoagulation with direct factor Xa inhibitors rivaroxaban, edoxaban, or apixaban in subjects without known brain metastases who are on a stable dose of the anticoagulant for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment without clinically significant hemorrhagic complications from the anticoagulation regimen or the tumor exclusion criteria 9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions</td><td> Yes for The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions exclusion criteria 10</td><td> No for The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions exclusion criteria 10</td><td> Not sure for The subject has uncontrolled, significant intercurrent or recent illness including, but not limited to, the following conditions exclusion criteria 10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Cardiovascular disorders</td><td> Yes for Cardiovascular disorders exclusion criteria 11</td><td> No for Cardiovascular disorders exclusion criteria 11</td><td> Not sure for Cardiovascular disorders exclusion criteria 11</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias</td><td> Yes for Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias exclusion criteria 12</td><td> No for Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias exclusion criteria 12</td><td> Not sure for Congestive heart failure New York Heart Association Class 3 or 4, unstable angina pectoris, serious cardiac arrhythmias exclusion criteria 12</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment</td><td> Yes for Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment exclusion criteria 13</td><td> No for Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment exclusion criteria 13</td><td> Not sure for Uncontrolled hypertension defined as sustained blood pressure (BP) > 140 mm Hg systolic or > 90 mm Hg diastolic despite optimal antihypertensive treatment exclusion criteria 13</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 14</td><td> No for Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 14</td><td> Not sure for Stroke (including transient ischemic attack [TIA]), myocardial infarction (MI), or other ischemic event, or thromboembolic event (e.g., deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism) within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 14</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with a stable dose of permitted anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with a stable dose of permitted anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 15</td><td> No for Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with a stable dose of permitted anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 15</td><td> Not sure for Subjects with a diagnosis of incidental, subsegmental pulmonary embolism (PE) or deep venous thrombosis (DVT) within 6 months are allowed if stable, asymptomatic, and treated with a stable dose of permitted anticoagulation for at least 1 week before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 15</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation</td><td> Yes for Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation exclusion criteria 16</td><td> No for Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation exclusion criteria 16</td><td> Not sure for Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders including those associated with a high risk of perforation or fistula formation exclusion criteria 16</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction</td><td> Yes for The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction exclusion criteria 17</td><td> No for The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction exclusion criteria 17</td><td> Not sure for The subject has evidence of tumor invading the GI tract, active peptic ulcer disease, inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., Crohn's disease), diverticulitis, cholecystitis, symptomatic cholangitis or appendicitis, acute pancreatitis, acute obstruction of the pancreatic duct or common bile duct, or gastric outlet obstruction exclusion criteria 17</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 18</td><td> No for Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 18</td><td> Not sure for Abdominal fistula, GI perforation, bowel obstruction, or intra-abdominal abscess within 6 months before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 18</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 19</td><td> No for Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 19</td><td> Not sure for Note: Complete healing of an intra-abdominal abscess must be confirmed before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 19</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment</td><td> Yes for Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 20</td><td> No for Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 20</td><td> Not sure for Clinically significant hematuria, hematemesis, or hemoptysis of > 0.5 teaspoon (2.5 ml) of red blood, or other history of significant bleeding (e.g., pulmonary hemorrhage) within 12 weeks before first dose of study treatment exclusion criteria 20</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation</td><td> Yes for Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation exclusion criteria 21</td><td> No for Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation exclusion criteria 21</td><td> Not sure for Cavitating pulmonary lesion(s) or known endotracheal or endobronchial disease manifestation exclusion criteria 21</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels</td><td> Yes for Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels exclusion criteria 22</td><td> No for Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels exclusion criteria 22</td><td> Not sure for Lesions invading or encasing any major blood vessels exclusion criteria 22</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Ongoing sensory or motor neuropathy grade >= 2</td><td> Yes for Ongoing sensory or motor neuropathy grade >= 2 exclusion criteria 23</td><td> No for Ongoing sensory or motor neuropathy grade >= 2 exclusion criteria 23</td><td> Not sure for Ongoing sensory or motor neuropathy grade >= 2 exclusion criteria 23</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation</td><td> Yes for Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation exclusion criteria 24</td><td> No for Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation exclusion criteria 24</td><td> Not sure for Other clinically significant disorders that would preclude safe study participation exclusion criteria 24</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture</td><td> Yes for Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture exclusion criteria 25</td><td> No for Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture exclusion criteria 25</td><td> Not sure for Serious non-healing wound/ulcer/bone fracture exclusion criteria 25</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism</td><td> Yes for Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism exclusion criteria 26</td><td> No for Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism exclusion criteria 26</td><td> Not sure for Uncompensated/symptomatic hypothyroidism exclusion criteria 26</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C)</td><td> Yes for Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) exclusion criteria 27</td><td> No for Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) exclusion criteria 27</td><td> Not sure for Moderate to severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B or C) exclusion criteria 27</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus defined as a hemoglobin A1C >= 8%</td><td> Yes for Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus defined as a hemoglobin A1C >= 8% exclusion criteria 28</td><td> No for Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus defined as a hemoglobin A1C >= 8% exclusion criteria 28</td><td> Not sure for Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus defined as a hemoglobin A1C >= 8% exclusion criteria 28</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible</td><td> Yes for Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible exclusion criteria 29</td><td> No for Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible exclusion criteria 29</td><td> Not sure for Major surgery (e.g., laparoscopic nephrectomy, GI surgery, removal or biopsy of brain metastasis) within 2 weeks before first dose of study treatment. Minor surgeries within 10 days before first dose of study treatment. Subjects must have complete wound healing from major surgery or minor surgery before first dose of study treatment. Subjects with clinically relevant ongoing complications from prior surgery are not eligible exclusion criteria 29</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days before first dose of study treatment. Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility</td><td> Yes for Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days before first dose of study treatment. Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility exclusion criteria 30</td><td> No for Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days before first dose of study treatment. Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility exclusion criteria 30</td><td> Not sure for Corrected QT interval calculated by the Fridericia formula (QTcF) > 500 ms per electrocardiogram (ECG) within 14 days before first dose of study treatment. Note: If a single ECG shows a QTcF with an absolute value > 500 ms, two additional ECGs at intervals of approximately 3 min must be performed within 30 min after the initial ECG, and the average of these three consecutive results for QTcF will be used to determine eligibility exclusion criteria 30</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Pregnant or lactating females</td><td> Yes for Pregnant or lactating females exclusion criteria 31</td><td> No for Pregnant or lactating females exclusion criteria 31</td><td> Not sure for Pregnant or lactating females exclusion criteria 31</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Inability to swallow tablets</td><td> Yes for Inability to swallow tablets exclusion criteria 32</td><td> No for Inability to swallow tablets exclusion criteria 32</td><td> Not sure for Inability to swallow tablets exclusion criteria 32</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations</td><td> Yes for Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations exclusion criteria 33</td><td> No for Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations exclusion criteria 33</td><td> Not sure for Previously identified allergy or hypersensitivity to components of the study treatment formulations exclusion criteria 33</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Any other active malignancy at time of first dose of study treatment or diagnosis of another malignancy within 3 years prior to first dose of study treatment that requires active treatment, except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or prostate, cervix, or breast</td><td> Yes for Any other active malignancy at time of first dose of study treatment or diagnosis of another malignancy within 3 years prior to first dose of study treatment that requires active treatment, except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or prostate, cervix, or breast exclusion criteria 34</td><td> No for Any other active malignancy at time of first dose of study treatment or diagnosis of another malignancy within 3 years prior to first dose of study treatment that requires active treatment, except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or prostate, cervix, or breast exclusion criteria 34</td><td> Not sure for Any other active malignancy at time of first dose of study treatment or diagnosis of another malignancy within 3 years prior to first dose of study treatment that requires active treatment, except for locally curable cancers that have been apparently cured, such as basal or squamous cell skin cancer, superficial bladder cancer, or prostate, cervix, or breast exclusion criteria 34</td></tr></tbody></table>
| https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/279897/cabozantinib-in-combination-with-enfortumab-vedotin-for-locally-advanced-or-metastatic-urothelial-cancer/?con_state=Linkoping%20N&dt_type=updated&page=823&rnk=3292&us_intern=international%2FSweden |
(PDF) Frontal Encephalocele – A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
PDF | Encephalocele is a congenital anomaly that represents the protrusion of brain component through the cranial defect. Frontal encephalocele is... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Frontal Encephalocele – A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
November 2016
DOI: 10.21276/sjmcr.2016.4.11.5
Abstract and Figures
Encephalocele is a congenital anomaly that represents the protrusion of brain component through the cranial
defect. Frontal encephalocele is protrusion of brain content through defect in frontal bone. Frontal encephalocele is a rare entity. We report a case of congenital frontal encephalocele which is a rare neural tube defect.
Fig:-1: Showing reduction of size of encephalocele on post operative day one, two and three …
Showing encephalocele of same baby at the age of 2 days …
MRI shows communication between encephalocele and lateral ventricle …
Figures - uploaded by
Content may be subject to copyright.
DOI: 10.21276/sjmcr.2016.4.11.5
Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sj mcr 822
Scholars Journal of Medical Case Reports ISSN 2347-6559 (Online)
Sch J Med Case Rep 2016 ; 4(11):822 -824 ISSN 2347-9507 (Print)
©Scholars Academic and Scientific Publishers (SAS Publishers)
(An International Publisher for Academic and Scientific Resources)
Frontal Encephalocele – A Rare Case Report with Review of Literature
Dinesh Kumar Barolia*, Sunil Mehra, Vinita Chat urvedi, Neeraj Tuteja, Soumyodhriti Ghosh , Dr. Ramjee
Prasad
Department of Pediatric Surgery, J. K. Lon Hospital, S. M. S. Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
*Corresponding author
Dinesh Kumar Barolia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Encephalocele is a congenital anomaly that represents the protrusion of brain co mponent throu gh the cra nial
defect. Frontal encephalocele is protrusion of brain content through defect in frontal bone. Frontal encep halocele is a rare
entity. We report a case of congenital frontal encephalocele which is a rare neural t ube defect.
Keywords: Encephalocele, Frontal, Frontal Encep halocele, Frontonasal Encephalocele.
INTRODUCTION
Encephalocele is a variant of neural tube
defect. Incidence of encephalocele is not uncommon in
developing countries. The incidence ranges from 1- 3
per 1000 live births worldwide [1]. Anterior
encephalocele is a rare entity among encephalocele.
Incidence of anterior encep halocele in the western
countries varies from 1/35,000 to 1 /40,000 live births,
but in Asian countries its incidence increases to 1/5000
live births [2]. Occipital region is the most common site
for encephaloceles. Encephaloceles occurs commonl y
in the mid sagittal plane anywhere from frontonasal
region to the occiput [ 3] . Occurrence of encephalocele
in occipital region (75 %), followed by frontoethmoidal
(13% to 15%), parietal (10% to 12%) or sphenoidal.
Occurrence of occipital encep halocele is common in
western hemisphere where as anterior encephaloceles
are found more often in south East Asia [4, 5 ].
CASE REPORT
We report a three month old male child
presenting to the department of pediatric surgery in
SMS Medical College with complaint o f frontal
swelling since birth. Swelling was progressively
enlarged in size. The baby was born at full ter m vaginal
delivery without any complications. The gestational
period of the mother was uneventful except that she
reports of not having taken folic acid tablets during this
pregnancy. T he bab y also has a sibling who is
asymptomatic. The swelling was soft, brilliantly
transilluminant and pulsatile (figure 2). There was no
neurological deficit. NC CT brain showed frontal bone
defect through which meninges with CS F and part of
right frontal lob e of brain protruded. MRI brain showed
cranio-bifida in right frontal region with evidence of
frontal encephalomeningocele with adjacent brain
parenchyma showing cystic gliosis, communicating
with r ight lateral ventricle (figure 3). Both lateral and
third ventricles are dilated. He was admitted in surgical
nursery at the age of two da ys. He was operated for
insertion of ventriculo-peritoneal medium pressure
shunt ( VPMP) for hydrocephalous on right side. At th e
age of three months, his shunt became nonfu nctioning
due to blockade. The patient underwent a revision of
shunt again. After insertion o f the new shunt, the size of
encephalocele was dra matically decreased (figure 1).
Patient was discharged on post opera tive day three. The
present status is uneventful.
Dinesh Kumar Barolia et al . ; Sch J Med Case Rep , Nov 2016 ; 4(11 ): 8 22 -824
Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sj mcr 823
Fig:-1: Showing reduction of size of encephalocele on po st operative day one, two and three
Fig-2: Showing encephalocele of same baby at the ag e of 2 days
Fig-3: MRI shows communication between encepha locele and lateral ventricle
Dinesh Kumar Barolia et al . ; Sch J Med Case Rep , Nov 2016 ; 4(11 ): 8 22 -824
Available Online: http://saspjournals.com/sj mcr 824
DISCUSSION
Frontal encephaloceles are rare entity.
Incidence of frontal encephalocele in the western
hemisphere is very less compar e to Asian co untries [2].
Ghosh Soumyodhriti et.al. did a retrospective stud y on
neural tube defect. The incidence of encephalocele in
this study was 14% but no mention was made of frontal
defect probably because of ab sence of cases in his study
[6]. Encephalocele is a type of neural tube defect which
occurs in fetal life where the ectodermal cell s that form
the skull do n ot come togeth er to close over the br ain.
This leads to protrusion of brain tissue and meninges
through bony defect. Encephalocele may be present
anywhere in head but most commonly located in
midline occipital region. [7]. Etiolo gy of encephalocele
is multi factorial. It is documented that encephalocele is
common in parents having history of ne ural tube defect.
There is evidence that supplementation of folic acid
significantly reduces the occurrence of neural tube
defects. Supplementation is recommended at least four
weeks prior to conception, and continued until the end
of the first trimester [8]. Amarin ZO, Obeid at AZ
reported that fortification of food with folic acid
reduces the incidence of encephalocele [9].
Confirmative diagnosis of frontal encephalocele is
made by CT head and MRI brain. CT scan helps to
know about bony abnormalities in skull. Magnetic
resonance imaging is better to kno w brain tissue details,
including any intracranial connection [10].
Encephalocele is often associated with craniofacial
abnormalities or other brain malformations. Symptoms
may i nclude neurologic problems, hydrocephalus,
spastic quadriplegia, microcephaly, ataxia,
developmental delay, vi sion problems, mental and
growth retardation, and seizures [11]. Morina A. et al .
found that the prevalence of encephalocele is higher
among rural patients of our country w ith poor living
conditions, malnutrition . T hey advised to avoid surgery
in ver y young c hildren until body weight is ar ound 5- 6
kilograms because of complication from blo od loss and
hypothermia. Hydrocephalus should be treated before
corrective surgery for encephalocele, to avoid the risk
of postoperative CSF leak [12].
CONCLUSION
Frontal encephalocele is a variant of neural
tube defect. It is a r are entity. We recommend treating
the hydrocephalus initially and observing the baby for
reduction in size of the encephaloce le. Definitely
surgery should be deferred for an elective date.
REFERENCES
1. Rad IA, Farrokh-Islamlou HR, Khoshkalam M.
Neural tube defects prevalence in a hospital -based
study in Ur mia. Iranian Journal of Child
Neurology. 2008 Oct 18;2(3):19-23.
2. Barrow N, Simpson DA. Cranium
bifidum:Investigation, p rognosis and management.
AustPaediat J. 1966;2:20- 26.
3. Ramachandra CR, Phelps PD. Nasal
encephalocoeles associated with unilateral absence
of the cochlea. The Journal of Laryngology &
Otology. 1977 Sep 1;91(09):813-7.
4. Mahapatra AK, Aqrawal D. Anterior
Encephaloceles: a series of 103 cases over 32
years. J Clin Neurosci. 2006;13:536 – 9.
5. Hoving EW. Nasal Encephaloceles. Child’s Ner v
Syst. 2000;16:702 – 6.
6. Soumyodhriti G, mujaldevikram Singh S, Kumar
G. Neural Tube Defects-Demography in a Tertiary
Care Center. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical
Sciences (IOSR-JDMS);1(15):80- 2.
7. Siffel C, W ong LY, Olney RS, Correa A. Survival
of infants diagnosed with encephalocele in Atlanta,
1979 – 98. Pae diatric and perinatal epidemiology.
2003 Jan 1;17(1):40- 8.
8. MRC Vitamin Study Research Group; P revention
of neural tube defects: Results of the Medical
Research Council Vitami n Study. Lancet.
1991;338(8760):131- 137.
9. Amarin ZO, Obeidat AZ. Effect of folic acid
fortification onthe incidence of ne ural tube defects.
PaediatrPerinatEpidemiol. 2010;24:349- 351.
10. Verney Y, Zanolla G, Teixeira R, Oliveira LC.
Midline nasal mass in infancy:a nasal glioma case
report. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2001;11:324- 7.
11. Encephalocele imaging (http:// emedicine.
Medscape. Co m/ article/ 403308- overview) at
emedicine.
12. Morina A, Kelmendi F, Morina Q, Dra gusha S,
Ahmeti F, Morina D. Treatment of Anterior
Encephaloceles Over 24 Years in Kosova . Med
Arh. 2011;65(2):122-124.
... 9 Frontal encephaloceles are rare and generally known to have a higher incidence in Asian countries (1/5000 live births) than western countries (1/35,000 to 1/40,000 live births).
17
In Africans, evidence suggest that frontal encephaloceles are more common in East, then West Africa. 18 Children with severe birth defects have a 15-fold increased risk of death during the first year of life, with 9-10% of such children dying during this period. ...
Central Nervous System Pathology in Children: A Single-Institution Experience in South-South Nigeria
Article
Full-text available
Mojisola Olutayo Udoh
Background:
Neuropathology is fundamental to neurology, neurosurgery, and neuroscience practice in general. In parts of Nigeria and other sub-Saharan African countries, Neuropathology is just emerging, and more so Paediatric Neuropathology. Paediatric Neuropathology encompasses diseases of brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscle, affecting infants, children and adolescents, many of which are surgically managed or biopsied for diagnosis.
Aim:
To determine the pattern of neurosurgical lesions in children diagnosed in Benin-City, Nigeria.
Methods:
A retrospective database study of biopsies from paediatric patients with neurosurgical lesions histologically evaluated at the Department of Pathology, University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin-City, Nigeria, between January 2007 and December 2020 was done. Demographic and clinical data were extracted from Departmental Records; histopathological diagnoses confirmed; and data analyzed using SPSS 20.0.
Results:
A total of 178 biopsies reviewed. Ages ranged between 2 days and 16 years. Male: female ratio was 1.02:1. There were 87 spinal; 53 intracranial; 32 skull; and 9 scalp lesions. Commonest were Neural tube defects - 56.7% (mostly myelomeningoceles); Intracranial neoplasms - 20.22% (mostly pilocytic astrocytoma and embryonal tumors); Intracranial suppurative lesions -5.06% and dermoid/epidermoid cysts - 5.06%.
Conclusion:
Most Paediatric neuropathological conditions encountered in our environment can be managed with good outcomes if correctly and promptly diagnosed. There is a need to channel resources into prevention and prenatal diagnoses of NTDs; early diagnosis and management of brain tumors and other intracranial lesions; and better management of otorhinolaryngologic and intracranial infections in children. Neuropathology training and capacity development is also needed.
Neural Tube Defects-Demography in a Tertiary Care Center
Article
Full-text available
Apr 2016
Soumyodhriti Ghosh
Mujaldevikram Singh
Shuklaramendra
Guptaarun Kumar
Purpose: Neural tube defects stands as a varied and relatively common emergency admitted to the pediatric surgery intensive care. The presentation varies ranging from anencephaly, encephalocele to meningomyelocele at different spinal levels. The present study aims to determine the demographic profile of all neural tube defect patients with respect to available literature. Methods: A retrospective analysis of all patients attending the neonatal emergency with a diagnosis of neural tube defect was undertaken. The study period was two years. The demographic pattern of these patients with respect to different parameters was determined. Results: The demography of different types of neural tube defects was obtained. The results were comparable in certain parameters and higher in others when compared to the values in world literature. Conclusion: Neural tube defect is a preventable defect in today's world. The decreased incidence relates to the better maternalawareness and justifies the provisions for maternal health services.
Neural tube defects prevalence in a hospital–based study in Urmia
Article
Full-text available
Oct 2008
Isa Abdi rad
Hamidreza farrokh-eslamlou
Masomeh Khoshkalam
Objective
Neural tube defects including anencephaly, encephalocele, and spina bifida are major congenital malformations with multifactorial etiology, and with a great variation in their prevalence in different populations. The study on the prevalence of these malformations may be helpful in planning strategies for their prevention. The aim of this epidemiologic descriptive study was to determine the prevalence of neural tube defects and to describe their birth characteristics in Motahhari hospital, Urmia, West Azerbaijan.Materials and MethodsA cross-section observational study was carried on the hospital-based charts of consecutive 13997 live-births and 124 stillbirths during the period January 2001 through June 2005. The defects categorized based on the domains of anencephaly, spina bifida, and encephalocele according to standard definitions.ResultsDuring this period, 117 cases were detected with neural tube defects, giving an overall prevalence of 8.29/1000. Of 117 cases, 81 (69.23%) cases were seen among stillbirths and 36 (30.77%) cases among live-births, that is, the prevalence of neural tube defects for stillbirths and live-births were 653.2/1000 and 2.57/1000 respectively. The yearly prevalence varies between 6.99/1000 and 9.82/1000 over the 4.5-year period. The major lesion was anencephaly with prevalence of 5.52/1000 (66.67% of all neural tube defects). Approximately, two-thirds (66.09%) of cases were found in females. Weights of 73.36% of anencephalic cases wereless than 1000 grams.Conclusion
In this study, the prevalence of neural tube defects is among the highest reported rates. There was a significance difference in the prevalence of anencephaly, as the most prevalent NTD, between live-births and stillbirths. These findings may necessitate an intensive approach to periconceptional folic acid supplementation as a possible strategy to reduce the prevalence of these defects.
PREVENTION OF NEURAL-TUBE DEFECTS - RESULTS OF THE MEDICAL-RESEARCH-COUNCIL VITAMIN STUDY
Article
Jul 1991
N WALD
A randomised double-blind prevention trial with a factorial design was conducted at 33 centres in seven countries to determine whether supplementation with folic acid (one of the vitamins in the B group) or a mixture of seven other vitamins (A, D, B1, B2, B-6, C, and nicotinamide) around the time of conception can prevent neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele). A total of 1817 women at high risk of having a pregnancy with a neural tube defect, because of a previous affected pregnancy, were allocated at random to one of four groups - namely, folic acid, other vitamins, both, or neither. 1195 had a completed pregnancy in which the fetus or infant was known to have or not have a neural tube defect; 27 of these had a known neural tube defect, 6 in the folic acid groups and 21 in the two other groups, a 72% protective effect (relative risk 0.28, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.71). The other vitamins showed no significant protective effect (relative risk 0.80, 95% Cl 0.32-1.72). There was no demonstrable harm from the folic acid supplementation, though the ability of the study to detect rare or slight adverse effects was limited. Folic acid supplementation starting before pregnancy can now be firmly recommended for all women who have had an affected pregnancy, and public health measures should be taken to ensure that the diet of all women who may bear children contains an adequate amount of folic acid.
Cranium bifidum. Investigation, prognosis and management
Article
Mar 2008
J Paediatr Child Health
N. BARROW
Donald Simpson
SYNOPSISThe term cranium bifidum includes the encephaloceles and the cranial meningoceles. Though rarer than spina bifida, these conditions are not uncommon, and their management can be difficult. A series of 14 patients is presented to illustrate the problems, and to show that treatment can produce good results where there are no crippling associated cerebral dysplasias. The value of contrast radiological investigations to demonstrate these dysplasias is emphasized. Some interesting and unexplained variations in the geographical incidence of this condition are discussed.
Treatment of anterior encephaloceles over 24 years in Kosova
Article
Jan 2011
A. Morina
Fatos Kelmendi
Q. Morina
Dukagjin Morina
In the present study we report 36 cases of anterior encephaloceles treated at Clinic of Neurosurgery in the University Clinical Center of Kosova over a 24 year period.
All 36 children were included in this retrospective study (1986 through 2009). Their ages ranged from 1 day to 10 years (mean 13 months); 20 were boys and 16 were girls. The commonest type of anomaly seen was nasofrontal 17 patients, 12 nasoethmoidal, and 7 nasoorbital. The size of the lesion varied from 2.5 cm to 28 cm. Hypertelorism occurred in 12 patients. Hydrocephalus was present in 11 patients and in 8 of them was progressive.
1 patient died on 10th postoperative day due to fulminant meningitis. Cosmetic results were judged from parents as excellent in 16 patients, good in 12 patients, average in 6 patients and poor in 2 patients. None of patients were lost to follow-up.
Histologic examination of the herniated tissue can vary between normal brain to fibrous atrophic nonviable tissue. No familial cases have been reported in the literature, we also have similar experience. In our study we have found that the prevalence is higher among patients coming from rural parts of our country with pore living conditions, malnutrition and so on. We have avoided surgery in very young children until body weight is around 5-6 kg because of complication from blood lose and hypothermia.
The aim of treatment is early removal of the meningoencephalocele to allow normal growth forces to be re-established. In patients with hypertelorism, correction surgery is done in the same session. Ifhydrocephalus is not treated before corrective surgery for encephalocele, the risk of postoperative CSF is very high. With one stage surgery excellent results can be achieved.
Effect of folic acid fortification on the incidence of neural tube defects
Article
Jul 2010
PAEDIATR PERINAT EP
Zouhair Amarin
Ahmed Z Obeidat
Amarin ZO, Obeidat AZ. Effect of folic acid fortification on the incidence of neural tube defects. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 2010.
In a few countries enriched cereal grains have been fortified with folic acid to reduce the incidence of neural tube defects. The objective of this study was to analyse the effect of folic acid fortified foods on the incidence of neural tube defects in live newborns at Princess Badea Teaching Hospital, in the north of Jordan, before and after the national food fortification with folic acid was implemented. For the 7-year period from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2006, we retrospectively extracted the total number of births at Princess Badea Hospital, as well as the number of pregnancies affected by spina bifida and anencephaly, per 1000 births during the periods before (2000–01), during (2002–04) and after (2005–06) folic acid fortification of grain products, was implemented. Neural tube defects were defined in accordance with the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10): anencephaly, encephalocele and spina bifida.
A total of 78 subjects with neural tube defects were recorded among 61 447 births during the study period. The incidence of neural tube defects decreased from 1.85 per 1000 births before fortification [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 2.4] to 1.07 per 1000 births during the fortification period [95% CI 0.7, 1.5], and 0.95 after full fortification [95% CI 0.5, 1.5], a 49% reduction. The difference between incidence of neural tube defects in the periods before and after food fortification with folic acid was statistically significant. We conclude that food fortification with folic acid was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of neural tube defects in north Jordan.
Midline Nasal Mass in Infancy: A Nasal Glioma Case Report
Article
Nov 2001
Y Verney
Gabriela R. Zanolla
R Teixeira
L C Oliveira
Congenital midline nasal masses are rare anomalies that occur in about one in 20,000-40,000 live births. The most common are dermoid/epidermoid tumors, nasal cerebral heterotopias (nasal gliomas), and nasal encephaloceles; some have an actual or potential central nervous system connection. Nasal gliomas are CNS masses of neurogenic origin which have lost their intracranial connections and present as an obvious external or intranasal mass at birth without associated surgical symptoms. Careful evaluation is required to confirm the diagnosis and appropriate management. The interpretation of CT and MR images can be difficult but is useful in differentiating nasal gliomas from other congenital nasal masses. The presence of a fibrous stalk may be associated with cranial defects and CSF leak. Excisional biopsy allows histopathologic diagnosis and is the definitive treatment. They are benign lesions, and recurrences are rare, so conservative cosmetic surgical techniques should be chosen for gliomas where there is no proven intracranial extension. The authors report an illustrative nasal glioma case in a one-year-old male infant with extranasal and intranasal components, and discuss the therapeutic options.
Survival of infants diagnosed with encephalocele in Atlanta, 1979–98
Article
Jan 2003
Csaba Siffel
Lee-Yang Wong
Richard S Olney
Adolfo Correa
This study aimed to evaluate the survival of a cohort of liveborn infants diagnosed with encephalocele during a 20-year period and the variation of such survival by selected demographic and clinical characteristics. We reviewed data from the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) to ascertain all live births diagnosed with encephalocele (n = 83) from 1979 to 1998. Of these, 66 (79%) had isolated defects. Among 70 liveborn infants with site of the defect specified, 50 were classified as having posterior and 20 with anterior defects. To identify their vital status, we used data from MACDP hospital records and vital records from the State of Georgia supplemented by linking registry data with the National Death Index from 1979 to 1999. Among children with encephalocele, 76.0% of the deaths (19/25) occurred during the first day of life. The survival probability to 1 year of age was 70.8%[95% confidence intervals (CI) 60.9, 80.7] and to 20 years of age was 67.3%[95% CI 55.7, 78.8]. In multivariable analysis, factors associated with increased mortality were low birthweight (<2500 g) [relative risk (RR) 5.18; 95% CI 2.13, 12.63], presence of multiple defects (RR 2.82; 95% CI 1.19, 6.69) and black race (RR 2.36; 95% CI 0.95, 5.85). Overall survival for infants with multiple defects (41.2%) was significantly poorer than survival among those with isolated defects (74.3%). A 70% decrease in risk of mortality was observed among infants born with encephalocele during 1989-98 compared with those born during 1979-88, but this decrease was evident only among cases with low birthweight (RR 0.29; 95% CI 0.01, 0.90). This study highlights the prognostic importance of multiple defects and low birthweight for infants with encephalocele and identifies a statistically significant difference in survival by race. This information is useful for clinicians and families who must plan for the long-term care of affected children.
Article
Jul 2006
J CLIN NEUROSCI
Ashok Kumar Mahapatra
Deepak Agrawal
Anterior encephalocele is a rarely reported CNS malformation with a geographical predilection for South-East Asia. The paucity of literature prompted us to analyse our results with hemiorbital advancement and classical Tessier's operation in 103 cases over 32 years (1971-2002). In our series, the frontoethmoidal subtype was the most common (80%), followed by the orbital (8%), transethmoidal (8%), transsellar (3%) and interfrontal types (1%). All patients with classical frontoethmoidal encephalocele had swelling over the nose or inner canthus since birth, with varying degrees of hypertelorism; and those with the nasopharyngeal subtype commonly presented with nasal obstruction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea. Neurofibromatosis was present in seven patients, all of whom had an orbital encephalocele. The diagnostic workup included a computerised tomography scan of the head in 96 patients and magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in 16 patients. The associated findings on imaging were hydrocephalus (15%), corpus callosum agenesis (7%), arachnoid cyst (3%), porencephalic cyst (3%) and single ventricle (3%). A classical Tessier's operation was performed in the initial 30 cases. However, since 1988, we have been performing a single stage hemiorbital advancement and repair of the encephalocele. There were three deaths, one due to pneumonia and two due to fulminant meningitis. Twenty-two patients (22%) had postoperative CSF leak, of which five required lumboperitoneal shunt placement. We believe that hemiorbital advancement offers satisfactory results with less morbidity than the Tessier's operation.
Ramachandra CR, Phelps PD. Nasal encephalocoeles associated with unilateral absence of the cochlea. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology
Jan 1966
20-26813
J Austpaediat
AustPaediat J. 1966;2:20-26.
3. Ramachandra
CR,
Phelps
PD.
Nasal
encephalocoeles associated with unilateral absence
of the cochlea. The Journal of Laryngology &
Otology. 1977 Sep 1;91(09):813-7.
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312115856_Frontal_Encephalocele_-_A_Rare_Case_Report_with_Review_of_Literature |
A Study to Investigate Safety and Tolerability of SH3765 Tablet in Patients With Advanced Malignant Tumor - Full Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov
A Study to Investigate Safety and Tolerability of SH3765 Tablet in Patients With Advanced Malignant Tumor
The safety and scientific validity of this study is the responsibility of the study sponsor and investigators. Listing a study does not mean it has been evaluated by the U.S. Federal Government. Know the risks and potential benefits of clinical studies and talk to your health care provider before participating.
Read our disclaimer for details.
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05015309 Recruitment Status :
Not yet recruiting First Posted : August 20, 2021 Last Update Posted : August 20, 2021 See Contacts and Locations
Sponsor:
Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.
Information provided by (Responsible Party):
Nanjing Sanhome Pharmaceutical, Co., Ltd.
Study Description
Brief Summary:
The primary objective is to determine the safety and tolerability of SH3765 in subjects with advanced malignant tumor by determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended Phase 2 dose (RP2D). The second objective is to evaluate the PK profile and preliminary efficacy of SH3765 in subjects with advanced malignant tumor.
Condition or disease Intervention/treatment Phase Advanced Malignant Tumor Drug: SH3765 tablet Phase 1
Detailed Description:
This is a Phase I, open-label, multicenter, multidose, two-part study to assess the safety, tolerability, PK and preliminary efficacy of SH3765, a protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitor, in subjects with advanced malignant tumor including but not limited to solid tumor and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Study Design
Layout table for study information Study Type : Interventional
(Clinical Trial) Estimated Enrollment : 40 participants Allocation: N/A Intervention Model: Sequential Assignment Masking: None (Open Label) Primary Purpose: Treatment Official Title: A Phase I, Open-Label Study to Determine Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Preliminary Efficacy of SH3765 Tablet in Patients With Advanced Malignant Tumor Estimated Study Start Date : September 2021 Estimated Primary Completion Date : March 2023 Estimated Study Completion Date : September 2024
Arms and Interventions
Arm Intervention/treatment Experimental: SH3765 tablet Daily oral administration of SH3765 tablet Drug: SH3765 tablet Starting dose 2.5mg, oral administered once daily. If tolerated subsequent cohorts will test increasing doses (5mg, 10mg, 15mg, 20mg, 25mg, 30mg) of SH3765.
Primary Outcome Measures
:
Dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) [ Time Frame: Within the first 28 days of consecutive treatment ]
DLT is defined as an adverse event that meets protocol defined DLT criteria occurring from the first dose to the end of cycle 1 of multiple doses, except those unequivocally due to the underlying malignancy or an extraneous cause.
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) [ Time Frame: Within the first 28 days of consecutive treatment ]
MTD was defined as the highest dose at which DLT occurred in less than one-third of subjects during the DLT observation period.
Secondary Outcome Measures
:
Cmax [ Time Frame: 4 weeks ]
Highest observed plasma concentration of SH3765
Tmax [ Time Frame: 4 weeks ]
Time of highest observed plasma concentration of SH3765
T1/2 [ Time Frame: 4 weeks ]
Elimination half-life of SH3765
Area Under the Curve (AUC) [ Time Frame: 4 weeks ]
Area under the plasma concentration time curve of SH3765
Mean Residence Time (MRT) [ Time Frame: 4 weeks ]
The average residence time in body of SH3765
Overall Response Rate (ORR) [ Time Frame: up to 12 months ]
Disease control rates (DCR) [ Time Frame: up to 12 months ]
Duration of response (DOR) [ Time Frame: up to 12 months ]
Lymph node response rate (LNR) [ Time Frame: up to 12 months ]
Eligibility Criteria
Information from the National Library of Medicine
Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision. Talk with your doctor and family members or friends about deciding to join a study. To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contacts provided below. For general information, Learn About Clinical Studies.
Layout table for eligibility information Ages Eligible for Study: 18 Years and older (Adult, Older Adult) Sexes Eligible for Study: All Accepts Healthy Volunteers: No
Criteria
Inclusion Criteria:
Age ≥ 18 years;
Patients must have a histologically or cytologically confirmed diagnosis of relapsed or refractory solid tumors or non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), with the following criteria specific to each tumor type:
For solid tumors: Patients must have advanced triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), prostate cancer (PC), or head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The malignancy must be relapsed or refractory after at least 1 prior line of anti-tumor therapy, and for which there are no available standard of care therapy or therapies known to provide clinical benefit; For NHLs: Patients must have mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), or non-germinal center B-cell-like (non-GCB) subtypes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (both de novo and transformed non-GCB DLBCL are allowed). The malignancy must be relapsed or refractory after at least 2 prior lines of anti-tumor therapy, and for which there are no available standard of care therapy or therapies known to provide clinical benefit. The patients who require urgent cytoreductive therapy will be excluded, unless the patient has no remaining treatment choice with potential benefits.
Patients must provide archival tumor tissue, if available, from the most recent biopsy, or are able to undergo a tumor biopsy during screening;
At least one evaluable or measurable tumor lesion;
Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) Performance Status of 0 to 1;
Life expectancy ≥3 months;
Adequate hematological and biological function, confirmed by the following laboratory values (Have not received blood transfusion or hematopoietic stimulating factor treatment within 14 days):APTT ≤1.0×ULN; Total bilirubin (TBIL) ≤1.5×ULN if no demonstrable liver lesion(s) (primary or metastases) or ≤3×ULN in the presence of documented Gilbert's Syndrome (unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia) or liver lesion(s); Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ≤2.5×ULN if no demonstrable liver lesion(s) (primary or metastases) or ≤5×ULN in the presence of liver lesion(s); Creatinine clearance ≥50mL/min (Calculated according to Cockcroft-Gault formula); Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ≥50%; QT interval corrected using Fridericia's method (QTcF)<470 msec; For advanced solid tumors patients: ANC ≥1.5×109/L, PLT ≥100×109/L, Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥90 g/L; For advanced non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients: ANC ≥ 1.0×109/L, PLT ≥ 80×109/L, Hemoglobin (Hb) ≥80 g/L;
Women of child bearing potential must agree to use a reliable form of contraception during the study treatment period and for at least 180 days following the last dose of study drug, and 3 days before treatment the pregnancy tests are negative. Men must agree to the use of male contraception during the study treatment period and for at least 180 days after the last dose of study drug;
Not using any other investigational drugs within 30 days before the study drugs administration;
Be informed of the trial before the start of the trial, and voluntarily sign the name and date on the informed consent form.
Exclusion Criteria:
Prior treatment with PRMT5 inhibitors;
Anticancer treatment including radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, molecular targeted therapy, or immunotherapy within 3 weeks before the first dose of SH3765 (use of mitomycin or nitrosoureas within 6 weeks before the first dose; use of oral fluorouracil, such as tegafur and capecitabine, within 2 weeks before the first dose; use herbal medicine with anti-tumor indications within 2 weeks before the first dose);
Evidence of central nervous system (CNS) metastases;
Evidence of any severe or uncontrolled systemic diseases, including uncontrolled hypertension, active bleeding diatheses, uncontrolled pleural effusion and ascites, uncontrolled diabetes, non-infectious pneumonia, or any other severe cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and mental diseases;
Have severe cardiac disease:NYHA class ≥grade II heart failure; arrhythmia requiring medical treatment; myocardial infarction or unstable angina pectoris within 6 months; currently taking known QT extension drugs those who cannot stop the drug for at least 5 half-lives before starting the study drug treatment；
Patients who have active infection within 1 week before the first administration and need systematic anti-infection treatment;
Active infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients with HBsAg positive but HBV-DNA negative, or with HCV antibody positive but HCV-RNA negative, or with HIV antibody positive but HIV-RNA negative and CD4+ T cell count normal will be inclusive;
Patients who received systemic glucocorticoids (prednisone >10 mg/ day or equivalent dose of the same drug) or other immunosuppressive therapy within 14 days before the first administration; except for topical, ocular, intra-articular, intranasal, and inhaled glucocorticoids; short-term use of glucocorticoids for prophylactic treatment (e.g., prevention of contrast agent allergy);
The patient is currently using (or cannot stop at least 1 week prior to the first administration of the study drug) a drug known to be a strong inhibitor or inducer of CYP3A4 and inhibitor of P-gp;
Patients who received granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) or blood transfusion therapy within 7 days before the hematologic examination at the screening stage;
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation was performed within 90 days prior to the start of the study;
Previous recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation or organ transplantation;
According to CTCAE 5.0, adverse reactions from previous anti-tumor therapy have not yet returned to ≤ grade 1 (except for toxicities which are judged by researchers to be safe, such as hair loss)；
Had major organ surgery (excluding puncture biopsy) or had significant trauma within 4 weeks before the first administration, or needed to undergo surgery during the trial period;
Uncontrolled nausea and vomiting, chronic gastrointestinal disease, inability to swallow pharmaceutical preparations, extensive enterectomy and possible impairment of adequate absorption of study drugs;
According to CTCAE 5.0, experiencing any CTCAE grade 3 or 4 gastrointestinal bleeding in the 3 months prior to enrollment;
Allergic to the similar drug or its excipients;
Lactating women;
The investigator determined that the patient should not participate in the study.
Contacts and Locations
Go to
For Patients and Families
For Researchers
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
| https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05015309 |
Interactive Quiz: Chronic Venous Ulcers | Consultant360
In this interactive quiz, we present a case of a 79-year-old man who has had a 5-month history of poorly healing venous ulcers on the anterior and medial aspect of the left calf, which had been recurring over 14 years. Can you take the correct diagnostic steps and treat this patient? Quizzes
Elderly Patients
Interactive Quiz: Chronic Venous Ulcers
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Welcome to Cardiology Consultant's latest interactive diagnostic quiz. Over the next few pages, we'll present a case and ask you to make the diagnostic steps and treat the patient. Along the way, we'll provide details about the case, and at the end, we'll share the patient's outcome.
Ready to get started? >>
First, let’s meet the patient…
A 79-year-old man with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension presented with a 5-month history of poorly healing venous ulcers on the anterior and medial aspect of the left calf, which had been recurring over 14 years.
The ulcers were limited to the patient’s left lower extremity and did not involve the contralateral limb, despite his having advanced venous stasis skin changes and swelling on both calves. He reported having leg heaviness and constant pain that is alleviated by elevation of his lower extremities. Additionally, he reported having debilitating venous claudication symptoms, which he described as left calf and thigh pain that radiates up to the flank and buttock upon walking 2 blocks.
The patient had previously been treated with compression stockings and Unna boots at a local wound-care center with minimal success; the ulcers had recurred, along with functionally debilitating symptoms consistent with venous hypertensive disease.
Physical examination revealed visually remarkable calf-size asymmetry, extensive hyperpigmentation, stasis dermatitis, indurated skin, and active open and healed ulcers on the left leg ( Figure 1). The left lower extremity demonstrated +3 (of 4) pretibial and ankle pitting edema extending to the mid-thigh, compared with +2 pitting edema limited to below the knee in the right lower extremity. There were palpable anterior tibial (AT), posterior tibial (PT), and dorsalis pedis (DP) pulses bilaterally.
Answer: All of the above
Lower-extremity arterial Doppler ultrasonography ruled out the presence of peripheral arterial disease. Venous Doppler ultrasonography findings showed no reflux in the superficial and deep vein systems. There was neither acute nor chronic deep vein thrombosis. Given the patient’s cardiovascular risk factors and bilateral leg swelling, transthoracic echocardiography was performed to rule out a cardiac etiology by confirming normal biventricular function.
Before this visit, the patient had had several consultations and vascular Doppler studies at various vein centers; however, he had not undergone intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) guided endovascular therapy for possible proximal deep vein compression.
Answer: Yes
The decision was made to proceed with iliocaval venography and subsequent examination using IVUS. Under US guidance, the left great saphenous vein (GSV) was accessed using a micropuncture needle and a 4F sheath and subsequent upgrade to an 11F sheath using a Bentson guidewire. The wire was then advanced proximally into the left common iliac vein (CIV) up to the inferior vena cava (IVC); injection of contrast dye showed no apparent venous stenosis ( Figure 2).
However, on evaluation with IVUS, extrinsic compression of the CIV and external iliac vein (EIV), with approximately 70% reduction in diameter compared with the adjacent normal reference segment, was identified ( Figures 3 and 4).
Answer: Balloon dilation with stent deployment
Balloon dilation with stent deployment was performed successfully. Subsequent IVUS showed a complete resolution of diffuse iliac vein compression by right common iliac artery (CIA) after iliac vein stent implantation ( Figures 5 and 6).
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In addition, clear post-procedural improvement to 0% luminal narrowing and wall apposition were demonstrated. Despite this remarkable improvement in luminal patency recorded by IVUS, the post-stent venogram showed no significant difference from the one prior to intervention, demonstrating the important role of IVUS ( Figure 7) despite no identifiable change in luminogram by contrast fluoroscopy.
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Answer: At 1, 3, and 6 months and yearly thereafter
Stent patency was confirmed by duplex ultrasonography at 1, 3, and 6 months and yearly thereafter. Iliac vein stenting resulted in rapid healing of this patient's ulcer as well as in significant improvement in limb pain and swelling; those outcomes have continued without further reports of recurrent open ulcers. With relief of orthostatic leg pain and achiness, the patient returned to baseline normal daily activities. His venous stasis hyperpigmentation improved, and his leg swelling was significantly reduced.
Authors, citation >>
Authors:
Tae An Choi, ANP-BC; Esad Vucic, MD, CBNC; Back Kim, MD; and Nay Htyte, MD, MSc, DASNC
Heart Vein NYC, New York, New York
Citation:
Choi TA, Htyte N, Vucic E, Kim B. Chronic venous ulcer treated with iliac vein stenting for proximal deep vein compression [published online June 18, 2018]. Cardiology Consultant.https://www.consultant360.com/articles/chronic-venous-ulcer-treated-iliac-vein-stenting-proximal-deep-vein-compression.
Patients can be discouraged from continuing treatment if they experience flares at the initiation of urate-lowering therapy.
| https://www.consultant360.com/article/cardiology/interactive-quiz-chronic-venous-ulcers?page=3%3Fpage=3%3Fpage=5%3Fpage=1%3Fpage=1%3Fpage=1%3Fpage=1%3Fpage=5 |
Marine Drugs | Free Full-Text | In Silico Virtual Screening of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives from Seaweeds against SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global pandemic that poses an unprecedented threat to the global economy and human health. Several potent inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 have been published; however, most of them have failed in clinical trials. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic compounds among aldehyde derivatives from seaweeds as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using a computer simulation protocol. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of the compounds were analyzed using a machine learning algorithm, and the docking simulation of these compounds to the 3C-like protease (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 6LU7) was analyzed using a molecular docking protocol based on the CHARMm algorithm. These compounds exhibited good drug-like properties following the Lipinski and Veber rules. Among the marine aldehyde derivatives, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 5-bromoprotocatechualdehyde were predicted to have good absorption and solubility levels and non-hepatotoxicity in the ADME/Tox prediction. 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde were predicted to be non-toxic in TOPKAT prediction. In addition, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde was predicted to exhibit interactions with the 3C-like protease, with binding energies of −71.9725 kcal/mol. The computational analyses indicated that 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde could be regarded as potential a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor.
In Silico Virtual Screening of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives from Seaweeds against SARS-CoV-2
Seong-Yeong Heo 1 ,
Seon-Heui Cha 2,3 ,
Ginnae Ahn 4 and
Soo-Jin Heo 1,5,*
2
Department of Marine Bio and Medical Sciences, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea
3
Department of Integrated of Bioindustry, Hanseo University, Seosan 31962, Korea
4
Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Korea
5
Department of Biology, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Mar. Drugs 2022 , 20 (6), 399; https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060399
Received: 23 May 2022 / Revised: 12 June 2022 / Accepted: 14 June 2022 / Published: 16 June 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Seaweed Bioactive Metabolites: Health Benefits and Potential Applications )
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing global pandemic that poses an unprecedented threat to the global economy and human health. Several potent inhibitors targeting SARS-CoV-2 have been published; however, most of them have failed in clinical trials. This study aimed to assess the therapeutic compounds among aldehyde derivatives from seaweeds as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using a computer simulation protocol. The absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties of the compounds were analyzed using a machine learning algorithm, and the docking simulation of these compounds to the 3C-like protease (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 6LU7) was analyzed using a molecular docking protocol based on the CHARMm algorithm. These compounds exhibited good drug-like properties following the Lipinski and Veber rules. Among the marine aldehyde derivatives, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, and 5-bromoprotocatechualdehyde were predicted to have good absorption and solubility levels and non-hepatotoxicity in the ADME/Tox prediction. 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde were predicted to be non-toxic in TOPKAT prediction. In addition, 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde was predicted to exhibit interactions with the 3C-like protease, with binding energies of −71.9725 kcal/mol. The computational analyses indicated that 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde could be regarded as potential a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor.
Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2
;
Coronavirus disease 2019
;
seaweed
;
aldehyde derivatives
;
in silico
;
virtual screening
1. Introduction
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [ 1 , 2 ]. The disease has spread worldwide, leading to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which poses an unprecedented threat to the global economy and human health [ 1 , 2 ]. In addition, the World Health Organization suggested that the outbreak of an unknown pathogen may lead to further public health emergencies following the pandemics caused by Ebola, SARS, and Zika viruses [ 3 , 4 ]. Therefore, efforts to identify potent antiviral materials are crucial.
SARS-CoV-2 primarily spreads between people through aerosols and exhaled respiratory droplets when talking, breathing, coughing, or sneezing [ 5 ]. SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA-enveloped virus which enters human cells via the viral spike protein binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 receptor. After virus entry, the incoming genomic RNA releases, and immediately two large open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1a and ORF1b are translated from the positive strand genomic RNA. The generating polyproteins pp1a and pp1ab are processed into individual nonstructural proteins that form the viral replication and transcription complexes [ 5 , 6 ]. The 3C-like protease is responsible for proteolytic processing of the majority of polyprotein cleavage sites [ 1 , 7 ]. Thus, 3C-like proteases are potential targets for SARS-CoV-2 treatment.
The global pandemic has led to the rapid growth of artificial intelligence technology in various industries [ 8 , 9 ]. In the pharmaceutical industry, virtual screening technology can minimize the cost and time required for novel drug development [ 10 ]. Virtual screening technology, including the screening of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADME/Tox) properties and molecular docking, is crucial for identifying promising compounds for in vitro and in vivo testing [ 11 ]. Safe drugs exhibit a fine-tuned combination of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables such as ADME/Tox properties [ 12 ]. New drugs which interact with the target proteins to produce therapeutic effects, typically fail in clinical trials because of unfavorable ADME/Tox properties [ 12 , 13 ]. Drugs with several side effects cannot be used commercially and cause enormous financial losses. Therefore, efforts are being made to predict ADME/Tox properties from drug structures in silico at an early development stage [ 14 ]. ADME/Tox modeling can aid in the success of drugs in clinical trials [ 13 ]. In addition, molecular-docking-based virtual screening identifies compounds with the highest binding affinities and correct binding modes [ 7 , 15 ].
Marine organisms have the ability to produce novel bioactive natural products with wide structural diversity, various important human health benefits, and pharmacological potential [ 16 , 17 ]. Seaweeds are photosynthetic organisms that are rich in bioactive materials such as polysaccharides, proteins, peptides, amino acids, and secondary metabolites, including polyphenolic compounds and natural pigments [ 18 ]. These bioactive materials have demonstrated various biological activities, including medicinal and health benefits, which has led to an increased demand for these compounds in food, nutraceutical, and cosmeceutical products [ 19 ]. Aldehydes are volatile biochemicals which are produced by seaweeds, have low molecular weights, are mostly lipophilic, and are considered the most important parameters of food flavor and quality [ 20 , 21 ]. Aromatic aldehydes have also been reported to possess a wide range of potential bioactive properties including anti-cancer, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and immunomodulatory effects [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ].
The present study aimed to assess the therapeutic compounds among the aldehyde derivatives from seaweeds as potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors using a computer simulation protocol. The ADME/Tox properties of the marine aldehyde derivatives were analyzed using a machine learning algorithm and subsequently prioritized based on these results. Next, the docking simulation of the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease (Protein Data Bank (PDB) ID: 6LU7) was analyzed using a molecular docking protocol based on the CHARMm algorithm, and the compounds exhibiting good interactions were selected.
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Drug-Likeness Analysis of the Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
Eleven marine aldehyde derivatives were tested using Lipinski and Veber rules. These aldehyde derivatives exhibited good drug-like properties, based on the number of hydrogen bond acceptors, hydrogen bond donors, molecular weights, ALogP, rotatable bonds, and polar surface areas ( Table 1 and Table 2 ). Compounds with low molecular weights have shown drug-like properties. Therefore, these marine aldehyde derivatives can be considered for the development of new drugs.
Table 1. The marine aldehyde derivatives list.
Table 2. In silico analysis of drug-like properties of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
2.2. ADME/Tox Analysis of the Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
The 11 aldehyde derivatives were tested in the ADME/Tox Discovery Studio 2021 protocol. In addition, the 2D polar surface area (PSA_2D) for each marine aldehyde derivative was plotted against the corresponding calculated atom-type partition coefficient (ALogP98).
The ADME/Tox properties of marine aldehyde derivatives are listed in Table 3 . The marine aldehyde derivatives displayed good absorption, solubility, blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) prediction levels. All the aldehyde derivatives in this study were located in the human intestinal absorption (HIA) 99% confidence ellipse, and the absorption grade indicated that all the compounds exhibited good absorption ( Table 3 , Figure 1 ). In addition, the solubility results indicated that all these compounds exhibited optimal or good solubility ( Table 3 , Table S1 and Table S2 ). Drug failure is generally caused by insufficient absorption and distribution of the drug due to low solubility [ 15 ]. Thus, marine aldehyde derivatives could be selected as new drug candidates because of their valuable absorption and solubility levels. BBB grade predictions indicated that all the aldehyde derivatives had medium or low BBB permeability, except for MAD-5. These compounds were located in the 99% confidence limit ellipses corresponding to the BBB ( Table 3 , Table S3 and Table S4 , Figure 1 ). Thus, these marine aldehyde derivatives cannot be used to target nervous systems. CYP2D6 is one of cytochrome P450 enzymes catalyzing the metabolism of the most clinically important drugs. CYP2D6 inhibitors induce a drug–drug interaction, a reaction between two or more other drugs [ 28 ]. The CYP2D6 inhibition predictions revealed that none of the marine aldehyde derivatives inhibited the enzyme; therefore, these compounds cannot cause serious drug–drug interaction toxicity. The hepatotoxicity predictions revealed that among the 11 aldehyde derivatives, MAD-1, MAD-2, MAD-4, and MAD-11 exhibited safe hepatotoxicity grades. Drug activity is related to the free drug concentration, which is the drug concentration available for physiological interaction; therefore, it is necessary to determine whether the drug candidates may bind to plasma proteins [ 29 ]. The four selected marine aldehyde derivatives exhibited low plasma protein binding activity, with binding rates of <90% ( Table 3 ). Collectively, the results indicate that these four aldehyde derivatives have the potential to be used as new drugs, whereas the remaining aldehyde derivatives require structural optimization before being used in new drugs.
Figure 1. ADMET_AlogP98 and ADMET_PSA_2D attribute graph for the marine aldehyde derivatives. Plot of PSA_2D versus ALogP98 for the marine aldehyde derivatives showing the 95 and 99% confidence limit ellipses corresponding to HIA and BBB models.
Table 3. In silico based ADME/Tox analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
2.3. TOPKAT Analysis of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
Toxicological properties of 11 marine aldehyde derivatives were predicted in silico using the TOPKAT wizard and the 2D molecular structures of the compounds. TOPKAT uses a quantitative structure–toxicity relationship model to assess specific toxicological endpoints [
30
]. Aspirin and curcumin were selected as positive controls in the TOPKAT analysis. Aspirin, known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a drug used worldwide. Curcumin, a phenolic pigment, is an U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug, and its effect on 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 was evaluated through molecular docking analysis in the previous study [
7
]. The TOPKAT analysis results for 11 marine aldehyde derivatives are presented in
Table 4
. Among the aldehyde derivatives, MAD-1, MAD-2, MAD-3, MAD-4, and MAD-11 were predicted to be non-mutagenic according to the Ames test. These five aldehyde derivatives displayed rat oral median lethal doses (LD
50
) ranging between 1.0018 and 2.67949 g/kg body weight (BW). The lowest LD
50
was exhibited by MAD-3 and the highest LD
50
by MAD-4. MAD-4 and MAD-11 exhibited higher safe doses compared to those for aspirin, a commercial drug (1.57076 g/kg BW). The rat inhalational median lethal concentration (LC
50
) was predicted for the five aldehyde alternatives. Similarly, MAD-3 displayed the lowest LC
50
(1655.42 mg/m
3
/h). In addition, MAD-1, MAD-2, MAD-4, and MAD-11 LC
50
values were predicted to be 1744.04, 2660.83, 1794.97, and 1975.31 mg/m
3
/h, respectively. Curcumin displayed a LC
50
value of 1200.8 mg/m
3
/h, implying that the four aldehyde derivatives are safer compared to curcumin. MAD-3 was excluded from further analyses because of its low LD
50
and LC
50
. Next, skin irritancy evaluation indicated that MAD-2, MAD-4, and MAD-11 were absent in the skin, whereas MAD-1 was present. In addition, the three aldehyde derivatives which were absent from the skin were predicted to be non-carcinogenic in both female and male rats according to the US National Toxicology Program (NTP) model, except for MAD-11, which revealed potential carcinogenicity in the male rat NTP. Therefore, the TOPKAT prediction results indicated that MAD-2 and MAD-4 are expected to display the best pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviors with no mutagenic, carcinogenic, or irritant effects; thus, MAD-2 and MAD-4 are potential SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.
Table 4. TOPKAT analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
2.4. Molecular Docking Analysis of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives on 3C-like Protease
Several molecular docking studies targeting specific proteins, including enzymes and receptors, have recently been published [ 7 , 18 , 31 , 32 , 33 ]. Among the docking tools, CDOCKER, a CHARMm-based docking algorithm, found favorable docking poses between small molecules and target proteins based on their structural characteristics such as unshared electron pairs, double bonds, hydrophobicity, and charge [ 34 ].
The inhibitory effects of marine aldehyde derivatives on the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2 were predicted by simulating the biological network dynamics of the marine aldehyde derivatives and 3C-like protease in a computational space. The binding energies of the compounds to the 3-C like protease were compared with that of curcumin as a positive control, following a previous study [
7
,
35
]. The crystal structure of the 3C-like protease was obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB ID 6LU7, [
1
]), and the structure was confirmed and revised through structural optimization. The binding site was analyzed using the binding sphere of the already docked inhibitor N3 to the 3C-like protease. The amino acids in the binding site are composed as follows: THR24, THR25, THR26, LEU27, ASN28, CYS38, PRO39, ARG40, HIS41, VAL42, ILE43, CYS44, THR45, SER46, GLU47, ASP48, MET49, LEU50, ASN51, PRO52, ALA116, CYS117, TYR118, ASN119, THR135, ILE136, LYS137, GLY138, SER139, PHE140, LEU141, ASN142, GLY143, SER144, CYS145, GLY146, SER147, TYR161, MET162, HIS163, HIS164, MET165, GLU166, LEU167, PRO168, THR169, GLY170, VAL171, HIS172, ALA173, GLY174, THR175, PRO184, PHE185, VAL186, ASP187, ARG188, GLN189, THR190, ALA191, GLN192, ALA193, and ALA194 (
Figure 2
A). The structures of marine aldehyde derivatives and curcumin were downloaded from PubChem and the 3D structures were optimized.
Figure 2. Molecular docking analysis for the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. Preparation of 3C-like protease 3D structure ( A ). Binding site (red color) and amino acid sequence (black color). The 2D chart of the docking poses of the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease expressed as –CDOCKER energy, -CDOCKER interaction, and binding energies ( B ).
The binding pattern of the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease were analyzed, and these docking poses were expressed as a 3D chart using -CDOCKER interaction energy (kcal/mol), -CDOCKER energy (kcal/mol), and binding energy (kcal/mol) ( Figure 2 B and Table 5 ). Among the marine aldehyde derivatives, MAD-4 bound most stably to the 3C-like protease, with the highest -CDOCKER energy (22.4808 kcal/mol) and -CDOCKER interaction energy (23.2915 kcal/mol), and the lowest binding energy (−71.9725 kcal/mol). In succession, MAD-11, MAD-2, and MAD-1, which were predicted to exhibit favorable ADME/Tox or TOPKAT levels, displayed relatively low binding energies compared to that for other marine aldehyde derivatives ( Figure 2 B and Table 5 ). In particular, these four marine aldehyde derivatives were docked to the active site of the 3C-like protease and displayed lower binding energies than that of curcumin, which was used as a positive control ( Table 5 ). This implies that these aldehyde derivatives could bind more stably to the 3C-like protease compared to that seen with curcumin.
Table 5. Calculated energies of the marine aldehyde derivatives on the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2.
Each oxygen molecule in MAD-4 formed four hydrogen bonds with ASN142, SER144, CYS145, and HIS163. The phenol ring of MAD-4 formed a pi bond with CYS145 (
Figure 3
A). MAD-2 bound to the 3C-like protease exhibiting –CDOCKER energy of 17.2844 kcal/mol, –CDOCKER interaction energy of 19.576 kcal/mol, and the lowest binding energy of −74.1383 kcal/mol. The hydrogen in MAD-2 formed hydrogen bonds with HIS164, and the phenol ring of MAD-2 formed a pi-pi stacked bond with HIS41 and a pi-sulfur bond with MET49 (
Figure 3
B). MAD-1 bound to the 3C-like protease exhibiting −CDOCKER energy of 16.3341 kcal/mol, –CDOCKER interaction energy of 18.8237 kcal/mol, and the lowest binding energy of −69.5871 kcal/mol. The oxygen molecules in MAD-1 formed hydrogen bonds with ASP187, and the phenol ring of MAD-1 formed a pi-pi stacked bond with HIS41 and a pi-alkyl bond with MET49 (
Figure 3
C). MAD-11 bound stably to the 3C-like protease exhibiting –CDOCKER energy of 21.4484 kcal/mol, –CDOCKER interaction energy of 21.8194 kcal/mol, and the lowest binding energy of −74.9887 kcal/mol. The oxygen molecules in MAD-11 formed hydrogen bonds with GLY143, CYS145, and HIS163, and the phenol ring of MAD-11 formed a pi-alkyl bond with CYS145. The bromine of MAD-11 formed a pi-alkyl bond with HIS41 (
Figure 3
D). These in silico based results indicated that MAD-4 has the potential to be used as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. Further studies are needed to confirm the inhibitory effects of these marine aldehyde derivatives on SARS-CoV-2 in vitro.
Figure 3. The docking poses of the marine aldehyde derivative-3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. The 3D and 2D diagram of the complexes to 3C-like protease with MAD-4 ( A ), MAD-2 ( B ), MAD-1 ( C ), and MAD-11 ( D ). The 3C-like protease was expressed as a ribbon model tagging the amino acid. The marine aldehyde derivatives are shown as a gray and red stick model, and the binding surface is expressed in terms of hydrogen bonds. The 2D diagram of the marine aldehyde derivative–3C-like protease complexes were combined as hydrogen bond and/or pi bond.
Previous studies have presented structural evidence of the antiviral activities of seaweed polysaccharides [ 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ]. Previous studies have also reported that phlorotannins derived from seaweeds have potential antiviral activities against SARS-CoV, porcine epidemic diarrhea coronavirus, HIV-1, and VHSV [ 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 ]. However, the antiviral activities of various natural marine products such as aldehyde derivatives, remain unknown.
Marine aldehyde derivatives including indole-4-carboxaldehyde (MAD-7, from Sargassum thunbergii ), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (MAD-4, from Polysiphonia morrowii ), and 5-bromo-3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (from P. morrowii ), have been reported to possess various bioactivities, including inhibition of hepatic inflammation [ 22 ] and anti-allergy [ 23 , 26 ], and hair growth effects [ 24 ]. An aromatic aldehyde, 3-chloro-4,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde, has been shown to inhibit adipogenesis in adipocytes [ 25 ]. Additionally, 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-4-methyl-benzaldehyde has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory activities via the inactivation of the ERK, p38, and NF-κB pathways [ 27 ]. These studies suggest that marine aldehyde derivatives have pharmaceutical potential. According to the drug-like properties predictions of the 11 marine aldehyde derivatives, these compounds also are likely to have good drug-like properties for commercial use. In addition, the marine aldehyde derivatives tested in this study, including MAD-4 exhibit viral inhibition potential through diverse cell signaling pathways. Future research may investigate the various antiviral activities of marine aldehyde derivatives via in vitro studies.
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. 3D Structure of Proteins and the Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
For molecular docking studies, the crystal structure of the 3C-like protease (PDB ID: 6LU7) was obtained from the Protein Data Bank. The crystal structure had a resolution of 2.16 Å; therefore, it was used in this computational study. The “prepare protein” protocols of the Discovery Studio 2021 tool were applied for protein structure preparation. The binding site of the 3C-like protease was defined from the current docking site of the N3 ligand, following a previous paper [
3
]. The 3D structures of 11 marine aldehyde derivatives were obtained from PubChem. The compound names and PubChem compound ID (CID) numbers are as follows: 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (CID: 126), 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde (CID: 101), salicylaldehyde (CID: 6998), 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (CID: 8768), indole-2-carboxaldehyde (CID: 96389), indole-3-carboxaldehyde (CID: 10256), indole-4-carboxaldehyde (CID: 333703), indole-5-carboxaldehyde (589040), indole-6-carboxaldehyde (CID: 2773435), indole-7-carboxaldehyde (CID: 2734629), and 5-bromoprotocatechualdehyde (CID: 85405) (
Table 1
). The geometry optimization of the marine aldehyde derivatives was performed using the BIOVIA Discovery Studio 2021 protocol of energy minimization and numbered the compounds in order from MAD-1 to MAD-11 (
Table 2
).
3.2. Drug-like Properties and ADME/Tox Predictions of the Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
Marine aldehyde derivatives were subjected to drug-like properties and ADME/Tox profiling using Discovery Studio 2021 (Biovia, San Diego, CA, USA). The drug-like properties of the marine aldehyde derivatives were predicted as follows: Lipinski rules (number of hydrogen bond donors < 5, number of hydrogen bond acceptors < 10, molecular weight < 500 Da, ALogP < 5, and no more than one violation of the above criteria) and Veber rules (rotatable bonds < 10, Polar Surface Area < 140, hydrogen bond donors and acceptors < 12) [
45
,
46
]. The ADME/Tox properties of the marine aldehyde derivatives were predicted using the Discovery Studio 2021 Descriptor module: six mathematical models, including HIA level, aqueous solubility level, BBB level, CYP2D6 prediction, hepatotoxicity prediction, and PPB prediction. The ADME/Tox protocol of Discovery Studio 2021 defines a perfect drug candidate as exhibiting good absorption, optimal/good/low solubility, medium/low BBB permeability, non-inhibitor/inhibitor CYP2D6, non-toxic hepatotoxicity, and <90% PPB [
47
]. The reliability of the predictions was analyzed via the HIA 99% confidence ellipse and BBB 99% confidence ellipse.
3.3. TOPKAT Predictions of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives
The toxicity of the marine aldehyde derivatives was predicted using the TOPKAT module of Discovery Studio 2021 (Biovia, San Diego, CA, USA). The chosen parameters in the TOPKAT prediction were the Ames test for mutagenicity, rat oral LD 50 , rat inhalational LC 50 , skin irritation, and female and male rat NTP. Results from these tests were used to select compounds with considerable pharmacokinetic behavior and low toxicity.
3.4. Molecular Docking Analysis of the Marine Aldehyde Derivatives on the 3C-like Protease
CDOCKER docking was performed to assess the binding poses of the marine aldehyde derivatives within the active site of the 3C-like protease. Molecular docking analysis was performed using the CDOCKER and Calculate Binding Energies tools in Discovery Studio 2021 (Biovia, San Diego, CA, USA). In particular, a docking mechanism based on CHARMm [
34
] was used to execute the docking protocol for CDOCKER. Docking of marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease was performed as follows: (1) a 2D structure was converted into a 3D structure; (2) proteins were prepared, and the binding site was defined; and (3) docking of compounds was performed using the CDOCKER tool [
32
]. The binding pocket of the 3C-like protease was assigned as the area from the center of the active site within a radius of 14.8 Å. The binding site and ligand were allowed to move freely during docking. The water molecules are removed from the protein in the flexible docking process because the fixed water molecules might alter the generation of the ligand–receptor complex. After the removal of water molecules, hydrogen atoms were attached to the protein. The ligand-binding affinity was assessed for all complexes by applying the CHARMm force field to the interaction energy. Based on CDOCKER’s interaction energy, distinct conformational poses for each molecule were produced and examined. The binding energies of the produced small-molecule–protein complexes were calculated using the Calculate Binding Energies tool. Three types of energy values (–CDOCKER interaction energy, –CDOCKER energy, and binding energy) were generated for the produced complexes; these were used to select candidate compounds. The docking positions of the selected marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease were expressed as 2D diagrams and 3D crystal structures.
4. Conclusions
Marine aldehyde derivatives have good drug-like properties following Lipinski and Veber rules. MAD-4 and MAD-2 were selected for further study following in silico bioavailability and toxicity results. These compounds were predicted to interact more strongly with the 3C-like protease than curcumin, with binding energies of −74.1383 and −71.9725 kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, MAD-4 displayed higher −CDOCKER energy and −CDOCKER interaction energy. This study suggests that the drug discovery approach used provides insight into therapeutics that might be helpful in treating COVID-19. These in silico based results indicate that MAD-4 has the potential to be used as a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor. Future research utilizing in vitro studies can be performed to confirm the ADME/Tox levels and antiviral-activity predictions of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
Supplementary Materials
The following supporting information can be downloaded at: https://www.mdpi.com/article/10.3390/md20060399/s1 , Table S1: In silico–based aqueous solubility analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives; Table S2: Key to aqueous solubility levels indicator; Table S3: In silico–based BBB permeability analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives; Table S4: Key to BBB permeability levels indicator.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, N.K. and S.-J.H.; methodology, S.-Y.H.; software, N.K.; data curation, S.-H.C.; formal analysis, G.A.; project administration, S.-J.H.; supervision, S.-J.H.; validation, S.-H.C.; visualization, G.A.; writing—original draft preparation, N.K.; writing—review and editing, S.-J.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. ADMET_AlogP98 and ADMET_PSA_2D attribute graph for the marine aldehyde derivatives. Plot of PSA_2D versus ALogP98 for the marine aldehyde derivatives showing the 95 and 99% confidence limit ellipses corresponding to HIA and BBB models.
Figure 2. Molecular docking analysis for the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. Preparation of 3C-like protease 3D structure ( A ). Binding site (red color) and amino acid sequence (black color). The 2D chart of the docking poses of the marine aldehyde derivatives to the 3C-like protease expressed as –CDOCKER energy, -CDOCKER interaction, and binding energies ( B ).
Figure 3. The docking poses of the marine aldehyde derivative-3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. The 3D and 2D diagram of the complexes to 3C-like protease with MAD-4 ( A ), MAD-2 ( B ), MAD-1 ( C ), and MAD-11 ( D ). The 3C-like protease was expressed as a ribbon model tagging the amino acid. The marine aldehyde derivatives are shown as a gray and red stick model, and the binding surface is expressed in terms of hydrogen bonds. The 2D diagram of the marine aldehyde derivative–3C-like protease complexes were combined as hydrogen bond and/or pi bond.
Table 1. The marine aldehyde derivatives list.
3D structure Chemical name 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde 3-hydroxybenzaldehyde MAD no. MAD-1 MAD-2 3D structure Chemical name Salicylaldehyde 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde MAD no. MAD-3 MAD-4 3D structure Chemical name indole-2-carboxaldehyde indole-3-carboxaldehyde MAD no. MAD-5 MAD-6 3D structure Chemical name indole-4-carboxaldehyde indole-5-carboxaldehyde MAD no. MAD-7 MAD-8 3D structure Chemical name indole-6-carboxaldehyde indole-7-carboxaldehyde MAD no. MAD-9 MAD-10 3D structure Chemical name 5-bromoprotocatechualdehyde MAD no. MAD-11
Table 2. In silico analysis of drug-like properties of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
Marine Aldehyde Derivatives HBD HBA MW (Da) ALogP RB PSA MAD-1 1 2 122.121 1.347 1 37.29 MAD-2 1 2 122.121 1.347 1 37.29 MAD-3 1 2 122.121 1.347 1 37.29 MAD-4 2 3 138.121 1.105 1 57.53 MAD-5 1 2 145.158 2.174 1 32.86 MAD-6 1 2 145.158 1.882 1 32.86 MAD-7 1 2 145.158 1.882 1 32.86 MAD-8 1 2 145.158 1.882 1 32.86 MAD-9 1 2 145.158 1.882 1 32.86 MAD-10 1 2 145.158 1.882 1 32.86 MAD-11 2 3 217.017 1.853 1 57.53
HBD, hydrogen bond donors; HBA, hydrogen bond acceptors; RB, rotatable bonds; PSA, polar surface area.
Table 3. In silico based ADME/Tox analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
Marine Aldehyde Derivatives AL SL BL CP HP PP MAD-1 Good Optimal Medium Non-inhibitor Non-toxic Binding is <90% MAD-2 Good Optimal Medium Non-inhibitor Non-toxic Binding is <90% MAD-3 Good Optimal Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is >90% MAD-4 Good Optimal Low Non-inhibitor Non-toxic Binding is <90% MAD-5 Good Good High Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is >90% MAD-6 Good Good Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is <90% MAD-7 Good Good Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is <90% MAD-8 Good Good Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is <90% MAD-9 Good Good Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is <90% MAD-10 Good Good Medium Non-inhibitor Toxic Binding is >90% MAD-11 Good Optimal Medium Non-inhibitor Non-toxic Binding is <90%
AL, absorption level; SL, solubility level; BL, BBB level; CP, CYP2D6 prediction; HP, hepatotoxic prediction; PP, PPB prediction.
Table 4. TOPKAT analysis of the marine aldehyde derivatives.
Marine Aldehyde Derivatives Ames Mutagenicity Rat Oral LD 50 (g/kg BW) Rat Inhalational LC 50 (mg/m 3 /h) MAD-1 Non-Mutagen 1.13365 1744.04 MAD-2 Non-Mutagen 1.31137 2660.83 MAD-3 Non-Mutagen 1.0018 1655.42 MAD-4 Non-Mutagen 2.67949 1794.97 MAD-5 Mutagen 0.68308 4020.58 MAD-6 Mutagen 0.393331 2431.62 MAD-7 Mutagen 0.213938 2431.62 MAD-8 Mutagen 0.535304 4117.71 MAD-9 Mutagen 0.535304 4117.71 MAD-10 Mutagen 0.551856 2431.62 MAD-11 Non-Mutagen 1.96303 1975.31 Asprin Non-Mutagen 1.57076 2704.1 Curcumin Non-Mutagen 2.81353 1200.8 Marine aldehyde derivatives Skin Irritancy Female Rat NTP Male Rat NTP MAD-1 Mild Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-2 None Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-3 None Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-4 None Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-5 Mild Carcinogen Carcinogen MAD-6 Mild Non-Carcinogen Carcinogen MAD-7 Mild Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-8 Mild Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-9 Mild Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-10 Mild Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen MAD-11 None Non-Carcinogen Carcinogen Asprin None Non-Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen Curcumin Mild Carcinogen Non-Carcinogen
Table 5. Calculated energies of the marine aldehyde derivatives on the 3C-like protease of SARS-CoV-2.
Marine Aldehyde Derivatives 3C-like Proteinase (6LU7) –CDOCKER Energy (kcal/mol) –CDOCKER Interaction Energy (kcal/mol) Binding Energy (kcal/mol) MAD-1 16.3341 18.8237 −69.5871 MAD-2 17.2844 19.576 −74.1383 MAD-3 18.0852 20.4885 −80.9339 MAD-4 22.4808 23.2915 −71.9725 MAD-5 14.1641 19.0705 −65.4523 MAD-6 13.4791 18.5471 −49.2269 MAD-7 13.4622 18.7735 −46.0088 MAD-8 14.7365 19.4259 −50.8909 MAD-9 17.7453 22.5439 −42.0406 MAD-10 12.8445 18.4353 −61.5275 MAD-11 21.4484 21.8194 −74.9887 Curcumin 35.4411 45.3384 −63.3906
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Kang, N.; Heo, S.-Y.; Cha, S.-H.; Ahn, G.; Heo, S.-J. In Silico Virtual Screening of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives from Seaweeds against SARS-CoV-2. Mar. Drugs 2022, 20, 399.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060399
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Kang N, Heo S-Y, Cha S-H, Ahn G, Heo S-J. In Silico Virtual Screening of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives from Seaweeds against SARS-CoV-2. Marine Drugs. 2022; 20(6):399.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md20060399
Kang, Nalae, Seong-Yeong Heo, Seon-Heui Cha, Ginnae Ahn, and Soo-Jin Heo. 2022. "In Silico Virtual Screening of Marine Aldehyde Derivatives from Seaweeds against SARS-CoV-2" Marine Drugs20, no. 6: 399.
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(PDF) Biological functions of thiamine derivatives: Focus on non-coenzyme roles
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Biological functions of thiamine derivatives: Focus on non-coenzyme roles
May 2013
Biochemistry 1(1):10
DOI: 10.13172/2052-9651-5-1-860
Abstract and Figures
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is mainly known for its diphosphorylated derivatives (ThDP), an essential coenzyme in energy metabolism. However non-coenzyme roles have been suggested for this vitamin for many years. Such roles have remained hypothetical, but recent data from various sources have shed a new light on this hypothesis. First, the existence of other phosphorylated thiamine derivatives, most prominently thiamine triphosphate (ThTP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP) can reach significant levels in E. coli, respectively during amino acid starvation and energy stress. Though much less is known about these compounds in animals, mammalian cells contain a highly specific soluble thiamine triphosphatase controlling cytosolic ThTP concentrations. Second, there is now growing evidence in favour of the existence of thiamine-binding proteins with specific roles in the nervous system, possibly in the regulation of in neurotransmitter release. Thiamine and some of its synthetic precursors with higher bioavailability have beneficial effects in several models of Alzheimer’s disease and may be beneficial for patients suffering from Alzheimer's or Parkinson's diseases. These effects might be related to non-coenzyme roles of thiamine, possibly involving thiamine-binding proteins.
Thiamine diphosphate as a coenzyme. (a) Structural formula of thiamine with both heterocycles numbered according to the usual conventions. (b) Enzyme-catalysed proton loss at the C2 of the thiazolium ring and ylide formation is at the molecular basis of the catalytic properties of thiamine. (c) ThDP-dependent enzymes in a mammalian cell and subcellular localization. TK, transketolase; PDHC, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex; OGDHC, oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex; BCODC, branched chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex; HACL1, 2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 1. (Modified from Reference 1). …
Thiamine derivatives observed in living organisms. (Adapted from References 1 and 63). ThDP is synthesised from thiamine and ATP by thiamine pyrophosphokinase (1). Hydrolysis of ThDP by thiamine pyrophosphatases (2) yields ThMP, which in turn can be hydrolysed to thiamine by thiamine monophosphatases (3). ThDP can be phosphorylated to ThTP by two mechanisms: mitochondrial FoF1-ATP synthase (4) and cytosolic adenylate kinase (5). ThTP can be hydrolysed to ThDP by a very specific cytosolic 25 kDa thiamine triphosphatase (6). ThDP can also be converted to AThTP by a ThDP adenylyl transferase (7). AThTP can be hydrolysed to ThDP and AMP by a putative AThTP hydrolase (8). AThDP has been shown to exist in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, but its mechanism of synthesis has not yet been demonstrated in vitro. …
Potential non-coenzyme roles of thiamine and its phosphorylated derivatives. For explanations, see text. …
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Metabolism
Page 1 of 9
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
All authors contributed to the concepon, design, and preparaon of the manuscript, as well as read and approved the nal manuscript.
All authors abide by the Associaon for Medical Ethics (AME) ethical rules of disclosure.
Bettendorff L, Wins P
Critical review
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
All authors contributed to the concepon, design, and preparaon of the manuscript, as well as read and approved the nal manuscript.
All authors abide by the Associaon for Medical Ethics (AME) ethical rules of disclosure.
Abstract
Introduction
Thiamine (vitamin B1) is mainly
known for its diphosphorylated
derivativ es, an essential coenzyme in
energy metabolism. However , non-
coenzyme roles have been suggested
for this vitamin for many years. Such
roles have remained h ypothetical, but
recent data from various sources
have shed a new light on this hypoth-
esis. First, other phosphorylated thia-
mine derivativ es, most prominently
thiamine triphosphate and adenosine
thiamine triphosphate, can reach
Escherichia coli ,
respectivel y, during amino acid star-
vation and energy stress. Although
much less is known about these
compounds in animals, mammalian
thiamine triphosphatase controlling
cytosolic thiamine triphosphate
concentrations. Second, there is now
growing evidence in fav our of the
existence of thiamine-binding
nervous system, possibly in the r egu-
lation of neurotransmitter release.
Thiamine and some of its synthetic
precursors with higher bioavaila-
models of Alzheimer’s disease and
suffering from Alzheimer’s or Parkin-
son’s diseases. These effects might be
related to non-coenzyme roles of
thiamine, possibly invol ving thia-
mine-binding proteins. The aim of
this review was to discuss biological
Biological functions of thiamine derivatives: focus on
non-coenzyme roles
L Bettendorff *, P Wins
functions of thiamine derivativ es,
mainly focusing on non-coenzyme
roles.
Conclusion
A hundred years ago, the discovery of
thiamine opened the way to the
vitamin era of biochemistry , leading
to the discovery of the importance of
pyruvate o xidation in energy metabo-
lism. This vitamin still has not
revealed all of its secrets at a time
when metabolomics is emerging as a
knowledge of cellular reactions.
Introduction
Like other B vitamins, thiamine
(vitamin B1, Figure 1a) is an indis -
pensable molecule for all known
organisms. This is mainly because, in
mammalian cells, its diphosphoryl -
ated form, thiamine diphosphate
metabolic enzymes (Figure 1b) 1 , the
most important being mitochondrial
pyruvate and o xoglutarate dehy dro -
genase complexes as well as the
cytosolic transketolase. Theref ore, it
is generally believed that thiamine
-
tive metabolism, which ev entually
causes cell death. In animals, the
brain heavily relies on o xidative
metabolism for the synthesis of A TP ,
making this organ particularly sensi -
-
ciency leads to beriberi, a polyneu -
ritic condition, rapidly rev ersed after
thiamine administration. In alco -
holics, and also in children, thiamine
-
tive diencephalic brain lesions 2
generally referr ed to as Wernicke–
Korsakoff syndrome. The r eason
why some brain regions are mor e
remains unknown 3 , and it was
suggested that this selective vulner -
ability could be due to a coenzyme-
independent role of thiamine or one
of its derivativ es 4 .
Indeed, in addition to ThDP and
free thiamine, several other phos -
phorylated and adenylated deri va -
tives are observed (Figur e 2): thia -
mine monophosphate (ThMP),
thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), aden -
osine thiamine triphosphate (AThTP)
and adenosine thiamine diphosphate
(AThDP) 5,6 . The exist ence of such
forms in many living cells would
suggest that they also have some
biological role(s). It is indeed worth
wondering why the diphosphoryl -
ated form of thiamine is the
coenzyme, when the monophospho -
rylated form would do just as well, as
is the case for pyridoxal phosphate
for instance. It is indeed true that the
diphosphate contributes to the
binding energy of apoenzymes, but
the catalytic properties of thiamine
solely rely on the thiazolium ring’s
ability to lose a proton and form a
reactive ylide (Figur e 1c). Ylide
presence of phosphate groups on the
hydroxy ethyl arm, and there is no
obvious advantage to use ThDP
(rather than ThMP or ThTP) as
coenzyme.
-
cial effects of benfotiamine (a thia-
mine precursor) in a transgenic
mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease,
although only levels of unphospho-
ryla ted thiamine were increased in the
brain of the animals. Levels of thiamine-
phosphorylated derivati ves, including
ThDP , were unaff ected 7 . Moreover , it
was recently suggested that the
* Corresponding author
Email: [email protected]
GIGA-Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège,
Belgium
Page 2 of 9
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
All authors contributed to the concepon, design, and preparaon of the manuscript, as well as read and approved the nal manuscript.
All authors abide by the Associaon for Medical Ethics (AME) ethical rules of disclosure.
Bettendorff L, Wins P
Critical review
antinociceptive effects of thiamine in
humans and animals could be medi-
ated by the non-phosphorylated form
of the vitamin 8 , raising the possibility
that free thiamine has pharmacolog-
ical effects independent of ThDP .
Nearly 20 years ago, we ha ve
reviewed data concerning a possible
non-coenzyme role of thiamine or its
derivativ es, particularly in relation to
nerve function 9 . Here, we want to
critically examine the new data that
have been obtained since then.
Discussion
The authors have refer enced some
of their own studies in this review .
These referenced studies hav e been
conducted in accordance with the
Declaration of Helsinki (1964), and
the protocols of these studies have
been approved by the r elevant ethics
committees related to the institu -
tion in which they were performed.
All human subjects, in these refer -
enced studies, gave informed
consent to participate in these
studies. Animal care was also in
accordance with the institution
guidelines.
Thiamine derivativ es
other than ThDP
Thiamine is transported into
-
porters and immediately phospho -
rylated to ThDP by cytosolic thiamine
pyrophosphokinase (Figure 2). ThDP
can then be phosphorylated to ThTP
or transformed to adenylat ed deriva -
tives. Howev er , the most obvious fate
for cytosolic-free ThDP is hy drolysis
Figure 1: Thiamine diphosphate as a coenzyme. (a) Structural formula of thiamine with both heterocy cles numbered
according to the usual conventions. (b) Enzyme-catal ysed proton loss at the C2 of the thiazolium ring and ylide formation
is at the molecular basis of the catalytic properties of thiamine. (c) ThDP -dependent enzymes in a mammalian cell and
subcellular localization. TK, transketolase; PDHC, pyru vate dehydrogenase comple x; OGDHC, oxoglutarate deh ydrogenase
Reference 1).
Page 3 of 9
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
All authors contributed to the concepon, design, and preparaon of the manuscript, as well as read and approved the nal manuscript.
All authors abide by the Associaon for Medical Ethics (AME) ethical rules of disclosure.
Bettendorff L, Wins P
Critical review
14–16 in
intact E. coli cells and isolated brain
mitochondria. Interestingly both
mechanisms are conserved from
bacteria to mammals. However , while
the synthesis by adenylate kinase
seems to be constitutive and is prob -
ably merely a side reaction, the
synthesis by FoF1- ATP synthase is
strongly dependent on metabolic
conditions. While on one hand there
enzyme involv ed in ThTP synthes is,
on the other hand, mammalian cells
triphosphatase (ThTPase) 17–19 . This
25 kDa cytoplasmic protein is a
-
tously expressed in adult mamma -
lian tissues. However , it seems to be
most abundant in highly differenti -
ated cells while it is hardly detect -
able in cultured cells, suggesting that
to ThMP , which is recy cled to thia -
and there is no known role for ThMP .
Intracellular ThMP levels are gener -
ally much lower than ThDP levels.
However , ThMP seems to be excreted,
probably by a process in volving the
reduced folate carrier (RFC1 or
SLC19A1) 10 , a transporter closely
related to thiamine transporters, and
such as blood plasma, cerebrospinal
The case of ThTP
ThTP is a particularly intriguing
molecule. It is found in nearly all
organisms and is the only known
triphosphorylated compound that
is not a nucleotide. With two phos -
phoanhydride bonds, it is an energy-
rich compound, and as such it has
been shown to be able to phospho -
rylate proteins 11 , although it is not
clear whether such phosphoryla -
tion is of physiological significance.
While ThTP seems to be constitu -
tively synthesised in animal cells, in
Escherichia coli, it accumulates only
in the absence of amino acids and
therefore could be a signalling
molecule involv ed in the adaptation
to amino acid starvation 12 . While it
was long thought that ThTP is
synthesised by an A TP:ThDP phos -
photransferase, the existence of
such a mechanism has never been
unambiguously demonstrated. It
appears now that two A TP-synthe -
sising mechanisms may be diverted
towards the synthesis of ThTP: one
using adenylate kinase isoform 1
AMP) 13 and another via FoF1-A TP
synthase by a chemiosmotic mecha -
Figure 2: Thiamine derivativ es observed in living organisms. (Adapt ed from References 1 and 63). ThDP is synthesised
from thiamine and ATP b y thiamine pyrophosphokinase (1). Hydrol ysis of ThDP by thiamine pyrophosphatases (2) yields
ThMP , which in turn can be hy drolysed to thiamine by thiamine monophosphatases (3). ThDP can be phosphorylat ed to
ThTP by two mechanisms: mitochondrial F oF1-ATP synthase (4) and cytosolic adenylate kinase (5). ThTP can be hy drolysed
adenylyl tr ansferase (7). A ThTP can be hydrolysed t o ThDP and AMP by a putative A ThTP hydrolase (8). A ThDP has been
shown to exist in prokaryot es and eukaryotes, but its mechanism of synthesis has not yet been demonstrated in vitr o .
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
Critical review
the expression of this enzyme is
linked to the degree of cellular
differentiation 20,21 .
It was suggested that ThTPase is a
repair enzyme whose role is to remo ve
potentially toxic ThTP produced as a
by-product of the abov e-mentioned
reactions 22 . However , in those organ -
isms where 25 kDa ThTPase is absent
-
mulates, and in skeletal muscles and
electric organs, its levels can even
exceed those of ThDP but without
apparent toxic effect 21 . It is possible
that ThTP has mainly a mitochondrial
role, that is, intramitochondrial ThTP
synthesised by FoF1- ATP synthase is
the physiologically rele vant pool,
while cytosolic ThTP synthesised by
adenylate kinase would be only a
by-product of this enzyme activity . In
this respect, cytosolic ThTP concen -
-
dance of AK1 in the absence of 25 kDa
ThTPase.
Adenylated thiamine deri vativ es
AThTP (or thiamin ylated ATP ,
E. coli , where it accumulates in
response to carbon starvation or
uncoupling 5,23 . While other B vita-
mins have long been known to form
coenzymes by combination with
acid in NAD + , pantothenic acid in CoA
that such a condensation product was
demonstrated for thiamine. A ThTP
exists in small amounts not only in
animals and plants (mainly in roots)
but also in many cultured mamma-
lian cells 21 . AThTP was sho wn to be
an inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose)
polymerase-1 in vitro 24 . Moreover ,
small amounts of AThDP wer e also
discovered in various or ganisms 6 .
Thiamine-binding proteins
-
cally bind thiamine or one of its phos-
phorylated derivati ves, but the bound
thiamine compound is not supposed
to act as a coenzyme. Likewise, we
shall not consider enzymes using
thiamine derivativ es as substrates
(i.e. enzymes involv ed in the metabo-
lism of phosphoryl derivati ves, see
Figure 2) nor thiamine transporters.
bind the unphosphorylated form of
the vitamin have been described.
Some are thiamine-storage proteins,
and they were characterised mainl y in
plant tissues. In mammals, a few thia -
mine-binding proteins have been
described, but their possible roles
remain unclear . Such a protein has
25 .
It is a soluble 32 kDa protein binding
unphosphorylated thiamine. It is not
clear whether it also binds phosphate
group of Yulia P arkhomenko in Kiev
extensivel y studied thiamine-binding
-
matography (thiamine cov alently
bound to a Sepharose 4B matrix), they
isolated a thiamine-binding protein
from a synaptosomal acetone
powder 26 . This 103–107 kDa protein
also binds ThMP and ThTP and to a
lesser extent ThDP . The same group
later showed that the thiamine-
binding activity is mainly associated
with synaptic vesicles and synapto -
somal membranes 26 . It was also
claimed that this thiamine-binding
proteins had ThTPase activity 27 , but
this has not yet been proven using a
-
ration. If this synaptosomal thiamine-
binding protein is indeed a membrane-
associated membrane protein, it could
act as a presynaptic ‘thiamine
receptor’ . There is some evidence that
thiamine can act as a neuromodulator
at some synapses, regulating neuro -
transmitter release (see next section).
It is also worth pointing out that the
antinociceptive effect of thiamine
-
phatase, which could act as or be part
of a thiamine receptor 8 .
Synaptosomes prepared from
Torpedo electric or gan are enriched
in thiamine and its phosphate esters,
while synaptic vesicles are not,
suggesting that they are localised in
the axoplasm 28 . Another study
suggested that thiamine is an integral
component of synaptosomal
membranes 29 . A role of thiamine in
mammalian neuromuscular trans-
mission has also been suggested in
other studies 30 . T aken together , all
those data suggest that thiamine may
-
pendent role in synapses. The exist-
ence of ThDP-binding proteins other
than apoenzymes using ThDP as
coenzyme has long been debated.
Cooper and associates claimed that
protein-bound ThDP , isolated from a
soluble liver fraction, was the
substrate for ThTP synthesis 31 , but it
was later shown that the only ThDP -
binding protein in liver cytosol w as
transketolase 32 . In rat br ain, Yoshiok a
et al. described the immunohisto-
chemical localisation of a 68 kDa
ThDP-binding protein 33 . In this case
too, the protein probably corr e-
sponds to transketolase as the molec-
ular mass is about the same.
Thiamine in neurotransmitter
release
relation to nerve ex citability has been
postulated as early as the 1940s, and
these data have been previousl y
reviewed 9 . While there is pr esently no
convincing evidence that thiamine has
physiologically rele vant effects on
axonal conductance, it has been reported
consistently that thiamine (and/or
some of its phosphate esters) facilitates
neurotransmission in various prepar a -
tions, probably by potentiation of the
release of the neurotransmitters acetyl -
choline 28,34,35 , dopamine 36 and noradren -
aline 35 . Here, we are ex clusively
interested in direct (rapid) eff ects on
neurotransmission, as in chronic experi -
ments (for instance, after administra -
tion of thiamine for several week s in
-
nate between putative coenzyme-in-
dependent and coenzyme-dependent
effects: for instance, increased pyru vate
All authors abide by the Associaon for Medical Ethics (AME) ethical rules of disclosure.
Bettendorff L, Wins P
Critical review
dehydrogenase activity could lead t o
increased acetyl-CoA production that in
turn could increase acetylcholine
synthesis.
In addition to thiamine, several
thiamine antimetabolites, the most
widely used being pyrithiamine and
oxythiamine (Figure 3), have been
tested. These structural analogues of
thiamine are called antimetabolites,
as when administered to animals
-
ciency , pyrithiamine acting primarily
centrally and oxythiamine acting
peripherally as it presumably does
not cross the blood–brain barrier .
Both compounds competitively
inhibit thiamine transport 37 and
ThDP synthesis by thiamine pyroph-
osphokinase 38,39 (although pyrithia-
mine is more effective).
The fact that they are antimetabo -
lites does not preclude the possi -
bility that they may also act as thia -
mine agonists when thiamine acts as
a non-coenzyme modulator . Indeed,
oxythiamine stimulates potassium-
evoked acetylcholine release in the
presence of Ca 2+ in isolated brain
slices 40 .
These results suggest a coenzyme-
independent effect of thiamine on
neurotransmitter release, affecting at
least three different neurotransmit-
ters (acetylcholine 28,34,35 , dopamine 36
and noradrenaline 35 ) in different
-
tric organ to mammalian brain. This
suggests a rather conserved mecha-
leads to synaptic vesicle dysfunction
with decreased release of dopa-
mine 41 , glutamate 42 or acetylcholine 43 .
Moreover , episodes of pyrithiamine-
phosphosynapsin I 44 . Although, the
animals were treated for 3 w eeks
with thiamine after appearance of
reduction of phosphosynapsin was
not reversed. Thus, reduction of
phosphosynapsin appears to be an
epigenetic phenomenon that cannot
be explained by decrease in ThDP -
dependent enzyme activities; indeed,
ThDP levels should have been
restored by thiamine treatment. It
can indeed not be explained by a
decrease in ThDP-dependent enzyme
activities, as brain thiamine and ThDP
levels have pr esumably been
restored. It is thought that phospho-
rylation of synapsin I leads to a
detachment of synapsin from the
synaptic vesicles allowing their
fusion with the presynaptic
membrane and neurotransmitter
release. An interesting hypothesis
would be that thiamine, directly or
indirectly , acts on synapsin I, thereby
promoting neurotransmitter release.
This effect could be antagonised by
pyrithiamine.
Potential non-coenzyme roles of
thiamine and its derivativ es are
summarised in Figure 4.
Thiamine in stress, diabetes and
neurodegenerativ e diseases
probiotic effects of thiamine (and/or
pharmaceutical preparations of thia-
mine precursors with higher bioa-
vail ability) have been demonstr ated. In
these cases, we are most likely dealing
with pharmacological effects as thera -
peutic (superphysiological) doses were
used. Indeed, under laboratory condi -
tions, either animals or cultured cells
are ge nerally in a thiamine-rich
Figure 3: Thiamine provitamins and antimetabolites. Fursultiamine (thiamine
O
S -benzoylthiamine O -monophosphate) is a
thioester . The most common thiamine antimetabolites are oxythiamine and
pyrithiamine.
Page 6 of 9
Compeng interests: none declared. Conict of interests: none declared.
All authors contributed to the concepon, design, and preparaon of the manuscript, as well as read and approved the nal manuscript.
Bettendorff L, Wins P
Critical review
environment: animal chows as well
as cell culture media are enriched in
vitamins.
According to some reports, thiamine
increases disease resistance in
plants 45,46 . Moreover , intracellular thia -
mine and thiamine phosphate pools
are regulated by various str ess
conditions in Zea mays and Arabidopsis
thaliana seedlings; it was suggested
that thiamine is a signalling molecule
important for the adaptation to various
stress conditions 47,48 . Interestingly ,
such a signalling role is assigned to
unphosphorylated thiamine in plants,
while it should be assigned to ThTP
and AThTP in E. coli 5,6,12 (see above).
Note that in Arabidopsis leaves, ThTP
accumulates during withering 49 .
Protective eff ects of thiamine have also
been described in mammalian cells:
thiamine protects retinal neurons
against glutamate toxicity 50 and
promotes the survival of hippocampal
neurons in high cell density culture 51 .
-
porters to enter cells 52 . As the rate of
transport by these transporters is
relativel y slow, membr ane transport
is a rate-limiting step in thiamine
homeostasis. For that reason,
synthetic thiamine precursors were
developed. These molecules are either
relativel y hydrophobic (sulbutiamine,
fursultiamine) or are converted to a
hydrophobic precursor (benf oti -
amine) allowing them to cross
membranes relativel y freely (Figure
3). The general effect of these deriva -
tives is to rapidl y increase circulating
thiamine to levels higher than those
thiamine. It must be emphasised than
none of these precursors have ev er
been demonstrated to reach the brain
parenchyma. They are all con verted to
thiamine either during the passage
from intestine to blood or in the liver .
As the blood–brain barrier strongly
limits thiamine uptake by the brain
(thiamine entry could be limited by a
self-exchange), no important increase
in brain thiamine levels are observ ed
even with these derivati ves 7,53–55 . It
would therefore be inter esting to
synthesise derivativ es that have a
blood–brain barrier .
Nonetheless, thiamine and/or thia-
mine precursors have been shown to
an animal model of Alzheimer’s
disease 7,56,57 . One study has shown
improved cognitiv e functions and a
striking decrease in charge of
Figure 4: Potential non-coenzyme roles of thiamine and its phosphorylated deri vatives. F or explanations, see text.
of Alzheimer’s disease 58 . This study ,
A relationship between thiamine
and Parkinson’s disease has recentl y
been suggested 59,60 . It had previously
been shown that free thiamine levels
are decreased in the CSF of patients
with Parkinson’s disease compared
with control patients 61 . Moreover , a
very recent preliminary clinical study
-
mine treatment (100–200 mg daily
doses of parenteral thiamine) on a
limited number of patients 62 . This
Conclusion
Thiamine, by the number of its
derivativ es, is certainly one of the
most diverse B vitamins. By virtue of
the role of ThDP as coenzyme of
several key enzymes, it is in volved in
nearly all aspects of cell metabolism:
energy production, ribose and
nucleic acid synthesis, lipid biosyn -
thesis and neurotransmitter
synthesis to name only the most
important. Therefore, thiamine is
particularly important for the
nervous system, which is highl y
However , the existence of potential
non-coenzyme roles remains a
puzzling issue. First, the existence of
triphosphorylated derivati ves,
unable to replace the coenzyme
ThDP , is highly suggesti ve of such
roles. ThTP and AThTP ma y be
involv ed in some signalling processes
stress. Second, thiamine itself,
binding proteins, may regulate
processes such as neurotransmitter
release and in plants protect against
disease and stress. Although there is
still no direct evidence for a physio -
logically important non-coenzyme
role of thiamine, in view of the
potential therapeutic interest of
thiamine in Alzheimer’s and Parkin -
son’s diseases, this may become a
key issue in the future.
Acknowledgements
LB is Research Director and PW
honorary Research Associate at the
FNRS’ . This work was support ed by
grant number 2.4508.10 (LB) from
the ‘Fonds de la Recherche Fonda-
mentale Collective’ (FRFC).
Abbreviations list
AThTP , adenosine thiamine triphos-
thiamine diphosphate; ThMP , thia-
mine monophosphate; ThTP , thia-
mine triphosphate; ThTPase,
thiamine triphosphatase.
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diphosphate in biological chemistry: new
aspects of thiamin metabolism, especially
triphosphate derivativ es acting other than
as cofactors. FEBS J. 2009 Jun;276(11):
2917–25.
... Nowadays, as the well-consolidated coenzymatic role of thiamine, it seems plausible the existence of a noncoenzymatic function of this vitamin
[90]
. It has been demonstrated that thiamine has some relevant effect on the axonal conductance and can possibly potentiate the release of different neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline (see data and literature in [90][91][92]). ...
... Nowadays, as the well-consolidated coenzymatic role of thiamine, it seems plausible the existence of a noncoenzymatic function of this vitamin [90]. It has been demonstrated that thiamine has some relevant effect on the axonal conductance and can possibly potentiate the release of different neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline (see data and literature in
[90]
[91][92]). The evidence of the release of thiamine from neurons, in the course of their excitation and of the high dynamics of thiamine metabolism in different neuron systems cells, related to rapid changes between excitation status and rest phase lead to the hypothesis of the existence of a rapidly exchanged pool of thiamine and its biologically active derivatives (the so-called "mobile thiamine pool" [91,92]. ...
... A limited number of patients who have been not correctly diagnosed and treated for WE and survive might develop the Korsakoff complex psychosis or syndrome (KS), characterized by retrograde and anterograde amnesia, alteration of working memory, apathy, and confabulation [54]; implicit and procedural memories are spared. KS patients show executive functions, visual-perceptual difficulties, higher-order organization, planning, and differentiated attention [89,
90]
, but the psychological findings are variable [96]. ...
Thiamine and Alcohol for Brain Pathology: Super-imposing or Different Causative Factors for Brain Damage?
Background:
Drinking more than the recommended limits is a worldwide emerging problem, difficult to circumscribe, and alcohol-related brain damages are an under-recognized health problem. Alcohol-cognitive disruption can be considered as transient and recoverable if the alcohol consumption is limited and occasional; if not, it can progress to the so-called Alcohol-Related Dementia (ARD), or to the Wernicke encephalopathy, or it can even induce the Korsakoff syndrome, an irreversible and long-lasting medical condition. ARD still remains poorly diagnosed and addressed, despite having increased research interest being a frustrating condition, a relatively non-progressive, or even partially reversible condition in abstinent ex-drinkers. On the contrary, Wernicke encephalopathy, with its neurological symptoms (ocular coordination imbalance and gait ataxia), is a dramatic medical condition, potentially lethal which can lead towards Korsakoff dementia. The alcohol consumption is a strong reinforcing condition of the thiamine deficit, the main biochemical determinant factor that starts the cascade of the brain irreversible damaging events.
Conclusion:
Our review focuses on the possible common neural pathways of this three condition, on the biochemical basis of the damages, and tries to underline the strong need of better understanding the pathogenesis of the brain lesions, including epigenetics and the nutritional aspects of the problem.
... Thiamine also has a non-coenzymatic function
[149]
; its effects on the axonal conductance and the release of different neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and noradrenaline, has been described [149][150][151]. These data have been supported by the findings of a rapid change of thiamine status (the so-called mobile thiamine pool) [150,151] in different neural networks. ...
... Thiamine also has a non-coenzymatic function [149]; its effects on the axonal conductance and the release of different neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine, dopamine, and noradrenaline, has been described
[149]
[150][151]. These data have been supported by the findings of a rapid change of thiamine status (the so-called mobile thiamine pool) [150,151] in different neural networks. ...
Many studies have been written on vitamin supplementation, fatty acid, and dementia, but results are still under debate, and no definite conclusion has yet been drawn. Nevertheless, a significant amount of lab evidence confirms that vitamins of the B group are tightly related to gene control for endothelium protection, act as antioxidants, play a co-enzymatic role in the most critical biochemical reactions inside the brain, and cooperate with many other elements, such as choline, for the synthesis of polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine, through S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) methyl donation. B-vitamins have anti-inflammatory properties and act in protective roles against neurodegenerative mechanisms, for example, through modulation of the glutamate currents and a reduction of the calcium currents. In addition, they also have extraordinary antioxidant properties. However, laboratory data are far from clinical practice. Many studies have tried to apply these results in everyday clinical activity, but results have been discouraging and far from a possible resolution of the associated mysteries, like those represented by Alzheimer’s disease (AD) or small vessel disease dementia. Above all, two significant problems emerge from the research: No consensus exists on general diagnostic criteria—MCI or AD? Which diagnostic criteria should be applied for small vessel disease-related dementia? In addition, no general schema exists for determining a possible correct time of implementation to have effective results. Here we present an up-to-date review of the literature on such topics, shedding some light on the possible interaction of vitamins and phosphatidylcholine, and their role in brain metabolism and catabolism. Further studies should take into account all of these questions, with well-designed and world-homogeneous trials.
... In addition to its role in the metabolism of carbohydrates and aminoacids, thiamine is essential in the synthesis of nucleic acids, myelin, and neurotransmitters (acetylcholine) [1]. Recent evidence suggests that thiamine may have a role in immunity, anti-inflammation and gene regulation [1]
[2]
. Thiamine is an essential vitamin with no endogenous source of synthesis within humans and needs to be continuously supplied in the diet. ...
... There are fundamental variations in the distribution of thiamine derivatives in human brain, with compartmentalization of thiamine dependent enzymes in areas specifically involved in cerebral glucose and energy utilization [1]
[2]
[3]. Therefore thiamine deficiency causes preferential injury in areas which have high metabolic requirement and high thiamine turnover rate [3]. This explains the specific brain imaging findings with dominant involvement of basal ganglia, which are known to have abundant mitochondrial density and a rich vascular supply [15,17]. ...
Bashir Ahmed Charoo
Context
The wide spectrum of clinical presentation in infantile thiamine deficiency is difficult to recognize, and the diagnosis is frequently missed due to the lack of widespread awareness, and non-availability of costly and technically demanding investigations.
Evidence acquisition
The topic was searched by two independent researchers using online databases of Google scholar and PubMed. We considered the related studies published in the last 20 years. The terms used for the search were ‘thiamine’, ‘thiamine deficiency’, ‘beriberi’, ‘B-vitamins’, ‘micronutrients’, ‘malnutrition’, ‘infant mortality’. ‘Wernicke’s syndrome’, ‘Wernicke’s encephalopathy’, and ‘lactic acidosis’.
Results
In the absence of specific diagnostic tests, a low threshold for a therapeutic thiamine challenge is currently the best approach to diagnose infantile thiamine deficiency in severe acute conditions. The practical approach is to consider thiamine injection as a complementary resuscitation tool in infants with severe acute conditions; more so in presence of underlying risk factors, clinically evident malnutrition or where a dextrose-based fluid is used for resuscitation. Further, as persistent subclinical thiamine deficiency during infancy can have long-term neuro-developmental effects, reasonable strategy is to treat pregnant women suspected of having the deficiency, and to supplement thiamine in both mother and the baby during breastfeeding.
Conclusions
Health care professionals in the country need to be sensitized to adopt a high level of clinical suspicion for thiamine deficiency and a low threshold for the administration of thiamine, particularly when infantile thiamine deficiency is suspected.
... It is involved in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and in the production of neurotransmitters, myelin, and nucleic acids. [1][2][3]
[4]
In pediatrics, the clinical picture of TD is not easy to recognize, mimicking or being confused with other diseases. Not surprisingly, the likelihood of misdiagnosis of TD is even greater in resource-limited settings. ...
Thiamine deficiency in exclusive breastfed infants with encephalopathy attending Govind Ballabh Panth children hospital, Srinagar
Background: Thiamine deficiency (TD) has historically affected countries and populations consuming milled white rice. TD in infants can have an acute presentation of encephalopathy with shock with severe metabolic acidosis and death sometimes, if not promptly treated with an intravenous dose of thiamine. Aim was to study the biochemical deficiency of thiamine in exclusively breastfed infants presenting with encephalopathy and compare them with age-matched controls and to study their clinical course and short-term outcome (till discharge). Methods: After dividing infants into four groups based on age in days: (31-60 days; 13 in cases and 8 in controls; 61-90; 4 in cases and 3 in controls; 91-120 days; 2 in cases and none in controls; and >120 days 4 each in cases and controls. This study primarily included the selection of case/control subjects. Two case-control analyses were conducted. In the first one, blood thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. In the second one, breast milk thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. Student's independent t test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 38 infants, 23 had presented with encephalopathy, and 15 were healthy taken as controls. The mean blood levels of thiamine in infants with encephalopathy in cases were 17.29 nmol/l with a standard deviation of 8.86: the levels ranged between 13.47 and 21.13. The mean value of controls was 51.31, with a standard deviation of 25.52 ranging between 23.25 and 124.7. The p<0.001 and was considered statistically significant. The ROC analysis of the data obtained from thiamine levels obtained in the study 'patient's blood compared with the control group. Conclusions: TD can be clinically and biochemically attributed to presentation of infants with acute encephalopathy.
... Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is an essential micronutrient with dual co-enzymatic and non-co enzymatic functions. It is involved in carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid metabolism and in the production of neurotransmitters, myelin, and nucleic acids [1][2][3]
[4]
. In pediatrics, the clinical picture of thiamine deficiency (TD) is not easy to recognize, mimicking or being confused with other diseases. ...
Article no.AJPR.97547 Original Research Article Mehraj et al
Full-text available
Mar 2023
Introduction: Thiamine deficiency has historically affected countries and populations consuming milled white rice. Thiamine deficiency in infants can have an acute presentation of encephalopathy with shock with severe metabolic acidosis and death sometimes, if not promptly treated with an intravenous dose of thiamine. Aims: To study the biochemical deficiency of thiamine in exclusively breastfed infants presenting with encephalopathy and compare them with age-matched controls and to study their clinical course and short-term outcome (till discharge). Materials and Methods: After dividing infants into four groups based on age in days: (31-60 days; 13 in cases and 8 in controls; 61-90; 4 in cases and 3 in controls; 91-120 days; 2 in cases and none in controls; and >120 days 4 each in cases and controls. This study primarily included the selection of case/control subjects. Two case-control analyses were conducted. In the first one, blood thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. In the second one, breast milk thiamine levels were compared between infants with encephalopathy and without encephalopathy. Student's independent t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: Out of 38 infants, 23 had presented with encephalopathy, and 15 were healthy taken as controls. The mean blood levels of thiamine in infants with encephalopathy in cases were 17.29nmol/l with a Standard deviation of 8.86: the levels ranged between 13.47 and 21.13. The mean value of controls was 51.31, with a Standard deviation of 25.52 ranging between 23.25 and 124.7. The P value was <0.001 and was considered statistically significant. The ROC analysis of the data obtained from thiamine levels obtained in the study 'patient's blood compared with the control group. Conclusion: Thiamine deficiency can be clinically and biochemically attributed to the presentation of infants with acute encephalopathy.
... With the aim to demonstrate the biological function of LAB-produced thiamine, an in vitro assay was developed with mouse N2a cells. The central nervous system is particularly vulnerable to TD because of its dependence on ThDPmediated metabolic pathways involved in energy metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis and on several ThTP functions
(Bettendorff and Wins 2013;
Vernau et al. 2015). TD is thus involved in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. ...
Thiamine-producing lactic acid bacteria and their potential use in the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases
APPL MICROBIOL BIOT
Thiamine or vitamin B1, an essential micronutrient mainly involved in energy production, has a beneficial impact on the nervous system, and its deficiency can be associated with the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to select thiamine-producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and study their physiological effects using neuron cell cultures. In this study, 23 LAB able to produce thiamine were identified by growth in thiamine-free synthetic medium. Intra- and extracellular thiamine concentrations were determined using a microbiological method and results confirmed by HPLC techniques. A wide variation in vitamin production was found showing that this property was not only species specific but also a strain-dependent trait. Five of these strains were pre-selected for their capacity to produce higher concentrations of thiamine. Only the pre-treatment with the intracellular extract of Lactiplantibacillus (L.) plantarum CRL 1905 increased significantly neuronal survival in N2a cells’ model of neurotoxicity (MPP⁺) with thiamine deficiency conditions (amprolium). Furthermore, amprolium-resistant variants of CRL 1905 were isolated by exposition of the strain to increasing concentrations of this toxic thiamine analogue. The variant A9 was able to increase more than 2 times the intracellular thiamine production of the original strain. A9 bacterial extract significantly prevented neuronal cell death and the increase of IL-6. The amprolium-resistant strain A9 showed a modulating and neuroprotective effect in an in vitro model of neurotoxicity constituting a potential bio-strategy to counteract thiamine deficiencies and thus prevent or treat neurodegenerative diseases.
Key Points
• LAB can produce thiamine in a species- and strain-dependant manner.
• L. plantarum CRL 1905 significantly reduce MPP⁺-induced neurotoxicity in N2a cells.
• Amprolium-resistant strain A9 has neuroprotective effect and prevents IL-6 increase.
... However, non-coenzyme roles have been suggested for vitamin B 1 forms for quite some time that may be integrated into signaling pathways but remain very poorly studied in any organism. Of particular interest in this context is the discovery of triphosphorylated members, namely thiamine triphosphate (TTP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (ATTP)
(Bettendorff & Wins, 2013)
. TTP has been reported on since the 1950s (Rossi-Fanelli et al., 1952, Kiessling, 1953 and was originally thought to be a neuroactive compound (Bettendorff et al., 2014). ...
On the nature of thiamine triphosphate in Arabidopsis
Manuel Hofmann
Sylvain Loubéry
Teresa B Fitzpatrick
Vitamin B1 is a family of molecules, the most renowned member of which is diphosphorylated thiamine (TDP)—a coenzyme vital for the activity of key enzymes of energy metabolism. Triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives also exist within this family, specifically thiamine triphosphate (TTP) and adenosine thiamine triphosphate (ATTP). They have been investigated primarily in mammalian cells and are thought to act as metabolic messengers but have not received much attention in plants. In this study, we set out to examine for the presence of these triphosphorylated thiamine derivatives in Arabidopsis. We could find TTP in Arabidopsis under standard growth conditions, but we could not detect ATTP. Interestingly, TTP is found primarily in shoot tissue. Drivers of TTP synthesis are light intensity, the proton motive force, as well as TDP content. In plants, TTP accumulates in the organellar powerhouses, the plastids, and mitochondria. Furthermore, in contrast to other B1 vitamers, there are strong oscillations in tissue levels of TTP levels over diel periods peaking early during the light period. The elevation of TTP levels during the day appears to be coupled to a photosynthesis‐driven process. We propose that TTP may signify TDP sufficiency, particularly in the organellar powerhouses, and discuss our findings in relation to its role.
... TPP has been shown to possess a close topological association to this transferase in trans-Golgi cisternae (63). TMP, the main B-1 vitamer in milk, had the strongest correlation to CHO, but has no known role in metabolic processes
(64)
. Its secretion into human milk might occur via transporters closely related to thiamin transporters (23, 64) yet it does not represent the main B-1 vitamer in food items (65). ...
Macro- and Micronutrients in Milk from Healthy Cambodian Mothers: Status and Interrelations
J NUTR
Kyly C Whitfield
Setareh Shahab-Ferdows
Hou Kroeun
Daniela Hampel
Background:
Except for low thiamin content, little is known about vitamins or macronutrients in milk from Cambodian mothers, and associations among milk nutrients.
Objectives:
We measured fat-soluble vitamins (FSVs) and water-soluble vitamins (WSVs), and macronutrients, and explored internutrient associations in milk from Cambodian mothers.
Methods:
Milk from women (aged 18-45 y, 3-27 wk postpartum, n = 68) who participated in a thiamin-fortification trial were analyzed for vitamins B-2 (riboflavin, FAD), B-3 (nicotinamide), B-5, B-6 (pyridoxal, pyridoxine), B-7, B-12, A, E [α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol (γ-TPH)], carotenoids, carbohydrate (CHO), fat, and protein. Milk vitamin B-1 [thiamin, thiamin monophosphate (TMP), thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)] was previously assessed for fortification effects. Milk nutrient concentrations were compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) values for infants aged 0-6 mo. Pearson correlation was used to examine internutrient associations after excluding nutrients affected by fortification.
Results:
Fortification increased thiamin and B-1 and decreased γ-TPH. Less than 40% of milk samples met the AIs for all vitamins, and 10 samples did not reach any AI values for the analyzed nutrients. CHO, fat, and energy values were met in 1.5-11.8%, and protein in 48.5%, of the samples. Whereas fat, protein, and energy were related (all r < 0.5; P < 0.001) and associated with FSVs and WSVs, CHO correlated only with some WSVs. TPP was not correlated with B-1 vitamers, but with other WSVs (r = 0.28-0.58; P < 0.019). All FSVs, except α-carotene, were correlated with each other (r = 0.42-0.98; P < 0.002). TPP, FAD, B-2, and B-3 were associated with almost all FSVs (r = 0.24-0.63; P < 0.044).
Conclusions:
Cambodian women might not provide sufficient nutrients to their exclusively breastfeeding infants. Besides thiamin, all other vitamins measured were much lower than the AI. There were many strong correlations among macronutrients and vitamins; the extent to which these are explained by maternal diet, milk volume, maternal physiology, or genetics requires additional exploration.
... A previous study using the smooth muscles of the gastric fundus and circular layer of the distal colon of guinea pigs reported that thiamin evoked depolarization in the smooth muscle strips as well as augmented the amplitude of inhibitory synaptic potentials and postinhibitory depolarization [36]. Furthermore, other studies suggested that thiamin is an integral component of synaptosomal membranes
[37]
[38][39][40]. These findings suggested that thiamin plays a role in the mammalian neuromuscular transmission of ICCs to modulate contractions of the small intestine. ...
Differential Inhibition of the Rhythm and Amplitude of Acetylcholine-Dependent Contraction in the Murine Jejunum and Ileum In Vitro by Thiamin and Quinine
In FUS[1−359]‐tg mice O,S-dibenzoyl thiamine reduces muscle atrophy, decreases glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta, and normalizes the metabolome
Fay Probert
Anna Gorlova
Tatyana Strekalova
Mutations in the gene encoding the RNA/DNA-binding protein Fused in Sarcoma (FUS) have been detected in familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. FUS has been found to be a critical component of the oxidative damage repair complex that might explain its role in neurodegeneration. Here, we examined what impact antioxidant treatment with thiamine (vitamine B1), or its more bioavailable derivative O,S-dibenzoylthiamine (DBT), would have on the hallmarks of pathology in the FUS[1−359]‐transgenic mouse model of ALS. From 8-weeks old, in the pre-symptomatic phase of disease, animals received either thiamine, DBT (200 mg/kg/day), or vehicle for 6 weeks. We examined physiological, behavioral, molecular and histological outcomes, as well as the serum metabolome using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The DBT-treated mice displayed improvements in physiological outcomes, motor function and muscle atrophy compared to vehicle, and the treatment normalized levels of brain glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), GSK-3β mRNA and IL-1β mRNA in the spinal cord. Analysis of the metabolome revealed an increase in the levels of choline and lactate in the vehicle-treated FUS mutants alone, which is also elevated in the cerebrospinal fluid of ALS patients, and reduced glucose and lipoprotein concentrations in the FUS[1−359]‐tg mice, which were not the case in the DBT-treated mutants. The administration of thiamine had little impact on the outcome measures, but it did normalize circulating HDL levels. Thus, our study shows that DBT therapy in FUS mutants is more effective than thiamine and highlights how metabolomics may be used to evaluate therapy in this model.
In E. coli, thiamine triphosphate (ThTP), a putative signaling molecule, transiently accumulates in response to amino acid starvation. This accumulation requires the presence of an energy substrate yielding pyruvate. Here we show that in intact bacteria ThTP is synthesized from free thiamine diphosphate (ThDP) and P(i), the reaction being energized by the proton-motive force (Δp) generated by the respiratory chain. ThTP production is suppressed in strains carrying mutations in F(1) or a deletion of the atp operon. Transformation with a plasmid encoding the whole atp operon fully restored ThTP production, highlighting the requirement for F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase in ThTP synthesis. Our results show that, under specific conditions of nutritional downshift, F(o)F(1)-ATP synthase catalyzes the synthesis of ThTP, rather than ATP, through a highly regulated process requiring pyruvate oxidation. Moreover, this chemiosmotic mechanism for ThTP production is conserved from E. coli to mammalian brain mitochondria.
Thiamine-responsive pulmonary hypertension
The aim of this report is to call attention to a poorly recognised cause of pulmonary hypertension, thiamine deficiency. A 78-year-old woman without alcoholism or malabsorption presented with progressive dyspnoea and generalised oedema. Echocardiography showed signs of right ventricular overload with an estimated systolic pulmonary artery pressure of 50 mm Hg. Increased lactate concentrations prompted us to investigate thiamine deficiency. A 3-month history of picky eating, relying exclusively on white rice as the staple food, and low blood concentrations of thiamine confirmed the diagnosis. She recovered fully after 12 days of intravenous thiamine administration. Thiamine deficiency should be considered in all patients with pulmonary hypertension of unknown origin.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1) is an essential vitamin that must be obtained from the diet for proper neurological function. At higher doses, thiamine and benfotiamine (S-benzoylthiamine O-monophosphate, BT)-a phosphorylated derivative of thiamine-have antinociceptive effects in animals and humans, although how these compounds inhibit pain is unknown. Here, we found that Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP, ACPP) can dephosphorylate BT in vitro, in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and in primary-afferent axon terminals in the dorsal spinal cord. The dephosphorylated product S-benzoylthiamine (S-BT) then decomposes to O-benzoylthiamine (O-BT) and to thiamine in a pH-dependent manner, independent of additional enzymes. This unique reaction mechanism reveals that BT only requires a phosphatase for conversion to thiamine. However, we found that the antinociceptive effects of BT, thiamine monophosphate (TMP) and thiamine-a compound that is not phosphorylated-were entirely dependent on PAP at the spinal level. Moreover, pharmacokinetic studies with wild-type and Pap(-/-) mice revealed that PAP is not required for the conversion of BT to thiamine in vivo. Taken together, our study highlights an obligatory role for PAP in the antinociceptive effects of thiamine and phosphorylated thiamine analogs, and suggests a novel phosphatase-independent function for PAP.
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261250261_Biological_functions_of_thiamine_derivatives_Focus_on_non-coenzyme_roles |
A Phase 3 Study of CG0070 in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Unresponsive to Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) | Clinical Research Trial Listing ( Non Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer ) ( NCT04452591 )
Clinical trial for Non Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer , A Phase 3 Study of CG0070 in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Unresponsive to Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
A Phase 3 Study of CG0070 in Patients With Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Unresponsive to Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (BOND-003)
STATUS
Recruiting
End date
Jul 31, 2025
participants needed
110
sponsor
CG Oncology, Inc.
Summary
To evaluate the activity of intravesical (IVE) administration of CG0070 in patients with
tissue pathology confirmed non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) who have
Bacillus-Calmette-Guerin (BCG) unresponsive disease, with either carcinoma in situ with or
without Ta/T1 disease
Description
An open-label trial designed to evaluate CG0070 + DDM in patients with NMIBC who have failed
prior BCG therapy. Single treatment arm that will enroll up to 110 patients with carcinoma in
situ with or without concomitant high-grade Ta or T1 papillary disease
BCG failure is defined as a persistent or recurrent disease within 12 months of completion of
adequate BCG therapy.
Details
<table><tbody><tr><th> Condition</th><td> Non Muscular Invasive Bladder Cancer</td></tr><tr><th> Treatment</th><td> CG0070,
n-dodecyl-B-D-maltoside</td></tr><tr><th> Clinical Study Identifier</th><td> NCT04452591</td></tr><tr><th> Sponsor</th><td> CG Oncology, Inc.</td></tr><tr><th> Last Modified on</th><td> 23 October 2022</td></tr></tbody></table>
<table><tr><th colspan=2>Eligibility</th><th> Yes</th><th> No</th><th> Not Sure</th></tr><tbody></tbody><tr><th colspan=2>Inclusion Criteria</th></tr><tbody><tr><td></td><td> Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 to 2</td><td> Yes for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 to 2 inclusion criteria 1</td><td> No for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 to 2 inclusion criteria 1</td><td> Not sure for Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status 0 to 2 inclusion criteria 1</td></tr><tr><td><here is a image 83a6a680743d4c0c-52cf8f0cfa2173e3><here is a image 56663e0dfd8af55e-2fc87226079c1868></td><td> Have pathologically confirmed World Health Organization (WHO) grading system employed for tumor grading)high-risk NMIBC unresponsive to prior BCG therapy defined as</td><td> Yes for Have pathologically confirmed World Health Organization (WHO) grading system employed for tumor grading)high-risk NMIBC unresponsive to prior BCG therapy defined as inclusion criteria 2</td><td> No for Have pathologically confirmed World Health Organization (WHO) grading system employed for tumor grading)high-risk NMIBC unresponsive to prior BCG therapy defined as inclusion criteria 2</td><td> Not sure for Have pathologically confirmed World Health Organization (WHO) grading system employed for tumor grading)high-risk NMIBC unresponsive to prior BCG therapy defined as inclusion criteria 2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 (noninvasive papillary</td><td> Yes for Persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 (noninvasive papillary inclusion criteria 3</td><td> No for Persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 (noninvasive papillary inclusion criteria 3</td><td> Not sure for Persistent or recurrent CIS alone or with recurrent Ta/T1 (noninvasive papillary inclusion criteria 3</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> disease/tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue) disease within 12 months of</td><td> Yes for disease/tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue) disease within 12 months of inclusion criteria 4</td><td> No for disease/tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue) disease within 12 months of inclusion criteria 4</td><td> Not sure for disease/tumor invades the subepithelial connective tissue) disease within 12 months of inclusion criteria 4</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> completion of adequate BCG therapy</td><td> Yes for completion of adequate BCG therapy inclusion criteria 5</td><td> No for completion of adequate BCG therapy inclusion criteria 5</td><td> Not sure for completion of adequate BCG therapy inclusion criteria 5</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Received prior adequate BCG therapy as defined as at least one of the following ("5+2</td><td> Yes for Received prior adequate BCG therapy as defined as at least one of the following ("5+2 inclusion criteria 6</td><td> No for Received prior adequate BCG therapy as defined as at least one of the following ("5+2 inclusion criteria 6</td><td> Not sure for Received prior adequate BCG therapy as defined as at least one of the following ("5+2 inclusion criteria 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> minimum exposure)</td><td> Yes for minimum exposure) inclusion criteria 7</td><td> No for minimum exposure) inclusion criteria 7</td><td> Not sure for minimum exposure) inclusion criteria 7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction)</td><td> Yes for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 8</td><td> No for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 8</td><td> Not sure for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 8</td></tr><tr><td><here is a image f6c5c5bc68ade6fe-15e1489636e97ffa></td><td> Ineligible for radical cystectomyor refusal of radical cystectomy</td><td> Yes for Ineligible for radical cystectomyor refusal of radical cystectomyinclusion criteria 9</td><td> No for Ineligible for radical cystectomyor refusal of radical cystectomyinclusion criteria 9</td><td> Not sure for Ineligible for radical cystectomyor refusal of radical cystectomyinclusion criteria 9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> plus at least two of three doses of maintenance therapy,OR</td><td> Yes for plus at least two of three doses of maintenance therapy,OR inclusion criteria 10</td><td> No for plus at least two of three doses of maintenance therapy,OR inclusion criteria 10</td><td> Not sure for plus at least two of three doses of maintenance therapy,OR inclusion criteria 10</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction)</td><td> Yes for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 11</td><td> No for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 11</td><td> Not sure for At least five of six doses of an initial induction course (adequate induction) inclusion criteria 11</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Adequate organ function</td><td> Yes for Adequate organ function inclusion criteria 12</td><td> No for Adequate organ function inclusion criteria 12</td><td> Not sure for Adequate organ function inclusion criteria 12</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> plus at least two of six doses of a second induction course</td><td> Yes for plus at least two of six doses of a second induction course inclusion criteria 13</td><td> No for plus at least two of six doses of a second induction course inclusion criteria 13</td><td> Not sure for plus at least two of six doses of a second induction course inclusion criteria 13</td></tr></tbody><tr><th colspan=2>Exclusion Criteria</th></tr><tbody><tr><td><here is a image 83a6a680743d4c0c-52cf8f0cfa2173e3></td><td> Has known upper tract or prostatic urethra malignancy</td><td> Yes for Has known upper tract or prostatic urethra malignancy exclusion criteria 1</td><td> No for Has known upper tract or prostatic urethra malignancy exclusion criteria 1</td><td> Not sure for Has known upper tract or prostatic urethra malignancy exclusion criteria 1</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Muscle invasive (T2 or higher stage) or locally advanced (T3/T4, any N) or metastatic</td><td> Yes for Muscle invasive (T2 or higher stage) or locally advanced (T3/T4, any N) or metastatic exclusion criteria 2</td><td> No for Muscle invasive (T2 or higher stage) or locally advanced (T3/T4, any N) or metastatic exclusion criteria 2</td><td> Not sure for Muscle invasive (T2 or higher stage) or locally advanced (T3/T4, any N) or metastatic exclusion criteria 2</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> bladder cancer</td><td> Yes for bladder cancer exclusion criteria 3</td><td> No for bladder cancer exclusion criteria 3</td><td> Not sure for bladder cancer exclusion criteria 3</td></tr><tr><td><here is a image 83a6a680743d4c0c-52cf8f0cfa2173e3><here is a image f6c5c5bc68ade6fe-15e1489636e97ffa></td><td> Prior treatment with adenovirus-based cancer therapy</td><td> Yes for Prior treatment with adenovirus-based cancer therapyexclusion criteria 4</td><td> No for Prior treatment with adenovirus-based cancer therapyexclusion criteria 4</td><td> Not sure for Prior treatment with adenovirus-based cancer therapyexclusion criteria 4</td></tr><tr><td><here is a image 83a6a680743d4c0c-52cf8f0cfa2173e3></td><td> Clinically significant or active cardiac disease</td><td> Yes for Clinically significant or active cardiac diseaseexclusion criteria 5</td><td> No for Clinically significant or active cardiac diseaseexclusion criteria 5</td><td> Not sure for Clinically significant or active cardiac diseaseexclusion criteria 5</td></tr><tr><td><here is a image 83a6a680743d4c0c-52cf8f0cfa2173e3></td><td> Active autoimmune disease</td><td> Yes for Active autoimmune disease exclusion criteria 6</td><td> No for Active autoimmune disease exclusion criteria 6</td><td> Not sure for Active autoimmune disease exclusion criteria 6</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Has systemic anti-cancer therapy, including investigational agents, within 4 weeks of</td><td> Yes for Has systemic anti-cancer therapy, including investigational agents, within 4 weeks of exclusion criteria 7</td><td> No for Has systemic anti-cancer therapy, including investigational agents, within 4 weeks of exclusion criteria 7</td><td> Not sure for Has systemic anti-cancer therapy, including investigational agents, within 4 weeks of exclusion criteria 7</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Baseline</td><td> Yes for Baseline exclusion criteria 8</td><td> No for Baseline exclusion criteria 8</td><td> Not sure for Baseline exclusion criteria 8</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> Immuno-deficient due to chronic steroid or other immunosuppressantuse, HIV, or prior</td><td> Yes for Immuno-deficient due to chronic steroid or other immunosuppressantuse, HIV, or prior exclusion criteria 9</td><td> No for Immuno-deficient due to chronic steroid or other immunosuppressantuse, HIV, or prior exclusion criteria 9</td><td> Not sure for Immuno-deficient due to chronic steroid or other immunosuppressantuse, HIV, or prior exclusion criteria 9</td></tr><tr><td></td><td> organ transplant</td><td> Yes for organ transplantexclusion criteria 10</td><td> No for organ transplantexclusion criteria 10</td><td> Not sure for organ transplantexclusion criteria 10</td></tr></tbody></table>
| https://www.centerwatch.com/clinical-trials/listings/259017/a-phase-3-study-of-cg0070-in-patients-with-non-muscle-invasive-bladder-cancer-nmibc-unresponsive-to-bacillus-calmette-guerin-bcg/?page=9&query=Taito-ku&us_intern=international |
Press Briefing on the President’s Trip to India, Bangladesh And Pakistan
THE WHITE HOUSEOffice of the Press Secretary For Immediate Release March 14, 2000PRESS BRIEFING BYAMBASSADOR SHIRIN TAHIR-KHELIAND AMBASSADOR FRANK WISNERON PRESIDENT'S TRIP TO INDIA, BANGLADESH AND PAKISTANThe James S. Brady Press Briefing Room4:17 P.M. ESTMR. HAMMER: Good afternoon. It is my pleasure to introduce twodistinguished South Asia experts who will be briefing you today. We havewith us Ambassador Frank Wisner, who held and holds the career rank ofambassador. He has had a very long and distinguished career in the ForeignService, starting in 1961, but also served this last tour as U.S.ambassador to India from '94 to '97. And he will begin with apresentation. He's got to run and catch a flight so I would then encourageany quick questions for him.But we also have Ambassador Shirin Tahir-Kheli, who is at thePaul Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Director of South AsiaInstitute. But also, remarkably, spent six years at the National SecurityCouncil from '84 to '90, serving five different national security advisors,which is quite a feat.So anyway, Mr. Ambassador, if you would start?AMBASSADOR WISNER: Ladies and gentlemen, thank you very much. Iam pleased to be able to come and talk to you on the eve of the President'strip to South Asia. It is an extraordinarily important event for all of uswho follow that part of the world, have business, in my case, intereststhere and care very much about what's going to happen. There has been noPresident in South Asia in 22 years. My memory -- that's for India. Mymemory for Pakistan, President Nixon was the last president to visit. Andyet, 25 percent or just slightly under the world's population lives inSouth Asia. It will be extraordinarily important to the United States inthis century to maintain security in Asia, to see America's economicprospects advance as that region grows economically and you really can'tface some of the major challenges of the new century without South Asia,challenges of population, the environment, the new diseases, HIV/AIDS, TB,malaria strains that we have not known before.In the economic dimension, the President is going to be facing asituation that is truly unprecedented for American industry. We have, forsome time, been India's largest trader and investor. Today, we are lookingat Indian investments of nearly $250 billion in power over the next severalyears; at least $100 billion in telecommunications. Indian industry willbe retooled and much will be sourced in this country, and you have agrowing Indian middle class with a taste for consumer goods -- many ofwhich are inclined towards the United States.Beyond the old economy, if you will, is the new economy.Information technology, if you think about it for a moment, between 30 and50 percent of Silicon Valley start-ups were launched by Indian engineers,and about 30 percent of the world's software engineers are Indian or ofIndian origin.India's, in addition, a small trader on the international scene.And when you look at the challenges the United States faces in shaping aglobal trading regime compatible with our interests -- in agriculture, inservices, in information technology, issues of labor, issues ofenvironmental sensitivity, the Indians are right at the center of shapingthe international consensus, and there is a great deal of overlap betweenwhat they're after and we're after.India, which will be the focal point of the visit, is changing.She's entering the second generation of her reforms. She's moving from anadministered to a regulated economy. She looks like she will beregistering about a seven percent rate of growth; she will keep that up.The perennial Indian factor of poverty will begin to be alleviated.The President will have to face the great challenges of Indianreform. The budget deficit, privatization, broadening and deepeningfinancial markets, and dealing with the shortages of infrastructure --telecommunications, transportation, and power.The visit is a terrific opportunity, therefore, for the UnitedStates to root itself in the region, to get some traction on the issues tocreate a privileged position for us as we go forward.But it comes also at a time in which there are rising tensions inSouth Asia, and these tensions have to be addressed. From Kargil to thecoup in Pakistan, to the skyjacking, to now-increasing violence along theline of control, the region is showing a marked increase in tension. Theseissues must be addressed -- ironically, only quietly and in diplomaticterms, for to take them public in India and in Pakistan is to distort andto cause great trouble for American diplomacy. We need to be clear aboutour principles, but quiet in our pursuit of it.Today, Mrs. Albright, the Secretary of State, laid out an agendaof great importance, and I recommend heartily those who haven't seen ittake a moment to read it. She came down firmly that the United States willcontinue to pursue its nonproliferation dialogue with the nations of SouthAsia. But she made explicitly clear that in the nuclear age, borderscannot be changed. They must be respected. The differences have got to bepursued, be they Kashmir or any of the other perennial problems that havebeen the troubles of South Asia.She made it clear the United States will not mediate unless askedby all sides. But at the same time, it's critically important that thePresident keep lines of communications open to both parties, India andPakistan in this case. And she underscored the importance of respectingthe line of control in Kashmir and reducing the violence that is occurringalong it. Mrs. Albright made it absolutely clear that the use of terroracross frontiers and inside of other nations can't be permitted and will beactively discouraged by the United States, whether it flows fromAfghanistan or stems out of Pakistan.We aim, therefore, I hope, as the President goes forward, to beable to create -- turn a new page in a relationship with South Asia,notably with India, the dominant power, to differentiate America's approachto Pakistan on the one hand and India on the other, which is increasingly aglobal player. To be able to make it clear that we won't take advantage ofIndia with respect to our relationships with China any more than we willtake advantage with Pakistan in a growing American relationship with India.We have a new generation growing up, many taking power. It is atime for a new vision. India will be as important a factor in Asia'sfuture and in our relationship in the century ahead as China has emergedthese days.With those opening remarks and if Shirin -- take a couple ofquestions or -- good. Great.Q You mentioned that first -- this is the first visit in 22years. Why it took 22 years for the world's richest democracy to reach tothe largest democracy in the world. And also what do you think therelations between the two countries today and after presidential visit?AMBASSADOR WISNER: Right. Well, there are many reasonshistorically why the President of the United States and administrationshave not given importance, the same importance to South Asia they havegiven other regions. Much was rooted in the Cold War, where India was seento be closer to the erstwhile Soviet Union. This restricted our diplomacy,raised the level of tension in the relationship. India looked at theUnited States in that regard as favoring Pakistan. We had disagreements ofa variety.We had no broad base for the relationship. The economicinteractions were very narrow. There wasn't a way to accommodate thedifferences.Today, we have a real chance to see the relationship broaden,politically, economically, right across the board, so that you are able tocope with those differences and manage those differences. I think we arefacing a very different day.I have just come back from India. Those of you who are going onthe trip, I think you will sense a vibrancy and enthusiasm about a new daywith the United States, a new relationship, and it gives me quite a lot ofconfidence.Q Despite the Secretary of State's tough words, do you see anyshort-term hopes of accomplishing any nonproliferation commitments fromIndia or Pakistan?AMBASSADOR WISNER: My main hope, personally -- I am not speakingfor the administration -- is that the nonproliferation norms that are beingpursued, CTBT, fissile material cutoff bans, are ways of indicatingrestraint, ways of -- that South Asia can make a statement that they --that south Asia wishes to hold under control the nuclear age. And then tomove beyond that to have a small and smaller -- a small nuclear capability.It is inevitable there is going to be one. Small and de-alertedcapability.I think the role the President can play on a trip like this is,of course, to encourage South Asian nations to seek to join global norms aspart of our global policies. But to try to create the climate of trust andconfidence between himself and this country and the parties in South Asiathat permits us to talk about the sensitive nuclear issues in a quiet way,and to talk about regional tensions.Yes, sir in the back of the room?Q What's your understanding of the relationship between thePakistani government and the terrorist organizations that operate either --be that in Kashmir or in Afghanistan itself? In other words, is it directcontrol, is it informal contact?AMBASSADOR WISNER: Well, it's a matter of considerable debate.And I think it is very difficult to prove that there is a direct organiclink between the Pakistani government or its agencies and organizationsthat are directly responsible for terror. Over the years, theseorganizations have, however, found haven in Pakistan and they have exportedterrorists across the border into India.The actions along the line of control do have an active elementof Pakistani involvement -- the arms, munitions, the artillery screens thatare laid before infiltration takes place. Pakistan has traditionallyargued that this is part of a liberation movement as opposed to terrorism.But when you get down to strictly defined terrorism -- issueslike the skyjacking, the recent Indian Airlines skyjacking, there is, tothe best of my knowledge -- I certainly haven't seen it -- that proveablelink that puts this issue on the doorstep of the Pakistani government.Q Ambassador, the Army General Musharraf overthrew ademocratically-elected prime minister in the fall. He has since requiredthat justices swear allegiance to him. He's throwing journalists in jail.Nawaz Sharif is in jail, his lawyer's been killed. What's the President ofthe United States doing going to see a man like that?AMBASSADOR WISNER: I feel very comfortable -- I've spent a lifein diplomacy, and I have no, obviously, personally, and I would hope thePresident and I know the President feels very strongly about the importanceof restoring democracy, the rule of law, strengthening governance inPakistan. Those issues are -- I'm certain the President is going to dealwith each one of them while he's there.But I believe fundamentally, if you're going to do business witha country as important as Pakistan certainly is, at a time when there arereal issues on the table, you have to be able to communication. And to beable to communication, you've got to communication at the very highestlevels.The history of the past has been, we have influence withPakistan. We were able to play a role in the Kargil event. If we decidenot to communication, then we don't have influence, we can't use ourinfluence in a constructive way. So I support wholeheartedly thePresident's decision to take the -- to go to Pakistan, to engage the chiefexecutive, and to engage the leadership of the country.Q -- meeting with him, what if anything can the President doto avoid sending the wrong signal to other countries on the brink, likeIndonesia?AMBASSADOR WISNER: Well, I'm certain the President will findboth the right words and the right attitudes. All of our principles bindus in that direction. I understand the President is going to be speakingpublicly. There will be private discussions as well as public ones.Q You mean addressing on television the Pakistani people?AMBASSADOR WISNER: Yes, I don't know the details of thePresident's trip. I'm not in the administration. But I'm absolutelycertain he is speaking, and if he speaks, he will not be shy aboutasserting America's commitments to democratic institutions.MR. HAMMER: -- going, but we have Shirin --AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: I would like to reinforce whatAmbassador Wisner had said, and just add one small note to that. And thatis the downturn in the relationship between India and Pakistan, which hasoccurred in the last year since the opening in Lahore seemed so promising.I think it has created a situation which is dangerous and where theconstructive engagement of the United States at the highest level -- andthat is from the President of the United States -- can make a difference.If there's one thing that I learned in all those years on the NSC, when theengagement with India started to be very active, as was the relationshipwith Pakistan growing, that presidential attention highlights the need forrestraint in the subcontinent. It is something that should be obvious tothe leadership there.But it has -- if you look at the list of agreements that Indiaand Pakistan have been able to reach on confidence-building, they'veessentially been all those that the United States not only supported andencouraged, but also in many ways initiated. So I think that at least inthe private conversations, which is where probably this belongs, it's avery important time for the President's attention to be focused on SouthAsia, from South Asia's point of view as well.Q Are you going to be -- the President has said that he wouldget involved in mediating the Kashmir issue only if both sides arerequesting that he do so. And I was wondering if you had any knowledge orany sign that India would be interested in having the United States or thePresident get involved.AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: Well, all signs are, and the Indianshave not been shy about indicating that they are definitely not interestedin having the United States, even as was put by the Prime Minister ofIndia, I believe, yesterday, no matter how well-intentioned, should thePresident be involved, which is, I think, a good start in point.However, I think the President is in a unique position toencourage the fact that while the United States accepts the fact that Indiadoes not want mediation, then it is important for them, the two countries,to engage bilaterally. In other words, you cannot say that bilateralengagement is all that is wanted, and then have a total absence of adialogue.Today, India and Pakistan have zero interaction at the governmentlevel and at any level. I mean, this is unheard of in the recent historiesof countries with antagonisms like that. You did not have it in theEast-West, you did not have it in the Middle East. Track two, track one,anything.So I think it highlights the need for engagement, and I don't seeanybody, other than the President of the United States, in this position tobe able to bring that to the notice of the two leaders.Q Indian officials seem to be upset about the decision to makea stop in Islamabad. Do you feel that they understand now the reasons andthat it will have had an adverse effect on the visit to India?AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: Well, the Indian officials have,themselves, said, and I think they have sort of stepped back a bit from theextremely tough position they took on this issue. I think that they havebeen satisfied that the U.S. is not going over there to bless a militarygovernment, that the President of the United States needs to have lines ofcommunications open. And, actually, it is in India's interest as well thatthe collapse of Pakistan is not going to help anybody, particularly thosein Pakistan's immediate neighborhood.So I think that the focus has shifted from that aspect of thetrip to saying, okay, in what ways can the U.S.-Indian relationship bebuttressed as a result of this visit. So I think that change has occurredand I am certainly one who is very glad that it has. Because I think a lotof energy was spent for weeks and weeks on this issue.Q You mentioned the possibility of the collapse of Pakistan.Given the economic problems there and the constitutional crisis, howserious do you see that threat and what sort of scenario would follow?AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: To answer the last part of yourquestion, the scenario -- any scenario that follows -- I mean, it's anightmare scenario; I don't see any good scenarios coming out of thatparticular event, if should it occur.Countries and nations have a way of going on so, you know,sometimes it is easy to sort of write them off. But nonetheless, I thinkthe conditions facing Pakistan are severe. And the irony and the sadnessof it has been that these conditions, many of them, were created under theonly sort of longest period of democratic rule that Pakistan has had. Inother words, the failure of civilian elected leadership to deliver on thepromise that was handed them with such hope only a decade ago has made itvery, very much tougher, I think, for the country.The economic crisis is really the most urgent, and there are somesteps being taken which I think are critically needed. The economic teamthat they've put together, according to everyone's review including theharshest critics of Pakistan, is a first-class team. But of course, theeconomy cannot be turned around very quickly. So in the interim, thegovernment has to figure out a way of managing social difficulties,including the question of sectarianism and law and order. I'd put thosetwo as the issues.Now, these two conditions have been managed in recent months.It's probably one of the few things that the military government has beenable to deliver, because they have been able to curtail the internalviolence, which was besetting all Pakistani cities on a regular, nightlybasis. But the social, underlying causes, many people think are economic,so until you turn the economic situation around, the problem is still veryacute.Q -- anything that the President can do on this trip thatwould help that?AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: I think -- you know, presidential visits-- and despite all those years in the NSC, we were never able to get thepresidents out there -- but presidential visits do many things. They notonly show the flag on behalf of the U.S., but they also are an indicationof U.S. interest. This is a non-tangible but very important thing in SouthAsia, where perceptions and signals loom far larger than they do in theWestern world.So the presence of the President, obviously despite a lot ofadvice not to go, I think is a very strong indication of American continuedinterest in a stable, secular Pakistan that is at peace with itself. Thoseare the kinds of perceptions that I think can help in terms of gettingthe kind of economic assistance, not to mention the votes necessary in IMFor the World Bank, et cetera.American interest is sort of the key to Western interest, whichis sort of the underpinning of the international financial institutions.So, yes, I think by the President going, this does give them an opportunity-- it doesn't guarantee success. That will have to come from Pakistan.Q The collapse of Pakistan -- going back to that -- Pakistanhad been ruled by the military and by the elected governments. So both are-- both could not rule the country, so who will rule the country or whowill bring the changes? Because what most Pakistanis are feeling is thatit's not the government that is corrupt or military is corrupt, but maybebecause of the -- they are spending or financing the terrorism across theborder. That's what India feels, that's what most Pakistanis feel. Sowhat is the future? I mean, if both have ruled, but who can bring thechanges?AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: Well, I don't agree with one part ofwhat you're saying, that it's the involvement with India or what's going onin Kashmir that's bringing the collapse of Pakistan. Defense expendituresare of course high in the subcontinent as such. India has just raised itsdefense expenditure by 28 percent. Pakistan has, along with debtservicing, about 40 percent of the budget goes to these two items and hascontinued to do so.I think the malaise that has overcome the society and thedisillusionment with institutions, and the breakdown of institutions, whichunfortunately was started with the political leadership under -- is of theseverest kind. And I think Pakistanis who have not given up on theircountry feel that it's the revival of these institutions which is terribly,terribly important before you can put the country politically back on theright track.So I think the debate there is not between who is the morecorrupt of the two. Corruption is endemic and corruption is endemic inSouth Asia for many reasons. But there are other countries that havemanaged to put that aside and even with large pockets of poverty have athriving middle class, as has India. So things can coexist. The questionis, how do you manage them, where do you put the emphasis and who comes outahead.Q The people pay the price.AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: Yes, but the breakup of Pakistanactually means that more people will suffer and more people will pay theprice. So this is a chance. And a lot of Pakistanis, thinking Pakistanissay this really is the last chance to try and see if -- Pakistan can berevived.Q How India can help, being a neighbor --AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: That's a wonderful question and I amglad you asked that. Because ever since leaving government, I spent all mysort of existence trying to see if there are enough senior people in Indiaand Pakistan who actually want to try and build a different future.I think India can help in many ways, long-term, mid-term,immediately. I think immediately India can help by engaging Pakistan, bynot focusing on the isolation of Pakistan, which happened as a result ofthe coup. But India and Pakistan have fought two-and-a-half or three,depending on who you speak to, wars and they have overcome that bitternessand started afresh.The, I think, time has come for these two countries to actuallytry and do that. So India can immediately do something psychologically andotherwise. But there are ways in which the two countries can interact thatis productive. The economic opportunities, for example, of trade --India-Pakistan trade, official level -- is $100 million. The unofficialtrade is $2.5 billion. It comes via smuggling or via third countries. Soobviously they're trading; it's just that the governments lose revenue, andthey don't build those habits of cooperation that are terribly, terriblyimportant for any region. And South Asia is now practically the onlyregion where there is local cooperation on the trade side, and any of theseother issues.But the disparity in size, and the importance of India, willhopefully make India comfortable enough with its role in the region that itcan act the bigger power that it is, in terms of its smaller neighbors. Ithink that has already begun to happen, but I hope that that willaccelerate as India feels more comfortable.Q Is there a danger that all the talk of nuclearproliferation, of the turmoil in the region, will overshadow economicdevelopment issues and other matters, particularly in India, that thePresident will be dealing with?AMBASSADOR TAHIR-KHELI: I think there is that danger. As Ilisten to all the very, very interesting and informative analyses leadingup to the President's visit, I'm struck by the promise of the economicrelationship that Ambassador Wisner and others have referred to. But I'malso struck by the fact that the promise of the economic miracle that couldbe India is held back by this fear on the part of those who would otherwisebe investing more freely, regarding the possibility of a nuclear exchange.In this open world, where capital can go anywhere -- and I don'tmean just capital in terms of transfers in and out, but investments on theground: infrastructure, communications, a whole host of other things -- youfind that you've got to be somewhat competitive for global capital. And Ithink that that would be even more enhanced were there to be some modicumof peace between India and Pakistan.And I think it's doable. Indian leaders have tried to reach out.They did something very unique in Lahore. And I think the Indian PrimeMinister himself has said that, you know, you can't change geography; thatin the end, we have to deal with each other. So one has to sort of hopethat -- you know, these are old civilizations with some new problems, thatthey somehow find a way of doing them. And the President of the UnitedStates going, I think, refocuses energies in the region and outside on thispart of the world.Thank you.Q Thank you very much. END 4:45 P.M. EST President and First Lady| Vice President and Mrs. Gore Record of Progress| The Briefing Room Gateway to Government| Contacting the White House White House for Kids| White House History White House Tours| Help| Text Only Privacy Statement
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The Oxford Oratory
A sanctuary in the midst of the city
The Oxford Oratory is a vibrant centre of Catholic life. Our church is open every day: join us for Mass, pop in for some quiet prayer, or come and discover more at one of our groups. Our historic church of St Aloysius has been a key feature in the lives of the city’s Catholics for 150 years, attracting people of all ages and from every walk of life. We use beauty to raise hearts and minds to God, faithful to the traditions of St Philip Neri and St John Henry Newman.
Heart of Jesus, all-holy! Fountain of all blessings, I adore thee, I love thee, and with a lively sorrow for my sins, I offer thee this poor heart of mine. Make me humble, patient, pure, and wholly obedient to thy will. Good Jesus, grant that I may live in thee and for thee. Protect me in the midst of danger; comfort me in my afflictions; give me health of body, assistance in my temporal needs, thy blessing on all that I do, and the grace of a holy death. Amen.
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A photo from Sunday’s Solemn Mass for Corpus Christi.
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June Music
Sunday 4 JuneSolemn Mass 11:00The Most Holy TrinityKyrie MundyMissa Euge bone TyeLibera nos SheppardHonor, virtus et potestas Tallis
Sunday 11 JuneSolemn Mass 11:00Corpus ChristiMissa Pange lingua JosquinLauda Sion PalestrinaOculi omnium Byrd
Friday 16 JuneSolemn Mass 18:00The Most Sacred Heart of JesusMissa Dormendo un giorno GuerreroImproperium PalestrinaSancte Deus Tallis
Sunday 18 JuneSolemn Mass 11:0011th Sunday of the YearMissa Brevis in F Op.117 RheinbergerBenedicam Dominum VictoriaSalve Regina Poulenc
Wednesday 21 JuneSolemn Mass 18:00St Aloysius GonzagaMissa O quam gloriosum VictoriaJustitiae Domini A ScarlattiO bone Jesu Anchieta
Sunday 25 JuneSolemn Mass 11:0012th Sunday of the YearMissa Repleatur os meum PalestrinaPerfice gressus meos LassusHomo quidam fecit coenam magnam Mouton
Thursday 29 JuneSolemn Mass 18:00St Peter and St PaulMissa Petre ego pro te rogavi LoboPetre ego pro te rogavi GuerreroJanitor caeli Ortiz
The Sacred Heart
Love is a funny thing. Materialists will tell us that it is purely the result of a series of electro-chemical responses in the brain, and yet others will tell us that it is the result of fate, the conspiracy of the alignment of the planets or the times we find ourselves in. The heart has long been understood as the centre of a person, a place of knowledge as much as will. It makes us do unreasonable things like acts of unwarranted kindness and altruism and by the edge of its blade we can be hurt in ways that we just can’t speak about. And yet none of these express what love is in itself — only God does that.
On Friday we venerate the Heart of our Lord as the symbol of his human love in which God’s divine love is revealed to us. In most of the prayers to or the meditations on the Sacred Heart, even those very ancient prayers, the woundedness of our Lord’s heart comes to the fore. That heart pierced with a lance and bruised with outrages and blasphemies is a stark and realistic image of the extent to which Christ loves us. Christ, who is the image of the unseen God, the Icon of the Father, shows us precisely what God’s love for us looks like. And it looks like a heart pierced and bruised on account of our sins, yet burning with ardent love for you and for me. This divine love is not for softies.
The time when we celebrate this feast is very fitting. We have come to the end of the Church’s celebration of the mysteries of our redemption: the Passion, the Cross, the Resurrection, the Ascension, Pentecost, the Feast of the Blessed Trinity and Corpus Christi. But today we commemorate the divine-human love which motivated them all. In adoring the Sacred Heart, we adore the totality of Christ’s saving work — it represents the way in which God holds nothing back from us. And in order to share his divine life with us, he reaches down into the very depths of our life, even — and especially — where it is painful, difficult to speak of, hidden. By taking it all and joining it to himself, he scoops us up, he enables us to become like him. By sharing our life, and by sharing our pains, he heals us, he sanctifies us, and he strengthens us.
It is also true that his heart welcomes us precisely so that we might become like it. The whole thrust of our Christian life is that we might be conformed to our Saviour, that we might resemble him, and in this sense, in the life of faith, we should ask ourselves continually whether our heart resembles his. His Sacred Heart is both the example and the cause of our becoming like him. His love is attractive. The more we consider the love with which Jesus acted, and spoke and gave of himself for us, the more we can begin, by his grace, to imitate him — it is truly the school of Christian perfection.
And we begin in that school by prayer. When St John Henry Newman, our Cardinal, chose his motto, he looked to St Francis de Sales’ Treatise on the Love of God. The phrase he chose and paraphrased, Cor ad Cor loquiturrepresents for us the central mystery of the prayer that can begin to transform us. St Francis de Sales wrote:
Truly the chief exercise in mystical theology is to speak to God and to hear God speak in the bottom of the heart; and because this discourse passes in most secret aspirations and inspirations, we term it a silent conversing. Eyes speak to eyes, and heart to heart, and none understand what passes save those who speak.
We may be no great shakes at the spiritual life, or prayer, or we may feel that excelling in virtue is beyond us, but if we can in the simplest of ways open our poor heart to his Sacred Heart, and speak to him as to a friend, if we can entrust our lives to him and ask him devoutly and sincerely to shape us after the model of his Heart, then our Christian life will be all the more graced.
These reflections are sent out each Wednesday to all those on our mailing list. Click here to sign up to our mailing list , and receive our Sunday E-newsletter and these reflections straight to your inbox.
The Corpus Christi procession concluded with Benediction at the University Chaplaincy. #oxfordoratory
The procession finished at the University’s Catholic Chaplaincy. #oxfordoratory
The numbers caught the attention of the local media:
https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/23582016.oxfords-catholic-congregations-take-part-corpus-christi-procession/
#oxfordoratory
Children scattered flower petals before the Blessed Sacrament all the way. #oxfordoratory
Tuesday 13 June 2023
Our route now passes through the city in a straight line, taking us directly through the busiest shopping areas. #oxfordoratory
The canopy was carried by members of the University of Oxford wearing their academic dress. #oxfordoratory
Fr Robert Ombres OP preached a sermon. #oxfordoratory
We paused at Blackfriars. #oxfordoratory
We were joined by local clergy and religious orders as we processed through the streets to the Dominican Priory at Blackfriars. #oxfordoratory
The processions sets off… #oxfordoratory
Tuesday 13 June 2023
We had record numbers for the procession this year. There wasn’t space in church for everyone at the beginning! There were more people outside too. #oxfordoratory
The beginning of our Corpus Christi procession last Sunday.#oxfordoratory
The Oratory Prayer Book is now shipping internationally!
We’ve made it even easier to buy the Oratory Prayer Book from anywhere in the world.
And we’ve made it easier to order multiple copies too — in the UK and worldwide.
Order your copy here:https://tinyurl.com/opb-buy
If you have one, we’d love to hear what you think about it. Let us know in the comments, or tag a photo of your prayer book in the wild with #oratoryprayerbook
Thanks to @acatholicinoxford for the photo.
#oxfordoratory
Worship
What does it actually mean to worship God? In the New Testament, the word we most often translate as ‘worship’ doesn’t mean to reverence another in some abstract sense. It always involves some kind of bodily action. When we think about the magi visiting the Holy Family, we sometimes convey this motion by describing them — after they fall to their knees — as ‘doing homage’. But it’s actually that same word here we might translate elsewhere as ‘worship’. It’s just that we recognise the need to describe the bodily sign of their submission and adoration of the new born King with something that sounds a bit more physical.
The word we usually translate as ‘worship’ ( proskuneo) comes literally from a root meaning ‘to make yourself like a dog before the other person’. It originally meant prostrating yourself on the floor to show your humble submission before another. By the time of the New Testament, people wouldn’t necessarily have had the root of this word in mind whenever they used it,* but the word still carries with it the idea of doing something with your body to express your worship.
The feast of Corpus Christi is all about this kind of bodily worship. It’s tied to the fact that we are not pure spirits, but that we are human beings, body and soul. To worship God is not just a spiritual act. The right worship of God does not consist in simply having the right kinds of thoughts towards him. But the worship of God involves the humble submission of our entire human being, body and soul, before the God who is greater than all of us.
And ever since the Incarnation, we do this not just before an abstract spirit. Because, from the moment of the Incarnation, God really does have a human body, that we can worship, that we fall down on our knees before, like the magi and the Canaanite woman, and so many others in the Gospel who kneel down and worship Christ. When we worship God, we kneel before God who is present in the flesh, under the appearances of bread and wine, in our churches all over the world.
Corpus Christi is a joyful celebration of Christ’s presence among us, and it gives us an opportunity to think about how we respond to that gift. All this talk of kneeling and worship might not sound so joyful, but one of the great paradoxes of Christianity is that we find our greatest freedom in the humble service of God. Our greatest joy really should be found in finding ways to express this loving worship. So at least once a year, it is no bad thing to think about how we express with our own bodies that worship of God’s body, and what ways we can find to worship him even more perfectly.
This Sunday, we will carry Christ’s Body through the streets of our city. We have a chance to demonstrate to the world our love, our joyful service, our worship of him, through our presence. The procession leaves our church at 2:30pm. Make sure you are there.
But we should also think about the more ordinary things, like making sure we show that worship whenever we are in his presence. We should show through our behaviour in church that we believe him to be there: by genuflecting before him in the tabernacle of the church, and by keeping the church quiet and prayerful.
We show our worship above all by kneeling down before him — like all those people in the Gospel — for the moment of Holy Communion. And we allow the priest to place the Host on our tongues, so that we don’t handle unnecessarily what is holy and precious, and no particles of Our Lord’s Body are ever dropped or lost through carelessness.
We continue that worship in our prayers of thanksgiving after Communion and once the Mass has ended. We certainly never leave church during Communion. And we might think of ways of extending the time we spend with Christ present in the Blessed Sacrament: by attending Mass during the week sometimes, or visiting him during the times each week when his Body is exposed solemnly on the altar for Adoration, or even just by visiting an empty church, where he is waiting for us to show him our worship.
Our Lord is hidden there, waiting for us to come and visit him, and make our request to him. See how good he is! He is there in the Sacrament of his love, sighing and interceding incessantly with his Father for sinners. To what outrages does he not expose himself, that he may remain in the midst of us! He is there to console us; and therefore we ought often to visit him. How pleasing to him is the short quarter of an hour that we steal from our occupations, from something of no use, to come and pray to him, to visit him, to console him for all the outrages he receives! When he sees pure souls coming eagerly to him, he smiles upon them. They come with that simplicity which pleases him so much, to ask his pardon for all sinners, for the outrages of so many ungrateful men. What happiness do we not feel in the presence of God, when we find ourselves alone at his feet before the holy tabernacles! ‘Come, my soul, redouble thy fervour; thou art alone adoring thy God. His eyes rest upon thee alone.’
— St John Mary Vianney
* One exception is that I do think Christ had this root meaning in mind when he spoke to the Canaanite woman in Matthew 15:21–28. He wasn’t randomly insulting her by comparing her to a dog, but drawing attention to the fact that she was making herself like a dog before him — i.e. worshipping him — because she recognised him to be God. In other words, he was acknowledging her worship as proof of her faith and humility.
These reflections are sent out each Wednesday to all those on our mailing list. Click here to sign up to our mailing list , and receive our Sunday E-newsletter and these reflections straight to your inbox.
Monday 5 June 2023
On Saturday, Fr Rupert led Men’s Oratory on a walking pilgrimage to Islip, birthplace of St Edward the Confessor. #oxfordoratory
Thursday 1 June 2023
Congratulations to Elizabeth who was received into the Church yesterday evening on the Feast of the Visitation. #oxfordoratory
Contact
Location
© 2023 Oxford Oratory. All rights reserved. The Oxford Oratory of St Philip Neri is a Registered Charity number 1018455
| https://www.oxfordoratory.org.uk/saints/blog/post/9918-9918/blog/post/10017-the-sacred-heart/baptisms.php |
Sourcebook - Appendix 14
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics
Appendix 14
State Court Processing Statistics
Survey methodology, definitions of terms, and crimes within offense categories
Note: The following information has been excerpted from U.S. Department of Justice,
Bureau of Justice Statistics,
Felony Defendants in Large Urban Counties, 1994
,
NCJ-164616 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, 1998), pp. 1, 37-39.
Non-substantive editorial adaptations have been made.
Methodology
The third survey of the State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) program, formerly the
National Pretrial Reporting Program, was conducted during May 1994. These data describe
the criminal justice process from arrest to case disposition. SCPS tracked a sample of
cases designed to represent the Nation's 75 most populous counties (by 1990 estimates). In
1994, the 75 largest counties accounted for about 36% of the Nation's population, 52% of
all reported serious violent crimes, and 43% of all reported serious property crimes.
Cases were tracked for up to 1 year.
The sample was designed and selected by the U.S. Bureau of the Census under Bureau of
Justice Statistics supervision. It is a two-stage stratified sample with 39 of the 75 most
populous counties selected at the first stage, and a systematic sample of State court
felony filings (defendants) within each county selected at the second stage.
The 39 counties were divided into 4 first-stage strata, based on court filing
information obtained through a telephone survey. Twelve counties were included in the
sample with certainty because of their large number of court filings. The remaining 27
counties were allocated to the 3 non-certainty strata based on the variance of felony
court dispositions.
The second-stage sampling was designed to represent all defendants who had felony cases
filed with the court during the month of May 1994. The participating jurisdictions
provided data for every defendant who had a felony case filed on selected days during that
month. The number of days selected depended on the stage-one stratum in which the county
had been placed. Each jurisdiction provided 1, 2, or 4 weeks of filings for May 1994. Data
from jurisdictions that were not required to provide a full month of filings were weighted
to represent the full month.
Data on 14,691 sample felony cases were collected from the 39 sampled jurisdictions.
This sample represented 53,099 weighted cases filed during the month of May 1994 in the 75
most populous counties. About 500 weighted cases that, because of incomplete information,
could not be classified into one of the four major crime categories (violent, property,
drug, public-order) were omitted from the analysis. Cases that were disposed of too
quickly to allow time for a pretrial release decision also were excluded. The data
collection was conducted by the Pretrial Services Resource Center in Washington, D.C.
Data were collected from the following counties and independent cities: Alabama
(Jefferson); Arizona (Maricopa, Pima); California (Alameda, Los Angeles, Sacramento, San
Bernardino, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Ventura); Florida (Broward, Dade, Hillsborough,
Orange); Hawaii (Honolulu); Illinois (Cook, DuPage); Kentucky (Jefferson); Maryland
(Baltimore city); Massachusetts (Middlesex); Michigan (Wayne); Missouri (Jackson, St.
Louis); New Jersey (Essex); New York (Bronx, Erie, Kings, Monroe, New York, Queens,
Suffolk); Ohio (Hamilton); Pennsylvania (Allegheny, Philadelphia); Tennessee (Shelby);
Texas (Dallas, Harris); Washington (King); and Wisconsin (Milwaukee).
Several jurisdictions did not provide complete reporting for defendants' Hispanic
origin. As a result, the overall reporting level for race combined with Hispanic origin
was 75% compared to 85% for race alone. Because of this underreporting, the categories of
race alone account for more defendants than the categories that include both race and
Hispanic origin. A large preponderance of the persons with a Hispanic origin were white,
although the category includes all races.
Definitions of terms
Terms relating to pretrial release
Released defendant
--Any defendant who was released from custody prior to the
disposition of his or her case by the court. Includes defendants who were detained for
some period of time before being released and defendants who were returned to custody
after being released because of a violation of the conditions of pretrial release.
Detained defendant
Failure to appear
--When a court issues a bench warrant for a defendant's arrest
because he or she has missed a scheduled court appearance.
Types of financial release
Full cash bond
--The defendant posts the full bail amount in cash with the court.
If the defendant makes all court appearances, the cash is returned. If the defendant fails
to appear in court, the bond is forfeited.
Deposit bond
--The defendant deposits a percentage (usually 10%) of the full bail
amount with the court. The full amount of the bail is required if the defendant fails to
appear in court. The percentage bail is returned after the disposition of the case, but
the court often retains a small portion for administrative costs.
Surety bond
--A third party, usually a bail bond company, signs a promissory note
to the court for the full bail amount and charges the defendant a fee for the service
(usually 10% of the full bail amount). If the defendant fails to appear, the bond company
must pay the court the full bail amount. Frequently the bond company requires the
defendant to post collateral in addition to the fee.
Property bond
--Also known as collateral bond, involves an agreement made by a
defendant as a condition of pretrial release requiring that property valued at the full
bail amount be posted as an assurance of his or her appearance in court. If the defendant
fails to appear in court, the property is forfeited.
Types of nonfinancial release
Unsecured bond
--The defendant pays no money to the court but is liable for the
full amount of bail should he or she fail to appear in court.
Release on recognizance
--The court releases the defendant on a signed agreement
that he or she will appear in court as required. This category also includes citation
releases in which arrestees are released pending their first court appearance on a written
order issued by law enforcement or jail personnel.
Conditional release
--Defendants are released under conditions and are usually
supervised by a pretrial services agency. In some cases, such as those involving a
third-party custodian or drug monitoring and treatment, another agency may be involved in
the supervision of the defendant. Conditional release sometimes includes an unsecured
bond.
Other type of release
Emergency release
--Defendants are released solely in response to a court order
placing limits on a jail's population.
Offense categories
Violent offenses
Murder
--Includes homicide, nonnegligent manslaughter, and voluntary homicide.
Does not include attempted murder (which is classified as felony assault), negligent
homicide, involuntary homicide, or vehicular manslaughter (which are classified as
"other violent crime").
Rape
--Includes forcible intercourse, sodomy, or penetration with a foreign
object. Does not include statutory rape or nonforcible acts with a minor or someone unable
to give legal consent, nonviolent sexual offenses, or commercialized sex offenses.
Robbery
--Includes the unlawful taking of anything of value by force or threat of
force.
Assault
--Includes aggravated assault, aggravated battery, attempted murder,
assault with a deadly weapon, felony assault or battery on a law enforcement officer, and
other felony assaults. Does not include extortion, coercion, or intimidation.
Other violent offenses
--Includes vehicular manslaughter, involuntary
manslaughter, negligent or reckless homicide, nonviolent or nonforcible sexual assault,
kidnaping, unlawful imprisonment, child or spouse abuse, cruelty to child, reckless
endangerment, hit and run with bodily injury, intimidation, and extortion.
Property offenses
Burglary
--Includes any type of entry into a residence, industry, or business
with or without the use of force with the intent to commit a felony or theft. Does not
include possession of burglary tools, trespassing, or unlawful entry where the intent is
not known.
Theft
--Includes grand theft, grand larceny, motor vehicle theft, or any other
felony theft. Does not include receiving or buying stolen property, fraud, forgery, or
deceit.
Other property offenses
--Includes receiving or buying stolen property, forgery,
fraud, embezzlement, arson, reckless burning, damage to property, criminal mischief,
vandalism, bad checks, counterfeiting, criminal trespassing, possession of burglary tools,
and unlawful entry.
Drug offenses
Drug sale/trafficking
--Includes trafficking, sales, distribution, possession
with intent to distribute or sell, manufacturing, and smuggling of controlled substances.
Does not include possession of controlled substances.
Other drug offenses
Public-order offenses
Weapons
--Includes the unlawful sale, distribution, manufacture, alteration,
transportation, possession, or use of a deadly weapon or accessory.
Driving-related
--Includes driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol,
driving with a suspended or revoked license, or any other felony in the motor vehicle
code.
Other public-order offenses
--Includes flight/escape, parole or probation
violations, prison contraband, habitual offender, obstruction of justice, rioting, libel,
slander, treason, perjury, prostitution/pandering, bribery, and tax law violations.
| https://druglibrary.org/schaffer/GovPubs/sourcebook/1995/app14.htm |
Difference between revisions of "VS298: Subjectivity" - RedwoodCenter
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Jump to navigation Jump to search Revision as of 16:33, 5 November 2017 ( view source )
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[https://archive.org/details/ucb_vs298-3_2017_11_02 Week 11 (Shin Shimojo)]
[https://archive.org/details/ucb_vs298-3_2017_11_02 Week 11 (Shin Shimojo)]
+
+ [https://archive.org/details/ucb_vs298-3_2017_11_09 Week 12 (Brian Odegaard and Bob Knight)]
+
+ [https://archive.org/details/ucb_vs298-3_2017_11_30 Week 14 (Christof Koch)]
== Reading ==
== Reading ==
Line 154: Line 158:
Christof Koch, Marcello Massimini,,; Melanie Boly,; & Giulio Tononi,.
Christof Koch, Marcello Massimini,,; Melanie Boly,; & Giulio Tononi,.
−
=====Week 13: 11/ 30 Student presentations on Proposed Experiments
===== +
=====Week 13: 11/ 16 Science article by Dehaene, Hakwan Lau & Koulder and WSJ article by Christof Koch
=====
−
Students
discuss their Proposed Experiments
+
We will
discuss the recent Science article [https://drive.google.com/file/d/15DSZ0Vm45F_rqb_z4z8YKlQVb9jtIaCJ/view?usp=sharing "What is Consciousness and Could Machines Have It?"]
+
+ We will also discuss the recent WallStreet Journal article by Christof Koch titled "To Keep Up With AI, We'll Need High Tech Brains." [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1pZ3w7eXV2_Y6ychvMON1pp2zXrkSidzt/view?usp=sharing AI and High Tech Brains WSJ]
−
=====Week 14: 11/ 16
Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Integrated Information Theory, Christof Koch===== +
=====Week 14: 11/ 30
Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Integrated Information Theory, Christof Koch=====
−
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSb1RSc09iYWluVjA/view?usp=sharing Koch et al NCC
]
+
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSb1RSc09iYWluVjA/view?usp=sharing
Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Progress and Problems.
Koch et al]
−
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSb1VsVndLRmJ4eTg/view?usp=sharing Tononi and Koch ITT
]
+
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSb1VsVndLRmJ4eTg/view?usp=sharing
Integrated Information Theory: From Consciousness to Its Physical Substrate.
Tononi and Koch]
−
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSMDZkR2ExTGFOM0U/view?usp=sharing Scientific American: Building a CSness meter
] +
[https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B64PUIBJG_mSMDZkR2ExTGFOM0U/view?usp=sharing Scientific American , November, 2017
: Building a Consciousness Meter. Koch
]
Latest revision as of 01:10, 8 December 2017
Contents
1 Course description
1.1 Instructors
1.2 Lectures
1.3 Enrollment information
2 Videos of Previous Lectures
3 Reading
3.1 Week 1: 8/24 Introductory Discussion Stan Klein and Jerry Feldman
3.2 Week 2: 8/31 Hard Problems and Psychophysical Methodology. Stan Klein
3.3 Week 3: 9/7 Binding problems and Vision Mysteries Jerry Feldman
3.4 Week 4: 9/14 Attention and Appearance Peter Tse
3.5 Week 5: 9/21 Subjective Contours Ken Nakayama
3.6 Week 6: 9/28 Deep Learning and Subjectivity Bruno Olshausen
3.7 Week 7: 10/5 Color Experience and the Whorf Hypothesis Terry Regier & Rich Ivry
3.8 Week 8: 10/12 Day for Discussion of previous talks and preparation for the week 10 Cohen/Koch controversy to be discussed by Cohen
3.9 Week 9: 10/19 Wm. James on Subjectivity (and Phenomenology) Ken Nakayama
3.10 Week 10: 10/26 Richness of Experience Michael Cohen
3.11 Week 11: 11/2 Postdiction, and myths around “quaila”, Shin Shimojo
3.12 Week 12: 11/9 PreFrontal Cortex and Subjectivity Brian Odegaard & Robert Knight
3.13 Week 13: 11/16 Science article by Dehaene, Hakwan Lau & Koulder and WSJ article by Christof Koch
3.14 Week 14: 11/30 Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Integrated Information Theory, Christof Koch
Course description
Subjectivity, aka 1st person experience, is an aspect of the famous mind/body problem that is at least partially tractable. The course will explore a wide variety of past and future experiments for learning about the neural and embodied basis for subjectivity. Each week we will have a paper or two to read and possibly a video from world leaders in the field. Then when we meet we will typically have discussions, rather than lectures, on that week’s topic. Two things that will be expected from enrolled students are: 1) A weekly question for the speaker, to be turned in based on the readings. 2) A final proposed experiment to test some unsolved mystery that can be based on science. Discussion on your proposals would be the topic for the last class.
Instructors
Stan Klein
Email: [email protected]
Office: 420 Minor Hall
Office hours: immediately following lecture
Jerry Feldman
Email: [email protected]
Office: 739 Soda Hall
Office hours: immediately following lecture
Lectures
Location : 560 Evans (Redwood Center conference room)
Times : Thursday :2:00 - 4:00
Enrollment information
Open to both undergraduate and graduate students, subject to background requirements specified below.
Undergraduates should contact Prof. Klein for enrollment information
Telebears : {CCN 40715, Section 3, Units 2, Grade Option PNP}
Videos of Previous Lectures
Week 1 (Introduction)
Week 2 (Stan Klein)
Week 3 (Jerry Feldman)
Week 4 (Peter Tse; has both camcorder & zoom version)
Week 5 (Ken Nakayama)
Week 6 (Bruno Olshausen)
Week 7 (Terry Regier and Rich Ivry)
Week 8 (Review & discussion of richness of visual world Klein & Feldman)
Week 9 (Ken Nakayama)
Week 10 (Michael Cohen)
Week 11 (Shin Shimojo)
Week 12 (Brian Odegaard and Bob Knight)
Week 14 (Christof Koch)
Reading
Week 1: 8/24 Introductory Discussion Stan Klein and Jerry Feldman
Liliana Albertazzi (Ed) Handbook of Experimental Phenomenology, Mar 15, 2013 Review by Nicolo Valenti
Ken Nakayama’s course outline on Consciousness
Chalmers Constructing a Science of Consciousness
Assumptions for Course
Note that for week 1 there is no need to read the material before coming to class. The first meeting will be a general introduction. These articles will be mentioned.
Week 2: 8/31 Hard Problems and Psychophysical Methodology. Stan Klein
Block Carmel Fleming kentridge Koch Lau Lamme Rosenthal, Consciousness science: real progress and lingering misconceptions. This 2 page paper was passed out.
Sejnowski, T. J. Churchland, P.S. Movshon, J.A. Putting big data to good use in neuroscience, Nature Neuroscience, 17, 1440-1441, 2014. This 2 page paper was passed out.
Stan Klein “Using Psychic Phenomena To Connect Mind to Brain using Quantum Mechanics” A skeptic’s view.
Stan Klein Will Robots See?
Stephen Fleming Metacognition (will be discussed, no need to read it)
Week 3: 9/7 Binding problems and Vision Mysteries Jerry Feldman
Feldman, The Neural Binding Problem(s) *skip section 3 click here
Feldman, Visual Experience
http://arxiv.org/abs/1604.08612
Feldman, Redwood Center talk on Binding Problem
https://archive.org/details/Redwood_Center_2012_06_27_Jerome_Feldman
Assumptions for Course
Week 4: 9/14 Attention and Appearance Peter Tse
Chapter in “Handbook of Experimental Phenomenolgy
“How Attention Can Alter Appearances”
Peter Tse, Eric Reavis, Peter Kohler, Gideon Caplovitz, Thalia Wheatley
Week 5: 9/21 Subjective Contours Ken Nakayama
Nakayama, K. , He, Z.J. and Shimojo, S. Visual surface representation: a critical link between lower-level and higher level vision. 1995 READ ONLY Pages 1-21
Lecture by KN at Redwood center hand out red cyan glasses
https://archive.org/details/Redwood_Center_1012_01_11_Ken_Nakayama
Week 6: 9/28 Deep Learning and Subjectivity Bruno Olshausen
Sejnowski, T. J. Churchland, P.S. Movshon, J.A. Putting big data to good use in neuroscience, Nature Neuroscience, 17, 1440-1441, 2014
* same as week 1 reading
Neuroscience-Inspired Artificial Intelligence
Demis Hassabis, Dharshan Kumaran, Christopher Summerfield, Matthew Botvinick
http://www.cell.com/neuron/pdf/S0896-6273%2817%2930509-3.pdf
Bruno Olshausen. Perception-as-Inference. The Cognitive Neurosciences. V.M Gazzniga & R. Mangun, Eds MIT Press. (2013).
Week 7: 10/5 Color Experience and the Whorf Hypothesis Terry Regier & Rich Ivry
Whorf hypothesis is supported in the right visual field but not the left
Gilbert, Regier, Kay, Ivry, 489–494, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0509868103
Whorfian effects on colour memory are not reliable.
Wright O, Davies IR, Franklin A. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2015;68(4):745-58.
Regier Xu Whorf under uncertainty
Week 8: 10/12 Day for Discussion of previous talks and preparation for the week 10 Cohen/Koch controversy to be discussed by Cohen
Week 9: 10/19 Wm. James on Subjectivity (and Phenomenology) Ken Nakayama
William James, Chapter 11 “The Stream of Consciousness” in Psychology: A briefer Course (p 151-176)
Also Ken’s Course Syllabus
Attentional Requirements of Consciousness, Cohen et al.
Week 10: 10/26 Richness of Experience Michael Cohen
CohenMA, DennettDC, KanwisherN. What is the bandwidth of perceptual experience?
Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 20:324-35
Cohen Dennet Kanwisher: A response to comments on main article
Are we underestimating the richness of visual experience?
Andrew M. Haun, Giulio Tononi, Christof Koch, Naotsugu Tsuchiya; Neuroscience of Consciousness Journal 2017
Metamers of the ventral stream
Freeman and Simoncelli
Week 11: 11/2 Postdiction, and myths around “quaila”, Shin Shimojo
B. Libet on “time marker” & “backward referral."
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4612-0355-1_9
.
A direct application of this to visual processing: Nishida & Johnston (2002).
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096098220200698X
.
Shimojo (2014)
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3978293/
.
Week 12: 11/9 PreFrontal Cortex and Subjectivity Brian Odegaard & Robert Knight
Should a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception? Brian Odegaard, Robert T Knight, Hakwan Lau doi:
https://doi.org/10.1101/122267
Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
Christof Koch, Marcello Massimini,,; Melanie Boly,; & Giulio Tononi,.
Week 13: 11/16 Science article by Dehaene, Hakwan Lau & Koulder and WSJ article by Christof Koch
We will discuss the recent Science article "What is Consciousness and Could Machines Have It?"
We will also discuss the recent WallStreet Journal article by Christof Koch titled "To Keep Up With AI, We'll Need High Tech Brains."
AI and High Tech Brains WSJ
Week 14: 11/30 Neural Correlates of Consciousness and Integrated Information Theory, Christof Koch
Neural Correlates of Consciousness: Progress and Problems. Koch et al
Integrated Information Theory: From Consciousness to Its Physical Substrate. Tononi and Koch
Scientific American, November, 2017: Building a Consciousness Meter. Koch
Retrieved from " https://rctn.org/w/index.php?title=VS298:_Subjectivity&oldid=9104
" | http://www.rctn.org/w/index.php?diff=cur&oldid=9069&title=VS298%3A_Subjectivity |
(PDF) Selecting the best supplier using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method
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Selecting the best supplier using analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method
DOI: 10.5897/AJBM11.2009
Abstract and Figures
The purchasing function of a firm directly affects its competitive ability. Purchasing managers need to periodically evaluate the performance of suppliers in order to retain those who meet their requirements. There are various criteria for supplier selection and evaluation. This report provides a guideline for establishing supplier selection criteria for purchasing activities of University Procurement Department in accordance with some purchasing topics. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) decision making process functions in terms of the multi-criteria analysis for cost, flexibility, quality, delivery, and variety. The present report provides an accurate and easy classification in supplier attributes that have been prioritized in the model. Key words: Multi criteria decision-making (MCDM), analytic hierarchy process (AHP), supplier selection, supply chain management (SCM).
. Comparison of criteria for procurement of computer. …
. Comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of computer according to criteria. …
. Comparison of criteria for procurement of equipment. …
. Contd. …
+3
. Comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of equipment according to criteria. …
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Selecting the best supplier using analytic hierarchy
process (AHP) method
Babak Daneshvar Rouyendegh* and Turan Erman Erkan
Department of Industrial Engineering, Atilim University, P.O .Box 06836, İ ncek, Ankara, Turkey.
Accepte d 5 Sept ember, 2 011
The purchasing f unction of a firm directl y affects its competiti ve abilit y. Purchasing managers need to
periodically evaluate the performance of suppliers in order t o retain those w ho meet their require ments.
There are v arious criteria for supplier sel ection and evaluation. This report provides a guideline for
establishing supplier selection criteria for purchasi ng acti vities of U niversity Procurement Department
in accordance with some purchasing topics. The analytic hierarchy process ( AHP) decision making
process functions in term s of the multi-criteria analysis for cost, flexibilit y, quality, delivery, and variety.
The present report provides an accurate and easy classification in supplier at tributes that have been
prioritized in the model.
Key words: Multi criteria dec ision-making (MCDM), analytic hierarch y process (AHP), supplier select ion, supply
chain management (SCM).
INTRODUCTION
Today, in business environment, it became more
important to improve the produc tivity of a firm in global
competition. This productivit y can be supported in the
internal processes of supply chain management (SCM).
The most important part of the SCM is the purchasing
activity, and the multi-criteria analysis appears t o be the
right solution for the classification of many purchased
goods in the firm as the effort to obtain products at a
reasonable cost , in the right quantity, the appropriate
quality, at t he right time from the right source, is quite
crucial for a firm’s survival at the mark et (Simchi-Levi and
Kaminsky,
2003). The s election of the inappropriate
suppliers could c ause import ant operat ional and financial
problems for the purchasing compan y. On the other
hand, selecting the right suppliers reduces the
purchasing cost, quality problems, and long-lead times
and definitely improves corporate competitiveness
(Vokurka a nd F liedner, 1998; Meade and Sarkis , 1999;
Humphreys et al., 2007). Furt hermore, supp liers have a
direct and significant impact on the qualit y, cost and
leadtime of new products and technologies needed to
meet new a nd emerging market demands (Bolstorff
and Rosenbaum, 2007).More recently, with emergence
*Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected].
of the concept of SCM, more and more scholars and
practitioners have realize d that supplier selection and
management was a vehicle that can be used t o incre ase
the competitiveness of the entire suppl y chain (L ee et al. ,
2001).
As such, many researchers such as Thanaraksakul and
Phruksaphanrat (2009) have concluded t hat supplier
selection and evaluation is one of t he mos t c ritical
activities in purchasing or procurement process (Bayazit
et al., 2006). This eva luation proces s consists of 4
stages; d efining objective, formulating the selection
criteria, qualifying the su itable alternatives, and f inal
selection. To qualify the prospective suppliers, the
effective defining of selection criteria is necessary (Weber
et al., 1991; Droge et al., 1991). Beyond the high
significance on t he product cost and partners
relationship, i t h as considerable impacts on the bu yer’s
corporate compet encies (Sarkis and Talluri, 2002; Ha
and Krishnan, 2008).
In this st udy, a simple me thod for supp lier ev aluation
and a se lection based on cost, quality, flexibility, delivery,
and variety are used in the analytic hierarchy process
(AHP) ana lysis for the Un iversity Procurem ent
Department. The model quantifies five mult iple crit eria in
AHP to combine them into one global variable f or
decision-making. A numeric al example is also pres ented
to better illustrate the model.
1456 Afr. J. Bus. Manage.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Ho et al. (2010) has just realized the most recent review
on supplier selection, they councluded that the
contemporary supply management is to m aintain long
term partnership with suppliers, and use fewer but
reliable suppliers. Therefore, choosing the right suppliers
involves much more than scanning a series of price list,
and choices will depend on a wide range of factors which
involve both quantitative and qualitative. Extensive multi-
criteria decision making appro aches have been proposed
for supplier select ion, such as the analytic hierarchy
process (AHP), analytic network process (ANP), case-
based reasoning (CBR), data envelopment analysis
(DEA), f uzzy set theory, genetic algor ithm (GA),
mathematical programming, simple multi-attribute rating
technique (SMART), and their h ybrids.
Though many pro posals are discus sed to develop
analytical approaches for ev aluating various suppliers,
the an alytical applicat ion for supplier selection is limit ed
for the review of supplier selection problems; it is possible
to refer to W eber et al. (1991), Part ovi et al. (1990)
Degraeve et al. (2000), and De Boer et al. (2001). There
are b asically t wo st ages in the global supplier s election
process. In first stage, the decision variables, critical for
the selection process should be identif ied and in the
second stage, a specific decision making technique
should be an alyzed in order to discuss the preferences of
alternative suppliers bas ed on the criteria t hat will be
discussed s ubsequently. I n general, most of the
researchers have identified cost, quality and service as
their primary-basic d ecision criteria. From another
perspective, t here are few other subjective factors to be
considered in supplier selection such as ; cultural
compatibility, long-term plan, financial stability, the
compatibility of top mana gement, honesty of the supplier,
product range, relationship closeness, conflict resolution,
trust and v isibility, et c. (W eber and Current, 1993). Many
articles which emphasize the impact of just-in-time (JIT)
manufacturing strat egy on the s election activity h ave
been published.
There is another ap plication for supplier selection
called the weighted method (Akarte et al., 2001). The
model works with the factors on relevant weight and rates
the potential su ppliers with respect to we ighted factors
determined b y the proc urement department. The
decision-makers rate the expected performance of the
suppliers by each evaluation criterion under subjective
judgement. The supplier performance ratings are
multiplied by their respective import ance weights to the
yield. Finally, the ven dor with the highest summated
score is the superior choice. Yet, the model has the
disadvantage of assumption in ordinal scale as a cardinal
scale.
Muralidharan et al. (2002) propo sed a five-st ep AH P-
based model to ai d decision makers in rating a nd
selecting suppliers with respec t to nine evaluating
criteria. People from different functions of the com pany,
such as purchasing, stores, and quality control, were
involved in the selection process.
Chan (2003) developed an interactive selection model
with AHP to facilitate decision makers in selecting
suppliers. The model was so-c alled b ecause it
incorporated a method called chain of interaction, which
was deployed t o determine the relative importance of
evaluating criteria without sub jective human judgment.
AHP was only applied to generate the overa ll score for
alternative suppliers based on the rel ative importance
ratings.
Chan and Chan (2004) applied AHP to evaluate and
select suppliers. The AHP hierarchy consists of six
evaluating criteria and 20 sub-f actors, of which the
relative importance ratings were computed based on the
customer requirements.
Liu and Hai (2005) applied AHP to ev aluate and select
suppliers. Similar to Chan and Chan (2003), the authors
did not apply the AHP’s pairwise comparison to
determine the relative im portance ratings among the
criteria and sub-factors. Instead, the authors used
Noguchi’s voting and ranking method, which allowed
every manager to vote or to determine the order of
criteria instead of the weights (Thanaraksakul and
Phruksaphanrat, 2009).
Chan et al. (2007) dev eloped an AHP-based decision
making approach to s olve the supplier s election proble m.
Potential suppliers were evaluate d based on 14 criteria. A
sensitivity analysis us ing Expert Choice was performed to
examine the response of al ternatives when t he relative
importance rating of each criterion was c hanged.
Hou and Su (2007) developed an AHP-based decision
support system for the supplier selection problem in a
mass customization enviro nment. Factors from external
and internal influences were considered to meet the
needs of markets within the global c hanging environment.
AHP model
Multi cr iteria d ecision-making (MCDM) is a modelin g and
methodological tool for dealing with the complex
engineering problems. Multi-at tribute decision-making
(MADM) is the most well known branch of decision-
making. It is a branch of a general class of operations
research models that deal w ith the decision-making
problems under the presence of a number of decision
making criteria. The MADM ap proach requires the
selection to be made amon g decision alternatives
described by their attributes. MADM problems are
assumed t o have predetermined, and limited numb er of
decision alternatives. Solving a MADM problem involves
sorting and ranking.
The AHP is a w ell-known method for solving decision-
making p roblems. AHP is one of the most widely used
multi-attribute decision-making (MADM) methods. In this
Rouyendegh and Erkan 1457
Table 1. The 1-9 scale for AHP.
Importance intensity Definition Explanation
1 Equal mportance Two activities contribute equally to the objective
3 Moderate importance of one over
another Experience and judgement slightly favor one over another
5 Strong importance of one over another Experience and judgment strongly favor one over another
7 Very strong importance of one over
another Activity is strongly favored and its dominance is
demonstrated in practice
9 Extreme importance of one over another Importance of one over another affirmed on the highest
possible order
2, 4, 6, 8 Intermediate values Used to represent compromise between the priorities listed
above
Table 2. Outlined criteria.
Criteria Definition
Cost Defined as the summation of net price after discount (if any) for purchased materials by the manager of
department.
Quality Includes the material terms of use suitability, use time and duration.
Can be determined considering these sub-criteria.
Payment flexibility
(P.F.)
The company attaches the importance to the payment in terms of delay or installment.
These are preferred more if available.
Delivery
Important especially for time based companies.
Defined sum of time required for the necessary materials and how many days or hours it takes to supply these
materials.
Variety
Sometimes the requirements can be changed up to daily conditions, therefore suppliers are able to provide
changing demands.
Quality Includes the material terms of use suitability, use time and duration.
Can be determined considering these sub-criteria.
method, the decision-maker (DM) performs pair-wise
comparisons, and, the pair-wise comparison matrix and
the eigenvector are derived to specify the weights of eac h
parameter in the problem. The weights guide the DM in
choosing the superior alternative.
The AHP has a s pecial concern with departure from
consistency and the measurement of t his depart ure, and
with dependence within, and between, the groups of
elements of its structure; it has f ound its widest
applications in multi-criteria decision-making in planning
and resource alloc ation, and in co nflict resolution. In its
general f orm, t he AHP is a non-linear f ramework for
carrying out both deductive and inductive thinking without
the use of syllogisms. This is made possible by taking
several factors into considerat ion simult aneously,
allowing for dependence and for f eedback and m aking
numerical trade-of fs to arrive at a synthesis or
conclusion. Scale of measurement for AHP which is
proposed by Saaty (1980) is shown in Table 1.
APPLYING THE METHODOLOGY: AN ILLUSTRATIVE
PROBLEM
Data and sample
In this study, the real data sets which are sourced f rom the
University Procurement Department are used. According to the
outcomes of the meetings handled with the managers, employees
of the procurement department, and experts of procurement, 4
main topics, under which more purchasing are d one, were
determined as stationary, hygiene, equipment and computers. The
managerial board of department is to choose the best supplier
between 3 supp liers of stationary , hygiene and c omputers, and 2
suppliers of equipment accor ding to the criteria outlined in
Table 2. W hile investigating the suppliers under these criteria, the
suppliers which belong to sa me topic are compared with each
1458 Afr. J. Bus. Manage.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the proposed model for case study
Figure 2 . Decomposition of the problem into a hierarchy.
other by using Scale of measurement for AHP. Schematic diagram
of the proposed model for case study is shown in Figure 1, and
also, a hierarchical categorization of the problem is shown in Figure
2. Comparison of criteria is outlined for procurement of computer in
Table 3. The c omparison of the 3 suppliers, which are named as A,
B, C under the criteria for p rocurement of computer by using AHP
method whereas, are ou tlined in Ta ble 4. As seen in Table 4, for
computer procurement, supplier A (0.5539) is preferred.
The comparison of criteria is outlined f or procurement of
equipment in Table 5. While the comparison of the other 2
suppliers, which are named as A and B u nder criteria for
procurement of equipment by using the AHP method, the results
are outlined in T able 6. According to the results in Table 6, sup plier
A (0.7071) is preferred for procurement of equipment.
The comparison of criteria is outlined for the procurement of
stationary in Table 7. For the third topic procurement of stationary,
when the suppliers named A, B, C are compared under the criteria
No
Yes
Is the Result
Satisfactory?
Collect Data
Define
Criteria
Apply AHP
Method
Final Decision
and give
suggestion
Start
Supplier
Cost
Quality
Flexibility
Delivery
Variety
A
B
C
Rouyendegh and Erkan 1459
Table 3. Comparison of criteria for procurement of computer.
Criteria Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Cost 0.38 0.38 0.40 0.37 0.25
Quality 0. 38 0.38 0.40 0.37 0.25
P.F 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.21 0.20
Delivery 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.25
Variety 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.01 0.05
Cost
A
B
C
Priority vector
A 0.65 0.56 0.69 0.63
B 0.13 0.11 0.08 0.11
C 0.22 0.33 0.23 0.26
Quality A B C Priority vector
A 0.75 0.64 0.79 0.72
B 0.11 0.09 0.05 0.08
C 0.15 0.27 0.16 0.19
P.F A B C Priority vector
A
0.16
0.15
0.23
0.18
B 0.79 0.76 0.69 0.75
C 0.05 0.08 0.08 0.07
Delivery A B C Priority vector
A 0.08 0.05 0.10 0.07
B 0.38 0.24 0.23 0.28
C 0.54 0.71 0.68 0.64
Variety A B C Priority vector
0.10
0.09
0.08
0.09
C 0.23 0.27 0.23 0.24
Table 4. Comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of computer according to criteria.
Criteria Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Weights 0.36
0.36
0.16
0.08
0.05
Distributive Mode
A 0.63 0.72
0.18
0.07
0.67
0.5539
B 0.11 0.08
0.75
0.28
C 0.26 0.19
0.07
0.64
0.24
0.2364
As seen in Table 4, for computer procurement suppl ier A (0.5539) is preferred.
Table 5. Comparison of criteria for procurement of equipment.
Equipment Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Cost 0.21 0.16 0.31 0.30 0.44
Quality 0.64 0 .48 0.52 0 .30 0.19
P.F 0.07 0 .10 0.10 0 .30 0.19
Delivery 0.04 0 .10 0.02 0 .06 0.13
Variety 0.03 0.16 0.03 0.03 0.06
1460 Afr. J. Bus. Manage.
Table 5. Contd.
Cost A B Priority vector
A 0.83 0.83 0.83
B 0.17 0.17 0.17
Quality A B Priority vector
A 0.88 0.88 0.88
B 0.12 0.12 0.12
P.F A B Priority vector
B 0.83 0.83 0.83
Delivery A B Priority vector
A 0.25 0.25 0.25
B 0.75 0.75 0.75
Variety A B Priority vector
A 0.75 0.75 0.75
B 0.25 0.25 0.25
Table 6. Comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of equipment according to criteria.
Criteria Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Weights 0.29
0.43
0.15
0.07
0.06
Distributive
A 0.83 0.88
0.17
0.25
0.75
0.7071
B 0.17 0.13
0.25
0.2972
Table 7. Comparison of criteria for procurement of stationary.
Stationary Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Cost 0.35 0.35 0.40 0.35 0.16
Quality 0.35 0.35 0 .40 0.35 0.16
P.F 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.21 0.26
Delivery 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.37
Variety 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.05
Cost A B C Priority vector
A 0.546 0 .71 0.25 0.502
B 0.182 0 .23 0.62 5 0.345
C 0.273 0.047 0.125 0.148
Quality A B C Priority vector
A 0.677 0.635 0.692 0.688
B 0.096 0 .09 0.07 6 0.087
C 0.225 0.272 0.23 0.242
P.F A B C Priority vector
A 0.235 0.2 0.5 0.312
B 0.705 0.602 0.375 0.56
C 0.058 0.2 0.125 0.127
Delivery A B C Priority vector
A 0.652 0 .66 0.62 5 0.645
B 0.217 0.222 0.25 0.229
C 0.13 0.111 0.125 0.122
Rouyendegh and Erkan 1461
Table 7. Contd.
Variety A B C Priority vector
A 0.238 0.714 0.143 0.365
B 0.047 0.142 0.429 0206
C 0.714 0.142 0.429 0.428
Table 8. Comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of stationary according to criteria.
Criteria Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Weights 0.32 0.32 0.17 0.12 0.06
Distributive Mode
A 0 .502 0.688 0. 3116 0. 645 0.365 0.53307
B 0 .345 0.087 0.56 0.229 0.206 0.27328
C 0 .148 0.242 0.127 0.122 0.428 0.18671
Hygiene Cost Quality P.F Delivery Variety
Cost 0.47 0.67 0.32 0.39 0.14
Qualıty 0.16 0.22 0.54 0.30 0.43
P.F. 0.16 0.04 0.11 0.22 0.33
Delivery 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.05
Variety 0.16 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.05
Table 9. Comparison of criteria for procurement of hygiene.
Cost
A
B
C
Priority vector
A 0.588 0.789 0.33 0.569
B
0.117
0.157
0.5
0.258
C 0.294 0.052 0.166 0.1 7
Quality A B C Priorit y vector
A 0.546 0.428 0.6 0.524
B 0.182 0.142 0.099 0.141
C 0.273 0.428 0.3 0.333
P.F. A B C Priority vector
A 0.588 0.333 0.789 0.5 7
B 0.294 0.166 0.052 0.1 7
C 0.117 0 .5 0.157 0.258
Delivery A B C Priority vector
A 0.166 0.215 0.076 0.152
B 0.5 0.653 0.769 0.64
C 0.333 0.1307 0.153 0.205
Variety A B C Priority vector
A 0.153 0 .5 0.227 0.293
B 0.076 0.25 0.454 0.26
C 0.769 0.25 0.454 0.491
by the AHP method, the results are shown in Table 8. The results in
Table 8 show that supplier A (0.533) is preferred for procurement of
stationary. Comparison of criteria is outlined for the procurement of
hygiene in Table 9. For the last Stopic hygiene, made by use of
the AHP method, the result of the comparison of 3 alternative
suppliers named A, B, C is outlined in Table 10. The results in
Table 10 show that supplier A (0.5210) is preferred for the
procurement of hygiene.
1462 Afr. J. Bus. Manage.
Table 10. The comparison matrix of the suppliers for procurement of hygiene according to criteria.
Criteria Cost Qua lity P.F Delivery Variety Score
Weights 0.4 0.33 0.17 0.04 0.06
A 0.569 0.524 0.57 0.152 0.293 0.52108
B 0.258 0.141 0.17 0.64 0.26 0.21983
C 0 .17 0.333 0.258 0.205 0.491 0.25941
Conclusıon
This study proposes AHP as a variable process in the
evaluation and selection of suppliers. The decision
criteria are cost, quality, d elivery, flexibility and variety.
and methods. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 50(1): 2–18.
Weber CA Current JR (1993). A multi objective approach to vendor
selection. Eur. J. Oper. Res., 68: 173-184.
... In the study, it is seen that the quality criterion has the highest degree of weight in the selection of suppliers in the marble sector (This finding overlaps with the studies of
Rouyendegh and Erkan, 2012;
Davras and Karaatlı, 2014;Rouyendehg and Saputro, 2014;Kar and Pani, 2014;Özbek, 2016). This result shows that the most considered criterion in the supplier selection of the marble industry is "quality". ...
... The results obtained from the study are similar to the studies in the literature
(Rouyendegh and Erkan, 2012;
Davras and Karaatlı, 2014;Rouyendehg and Saputro, 2014;Kar and Pani, 2014;Özbek, 2016). ...
... It seems that the importance of the quality criterion causes some criteria (such as service, communication, delivery speed) to be less important. Also, it is seen that the criterion of "quality" is widely used in the literature and is included in studies as the most effective criterion
(Rouyendegh and Erkan, 2012;
Davras and Karaatlı, 2014;Rouyendehg and Saputro, 2014;Kar and Pani, 2014;Özbek, 2016). However, it was determined that "Reliability" was the second most important criterion. ...
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Supplier selection is one of the most important steps of supply chain management and also it is a strategic decision for the business. The ability of businesses to carry out their activities successfully is directly related to the their suppliers’ efficiency. Properly selected suppliers make a significant contribution to the competitive capacity of enterprises. Multi-criteria decision-making methods are used extensively in the right supplier selection. In this study, interviews were conducted with the purchasing managers of five companies operating in the sector in order to determine the criteria and importance levels in the selection of suppliers in the marble sector. Marble sector is very important for Afyonkarahisar and makes significant contributions to the economy of the region and the country. During the interviews, information about the sector was obtained and the criteria that play a role in supplier selection were evaluated. The analysis of the evaluations was carried out with the DEMATEL method, which is one of the MCDM methods. According to the results, it was seen that the criterion with the highest weight value was quality, followed by reliability and delivery speed, respectively.
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[26]
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[7]
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Bellah Almo'men
Rajaa Hayajneh
In this study, we examined the impact of the Corona pandemic on customer satisfaction with telecommunications companies in Jordan, it was found that there is a close relationship between the presence of corona and the extent of customer satisfaction with the service provided. It has been found that the most influencing factors on the quality of service for telephone subscriptions are if the company supported the customers with free internet package and if there are any problems in the internet speeds, for internet subscription we have three significant factors that effected on satisfaction for customers, the factors are if there is a problem with internet and the ability of a company to solve technical problems company and if there is a problem communicating with customer service the resulting from Analytical Hierarchy Process shows that Umniah company is the best company in providing services during corona pandemic relatively to the criteria that affected customer satisfaction, the second company orange and the third one is Zain company.
... In the study, 20 suppliers were evaluated according to price, range of supply, lead time, quality, performance, flexibility, locations, and delivery criterion.
Rouyendegh and Erkan (2012)
were used the AHP to determine the best suppliers that are providing equipment to a university in Turkey. In the study, 3 suppliers were evaluated according to cost, quality, delivery and flexibility criterion. ...
Supplier Selection in Food Industry Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) Method
Chapter
Full-text available
Oct 2022
Yusuf Ersoy
The human population has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most basic needs of people
is food. Many countries around the world invest in the food industry. Climate change, population growth,
urbanization, natural disasters, and agricultural efficiency are important factors affecting food production.
Companies must constantly control their production, marketing, and supply chain process depending
on the rapidly changing competitive conditions. Supply chain management is an important process
for companies to be successful and ensure their continuity in the food industry, as in many industries.
Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method is widely used in supplier evaluation. In this study, it was
aimed to determine the best supplier of food production company using the AHP method. In the study,
three different suppliers were evaluated according to five different criteria by taking the opinions of four
... AHP was originally developed by Thomas L., Saaty in the 1970s and has been used in various fields to make decisions. A multicriteria analysis for supplier selection in a university using AHP was performed by
[5]
. The selection was conducted based on flexibility, delivery, variety, quality and cost. ...
Selection of Educational Software Tools based on AHP and TOPSIS-Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), School Management Software (SMS), Multicriteria Decision Making (MCDM)
Article
Full-text available
Jul 2022
Aliu Folasade
Kehinde K Agbele
Several software packages are available for the smooth-running of an educational system. However, making the choice for most-appropriate software can be very tasking. This may require the meeting of the school's management team to take quality decisions based on some given criteria. As a result, conflicts may arise if standard multicriteria decision methods are not applied in the selection process. This current research focuses on the application of AHP and TOPSIS methods to select the most relevant software among three options for use in a high school. Five members of the management team evaluated the various criteria and conducted pair-wise comparisons to determine the weights using AHP. The choices were further ranked based on the TOPSIS method. The result showed SMS C as the best choice for the school, with a TOPSIS ranking score of 0.730044.
... Consequences of this investigation demonstrate that the four predominant models are responsibility of senior administration to GSCM; item plans that decrease, reuse, reuse, or recover materials, segments, or energy; consistence with lawful ecological necessities and evaluating projects; and item plans that evade or lessen poisonous or unsafe material use. In
[19]
author coordinated fluffy MCDM and a multi-target programming model for provider determination in a green production network. The goal of their model is to at the same time expand the complete benefit of buying and to limit the all out cost of buying. ...
Multi-Criteria Decision Making For Environmental Monitoring Applications Using Fuzzy Optimization Algorithm
Article
Full-text available
Jan 2021
Naseef Mohammad
Majd S Ahmed
Abbas Al Salih
The current examination centres around making decision is perhaps the most crucial exercises of the individual. In our day by day life all are dealing with issues where we need to choose which of the accessible moves to make. Decision hypothesis recommends the investigation of how decisions are really made and how they can be improved to be executed all the more effectively. So decision making itself is comprehensively characterized to remember any decision or determination of options for some fields in both "Delicate" sociologies and the "Hard" common and designing sciences. A significant part of the canter is nearby administration sciences with key significance for capacities, for example, stock control, ventures, individual activities, new items advancement, distribution/task issues and some more. In the new past it has become increasingly clearer that contrasting various methods of activity so far allure, passing judgment on the appropriateness of items or deciding ideal arrangement in decision making issue should be possible by multi models decision making, which prompts various assessment plans in numerical programming. Comprehensively the two perspectives MODM and MADM of multi standards decision investigation manage two kinds of issues the nonstop decision spaces on numerical programming with a few target capacities and discrete spaces.
Supplier Selection Analysis Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) –Case Study: Confectionery Industry
Conference Paper
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228437979_Selecting_the_best_supplier_using_analytic_hierarchy_process_AHP_method |
JFK Assassination Records - 2022 Additional Documents Release | National Archives
Have a question about JFK Assassination Records? Ask it on HistoryHub! The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is processing previously withheld John F. Kennedy assassination-related records to comply with President Joe Biden’s Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in
JFK Assassination Records - 2022 Additional Documents Release
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is processing previously withheld John F. Kennedy assassination-related records to comply with President Joe Biden’sMemorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies on the Temporary Certification Regarding Disclosure of Information in Certain Records Related to the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy, requiring disclosure of releasable records by December 15, 2022. The National Archives has posted records online to comply with these requirements.
Accessing the Release Files
The table below displays metadata about all the released documents. You can alsodownload the spreadsheet as an Excel file(1.4 MB).
JFK Table
Row Num Record Num NARA Release Date Formerly Withheld Doc Date Doc Type File Num To Name From Name Title Num Pages Originator Record Series Review Date Comments Pages Released
Row Num Record Num NARA Release Date Formerly Withheld Doc Date Doc Type File Num To Name From Name Title Num Pages Originator Record Series Review Date Comments Pages Released
11052 104-10177-10217 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON MORALES NAVARETTE, RICARDO. 47 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F11 : 1998.03.07.08:48:35:763107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 47
11053 104-10177-10219 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON MATLACK, DOROTHE K. (MRS.). 20 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F2 : 1998.03.07.10:45:17:233107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 20
11054 104-10177-10220 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON MCLENDON, GORDON BARTON. 18 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F3 : 1998.03.07.10:49:01:403107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 18
11055 104-10177-10221 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE MCVICKAR, JOHN A. 44 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F4 : 1998.03.07.10:55:06:483107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 44
11056 104-10177-10224 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON OBYEDKOV, IVAN DMITRIYEVICH. 48 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F22 : 1998.03.07.11:53:30:780107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 48
11057 104-10177-10225 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ODIO, EUNICE. 20 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F23 : 1998.03.07.11:57:03:233107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 20
11058 104-10177-10226 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON MORALES NAVARETTE, RICARDO. 125 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.10:17:18:216092 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 129
11059 104-10177-10229 12/15/2022 Redact 11/26/1976 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A DIRECTOR CABLE - LOCAL PRESS FOR SEVERAL DAYS HAS CARRIED VARIOUS VERSIONS OF STATEMENTS BY HERNAN RICARDO'S DEFENSE LAWYER. 3 CIA JFK 10/14/2022 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.11:20:53:826092 : 3
11060 104-10177-10230 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A DRAFT CABLE BIO OF RICARDO MORALES NAVARETTE. 1 CIA JFK 11/17/2022 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.13:25:01:340092 : 1
11061 104-10177-10233 12/15/2022 Redact 10/23/1976 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A DIRECTOR CABLE - AMBASSADOR HAS BEEN APPRISED OF TAYLOR BRANCH STORY IN 23 OCT ISSUE OF MIAMI NEWS. 2 CIA JFK 08/22/2022 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.13:39:01:043092 : 2
11062 104-10177-10234 12/15/2022 Redact 10/08/1976 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A DIRECTOR CABLE RE RICARDO MORALES NAVARRETE, NATURALIZED VENEZUELAN CITIZEN. 1 CIA JFK 11/21/2022 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.13:48:02:436092 : 1
11063 104-10177-10238 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A BIO DATA ON MORALES. 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.14:45:10:356092 : UPDATED REDACTION, 27 MAY 1999 1
11064 104-10177-10241 12/15/2022 Redact 03/12/1968 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A DIRECTOR REQUESTS TRACES RICARDO MORALES NAVARETTE. 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.09.15:15:23:513092 : 1
11065 104-10177-10248 12/15/2022 Redact 04/27/1964 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A PERSONAL RECORD QUESTIONNAIRE PART II - OPS INFORMATION. 5 CIA JFK 12/07/2022 JFK64-13 : F10 : 1998.03.10.14:33:59:983092 : 5
11066 104-10177-10444 12/15/2022 Redact 12/02/1963 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A MEMO - (IN DUTCH) BETREFT: UITLATING SANTOS MESA 1 CIA JFK 11/22/2022 JFK64-13 : F26 : 1998.07.24.17:07:11:293115 : THIS DOC IS ONE OF ATTACHMENTS TO ONHA-27391 WHICH WAS PROCESSED BY ARRB IN 104-10018-10070. THIS IS A DUP. 1
11067 104-10178-10000 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A POSADA, LUIS CLEMENTE 310 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F10 : 1998.02.19.10:38:52:966082 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 310
11068 104-10178-10001 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A POSADA, LUIS CLEMENTE 228 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F11 : 1998.02.19.10:44:07:106082 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 228
11069 104-10178-10002 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A POSADA, LUIS CLEMENTE. 92 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F12 : 1998.02.19.10:48:08:890082 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 92
11070 104-10178-10016 12/15/2022 Redact 02/04/1955 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CABLE-JOSEPH HENRI VINCEST. 1 CIA JFK 03/09/2022 JFK64-14 : F15 : 1998.03.04.16:52:46:840107 : 1
11071 104-10178-10049 12/15/2022 Redact 09/20/1966 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A PAPER RE: AMCLEVE/15 APPLICATION TO PURCHASE A HOUSE 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F8 : 1998.03.04.21:16:07:560115 : 1
11072 104-10178-10067 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A LIST OF NAMES 1 CIA JFK 07/04/2022 JFK64-14 : F8 : 1998.03.05.20:15:13:700115 : 1
11073 104-10178-10072 12/15/2022 Redact 05/17/1959 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A MEMO TO COMMISSIONER OF NARCOTICS CHINESE COMMUNIST NARCOTICS. 3 CIA JFK 09/02/2021 JFK64-14 : F15 : 1998.03.07.08:20:48:590108 : 3
11075 104-10178-10096 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON POSADA, LUIS CLEMENTE. 35 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F8 : 1998.03.07.09:36:25:716107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 35
11076 104-10178-10105 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ANTILLIO RAMIREZ ORTIZ. 6 CIA JFK 11/21/2022 JFK64-14 : F18 : 1998.03.07.10:33:31:403107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 6
11077 104-10178-10154 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A FOLDER ON POSADA, LUIS CLEMENTE 246 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F9 : 1998.03.10.08:32:25:763021 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 246
11078 104-10178-10161 12/15/2022 Redact 12/21/1974 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A REVIEW OF 201 FILE ON U.S. CITIZEN (RAIKIN). 1 CIA JFK 11/21/2022 JFK64-14 : F17 : 1998.03.12.15:49:15:653107 : 1
11079 104-10178-10162 12/15/2022 Redact 01/24/1956 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A INFORMATION CARD ON RAIKIN, SPAS TODOROV. 1 CIA JFK 10/14/2022 JFK64-14 : F17 : 1998.03.12.15:51:16:186107 : 1
11080 104-10178-10169 12/15/2022 Redact 08/07/1951 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A SOVIET COLONEL IN MINISTRY OF INTERIOR. 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F17 : 1998.03.12.16:11:17:810107 : 1
11081 104-10178-10173 12/15/2022 Redact 08/16/1960 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A PERSONALITY (201) FILE REQUEST-RAIKIN. 1 CIA JFK 11/21/2022 JFK64-14 : F17 : 1998.03.12.16:22:42:640107 : 1
11082 104-10178-10176 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A INFORMATION SHEETS ON MOOS AND MOSS. 9 CIA JFK 11/17/2022 JFK64-14 : F24 : 1998.03.14.10:19:59:920107 : 9
11083 104-10178-10334 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON REINALDO PICO. 106 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-14 : F4 : 1998.08.28.11:25:09:280082 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 106
11084 104-10179-10048 12/15/2022 Redact 12/01/1960 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A RAY AND BARQUIN'S PLAN TO LIBERATE THE ISLE OF PINES IS OUTLINED IN ATTACHED COPY OF MASH-1763. 1 CIA JFK 11/28/2022 JFK64-15 : F4 : 1998.03.14.09:17:17:576107 : 1
11085 104-10179-10099 12/15/2022 Redact 04/01/1961 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A MEMO, FANATISM WHICH HAS ONLY BE KNOWN TO ME TO EXIST IN COMMUNISTS. 6 CIA JFK 06/21/2022 JFK64-15 : F6 : 1998.03.17.14:13:42:466108 : 6
11086 104-10179-10151 12/15/2022 Redact 08/10/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A REPORT VISIT WITH MANUEL RAY AND CARLOS DIAGO IN PUERTO RICO DURING THE FIRST WEEK OF JUNE, 1962. 5 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-15 : F8 : 1998.03.21.06:50:20:373107 : 5
11087 104-10179-10158 12/15/2022 Redact 02/12/1964 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A INTELLIGENCE INFORMATION CABLE-PLANS OF THE JUNTA REVOLUTIONARY CUBANA (JURE) TO LAND EXPEDITIONS IN CUBA BEFORE END OF MARCH 1964. 3 CIA JFK 05/09/2022 JFK64-15 : F13 : 20040303-1053823 : 3
11088 104-10179-10173 12/15/2022 Redact 09/05/1963 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A RECEIPT FOR $21.73 FROM RODRIGUEZ, A. 1 CIA JFK 04/04/2022 JFK64-15 : F11 : 1998.03.21.09:47:27:263107 : 1
11089 104-10179-10186 12/15/2022 Redact 04/14/1964 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CONFIDENTIAL FUNDS POSTING VOUCHER 1 CIA JFK 11/21/2022 JFK64-15 : F14 : 1998.03.23.17:42:33:826115 : 1
11090 104-10179-10222 12/15/2022 Redact 06/09/1964 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A WITHHELD 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-15 : F16 : 20040303-1053831 : 1
11091 104-10179-10224 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/1964 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A 'HMS DECOY' 1 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-15 : F16 : 20040303-1053832 : 1
11092 104-10179-10239 12/15/2022 Redact 10/31/1963 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A SOURCE: AMRAZZ-1 REPORTING RECEIVED 28 OCTOBER FROM 1 CIA JFK 07/04/2022 JFK64-15 : F12 : 1998.03.28.18:41:07:653115 : 1
11093 104-10179-10255 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. 1 CIA JFK 10/14/2022 JFK64-15 : F15 : 1998.03.28.19:15:58:076102 : 1
11094 104-10180-10010 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A REGGAB, MOHAMMED. 23 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F8 : 1998.03.10.15:14:05:450082 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 24
11095 104-10180-10023 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ROTHMAN, NORMAN. 9 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F21 : 1998.03.14.07:59:30:293107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 9
11096 104-10180-10037 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON RAY, MANUEL. 7 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F6 : 1998.03.14.11:19:53:780107 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR) 7
11098 104-10180-10042 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ROGELIO RODRIGUEZ LOPEZ. 179 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F14 : 1998.03.17.09:03:24:170108 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 178
11099 104-10180-10044 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ROGELIO RODRIGUEZ LOPEZ. 207 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F15 : 1998.03.17.09:15:05:090108 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 225
11100 104-10180-10050 12/15/2022 Redact 01/01/0000 [ PDF ] PAPER - TEXTUAL DOCUMENT 80T01357A CIA FILE ON ROGELIO RODRIGUEZ LOPEZ. 155 CIA JFK 05/07/2021 JFK64-16 : F16 : 1998.03.17.11:37:39:200108 : NOT BELIEVED RELEVANT (NBR). 155
| https://www.archives.gov/research/jfk/release2022?order=From%20Name&page=221&sort=desc |
Delta Queen bell - Message Boards
all issues and initiatives concerning the future of the DELTA QUEEN
Delta Queen bell
Delta Queen bell
We do daily guided historical tours of the Delta Queen and we love showing off the DQ bell, but I'm stalled in my research. Any leads on tracking down who Capt. Tom Greene got the bell from or ideas on tracing its history?
Story I heard, and I bet Judy or someone could clarify, was that Tom Greene went to someone who had a collection of bells for sale on a trailer. In St. Louis maybe? They had them all lined up on the trailer and told Greene to pick one, and he chose the biggest. Then they responded by..."pick any bell but that one, its not for sale." So set on this particular bell, a trade agreement was made for some stuff the Greene's had in exchange for the bell, which today is still on the Delta Queen. As to what was actually traded, I'm not sure if anyone knows. Got that from a certain Riverlorian long time ago.
The bell is reputed to contain one hundred Mexican silver dollars in the alloy, for a "sweet" tone.
Keith has the correct story as usual. One small exception is that it was on the towboat TOM COOK after the Hubbard. That Riverlorian with the St. Louis tale must have lingered to long at the local pub.
Quick to the trigger!!! While the Don Deming ilk might have embellished, you can't say the speed of those who prefer facts has diminished. WOW! While I was finding and scanning my DQ bell pix, both Keith and Bill got postings on before me. And I too missed the COOK, as Doc didn't mention it. By the way, the pix I posted was taken on my very first DQ trip Aug. 21, 1973. The bell has always been a great place to pose for pictures - but don't sit on its frame if a contrary ornery stinker like Rip Ware is between the sticks - voice of experience!
I believe Doc Hawley mentions, during his DQ lecture, that Mark Twain was known to have ridden on the City of St. Lious, so we can say we're the only extant steamboat whose whistle Mark Twain heard. Bill, you might want to call Buford, I seem to remember that one day while Mate he got tired of the dull condition of the bell and shined it beautifully using KETCHUP and a buffing wheel. That might just be a sea story or maybe I'd been at UTH all day, but I think I watched him doing it.
Cap'n Bill, TOM COOK, or JOE COOK? This is fascinating for me to hear because several years ago I restored the whistle that the JWH finished with which was a triple lunkenheimer, a dead ringer for the whistle on the NATCHEZ. This whistle was reportedly on the JOE COOK before it blew it's boilers and then came to the HUBBARD. There's also a connection between these two boats in regards to wearing the famous QUEEN CITY'S whistle at various times during their careers. The HUBBARD wore atleast 3 different whistles during her career, a two barrel (which I have a copy of), The QUEEN CITY's whistle and finally the 3 chime lunk now in the collection of ED Bosworth who's Dad may have sold Tom Greene that bell? Ah how these boat parts we so interchangeable.
Am I the only one getting confused here? The bell is from the QUEEN CITY (and other boats before her). The whistle is the original Lunkenheimer. Mark Twain may have heard that bell, but he never heard the DQ's whistle.
Keith, it was Buford and his deck crew who shined the bell, but I think they used copious amounts of Brasso. It was on our DQ crew reunion trip from St. Louis to Cinci. in 1997.
I'm with ya Bob! I think somewhere we strayed, but did we mean to? I assume all this lineage goes with the bell. You did answer a question I wanted confirmation to though..that IS the original whistle from CA? Any ideas on the King's whistle? Probably disappeared in Kitimat, or when the engines were removed and put in storage. Anyone know?...probably should start a new thread so as not to further confuse this one! ;-)
Sorry Cap'n Bob, As is the case with most threads on here I went out on a completely different limb with my story about restoring the whistle that came from the JWH. It is interesting to note that perhaps if the DQ's bell was purchased off the HUBBARD while laid up so that perhaps Cap'n Tom might have looked at the triple chime lunkenheimer that was on the HUBBARD and the DQ and the Natchez would have shared similar sounds at least from 1975 until last year. So I guess the question now is who did Cap'n Tom buy the bell from if it was in 1947? When did the EX HUBBARD (CHARLES DORRANCE) quit running? Seems like it was well after 1947 as she didn't open as the FINK until what 68? So was it bought before Bob Bosworth got the DORRANCE? My towboat directory is not handy.
Aaron: It was my mistake, it was the JOE COOK. That's what happens when your mind is trying to do history, but is stuck in present time. Madison Coal has a diesel towboat the Tom Cook and that's what popped into my writings. Good job on your part, keep the old man straight.
| https://www.steamboats.org/forum/forum/save-the-delta-queen/2913-delta-queen-bell |
Here's How to Navigate Chicago's White Hot Food Scene | Bon Appétit
Sorry, Los Angeles, but this is the best restaurant city in America right now.
Here's How to Navigate Chicago's White Hot Food Scene
Sorry, Los Angeles, but this is the best restaurant city in America right now.
You may think it’s all steakhouses and encased meats here, but there’s a reason theJames Beard Foundationmoved its awards show toChicagoin 2015: The city’s chefs are some of the nation’s most creative and their restaurants are downright satisfying, whether you're balling out on the riotous good time atRoister, having the best burger of your life alongside a chilled-to-perfection negroni atAu Cheval, or the greatest spicy tuna roll this side of Tsukiji atKatsu. And this being the Midwest, everyone working in hospitality is actually, you know, hospitable (it doesn't matter if you’re spending a small fortune or just popping by for a bite, either). Which is the real charm of eating here now: You can build an entire weekend out of cheap eats, you can go full tilt, or you can do a little of each—like we did with our hit list of where to go right now.
1. Giant
“We promise to make simple, delicious (slightly cheffy) food for people to eat,” Giant declares on its sunny yellow-and-white website. Step into the tiny 46-seat space in buzzy Logan Square and you’ll find that chef-owner Jason Vincent and his team (Ben Lustbader, a former chef ofLula Café,Publican Quality Meats, andNightwood, and Josh Perlman, ofAvec) more than deliver. Opened in 2016, Vincent’s return to the top of the Chicago dining scene (after a two year sabbatical) comes as no surprise, but the kitchen’s exciting, approachable fare is a quiet riot of familiarity coupled with big flavor. Don’t expect one style of food coming from the pair—Vincent and Lustbader playfully, expertly execute techniques across all genres, from crowd-favorite “sortallini,” an envelope-shaped tongue-in-cheek play on tortellini with guanciale and pine nuts tossed in a bright tomato-basil sauce, to a plate of baby back ribs. Pecan-wood-smoked, these ribs look like anything you’d get from a regular rib joint, humble and almost primal, but they are toothsome and deeply flavorful, the earthy smoke balanced by the sweet slick of barbecue glaze. As beverage director, Perlman maintains a tight global-facing wine list, with an emphasis on food friendly quaffers like the 2015 Pinot Noir rosé fromScribe, or a zesty, slightly-fizzy Txakolina byAmeztoifrom Spain’s Basque region.
The Duck Inn
2. The Duck Inn
Restaurateur Billy Dec may be behind some of the city’s most boisterous, and bro-y spots—Rockit Bar & GrillandSundaamong them—but at comfortable Bridgeport restaurant, The Duck Inn, it’s all about chef Kevin Hickey. The signature dish is the rotisserie duck for two, and this beingWhite Soxterritory, there’s a Chicago-style dog: a blistered beef-and-duck fat frankfurter “dragged through the garden,” meaning it’s topped with pickled jalapeño, Calabrian chili, house pickle and cheese sauce. As Hickey takes time for other projects—namely, a Fellini-themed Italian cocktail spot, helmed by head bartender Brandon Phillips—new executive chef Kris Delee is set on bringing his own spin to what’s been dubbed “working class fine-dining.”
3. Monteverde
At Ruxbin, the boundless chef-owner, Edward Kim, turns out dishes fit for theArt Institute’s Modern Wing. Take a recent Salvador Dali–inspired tasting menu, inspired by a reprint of the artist's dream-like cookbook. Each dish was a plated version of works like Rose Meditative and The Accommodations of Desire, featuring ants, or frog leg "fused" to red snapper using transglutaminase, an enzyme. Kim, who spent time at Thomas Keller’sPer Se, combines meticulous French technique with confident, composed flavors inspired by his Korean upbringing, Chicago’s neighborhoods and a slew of other cultural touchpoints—on any given night, expect anything from kimchi sauerkraut to lox pastrami or butter-cloaked, roof-top raised radishes dipped in furikake.
5. Roister
Open kitchens have been a thing for a while. But at Roister, the newest and uncharacteristically raucous opening by Grant Achatz’s Alinea Group, those lucky enough to snag a seat at the three-sided counter facing a wall of flaming hearths are participants in a kind of dinner theater (the $95 tasting menu guarantees it). At a spot-lit butcher block table, cooks chop, baste and grill—their focus, frustration and back-patting on display while you eat (though the high-decibel music forces you to lip read). But the drama doesn’t risk outshining the food, a modern take on American comfort fare with hints of Asian flavors, pulled off with an earthiness that’s a far cry fromAlinea’s more formal canon. You wouldn’t go wrong to start with the smoked oysters doused in garlic butter and breadcrumbs—flavored with galangal and horseradish, grilled on a bed of applewood chips and smoked seaweed, then served in the pan moments after you’ve watched a cook sizzle it up before your eyes. The menu is unstructured enough that you can take a small-plates approach but share the sizable portions. There’s plenty to go around with the “whole chicken,” deconstructed into fried thighs, roasted breast, and chicken salad with sprigs of chamomile flowers and sunchoke sauce, or the seven-ounce A-5 Wagyu beef with sea-urchin butter served on a hot stone dish—so rich you’ll only want a slice or two. (In keeping with the vibe, the silverware at each setting is presented in a canvas pouch, tied off with a pair of wooden chopsticks.) Fair warning: The place is often packed, and even when you get a “ticket” through the company’sTockreservation system you may still have to wait for a spot. (If holding out for the counter’s not an option, you can go à la carte at the tables.) Fortunately there’s Achatz’s cocktail barThe Aviaryaround the corner, or—our advice—go for brunch. The two menus are pretty similar, and because the room—with its charcoal walls and sleekly stained woods—is so dark, you’ll feel more like an old fashioned than a mimosa anyway.
6. Parachute
There’s something about chef Beverly Kim’s underdog Korean-American 40-seater Parachute that makes you want to root for it. First, its location: North-Side nowhere (ok, 15-minutes by Uber fromWrigley Field, but still). Second, the chef herself cheerfully delivers spicy ddukbokkiand addicting pork belly mung bean pancakes with her snoozing infant in a Baby Bjorn strapped to her chest. And third, it’s the kind of place where you probably won’t be able to hear a word your date is saying across the communal table, but you will end up chatting about (and drooling over) the squid ink udon that’s delighting the duo next to you, and where all of the sudden—another carafe of rosado, stat!—a party begins.
7. The Publican
An unabashedly loud tavern in the heart of Chicago’s still-functioning meatpacking district, The Publican is all about “oysters, pork, and beer,” serving aged hams, rillettes, and a whole-hog-but-not-literally chef’s menu that’s like a butcher’s omakase fever dream. You’ll need to book ahead for a proper table, but there always seems to be space at one of the high-boys, where you can grab a trappist ale or aGoose IslandSofie to go with a cheese plate, some Massachusetts Wellfleets, or a pile of charcuterie. Good thing they’re not open for lunch, or we’d be there all day.
Alinea
8. Alinea
If you think you’re going to Alinea, one of America’s best restaurants, for dinner, then you’ve got it all wrong. Alinea, for all its delicious ingenuity, isn’t about food. It’s about theater. With chef Grant Achatz, sometimes there’s serious art going on—dehydrated scallop sheets that, broth-dowsed, transform into silky noodles—and sometimes it’s all play (witness: edible helium balloons). Choose the 16-course option and you may be asked to hold a plate in one hand to eat street-food style, or make libations in the kitchen. Those who don’t like to be singled out by the magician on stage should book the upper level tables for 10 to 12 courses. Those start at $175, before drinks, which, when you think about it, is a fair deal for dinner and a show.
9. Spacca Napoli
In a town known for its controversial deep-dish style of ‘za, Spacca Napoli in Chicago’s quiet Ravenswood neighborhood has been a champion of regional Italian fare and thin, tender discs of Neopolitan pizzas for more than a decade. Before opening the villa-themed restaurant, Jonathan Goldsmith—who previously worked in real estate—trained under Italian master pizzaiolos, imported Italian materials and hired Italian builders for his now-famous oven. The simple pies here are anything but boring, cooked expertly in the wood-fired inferno, yielding pies with soft, pleasing centers and crispy, charred edges. Toppings are just as simple, and numerous—a cloud of milky mozzarella di bufalinamelted atop sharp San Marzano tomatoes; a pungent puttanesca; a blizzard of six cheeses ( taleggio, ricottina, malga, gorgonzola dolce, ragusano, fior di latte). All served on Goldsmith’s meticulously crafted doughs, made daily withAntico Molino Caputo“00” flour, the way God intended.
10. Leña Brava
Chef Rick Bayless has been doing the regional Mexican thing since the 80’s, ensuring that mole needs no translation and that tortas compete with Big Macs at area airports. His new Leña Brava is in many ways a shallower dive, extolling the raw fish and charred meat cooking of the northern Baja Peninsula. But don’t let the apparent simplicity of the food fool you—the flavors are complex: bright aguachiles, Ensenada-transporting cóctelesand wood-roasted chicken so smoke-kissed you’ll want to, yes, order chicken out. Embrace the scarcity of reservations and grab a seat at the bar overlooking the tweezer-wielding raw bar chefs, or hold out for a table and settle in for a two-glass wait at the adjacent Cruz Blanca, Bayless’ first brewery.
11. Publican Anker
As cramped and buzzing as Wicker Park’s Six Corners area just outside,Publican AnkerisOne Off Hospitality’s latest entry in the neighborhood. Like its older siblingsBig StarandPublican, Publican Anker was engineered for conviviality, inspired by Chicago’s 19th century German-owned saloons and taverns. The straightforward pub food seems to have no rhyme or reason, but the menu still invites tucking in and sharing, if you’re into that sort of thing. The pub burger rivalsAu Cheval’s offering, a seared Slagel Family Farms beef patty simply topped with comforting caramelized onions, oozy American cheese and a sharp “special sauce.” Other highlights include puffy pork rinds (again hailing from Slagel), and a bubbling bowl of green chile fish stew. A delicious mess of bulging mussels and cod, this briny, savory broth makes a great meal for two, served with other bites like the grilled cucumbers or the flaky, crisp eggplant served with briny halloumi and spiced honey. Sidle up to the dimly lit bar for a tour de forcebeverage list, curated by veteran beverage pros Bret Heiar and Eden Laurin. Most wine bottles hover around the $50 mark, while interesting by-the-glass offerings hail from Bosnia-Herzgovina, Bairrada in Portugal and Peljesac in Croatia—perfect pairings for the stomach-lining bar fare. Or pick something from the short-and-sweet cocktail list (only five on offer), or the expansive beer selection which echoes the original Publican’s dedication to old-world brews.
12. GT Prime
It took an Italian immigrant, chef Giuseppe Tentori, the “GT” in GT Prime, to mature and really refine the Chicago steakhouse. By the time the yeasty sourdough (fromPublican Quality Bread) arrives at your intimate, semi-circular booth, you’ll be converted. Tentori lets you play the carnivore’s field with four-ounce servings of everything from filet to venison loin, all cooked medium rare and pre-sliced for sharing (if you can share the wagyu). Like the moody still life paintings of food displayed on the dark wood walls, the offerings—even veggie numbers like blistered shishito peppers with creamy corn—are decadent. Omitting potatoes, Tentori subs in bigoli Bolognese made with beef, pork and veal heart; a bold but successful move.
13. Duck Duck Goat
Star chef Stephanie Izard’s newest restaurant opening, Duck Duck Goat, is but a year old and already one of the hardest tables to snag in the city. The restaurant is part ode to Izard’s childhood memories of Americanized Chinese takeout, part deeply-researched riffs on the cuisines of Chengdu, Beijing and Shanghai. Divided into seven sections spanning dim sum, cold dishes, noodles, mains and more, Duck Duck Goat’s flavors are as punchy and bold as they come. Noodles shine here, as Izard and her team studied under the tutelage of a master noodle-maker in China; the signature hand-pulled “slap noodles” (so-named for the surface-slapping action used to stretch them to impossible lengths) are a tender, tangled canvas for short rib ragù with luobo radish, or shrimp and goat sausage. Hop around the menu and you’ll find many other hits—the cool octopus, cucumber and peanut salad is deeply flavored with Fresno chile and a savory house sauce, while the Chongqing chicken goes “inauthentic” as boneless nugs of chile-and sesame-crusted bird tossed with shishito peppers. If you can’t make a night of it, there’s a tiny takeout window (“Duck Duck ‘ta Go”) to the side of the restaurant which serves up street-food style bites, like spicy buttered Xi’an-style fried potatoes, griddled pork belly bun, and duck skin and goat spring rolls, to name a few.
14. Income Tax
This Edgewater “neighborhood spot” marries warm Midwestern hospitality and ambitious European flavors. With a keen-focus on little known European wine regions, owner Nelson Fitch and general manager Collin Moody source exciting small, vineyard-focused wine producers like Loire’sLes Capriades, Jura’sAndre & Mirielle Tissotand Mosel’sCarl Loewen. In the kitchen, chef Ryan Henderson (formerly ofwd~50,EmpellònandMaple & Ash) turns out dishes as hyper-focused and inviting as the beverage program. Inspired by the wine list’s classic regions—France, Italy, Spain and Germany—Henderson transforms traditional dishes into cozy modern classics, like a celery cavatelli, which incorporates juiced celery into tender horns of pasta and finished off with a rich contrast of braised oxtail ragù and wine-soaked raisins. Don’t sleep on the veal sweetbread-studded carrot agnolotti, or the stunner that is the quail stuffed with a rye dumpling, served simply over a nest of red cabbage.
15. Pequod's Pizza
Who doesn’t have an opinion on Chicago deep dish pizza? Anthony Bourdain called it an “abomination.” Jon Stewart famously referred to it as “a f—ing casserole.” Their wrong opinions aside, deep dish in recent years has become commodified as a tourist attraction, with dozens of joints churning out flavorless dough-bowls drowned in insipid tomato juice billed as sauce. They obviously don’t know about Lincoln Park stalwart Pequod’s Pizza. The atmosphere is what you’d expect from a sports bar—dark, buzzy—and there’s always a wait, but when the high-sided cast iron pan of dough-incased magma makes your way to the table, your patience will be rewarded. Unlike other deep-dish pies, Pequod’s has a characteristic halo of caramelized cheese, the texture and crunch a contrast to the bright, juicy tomato sauce. While anything goes, topping-wise, don’t skip the crumbled sausage, savory and deliciously porky.
16. Mr. Beef
The first time I went to Mr. Beef on Orleans Street, the no-nonsense 12-paper-napkin Italian beef sandwich Mecca, I made the ultimate rookie mistake by asking for a plate. Without missing a beat a mirthless old-timer behind the counter responded, “We don’t got plates.” The reason, I soon learned, is that you are meant to inhale it before the thinly sliced sirloin—topped in chili and celery flecked peppers and bathed in jus you’ll want to drink on its own—soaks through the bread. Which unless you are under the age of about 7, you do almost involuntarily. Luckily not much has changed since the owners Carl Bonavoltano Jr. and his brother-in-law Tony Ozzauato opened here in 1963—not even the mid-century roadside diner style linoleum white tables and Pepsi signage. The difference between this beef sandwich and so many imitators, of course, all comes down to the quality of the ingredients. Mr. Beef roasts its sirloin (rather than cheaper cuts) in-house, lets it cool and then allows the slices of meat to soak in jus for ultimate umami goodness. The bread’s crust is golden and crunchy rather than anemic and the inside is soft but notWonder Breadsoft. It all holds together just long enough to be eaten without pause and never to be set down on a plate.
17. Katsu
The danger in eating at Katsu is that you’ll be spoiled for the spicy tuna rolls at any of the other sushi joints around town. Supplicants have been flocking to the nondescript North Sider to sit at the eight-seat sushi bar run by chef Katsu Imamura since 1988. Put yourself in Imamura’s hands with chef’s-selection nori or sashimi plates, which are not without gilded accents like shaved truffle atop Hokkaido scallop and gold leaf flecks on glistening ebi. Start with the matsutake mushroom soup, a teapot of the earthiest broth west of Kyoto. The chef’s gracious wife Haruko oversees Katsu’s two small rooms, cheerfully inquiring, “Do you have a reservation?” Unless it’s 5 p.m., you should.
Au Cheval
18. Au Cheval
Your quest for the world’s best cheeseburger ends at Au Cheval: This dimly lit, tightly packed, perfumed-by-beef-fat diner is perpetually jammed by crowds who descend for the gooey, double-patty revelations, topped with house cured Berkshire pork bacon and a sunny-side up egg. It’d be wonderful if they’d let you make a reservation, but rumor has it there are only a handful of Chicago VIPs—including former president Obama and Mayor Rahm Emanuel—who can skirt the almost inevitable wait for a table. It may seem crazy to stand in line for an hour for a burger, but when they’re this grease-dripping-down-your-wrists good, we’d suggest sticking it out all morning to be one of the first people in the door when they open at 11am (and at 10am on Sunday).
19. Osteria Langhe
This Logan Square spot balances the knife’s edge of lively and noisy, but that’s all part of the charm at Osteria Langhe. Elevating Italian food in a town where red sauce joints once reigned supreme, Scottish-born Cameron Grant dishes up focused, regional Piemontese cuisine that is at once comforting and innovating. The eggy and flavorsome plin, Grant’s hand-pinched chickpea-sized dumpling, is only disappointing in that you can’t spend the evening casually throwing them into your mouth like popcorn, while the ribbon-like tajarinis lavishly dressed in a ragù of rabbit, pork and beef. Front of house, owner Aldo Zaninotto holds court with an exciting wine list rich with food-friendly Piemontese wines, from that most noble of grapes, Nebbiolo, to little-known Freisa and Roero.
| https://www.bonappetit.com/story/heres-how-to-navigate-chicagos-white-hot-food-scene |
Hacking Cell Phones via Bluetooth Tools under Linux | Linux Journal
Hacking Cell Phones via Bluetooth Tools under Linux
HOWTOs
Many modern cell phones can take pictures and short
video clips. This is great for taking candid photos and sharing
them with friends and family at a later time. Modern cell phones also
commonly have replaceable themes
and ringtones, which are, in essence, 30-second audio clips. On newer
phones, ringtones often are MP3 files, replacing older, nonstandard
formats. According to many wireless providers, the only way to get your
media off the phone is to e-mail yourself using the provider's data transfer
service. This can become rather expensive, especially if you take a lot of
photos. Some cell phones come with a standard USB connection and can be
mounted as USB mass storage devices. Many cell phones, including
the phone I currently own (Motorola V551), utilize a nonstandard USB
connection. So, instead of purchasing a specialized USB cable, I decided
to connect to it using a standard USB Bluetooth dongle. The dongle should
work with any phone that supports the Bluetooth protocol.
Bluetooth is a wireless communication protocol that enables transfer
speeds of up to 3Mbps and up to 100 meters in distance. It's currently used
in various devices, such as printers, keyboards, mice, wireless headsets
and GPS receivers. The Bluetooth specification was first developed in
1994 by Ericsson Mobile Platform engineers Sven Mattison and Jaap
Haartsen,
and it has been adopted as a standard by more than 6,000 companies worldwide. Most
modern cell phones now include some sort of Bluetooth wireless capability.
By using Bluetooth, you can push and pull files to and from a cell
phone, which is handy if you want to archive photos taken with
your cell phone and don't want to pay $.25 or more to e-mail yourself
each file. This also allows you to create ringtones from songs that
you own in MP3 format (many cell phones let you play standard
MP3 audio files). And, some users will be able to connect to the Internet via
PPP and other utilities. In this article, we mostly are concerned with
the tools available in Linux to access files on your Bluetooth-enabled
cell phone. This includes the low-level command-line utilities as
well as the GUI applications available under KDE and GNOME. Comparable
functionality from a proprietary Windows/Mac application will cost you
anywhere from $15–$40 US.
Hardware
Besides having a Bluetooth-enabled cell phone, you need to have
a Bluetooth connection for your computer. Many newer laptops come with
an internal Bluetooth card, although most desktops do not. If you don't
have
built-in Bluetooth capability, you need to purchase some sort of
Bluetooth transmitter. The most common are USB 1.1 and 2.0 dongles, which
are available from retail electronics outlets and mobile phone vendors. I
purchased a D-Link DBT-120 Bluetooth dongle for roughly $25 US. Even though
Bluetooth is an industry standard, it's probably a good idea to check
hardware-compatibility lists to make sure a particular model will work
under Linux. The DBT-120 supports speeds of 723Kbps asymmetrical and
433Kbps symmetrical. Although not blazingly fast, these speeds are reasonable
for small file transfers. Newer dongle models will give you up to
3Mbps.
In the past, Linux users would have to recompile their kernel
to get the Bluetooth modules working correctly. Fortunately, almost all
newer distributions of Linux now come with Bluetooth enabled in
the kernel by default.
BlueZ Command-Line Tools
The BlueZ package is the default toolset for Bluetooth in Linux. You
may need to install the Bluetooth utilities before you get started.
In Debian, for example, you should install the bluez-utils package at
the very least.
Once you have your Bluetooth dongle connected to your machine, you should
check whether all the kernel modules are loading correctly:
root@host # lsmod | grep blue
And, you should see something like the following:
bluetooth 41060 14 hidp,rfcomm,l2cap,hci_usb
Then, type:
root@host # dmesg | grep Blue
which should produce something like this:
Bluetooth: Core ver 2.8
Bluetooth: HCI device and connection manager initialized
Bluetooth: HCI socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: HCI USB driver ver 2.9
Bluetooth: L2CAP ver 2.8
Bluetooth: L2CAP socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: RFCOMM socket layer initialized
Bluetooth: RFCOMM TTY layer initialized
Bluetooth: RFCOMM ver 1.7
Bluetooth: HIDP (Human Interface Emulation) ver 1.1
Everything looks good. Next, you'll need some information about your system:
The above spits out a bunch of lines. You are looking for this line in
particular:
Name: 'BlueZ mycomputername'
In some cases, you won't see the BlueZ portion, and the computer name
may have a trailing -0.
Next, open the file /etc/bluetooth/hcid.conf with your favorite text
editor,
and change the following line:
name "BlueZ %h (%d)";
to:
name "BlueZ mycomputername";
Next, create a PIN for the computer to access the cell
phone. Open the
/etc/bluetooth/pin file,
and add the following:
PIN:1234
The actual PIN number can be anything you like, and it may not be
included in a separate file, depending on your distribution. It may be
part of your hcid.conf file and called a passkey instead of a PIN.
The reason for the PIN number is that Bluetooth devices need to be paired
or tethered together. This is a standard Bluetooth security measure to
prevent unwanted connections between devices. The first time you connect
to your phone via Bluetooth, the phone notifies you that a connection
is being attempted and prompts you for a PIN number. If the PIN
number entered on the phone does not match the PIN in the configuration
file, the connection will be rejected. Most cell phones will give you
the option to connect devices automatically on subsequent connections
or prompt for intervention.
Next, restart the Bluetooth server on the connecting computer:
root@host # /etc/init.d/bluetooth restart
Some cell phones have a “Find Me” mode that needs to be turned on when
scanning. Take a look in your particular phone's Bluetooth connection
menu. Now, you're ready to see if the Bluetooth dongle can see your cell
phone or any other nearby devices with Bluetooth capability. So, type:
root@host # hcitool scan
which returns the following:
Scanning ...
00:0F:86:89:EC:3D Blackberry 7290
00:14:9A:C9:BB:62 Motorola Phone
00:16:CB:2A:7D:DB Mac_1
Each device name is listed with its MAC address.
Mac_1 is my USB Bluetooth dongle. Motorola Phone is the name I have
designated in the phone's Bluetooth setup menus. BlackBerry 7290 is a
nearby device that the my dongle is picking up as well.
Another useful command is sdptool search DUN. This
provides detailed
information for your device:
Inquiring ...
Searching for DUN on 00:16:CB:2A:7D:DB ...
Searching for DUN on 00:14:9A:C9:BB:62 ...
Service Name: Dial-up networking Gateway
Service Description: Dial-up networking Gateway
Service Provider: Generic Cellphone Service
Service RecHandle: 0x10001
Service Class ID List:
"Dialup Networking" (0x1103)
Protocol Descriptor List:
"L2CAP" (0x0100)
"RFCOMM" (0x0003)
Channel: 1
Language Base Attr List:
code_ISO639: 0x656e
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0x100
code_ISO639: 0x6672
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0xd800
code_ISO639: 0x6573
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0xd803
code_ISO639: 0x7074
encoding: 0x6a
base_offset: 0xd806
Profile Descriptor List:
"Dialup Networking" (0x1103)
Version: 0x0100
The KDE Bluetooth framework is built on the BlueZ stack and can
utilize all the functionality of the command-line tools in an intuitive
GUI interface. Originally, it was an add-on application, but because of the
proliferation of Bluetooth devices, it has been merged into the baseline
KDE desktop. The easiest way to access your data is through the Konqueror
file manager. Once the Bluetooth dongle is plugged in to your computer, you
should see the Bluetooth icon appear on the Kicker panel. Open Konqueror,
and enter bluetooth:///in the navigation toolbar.
You should see a listing of nearby devices that are Bluetooth-enabled
(Figure 1). Click on your phone, and you should see a listing of
available services (Figure 2). For pushing and pulling files, we're
most concerned with OBEX File Transfer and OBEX Object Push. Selecting
OBEX File Transfer shows the media file folders residing on your
device (Figure 3). In my case, I have separate folders for audio,
pictures and video clips. Clicking on any of the folders should reveal
the files currently on your device. Now you simply can copy/move a file to
your home folder on your computer by doing a copy and paste in Konqueror. The
first time you do this, you'll be prompted for a PIN number on the cell
phone. Subsequent file transfers will not require a PIN
unless it has been specified in the cell phone's Bluetooth setup. If you
want to copy files from your computer to your device,
select OBEX Object Push.
Figure 1. Install KDEBluetooth to make Konqueror aware of Bluetooth
devices.
Figure 2. Select your device to get to OBEX Object Push.
Figure 3. The obex option is where you can launch the OBEX Object
Push client.
The system displays a pop-up asking if you want to open the kbluetooth
client. Select yes, and you should see your device list in the left-hand (device selector) column of the client (Figure 4). The top of
the client application shows your system folders. The right-hand
side of the screen contains a blank area that's titled Files to
send. Simply go into one of your system folders and click the file
you want to copy to your phone. Now, drag and drop it into the Files to
send pane. Click the Send button. Your phone will alert you and ask
if you want to accept the file transfer from your computer. Click yes,
and the file transfer starts (Figure 5). Once the file transfer
is complete, you should be able to find the file on your cell phone or
PDA. It doesn't get any easier than that. Konqueror once again proves
what a fantastic file manager it is.
Figure 4. The OBEX Object Push client lets you transfer files with drag
and drop.
Figure 5. The OBEX Object Push Client with Multiple Devices Available
KMobileTools
The KMobileTools application is still considered alpha software, but
it looks very promising. It's an add-on KDE application that lets you
back up, edit and import your cell phone's contact list to your computer
using the KAddressbook application. This lets you synchronize your
contact list on your cell phone or PDA to your e-mail contact list. You
no longer have to maintain separate contact lists for your cell phone
and e-mail clients.
Another interesting feature is the ability to control
your cell phone remotely from the computer. You can have the cell phone
dial a number saved in the contact list or type in another via the
dial-out number field. You also can send SMS messages through your
cell phone. This is handy if you need to send a long message and
don't want to kill your thumbs by typing it with the phone's
keypad. KMobileTools also displays the cell phone's battery charge
percentage and signal strength status.
GNOME Bluetooth Subsystem
Not to be outdone by KDE, the GNOME desktop also provides a useful
set of tools for file transfers to your Bluetooth devices. There
is a nice GNOME-based front end to hcitool that can be started by
typing gnome-bluetooth-adminfrom a terminal session. Click the Scan
button, and you should see a listing of nearby Bluetooth devices. Open
the Nautilus file manger, and type bluetooth:///in the navigation
toolbar. An icon representing your phone or PDA should appear. Next,
open another Nautilus session, drag the icons of the files you
want to transfer and drop them onto the Bluetooth device's icon. You
should see a message on your cell phone asking if you want to accept
the files from your computer.
You also can right-click on the icon for the file you want to send and select
Send via Bluetooth to initialize the file transfer. Once the
transfer is complete, you should see the new file on your cell
phone.
Another great application is Phone Manger, which is GNOME's answer
to KMobileTools. Phone Manager lets you monitor your device's status,
send and read SMS messages to and from your phone and integrate your contact
list with Evolution's address book.
Creating Ringtones with Audacity
Now that you can push and pull files to and from your
cell phone, let's create some ringtones. Why create a custom
ringtone? You can be lazy and buy them for $2.50 US each from your
service provider, or you can have some fun, learn something new and
save yourself some money. Personally, I prefer the latter. Many newer
cell phones let you play standard MP3 files without any tweaking
whatsoever.
If your phone has limited storage space, it might be prudent
to reduce the size of the audio file in Audacity. The first step is
to import your song into a new project in Audacity. Trim the song to
an approximately 30-second clip of a section of the song that you like.
Next, modify the clip so it's in mono. (This shrinks
the file size further.) Click the track's filename, and select Split Stereo
Track. Delete the right channel of the clip by clicking the X in the
upper-left corner of the track. Select the remaining channel, and click
on the down arrow next to the track name. You will see a drop-down menu
containing entries for Mono, Left Channel and Right Channel. Select
Mono.
Now, you're ready to
encode the MP3 file of your ringtone. Click File, and select Export
Selection as MP3. Take the new MP3 file and simply move it into the audio
folder on your cell phone as described earlier in the article. This is
a great method for creating customized ringtones using a FOSS application.
Using Your Cell Phone as a Modem
It is possible to use your Bluetooth-enabled cell phone or PDA as a
modem if it has GPRS or EDGE network capability. One caveat is that
many cell-phone providers lock this functionality out of their
phones unless the customer has a data plan with them. Data plan prices
vary significantly, depending upon how much throughput you are allowed
and which carrier you use. I obtained an introductory plan for $25 US per
month. An unlimited data plan probably costs in the range of $60 US a
month. This is a good option for road warriors who might be traveling
into areas where broadband is not readily available, but cell-phone
service is. Nowhere on my cell-phone provider's Web site did it mention
that this service is available to Linux users. However, the provider
offers a custom application for Windows users. The application provides
users with Internet access using their service. Mac OS X users were
relegated to a How-To document on the customer support Web site.
It was only when I requested to talk to the technical support that the
provider
openly acknowledged that connectivity under Linux was possible. I was
then provided with a custom script that calls the WvDial PPP dial-up
application. The script contained specific initialization parameters
to pass to the phone and connect to the dial-up service. The technical
support person at first claimed I would be able to use this service
only if I connected the cell phone to my laptop via a custom Motorola USB
cable. Conveniently, they sell this cable for $30 US and promptly offered to
sell it to me. I communicated that I was able to pass
data to/from my phone seamlessly using a generic Bluetooth dongle. At
this point, the
technical support person admitted that the USB cable was not necessary. I
then paid for a month's worth of service and was informed that customer
support does not offer any assistance to Linux users. Nothing new
there. Subsequently, I sent an e-mail to customer support asking
that they acknowledge on their support pages that the data service works
flawlessly with Linux. I have not heard back from them at the time of this writing.
Conclusion
The tools available for Bluetooth devices under Linux are fairly
robust. They provide all of the functionality of similarly closed
applications available for Windows and Mac at no cost. Once again,
the Linux community should be commended for developing such great
programs. The command-line tools provide a good insight into the
protocols and services used in accessing Bluetooth devices. The GUI
applications are intuitive enough that average Linux users can put
them to good use in short order. Linux is right in the mix in the growing
field of communication devices and the applications that manage them.
Resources
BlueZ Bluetooth Protocol Stack for Linux:www.bluez.org
KDE Bluetooth Framework:bluetooth.kmobiletools.org
GNOME Bluetooth Subsystem How-To:usefulinc.com/software/gnome-bluetooth
Gentoo Bluetooth Wiki:gentoo-wiki.com/HOWTO_mobile_phone,_Bluetooth_and_GNOME
General Linux and Bluetooth Links:www.holtmann.org/linux/bluetooth
KMobileTools Application:www.kmobiletools.org
GNOME Phone Manager:live.gnome.org/PhoneManager
Audacity Audio Editor:audacity.sourceforge.net
Patrick M. Davila is a programmer and has been a Linux enthusiast since 1998. He is
a co-host of The Linux Link Tech Show, the longest continually running
Linux show on the Internet. When not tinkering with Linux, Patrick enjoys
music, beer, soccer and spending time with his family.
| https://www.linuxjournal.com/article/9466?page=0,2&quicktabs_1=0 |
Neck pain with prevertebral soft tissue thickening - Annals Singapore
A 37-year-old man presented with a history of sudden-onset neck pain, which was worse on movement and neck extension. He reported no history of trauma or infection. He denied any neurological symptoms. A physical examination showed limited neck motion in all directions due to pain. Blood tests showed total white blood cell count to be
Images in Medicine
Vol. 51 No. 8, 520–522
https://doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022112
Neck pain with prevertebral soft tissue thickening
A 37-year-old man presented with a history of sudden-onset neck pain, which was worse on movement and neck extension. He reported no history of trauma or infection. He denied any neurological symptoms. A physical examination showed limited neck motion in all directions due to pain. Blood tests showed total white blood cell count to be within normal limits (10.1 x 10 9/L); raised inflammatory markers with C-reactive protein (CRP) of 59.8mg/L; and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) of 38mm/h. A cervical spine radiograph showed swelling in both the retropharyngeal and prevertebral spaces with ill-defined faint calcification anterior to C2 (Fig. 1). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervical spine showed low signal calcific density just inferior to the anterior arch of C1, with marked swelling and effusion in the retropharyngeal and prevertebral spaces (Figs. 2A and 2B). There were also associated inflammatory changes in the right longus colli muscle and to a lesser extent, along the adjacent longus capitis muscle.
Fig. 1. Lateral neck radiograph demonstrating prevertebral soft tissue thickening at the level C1–C4 (white arrows), with a faint calcific density (dotted white arrow) seen just inferior to the anterior arch of the C1 vertebral body.
Fig. 2. (A) Coronal T2W-STIR and (B) axial T2W-MEDIC magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine.(A) Marked oedema/fluid in the retropharyngeal region (empty white arrows), with an irregular rounded structure with low signal and a mildly hyperintense rim corresponding to the faint calcific density just inferior to the anterior arch of C1 (white arrow).(B) Associated increased T2W signal is seen along the right longus colli muscle and adjacent longus capitis muscle (dotted white arrows). The low signal, faint calcific density is seen just inferior to the anterior arch of C1 (white arrow).MEDIC: multi-echo data image combination; STIR: short tau inversion recovery; T2W: T2-weighted
What is the most likely diagnosis of this prevertebral soft tissue thickening?
A. Retropharyngeal abscessB. Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colliC. Nasopharyngeal carcinomaD. Cervical spondylosis with a large detached osteophyteE. Prevertebral abscess
The patient was given a course of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and then reviewed by the otolaryngology department the week after, where a further physical examination showed no palpable lymph nodes. Nasoendoscopy revealed a central posterior nasal space (PNS) mass extending to the bilateral fossa of Rossenmüller with no posterior pharyngeal wall bulge. A biopsy of the PNS mass showed reactive lymphoid tissue, likely due to incidental adenoid enlargement. A further evaluation with a dedicated MRI of the nasopharynx was considered then to assess an underlying structural abnormality but our patient declined it as his neck pain had completely resolved following the short course of NSAIDs.
Both prevertebral and retropharyngeal abscesses can appear as prevertebral soft tissue thickening on a lateral neck radiograph, and are important considerations in patients with such imaging findings. However, patients with abscesses usually present with fever and malaise, in addition to significantly raised inflammatory markers, which were not present in our patient. Patients with prevertebral abscesses may have accompanying imaging findings of spondylodiscitis, which was also not seen in our patient. Another key differentiation is the presence of rim-enhancement in the prevertebral or retropharyngeal fluid on post-contrast MRI sequences, although its absence does not completely exclude an underlying infective process in early phases before infection evolves into a walled abscess. 1For our patient, no post-contrast study was performed as the clinical suspicion for infection was very low.
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is another important consideration that may result in prevertebral soft tissue thickening. 2However, patients with NPC usually present with nasal and ear-related symptoms including epistaxis or conductive hearing loss, and may have neck swelling from nodal metastases. MRI may show a nasopharyngeal mass with enlarged retropharyngeal and cervical lymph nodes, which were absent in our patient.
Detached osteophytes from cervical spondylosis usually appear well-corticated on radiographs, and do not appear as faint calcific densities. In addition, the absence of significant degenerative change and no prior trauma make cervical spondylosis with a large detached osteophyte or fracture fragment less likely.
Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli (ACTLC), also known as retropharyngeal calcific tendinitis or acute calcific prevertebral tendinitis, 3is a rare and benign condition caused by basic calcium phosphate deposition in the tendons of the longus colli muscle that is accompanied by an aseptic inflammatory process. 4The specific aetiology of the condition is unknown, but some postulated mechanisms involve excessive mechanical strain in conjunction with degenerative spinal disease, collagen vascular or chronic renal disease, which can result in deposition of calcium crystals in muscle tendons. 5
Patients with ACTLC typically present with acute or subacute onset of neck pain and restricted range of neck movements. Other reported symptoms include dysphagia, odynophagia, sore throat and even low-grade fever. 6Laboratory findings may include normal or mild leukocytosis, and slightly elevated inflammatory markers including CRP and ESR. 7Clinical presentation and initial radiographic findings can be confused with more serious conditions such as retropharyngeal abscess, infectious spondylitis, trauma or a foreign body, and hence awareness of ACTLC is important. 8Cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT) or MRI can be diagnostic in the appropriate clinical setting, with typical imaging findings including prevertebral soft tissue swelling extending from C1–C4 and amorphous calcification anterior to C1–C2 at the superior insertion of the longus colli muscle tendon. 3,8,9CT may be superior to MRI in demonstrating the calcification, and is usually sufficient for diagnosis in the acute setting especially when MRI is not readily available. The benefits of MRI over CT are better soft tissue resolution, additional sequences that aid in differentiating oedema or effusion from retropharyngeal infection, and improved detection of spondylodiscitis, effusion or synovitis in the facet or uncovertebral joints of the spine. 6
Symptoms of ACTLC usually improve spontaneously over the course of 1–2 weeks, with conservative treatment that includes a short course of NSAIDs and avoidance of ACTLC exacerbating neck movements. Follow-up imaging is usually unnecessary due to the self-limiting nature of the condition, although a repeat radiograph will typically demonstrate resolution of the characteristic prevertebral soft tissue swelling and amorphous calcification. 8
In conclusion, ACTLC is a rare cause of acute neck pain. Recognising this benign entity is important to prevent misdiagnosis of other serious life-threatening conditions that present similarly, such as retropharyngeal abscess that could result in unnecessary antibiotics and surgical intervention instead of conservative treatment. 10
(Answer: B)
REFERENCES
Hoang JK, Branstetter BF 4th, Eastwood JD, et al. Multiplanar CT and MRI of collections in the retropharyngeal space: is it an abscess? AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:W426-32.
Chan SH. Aetiology of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Ann Acad Med Singap 1990;19:201-7.
Hartley J. Acute cervical pain associated with retropharyngeal calcium deposit. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1964;46:1753-4.
Kaplan MJ, Eavey RD. Calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1984;93:215-9.
Ahmed OH, German MA, Handwerker J, et al. Radiology quiz case 2. Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli (also known as calcific retropharyngeal/prevertebral tendinitis). Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2012;138:599-600.
Kim YJ, Park JY, Choi KY, et al. Case reports about an overlooked cause of neck pain: calcific tendinitis of the longus colli: Case reports. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017;96:e8343.
Ellika SK, Payne SC, Patel SC, et al. Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli: an imaging diagnosis. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 2008;37:121-4.
Zibis AH, Giannis D, Malizos KN, et al. Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle: case report and review of the literature. Eur Spine J 2013;22:S434-8.
Alamoudi U, Al-Sayed AA, AlSallumi Y, et al. Acute calcific tendinitis of the longus colli muscle masquerading as a retropharyngeal abscess: A case report and review of the literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2017;41:343-6.
| https://annals.edu.sg/neck-pain-with-prevertebral-soft-tissue-thickening/ |
IJERPH | Free Full-Text | A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”
Adequate infection control plays a key role in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed to explore staff perceptions of hospital infection control in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam. Individual interviews were conducted with hospital managers, and focus group discussions were conducted with doctors, nurses and cleaning workers separately. Content analysis was applied. An interview guide including discussion points on HAIs, hand hygiene and healthcare waste management was used. Generally, the staff were knowledgeable of hospital infection control, but they were not aware of the situation in their own hospital, and infection control practices in the hospitals remained poor. Reported difficulties in infection control included lack of resources, poor awareness and patient overload. A main theme emerged: ‘Making data on HAIs available for health workers can improve their awareness and motivate them to put their existing knowledge into practice, thus decreasing the know-do gap in infection control’. This could be a feasible intervention to improve infection control practice in the hospitals with limited resources, high workload and patient overload.
Background:
A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”
by
La Thi Quynh Lien 1,2,* ,
Eva Johansson 1 ,
Pham Thi Lan 3 ,
Nguyen Thi Kim Chuc 3 ,
Nguyen Thi Minh Thoa 3 ,
Nguyen Quynh Hoa 4 ,
Ho Dang Phuc 5 ,
Ashok J. Tamhankar 1,6 and
Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg 1
1
Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Improving the Use of Medicines, Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18 A, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
2
Department of Pharmaceutical Management and Pharmaco-Economics, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, 13-15 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem District, Hanoi 110403, Vietnam
3
Department of Family Medicine, Hanoi Medical University, 01 Ton That Tung, Dong Da District, Hanoi 116516, Vietnam
4
Institute of Mathematics-VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay District, Hanoi 122121, Vietnam
6
Indian Initiative for Management of Antibiotic Resistance, Department of Environmental Medicine, R.D. Gardi Medical College, Agar Road, Ujjain 456006, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018 , 15 (7), 1549; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549
Received: 7 June 2018 / Revised: 10 July 2018 / Accepted: 19 July 2018 / Published: 22 July 2018
(This article belongs to the Section Global Health )
Abstract
:
Adequate infection control plays a key role in preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). This study aimed to explore staff perceptions of hospital infection control in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam. Individual interviews were conducted with hospital managers, and focus group discussions were conducted with doctors, nurses and cleaning workers separately. Content analysis was applied. An interview guide including discussion points on HAIs, hand hygiene and healthcare waste management was used. Generally, the staff were knowledgeable of hospital infection control, but they were not aware of the situation in their own hospital, and infection control practices in the hospitals remained poor. Reported difficulties in infection control included lack of resources, poor awareness and patient overload. A main theme emerged: ‘Making data on HAIs available for health workers can improve their awareness and motivate them to put their existing knowledge into practice, thus decreasing the know-do gap in infection control’. This could be a feasible intervention to improve infection control practice in the hospitals with limited resources, high workload and patient overload.
Keywords:
qualitative study
;
perceptions
;
hospital staff
;
infection control
;
healthcare-associated infection
;
know-do gap
;
Vietnam
1. Introduction
Poor infection control favours the spread of microorganisms in healthcare facilities and beyond, causing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) [ 1 , 2 ]. HAIs are recognised as one of the most frequent adverse events for patients while receiving care [ 3 , 4 ]. HAIs result in prolonged hospital stays, a high financial burden on health systems, high costs for patients and their families, excess deaths and increased resistance of bacteria to antibiotics [ 1 , 5 ]. The risks of HAIs are significantly higher in low- and middle-income countries, and the effect on patients and healthcare systems is severe and greatly underestimated [ 6 , 7 ].
Vietnam, a lower middle-income country (LMIC), experiences high levels of HAIs, as well as antibiotic resistance [
8
,
9
]. Many Vietnamese hospitals are old and overcrowded, making effective infection control challenging. Occupancy can exceed 100%, particularly during communicable disease outbreaks [
8
]. The first regulation that mentioned hospital infection control was the Ministry of Health (MoH)’s regulation on hospital organisation, conditions and activities, issued in 1997 [
10
]. Since then, efforts have been made to improve infection control system, however, much is still unknown regarding compliance with the regulations.
In Vietnam, the healthcare system consists of four administrative levels: central hospitals, provincial hospitals and provincial healthcare centres, district hospitals and district healthcare centres, and commune healthcare centres. Central hospitals are under the direct control of the Ministry of Health, located in large cities providing medical services as top referral hospitals. Provincial/district hospitals and provincial/district healthcare centres are under the control of the provincial health departments and are responsible for the medical care of the people of the provinces and districts respectively. Commune healthcare centres are under the control of the district health departments and are responsible for the primary healthcare of the local people.
We conducted this qualitative study to explore staff perceptions of hospital infection control, including HAIs, hand hygiene, and healthcare waste management in a rural district hospital and an urban provincial hospital in Vietnam.
Qualitative research is usually used to gain an understanding of the problem or helps to develop ideas for potential quantitative research. It can also be used concurrently with quantitative research to confirm, compare or cross-validate the results [ 11 ]. In the case of our study, we use qualitative methods to provide insights on the issue of hospital infection control, as well as to compare and better understand findings from a quantitative study on the same topic conducted at the same hospitals [ 12 ].
2. Materials and Methods
A qualitative study, using individual interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs), was conducted with 50 hospital staff in total in a rural district hospital (220 beds) and an urban provincial hospital (520 beds) in Hanoi, Vietnam in 2013. The rural district hospital had 46 doctors, 110 nurses, 12 midwives and 12 cleaning workers at the time of the study, while the urban provincial hospital had 181 doctors, 392 nurses, 32 midwives, and 35 cleaning workers. For confidentiality reasons, no more details are given.
2.1. Data Collection and Participants
A semi-structured guide was developed, based on literature and previous experience of the authors, and consisted of discussion points to encourage greater detail, variety and clarity [ 13 , 14 ]. The discussion points were in relation to HAIs, hand hygiene and healthcare waste management ( Table 1 ). The guide was pilot tested with a group of doctors in the rural hospital. Six interviews were conducted with leaders of the hospitals. Six FGDs were conducted with hospital staff according to occupation: one group of doctors, one group of nurses and one group of cleaning workers in each hospital ( Table 2 ).
Purposive sampling was used to select the participants, ensuring that a range of views was captured from different hospital staff. Leaders of the hospitals were selected for individual interviews as they have an overview of the hospital activities. Hospital staff from different wards of the hospitals, who were directly involved in hospital practices related to infection control, were invited to participate in the study. No potential participants refused the participation. Participation was voluntary. The staff were informed about the aim of the studies and written consents were obtained. Interviews and discussions were carried out by one of two researchers (Pham Thi Lan/ Ho Dang Phuc) in locations chosen by the participants. A research assistant recorded and took notes during the discussions. None of the researchers or research assistants were employed at any of the two hospitals. The researchers and research assistants had no direct relationship to the participants. The interviews/discussions were continued until the researchers saw that no new information was brought up. The interviews lasted for 45–60 min each. The FGDs lasted between 60 and 120 min.
2.2. Data Analysis
Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim by two of the authors (La Thi Quynh Lien/ Nguyen Thi Minh Thoa) and checked by the first author (La Thi Quynh Lien). Data from transcripts were analysed manually using manifest and latent content analysis [
15
]. The text was read thoroughly several times to obtain a sense of the whole and then divided into “meaning units”, which are parts of the original transcript that carries a specific meaning relating to the objective of the study. Each meaning unit was condensed and labelled with a code. Coding and quotation selection were carried out in Vietnamese, then coding results and selected quotations were translated into English by the first author (La Thi Quynh Lien). This process was checked by the third author (Pham Thi Lan), fluent in both Vietnamese and English. Similar codes were grouped into categories. Examples of coding process are presented in
Table 3
.
Categories were discussed among all the authors until a main theme and sub-themes were identified. The authors have varied professional and research backgrounds (pharmacy, medicine, nursing, public health and environmental health).
2.3. Ethical Approval
This study was approved by Hanoi Medical University Review Board in Bio-Medical Research (No. 116/HMU IRB). The participants were informed that participation was voluntary, that they could withdraw from the study at any time, and that confidentiality would be maintained throughout.
3. Results
In the analysis, one main theme and three sub-themes emerged. The main theme identified was ‘Making data on HAIs available for health workers can improve their awareness and motivate them to put their existing knowledge into practice, thus decreasing the know-do gap in infection control’. The main theme, sub-themes and categories are presented in
Table 4
. Main findings are presented according to categories under each sub-theme. Participant quotes from different FGDs and interviews are used to illustrate the findings under each category. Within the quotes, explanations by the authors are given in square brackets.
3.1. Sub-Theme 1: Hospital Staff Were Knowledgeable of HAIs, but They Were not Aware of the HAI Situation in Their Hospitals
3.1.1. Healthcare-Associated Infections
In general, the staff were knowledgeable of the HAI definition and types of HAIs. They pointed out different examples of HAIs including surgical site infections, hospital-acquired endometrial infections, suture infections after giving birth, hospital-acquired digestive disorders, catheter placement infections, hospital-acquired respiratory tract infections, hospital-acquired tuberculosis and hospital-acquired HIV through needle stick injuries.
“
An HAI, firstly, is an infection that the patients have acquired in the hospital or in another healthcare facility, secondly symptoms of infection, that were absent at the time of admission, have appeared 48 h after admission.
”
(FGD 5—nurses, rural hospital)
The participants were aware of the transmission ways of HAIs through hospital staff, patients, medical equipment with poor disinfection and sterilisation, hospital waste and the air in hospitals. Among the FGDs, the group of cleaning workers in the rural hospital were not aware of HAIs and their own role in preventing HAIs in the hospital. They supposed that the possibility of people getting infections in the hospital had nothing to do with them, and that it was the hospital’s responsibility. They expressed that they merely cared about the risks to themselves of getting infections due to their work.
“ When doctors use one pair of gloves for examination of different patients, infections can be transferred from one infected patient to others. ”
(FGD 3—cleaning workers, urban hospital)
“
We are mainly afraid that we get infections, so we wear gloves and protection masks, pay attention to injection needles…Our work is just cleaning and throwing away the waste. Regarding HAIs, that is the hospital’s responsibility.
”
(FGD 6—cleaning workers, rural hospital)
3.1.2. Situation of Healthcare-Associated Infections
The hospital staff were not aware of the situation of HAIs in their hospitals. In the rural hospital, the staff perceived the HAI situation in different ways. While some participants supposed that in their hospital there were no, or very few, cases of HAIs, other staff argued that there could be some or even many cases. According to the participants, the hospital did not have adequate laboratory capacity for microbiological analysis, and the hospital staff did not know about any specific data on HAI. However, some participants acknowledged that cross sectional surveys on HAIs were conducted once per year in the hospital in order to improve infection control according to a regulation of the local Health Department.
One said: “ In fact, in our hospital there are almost no HAIs. The evidence is that the rate of surgical site infections is very low. ”
(FGD 4—doctors, rural hospital)
Another one argued: “ I don’t think that we have few cases of HAIs. We couldn’t detect them [HAIs] and we do not have statistical data. ”
(FGD 4—doctors, rural hospital)
In the urban hospital, the staff supposed that the HAI situation in their hospital was serious. They were of the opinion that the risks of getting HAIs were extremely high if the patients had been staying in the hospital for a long time.
“
Almost every patient staying for a long time, more than five days, gets HAI, for example patients with cerebrovascular accident, respiratory infection, catheter placement and patients who receive mechanical ventilation for a long time.
”
(FGD 2—nurses, urban hospital)
However, the participants emphasised that they were not informed about any specific HAI-related data, although cross-sectional surveys on HAIs were conducted every year in the hospital.
“ We cannot get data from anywhere … In the hospital there might be many HAIs in reality. ”
(FGD 1—doctors, urban hospital)
3.1.3. Difficulties in Controlling HAIs
The participants acknowledged difficulties in infection control in their hospitals, including poor budget for infection control; lack of facilities and insufficient equipment and supplies; lack of staff specialised in infection control; patient overload; poor awareness of hospital staff, as well as patients and their relatives. In the hospitals, no staff received education specified in infection control, and in fact no one wanted to work with infection control. The rural hospital merely had a group in charge of infection control, which mainly took care of laundry, drying and steaming clothes, linen and waste management. The hospital did not have a microbiological laboratory.
“ We have to use one oxygen generator with the same oxygen tube during 2–3 days, even 10 days for several patients, causing high risks for getting HAIs. ”
(FGD 3—doctors, rural hospital)
“
We cannot culture and test susceptibility of bacteria due to the absence of a microbiological laboratory, so we cannot make conclusions about suspected cases if they are HAIs or not.
”
(FGD 4—nurses, rural hospital)
Poor awareness of hospital staff emerged as a main challenge in infection control. Certain efforts in improving infection control in the hospitals already existed, for example, providing alcohol-based hand rub solution, annual training on infection control, and availability of standard protocols; however, the practices remained poor. The participants supposed that the staff might think about infection control as someone else’s issue but not his or hers. There is a need to make all hospital staff, starting from the heads of wards, understand the HAI situation in their hospital and view infections control as their concern.
“ We do training every year but the practices (regarding infection control) are still poor.”
(II 2—a hospital manager, urban hospital)
“
Standard procedures exist but are not followed. Trainings are organised but the practices remain poor. Providing specific figures on HAIs to the hospital staff can ‘wake them up’ to change their behaviour.
”
(II 5—a hospital manager, rural hospital)
Patient overload and poor awareness of patients and their relatives were common challenges in infection control in both the hospitals. It was emphasised in the rural hospital that even in the department of Infectious Diseases, patients had to share their beds, which was a high risk for infection transmission. The participants also acknowledged that patients and their relatives did not comply with hygiene guidelines and procedures, making infection control more difficult.
3.2. Sub-Theme 2: Hospital Staff Were Aware of the Importance of Hand Hygiene in Preventing Healthcare-Associated Infections, But They Acknowledged Poor Hand Hygiene Practices in Their Hospitals
3.2.1. Importance of Hand Hygiene
The hospital staff were aware of the importance of hand hygiene in preventing HAIs. The participants acknowledged that all health measures in hospitals were hand-related; therefore, if hand hygiene procedures were complied with, the incidence of HAIs could be reduced significantly.
“ Hand hygiene is very important because it contributes to preventing HAIs. If everybody followed hand hygiene procedures, the rate of HAIs could be reduced a lot. ”
(FGD 5—nurses, rural hospital)
3.2.2. Reasons for Noncompliance
When discussing the reasons for noncompliance with hand hygiene, patient overload was strongly emphasised by the participants in both the hospitals. The doctors viewed the large number of patients they had to examine every day as a dominant obstacle for them in following the hand washing procedures.
“
Examining 100–150 patients per day, we do not even find time to put our heads up to see the faces of the patients, not to mention carrying out hand-washing procedures.
”
(II 1—a hospital manager, urban hospital)
“
Here in our hospital a doctor may have to examine about 70, even 100 patients in the morning. If you count 30 s per patient to wash the hands, for 100 patients—50 min excluding time for moving and wiping hands. It is impossible to follow.
”
(FGD 4—doctors, rural hospital)
The participants viewed the lack of facilities as another difficulty in compliance with hand hygiene. They stated that the hospitals did not provide sufficient numbers of sinks for hand washing, soap and antiseptic liquid. However, it emerged that sometimes even when the necessary facilities and materials were available for hand hygiene, the practices were still poor.
“ Sometimes liquid for hand washing is available, but they do not use. ”
(FGD 1—doctors, urban hospital)
3.3. Sub-Theme 3: Hospital Staff Acknowledged the Importance of Healthcare Waste Management, but They Were Not Aware of Healthcare Waste Treatment in Their Hospitals
3.3.1. Healthcare Waste Management
The staff were aware of the importance of healthcare waste management not only in preventing HAIs, but also in inhibiting or minimising the spread of diseases to the community. The participants provided various examples for the ways of getting HAIs from hospital waste, including that infections can be transmitted from hospital waste through flies and mosquitoes, and that HIV and hepatitis B can be transmitted through needle stick injuries.
“
With bandages, injection needles used for HIV or hepatitis B patients, if we do not classify well, we may touch them by chance, and it is easy to get infections … Two years ago in the Department of Emergency there was such a case. When a nurse was giving an anesthetic injection to a HIV positive patient, unfortunately she got punctured on her hand.
”
(FGD 1—doctors, urban hospital)
The hospital staff were generally well informed about healthcare waste classification. During the FGDs, groups of nurses and cleaning workers discussed this in more detail than the groups of doctors. The staff were aware of different types of bags and containers for respective types of waste.
“
Healthcare waste—in yellow bags, domestic waste—green bags, hard things in black bags and white bags for recycled waste … Sharp things are put into yellow boxes, and then the boxes are put into black bags.
”
(FGD 6—cleaning workers, rural hospital)
However, it emerged that many hospital staff members were not aware of the healthcare waste treatment in their hospitals. They seemed to not pay attention and not care about it, and therefore did not know how healthcare waste was treated in the hospitals.
“ In our department, we only do waste classification, put it in the right bags, then we do not know where they are taken and treated. ”
(FGD 2—doctors, rural hospital)
3.3.2. Situation of Healthcare Waste Management
From the participant views, waste management seemed to be better in the urban hospital than in the rural hospital. In the urban hospital, the participants acknowledged that waste management was implemented well, especially healthcare waste classification. According to them, this was because the hospital, some years ago, was put on the list of the hospitals causing serious environmental pollution. As a consequence, since then, the hospital has taken healthcare waste management seriously. In the rural hospital, various participants acknowledged the role of patients and their relatives in the hospital waste management. They reported that the noncompliance of patients and their relatives with waste management procedures made waste management in the hospital more challenging.
“ Patient relatives throw waste everywhere. They even throw big diapers used by patients into the drains, clogging the drains. ”
(FGD 3—doctors, rural hospital)
4. Discussion
To our knowledge, this is the first study from Vietnam that explores perceptions among various hospital staff with regard to infection control, including HAIs, hand hygiene and healthcare waste management.
4.1. Lack of Resources for Infection Control
It has been reported previously that lack of resources for infection control is one of the major challenges for resource-limited countries [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In Vietnam, as in many other LMICs, the overall investment allocated for healthcare is limited. While high-income countries spent up to 17% of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare in 2013, the Government of Vietnam spent only 6.0% of GDP on healthcare (there has been a decrease from 6.4 to 6.0 since 2010) [ 20 ]. These scarce healthcare resources may explain the difficulties in infection control in the studied hospitals including lack of facilities, insufficient equipment and supplies.
Our findings indicate that the rural district hospital had poorer conditions for infection control than the urban provincial hospital, which was highlighted by the lack of a microbiological laboratory, and a separate infection control department. In Vietnam, many public hospitals are still dependent mainly on the state budget [
21
]. The state budget is transferred to the hospitals in the form of line-item allocations from government health authorities, the rate of provision depending on the wealth of each province. The hospitals at the central and provincial level, or those located in wealthier regions, normally receive more investment and are better equipped with technology. A survey of infection control conducted in 51 hospitals including central, provincial and district hospitals in Vietnam indicated that there were still large differences between the central and local hospitals, especially district hospitals, not only in regard to infection control, but also in many other medical aspects. This is one of the existing problems of medical care in Vietnam [
22
].
4.2. Cleaning Workers’ Poor Understanding of Controlling HAIs
In this study, cleaning workers were not well aware of their role in preventing HAIs. A cross-sectional study, conducted in the same hospitals, indicated lower infection control knowledge as well as practice scores of cleaning workers compared to doctors and nurses [ 12 ]. In fact, there is evidence supporting that the role of cleaning in hospitals is an important intervention in controlling HAIs [ 23 ]. In the hospitals investigated, as in many other hospitals in Hanoi, cleaning workers were hired from a cleaning company and they received training merely by the cleaning company before they started working in the hospital. Therefore, there is a need for the hospital to improve cleaning workers’ understanding of their crucial role in controlling HAIs.
4.3. Patients and Their Relatives’ Poor Adherence to Hygiene Guideline and Procedures
Poor adherence of patients and their relatives to hygiene guides and procedures of the hospitals was reported as a difficulty in infection control. This seemed to be due to their lack of awareness of HAIs and infection control strategies. Interventions, for example, posters and reminders in patient rooms, can be applied in order to improve awareness and behaviour [ 14 ]. Moreover, a good awareness of infection control strategies, for example hand hygiene, can motivate patients to engage in improving hospital staff’s compliance to reduce the burden of HAIs. It has been shown in a study that patients who had information on HAIs were more likely to report that they were comfortable in asking a nurse or doctor to wash their hands or to wear gloves and masks before examining them [ 24 ].
4.4. The Know-Do Gap
The know-do gap in infection control practice has previously been reported in various studies [ 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]. A systematic review indicated that despite adequate knowledge of hand hygiene and the introduction of many initiatives, adherence to hand hygiene remains poor. Hand hygiene was considered to be an acquired habit rather than a reasoned process. This area is currently understudied and effective methods for changing health workers behaviours are needed to reduce HAIs and improve patients’ safety [ 29 ].
In this study, hospital staff were aware of the importance of hand hygiene in preventing HAIs. However, even when the necessary facilities were in place, they did not seem to comply with recommended hand hygiene procedures. A study conducted in nine hospitals in Vietnam indicated that the overall compliance with hand hygiene procedures was only 13.4% [ 30 ]. Suboptimal compliance to infection control precautions has been also reported in neighbouring countries of Vietnam like Thailand and Cambodia [ 31 , 32 ].
In our study, doctors complained that patient overload was a dominant barrier for their compliance. However, if alcohol-based hand rub was available, it would be feasible for them to use it after each patient. Contradictions between what doctors knew and what they actually did were also reported from a high-income country with a well-developed healthcare system [
33
]. According to that study, doctors were knowledgeable about correct hand hygiene practices, but they failed to recognize that their own practices might be harmful to patients. It emerged from our findings that one determinant of this know-do gap might be the staff’s poor awareness of the HAI problem in their own hospitals.
4.5. Measures to Improve Infection Control Practice
Measures to improve infection control practice including training, proper supply of facilities, frequent audit and control were suggested in previous studies [ 34 , 35 ]. However, these are not easy to implement in the studied hospitals as well as in many other Vietnamese hospitals which are old, resource-limited, overcrowded and with high workload. Of note is that, in the studied hospitals, surveillance on HAIs was carried out every year, but the staff were not aware of any data on HAIs in their hospitals. If hospital staff were aware of the situation of HAIs in their hospital, they might become ‘awake’, meaning that they would become aware of the need for behaviour change, and the know-do gap could be diminished.
4.6. Methodological Consideration
The study was conducted in different types of hospitals in terms of their catchment area (urban and rural) and their level in the healthcare system (district and provincial), which allows insights into understanding the existing healthcare system. Both individual interviews and FGDs were used for data collection. Individual interviews with the leaders of the hospitals provided a perspective from the management point of view, while FGDs with hospital staff, who were directly involved in the day to day hospital activities, helped for open-minded and flexible discussions and provided a detailed picture. FGDs were conducted with various groups of health workers including doctors, nurses and cleaning workers, which would bring out diverse insights.
To improve the credibility of the findings, triangulation and cross-checking were applied during data analysis, as well as during result interpretation [
36
]. Both manifest and latent analysis were used. The researchers have different backgrounds with extensive experience in their own fields, bringing various perspectives, which is important when analysing qualitative data. Cross-checking of the interview and discussion transcripts by two researchers could minimize misinterpretation. None of the researchers were employed at the studied hospitals, and the researchers and research assistants conducting FGDs and interviews had no direct relationship to the participants, ensuring reflexivity of the study [
36
].
The study has some limitations. Not all authors understand Vietnamese. During data analysis, the coding and quotation selection were performed in Vietnamese and then coding results and selected quotations were translated into English, which made the analysis process more time consuming. Another limitation is that the member check of the transcripts was not done by the participants, as it was difficult to gather the discussion groups.
Although the results of this study cannot be generalised in a numerical manner, we believe that the study and its results can be of value in many other similar settings.
5. Conclusions
The staff were generally knowledgeable of hospital infection control, but they were not aware of the situation in their own hospital, and infection control practices in the hospitals remained poor. Reported difficulties in infection control were lack of resources, poor awareness and patient overload. Making data on HAIs available for health workers can be a feasible intervention to improve infection control practices in the hospitals with limited resources, where optimising facilities and systematic approaches in improving infection control are difficult.
Author Contributions
Conceptualisation, L.T.Q.L., E.J., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.Q.H., A.J.T. and C.S.L.; Data curation, L.T.Q.L.; Formal analysis, L.T.Q.L., E.J., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.Q.H., A.J.T. and C.S.L.; Funding acquisition, L.T.Q.L., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.Q.H. and C.S.L.; Investigation, P.T.L., N.T.M.T. and H.D.P.; Methodology, L.T.Q.L., E.J., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.Q.H., A.J.T. and C.S.L.; Project administration, N.T.K.C.; Resources, P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.T.M.T. and N.Q.H.; Supervision, C.S.L.; Validation, L.T.Q.L., E.J., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.T.M.T., N.Q.H., H.D.P., A.J.T. and C.S.L.; Visualisation, L.T.Q.L.; Writing – original draft, L.T.Q.L.; Writing – review & editing, L.T.Q.L., E.J., P.T.L., N.T.K.C., N.T.M.T., N.Q.H., H.D.P., A.J.T. and C.S.L..
Funding
This work was funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (grant number SWE-2010-50). This study forms a part of the doctoral studies of the first author who received a scholarship from the Vietnamese Government.
Acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to all participants and study associates for their valuable contributions to the study.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Table 1. Interview/Discussion guide.
Table 1. Interview/Discussion guide.
Interview/Discussion Guide - The definition of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) - Types of HAIs - Transmission ways of HAIs - Situation of HAIs in the hospitals - Difficulties in controlling HAIs - Importance of hand hygiene - Reasons for noncompliance with hand hygiene guidelines - Healthcare waste management Situation of healthcare waste management in the hospitals
HAIs: Healthcare-associated infections.
Table 2. Characteristics of participants in individual interviews and focus group discussions in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam.
Table 2. Characteristics of participants in individual interviews and focus group discussions in a rural and an urban hospital in Vietnam.
Interview Code Hospital Category of Staff Number of Participants Number of Years of Experience Male Female II 1 Urban Hospital manager - 1 28 II 2 Urban Hospital manager - 1 27 II 3 Urban Hospital manager 1 - 31 II 4 Rural Hospital manager 1 - 26 II 5 Rural Hospital manager 1 - 14 II 6 Rural Hospital manager 1 - 32 FGD 1 Urban Doctors (Dept. of Neurology, Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care, Dept. of Occupational Diseases) 3 3 1–25 FGD 2 Urban Nurses (Dept. of Surgery, Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care, Dept. of Nursing) 2 5 1–27 FGD 3 Urban Cleaning workers (Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care, Dept. of Cardiology, Dept. of Surgery, Dept. of Endocrinology, Dept. of General Internal Medicine, Dept. of Gastroenterology, Public area, Cleaning Administrator) - 9 1–12 FGD 4 Rural Doctors (Dept. of Surgery, Dept. of Obstetrics, Dept. of Pediatrics, Dept. of Ophthalmology Otorhinolaryngology, Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care, Dept. of General Planning) 5 3 1–20 FGD 5 Rural Nurses (Dept. of Nursing, Dept. of Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Surgery, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Dept. of General Examination, Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care, Dept. of Traditional Medicine, Dept. of Obstetrics) 1 7 1–32 FGD 6 Rural Cleaning workers (Administration area, Dept. of Imaging and Radiology, Dept. of Surgery, Public area, Dept. of Traditional Medicine, Dept. of Emergency and Intensive Care) - 6 1–2 Total 15 35
Table 3. Examples of coding process.
Table 3. Examples of coding process.
Condensed Meaning Units Codes Category - HAIs are the infections occurring in patents in the hospital after admission - During stay in the hospital, patients can get infections Occurring in the hospital Healthcare-associated infections - There are infections incubating for 5 days, 7 days and even longer, so the infections may appear after discharge Appearing after discharge - Surgical site infections; hospital-acquired endometrial infections; stitches infection after giving birth - Nosocomial digestive disorders; catheter placement infection; nosocomial tuberculosis Examples of HAIs - Noncompliance with hand hygiene - Doctors don’t wash their hands after each patient - Not absolute compliance with aseptic discipline Through hospital staff - Through needle puncture or bandage - Sharing bows or cups Through medical equipment and domestic utensils - HIV and hepatitis B can be transmitted through needle puncture - Hospital waste can be a source of diseases - Hospital waste if not properly managed can lead to HAIs Through hospital waste - Infected air; tuberculosis cases from one patient to another - Respiratory infections can be transmitted within the hospital Through the air
HAIs: Healthcare-associated infections; ICU: Intensive Care Unit.
Table 4. The main theme, sub-themes and categories.
Table 4. The main theme, sub-themes and categories.
Main Theme Making data on HAIs available for health workers can improve their awareness and motivate them to put their existing knowledge into practice, thus decreasing the know-do gap in infection control Sub-themes Sub-theme 1 Sub-theme 2 Sub-theme 3 Hospital staff were knowledgeable of HAIs, but they were not aware of the HAI situation in their hospitals Hospital staff were aware of the importance of hand hygiene in preventing HAIs, but they acknowledged poor hand hygiene practices in their hospitals Hospital staff acknowledged the importance of healthcare waste management, but they were not aware of healthcare waste treatment in their hospitals Categories - HAIs - Situation of HAIs - Difficulties in controlling HAIs - Importance of hand hygiene - Reasons for noncompliance - Healthcare waste management - Situation of healthcare waste management
HAIs: Healthcare-associated infections.
AMA Style
Lien LTQ, Johansson E, Lan PT, Chuc NTK, Thoa NTM, Hoa NQ, Phuc HD, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS. A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1549.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lien, La Thi Quynh, Eva Johansson, Pham Thi Lan, Nguyen Thi Kim Chuc, Nguyen Thi Minh Thoa, Nguyen Quynh Hoa, Ho Dang Phuc, Ashok J. Tamhankar, and Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg. 2018. "A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health15, no. 7: 1549.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549
MDPI and ACS Style
Lien, L.T.Q.; Johansson, E.; Lan, P.T.; Chuc, N.T.K.; Thoa, N.T.M.; Hoa, N.Q.; Phuc, H.D.; Tamhankar, A.J.; Lundborg, C.S. A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1549.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549
AMA Style
Lien LTQ, Johansson E, Lan PT, Chuc NTK, Thoa NTM, Hoa NQ, Phuc HD, Tamhankar AJ, Lundborg CS. A Potential Way to Decrease the Know-Do Gap in Hospital Infection Control in Vietnam: “Providing Specific Figures on Healthcare-Associated Infections to the Hospital Staff Can ‘Wake Them Up’ to Change Their Behaviour”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1549.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071549
Chicago/Turabian Style
| https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/15/7/1549/htm |
Difference between revisions of "Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy" • FamilySearch
Guide to Clinton County, Pennsylvania ancestry, genealogy and family history, birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, and military records.
Difference between revisions of "Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy"
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''
[[United States]]
[[Image:Gotoarrow.png]]
[[Pennsylvania]]
[[
Image:Gotoarrow.png]] [[Clinton_County
,
_Pennsylvania
|Clinton County]]
'' {{Adoption PARoots
}}
{{breadcrumb
| link1=
[[
United States Genealogy|
United States]]
[[
Pennsylvania, United States Genealogy|
Pennsylvania]]
| link3=
| link4=
| link5=
[[
Clinton County
,
Pennsylvania Genealogy
|Clinton County]]
}}
−
== Historical Facts ==
Guide to '''Clinton County, Pennsylvania ancestry, genealogy and family history''', birth records, marriage records, death records, census records, and military records.
−
Named
for
DeWitt
Clinton,
seventh Governor of New York
.
{| style="width:18%; float:right"
|-
|
<center><div id="fsButtons"><span class="online_records_button">[[Pennsylvania Online Genealogy Records]]</span></div></center>
|-
|
<center>{{Infobox U.S. County 2016
|organized= June 21, 1839
|county seat= Lock Haven
|parent county= [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Lycoming]], [[Centre County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Centre]]<ref>''Handybook
for
Genealogists: United States of America'', 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania.{{WorldCat|50140092|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|1049485|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002}}.</ref>
|variant spellings=
|county1=[[Elk County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Elk]]
|county2=[[Cameron County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Cameron]]
|county3=[[Clinton County, Pennsylvania|
Clinton
]]
|county4=[[Jefferson County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Jefferson]]
|county5=[[Cambria County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Cambria]]
|county6= [[Blair County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Blair]]
|county7= [[Centre County
,
Pennsylvania Genealogy|Centre]]
|county8=[[Indiana County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Indiana]]</br><center>[[Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy#Maps and Gazetteers|See County Maps]]</center>
|county9=
|county10=
|county courthouse= [[Image:Clinton County, Pennsylvania Courthouse.jpg|245x245px]]
|county location in state= [[Image:Clinton County PA Map
.
png|185x185px]]
|adoption= {{Adoption PARoots}}
}}
|}</center>
<div style="width:17%; float:left; margin-right:4em; padding:0px">__TOC__</div>
== County Information ==
===
= Parent Counties =
===
===
Description
===
The county was named for the seventh Governor of New York State, DeWitt Clinton. The county is located in the central area of the state.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania accessed 2/2/2017</ref>
21 June 1839
: Clinton County
was created from [[Lycoming
County
, Pennsylvania|Lycoming]] and [[Centre
County
, Pennsylvania|Centre]] Counties.
<
ref name="HBG"
>[
http
://www.
worldcat
.
org
/
oclc
/
50140092&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;referer
=
brief_results
''Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America, 10th ed.
'']
(Draper,
Utah
: Everton
Pub.
, 2002),
[FHL book 973 D27e 2002]
.</ref>
=== County Courthouse ===
{{PA Courthouse Intro|Clinton}}
'''Clinton County Courthouse'''<br>
230 East Water Street<br>
Lock Haven, PA 17745<br>
Phone
:
570-893-4016<br>
Fax 570-893-4145<br>
Clinton County
Prothonotary Phone: 570-893-4007<br>
Clarion
County
Orphans' Court Phone: 814-226-4000 ext. 2500 Fax: 814-226-1117<br>
Clinton
County
Register & Recorder Phone: 570-893-4010
<
br
>
+
[
https
://www.
clintoncountypa
.
com
/
government
/
court-services/county-courts Clinton County Website]<br><br>
County Clerk has birth, marriage, death, divorce, probate, court and land records<ref name
=
"HB">
''
The
Handybook for Genealogists : United States of America
''
, 10th ed.
,
(Draper,
UT
: Everton
Publishers
, 2002)
Clinton County, Pennsylvania
,
p
.
589
</ref
><br
>
====
Boundary Changes <ref name
="
PaLine
">
[http
:
//www
.
worldcat
.
org/oclc/21353742&
;
amp
;
amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;referer=brief_results ''Pennsylvania line
:
a research guide to Pennsylvania genealogy
and
local history
,
1990
ed.'']
(Laughlintown
,
Pa
.
: Southwest
Pennsylvania
Genealogical Services
,
1990)
, [
FHL book 974
.
8 D27p 1990
].
</ref>
====
===
Clinton County, Pennsylvania Record Dates ===
{{PA Record Dates Intro|Clinton}}
{| cellspacing="1" cellpadding="1" border="1"
|-
| bgcolor
=
"#e4d8e5" align="center" colspan
="
7
"
| <center
>
'''Known Beginning Dates for Major County Records'''<ref>''Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America'', 10th ed. (Draper, Utah
:
Everton Pub
.
, 2002), Clinton County, Pennsylvania
.
Page 588-593 {{WorldCat|50140092|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}
;
{{FSC|1049485|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002}}
;
Alice Eichholz, ed. Ancestry’s Red Book
:
American State, County,
and
Town Sources
,
Third
ed.
(Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004), 579-581.</ref></center>
|-
| width="14.2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" |
''
'[[Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy#Birth|Birth*
]
]'''
| width="14.2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''[[Clinton County
,
Pennsylvania Genealogy#Marriage|Marriage]]'''
| width="14
.
2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''[[Clinton County,
Pennsylvania
Genealogy#Death|Death*]]'''
| width="14.2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''[[Clinton County
,
Pennsylvania Genealogy#Court Records|Court]]'''
| width="14.2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''[[Clinton County
,
Pennsylvania Genealogy#Land and Property Records|Land]]'''
| width="14.2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''
[
[Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy#Probate Records|Probate]]'''
| width="14
.
2%" bgcolor="#e4d8e5" align="center" | '''[[Clinton County, Pennsylvania Genealogy#Census Records|Census
]
]'''
|-
| width="14
.
2%" align="center" |bef 1906
| width="14.2%" align="center" |1839
| width="14.2%" align="center" |bef 1906
| width="14.2%" align="center" |1839
| width="14.2%" align="center" |1839
+
| width="14.2%" align
=
"center" |1839
| width
=
"14.2%" align
=
"center" |1790
|-
| colspan
=
"7"| <center>*Statewide registration for births and deaths began in 1906. General compliance by 1915. </center>
|}
−
*27 January 1750: When [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania|Cumberland]] County was formed, it included part of the southern portion of today's Clinton County. The rest of today's Clinton County were not included in any county until 1785
=== Record Loss ===
−
*14 October 1751: When Berks County was created, a portion of southwestern Clinton County was included in it.
{
|
−
*9 March 1771: [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford]] County was created taking the portion of today's Clinton County that was in [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania
|
Cumberland]] County.
|
-
−
*21 March 1772: When [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]] County was created, the southern portion of today's Clinton County which was formerly in Bedford and Berks Counties was included in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|
Northumberland]] County.
−
*1785: The northern portion of today's Clinton County was annexed to [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania
|
Northumberland]] County; thus, all of the county was part of Northumberland County.
There is no known history
of
courthouse disasters
in
this county
.
−
*19 September 1789: When [[Mifflin County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin]] County was formed, southern part
of
today's Clinton County became part of it.; the remainder (approx. 80%) stayed
in
[[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]] County.
−
*13 April 1795: When [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|Lycoming]] County was created, the portion that was in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]] County was absorbed into [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|Lycoming]] County; the remainder stayed in [[Mifflin County, Pennsylvania|Mifflin]] County.
−
*13 February 1800: [[Centre County, Pennsylvania|Centre]] County was created, the northern portion remained in [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|Lycoming]] County while the southern half became part of [[Centre County, Pennsylvania|Centre]] County.
−
*29 March 1860: When [[Cameron County, Pennsylvania|Cameron]] County was formed, the boundaries of Clinton County became final
.
−
==== Neighboring Counties ====
</div>
−
[[
Cameron
County, Pennsylvania|
Cameron
]]
|
[[Centre County, Pennsylvania|Centre]] | [[
Clearfield
County, Pennsylvania|
Clearfield
]] | [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania|Lycoming]] | [[
Potter
County, Pennsylvania|
Potter
]] | [[
Union
County, Pennsylvania|
Union
]]
|}
=== Boundary Changes ===
+
{{PA Boundary Changes Intro|Clinton}}
{|
|-
|
* Formed from
[[
Lycoming
County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|
Lycoming
]]
and
[[Centre County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|Centre]]
Counties 21 June 1839.<ref>''Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America'', 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania.{{WorldCat|50140092|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|1049485|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002}}.</ref>
*'''County seat:''' Lock Haven<ref>''Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America'', 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania.{{WorldCat|50140092|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|1049485|item|disp=FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002}}.</ref><br>
*'''27 January 1750''': When [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Cumberland]] County was formed, it included part of the southern portion of today's Clinton County. The rest of today's Clinton County were not included in any county until 1785
*'''14 October 1751:''' When Berks County was created, a portion of southwestern Clinton County was included in it.
*'''9 March 1771:''' [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Bedford]] County was created taking the portion of today's Clinton County that was in [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy
|
Cumberland]] County.
*'''21 March 1772:''' When
[[
Northumberland
County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|
Northumberland
]]
County was created, the southern portion of today's Clinton County which was formerly in Bedford and Berks Counties was included in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy
|
Northumberland]] County.
*'''1785:''' The northern portion of today's Clinton County was annexed to [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Northumberland]] County; thus, all of the county was part of Northumberland County.
+
*'''19 September 1789: '''When [[Mifflin County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Mifflin]] County was formed, southern part of today's Clinton County became part of it.; the remainder (approx. 80%) stayed in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Northumberland]] County.
*'''13 April 1795:''' When
[[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|Lycoming]]
County was created, the portion that was in [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania Genealogy
|
Northumberland]] County was absorbed into
[[
Lycoming
County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|
Lycoming
]]
County; the remainder stayed in [[Mifflin County, Pennsylvania Genealogy
|
Mifflin]] County.
*'''13 February 1800:'''
[[
Centre
County, Pennsylvania
Genealogy
|
Centre
]]
County was created, the northern portion remained in [[Lycoming County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Lycoming]] County while the southern half became part of [[Centre County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Centre]] County.
*'''29 March 1860:''' When [[Cameron County, Pennsylvania Genealogy|Cameron]] County was formed, the boundaries of Clinton County became final.
==== Record Loss ====
For animated maps illustrating Pennsylvania county boundary changes, [http://www.mapofus.org/pennsylvania/ "Rotating Formation Pennsylvania County Boundary Maps"] (1673-1878) may be viewed at the MapofUS.org website.
==
Resources
==
|}
==
= Populated Places =
==
−
==== Bible Records ====
For a complete list of populated places, including small neighborhoods and suburbs, visit [https://pennsylvania.hometownlocator.com/counties/cities,cfips,035,c,clinton.cfm HomeTown Locator]. The following are the most historically and genealogically relevant populated places in this county:<ref>Wikipedia contributors, "Clinton County, Pennsylvania," in ''Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia'', https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania, accessed 17 January 2020.</ref>
====
Cemeteries
====
{{Populated places
<!--cities column------------------->
| cities-col1
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lock_Haven,_Pennsylvania Lock Haven]
</div>
| cities-col2
=
<div></div>
| cities-col3
=
<div></div>
<!--census column------------------->
| census-col1
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea,_Pennsylvania Castanea]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnstown,_Pennsylvania Dunnstown]
</div>
| census-col2
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar,_Pennsylvania Lamar]
+
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McElhattan,_Pennsylvania McElhattan]
</div>
| census-col3
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauchtown,_Pennsylvania Rauchtown]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rote,_Pennsylvania Rote]
</div>
<!--townships column------------------->
| townships-col1
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allison_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Allison]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bald_Eagle_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Bald Eagle]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Creek_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Beech Creek]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castanea_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Castanea]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Chapman]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colebrook_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Colebrook]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crawford_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Crawford]
</div>
| townships-col2
=
<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnstable_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Dunnstable]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Keating_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania East Keating]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallagher_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Gallagher]
+
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Greene]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grugan_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Grugan]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamar_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Lamar]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leidy_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Leidy]
</div>
| townships-col3=<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logan_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Logan]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyes_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Noyes]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Creek_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Pine Creek]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Porter]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Wayne]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Keating_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania West Keating]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward_Township,_Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania Woodward]
</div>
<!--boroughs column------------------->
| boroughs-col1=<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avis,_Pennsylvania Avis]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech_Creek,_Pennsylvania Beech Creek]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flemington,_Pennsylvania Flemington]
</div>
| boroughs-col2=<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loganton,_Pennsylvania Loganton]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill_Hall,_Pennsylvania Mill Hall]
+
</div>
| boroughs-col3=<div>
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renovo,_Pennsylvania Renovo]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Renovo,_Pennsylvania South Renovo]
</div>
}}
[http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page
=
csr&CScn
=
&CScntry
=
4&CSst
=
40&CScnty
=
2258 Find a Grave]
===
History Timeline
==
=
{{PA Historical Timeline Intro|Clinton}}
====
Census ====
==
Resources
==
{{PA Resources Intro|Clinton}}
{{
PAcensus
}}
=== Bible Records ===
+
{{
PA Bible Intro|Clinton
}}
=
=== Church
Records
====
* {{FSC|270857|item|disp
=
Lycoming and Clinton Counties and Miscellaneous Bible
Records
}}(*); at FamilySearch Catalog — index & images
===
= Court Records
===
=
===
Biographies
===
{{PA Biographies Intro|Clinton}}
===
== Court of Common Pleas ==
===
===
Business, Commerce, and Occupations
===
{{PA Business Records Intro|Clinton}}
======
Clerk of the Court ======
===
Cemeteries
===
{{PA Cemeteries Intro|Clinton}}
======
Prothonotary
======
{| style
=
"border:1px solid black; width:70%; "
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" style="border:1px solid black"| <center>'''Cemeteries of Clinton County, Pennsylvania''' online and in print</center>
|-
| width="25%" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" style="border:1px solid black" | <center>'''Tombstone Transcriptions Online'''</center>
|bgcolor="#F0F0F0" valign="top" style="border:1px solid black" |
* [https://www.findagrave.com/memorial Findagrave.com]
* [http://pennsylvania.hometownlocator.com/features/cultural,class,cemetery,scfips,42035.cfm PA Cemeteries]
* [http://usgwarchives.net/pa/clinton/ PAGenWeb Archives]
+
* [http://www.usgwarchives.net/pa/clinton/tsimages.htm Tombstone Photos]
* [http://www.pagenweb.org/~clinton/cemeteries.html PAGenWeb]
* [https://billiongraves.com/search# BillionGraves (name)]
|-
| width="25%" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" style="border:1px solid black" | <center>'''Tombstone Transcriptions in Print''' ([[The Value of Cemetery Records in Print |Often more complete]])</center>
|bgcolor="#F0F0F0" style="border:1px solid black" valign
=
"top" |
* {{FSC|482850|subject-id|disp
=
FamilySearch Library}}
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q
=
su%3ACemeteries+Pennsylvania+Clinton+County.&qt
=
hot_subject WorldCat]
|-
| width
=
"25%" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" style="border:1px solid black" |<center>'''List of Cemeteries in the County'''</center>
|bgcolor="#F0F0F0" style="border:1px solid black" valign="top" |
* [https://www.findagrave.com/cemetery-browse/USA/Pennsylvania/Clinton-County?id=county_2258 Findagrave.com]
* [https://billiongraves.com/search/cemetery BillionGraves]
* [http://www.linkpendium.com/clinton-pa-genealogy/ Linkpendium]
* [http://www.pennsylvaniagravestones.org/cemeteries.php?selected_cid
=
18 PAGravestones]
* [http://www.interment.net/us/pa/clinton.htm Interment]
*[https://www.familysearch.org/research/places/?reqParents
=
395680&reqParentsLabel
=
Clinton%2C%20Pennsylvania%2C%20United%20States&reqParentsType
=
209&reqTypes
=
20&reqTypeLabel
=
Cemetery FamilySearch Places]
===
== Orphan
'
s Court (see Vital Records) =====
|-
| colspan
=
"2" bgcolor
=
"#E0E0E0" style
=
"border:1px solid black"| <center>See '''[[Pennsylvania Cemeteries]]''
'
for more information</center>
|}
==== Emigration
and
Immigration ====
''Additional Cemetery Resources''
*'''ca.1700-ca.1950''' {{RecordSearch|3743478|Pennsylvania Cemetery Records, ca. 1700-ca. 1950}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Cemetery Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
and
images
*{{RecordSearch|3015284|Cemetery Abstracts}} at FamilySearch - [[Cemetery Abstracts - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images (incomplete)
*[http://ldsgenealogy.com/PA/Clinton-County-Cemetery-Records.htm Pennsylvania Genealogy]
===
= Ethnic Groups =
===
===
Census Records
===
===== Germans
=====
'''''Federal Census'''''
*'''1850-1880'''
{{RecordSearch|3512181|Pennsylvania Mortality Schedules, 1850-1880}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Mortality Schedules- FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
===
= Gazetteers ====
{{Historical populations
|type
=
USA
+
|heading
=
Census
|footnote
=
Source: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania#Demographics "Wikipedia.org".]
|1840 |8323
|1850 |11207
|1860 |17723
|1870 |23211
|1880 |26278
|1890 |28685
|1900 |29197
|1910 |31545
+
|1920 |33555
|1930 |32319
|1940 |34557
|1950 |36532
|1960 |37619
|1970 |37721
|1980 |38971
|1990 |37182
|2000 |37910
|2010 |39238
}}
−
===
= Genealogy =
===
===
Church Records
===
{{PA Church Intro|Clinton}}
*Visit [[Clinton County, Pennsylvania Church Records]] for information about church denominations and records in Clinton County.
===
= History =
===
===
Court Records
===
{{PA Court Intro|Clinton}}
===
== Published Histories ==
===
===
Directories
===
{{PA Directories Intro|Clinton}}
===
= Land
and
Property
===
=
===
Emigration
and
Immigration
===
{{PA Emigration Intro|Clinton}}
−
[
http://www.clintoncountypa.com/departments/county_departments/register_recorder/recorder_of_deeds.shtml Clinton County Register &
;
Recorder
]
<br>230 East Water Street<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745<br>Phone:
(
570
)
893
-
4010<br>E
-
mail: [email protected]
*'''1798-1828''' {{RecordSearch|1908383|Pennsylvania Landing Reports of Aliens, 1798-1828}} at FamilySearch - [
[
Pennsylvania - Landing Reports of Aliens - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]
;
Alphabet index then by numbered entry
*'''1900-1923''' {{RecordSearch|1888682|Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Case Files of Chinese Immigrants, 1900-1923}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Case Files of Chinese Immigrants - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]
]
; images only
(
by county
)
*'''1952-1957''' {{RecordSearch|2427900|Pennsylvania, Crew Lists arriving at Erie, 1952-1957}} at FamilySearch
-
[[Pennsylvania, Crew Lists Arriving at Erie
-
FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
Due to the lack of vital records for Pennsylvania
,
land records are an important tool in early Pennsylvania research. Land records will list the sellor and purchaser of the property
and
may hide clues to family connections. Land records for
Clinton
are available from the Recorder of Deeds for 1839 to the present.
=== Ethnic, Political
, and
Religious Groups ===
+
{{PA Ethnic Groups Intro|
Clinton
}}
*Deeds, 1839-1865; Index to Deeds, 1839-1916
{{
FHL|124461|item
|
disp=FHL film 963875 (First of 20 films)
}}
=== Funeral Homes ===
{{
PA Funeral Homes Intro
|
Clinton
}}
<br>
=== Genealogies ===
+
{{PA Genealogies Intro|Clinton}}
===
= Maps =
===
===
Guardianship
===
{{PA Guardianship Intro|Clinton}}
[http://ancestortracks.com/ Ancestor Tracks] has posted free downloadable images from the [http://ancestortracks.com/ClintonCoWarranteeMap.html 1862 Map of
Clinton
County, Pennsylvania from Actual Surveys under the Direction of H.F. Walling drawn by F.W. Beers]. This wall map located in the Library of Congress shows major landowners and geographic sites at the date of publishing. While the physical maps are in the public domain, the images we have taken of the maps belong to us and are not to be used commercially. We hereby give permission to use them strictly for personal use; please attribute to Ancestor Tracks.
=== Land and Property Records ===
{{PA Land Intro|
Clinton
}}
==== Migration ====
Land records in Clinton County began in 1839. These records are filed with the [https://www.clintoncountypa.com/government/register-recorder Register and Recorder] office in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.
=
=== Military ====
'''Land Records Online'''
*'''1839 -1916''' Deeds, 1839-1865; Index, 1839-1916. {{FSC|124461|item|disp
=
FS Library film 963875 (First of 20 films)}}
===
= Naturalization and Citizenship =
===
===
Local Histories
===
{{PA Histories Intro|Clinton}}
−
====
Newspapers ==
==
*''Historical and Biographical Work, Past and Present of Clinton County.'' 1892. By J. Milton Furey. Williamsport, Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania Grit Printing House. '''Online at:''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/133357-historical-and-biographical-work-or-past-and-present-of-clinton-county-pa-comprising-a-sketch-of-every-town-and-township-biographical-sketches-of-many-prominent-citizens-and-a-complete-history-of-all-murders-floods-and-other-important-events-that-have-occurred-in-clinton-county?offset
=
12 FamilySearch Digital Library], [https://archive.org/details/cu31924028852535 Internet Archive].
*''Historical View of Clinton County : From its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time.'' 1875. By D.S. Maynard. Lock Haven, Pa. : Enterprise Print. House. '''Online at:''' [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008651750 Hathitrust], [https://archive.org/details/cu31924028852543/page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive]; {{WorldCat|14771617|disp
=
At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
*''History and Topography of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata and Clinton Counties, Pa.'' 1847. By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster, Pennsylvania : G. Hills. '''Online at:''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/492260-history-and-topography-of-northumberland-huntingdon-mifflin-centre-union-columbia-juniata-and-clinton-counties-pa-with-a-copious-appendix?offset
=
1 FamilySearch Digital Library], [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011607759 Hathitrust], [https://archive.org/details/historytopograph00inrupp Internet Archive]; {{WorldCat|1046596174|disp
=
At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
*''History of Centre and Clinton Counties, Pennsylvania.'' 1883. By John Blair Linn. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : L.H. Everts. '''Online at:''' [https://www.familysearch.org/library/books/records/item/653629-history-of-centre-and-clinton-counties-pennsylvania?offset
=
1 FamilySearch Digital Library], [https://archive.org/details/historyofcentrec00linn Internet Archive]; {{WorldCat|1471713|disp
=
At various libraries (WorldCat)}}.
−
=====
Obituaries
=
====
===
Maps and Gazetteers
==
=
{{PA Maps Intro|Clinton}}
{{CO Neighboring Counties Intro|county
=
{{PA Clinton County}}}}
*[http://www.mapofus.org/pennsylvania/ Maps of Pennsylvania (1673-1878)]
====
Occupations ===
=
[http://ancestortracks.com/ Ancestor Tracks] has posted downloadable images from the [http://ancestortracks.com/ClintonCoWarranteeMap.html 1862 Map of Clinton County, Pennsylvania from Actual Surveys under the Direction of H.F. Walling drawn by F.W. Beers]. This wall map located in the Library of Congress shows major landowners and geographic sites at the date of publishing. While the physical maps are in the public domain, the images we have taken of the maps belong to us and are not to be used commercially. We hereby give permission to use them strictly for personal use; please attribute to Ancestor Tracks.
+
*[https://www.familysearch.org/research/places/?reqParents
=
395680&reqParentsLabel
=
Clinton%2C%20Pennsylvania%2C%20United%20States&reqParentsType
=
209&reqTypeGroups
=
8&reqTypeLabel
=
Cities%20and%20Towns FamilySearch Places]: Map of cities and towns in this county - [[FamilySearch Places|How to Use FS Places]]
===
== Indentured Servants ==
===
===
Migration
===
{{PA Migration Intro|Clinton}}
−
===
= Periodicals =
===
===
Military Records
===
{{PA Military Intro|Clinton}}
==== Poorhouse
,
Almshouse
====
'''''Civil War'''''
*'''1861-1865''' {{RecordSearch|3048335|Pennsylvania
,
Register of Military Volunteers, 1861-1865}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Cemetery Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
*'''1865-1936'''
{{RecordSearch|2207723|Pennsylvania, Grand Army of the Republic Membership Records, 1865-1936}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Grand Army of the Republic Membership Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
−
==== Probate
Records
====
'''''World War II'''''
*'''1933-1947''' {{RecordSearch|4138682|Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, World War II Casualty Cards, 1933-1947}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, World War II Casualty Cards - FamilySearch Historical
Records
|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
===
= Repositories =
===
===
Naturalization and Citizenship
===
{{PA Naturalization Intro|Clinton}}
===== Archives =====
''Online Naturalization Indexes and Records''
===
== Courthouse
=
====
*'''1795-1931''' {{RecordSearch|1913395|Pennsylvania, Eastern District Petitions for Naturalization, 1795-1931}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Eastern District Petitions for Naturalization - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1795-1952''' {{RecordSearch|1937344|Pennsylvania, Eastern District Naturalization Indexes, 1795-1952}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Eastern District Naturalization Indexes - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1901-1930''' [http://www.fold3.com/titleinfo.php?id
=
118&title
=
naturalizations_pa_middle%2F&xid
=
319 Naturalization Petitions of the U.S. Circuit and District Courts for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, 1906-1930; and 1901-1906] on [http://www.fold3.com/ Fold3.com] - ($), indexed, National Archives publication M1622, Middle District court was created in 1901, for earlier dates try the Eastern and Western District court records
*'''1901-1930'''
[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid
=
1193 Middle District, US Circuit and District Courts: Naturalization petitions, 1906-1930] located in ''U.S. Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project)'' database on [http://search.ancestry.com Ancestry] $
−
[http://www.clintoncountypa.com/ Clinton County Courthouse]<br>
=== Newspapers ===
Clinton
County Register and Recorders Office<br>230 East Water Street<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745<br>(570) 893-4010<br>
{{PA Newspapers Intro|
Clinton
}}
===== Family History Centers =====
'''Newspapers of Clinton County'''
*[
[Introduction to LDS Family History Centers
]
]<br>
*[
http://www.pagenweb.org/~clinton/vitals.html USGenWeb Newspapers of the Region
]
, Clinton County,
Pennsylvania
.
*[[Lock Haven
Pennsylvania
Family History Center]] (Mill Hall)<br>
===== Libraries =====
'''Online Newspapers'''
===== Museums =====
To learn if there are newspapers online for a specific town or city in Pennsylvania, see [http://news.google.com/newspapers news.google.com/newspapers] and search for the town or the name of a newspaper.
=====
Societies
=====
*[http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/search/titles/results/?state
=
Pennsylvania&county
=
Clinton&city
=
&year1
=
1690&year2
=
2012&terms
=
&frequency
=
&language
=
ðnicity
=
&labor
=
&material_type=&lccn=&rows=20 Chronicling America] US Newspaper Directory
*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=KIG7iI7jH74C Clinton County Weekly] January 28, 1933 - December 30, 1937
*[https://panewsarchive.psu.edu/ Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive]
+
*[http://www.usnpl.com/panews.php Pennsylvania Newspapers]
*[http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=gOF0WX6RF1sC The Clinton County Times] January 9, 1903 - December 28, 1967
−
[http://www.clintoncogensociety.org/ Clinton County Genealogical Society]<br>P.O. Box 393<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745-0393
'''Online Newspaper Abstracts'''
[http://www.
clintoncountyhistory
.
com
/ Clinton County
Historical Society]<br>362 East Water Street<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745<br>Phone: (570) 748-7254
*
[http://www.
pa-roots
.
org
/
data/list.php?268 PA-Roots Newspaper Articles] for
Clinton County
.
==== Taxation ====
'''Newspaper Excerpts and Abstracts'''
=
=== Vital Records ====
*The Lock Haven Express, ''Clinton County Centennial Edition of the Lock Haven Express, 1839-1939'' (SLC, Utah, 1974) {{FSC|42746|item|disp
=
FS Library film 963339 item 2}}
{{PA
vitals
}}
=== Obituaries ===
{{PA
Obituaries Intro|Clinton
}}
−
===== Birth
=====
'''Online Obituary Abstracts'''
*'''1947-2010'''
{{RecordSearch|2282148|Pennsylvania Obituary and Marriage Collection, 1947-2010}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Obituary and Marriage Collection - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1977-2010''' {{RecordSearch|2287449|Pennsylvania Obituaries, 1977-2010}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Obituaries - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*[http://www.pa-roots.org/data/list.php?269 PA-Roots Obituaries] for Clinton County.
{{PA birth}}
'''
Obituary Excerpts and Abstracts
'''
*
'''
1852-1854
'''
– Pennsylvania Births [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2349 Ancestry.com] – ($) Index with images.
===== Marriage =====
{{PA
marriage
}}
*Hoffer, Mary E. and many others, ''Church records, Sugar Valley, Clinton Co., Pa. [and] Logan and Green Twps., Pa., 1852-1956 members, marriages, baptisms, births'' (S.I.:Pennsylvania State Society D.A.R., 1977)
{{
WorldCat|20057620|disp=At various libraries (WorldCat)}}; {{FSC|73033|item|disp=FS Library book 974.854 K29d}}
*Wion, John H., ''Deaths in Central Pennsylvania; an Index to the Obituaries Appearing in the Democratic Watchman, Bellefonte,
PA
''(S.I.:s.n., 1969) {{FSC|283235|item|disp=FS Library book 974.8 V4w Volume 1,2
}}
An alphabetical listing with name and death date.
*'''1725-1976''' -
{{
RecordSearch
|
1681011|Pennsylvania, Marriages, 1709-1940
}}
- free index. Not complete for all years.
=== Other Records ===
{{
PA Other Records Intro
|
Clinton
}}
===
== Divorce ==
===
===
Periodicals
===
{{PA Periodicals Intro|Clinton}}
===
== Death ==
===
===
Probate Records
===
{{PA Probate Intro|Clinton}}
{{PA death}}
'''Online Probate Index and Records'''
*'''
1852
-
1854
'''
– Pennsylvania Deaths
[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=
2487 Ancestry
.com]
–
($) Index
with
images
.
*'''
1683
-
1993
'''
[http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=
8802 Pennsylvania Wills and Probate Records 1683-1993] at [http://home.ancestry
.com
/ Ancestry
] ($)
*'''1683-1994''' {{RecordSearch|1999196|Pennsylvania Probate Records 1683-1994}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Probate Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; images
*'''1839-1908''' {{FHL|305107|item|disp=Will Books, 1839-1908}}(*); Register of Wills at FamilySearch Catalog — index & images
*'''1839-1974''' {{FHL|305056|item|disp=Orphans' Court Records, 1839-1869 ;
Index
to Orphans' Court Records, 1839-1974}}(*); Orphans' Court at FamilySearch Catalog — index &
images
−
==
Web Sites
School Records
{{PA Schools Intro|Clinton}}
*{{
FHL
|
Pennsylvania%2C+Clinton
|
subject|disp=Family History Library Catalog
===Social Security Records===
*
[
http
://www.
linkpendium
genealogy
USA
Clinton
Linkpendium
Clinton County
'''1935-2014'''
RecordSearch
*[
http
~clinton
Clinton Co
search
/
Ancestry ($)
]
— index, [[United States Social Security Administration Records#Social Security Applications and Claims Index|click here
for
.
==
Places
==
===
Tax Records
=
==
{{PA Tax Intro|Clinton}}
===
= Populated Places =
===
===
Vital Records
===
{{PA Vital Intro|Clinton}}
==
References
==
====
Birth ====
{{PA Birth Intro|Clinton}}
<
references
/>
*'''1520-1999''' {{RecordSearch|4138679|Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Births and Baptisms, 1520-1999}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Births and Baptisms - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1709-1950''' {{RecordSearch|1681005|Pennsylvania, Births and Christenings, 1709-1950}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Obituary and Marriage Collection - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
*'''1852-1854''' Pennsylvania Births [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2349 Ancestry] $
*'''1853''' Clinton County Birth Index 1853 in [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/igi International Genealogical Index] at FamilySearch. Batch {{IGI|C524271}}<ref>Genealogical Society of Utah, ''Parish and Vital Records List'' (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at [[Media:Igipennsylvaniac.pdf|https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/2/23/Igipennsylvaniac.pdf]].
</
ref
>
*'''1941-1976''' {{RecordSearch|3743274|Pennsylvania Delayed Birth Records, 1941-1976}} at FamilySerch - [[Pennsylvania Delayed Birth Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
{{
Pennsylvania
|
Pennsylvania}} {{Pennsylvania-stub
}}
==== Marriage ====
{{
PA Marriage Intro
|
Clinton
}}
[[Category:
Clinton_County
,
_Pennsylvania
]]
*'''1512-1989''' {{RecordSearch|4138689|Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Marriage Records, 1512-1989}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Marriage Records - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1626-2016''' [https://search.findmypast.com/search-world-records/united-states-marriages?state=pennsylvania%2cpa Pennsylvania, United States Marriages] at [http://findmypast.com/ Findmypast ($)]
*'''1677-1950''' {{RecordSearch|2466357|Pennsylvania Civil Marriages, 1677-1950}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Civil Marriages - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1682-1976''' {{RecordSearch|2466360|Pennsylvania, Church Marriages, 1682-1976}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Church Marriages - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1700-1821''' Pennsylvania Marriage Records [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2383 Ancestry] $
*'''1709-1940''' {{RecordSearch|1681011|Pennsylvania Marriages, 1709-1940}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Marriages - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index
*'''Pre-1810''' Pennsylvania Marriages [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2098 Ancestry] $
*'''1852-1854''' Pennsylvania Marriages [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2486 Ancestry] $
+
*'''1852-1855''' Clinton County Marriage Index 1852-1855 in [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/igi International Genealogical Index] at FamilySearch. Batch {{IGI|M524271}}
*'''1885-1888''' Clinton County Marriage Index 1885-1888 in [https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/igi International Genealogical Index] at FamilySearch. Batch {{IGI|M524272}}
*'''1885-1950''' {{RecordSearch|1589502|Pennsylvania County Marriage, 1885-1950}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Civil Marriages - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1947-2021''' {{RecordSearch|2282148|Pennsylvania Obituary and Marriage Collection, 1947-2010}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Obituary and Marriage Collection - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
==== Death ====
{{PA Death Intro|Clinton}}
*'''1720-1999''' {{RecordSearch|3535178|Pennsylvania Deaths and Burials, 1720-1999}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania Deaths and Burials - FamilySearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index, some images
*'''1850-1880''' {{RecordSearch|3512181|Pennsylvania Mortality Schedules, 1850-1880}} at FamilySearch - [[Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Deaths and Burials - Familysearch Historical Records|How to Use this Collection]]; index and images
*'''1852-1854''' Pennsylvania Deaths [http://search.ancestry.com/search/db.aspx?dbid=2487 Ancestry] $
==== Divorce ====
{{PA Divorce Intro|Clinton}}
Divorce records are available through the office of the Prothonotary, Clinton County Courthouse.
== Research Facilities ==
{{PA Research Facilities Intro|Clinton}}
=== Archives ===
{{PA Archives Intro|Clinton}}
'''National Archives at Philadelphia'''<br>14700 Townsend Rd<br>Philadelphia, PA 19154-1096<br>Phone: 215-305-2044<br>Fax: 215-305-2052<br>Email: [mailto:[email protected] [email protected]]<br>[https://www.archives.gov/philadelphia Website]<br>[https://www.facebook.com/NARAatPhiladelphia/ Facebook]<br><br>
=== FamilySearch Centers ===
{{FamilySearch Centers Intro}}
+
+
*[[Sunbury Pennsylvania FamilySearch Center]]
*[[Williamsport Pennsylvania FamilySearch Center]]
*[https://cameroncohistorical.wixsite.com/cameroncohistorysoc Cameron County Historical Society] - an affiliate library.
=== Libraries ===
{{PA Libraries Intro|Clinton}}
=== Museums ===
{{PA Museums Intro|Clinton}}
== Societies ==
{{PA Societies Intro|Clinton}}
'''Clinton County Genealogical Society'''<br>PO Box 393<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745-0393<br>Email: [mailto:[email protected] [email protected]]<br>[http://www.clintoncogensociety.org/ Website]<br>[https://www.facebook.com/clintoncogensociety/ Facebook]<br><br>
'''Clinton County Historical Society'''<br>362 E Water St<br>Lock Haven, PA 17745<br>Phone: 570-748-7254<br>Email: [mailto:[email protected] [email protected]]<br>[https://www.clintonpahistory.org/ Website]<br>[https://www.facebook.com/CCHSofPA Facebook]<br><br>
== Websites ==
{{PA Websites Intro|Clinton}}
*[http://www.linkpendium.com/genealogy/USA/PA/Clinton/ Linkpendium - Clinton County]
*[http://ldsgenealogy.com/PA/Clinton-County.htm Clinton County PA Genealogy]
*[http://www.pagenweb.org/~clinton/ USGenWeb project] for Clinton Co.
*{{FSC Place IDNum|187244|Pennsylvania|Clinton}} – The FamilySearch catalog contains descriptions and access information for all genealogical materials (including books, online materials, microfilm, microfiche, and publications) in their collection. Use [https://familysearch.org/search/ Historical Records] to search for specific individuals in genealogical records.
== Research Guides ==
{{PA Research Guides Intro|Clinton}}
== References ==
<references />
</div>
{{Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania}}
[[Category:
Clinton County
,
Pennsylvania]][[Category:Pennsylvania Counties
]]
Latest revision as of 10:24, 24 May 2023
United States
Pennsylvania
Clinton County
County Facts
County seat:
Lock Haven
Organized:
June 21, 1839
Parent County(s):
Lycoming , Centre [1]
Neighboring Counties
Elk
•
Cameron
•
Clinton
•
Jefferson
•
Cambria
•
Blair
•
Centre
•
Indiana
Courthouse
Contents
1 County Information
1.1 Description
1.2 County Courthouse
1.3 Clinton County, Pennsylvania Record Dates
1.4 Record Loss
1.5 Boundary Changes
1.6 Populated Places
1.7 History Timeline
2 Resources
2.1 Bible Records
2.2 Biographies
2.3 Business, Commerce, and Occupations
2.4 Cemeteries
2.5 Census Records
2.6 Church Records
2.7 Court Records
2.8 Directories
2.9 Emigration and Immigration
2.10 Ethnic, Political, and Religious Groups
2.11 Funeral Homes
2.12 Genealogies
2.13 Guardianship
2.14 Land and Property Records
2.15 Local Histories
2.16 Maps and Gazetteers
2.17 Migration
2.18 Military Records
2.19 Naturalization and Citizenship
2.20 Newspapers
2.21 Obituaries
2.22 Other Records
2.23 Periodicals
2.24 Probate Records
2.25 School Records
2.26 Social Security Records
2.27 Tax Records
2.28 Vital Records
2.28.1 Birth
2.28.2 Marriage
2.28.3 Death
2.28.4 Divorce
3 Research Facilities
3.1 Archives
3.2 FamilySearch Centers
3.3 Libraries
3.4 Museums
4 Societies
5 Websites
6 Research Guides
7 References
County Information [ edit | edit source ]
Description [ edit | edit source ]
The county was named for the seventh Governor of New York State, DeWitt Clinton. The county is located in the central area of the state. [2]
County Courthouse [ edit | edit source ]
Clinton County Courthouse230 East Water StreetLock Haven, PA 17745Phone: 570-893-4016Fax 570-893-4145Clinton County Prothonotary Phone: 570-893-4007Clarion County Orphans' Court Phone: 814-226-4000 ext. 2500 Fax: 814-226-1117Clinton County Register & Recorder Phone: 570-893-4010Clinton County WebsiteCounty Clerk has birth, marriage, death, divorce, probate, court and land records [3]
Clinton County, Pennsylvania Record Dates [ edit | edit source ]
Information for this chart was taken from various sources, often containing conflicting dates. This information should be taken as a guide and should be verified by contacting the county and/or the state government agency.
Known Beginning Dates for Major County Records [4]
Birth*
Marriage
Death*
Court
Land
Probate
Census
bef 1906
1839
bef 1906
1839
1839
1839
1790
*Statewide registration for births and deaths began in 1906. General compliance by 1915.
Record Loss [ edit | edit source ]
There is no known history of courthouse disasters in this county.
Boundary Changes [ edit | edit source ]
Formed from Lycoming and Centre Counties 21 June 1839. [5]
County seat: Lock Haven [6]
27 January 1750 : When Cumberland County was formed, it included part of the southern portion of today's Clinton County. The rest of today's Clinton County were not included in any county until 1785
14 October 1751: When Berks County was created, a portion of southwestern Clinton County was included in it.
9 March 1771: Bedford County was created taking the portion of today's Clinton County that was in Cumberland County.
21 March 1772: When Northumberland County was created, the southern portion of today's Clinton County which was formerly in Bedford and Berks Counties was included in Northumberland County.
1785: The northern portion of today's Clinton County was annexed to Northumberland County; thus, all of the county was part of Northumberland County.
19 September 1789: When Mifflin County was formed, southern part of today's Clinton County became part of it.; the remainder (approx. 80%) stayed in Northumberland County.
13 April 1795: When Lycoming County was created, the portion that was in Northumberland County was absorbed into Lycoming County; the remainder stayed in Mifflin County.
13 February 1800: Centre County was created, the northern portion remained in Lycoming County while the southern half became part of Centre County.
29 March 1860: When Cameron County was formed, the boundaries of Clinton County became final.
For animated maps illustrating Pennsylvania county boundary changes,"Rotating Formation Pennsylvania County Boundary Maps"(1673-1878) may be viewed at the MapofUS.org website.
Populated Places [ edit | edit source ]
For a complete list of populated places, including small neighborhoods and suburbs, visitHomeTown Locator. The following are the most historically and genealogically relevant populated places in this county: [7]
Cities
Lock Haven
Boroughs
Avis
Beech Creek
Flemington
Loganton
Mill Hall
Renovo
South Renovo
Census-designated places
Castanea
Dunnstown
Lamar
McElhattan
Rauchtown
Rote
Townships
Allison
Bald Eagle
Beech Creek
Castanea
Chapman
Colebrook
Crawford
Dunnstable
East Keating
Gallagher
Greene
Grugan
Lamar
Leidy
Logan
Noyes
Pine Creek
Porter
Wayne
West Keating
Woodward
PAGravestones
Pennsylvania Genealogy
Census Records [ edit | edit source ]
Federal Census
1850-1880 Pennsylvania Mortality Schedules, 1850-1880 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
Historical populations
Census
Pop.
%±
1840
8,323
—
1850
11,207
34.7%
1860
17,723
58.1%
1870
23,211
31.0%
1880
26,278
13.2%
1890
28,685
9.2%
1900
29,197
1.8%
1910
31,545
8.0%
1920
33,555
6.4%
1930
32,319
−3.7%
1940
34,557
6.9%
1950
36,532
5.7%
1960
37,619
3.0%
1970
37,721
0.3%
1980
38,971
3.3%
1990
37,182
−4.6%
2000
37,910
2.0%
2010
39,238
3.5%
Source: "Wikipedia.org".
Church Records [ edit | edit source ]
More information and resources are found on Pennsylvania Church Records .
Visit Clinton County, Pennsylvania Church Records for information about church denominations and records in Clinton County.
Court Records [ edit | edit source ]
For information about records kept in the Orphan's court, Prothonotary Court, Court of Common Pleas, and other courts in counties of Pennsylvania, visit thePennsylvania Court RecordsWiki page.
Directories [ edit | edit source ]
Emigration and Immigration [ edit | edit source ]
For online resources, passenger lists, and specific groups coming to Pennsylvania, seePennsylvania Emigration and Immigration.
1798-1828 Pennsylvania Landing Reports of Aliens, 1798-1828 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; Alphabet index then by numbered entry
1900-1923 Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Case Files of Chinese Immigrants, 1900-1923 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; images only (by county)
1952-1957 Pennsylvania, Crew Lists arriving at Erie, 1952-1957 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
Ethnic, Political, and Religious Groups [ edit | edit source ]
For groups that came, seePeople sectionof the Pennsylvania Emigration page.
Funeral Homes [ edit | edit source ]
Genealogies [ edit | edit source ]
Guardianship [ edit | edit source ]
The Orphan's Court ensures the best interests of those not capable of handling their own affairs: minors, incapacitated persons, decedents' estates, and more. [8]
Land and Property Records [ edit | edit source ]
Land and property records can place an ancestor in a specific location and reveal family relationships. Records include: deeds, abstracts, indexes, mortgages, leases, grants, sheriff sales, land patents, maps and more. For more information, seePennsylvania Land and Property.
Land records in Clinton County began in 1839. These records are filed with theRegister and Recorderoffice in Lock Haven, Pennsylvania.
Land Records Online
1839 -1916 Deeds, 1839-1865; Index, 1839-1916. FS Library film 963875 (First of 20 films)
Local Histories [ edit | edit source ]
Historical and Biographical Work, Past and Present of Clinton County. 1892. By J. Milton Furey. Williamsport, Pennsylvania : Pennsylvania Grit Printing House. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library , Internet Archive .
Historical View of Clinton County : From its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time. 1875. By D.S. Maynard. Lock Haven, Pa. : Enterprise Print. House. Online at: Hathitrust , Internet Archive ; At various libraries (WorldCat) .
History and Topography of Northumberland, Huntingdon, Mifflin, Centre, Union, Columbia, Juniata and Clinton Counties, Pa. 1847. By I. Daniel Rupp. Lancaster, Pennsylvania : G. Hills. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library , Hathitrust , Internet Archive ; At various libraries (WorldCat) .
History of Centre and Clinton Counties, Pennsylvania. 1883. By John Blair Linn. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania : L.H. Everts. Online at: FamilySearch Digital Library , Internet Archive ; At various libraries (WorldCat) .
Maps and Gazetteers [ edit | edit source ]
Maps of Pennsylvania (1673-1878)
Ancestor Trackshas posted downloadable images from the1862 Map of Clinton County, Pennsylvania from Actual Surveys under the Direction of H.F. Walling drawn by F.W. Beers. This wall map located in the Library of Congress shows major landowners and geographic sites at the date of publishing. While the physical maps are in the public domain, the images we have taken of the maps belong to us and are not to be used commercially. We hereby give permission to use them strictly for personal use; please attribute to Ancestor Tracks.
FamilySearch Places : Map of cities and towns in this county - How to Use FS Places
Migration [ edit | edit source ]
Military Records [ edit | edit source ]
Civil War
1861-1865 Pennsylvania, Register of Military Volunteers, 1861-1865 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index
1865-1936 Pennsylvania, Grand Army of the Republic Membership Records, 1865-1936 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
World War II
1933-1947 Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, World War II Casualty Cards, 1933-1947 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
Naturalization and Citizenship [ edit | edit source ]
Naturalization records can contain information about immigration and nativity. Prior to 1906, it is rare to find the town of origin in naturalization records. For more information, seePennsylvania Naturalization
Online Naturalization Indexes and Records
1795-1931 Pennsylvania, Eastern District Petitions for Naturalization, 1795-1931 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1795-1952 Pennsylvania, Eastern District Naturalization Indexes, 1795-1952 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1901-1930 Naturalization Petitions of the U.S. Circuit and District Courts for the Middle District of Pennsylvania, 1906-1930; and 1901-1906 on Fold3.com - ($) , indexed, National Archives publication M1622, Middle District court was created in 1901, for earlier dates try the Eastern and Western District court records
1901-1930 Middle District, US Circuit and District Courts: Naturalization petitions, 1906-1930 located in U.S. Naturalization Records - Original Documents, 1795-1972 (World Archives Project) database on Ancestry $
Newspapers [ edit | edit source ]
Newspapers may contain obituaries, births, marriages, deaths, anniversaries, family gatherings, family travel, achievements, business notices, engagement information, and probate court proceedings.
Newspapers are often found in local or university libraries, historical or genealogical societies, or state archives in the area where the newspaper was published. SeePennsylvania Newspapersfor more information.
Newspapers of Clinton County
USGenWeb Newspapers of the Region , Clinton County, Pennsylvania.
Online Newspapers
To learn if there are newspapers online for a specific town or city in Pennsylvania, seenews.google.com/newspapersand search for the town or the name of a newspaper.
Chronicling America US Newspaper Directory
Clinton County Weekly January 28, 1933 - December 30, 1937
Pennsylvania Newspaper Archive
Pennsylvania Newspapers
The Clinton County Times January 9, 1903 - December 28, 1967
Online Newspaper Abstracts
PA-Roots Newspaper Articles for Clinton County.
Newspaper Excerpts and Abstracts
The Lock Haven Express, Clinton County Centennial Edition of the Lock Haven Express, 1839-1939 (SLC, Utah, 1974) FS Library film 963339 item 2
Obituaries [ edit | edit source ]
Obituaries are generally found in local newspapers where the person died or where family members lived. Local libraries or societies may have indexes or other sources.
1947-2010 Pennsylvania Obituary and Marriage Collection, 1947-2010 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1977-2010 Pennsylvania Obituaries, 1977-2010 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
PA-Roots Obituaries for Clinton County.
Obituary Excerpts and Abstracts
Hoffer, Mary E. and many others, Church records, Sugar Valley, Clinton Co., Pa. [and] Logan and Green Twps., Pa., 1852-1956 members, marriages, baptisms, births (S.I.:Pennsylvania State Society D.A.R., 1977) At various libraries (WorldCat) ; FS Library book 974.854 K29d
Wion, John H., Deaths in Central Pennsylvania; an Index to the Obituaries Appearing in the Democratic Watchman, Bellefonte, PA (S.I.:s.n., 1969) FS Library book 974.8 V4w Volume 1,2 An alphabetical listing with name and death date.
Other Records [ edit | edit source ]
Periodicals [ edit | edit source ]
Probate Records [ edit | edit source ]
Probate matters in Clinton County are handled by the Orphans' Court and start when the county was created.
In addition to wills and administrations, the Orphans' Court also handles: audits of accounts of executors, administrators, trustees, and guardians; distribution of estates; appointments of guardians; adoptions; appeals from the Register of Wills; inheritance tax appeals, and various petitions and motions.
Online Probate Index and Records
1683-1993 Pennsylvania Wills and Probate Records 1683-1993 at Ancestry ($)
1683-1994 Pennsylvania Probate Records 1683-1994 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; images
1839-1908 Will Books, 1839-1908 (*) ; Register of Wills at FamilySearch Catalog — index & images
1839-1974 Orphans' Court Records, 1839-1869 ; Index to Orphans' Court Records, 1839-1974 (*) ; Orphans' Court at FamilySearch Catalog — index & images
School Records [ edit | edit source ]
Social Security Records [ edit | edit source ]
1935-2014 United States Social Security Death Index at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index. Also at Ancestry , findmypast , Fold3 , GenealogyBank , MyHeritage , and Steve Morse . Click here for more information .
1936-2007 U.S., Social Security Applications and Claims Index, 1936-2007 at Ancestry ($) — index, click here for more information .
Tax Records [ edit | edit source ]
Vital Records [ edit | edit source ]
Vital records are handled by the County Orphans' Court. Between the years 1852-1855 Pennsylvania made a failed attempt to record birth, marriage and death events at the county level. County marriage records were kept in earnest in 1885. Births and deaths, at the county level, were begun in 1893 and kept through 1905. For the most complete set of records, contact the County Orphans' Court.
Birth [ edit | edit source ]
Early births 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. For more information, seePennsylvania Vital Records.
1520-1999 Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Births and Baptisms, 1520-1999 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1709-1950 Pennsylvania, Births and Christenings, 1709-1950 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index
1852-1854 Pennsylvania Births Ancestry $
1853 Clinton County Birth Index 1853 in International Genealogical Index at FamilySearch . Batch C524271 [9]
1941-1976 Pennsylvania Delayed Birth Records, 1941-1976 at FamilySerch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
Marriage [ edit | edit source ]
Pennsylvania marriages were created by county officials. Contact Clinton County Courthouse
1512-1989 Pennsylvania, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Marriage Records, 1512-1989 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1626-2016 Pennsylvania, United States Marriages at Findmypast ($)
1677-1950 Pennsylvania Civil Marriages, 1677-1950 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1682-1976 Pennsylvania, Church Marriages, 1682-1976 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1700-1821 Pennsylvania Marriage Records Ancestry $
1709-1940 Pennsylvania Marriages, 1709-1940 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index
Pre-1810 Pennsylvania Marriages Ancestry $
1852-1854 Pennsylvania Marriages Ancestry $
1852-1855 Clinton County Marriage Index 1852-1855 in International Genealogical Index at FamilySearch . Batch M524271
1885-1888 Clinton County Marriage Index 1885-1888 in International Genealogical Index at FamilySearch . Batch M524272
1885-1950 Pennsylvania County Marriage, 1885-1950 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1947-2021 Pennsylvania Obituary and Marriage Collection, 1947-2010 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
Death [ edit | edit source ]
Early deaths 1893–1905 are located at the County Orphans' Court. For indexes and records, 1906 and later, seePennsylvania Vital Records.
1720-1999 Pennsylvania Deaths and Burials, 1720-1999 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index, some images
1850-1880 Pennsylvania Mortality Schedules, 1850-1880 at FamilySearch - How to Use this Collection ; index and images
1852-1854 Pennsylvania Deaths Ancestry $
Divorce [ edit | edit source ]
Divorce records are available through the office of the Prothonotary, Clinton County Courthouse.
Research Facilities [ edit | edit source ]
Archives [ edit | edit source ]
Listed below are archives in Clinton County. For state-wide archival repositories, seePennsylvania Archives and Libraries.
National Archives at Philadelphia14700 Townsend RdPhiladelphia, PA 19154-1096Phone: 215-305-2044Fax: 215-305-2052Email:[email protected]
FamilySearch Centers [ edit | edit source ]
FamilySearch Center and Affiliate Library Locator map- search for local FamilySearch Centers or Affiliate Libraries
FamilySearch Centers provide one-on-one assistance, free access to center-only databases, and to premium genealogical websites.
FamilySearch Affiliate Libraries have access to most center-only databases, but may not always have full services normally provided by a FamilySearch center.
Local Centers and Affiliate Libraries
Sunbury Pennsylvania FamilySearch Center
Williamsport Pennsylvania FamilySearch Center
Cameron County Historical Society - an affiliate library .
Libraries [ edit | edit source ]
Listed below are libraries in Clinton County. For state-wide library facilities, seePennsylvania Archives and Libraries.
Museums [ edit | edit source ]
Societies [ edit | edit source ]
Listed below are societies in Clinton County. For state-wide genealogical societies, seePennsylvania Societies.
Clinton County Genealogical SocietyPO Box 393Lock Haven, PA 17745-0393Email:[email protected] Clinton County Historical Society362 E Water StLock Haven, PA 17745Phone: 570-748-7254Email:[email protected]
Websites [ edit | edit source ]
Linkpendium - Clinton County
Clinton County PA Genealogy
USGenWeb project for Clinton Co.
FamilySearch Catalog – The FamilySearch catalog contains descriptions and access information for all genealogical materials (including books, online materials, microfilm, microfiche, and publications) in their collection. Use Historical Records to search for specific individuals in genealogical records.
Research Guides [ edit | edit source ]
References [ edit | edit source ]
↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America , 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania. At various libraries (WorldCat) ; FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002 .
↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania accessed 2/2/2017
↑ The Handybook for Genealogists : United States of America , 10th ed., (Draper, UT: Everton Publishers, 2002) Clinton County, Pennsylvania, p.589
↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America , 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Clinton County, Pennsylvania. Page 588-593 At various libraries (WorldCat) ; FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002 ; Alice Eichholz, ed. Ancestry’s Red Book: American State, County, and Town Sources, Third ed. (Provo, Utah: Ancestry, 2004), 579-581.
↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America , 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania. At various libraries (WorldCat) ; FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002 .
↑ Handybook for Genealogists: United States of America , 10th ed. (Draper, Utah: Everton Pub., 2002), Pennsylvania. At various libraries (WorldCat) ; FS Library Book 973 D27e 2002 .
↑ Wikipedia contributors, "Clinton County, Pennsylvania," in Wikipedia: the Free Encyclopedia , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton_County,_Pennsylvania , accessed 17 January 2020.
↑ The Philadelphia Courts at Common Pleas accessed 10 July 2012
↑ Genealogical Society of Utah, Parish and Vital Records List (July 1998). Microfiche. Digital version at https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/img_auth.php/2/23/Igipennsylvaniac.pdf .
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Major Repositories
American Swedish Historical Museum · Bristol Public Library (Bristol, VA) · Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh · Citizens Library · Erie County Library · Evangelical and Reformed Historical Society · Franklin and Marshall College Library · Free Library of Philadelphia · Genealogical Society of Pennsylvania · German Society of Pennsylvania · Handley Regional Library (Winchester, VA) · Haverford College Library · Historical Society of Pennsylvania · Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania · Jewish Genealogical Society of Greater Philadelphia · Lancaster Mennonite Historical Society · Library Company of Philadelphia · Library of Congress (Washington, DC) · Lutheran Archives Center at Philadelphia · Luzerne County Historical Society Bishop Library · National Archives at Philadelphia · New York Public Library (New York City, NY) · Pennsylvania Department of Health · Pennsylvania State Archives · Philadelphia City Archives · Presbyterian Historical Society · State Library of Pennsylvania · SUNY Fredonia Reed Library (Fredonia, NY) · Swarthmore College Friends Historical Library · Temple University Urban Archives · University of Pennsylvania Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center · Western Reserve Historical Society (Cleveland, OH)
Migration Routes
Beaver and Erie Canal · Minsi Path · Braddock's Road · Burd's Road · Canada Road · Centre Turnpike · Culbertson's Path · Delaware and Raritan Canal · Delaware River · Fall Line Road · Fall Line Road · Forbes Road · Gist's Trace · Great Indian Warpath · Great Island Path · Great Shamokin Path · Great Trail · Great Valley Road · Great Valley Road · King's Highway · Kittanning Path · Lake Erie · Lake Shore Path · Lake Shore Path · Lehigh and Lackawanna Paths · Gist's Trace · Minsi Path · National Road · Cumberland Road · Ohio River · Pennsylvania Road · Philadelphia Lancaster Turnpike · Philadelphia and Reading Rail Road · Pennsylvania Railroad · Schuylkill Canal · Tuscarora Path · Union Canal · Venango Path Philadelphia
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COVID-19 disease identification network based on weakly supervised feature selection
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has resulted in countless infections and deaths worldwide, posing increasing challenges for the health care system. The use of artificial intelligence to assist in diagnosis not only had a high accuracy rate but also saved time and effort in the sudden outbreak phase with the lack of doctors and medical equipment. This study aimed to propose a weakly supervised COVID-19 classification network (W-COVNet). This network was divided into three main modules: weakly supervised feature selection module (W-FS), deep learning bilinear feature fusion module (DBFF) and Grad-CAM++ based network visualization module (Grad-Ⅴ). The first module, W-FS, mainly removed redundant background features from computed tomography (CT) images, performed feature selection and retained core feature regions. The second module, DBFF, mainly used two symmetric networks to extract different features and thus obtain rich complementary features. The third module, Grad-Ⅴ, allowed the visualization of lesions in unlabeled images. A fivefold cross-validation experiment showed an average classification accuracy of 85.3%, and a comparison with seven advanced classification models showed that our proposed network had a better performance.
2023, Volume 20 , Issue 5 : 9327-9348 .
doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023409
COVID-19 disease identification network based on weakly supervised feature selection
Jingyao Liu 1,2 ,
Qinghe Feng 4 ,
Yu Miao 1,3 ,
Wei He 1 ,
Weili Shi 1,3 , , ,
Zhengang Jiang 1,3 , ,
1.
School of Computer Science and Technology, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
2.
School of Computer and Information Engineering, Chuzhou University, Chuzhou 239000, China
3.
4.
School of Intelligent Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China
Academic Editor: Yang Kuang
Received: 13 January 2023 Revised: 23 February 2023 Accepted: 06 March 2023 Published: 16 March 2023
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has resulted in countless infections and deaths worldwide, posing increasing challenges for the health care system. The use of artificial intelligence to assist in diagnosis not only had a high accuracy rate but also saved time and effort in the sudden outbreak phase with the lack of doctors and medical equipment. This study aimed to propose a weakly supervised COVID-19 classification network (W-COVNet). This network was divided into three main modules: weakly supervised feature selection module (W-FS), deep learning bilinear feature fusion module (DBFF) and Grad-CAM++ based network visualization module (Grad-Ⅴ). The first module, W-FS, mainly removed redundant background features from computed tomography (CT) images, performed feature selection and retained core feature regions. The second module, DBFF, mainly used two symmetric networks to extract different features and thus obtain rich complementary features. The third module, Grad-Ⅴ, allowed the visualization of lesions in unlabeled images. A fivefold cross-validation experiment showed an average classification accuracy of 85.3%, and a comparison with seven advanced classification models showed that our proposed network had a better performance.
Keywords:
Classification ,
COVID-19 ,
deep learning ,
feature selection ,
weakly supervised
Citation:Jingyao Liu, Qinghe Feng, Yu Miao, Wei He, Weili Shi, Zhengang Jiang. COVID-19 disease identification network based on weakly supervised feature selection[J]. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering, 2023, 20(5): 9327-9348. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2023409
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has resulted in countless infections and deaths worldwide, posing increasing challenges for the health care system. The use of artificial intelligence to assist in diagnosis not only had a high accuracy rate but also saved time and effort in the sudden outbreak phase with the lack of doctors and medical equipment. This study aimed to propose a weakly supervised COVID-19 classification network (W-COVNet). This network was divided into three main modules: weakly supervised feature selection module (W-FS), deep learning bilinear feature fusion module (DBFF) and Grad-CAM++ based network visualization module (Grad-Ⅴ). The first module, W-FS, mainly removed redundant background features from computed tomography (CT) images, performed feature selection and retained core feature regions. The second module, DBFF, mainly used two symmetric networks to extract different features and thus obtain rich complementary features. The third module, Grad-Ⅴ, allowed the visualization of lesions in unlabeled images. A fivefold cross-validation experiment showed an average classification accuracy of 85.3%, and a comparison with seven advanced classification models showed that our proposed network had a better performance.
References
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Cömert, COVID-19 detection using deep learning models to exploit Social Mimic Optimization and structured chest X-ray images using fuzzy color and stacking approaches, Comput. Biol. Med. , 121 (2020), 103805.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103805 doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2020.103805 [33] J. P. Cohen, L. Dao, K. Roth, P. Morrison, Y. Bengio, A. F. Abbasi, et al., Predicting covid-19 pneumonia severity on chest x-ray with deep learning, Cureus J. Med. Sci. , 12 (2020), e9448. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9448 doi: 10.7759/cureus.9448 [34] Q. Ni, Z. Y. Sun, L. Qi, W. Chen, Y. Yang, L. Wang, et al., A deep learning approach to characterize 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia in chest CT images, Eur. Radiol. , 30 (2020), 6517–6527. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-07044-9 doi: 10.1007/s00330-020-07044-9 [35] H. Ko, H. Chung, W. S. Kang, K. W. Kim, Y. Shin, S. J. Kang, et al., COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis using a simple 2D deep learning framework with a single chest CT image: model development and validation, J. Med. Int. Res. , 6 (2020), e19569. https://doi.org/10.2196/19569 doi: 10.2196/19569 [36] X. Wang, X. Deng, Q. Fu, Q. Zhou, J. Feng, H. Ma, et al., A weakly-supervised framework for COVID-19 classification and lesion localization from chest CT, IEEE Trans. Med. Imaging , 8 (2020), 2615–2625. https://doi.org/10.1109/TMI.2020.2995965 doi: 10.1109/TMI.2020.2995965 [37] A. I. Khan, J. L. Shah, M. M. Bhat, CoroNet: A deep neural network for detection and diagnosis of COVID-19 from chest x-ray images, Comput. Method Prog. Bio. , 196 (2020), 105581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105581 doi: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2020.105581 [38] L. Hussain, T. Nguyen, H. Li, A. A. Abbasi, K. J. Lone, Z. Zhao, et al., Machine-learning classification of texture features of portable chest X-ray accurately classifies COVID-19 lung infection, Biomed. Eng. 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| http://www.aimspress.com/article/doi/10.3934/mbe.2023409 |
Australian Cemeteries Index - Name/Cemetery Search
Search for headstone inscriptions or cemeteries.
Australian Cemeteries Index
Name/Cemetery Search
1 cemetery found
Cemetery Address Inscriptions Campbelltown Presbyterian (St Davids) cnr Broughton St & Moore Oxley Bypass, Campbelltown NSW 2560 431
431 inscriptions found
Family Name Given Names Birth Death Age Details Cemetery Row, Plot
Allen Alice Ann 1887? 25 Apr 1927 40 dau/James W & Elizabeth; b. Radcliffe, Lancashire, England; w/Arthur Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Allen Arthur 29 Oct 1890 24 May 1946 55 son/James Peter & Alice; b. Radcliffe, Lancashire, England; h/Alice Ann & Elizabeth (McClurg) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Allen Robert Wallace 1850 23 Jan 1852 1 son/John & Margaret; b. Wollongong, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Armstrong Alexander 30 Jun 1847 3 Jan 1902 54 son/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Isabella Armstrong (Dawson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ashmead (Smith) Eliza 19 Feb 1820 9 May 1894 74 dau/William & Maria (Tarling); b. Bristol, Gloucester, England; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ashmead Jabez 10 Jun 1845 2 Jun 1911 65 son/John & Eliza (Smith); b. Cirencester, Gloucester, England; h/Margaret (Richardson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Atkinson (Colville) Mary 23 Jun 1842 12 Oct 1883 41 dau/Archibald & Isabella (Montgomery); b. Punchbowl, NSW, Australia; w/Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Baird John 1817? 19 May 1893 74 son/Thomas; b. Linlithgow, West Lothian, Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Baxter Peter 28 Aug 1802 18 Jun 1848 45 son/John & Margaret (Rankin); b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Sarah (Harris) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Baxter Peter 1843 11 Mar 1903 59 son/Diane & Sarah (Harris); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bayne (White) Elizabeth Mary 1 Oct 1813 8 Apr 1848 34 dau/William & Mary (Batman); b. Parramatta, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bayne John 1784? 20 Dec 1853 70 b. Scotland; h/Mary (Hardy) & Elizabeth Mary (White) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Best George Frederick 1861 5 Apr 1863 1 son/James Peter & Lucy Anderson (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Best (Watson) Lucy Anderson 1843? 24 Apr 1863 20 w/James Peter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown (Myers) Alice 1857 30 Jul 1951 94 son/Samuel & Ann (Mackay); b. Glebe, NSW, Australia; h/James Harris Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown Christina 1778? 13 Aug 1853 dau/Samuel & Ann Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown Cyril James Bertrand 2 Aug 1882 4 Jun 1954 71 son/James Harris & Alice (Myers); b. Cooma, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown Isabella 1858? 8 Mar 1912 54 dau/George & Janet; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown James Harris 27 May 1858 26 Oct 1935 77 son/James Edward & Jemima; b. Appin, NSW, Australia; h/Alice (Myers) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Brown John 1854? 30 Apr 1923 69 son/John & Lucy; h/Isabella Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Browne Thomas 1848? 13 Aug 1883 35 son/Thomas; b. Antrim, Ireland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Burrow (McLennan) Dorothy Jean 11 Sep 1900 9 Jun 1998 97 formerly Driver; dau/John Murdoch & Eliza (Berry); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Harvey (Driver) & Unknown Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill (Young) Eleanor Jane 1887 5 Apr 1972 84 dau/William & Elizabeth Dorothea Dora (Sturah); w/Samuel William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill (Smith) Hannah 14 Dec 1817 27 Jul 1907 90 dau/Joseph & Ann (Gibbons); b. Sydney NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill John 30 Dec 1860 4 Jan 1864 69 son/William & Hannah (Smith); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill John Alan 6 Oct 1916 10 Aug 1942 25 son/Samuel William & Eleanor Jane (Young); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; 411119 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill (Poulter) Mercy Charlotte 1852? 20 Apr 1944 91 dau/James & Charlotte (Taylor); b. Old Brentford, Middlesex, England; w/Samuel Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill Samuel 16 Feb 1850 22 Oct 1925 75 son/William & Hannah (Smith); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Mercy Charlotte (Poulter) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill Samuel William 18 Jul 1885 2 Apr 1976 90 son/Samuel & Mercy Charlotte (Poulter); b. Woollahra, NSW, Australia; h/Eleanor Jane (Katon) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill (Hall) Valerie Edith Puxton 1 Aug 1914 11 Sep 1998 84 dau/Thomas George & Elsie Alice (Shaw); b. St Leonards, NSW, Australia; w/Samuel William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bursill William 19 Mar 1803 10 Apr 1872 69 son/Francis & Elizabeth (Biles); b. St Pancras, Middlesex, England; h/Catherine (Mackeray) & Hannah (Smith) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Bysouth Allan Horace 15 Jan 1915 13 Feb 1957 42 son/Percy Harold & Ruby Jane (Brignell); b. Randwick, NSW, Australia; h/Florence Margaret (Fairbairn); NX40052 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Caldwell James 3 Oct 1806 6 Jun 1866 59 son/David & Elizabeth (Dinnavin); b. Currie, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Marion (Fraser) & Phyllis (Thomson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Caldwell (Thomson) Phyllis 30 Apr 1819 27 Oct 1891 72 formerly Rutherford; dau/Archibald & Mary (Gray); b. Newton, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/Robert (Rutherford) & James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Campbell (Gillies) Euphemia 1814? 17 Apr 1859 36 dau/Hector & Ann (McInnes); b. Bracadale, Inverness, Scotland; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Campbell George 1894? 26 Sep 1928 59 son/Charles & Margaret (Brown) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Campbell John Gillies 1835? 18 Sep 1878 43 son/John & Euphemia (Gillies); b. Feorlic, Isle of Skye, Inverness, Scotland; h/Sarah Ann (Gillies) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Campling George William 1898 8 Mar 1930 31 son/Albert Edward & Mary Elizabeth (Flint); b. Newtown, NSW, Australia; h/Edith Marie (Flood); 5669 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Carmichael John 1808? 29 Mar 1842 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Chisholm Alexander 1769? 3 May 1850 81 b. Calder, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Elizabeth Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Clark Ann 1834? 14 Oct 1901 67 w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Clarke (Gibson) Susan 1826 2 Nov 1918 92 dau/Samuel & Elizabeth; b. Armagh, Ireland; w/Thomas Hamilton Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Clarke Thomas Hamilton 1835? 23 Mar 1888 53 son/James & Agnes; h/Susan (Gibson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Cole (Kershler) Pearl Kathleen 4 Jul 1891 14 Jun 1986 94 dau/Livingstone Mitchell & Madeline Mary Ester (Sherack); w/Thomas James John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Colville (Montgomery) Isabella May 1804 4 Jun 1880 76 dau/Robert & Anne; b. Camden, Scotland; w/Archibald Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Cox (Stafford) Eleanor Jane Oct 1857 Jul 1943 85 dau/William & Elizabeth; w/William James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Cox William James Dec 1849 4 Dec 1931 82 son/Robert S & Mary; b. Scotland; h/Eleanor Jane (Stafford) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Crammond Alexander 1834? 17 May 1922 son/David; b. Brechin, Angus, Scotland; h/Susan (Kidd) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Crammond (Kidd) Susan 1834? 28 Jul 1913 dau/John & Elizabeth; b. Forfar, Angus, Scotland; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Crampton Percy Duncan 11 Aug 1905 26 Mar 1958 51 son/Philip Douglas & Mary Maud; b. Timaru, Canterbury, New Zealand; h/Norma Florence (Rudd) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Crawford (Gilchrist) Sarah 1798? 25 May 1880 82 dau/Thomas & Nancy (Greer); b. Ireland; w/William J Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Criss (Lusted) Jessie Amy 1884 22 Dec 1940 56 dau/George Richard & Harriet (Bradford); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Criss Joseph 1884 1 Oct 1952 68 son/James & Elizabeth; b. Ashfield, NSW, Australia; h/Jessie Amy (Lusted); 2612 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Davidson (King) Elizabeth Martha 25 Jul 1830 21 Jan 1866 35 formerly Barrington; dau/Thomas & Mary (Dolan); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; w/Mark (Barrington) & John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Davidson (Bursill) Hilda 5 Aug 1883 11 Sep 1967 84 dau/Samuel & Mercy Charlotte (Poulter); b. Gulgong, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Davis Albert Edward Joseph 7 Apr 1888 18 Aug 1963 75 son/Joseph Albert & Annie Vaughan (Moseley); b. Queensland, Australia; h/Isabel Jane (Ellis); 2299 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Davis (Wilkinson) Jane 1851? 20 Jun 1930 79 w/Charles Howard Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Denison (Liversidge) Edith Ann 23 Sep 1883 13 Sep 1964 80 dau/Charles & Eliza (Brierley); b. Swinton, Yorkshire, England; w/Frederick Ernest Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Denison Frederick Ernest 13 Apr 1880 8 May 1956 76 son/John & Matilda (Clarke); b. Redfern, NSW, Australia; h/Edith Ann (Liversidge) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Diamond James 1836 27 Feb 1892 55 son/William & Elizabeth (Addies); b. Stoneykirk, Wigtown, Scotland; h/Grace (MacKenzie) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Dickson (Riley) Margaret Rankine Frew 1887? 11 Mar 1946 59 formerly McLachlan; dau/John & Elizabeth; b. Scotland; w/Unknown (McLachlan) & William Dawson Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Duguid Albert 1890 13 Dec 1942 52 son/Emma Elizabeth (Duguid); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; h/Eileen May (Lavender) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Duguid Albert William 1919 15 Jun 1920 17m son/Albert & Eileen May (Lavender); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Duguid (Lavender) Eileen May 1900 26 Aug 1988 87 dau/William Thomas & Eva May (Denmead); b. Granville, NSW, Australia; w/Albert Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ellis Mary Ann Oct 1853 2 Feb 1854 0 dau/James & Mary; b. Raby, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Evans Griffith Parry 1906 1 Sep 1919 13 son/William Griffith & Louisa (Ross); b. Gunnedah, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Evans (Ross) Louisa 1871 25 Mar 1954 82 dau/John & Matilda (Kenton); b. Braidwood, NSW, Australia; w/William Griffith Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Evans William Griffith 1867 10 Jan 1946 78 son/William Griffith & Sarah Matilda (Drennan); b. Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; h/Louisa (Ross) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Fairburn Thomas William 1880? 1 Nov 1954 son/George & Elizabeth Anne (Weir); b. Cavan, Ireland; h/Sarah Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Farr George 1841? 30 Jan 1911 69 son/Charles & Mary L; b. Byfleet, Surrey, England; h/Emma (Tuck) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Finn Jane 1801? 16 Jan 1850 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Flitcroft Cassandra Jane 1863 22 Jul 1958 76 son/Thomas & Adelaide (Hukins); b. Kiama, NSW, Australia; h/Peter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Flitcroft Peter 1857 26 Apr 1933 76 son/Job & Jane (Johnston); b. Kiama, NSW, Australia; h/Cassandra Jane (Wright) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Foley (McPherson) Olive Catherine 1894 10 May 1965 68 dau/Archibald & Elizabeth Ann (Scott); b. St James VIC, Australia; w/Gordon Charles Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Foster Francis 1873? 27 Apr 1948 75 son/Robert & Annie (Lonselbur); b. Yorkshire, England; h/Mary Ellen (Ritchie) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Foster (Ritchie) Mary Ellen 10 Feb 1884 20 Apr 1959 75 dau/James & Mary Hamilton (Stewart); b. Ballygoskin, Down, Ireland; w/Francis Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gersbach (Atkinson) Eliza 1860 7 May 1936 76 dau/Joseph & Mary (Colville); b. Kiama, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gilchrist Hugh Robert 1813 29 Sep 1852 40 son/Thomas & Nancy (Greer); b. Ballyrobin, Antrim, Ireland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gillies (McDonald) Isabella 1812? 9 Nov 1868 54 dau/Malcolm & Sarah A; b. Isle of Skye, Inverness, Scotland; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gillies John 1807? 16 Jul 1869 75 son/Hector & Ann (McInnes); b. Bracadale, Inverness, Scotland; h/Isabella (McDonald) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gillies John 15 Nov 1848 15 Jul 1849 0 son/John & Isabella (McDonald); b. Appin, NSW Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gordon Jane 1808? 18 Sep 1879 w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham (Marshall) Ann 1805? 6 Apr 1883 75 dau/John; b. Ireland; w/David Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham (Moore) Catherine Barclay 1866 13 Oct 1916 50 dau/David & Annie Cooper (Lyttle); b. Windsor, NSW, Australia; w/David Hannam Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham David 1799? 31 Aug 1881 76 son/James & Anne (Hay); b. Ireland; h/Ann (Marshall) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham David 2 Jun 1842 31 May 1875 32 son/David & Ann (Marshall); b. Appin, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham David Hannam 20 Jun 1867 16 Jun 1943 75 son/William & Elizabeth (Hannam); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Catherine Barclay (Moore) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham (Hannam) Elizabeth 23 Apr 1834 6 Feb 1908 73 dau/David & Mary (Masterson); b. Airds, NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham James 23 Apr 1838 14 Sep 1881 43 son/David & Ann (Marshall); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Joanna (Donnelly) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham James 9 Jul 1869 23 Nov 1947 78 son/William & Elizabeth (Hannam); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Mabel Adelaide (Bartlett) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Graham William 12 Feb 1833 1 May 1891 58 son/David & Ann (Marshall); b. Appin, NSW, Australia; h/Elizabeth (Hannam) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grahamson J Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant (Kershler) Anna Maria (Mary) 30 Jul 1857 10 Oct 1877 20 dau/George Peter & Elizabeth (Voltz); b. Woolloomooloo, NSW, Australia; w/Lachlan Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant (Schwenk) Emily 1888? 19 Aug 1926 dau/Phillip & Margaret; w/Lachlan John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant (Shaw) Euphemia (Effie) 1816? 23 Nov 1907 dau/John & Mary (McArthur); b. Sleat, Inverness, Scotland; w/Neil Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant Lachlan 27 Mar 1846 21 Oct 1912 66 son/Neil & Euphemia (Effie) (Shaw); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Anna Maria (Mary) (Kershler) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant Lachlan John 8 Oct 1877 16 Dec 1928 51 son/Lachlan & Anna Maria (Kershler); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Emily (Schwenk) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant (Wallace) Margaret 1845? 28 Dec 1914 dau/James & Margaret; b. Camden, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Grant Neil 1819 23 Sep 1854 35 son/Lachlan & Lizzy (McKinnon); b. Sleat, Inverness, Scotland; h/Euphemia (Shaw) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Greening Glen Alan Feb 1971 8 Jul 1971 0 son/Alan John & Diane Heather Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Gregory Ellen Rose 3 Feb 1885 9 Jan 1970 84 dau/Charles & Jane (Chinnocks); b. Newcastle NSW, Australia; w/Henry Richard Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hadden David 4 Mar 1889 16 Dec 1966 77 son/David & Mary; b. Falkirk, Scotland; h/Janet Rankine (Waddell) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hadden David 3 Mar 1923 26 Feb 1971 47 son/David & Janet Rankine (Waddell); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hadden (Waddell) Janet Rankine 25 Mar 1888 7 Nov 1961 73 dau/Duncan; b. Partick, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/David Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hadden Norah Stewart Feb 1925 7 Jul 1925 5m dau/David & Janet Rankine (Waddell); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hagan (Longhurst) Alice Lydia 1891 19 Nov 1926 35 dau/Mark & Lilla Beatrice Eva (Roughley); b. Parramatta, NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hamilton (McKay) Elizabeth Madeline 1825? 23 Mar 1909 84 dau/John & Ellen; w/George Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hancock Charles Southam 6 Jun 1880 23 May 1955 74 son/Heber & Hannah (Southam); b. Burton Dassett, Warwickshire, England; h/Esther (Louttit) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hancock (Louttit) Esther 20 Apr 1884 26 Oct 1948 64 dau/Joseph & Margaret Ellen (Etherden); b. Moruya, NSW, Australia; w/Charles Southam Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Harper George 30 Jun 1799 23 Mar 1841 41 son/William & Elizabeth (Henderson); b. Scotland; h/Margaret Eleanor (Howey) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Harper (Howey) Margaret Eleanor 1798 30 Jan 1843 44 b. Beadnell, Northumberland, England; w/George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Harper Unknown 1838 7 Mar 1838 0 son/George & Margaret Eleanor (Howey); b. Picton, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Harvey-Brown (Kidd) Mary Elizabeth 1873 17 Nov 1936 63 dau/John & Sophia (Collier); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Harvey-Brown William 1877 17 Apr 1928 50 son/John & Jean; b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Mary Elizabeth (Kidd) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hastings Esther 1856 22 May 1941 85 dau/David & Ann; w/Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hawkins Ernest V 19 Apr 1888 4 Apr 1947 58 son/Thomas Henry & Susannah (Woods); b. Inverell, NSW, Australia; h/Annestis Polly (Benson); 2932 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hazelwood (Cross) Sarah 1859 12 Apr 1949 91 dau/Ephraim & Fanny (Foreman); b. St George Area NSW, Australia; w/Stephen Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hazelwood Stephen 1853? 29 May 1947 93? son/George & Mary (Talbot); b. Great Bradley, Suffolk, England; h/Sarah (Cross) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hazlett (Margrie) Myra Minna 20 Aug 1887 9 Jul 1979 91 dau/Henry William & Evelina Jane (Gale); b. Murrurumburah, NSW, Australia; w/Robert Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hazlett Robert Alexander 6 Jul 1871 1 Sep 1940 69 son/Robert Alexander & Mary (McLean); b. South Gundagai, NSW, Australia; h/Myra Minna (Margrie) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hircock Henry 1862? 17 Mar 1921 son/Daniel Herrick & Jane (Berry); b. Wisbech, Cambridge, England; h/Agnes Lavinia (Jessett) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hodges Myrtle May 11 Apr 1901 21 Sep 1920 19 dau/Alfred James & Sarah Marion (Caldwell); b. Paddington, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hodges Ruby Isabel 16 Sep 1895 21 Aug 1915 19 dau/Alfred James & Sarah Marion (Caldwell); b. Randwick, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hood John 1849 6 May 1938 80 son/John; h/Mary Jane (Ross) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hood (Ross) Mary Jane 1852? 12 Oct 1935 81 dau/Hugh & Jessie (McPherson); w/John (Ross) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe Edward 12 Apr 1821 4 Jan 1855 33 son/William & Mary (Twentyman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Margaret (Fraser) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe George Molle 7 Feb 1820 21 Apr 1841 21 son/William & Mary (Twentyman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe Henry 14 Feb 1824 25 Apr 1841 17 son/William & Mary (Twentyman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe (Twentyman) Mary 1781? 28 Oct 1859 78 dau/Henry & Ann (Dagleish); b. Calvertsholm, Annandale, Dumfries, Scotland; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe William 1778 1 Aug 1855 76 son/William; b. Scotland; h/Mary (Twentyman) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Howe William 22 Nov 1817 11 Apr 1858 40 son/William & Mary (Twentyman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Mary Ann (Simpson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hull Elizabeth 1844? 4 Nov 1855 dau/Jacob & Mary; b. Bourne, Cambridge, England Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Humphreys (Lacy) Jemima 29 Jul 1812 22 Jul 1903 90 son/William; b. Burnham, Buckinghamshire, England; h/Samuel Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Humphreys Samuel (Rev.) 16 Dec 1818 8 Nov 1896 77 son/John & Elizabeth; b. All Saints, Hertfordshire, England; h/Jemima (Lacy) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hunter (Harris) Sarah 1803 6 May 1883 88 formerly Baxter, Rhodes; dau/Diane & Jane (Fawdry); b. Oxfordshire, England; w/Robert (Rhodes) & Peter (Baxter) & William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Hunter William 1808? 2 Nov 1879 71 h/Sarah (Harris) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Innes Ann M b. Isle of Skye, Inverness, Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Jackson (Stockton) Ellen Rose 1902 15 Mar 1961 58 dau/Thomas A & Ellen (Spencer); b. Narrandera, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Jackson John 1900? 30 Jun 1964 son/William & Margaret; h/Ellen (Stockton) & Maude (McCosker) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Jamieson Unknown Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Joseph John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kennedy John McTaggart 1833? 16 Sep 1902 son/James & Elizabeth; b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Sophia Elizabeth (Winton) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler Albert Victor 27 May 1881 10 Aug 1952 71 son/Livingstone Mitchell & Madeline Mary Ester (Sherack); b. Woollahra, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler (Voltz) Elizabeth 18 Mar 1830 29 Jun 1921 91 dau/Welhelm & Catharina (Halblaub); b. Seckenheim, Germany; w/George Peter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler Elizabeth 3 Aug 1859 9 Oct 1859 6w dau/George Peter & Elizabeth (Volz); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler (Graham) Elizabeth 29 Aug 1865 31 Oct 1927 62 dau/William & Elizabeth (Hannam); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler Elizabeth Amelia 1891 27 Oct 1966 75 dau/George & Elizabeth (Graham); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler George 30 Jan 1861 19 Aug 1940 79 son/George Peter & Elizabeth (Voltz); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Elizabeth (Graham) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler George Peter 16 Oct 1830 29 Nov 1909 79 son/Johannes & Anna Barbara (Ruck); b. Ilvesheim, Germany; h/Elizabeth (Voltz) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler James William 1865 7 Jun 1948 83 son/George Peter & Elizabeth (Volz); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Mary Ann (Graham) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler James William 1893 24 Mar 1961 67 son/George & Elizabeth (Graham); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler John 7 Jul 1855 18 Jan 1951 95 son/George Peter & Elizabeth (Voltz); b. Camperdown, NSW, Australia; h/Anna Rebecca (Oxley) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler Livingstone Mitchell 24 May 1853 25 Jan 1895 41 son/George Peter & Elizabeth (Voltz); b. East Bargo, NSW, Australia; h/Madeline Mary Ester (Sherack) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler (Sherack) Madeline Mary Ester 28 Mar 1854 16 Jul 1953 99 dau/Franz Joseph Sebastian (Joseph) & Anna Maria (Mary) (Herborn); b. Camden, NSW, Australia; w/Livingstone Mitchell Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler (Graham) Mary Ann 17 Oct 1874 22 May 1944 69 dau/William & Elizabeth (Hannam); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/James William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler Percy Carrington 26 Dec 1885 14 Jan 1887 1 son/Livingstone Mitchell & Madeline Mary Ester (Sherack); b. Randwick, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kershler William 25 Aug 1863 10 Sep 1865 2 son/George Peter & Elizabeth (Voltz); b. Campbelltown, NSW Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kidd Frederick Norman John 1879 22 Sep 1911 31 son/John & Sophia (Collier); b. Minto, NSW, Australia; h/Elsie Margaret (Ashcroft) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kidd John 1838 8 Apr 1919 80 son/John & Elizabeth (Souter); b. Brechin, Forfarshire, Scotland; h/Sophia (Collier) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kidd (Collier) Sophia 8 Sep 1838 4 Feb 1917 78 dau/Thomas & Jane (Souter); b. Logie Buchan, Aberdeen, Scotland; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kidd Thomas Collier 3 Oct 1861 4 Dec 1863 2 son/John & Sophia (Collier); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
King (Robertson) Elizabeth Harvey 31 Aug 1856 30 Sep 1946 90 dau/John & Mary Sanderson (Hervey); b. Orkney, Scotland; w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
King James 29 May 1852 12 Jul 1942 90 son/Edward & Helen (Scott); b. Westray And Papa Westray, Orkney, Scotland; h/Elizabeth Harvey (Robertson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
King William Lyttle 1894 6 Apr 1925 31 son/James & Elizabeth Harvey (Robertson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Annette Margaret (Cook) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kitt Bert Arthur 1886 2 Dec 1973 87 son/George Arthur & Caroline Elizabeth Annie (Jones); b. Dunedin, New Zealand Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kitt (Jones) Caroline Elizabeth Annie 30 Nov 1945 dau/Henry Samuel; b. New Zealand; w/George Arthur Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kitt George Arthur 5 Jan 1853 2 Feb 1940 87 son/James & Eliza (Franklin); b. Middlesex, England; h/Caroline Elizabeth Annie (Jones) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Kitt Gertrude Caroline Annie 1884 27 Mar 1962 77 dau/George Arthur & Caroline Elizabeth Annie (Jones); b. Dunedin, New Zealand Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Knight (Scobie) Margaret Mitchell 1874? 20 Jun 1916 42 dau/William George & Elizabeth (Stewart); b. Old Monkland, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/Arthur Richard Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Laird John Clydesdale 1883? 21 Feb 1938 son/John & Sarah (Aitcheson); b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Nellie (Pople) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Laird (Pople) Nellie 24 Mar 1887 31 Jul 1972 85 dau/William; b. Cardiff, Wales; w/John Clydesdale Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Larkin (Munro) Barbara Ann 23 Sep 1855 27 Jul 1922 66 dau/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Peter Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lawson (McCoy) Ada Rose 1870 27 Sep 1940 70 dau/James Smith & Eliza (Wilson); b. Paddington, NSW, Australia; w/Francis Christopher Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lawson Francis Christopher 1874 23 Oct 1949 75 son/John & Emily Ann (Scott); b. Macleay River, NSW, Australia; h/Ada Rose (McCoy) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lea Herbert Leslie 1890 9 Sep 1970 80 son/Joseph William & Elizabeth (Button); b. South Yarra, Victoria, Australia; h/Rosena Janet (George) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lea Rosena Janet 1887 23 Sep 1951 64 dau/Thomas James & Susannah Reid (Sell); b. Picton, NSW, Australia; w/Herbert Leslie Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lennox (Samson) Agnes 1821? 28 Oct 1886 65 dau/Adam & Janet; b. Old Cumnock, Ayrshire, Scotland; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lewis (Barnes) Margaret Mary 1902 1 Jul 1945 43 dau/William Frederick & Mary C; b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia; w/William Alfred Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Loney Henry Makepeace 1825? 12 Apr 1897 son/William & Ann (Makepeace); b. Wellington, Somerset, England; h/Mary (Slade) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Loney (Slade) Mary 1823? 28 Apr 1917 dau/Thomas & Grace (Broom); b. Wellington, Somerset, England; w/Henry Makepeace Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Loney Walter Jul 1853 31 Dec 1920 67 son/Henry Makepeace & Mary (Slade); b. Wellington, Somerset, England; h/Jessie Maud (Kidd) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Longhurst (Elcombe) Annie Maria 1851 9 Apr 1930 78 dau/John & Mary; b. Ash, Kent, England; w/Robert Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Longhurst (Roughley) Lilla Beatrice Eva 9 Nov 1869 9 Jan 1949 79 dau/James & Lydia (Hunt); b. Dural, NSW, Australia; w/Mark Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Longhurst Mark 7 Feb 1859 30 Dec 1949 90 son/Edward & Sophia (Munn); b. Hartley, Kent, England; h/Lilla Beatrice Eva (Roughley) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Longhurst Robert 1 Nov 1850 30 Jun 1922 71 son/Edward & Sophia (Munn); b. Hartley, Kent, England; h/Annie Maria (Elcombe) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Louttit (Etherden) Margaret Ellen 21 Jul 1843 19 Dec 1926 83 dau/Benjamin & Sarah Ann (Hearn); b. Camden, NSW, Australia; w/Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lusted Annie Beatrice 22 Feb 1882 28 Nov 1895 15 dau/George Richard & Harriet (Bradford); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lusted Clara Stewart 22 Feb 1882 21 Mar 1937 54 dau/George Richard & Harriet (Bradford); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lusted George Richard 5 Jul 1856 23 May 1937 80 son/Edward & Elizabeth (Basden); b. Camden, NSW, Australia; h/Harriet (Bradford) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lusted (Bradford) Harriet 1849? 28 Sep 1926 formerly Lusted; dau/Charles & Hannah (Chapman); b. Great Bradley, Suffolk, England; w/Edward & George Richard Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyle Ann Jane 1844 14 Jul 1847 3 dau/John & Elizabeth (Agnew); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyle James Chisholm 1842 3 Mar 1847 4 son/John & Elizabeth (Agnew); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyle John 1846 4 Aug 1847 1 son/John & Elizabeth (Agnew); b. Campbelltown NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyle Margaret 1850 13 Jan 1852 1 dau/John & Elizabeth (Agnew); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyneham Arthur Lionel 2 Aug 1930 25 Jun 1931 10m son/Lionel Percy & Gertrude Irene (Boase); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; 2611 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Lyneham Lionel Percy 26 Aug 1879 18 Apr 1949 69 son/George & Mary Ann (Landon); b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia; h/Gertrude Irene (Boase) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacAlister Lachlan 1797 26 Dec 1855 58 son/Duncan & Janet (Jessie); b. Strathaird, Isle of Skye, Scotland; h/Christina (McInnes) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacGoun Ian Maxwell 1908 8 Jun 1948 40 son/John Hunter & Jessie Emily (Morgan); b. Junee, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacGoun (Morgan) Jessie Emily 1864 13 Jan 1931 66 dau/Allen Bradley & Emma Louise (Hume); b. Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; w/John Hunter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacInnes Angus Donald 19 Oct 1864 21 Apr 1923 58 son/Angus John & Margaret (Mackay); b. Glen Innes, NSW, Australia; h/Florence Maud (Evans) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacInnes (Evans) Florence Maude 1877 12 Mar 1945 67 dau/John & Emily (Evans); b. Manorbier, Wales; w/Angus Donald Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
MacInnes Ian Dumaresq 1909 8 Feb 1966 56 son/Angus Donald & Florence Maude (Evans); b. Cooma, NSW, Australia; 261097 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Magill (Abrahams) Doreen Muriel 1921 29 Nov 2007 86 son/David Thomas & Kate Elizabeth (Ricketts); b. England; h/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mardell George 1901 5 Dec 1973 72 son/Joshua & Isabella Bridie (Anderson); b. Waterloo, NSW, Australia; h/Gertrude Rita Agnes (Denison) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mardell (Denison) Gertrude Rita Agnes 1904 9 Jan 1965 60 dau/Frederick Ernest & Edith Ann (Liversidge); b. Waterloo, NSW, Australia; w/George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mardell (Anderson) Isabella Bridie 22 Aug 1874 27 Mar 1954 79 dau/Peter & Catherine (Latto); b. Pittenweem, Fife, Scotland; w/Joshua Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mardell Joshua 1859? 12 Apr 1930 71 son/Henry & Sarah; b. Thundridge, Hertfordshire, England; h/Isabella Bridie (Anderson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mardell Peter 1900 26 Jun 1960 60 son/Joshua & Isabella Bridie (Anderson); b. Waterloo, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Marlow (Kershler) Annie Maria 1881 6 Jul 1957 76 dau/John & Anna Rebecca (Oxley); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Percy Charles Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Marlow Charles John 1851 30 Nov 1916 65 son/John; b. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, Australia; h/Phoebe (Evans) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Marlow Percy Charles 25 May 1878 11 Jun 1971 93 son/Charles John & Phoebe (Evans); b. Wolverhampton, West Midlands, England; h/Annie Maria (Kershler) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Marriott Walter Joseph 12 Jan 1909 10 May 1963 54 son/George & Alice M (Soderland); b. Urunga, NSW, Australia; h/Millie Irene (Loten); NX102321 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Marsh William 15 Dec 1881 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Massey (Lyall) Florence Ann 24 May 1882 8 Jun 1952 70 dau/Robert & Jane (Bree); w/Sidney Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Massey Sidney 1884 23 Sep 1942 58 son/Hugh & Ellen; b. Port Augusta, SA, Australia; h/Florence Ann (Lyall); 2202 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McAlister Matthew 1810? 5 Apr 1847 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McDonald Alexander 1798 26 Feb 1847 49 son/James & Mary (Stewart); b. Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Sarah (Warby) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McDonald David 1861 28 Jun 1943 82 son/William & Ann (Burnett); b. Wollongong, NSW, Australia; h/Emily Read (McKenzie) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McDonald (McKenzie) Emily Read 1857 19 Jan 1939 81 dau/John & Elizabeth; b. Kiama, NSW, Australia; w/David Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McDonald Jane 10 Apr 1836 15 Apr 1837 1 dau/Alexander & Sarah (Warby); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McDonald William 6 May 1838 5 Sep 1838 0 son/Alexander & Sarah (Warby); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McEwen Hugh 1819? 30 Nov 1891 son/John & Isabella (Baxter); b. Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Jane (Field) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McEwen John 1843? 30 Jan 1913 70 son/Hugh & Jane (Field); b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Kezia Victoria (Seear) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McEwen (Seear) Kezia Victoria 1842? 31 May 1908 66 dau/John Thomas & Jane (Cooper); b. Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McGregor (Robertson) Isabella 14 Jul 1814 17 Nov 1868 54 dau/Charles & Marjory (Stewart); b. Blair Athol, Perthshire, Scotland; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McGregor William 9 Apr 1824 5 Dec 1884 60 son/David & Agnes (Chalmers); b. Collessie, Fifeshire, Scotland; h/Isabella (Robertson) & Rosina (Prior) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McHattan Mervyn Charles Oswald 1917? 13 Jan 1963 46 son/Oswald & Bertha Hazel (Partridge); h/Phyllis Mary (Henry) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes Ann Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes Donald 1865 26 Dec 1927 62 son/Malcolm & Isabella (Slattery); b. Berrima, NSW, Australia; h/Rebecca Jane (Meadows) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes (Paull) Elizabeth 1879 29 Dec 1938 59 dau/Charles & Elizabeth (Smith); b. Picton, NSW, Australia; w/Arthur John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes John 1796? 24 Sep 1874 son/Angus & Isabella (McKinnon); b. Sleat, Isle Of Skye, Scotland; h/Mary (McPherson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes Mary 1801? 10 Mar 1843 w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McInnes (Meadows) Rebecca Jane 1866? 29 Jan 1949 82 dau/James & Sarah (Ellis); b. Liverpool, NSW, Australia; w/Donald Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKee Alexander Rae 15 Dec 1852 19 May 1873 20 son/William & Frances (Shearman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKee Emmerson Shearman 15 Dec 1852 4 May 1854 1 son/William & Frances (Shearman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKee William 1821 18 Dec 1868 47 son/Alexander; b. Ulster, Ireland; h/Frances (Shearman) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKee William Livingstone 1862 1862 0 son/William & Frances (Shearman); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKenzie Kenneth 1864 son/John & Elizabeth; h/Mary & Julia (Cliffe) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKenzie Mary 1807? 21 Jul 1894 87 w/Kenneth Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKnight Alexander Andrew 22 Apr 1870 3 Jan 1946 75 son/Robert & Emily (O'Donnell); b. Mulgoa, NSW, Australia; h/Isabella (Herbert) & Mary Matilda (McPherson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKnight Jean 1911 2 Sep 1923 11 dau/Alexander Andrew & Mary Matilda (McPherson); b. Camden, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McKnight (McPherson) Mary Matilda 1889 30 Jan 1950 60 dau/Alexander & Matilda (Munro); b. Nowra, NSW, Australia; w/Alexander Andrew Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLachlan Norman Douglas Hugh 1888 1965 77 h/Catherine Ruby (Younie) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean Donald 1806 Feb 1840 33 son/Donald & Christie; b. Isle of Coll, Scotland; h/Marcella Marjorie Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean Donald 1881? 2 May 1882 16m son/Donald & Christina; b. Adelaide, SA, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean (Stuart) Ellen Campbell 1865 22 Jan 1952 86 dau/Thomas & Mary Annetta; w/James Fletcher Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean Ellen Sarah Maude 1898 1 Jun 1951 53 dau/James Fletcher & Ellen Campbell (Stuart); b. Coonamble, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean George 1876 3 Jul 1882 16 son/Donald & Christina; b. Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean Isabel Mary 1904 24 Sep 1937 33 dau/James Fletcher & Ellen Campbell (Stuart); b. Parkes, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLean James Fletcher 1864? 30 May 1949 80 son/James & Sarah Ann (Sweatman); b. Bathurst, NSW, Australia; h/Ellen Campbell (Stuart) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennan (Berry) Eliza 1865? 22 Nov 1950 85 dau/Hugh & Sarah (Cook); b. Ballarat, Victoria, Australia; w/John Murdoch Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennan James William 10 Dec 1890 10 Dec 1903 13 son/John Murdoch & Eliza (Berry); b. Parramatta, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennan John Murdoch 1851? 29 Jun 1905 49 son/Roderick & Elizabeth (Stewart); h/Eliza (Berry) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennan Maggie 25 Feb 1888 4 Jul 1964 76 dau/John Murdoch & Eliza (Berry); b. Prospect, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennan (Walker) Margaret Elizabeth 1915 9 Aug 1961 46 formerly McCarthy; dau/William David Hugh & Helen (Black); b. Scotland; w/James (McCarthy) & Francis Hugh Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLennon Christianna 1802? 5 Aug 1853 31 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McLeod Maude 1899 10 May 1981 81 dau/John & Ellen Mary (Spring); b. Wagga Wagga, NSW; w/Henry Ambrose (Ticehurst) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McMillan Franklin Cutbush 15 Aug 1868 28 Apr 1932 63 son/Alexander McDonald & Lydia (Baker); b. Uralla, NSW, Australia; h/Margaret Agnes (Morgan) & Florence Selina (Osborne) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McMillan John 1790? 5 Jan 1840 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McNiven Helen Inglis 1879 2 Oct 1930 51 dau/Alexander & Eliza How (Inglis); b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McNiven John 1877 25 May 1919 41 son/Alexander & Eliza How (Inglis); b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McNiven Malcolm Scott 1811? 30 Nov 1859 48 son/Archibald & Flora (Johnston); b. Isle of Coll, Scotland; h/Sybella (McLean) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McNiven (McLean) Sybella 1814? 23 May 1893 79 dau/John & Julieann (Mitchell); b. Isle of Coll, Scotland; w/Malcolm Scott Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McNiven Theresa Chalmers 1882 Aug 1948 66 dau/Alexander & Eliza How (Inglis); b. Berrima, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McPherson Alexander 1864? 24 Jul 1943 79 b. Bolong, NSW, Australia; h/Matilda (Munro) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McPherson (Andrews) Mary Elizabeth 1894? 25 May 1954 dau/Richard & Sarah Jane (Bradman); b. Cootamundra, NSW, Australia; w/George Robertson Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
McPherson (Munro) Matilda 7 Jul 1862 9 Mar 1949 86 dau/Angus & Matilda (Carnell); b. Boorol, NSW, Australia; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Miller Alexander 1795? 30 Oct 1877 83 son/Donald & Ann (Bain); b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland; h/Margaret (McLeod) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Miller Donald 1832 28 Mar 1874 42 son/Alexander & Margaret (McLeod); b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Miller John 1837 16 Aug 1892 57 son/Alexander & Margaret (McLeod); b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland; h/Mary Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Miller John Fullarton 1870? 15 Mar 1949 79 son/John Fullarton & Margaret Jessie; b. Greenock, Renfrewshire, Scotland; h/Ruth Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Miller (McLeod) Margaret 1806? 14 Jan 1881 75 dau/John & Christina (Bain); b. Thurso, Caithness, Scotland; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Milne James 1856? 29 Jun 1930 74 son/John & Jessie (Tarves); b. Scotland; h/Mary Ellen (Brown) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Milne (Brown) Mary Ellen 1868? 11 Jun 1955 87 dau/John & Jane; w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Milner (Reid) Margaret Morris 10 Sep 1886 15 Jan 1951 58 dau/Henry James & Amelia (Morris); b. Forfar, Angus, Scotland; w/Maitland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mitchell Ann 1820? May 1855 b. Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mitcherson Albert Frank Leumeah 1910 1 Jan 1933 23 son/George Henry & Edith (De La Garde); b. Leumeah, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mitcherson (De La Garde) Edith 1874 29 Nov 1956 82 dau/William & Ellen Isabella (Boddington); b. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; w/George Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mitcherson George Henry 1864 3 Jun 1945 81 b. Australia; h/Eliza Ann (Conroy) & Edith (De La Garde) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Mitcherson Sydney Herbert 1896 4 Sep 1929 34 son/George Henry & Edith (De La Garde); b. Newtown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moore Alexander 1855? 14 Mar 1884 29 son/Charles; b. Dundee, Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moore David Cooper 1859 14 Sep 1884 25 son/David & Annie Cooper (Lyttle); b. Rockcorry, Monaghan, Ireland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moore (Tassie) Jane 1827? 16 Oct 1902 dau/John & Jane (Wallace); b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/David Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moore William Lyttle 1858? 19 Feb 1894 36 son/David & Annie Cooper (Lyttle); b. Rockcorry, Monaghan, Ireland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Morice (Simpson) Anne 1853 15 Aug 1933 79 dau/John & Ann (McCracken); b. Liverpool, NSW, Australia; w/William Chisholm (Morrice) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Morice Anne Elise 1885 27 Feb 1900 14 dau/William Chisholm & Anne (Simpson); b. St Peters, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Morice Ruth Augusta Constance 1890 27 Dec 1968 78 dau/William Chisholm & Anne (Simpson); b. St Peters, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Morice William Chisholm 3 Sep 1850 1 Mar 1923 72 son/Peter & Elspet (Chisholm); b. Kincardine, Fife, Scotland; h/Anne (Simpson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Morrison Lachlan 1792? 7 Feb 1840 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moss Arthur 1885? 2 Dec 1927 42 son/Charles Joseph & Emma (Overton); h/Anna (Criss) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moss Elvery June 1922? 10 Jun 1940 18 dau/Arthur & Anna (Criss) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moulder (Pye) Emma 28 Jul 1850 28 Jul 1943 93 dau/Thomas & Rhoda (Holland); b. Kensworth, Hertfordshire, England; w/Humphrey Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Moulder Humphrey 16 Sep 1854 16 Feb 1916 62 son/Thomas & Mary (Leight); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; h/Margaret (Parker) & Emma (Pye) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Alexander 1811? 10 Jul 1891 80 son/George & Jane (Murray); b. Dornoch, Sutherland, Scotland; h/Grace (Thomson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Donald Chisholm 1844? 29 Jul 1892 48 son/Robert & Margaret Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Ethel May 1881 8 Jan 1883 1 dau/Thomas Thomson & Mary Ann (Hymas); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Frederick William 11 Nov 1869 3 Sep 1957 87 son/William & Leah (Woerner); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Mary (Gard) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro George 27 Aug 1835 2 Aug 1917 81 son/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Golspie Tower, Scotland Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro George Robert 10 Oct 1872 12 Nov 1941 69 son/William & Leah (Woerner); b. Campbelltown, NSW; h/Elizabeth Sophia (Ford) & Jessie (McGregor) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro (Thomson) Grace 1816? 3 Apr 1897 dau/Thomas & Janet; b. Tongue, Sutherland, Scotland; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Hugh Gilchrist 1894 10 Dec 1903 9 son/Frederick William & Mary (Gard); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Hugh Gilchrist Jun 1923 18 Dec 1923 6m son/Thomas Thomson & Florence Emily (Meredith); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro (Dawson) Isabella Armstrong 1846? 13 Jan 1928 82 dau/John Armstrong & Sarah Anne (Rennick/Renwick); b. Antrim, Ireland; w/Alexander Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro John 4 Feb 1851 11 Feb 1859 8 son/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Campbelltown, NSW Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro (Woerner) Leah 1842? 3 Nov 1929 86 dau/Johann Friederich & Anna Maria (Blancke); b. Berkheim, Neckarkreis, Wuerttemberg, Germany; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro (Gard) Mary 23 Sep 1874 31 Jul 1955 82 dau/John Thomas & Mary Ann (Fieldhouse); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Frederick William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Thomas Thomson 27 Sep 1842 3 Oct 1885 43 son/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Campbelltown NSW; h/Mary Ann (Hymas); 60251 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro Thomas Thomson 5 Dec 1898 23 Apr 1955 56 son/Frederick William & Mary (Gard); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Florence Emily (Meredith); N375587 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Munro William 19 Dec 1844 19 Jul 1931 86 son/Alexander & Grace (Thomson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Leah (Woerner) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Nicholls (Gaynor) Catherine Marie 6 Sep 1887 9 Jun 1966 78 dau/John & Eliza (James); b. Carrington, NSW, Australia; w/James Charles Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Nicholls James Charles 27 Mar 1885 22 Mar 1964 78 son/John Angus & Grace (McDonald); b. Tobermory, Isle of Mull, Scotland; h/Catherine Marie (Gaynor); 2625 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Nicholson Unknown Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Nickless (Johnson) Daisy Evelyn 8 Mar 1885 8 Sep 1969 84 dau/John Benjamin & Grace; b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; w/Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Nicod Charles Maurice Ernest Jul 1878 10 Feb 1924 45 son/Louis Charles Napolean & Louisa Annie Hall (Laver); b. Brentford, Middlesex, England; h/Eva Isabel (Messner) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
O'Connor Daniel 1831? 10 Jun 1908 77 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
O'Malveney John 1813 28 May 1891 78 son/Hugh & Elizabeth; b. Dulry, Ayrshire, Scotland; h/Eleanor (Ellen) (Wholohan) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey (Hill) Eleanor Ann 8 Nov 1846 11 May 1907 60 dau/John & Ann (Stringer); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey (Jordan) Jane 21 Oct 1814 13 Jan 1892 77 dau/Thomas & Margaret (McCartney); b. Drombar, Down, Ireland; w/Hugh Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey Jane 1878 15 Nov 1928 50 dau/William & Eleanor Ann (Hill); b. Upper Minto, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey John 29 Apr 1876 9 Dec 1901 25 son/William & Eleanor Ann (Hill); b. Upper Minto, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey Louisa 10 Apr 1882 19 Apr 1882 0 dau/William & Eleanor Ann (Hill); b. Upper Minto, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprey William 16 Nov 1843 7 Jun 1915 71 son/Hugh & Jane (Jordan); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; h/Eleanor Ann (Hill) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Oprie Hugh 1880 15 May 1881 8m son/William & Eleanor Ann (Hill); b. Upper Minto, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ormiston Thomas Douglas 31 Oct 1881 5 Jan 1882 0 son/Thomas & Mary Ann (Campbell); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Passlow (Smith) Jemima 1851 23 Nov 1938 87 dau/William & Jemima (Fisher); b. Collingbourne, Wiltshire, England; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Paul (Ferguson) Elsie Robb 1853? 20 Aug 1926 dau/Alexander & Catherine; b. Tyrie, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; w/George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Paul George 25 Nov 1858 30 Jun 1904 47 son/Catherine (Paul); b. Longside, Aberdeenshire, Scotland; h/Elsie Robb (Ferguson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Pratt John David 12 Dec 1924 13 Nov 1944 19 son/Matthew Thomas & Mary Gertrude (Scott); b. Cowra, NSW, Australia; 432727 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Pratt (Scott) Mary Gertrude 1886 13 Nov 1957 71 dau/Robert John & Margaret; w/Matthew Thomas Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Pratt Matthew Thomas 1882 12 Mar 1958 75 son/William Frederick & Edith Isabella (Pringle); b. Temora, NSW, Australia; h/Mary Gertrude (Scott) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reeve (Milgate) Elizabeth 18 Feb 1856 13 Jan 1944 87 dau/Samuel Spencer & Jessie (Hamilton); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; w/Thomas Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reeve (Lentell) Emily Selina 1881 13 Mar 1907 25 dau/John & Julia; b. London, Middlesex, England; w/Harold Stanmore Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reeve Harold Stanmore 11 Aug 1879 18 Mar 1959 79 son/Thomas Henry & Elizabeth (Milgate); b. Stanmore NSW, Australia; h/Emily Selina (Lentell) & Violet Amelia Maude (Bell) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reeve Thomas Henry 27 Apr 1857 7 Apr 1938 80 son/Lydia (Reeve); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; h/Elizabeth (Milgate) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reid James 1871 3 Sep 1941 70 son/William; h/Mary May (Whelan) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Reid (Whelan) Mary May 1882? 3 Jun 1964 82 dau/Fenton & Bridget; w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Riach (Gibb) Elspeth 1819? 5 Oct 1911 dau/William; b. Caithness, Scotland; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Riach Eve Rose 1855 12 Sep 1934 79 dau/William & Elspeth (Gibb); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Riach William 1811 7 Sep 1890 79 son/James & Mary (Chapman); b. Forgue, Aberdeen, Scotland; h/Elspeth (Gibb) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Rider Frederick 1884 15 Apr 1951 66 son/John Charles & Clara Gertrude (Thomas); b. Paddington, NSW, Australia; h/Margaret Louise (King) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Riley (Hayes) Gwendolene Mary 1917 15 Dec 1946 28 dau/Percy Cope & Evelyn Lucy (Hall); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Claude Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Riley Janet Evelyn 1946? 4 Mar 1956 10 dau/Claude & Gwendolene Mary (Hayes) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Rose Clement Thomas George 31 Oct 1879 27 Feb 1972 92 son/Adolphus & Sophie; b. Stirling, SA, Australia; h/Florence May (O'Donnell) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Rose (O'Donnell) Florence May 1881 26 Aug 1951 70 dau/John & Adeline Matilda (Gabell); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia; w/Clement Thomas George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross Hugh 1822? 10 Sep 1904 82 h/Jessie (McPherson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross (McPherson) Jessie 1820? 14 Jul 1885 65 dau/Donald; w/Hugh Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross John 14 Feb 1849 8 Jun 1937 88 son/Peter Forbes & Mary Ann (Eagles); b. Yass, NSW, Australia; h/Matilda (Kenton) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross John Henry 1877 1 Dec 1939 62 son/John & Matilda (Kenton); b. Murrumburrah, NSW, Australia; h/Mary (Oddy) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross (Oddy) Mary 1878 14 May 1944 65 dau/Joseph Smith & Eliza Mary (Topham); b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia; w/John Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ross (Kenton) Matilda 12 Feb 1853 24 Nov 1926 74 dau/Zenas & Jane; b. Sutton Forest, NSW, Australia; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Scobie John Stewart 1877? 14 Apr 1956 79 son/William George & Elizabeth (Stewart); b. Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Julia Esther (Matthew) & Mary (Hanley) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Scobie (Mitchell) Margaret 1815 21 Sep 1902 87 dau/John & Margaret; b. Glasgow, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/Isaac Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Scobie William George 1847 13 Dec 1904 57 son/Isaac & Margaret (Mitchell); b. Old Monkland, Lanarkshire, Scotland; h/Elizabeth (Stewart) & Emily (Reed) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Seale (Thomson) Irene May 1 May 1900 30 Aug 1983 83 dau/Peter & Anna (Oprey); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Edward Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Seddon Allan Geoffrey 27 Jan 1903 7 Dec 1903 10m 10d son/Joseph James Frederick & Grace Jane (Munro); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Seddon (Munro) Grace Jane 27 Jul 1874 4 Mar 1962 87 dau/William & Leah (Woerner); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Joseph James Frederick Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Seddon Joseph James Frederick 11 Feb 1875 18 Mar 1938 63 son/Joseph Pickles & Esther (Crossley); b. Young, NSW, Australia; h/Grace Jane Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Shearer Annie Manson 1874 26 Aug 1939 65 dau/Donald & Margaret (McRae); b. Maclean, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Shearer John Geddes 1866 28 Oct 1939 73 son/Donald & Margaret (McRae); b. Grafton, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Shedden (Munsie) Mabel Annie 1874 26 Nov 1898 24 dau/Samuel & Ellen (Baker); b. Armidale, NSW, Australia; w/Colin McLachlan Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Sheehy (Riley) Janet Evelyn 1890 9 Jun 1961 71 dau/John & Elizabeth; b. Scotland; w/William James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Smart Albert Edward 1868 27 Jun 1937 68 son/Albert & Margaret Jane (Rose); b. Broulee, NSW, Australia; h/Mary Johanna (Young) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Smart Doris Margaret 1905 2 Dec 1934 29 dau/Albert Edward & Mary Johanna (Young); b. Bega, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Smart (Young) Mary Johanna 14 May 1872 23 Jul 1964 92 dau/William & Elizabeth Dorothea Dora (Sturah); b. Bega, NSW, Australia; w/Albert Edward Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Smith Esther Knox 1853? 15 Aug 1890 37 dau/Samuel & Catherine; w/George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Smyth (Lavender) Dorothy Amelia 1909 19 Dec 1987 78 dau/William Thomas & Eva May (Denmead); b. Granville, NSW, Australia; w/Samuel William George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Staniforth (Frater) Ellen Lindsay 1866 29 Aug 1933 67 dau/David Bruce & Jane (Young); b. Young, NSW, Australia; w/William Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Staniforth William Henry 13 Jan 1863 12 Oct 1936 73 son/Charles Henry & Mary (Podmore); b. Goulburn, NSW, Australia; h/Ellen Lindsay (Frater) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Stevens Edith Margaret 1870? 29 Aug 1961 91 dau/Charles & Margaret Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Stewart (Perry) Eva Sarah 29 Sep 1882 5 Sep 1941 58 dau/William Francis & Sarah (Simpson); b. Dubbo, NSW, Australia; w/Graham Wilson Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Stewart Richard 1802? 22 Jul 1878 76 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swann (Scobie) Agnes 1887 30 Oct 1942 55 dau/William George & Elizabeth (Stewart); b. Lanark, Lanarkshire, Scotland; w/Thomas Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swann (Ashworth) Doris 1898? 16 Jan 1970 72 formerly Findlay; dau/Joseph & Mary Agnes (Foley); b. Birkdale, Lancashire, England; w/Charles William (Findlay) & Thomas Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swann (Wallace) Jane 1854? 4 Aug 1916 62 dau/Alexander & Annie (McIlwraith); b. Horsham, Vic, Australia; w/Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swann Joseph 1846? 29 Dec 1927 81 son/Thomas & Hannah (White); b. Deighton, Yorkshire, Australia; h/Jane (Wallace) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swann Thomas 1833 12 Jun 1956 73 son/Joseph & Jane (Wallace); b. New Zealand; h/Agnes (Scobie) & Doris (Ashworth) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Swanson Samuel Humphreys 1879 3 Jun 1925 46 son/James Manson & Sarah (Humphreys); h/Clare L (Hamilton) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Tate (Shaw) Rebecca Josephine 1847? 9 Mar 1914 67 dau/George H & Elizabeth; w/John Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Taylor Infant son/Richard Alfred & Ruth (Ross) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Taylor (Ross) Ruth 1884 16 Feb 1915 30 dau/John & Matilda (Kenton); b. Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia; w/Richard Alfred Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Taylor William 1802? 29 Oct 1847 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Terry (Warby) Sarah 10 Oct 1806 6 Jan 1893 86 formerly McDonald; dau/John & Sarah (Bentley); b. Liverpool, NSW, Australia; w/Alexander (McDonald) & Joseph Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Alexander Chisholm 1769? 1850 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Alexander Chisholm 10 May 1872 23 Jan 1942 69 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Barbara (Stimson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson (Oprey) Anna 19 Aug 1879 27 Oct 1909 30 dau/William & Eleanor Ann (Hill); b. Upper Minto, NSW, Australia; w/Peter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Arthur 23 Jan 1899 23 Jan 1899 0 son/Peter & Anna (Oprey); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson (Watson) Catherine Elizabeth 31 Jan 1847 31 Mar 1939 92 dau/Richard Johnson & Bridget Mary (Morrison); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Robert Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Daniel Watson 29 Jan 1879 23 Feb 1943 64 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Ruby Olive (Wright) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson (Chisholm) Elizabeth A 1813? 27 Oct 1880 87 dau/Alexander & Elizabeth; b. Scotland; w/Peter Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Elizabeth Chisholm 27 Jul 1867 9 Jun 1951 83 dau/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Jack Andrew 21 Nov 1907 23 Jan 2003 95 son/Peter & Anna (Oprey); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Olive Marie (Longhurst) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Joseph Thomas 31 Oct 1877 31 Mar 1934 56 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Olive Cordelia (Hargraves) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Peter 30 Oct 1813 13 Sep 1886 72 son/Robert & Janet (Smeal); b. West Calder, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Elizabeth A (Chisholm) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Peter 4 Aug 1868 24 Oct 1951 83 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Anna (Oprey) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Richard Watson 4 Apr 1870 11 Jul 1952 82 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Robert 8 Sep 1834 16 Mar 1882 47 son/Peter & Elizabeth A (Chisholm); b. West Calder, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Catherine Elizabeth (Watson) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Robert 16 May 1874 19 Sep 1971 97 son/Robert & Catherine Elizabeth (Watson); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Frances (Mills) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Robert Bruce 23 Jul 1910 5 Feb 1979 68 son/Alexander Chisholm & Barbara (Stimson); b. Moree, Australia; h/Dulcie May (Rice) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Thomson Robert Stanley 1 Jan 1906 23 Jul 1988 82 son/Peter & Anna (Oprey); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; h/Marjorie Clare (Tritton) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ticehurst Henry Ambrose 1896 10 Mar 1969 72 son/Elizabeth (Ticehurst); b. Murrumburrah, NSW, Australia; h/Maude (McLeod) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Ticehurst Lanseer 1933 20 Sep 1954 21 son/Henry Ambrose & Maude (McLeod) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Tickle (Sutherland) Grace 5 Jul 1848 13 Jun 1927 78 dau/David & Janet (Henderson); b. Dumfermline, Fifeshire, Scotland; w/Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Tickle Henry 7 Feb 1845 2 Mar 1914 69 son/John & Ann (Cole); b. Devonshire, England; h/Grace (Sutherland) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Tyerman Ian Wilson 1875 7 Jul 1933 58 son/Charles Stewart & Mary; b. Hawick, Roxburgh, Scotland; h/Mary Ann (Stewart) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Unknown M A 1883 Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Walters Joseph James 1864? 12 Oct 1926 62 son/Joseph & Mary; b. Newcastle, NSW, Australia; h/Sarah Jane (Dixon) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Walters (Dixon) Sarah Jane 2 Jan 1856 21 Aug 1952 96 dau/Frederick William & Eliza (Baker); b. East Maitland, NSW, Australia; w/Joseph James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Warburton Thomas Dec 1851 23 Feb 1852 0 son/Sylvester Birrell & Eliza (Allen); b. Sydney, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wheatley John 1897 10 May 1962 64 son/Lydia (Wheatley); b. Gunning, NSW, Australia; h/Edith Jane (Hodges) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wilkinson Henry Richard 1892 2 Oct 1969 77 son/William Walter & Esther Amelia (Oldham); b. Ashfield NSW, Australia; h/Ellen Rose (Gregory) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Williams (Black) Agnes Maude 11 Feb 1891 5 Nov 1973 82 dau/James Martin & Annie (Freeman); b. Tower Hill, Vic, Australia; w/Arthur George Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Williams (Riach) Annie Graham 1857 14 Apr 1887 29 dau/William & Elspeth (Gibb); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/William Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Williams (Reid) Annie May 1908 22 Jul 1974 66 formerly Channell; dau/James & Mary May (Whelan); b. Bega, NSW, Australia; w/Eric Victor (Channell) & Thomas Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Williams Arthur George 1894 14 Jul 1968 74 son/George & Louisa Ann (Fidler); b. Warnambool, Vic, Australia; h/Agnes Maude (Black) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Williams Esme G 9 Apr 1887 31 Jul 1887 4m son/William & Annie Graham (Riach); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Willis (Fisher) Emily Elizabeth 1883 11 Jun 1950 66 formerly Pitkin; dau/Henry & Sophia; b. Uralla, NSW, Australia; w/Hugh Robert (Pitkin) & Peter Henry Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wilson Charles Henry 1878? 7 Apr 1947 son/William & Susannah; h/Annie Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wilson (Baxter) Ellen 24 Jun 1846 20 Jan 1931 84 dau/Peter & Sarah (Harris); b. Camden, NSW, Australia; w/James Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wilson James 1832? 2 Apr 1912 80 son/John & Janet; b. Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland; h/Ellen (Baxter) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wolter Janette May Jun 1947 19 Jun 1947 0 dau/Arthur Raymond & Dorothy May (Wright); b. Camden, NSW, Australia Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Woods William Walter 1872? 6 Jan 1933 61 son/William W & Emily; h/Jessie (Hood) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Wright (Thomson) Kathleen Elizabeth 18 Oct 1902 12 Feb 1990 87 dau/Peter & Anna (Oprey); b. Campbelltown, NSW, Australia; w/Leslie Thomas Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Younie Alexander Duncan 1857 1 Oct 1945 88 son/Alexander & Mary (McIntyre); b. Dalby, Queensland, Australia; h/Esther (Cassidy) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Younie Catherine Ruby 1891 1862 29 dau/Alexander Duncan & Esther (Cassidy); b. Inverell, NSW, Australia; w/Norman Douglas Hugh (McLachlan) Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Younie (Cassidy) Esther 1866 29 Dec 1949 83 dau/John & Margaret (Collier); b. Cassilis, NSW, Australia; w/Alexander Duncan Campbelltown Presbyterian NSW
Functions
| https://austcemindex.com/?cemid=1217 |
Occupy DC McPherson Square Encampment | U.S. Department of the Interior
STATEMENT OF JONATHAN B. JARVIS, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH CARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, CENSUS AND THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM CONCERNING ISSUES SURROUNDING THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE'S (NPS) HANDLING OF DEMONSTRATIONS AT MCPHERSON SQUARE. January 24, 2012 Mr.
Occupy DC McPherson Square Encampment
STATEMENT OF JONATHAN B. JARVIS, DIRECTOR, NATIONAL PARK SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BEFORE THE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH CARE, DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, CENSUS AND THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE HOUSE COMMITTEE ON OVERSIGHT AND GOVERNMENT REFORM CONCERNING ISSUES SURROUNDING THE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE'S (NPS) HANDLING OF DEMONSTRATIONS AT MCPHERSON SQUARE.
January 24, 2012
Mr. Chairman and members of the Subcommittee, I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you today to discuss the National Park Service's (NPS) handling of the Occupy D C demonstrations at McPherson Square.
This hearing takes place in the District of Columbia—the capital of our nation and the seat of our federal government.The city itself serves as a symbol of the ideals upon which this country was founded: a nation of laws in which every citizen's basic rights are protected.It is here, perhaps more than any other place in the United States, that Americans come to exercise their First Amendment rights to peaceably assemble, to petition their government for redress of grievances, and to exercise their right of freedom of speech.
All 397 of America's national parks— but especially the national parks in Washington, DC— are proud of their tradition as places where our citizens come for reflection, commemoration, recreation, and to make their voices heard through public assembly and political demonstration.These are places where their rights are guaranteed under our nation's commitment to freedom of speech under our Constitution.
Among law enforcement agencies in the nation, the NPS and its urban law enforcement organization, the United States Park Police (USPP), have perhaps the greatest experience handling First Amendment activities.In Washington, DC, in particular, freedom-of-speech activities on national park lands are handled by NPS regional and park personnel and the USPP.These NPS personnel are highly experienced in dealing successfully and effectively with First Amendment demonstrations in our nation's capital.
In 2010, there were 724 permitted First Amendment activities and in 2011 there were 626 permitted First Amendment activities on the National Mall.But such permitted activities are only a portion of the total First Amendment activities taking place on lands administered by the NPS here in our capital city.Consistent with NPS regulations that have developed over the years, permits are not required for groups of fewer than 25 people in most locations, while a larger threshold number exists in some locations, such as McPherson Square.
A few examples of large-scale First Amendment demonstrations that have been successfully managed by the NPS include the annual Right to Life March, ANSWER demonstrations, KKK demonstrations, Immigration Rallies, and the Million Man March, as well as demonstrations for the Promise Keepers, One Nation Working Together, and the World Bank/IMF protests.Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.'s non-violent movement and his civil rights march in Washington, DC, including his "I Have a Dream" speech, also took place on the National Mall.
The NPS and the USPP field personnel also have experience in handling high profile and long-term vigils.One example is the 1979 Farmers Vigil, when 6,000 family farmers drove their tractors to Washington, DC, to demonstrate against American farm policy.For seven weeks, the National Mall became the base of operations of these farmers' lobbying and demonstration efforts.
Another occurred in 1968.At the time, the Poor People's Campaign, organized by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, addressed the issues of economic justice and housing for the poor in this country.A month after Dr. King's assassination on April 4, 1968, movement leaders decided to continue the campaign in his honor.Demonstrators began a month-long vigil in our nation's capital and thousands of participants came into what became known as Resurrection City.
I note that this past fall, the NPS assumed management responsibility for the Martin Luther King, Jr. Memorial here on the Mall, adding to the city another reminder of the First Amendment rights of American citizens.
Another example of an ongoing demonstration is that of Ms. C oncepcion Picciotto, a one-person demonstrator who began her vigil in Lafayette Park in June 1981.Today she is continuing her 30 th year demonstrating against nuclear proliferation with the display of signs and the distribution of literature.Another current vigil is occurring at the Lincoln Memorial.In 1985, the Vietnam Veterans Vigil Groups, with approximately 20 groups, began a vigil in order to demonstrate on behalf of servicemen and women who were missing in action and/or suffering with illnesses as a result of exposure to Agent Orange.After the 2009 rehabilitation of the Lincoln Memorial Plaza area, most groups have left; however, Rolling Thunder continues the 24-hour vigil to this day.
The success of NPS and USPP efforts in handling these events that have a place in our nation's history and in the personal history of so many of its citizens is directly attributable to their measured approach in the planning and implementation of their response to these demonstrations.
The NPS's and USPP's handling of First Amendment activity begins with the lowest level of enforcement in order to allow demonstrators the opportunity to express their views; enforcement then increases if the situation warrants.This strategy allows our officers to work with demonstrators—if the demonstrators are cooperative—to ensure the health and safety of the demonstrators as well as DC residents and visitors.This means that our officers respect the demonstrators' First Amendment rights, but also enforce quality of life regulations.Courts have recognized that this kind of measured, preventive technique of law enforcement helps minimize the potential for disorder.
As this is a nation of laws, so too is the NPS's handling of First Amendment activities, including those in McPherson Square.I am not a lawyer and rarely do I speak in terms of court decisions.But when the NPS deals with First Amendment issues, we must do so on the basis of how the courts over the years have interpreted and applied one of America's most cherished freedoms.That courts have repeatedly recognized the right of citizens to use public parks for expression is of special importance in the District of Columbia, where demonstrators' activities implicate not only the First Amendment rights of freedom of speech and peaceable assembly but also the First Amendment right to petition the government for redress of grievances.
However, the courts have also recognized that the NPS has certain discretion to enforce rules and regulations in the manner that best fits the situation, including using our authority to place reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on that freedom of expression, as long as the restrictions are content neutral, are narrowly tailored to serve a significant government interest, and leave open, ample, alternative channels for communication of information. The NPS's rules and regulations have been the subject of much litigation over the years and our present regulations have been carefully crafted to conform to First Amendment jurisprudence as well as NPS recognition of the importance of First Amendment activities.
In the case of the McPherson Square demonstration, the demonstrators did not apply for a permit prior to the start of their demonstration, nor were they required to do so.NPS regulations, which were promulgated in 1983, do not require a permit for the use of McPherson Square if the activity involves fewer than 500 people.NPS regulations do not allow for camping within McPherson Square; however, temporary structures, including tents, are permissible as part of a demonstration to further their symbolic message or to meet logistical needs.Constant, round-the-clock demonstration vigils have been a regular occurrence in some national park areas.
Although NPS officials did not have contact with the McPherson demonstrators prior to the initiation of their demonstration in McPherson Square, NPS personnel concluded, based on observation and communications with demonstrators, that the expressive activities in the square were protected by the First Amendment and that there were fewer than 500 demonstrators.Currently there are demonstrators in McPherson Square who are actively engaged in round-the-clock First Amendment activities based on the observations of USPP.
In order to best meet public safety goals while respecting this First Amendment activity, the NPS has been working with the District of Columbia, including the Metropolitan Police Department, the DC Department of Health, DC Dept. of Mental Health and the DC Fire and EMS, to ensure that demonstrations in McPherson Square are conducted in a safe and lawful manner.Just last week, we conducted a joint health inspection of McPherson Square with the DC Department of Health.
In particular, NPS personnel have at all times maintained a law enforcement presence and patrols at McPherson Square in order to protect the health and safety of park visitors and demonstrators, and the park's resources and have taken enforcement action when necessary.NPS personnel also have maintained an ongoing dialogue with the demonstrators in McPherson Square about the rules, rights, and responsibilities involving a demonstration of this nature.
The NPS has employed a reasoned, measured, and incremental approach to address regulatory violations that minimize the threats to public safety and property while respecting First Amendment activities.This process has involved an evolution from outreach and education, to formal notices of the rules that govern use of McPherson Square to secure voluntary compliance. Conversations are ongoing, and as conditions warrant, the approach has evolved.
I want to be clear that we take very seriously residents' and the District's concerns and are constantly monitoring and evaluating conditions in the Square.I understand that this demonstration has impacted some District of Columbia residents and visitors alike and I appreciate their efforts to tolerate this freedom of speech activity.
It is important to note that, absent an emergency or threat to public health or safety, demonstrators in McPherson Square and elsewhere in the city are allowed to continue their vigil in accordance with existing regulations and well-established judicial interpretations of their First Amendment rights.As long as the demonstration continues, however, the NPS will take an enforcement approach that seeks to protect public health and safety while respecting First Amendment rights and working within the laws and rules that govern our enforcement activity.
Mr. Chairman, this concludes my statement. I would be pleased to respond to any questions you or the other members of the subcommittee may have.
| https://www.doi.gov/ocl/hearings/112/OccupyMcPhersonSquare_012412?renderforprint=1 |
MSSNet: Multi-Scale-Stage Network for Single Image Deblurring | Request PDF
Request PDF | MSSNet: Multi-Scale-Stage Network for Single Image Deblurring | Most traditional single image deblurring methods before deep learning adopt a coarse-to-fine scheme that estimates a sharp image at a coarse scale... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Chapter
MSSNet: Multi-Scale-Stage Network for Single Image Deblurring
February 2023
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25063-7_32
In book: Computer Vision – ECCV 2022 Workshops (pp.524-539)
Authors:
Kiyeon Kim
Seungyong Lee
Pohang University of Science and Technology
Abstract
Most traditional single image deblurring methods before deep learning adopt a coarse-to-fine scheme that estimates a sharp image at a coarse scale and progressively refines it at finer scales. While this scheme has also been adopted in several deep learning-based approaches, recently a number of single-scale approaches have been introduced showing superior performance to previous coarse-to-fine approaches in terms of quality and computation time. In this paper, we revisit the coarse-to-fine scheme and analyze the defects of previous coarse-to-fine approaches. Based on the analysis, we propose Multi-Scale-Stage Network (MSSNet), a novel deep learning-based approach to single image deblurring with our remedies to the defects. MSSNet adopts three remedies: stage configuration reflecting blur scales, an inter-scale information propagation scheme, and a pixel-shuffle-based multi-scale scheme. Our experiments show that our remedies can effectively resolve the defects of previous coarse-to-fine approaches and improve the deblurring performance.
No full-text available
... The contexts of these areas are confusing, making it difficult to distinguish each object in terms of category and structure. Current networks capture features for non-uniform deblurring by multi-scale [4,5,6,7,8], multi-patch [9,10], or multi-stage [11,12,
13]
architectures, which mainly aims to enlarge the receptive fields. However, the learning behavior of the networks in these severe blur regions is difficult to predict due to the ambiguous semantics. ...
... In recent years, U-shape architecture becomes the major structure for image deblurring tasks, such as [11,
13,
17,18], since the features learned by the U-shape network will be more beneficial for deblurring by producing a large receptive field and the proper resolution. Therefore, we mainly conduct experiments on the deblurring models with U-shape architectures to demonstrate the idea. ...
... Firstly, we compare the performance with and without the proposed semantic prior based on the simplest UNet structure. In addition, we embed the proposed prior into other recent mainstream image deblurring frameworks which have different structures, such as DeepDeblur [5], MPRNet [11], MIMO-UNet [18], and MSSNet
[13]
to verify the effectiveness of our proposed semantic priors. We use the same training strategy as those methods to train or fine-tune the models except for the total training iteration, which is time-consuming. ...
Take a Prior from Other Tasks for Severe Blur Removal
Preprint
Feb 2023
Pei Wang
Danna Xue
Yu Zhu
Yanning Zhang
Recovering clear structures from severely blurry inputs is a challenging problem due to the large movements between the camera and the scene. Although some works apply segmentation maps on human face images for deblurring, they cannot handle natural scenes because objects and degradation are more complex, and inaccurate segmentation maps lead to a loss of details. For general scene deblurring, the feature space of the blurry image and corresponding sharp image under the high-level vision task is closer, which inspires us to rely on other tasks (e.g. classification) to learn a comprehensive prior in severe blur removal cases. We propose a cross-level feature learning strategy based on knowledge distillation to learn the priors, which include global contexts and sharp local structures for recovering potential details. In addition, we propose a semantic prior embedding layer with multi-level aggregation and semantic attention transformation to integrate the priors effectively. We introduce the proposed priors to various models, including the UNet and other mainstream deblurring baselines, leading to better performance on severe blur removal. Extensive experiments on natural image deblurring benchmarks and real-world images, such as GoPro and RealBlur datasets, demonstrate our method's effectiveness and generalization ability.
... In order to better illustrate the deblurring effect, WTransU-Net is compared with several state-of-the-art methods including SRN [44], DMPHN [45] , Restormer [30], MSSNet
[46]
, A-S [6], RGDN [47], INFWIDE [26] and DWDN [28] in both qualitative and quantitative ways. Note that A-S [6] is tested with ground-truth kernels. ...
... Note that A-S [6] is tested with ground-truth kernels. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM) The qualitative comparison results on the three test datasets are presented in Fig. 3. On Lai dataset, blind deblurring methods based on end-to-end network, such as SRN [44], Restormer [30], DMPHN [45] and MSSNet
[46]
, produce deblurred images with severe artifacts due to the presence of noise and saturation pixels. Non-blind methods such as A-S [6] and RGDN [47] result in over-smoothing and weakened edges of the image. ...
WTransU-Net: Wiener deconvolution meets multi-scale transformer-based U-net for image deblurring
Article
Full-text available
Jun 2023
Shixin Zhao
Yuanxiu Xing
Hongyang Xu
Deblurring is a classical image restoration problem. Although recent methods have shown promising deblurring performance, most methods still cannot effectively balance the texture details restoration and model complexity. In order to improve the performance of deblurring, some models are designed to be more complex. In this work, a simple and efficient Wiener deconvolution and multi-scale transformer-based U-Net (WTransU-Net) is proposed to tackle these problems. First, the proposed Wiener feature extraction module uses explicit Wiener deconvolution to extract the Wiener features in the deep feature space. Then, the obtained Wiener features are input into a multi-scale feature reconstruction module which only embeds one transformer refining block in each scale of the U-Net to deblur the image from local and global perspectives. In addition, a multi-scale hybrid loss function is designed to train the WTransU-Net in an end-to-end manner to better learn the content and texture details. The experimental results on benchmark datasets show that compared with the state-of-the-art deblurring methods, the proposed WTransU-Net can achieve better performance with fewer artifacts in terms of quantitatively and qualitatively.
... The two features of this transformational relationship play different roles, so we cannot treat them equally. However, most existing methods (Zhu et al., 2021;Zamir et al., 2021;Park et al., 2020;
Kim et al., 2022;
Chu et al., 2022) fuse them in the same way through concatenation and addition, thus ignoring the reconstruction process between the two features. In order to enable the model to mine and utilize useful information of previous video frames when reconstructing the current video frame, we proposed a multihop and multiscale reconstruction memory network (RMN). ...
... In the reconstruction of the current frame, some existing methods (Zhu et al., 2021;Zamir et al., 2021;Park et al., 2020;
Kim et al., 2022;
Chu et al., 2022) usually first add or concatenate the features in the encoder and decoder of the previous frame and then fuse with the features of the current frame. However, this method ignores that the two features in the encoder and decoder play different roles, since there is a reconstruction process between the two features. ...
Memory Based Temporal Fusion Network for Video Deblurring
Article
Full-text available
Apr 2023
INT J COMPUT VISION
Chaohua Wang
Weisheng Dong
Xin Li
Guangming Shi
Video deblurring is one of the most challenging vision tasks because of the complex spatial-temporal relationship and a number of uncertainty factors involved in video acquisition. As different moving objects in the video exhibit different motion trajectories, it is difficult to accurately capture their spatial-temporal relationships. In this paper, we proposed a memory-based temporal fusion network (TFN) to capture local spatial-temporal relationships across the input sequence for video deblurring. Our temporal fusion network consists of a memory network and a temporal fusion block. The memory network stores the extracted spatial-temporal relationships and guides the temporal fusion blocks to extract local spatial-temporal relationships more accurately. In addition, in order to enable our model to more effectively fuse the multiscale features of the previous frame, we propose a multiscale and multi-hop reconstruction memory network (RMN) based on the attention mechanism and memory network. We constructed a feature extractor that integrates residual dense blocks with three downsample layers to extract hierarchical spatial features. Finally, we feed these aggregated local features into a reconstruction module to restore sharp video frames. Experimental results on public datasets show that our temporal fusion network has achieved a significant performance improvement in terms of PSNR metrics (over 1dB) over existing state-of-the-art video deblurring methods.
View
... With large-scale data, deep models such as Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs) [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] and Transformer [15][16][17][18] have emerged as the preferred choice due to their ability to implicitly learn more general priors by capturing natural image statistics and achieving state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in image restoration. The performance gain of these deep learning models over conventional restoration approaches is primarily attributed to their model design, which includes numerous network modules and functional units for image restoration, such as recursive residual learning [19], transformer [15,16,18], encoder-decoders [12,13,20], multi-scale models
[21,
22], and generative models [23][24][25]. ...
A Mountain-Shaped Single-Stage Network for Accurate Image Restoration
Preprint
May 2023
Hu Gao
Jing Yang
Ying Zhang
Depeng Dang
Image restoration is the task of aiming to obtain a high-quality image from a corrupt input image, such as deblurring and deraining. In image restoration, it is typically necessary to maintain a complex balance between spatial details and contextual information. Although a multi-stage network can optimally balance these competing goals and achieve significant performance, this also increases the system's complexity. In this paper, we propose a mountain-shaped single-stage design base on a simple U-Net architecture, which removes or replaces unnecessary nonlinear activation functions to achieve the above balance with low system complexity. Specifically, we propose a feature fusion middleware (FFM) mechanism as an information exchange component between the encoder-decoder architectural levels. It seamlessly integrates upper-layer information into the adjacent lower layer, sequentially down to the lowest layer. Finally, all information is fused into the original image resolution manipulation level. This preserves spatial details and integrates contextual information, ensuring high-quality image restoration. In addition, we propose a multi-head attention middle block (MHAMB) as a bridge between the encoder and decoder to capture more global information and surpass the limitations of the receptive field of CNNs. Extensive experiments demonstrate that our approach, named as M3SNet, outperforms previous state-of-the-art models while using less than half the computational costs, for several image restoration tasks, such as image deraining and deblurring.
... For the former, we argue that explicit extraction of HF features, supported by edge detection algorithms such as the Canny operator, can play a crucial role [66]. Concerning the latter, multi-stage network design -which outperforms singlestage counterparts in high-level visual tasks like action segmentation [15] and pose estimation [8], as well as for low-level vision problems such as image restoration [71,
29]
can mitigate the information loss issue. However, since features extracted from RGB images need to be considered in addition to depth features, existing multi-stage networks are inadequate for GDSR and should be revised to fuse features from the two domains. ...
Depth Super-Resolution from Explicit and Implicit High-Frequency Features
Preprint
Mar 2023
Xin Qiao
Chenyang Ge
Youmin Zhang
Stefano Mattoccia
We propose a novel multi-stage depth super-resolution network, which progressively reconstructs high-resolution depth maps from explicit and implicit high-frequency features. The former are extracted by an efficient transformer processing both local and global contexts, while the latter are obtained by projecting color images into the frequency domain. Both are combined together with depth features by means of a fusion strategy within a multi-stage and multi-scale framework. Experiments on the main benchmarks, such as NYUv2, Middlebury, DIML and RGBDD, show that our approach outperforms existing methods by a large margin (~20% on NYUv2 and DIML against the contemporary work DADA, with 16x upsampling), establishing a new state-of-the-art in the guided depth super-resolution task.
Adaptive Multi-Scale Fusion Blind Deblurred Generative Adversarial Network Method for Sharpening Image Data
Article
Full-text available
Jan 2023
Baoyu Zhu
Lv Qunbo
Zheng Tan
Drone and aerial remote sensing images are widely used, but their imaging environment is complex and prone to image blurring. Existing CNN deblurring algorithms usually use multi-scale fusion to extract features in order to make full use of aerial remote sensing blurred image information, but images with different degrees of blurring use the same weights, leading to increasing errors in the feature fusion process layer by layer. Based on the physical properties of image blurring, this paper proposes an adaptive multi-scale fusion blind deblurred generative adversarial network (AMD-GAN), which innovatively applies the degree of image blurring to guide the adjustment of the weights of multi-scale fusion, effectively suppressing the errors in the multi-scale fusion process and enhancing the interpretability of the feature layer. The research work in this paper reveals the necessity and effectiveness of a priori information on image blurring levels in image deblurring tasks. By studying and exploring the image blurring levels, the network model focuses more on the basic physical features of image blurring. Meanwhile, this paper proposes an image blurring degree description model, which can effectively represent the blurring degree of aerial remote sensing images. The comparison experiments show that the algorithm in this paper can effectively recover images with different degrees of blur, obtain high-quality images with clear texture details, outperform the comparison algorithm in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation, and can effectively improve the object detection performance of blurred aerial remote sensing images. Moreover, the average PSNR of this paper’s algorithm tested on the publicly available dataset RealBlur-R reached 41.02 dB, surpassing the latest SOTA algorithm.
Real-World Blur Dataset for Learning and Benchmarking Deblurring Algorithms
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Aug 2020
Jaesung Rim
Lee Haeyun
Jucheol Won
Sunghyun Cho
Numerous learning-based approaches to single image deblur-ring for camera and object motion blurs have recently been proposed. To generalize such approaches to real-world blurs, large datasets of real blurred images and their ground truth sharp images are essential. However , there are still no such datasets, thus all the existing approaches resort to synthetic ones, which leads to the failure of deblurring real-world images. In this work, we present a large-scale dataset of real-world blurred images and ground truth sharp images for learning and bench-marking single image deblurring methods. To collect our dataset, we build an image acquisition system to simultaneously capture geometrically aligned pairs of blurred and sharp images, and develop a postpro-cessing method to produce high-quality ground truth images. We analyze the effect of our postprocessing method and the performance of existing deblurring methods. Our analysis shows that our dataset significantly improves deblurring quality for real-world blurred images.
Spatially-Attentive Patch-Hierarchical Network for Adaptive Motion Deblurring
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Jun 2020
Maitreya Suin
Kuldeep Purohit
A. N. Rajagopalan
Region-Adaptive Dense Network for Efficient Motion Deblurring
Article
Full-text available
Apr 2020
Kuldeep Purohit
A. N. Rajagopalan
In this paper, we address the problem of dynamic scene deblurring in the presence of motion blur. Restoration of images affected by severe blur necessitates a network design with a large receptive field, which existing networks attempt to achieve through simple increment in the number of generic convolution layers, kernel-size, or the scales at which the image is processed. However, these techniques ignore the non-uniform nature of blur, and they come at the expense of an increase in model size and inference time. We present a new architecture composed of region adaptive dense deformable modules that implicitly discover the spatially varying shifts responsible for non-uniform blur in the input image and learn to modulate the filters. This capability is complemented by a self-attentive module which captures non-local spatial relationships among the intermediate features and enhances the spatially varying processing capability. We incorporate these modules into a densely connected encoder-decoder design which utilizes pre-trained Densenet filters to further improve the performance. Our network facilitates interpretable modeling of the spatially-varying deblurring process while dispensing with multi-scale processing and large filters entirely. Extensive comparisons with prior art on benchmark dynamic scene deblurring datasets clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed networks via significant improvements in accuracy and speed, enabling almost real-time deblurring.
DeblurGAN-v2: Deblurring (Orders-of-Magnitude) Faster and Better
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Oct 2019
Tetiana Martyniuk
Junru Wu
Zhangyang Wang
Orest Kupyn
Deep Stacked Hierarchical Multi-Patch Network for Image Deblurring
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Jun 2019
Hongguang Zhang
Yuchao Dai
Hongdong li
Piotr Koniusz
DeblurGAN: Blind Motion Deblurring Using Conditional Adversarial Networks
Conference Paper
Full-text available
Jun 2018
Orest Kupyn
Volodymyr Budzan
Mykola Mykhailych
Jiri Matas
View
Fast and Accurate Image Super-Resolution with Deep Laplacian Pyramid Networks
Article
Oct 2017
IEEE T PATTERN ANAL
Wei-Sheng Lai
Jia-Bin Huang
Narendra Ahuja
Ming-Hsuan Yang
Convolutional neural networks have recently demonstrated high-quality reconstruction for single image super-resolution. However, existing methods often require a large number of network parameters and entail heavy computational loads at runtime for generating high-accuracy super-resolution results. In this paper, we propose the deep Laplacian Pyramid Super-Resolution Network for fast and accurate image super-resolution. The proposed network progressively reconstructs the sub-band residuals of high-resolution images at multiple pyramid levels. In contrast to existing methods that involve the bicubic interpolation for pre-processing (which results in large feature maps), the proposed method directly extracts features from the low-resolution input space and thereby entails low computational loads. We train the proposed network with deep supervision using the robust Charbonnier loss functions and achieve high-quality image reconstruction. Furthermore, we utilize the recursive layers to share parameters across as well as within pyramid levels, and thus drastically reduce the number of parameters. Extensive quantitative and qualitative evaluations on benchmark datasets show that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods in terms of run-time and image quality.
Densely Connected Convolutional Networks
Article
Aug 2016
Gao Huang
Zhuang Liu
Kilian Weinberger
Recent work has shown that convolutional networks can be substantially deeper, more accurate and efficient to train if they contain shorter connections between layers close to the input and those close to the output. In this paper we embrace this observation and introduce the Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet), where each layer is directly connected to every other layer in a feed-forward fashion. Whereas traditional convolutional networks with L layers have L connections, one between each layer and its subsequent layer (treating the input as layer 0), our network has L(L+1)/2 direct connections. For each layer, the feature maps of all preceding layers are treated as separate inputs whereas its own feature maps are passed on as inputs to all subsequent layers. Our proposed connectivity pattern has several compelling advantages: it alleviates the vanishing gradient problem and strengthens feature propagation; despite the increase in connections, it encourages feature reuse and leads to a substantial reduction of parameters; its models tend to generalize surprisingly well. We evaluate our proposed architecture on five highly competitive object recognition benchmark tasks. The DenseNet obtains significant improvements over the state-of-the-art on all five of them (e.g., yielding 3.74% test error on CIFAR-10, 19.25% on CIFAR-100 and 1.59% on SVHN).
Conference Paper
Jul 2017
Gao Huang
Zhuang Liu
Laurens van der Maaten
Kilian Weinberger
Recent work has shown that convolutional networks can be substantially deeper, more accurate, and efficient to train if they contain shorter connections between layers close to the input and those close to the output. In this paper, we embrace this observation and introduce the Dense Convolutional Network (DenseNet), which connects each layer to every other layer in a feed-forward fashion. Whereas traditional convolutional networks with L layers have L connections - one between each layer and its subsequent layer - our network has L(L+1)/2 direct connections. For each layer, the feature-maps of all preceding layers are used as inputs, and its own feature-maps are used as inputs into all subsequent layers. DenseNets have several compelling advantages: they alleviate the vanishing-gradient problem, strengthen feature propagation, encourage feature reuse, and substantially reduce the number of parameters. We evaluate our proposed architecture on four highly competitive object recognition benchmark tasks (CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100, SVHN, and ImageNet). DenseNets obtain significant improvements over the state-of-the-art on most of them, whilst requiring less memory and computation to achieve high performance. Code and models are available at https://github.com/liuzhuang13/DenseNet.
Beyond a Gaussian Denoiser: Residual Learning of Deep CNN for Image Denoising
Article
Aug 2016
Kai Zhang
Wangmeng Zuo
Yunjin Chen
Lei Zhang
Discriminative model learning for image denoising has been recently attracting considerable attentions due to its favorable denoising performance. In this paper, we take one step forward by investigating the construction of feed-forward denoising convolutional neural networks (DnCNNs) to embrace the progress in very deep architecture, learning algorithm, and regularization method into image denoising. Specifically, residual learning and batch normalization are utilized to speed up the training process as well as boost the denoising performance. Different from the existing discriminative denoising models which usually train a specific model for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) at a certain noise level, our DnCNN model is able to handle Gaussian denoising with unknown noise level (i.e., blind Gaussian denoising). With the residual learning strategy, DnCNN implicitly removes the latent clean image in the hidden layers. This property motivates us to train a single DnCNN model to tackle with several general image denoising tasks such as Gaussian denoising, single image super-resolution and JPEG image deblocking. Our extensive experiments demonstrate that our DnCNN model can not only exhibit high effectiveness in several general image denoising tasks, but also be efficiently implemented by benefiting from GPU computing.
Aug 2016
Ilya Loshchilov
Frank Hutter
Restart techniques are common in gradient-free optimization to deal with multimodal functions. Partial restarts are also gaining popularity in gradient-based optimization to improve the rate of convergence in accelerated gradient schemes to deal with ill-conditioned functions. In this paper, we propose a simple restart technique for stochastic gradient descent to improve its anytime performance when training deep neural networks. We empirically study its performance on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets where we demonstrate new state-of-the-art results below 4\% and 19\%, respectively. Our source code is available at https://github.com/loshchil/SGDR.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Direct Text Deblurring
Conference Paper
Sep 2015
Michal Hradis
Jan Kotera
Pavel Zemcík
Filip Sroubek
In this work we address the problem of blind deconvolution and denoising. We focus on restoration of text documents and we show that this type of highly structured data can be successfully restored by a convolutional neural network. The networks are trained to reconstruct high-quality images directly from blurry inputs without assuming any specific blur and noise models. We demonstrate the performance of the convolutional networks on a large set of text documents and on a combination of realistic de-focus and camera shake blur kernels. On this artificial data, the convolutional networks significantly outperform existing blind deconvolution methods, including those optimized for text, in terms of image quality and OCR accuracy. In fact, the networks outperform even state-of-the-art non-blind methods for anything but the lowest noise levels. The approach is validated on real photos taken by various devices.
Learning a Convolutional Neural Network for Non-uniform Motion Blur Removal
Article
Wenfei Cao
Zongben Xu
J. Ponce
In this paper, we address the problem of estimating and removing non-uniform
motion blur from a single blurry image. We propose a deep learning approach to
predicting the probabilistic distribution of motion blur at the patch level
using a convolutional neural network (CNN). We further extend the candidate set
of motion kernels predicted by the CNN using carefully designed image
rotations. A Markov random field model is then used to infer a dense
non-uniform motion blur field enforcing the motion smoothness. Finally the
motion blur is removed by a non-uniform deblurring model using patch-level
image prior. Experimental evaluations show that our approach can effectively
estimate and remove complex non-uniform motion blur that cannot be well
achieved by the previous approaches.
Fast Motion Deblurring
Article
Dec 2009
Sunghyun Cho
Seungyong Lee
This paper presents a fast deblurring method that produces a deblurring result from a single image of moderate size in a few seconds. We accelerate both latent image estimation and kernel estimation in an iterative deblurring process by introducing a novel prediction step and working with image derivatives rather than pixel values. In the prediction step, we use simple image processing techniques to predict strong edges from an estimated latent image, which will be solely used for kernel estimation. With this approach, a computationally efficient Gaussian prior becomes sufficient for deconvolution to estimate the latent image, as small deconvolution artifacts can be suppressed in the prediction. For kernel estimation, we formulate the optimization function using image derivatives, and accelerate the numerical process by reducing the number of Fourier transforms needed for a conjugate gradient method. We also show that the formulation results in a smaller condition number of the numerical system than the use of pixel values, which gives faster convergence. Experimental results demonstrate that our method runs an order of magnitude faster than previous work, while the deblurring quality is comparable. GPU implementation facilitates further speed-up, making our method fast enough for practical use.
Restormer: Efficient Transformer for High-Resolution Image Restoration
Conference Paper
Jun 2022
Syed Waqas Zamir
Aditya Arora
Salman Khan
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/368554857_MSSNet_Multi-Scale-Stage_Network_for_Single_Image_Deblurring |
Court Decisions | OIP | Department of Justice
Court Decisions
Displaying 2541 - 2550 of 3209
Ohio State Univ. Moritz College of Law Civil Clinic v. CBP, No. 14-2329, 2015 WL 1928736 (S. D. Ohio Apr. 28, 2015) (Frost, J.)
Ohio State Univ. Moritz College of Law Civil Clinic v. CBP, No. 14-2329, 2015 WL 1928736 (S. D. Ohio Apr. 28, 2015) (Frost, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning practices and procedures used at defendant's Sandusky Bay, Ohio location
Disposition:Granting defendant's motion to transfer venue
Litigation Considerations, Venue and Removal: "[T]he Court grants Defendant's motion to transfer venue . . . and transfers this case to the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio." The court first explains that "[t]he parties agree that the threshold issue under § 1404(a) is satisfied in this case" and finds that "[b]ecause FOIA's venue provision would have permitted Plaintiffs to bring this case in the Northern District of Ohio, . . . the Court agrees with the parties and proceeds to analyze the remaining factors of § 1404(a)." "[T]he Court agrees with Defendant that the parties' interests weigh in favor of transfer." "Two of the three parties to this litigation, as well as the documents responsive to Plaintiffs' FOIA request, are located in the Northern District of Ohio." "Moreover, because the documents sought in Plaintiffs' FOIA request contain potentially sensitive information, in camera review is a distinct possibility" and not allowing the transfer "could create unnecessary practical issues." Also, while "the Court agrees that Plaintiffs' choice of venue is entitled to substantial weight . . . that fact is not dispositive." "That fact is especially unconvincing in this case given that Plaintiff[]'s residence in the Southern District of Ohio appears to be the only connection between this forum and the subject matter of the litigation." Finally, the court finds that the Northern District of Ohio "is better equipped to interpret [a] protective order" which potentially affects documents at issue and "also is better equipped to determine whether Plaintiffs are using their FOIA request to serve the public interest."
McNeil v. San Bernardino Cnty. Sheriff's Dep't, No. 15-655, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 56373 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 27. 2015) (Carter, J.)
Re:Request for records under California Public Records Act
Disposition:Denying petition for writ of mandamus and dismissing action without prejudice
Procedural Requirements, Entities Subject to the FOIA:"Although the Petition is also purportedly predicated on the Freedom of Information Act . . . FOIA applies only to federal agencies - not state or local agencies or individuals."
Freedom Watch, Inc. v. NSA, 783 F.3d 1340 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Tatel, J.)
Freedom Watch, Inc. v. NSA, 783 F.3d 1340 (D.C. Cir. 2015) (Tatel, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning classified program to undermine Iran's nuclear program
Disposition:Remanding in part to supplement record; affirming district court's grant of defendant's motion for summary judgment
Litigation Considerations, Adequacy of Search: "Based on the government's representations, [the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit] shall deny [plaintiff's] motion to supplement the record and remand to the district court to manage record development and oversee the search of the former Secretary's emails for records responsive to Freedom Watch's FOIA request." The court relates that "[plaintiff] moved to supplement the record with news articles relating to the revelation that former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, while leading the State Department, had maintained a private email account run on a private server."
Litigation Considerations, Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: The court holds that "[a]s to the Glomar responses of NSA and CIA, the district court properly granted the agencies judgment on the pleadings because [plaintiff] failed to internally appeal the agencies' denials and thus to exhaust its administrative remedies before seeking judicial review."
Exemption 1, Glomar: The court holds that "[s]ummary judgment in favor of DoD was . . . proper because the agency supported its Glomar response with an uncontroverted declaration explaining 'the justifications for nondisclosure with reasonably specific detail.'" "As the declaration explains, because [plaintiff] seeks documents concerning a leak of information about cyberattacks on Iran's nuclear facilities, '[a]cknowledging the existence or non-existence of records responsive to plaintiff's request could reveal whether the United States, and specifically DoD, conducts or has conducted cyber-attacks against Iran.'" "In DoD's judgment, such a disclosure would 'cause damage to national security by providing insight into DoD's military and intelligence capabilities and interests,' . . . and [the court] accord[s] that judgment 'substantial weight.'"
Litigation Considerations & Procedural Requirements, Searching for Responsive Records: The court finds that "[plaintiff] never objected in the district court to the Department's use of key-word searches" and "'[i]t is well settled that issues and legal theories not asserted at the District Court level ordinarily will not be heard on appeal.'" The court does state, however, that "not only does FOIA expressly permit automated searches . . . but State Department employees also manually searched files for responsive documents."
The court finds that "[plaintiff] likewise forfeited its challenge to the Department's withholding of the press-briefing memo." "The Department invited [plaintiff] to file a surreply to 'address the documents produced as a result of [the Department's] supplemental search,' including the briefing memo, . . . but [plaintiff] failed to do so."
Litigation Considerations, Discovery:The court "see[s] no abuse of discretion in the district court's denial of [plaintiff's] request for additional discovery."
Madel v. DOJ, 784 F.3d 448 (8th Cir. 2015) (Benton, J.)
Madel v. DOJ, 784 F.3d 448 (8th Cir. 2015) (Benton, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning certain oxycodone transactions
Disposition:Reversing and remanding district court's grant of defendant's motion for summary judgment
Exemption 4: The court finds that "DEA shows substantial competitive harm is likely." "DEA does not make 'barren assertions' that the documents are exempt, but links each document to identifiable competitive harms." "Summarizing their concerns, the Declaration states that the data in the withheld spreadsheets could be used to determine the companies' market shares, inventory levels, and sales trends in particular areas." The court relates that "[plaintiff] does not dispute that the information is 'commercial or financial' and 'obtained from a person.'" "He argues it is not 'confidential.'" "DEA counters that release 'is likely to cause substantial harm to the competitive position of the person from whom the information was obtained.'"
Litigation Considerations, Relief & Attorney Fees:"Given this court's decision on segregability, the denials of declaratory and injunctive relief and attorney fees are also reversed and remanded."
Toomer v. McDonald, 783 F.3d 1229 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (Wallach, J.)
Toomer v. McDonald, 783 F.3d 1229 (Fed. Cir. 2015) (Wallach, J.)
Re:Request for procedures pertaining to mailing documents to veterans
Disposition:Affirming Veterans Court's decision
Litigation Considerations, Jurisdiction: The court holds that "[t]he Veterans Court's failure to take up the issue of the government's response to [plaintiff's] FOIA request in granting [plaintiff's] motion for panel review was not legally erroneous." The court relates that "[t]he government responds that '[w]hether the VA complied with its obligation to respond to a FOIA request is a matter outside of the Veterans Court's jurisdiction' because review of an agency's compliance with a FOIA request is vested in the district courts by statute."
Arrowgarp v. DOJ, No. 14-1216, 2015 WL 1803784 (D.D.C. Apr. 21, 2015) (Kollar-Kotelly, J.)
Arrowgarp v. DOJ, No. 14-1216, 2015 WL 1803784 (D.D.C. Apr. 21, 2015) (Kollar-Kotelly, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning investigation of plaintiff
Disposition:Granting defendant's motion for summary judgment
Litigation Considerations: The court finds that "defendants have met their burden, and absent any opposition from the plaintiff, the Court will grant summary judgment in the defendants' favor." The court relates that "the Court issued an Order . . . advising the plaintiff of his obligation under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and the local rules of this Court to respond to the defendants' motion, and specifically warned the plaintiff that, if he did not respond to the motion . . . , the Court may treat the motion as conceded." "To date, the plaintiff has not filed an opposition to the motion or requested more time to do so." Therefore, the court finds that "[f]or purposes of this Memorandum Opinion, the . . . facts [discussed in the opinion] are deemed admitted." However, the court also finds that, "[a]lthough the Court may treat the government's unopposed motion as conceded, . . . summary judgment is warranted only if 'the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.'" The court finds that BIA searched the location where responsive records "'would likely be maintained" "using the plaintiff's name as the key word for both manual and electronic searches," but "[n]o responsive records were located." Regarding the FBI's action, the court finds that "plaintiff was advised of his right to an administrative appeal, . . . [but] did not proceed." Finally, the court finds that "EOUSA's declarant averred that all reasonably segregable information has been released to the plaintiff."
Kuzma v. CIA, No. 13-1175S, 2015 WL 1735093 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2015) (Skretny, S.J.)
Kuzma v. CIA, No. 13-1175S, 2015 WL 1735093 (W.D.N.Y. Apr. 16, 2015) (Skretny, S.J.)
Re:Request for records concerning plaintiff and a protest
Disposition:Granting defendant's motion for summary judgment; denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment
Litigation Considerations, Adequacy of Search: "[The] Court first finds that the CIA's Vaughn index sufficiently details the CIA's search for responsive records." The court finds that "[defendant's] recitation is thorough and exhaustive." "It details the CIA's search efforts in non-conclusory terms and specifically explains the agency's search methods and procedures." The court also finds that "[p]laintiff cites no authority requiring the inclusion of the various points of omission that he contends render the Vaughn index insufficiently detailed." "For example, the CIA is not required to identify by name the individuals who conducted the various searches, nor is it required to specify the precise time and date of each search." "[F]rom the Vaughn index, Plaintiff is informed of what searches were conducted, when they were conducted, how they were conducted, and who conducted them."
Exemptions 1 and 3, Glomar: "[The] Court examined the CIA's Glomar response and is satisfied, based on [defendant's] thorough explanation, that the Glomar response is properly asserted and appropriately tethered to Exemptions 1 and 3." The court notes that "[p]laintiff contends that the CIA cannot shield records and photographs from the . . . protest using a Glomar response." However, the court relates that "the Vaughn index makes clear that the CIA asserts its Glomar response only as to records pertaining generally to Plaintiff himself." "The CIA does not assert a Glomar response concerning the . . . protest."
Elkins v. FAA, No. 14-476, 2015 WL 1743744 (D.D.C. Apr. 16, 2015) (Boasberg, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning alleged surveillance aircraft
Disposition:Granting in part and denying in part defendant's motion to dismiss
Litigation Considerations, Adequacy of Search: "The Court . . . den[ies] summary judgment on the search issue." The court finds that, "[w]hile [defendant's] declaration is commendable in its attention to each category of requested records, it proves wanting, as Plaintiff points out, as to three of them." "As to [one] category of his request, [defendant] states summarily that were no responsive records." "[It] does not, however, describe the place such a record would be stored if it did exist, what [it] did to search that location, or any detail regarding how [it] came to conclude that no responsive records exist." "Similarly, as to [another category of records], [defendant] does note where they would be found . . . but not what search [it] conducted there." Concerning the final category of records at issue, "[defendant] again does not describe any action [it] took as to this category, relating only that it is not the FAA's policy to create such documents." "If responsive records can exist, however, then presumably there is a place [defendant] could search to find them—a search [it] must describe." However, in response to plaintiff's argument that defendant did not determine the "N number" of the aircraft at issue, the court finds that "[e]ven if the FAA did have the resources to determine the plane's N number, 'FOIA imposes no duty on the agency to create records.'" "And since the agency's search did not uncover records related to the N number, its obligation ended there."
Exemption 7(E): "The Court concludes . . . that as to the voice recordings and the flight-tracking information, the FAA has not met its burden of establishing that these records were compiled for law-enforcement purposes." "It has, however, properly justified its withholding of the FAA Order identifying the agency that had tactical control over the plane." Regarding the voice recordings and the flight-tracking information, the court finds that "the agency does not clearly single out the voice recordings in discussing its purposes for creating the disputed records." "It provides no information as to what law-enforcement purpose the voice recordings were created for, which is the key question in the first requirement of Exemption 7." "The voice communications, moreover, are apparently broadcast on open airwaves by all airplane operators." "The fact that this craft happened to be controlled by a law-enforcement agency does not somehow transform the FAA's purpose in recording its voice transmissions." "What remains then is the FAA Order for Law Enforcement Operations, which, the agency notes, contains 'the identity' of the law-enforcement agency that operated the craft." The court finds that "[t]he FAA . . . supplemented its briefing with sealed declarations that—although the Court cannot discuss the details of the justifications they contain—reassure it that the Order does, in fact, satisfy the requirements of 7(E)."
Coss v. DOJ, No. 14-1326, 2015 WL 1700847 (D.D.C. Apr. 15, 2015) (Boasberg, J.)
Coss v. DOJ, No. 14-1326, 2015 WL 1700847 (D.D.C. Apr. 15, 2015) (Boasberg, J.)
Re:Request for notebooks detailing confidential informant's drug transactions
Disposition:Granting in part and denying in part defendant's motion for summary judgment; granting in part and denying in part plaintiff's motion for summary judgment
Litigation Considerations, Adequacy of Search: The court holds that "[b]ecause [EOUSA's] [d]eclarations establish that EOUSA (1) identified where the relevant notebooks might be stored, (2) searched the nine boxes, and (3) certified that there were no records systems or locations not searched where the notebooks might have been found, . . . the agency has complied with FOIA." The court notes that "[t]he sole argument Plaintiff can muster in opposition is to complain that the agency searched for documents using incorrect spellings of his and [the informant's] names." The court finds that "[h]e is wrong." "[EOUSA's] [d]eclaration shows that Defendant searched for both names with correct spellings."
Litigation Considerations, Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: The court holds that "[t]he Bureau . . . may not rely on exhaustion here." The court relates that "the FBI's . . . Glomar response offered Plaintiff several avenues through which he might overcome the Bureau's position" one of which was "demonstrat[ing] that the public interest in disclosure outweighed the third party's privacy interests." The court relates that "[p]laintiff followed the instructions of the . . . letter, and even though his justification was rather scant, the Bureau would still have needed to reject it in order for [plaintiff] to know he should then pursue an appeal." "Its radio silence left him in FOIA limbo." "In such an instance, the law makes clear that exhaustion is not a proper defense."
Exemption 7(C), Glomar: The court holds that "the FBI must search its files for the notebooks." The court explains that, "[a]s [plaintiff] simply seeks the notebooks that were admitted in [the informant's] and his co-defendants' trial, this is not a case in which Plaintiff is endeavoring to unmask the identity of an informant or to compromise anyone's security." Therefore, the court holds that defendant "will have to search for [the notebooks]."
Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla. v. DOJ, No. 14-20643, 2015 WL 1649957 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 14, 2015) (Altonaga, J.)
Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla. v. DOJ, No. 14-20643, 2015 WL 1649957 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 14, 2015) (Altonaga, J.)
Re:Request for records concerning plaintiff's former attorney who was also former Director of EOUSA
Disposition:Granting defendant's motion for summary judgment in part; denying plaintiff's motion for summary judgment; dismissing plaintiff's claims against OIG and OIP
Litigation Considerations, Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies: The court holds that "[t]he only claim in this case [plaintiff] has actually exhausted is its claim regarding the OPR, as [plaintiff] appealed the OPR's determination and received a decision on appeal." "Additionally, [plaintiff] has constructively exhausted its claims regarding the OTJ and EOUSA" because it did "not receive a determination within 20 days" and, therefore, was "deemed to have exhausted its administrative remedies." However, the court finds that, "[a]s for the OIG and OIP, although [plaintiff] alleges . . . [that] it has not received a response from either . . . the evidence—which [plaintiff] does not dispute—shows the OIG . . . and the OIP responded." "[Plaintiff] still has not appealed these determinations despite the determinations' advising of [plaintiff's] right to appeal." "Consequently, [plaintiff] has failed to exhaust its administrative remedies as to the OIG and OIP, and therefore [plaintiff's] claims with respect to the OIG and OIP must be dismissed as premature."
Exemptions 6 and 7(C), Glomar: The court holds that "OPR, OTJ, and EOUSA's Glomar responses were proper under Exemption 7(C)." "[T]he court [first] finds the existence, or non-existence, of the records [plaintiff] is seeking has not been publicly disclosed." The court reviews the subject's testimony and finds that it "says nothing about the existence, or non-existence, of records relating to any alleged wrongdoing or malfeasance on his part, or any investigation, internal inquiry, or discipline against him." "In the deposition testimony, all [the subject] revealed was he was never fired or terminated from employment, and he left his position at the EOUSA voluntarily." "His testimony says next to nothing about any wrongdoing or malfeasance on his part, or any investigation, internal inquiry, or discipline against him." The court then finds that "[g]iven the statements in [defendant's] Declaration, as well as [plaintiff's] allegations [the subject] misused public funds and committed theft (however unsubstantiated those allegations may be) . . . the Court finds the records [plaintiff] seeks, if they exist, would have been compiled for law enforcement purposes." The court relates that defendant "explains the records [plaintiff] seeks, 'if any such records exist, ... would be maintained in an investigative records system that contains records compiled for law enforcement purposes,' including for use in investigations that 'could result in civil, criminal, or administrative penalties.'" The court then finds that "[the subject] . . . has a substantial privacy interest under Exemption 7(C)" and "[his] testimony about why he voluntarily left the EOUSA does not open the door to all matters potentially related to his employment at the EOUSA, especially matters that could associate him with criminal activity." The court then finds that plaintiff has not demonstrated that there is a public interest in disclosure of this information because "the requester must proffer a reason for the request based on more than unsubstantiated allegations of misconduct" and "requester's interest in ascertaining the veracity of testimony is not a cognizable public interest where there is no indication the testimony is untruthful." The court also holds that, regarding OPR's use of Exemption 6 in addition to Exemption 7(C), "just like in the Exemption 7(C) context, '[m]ere speculation about hypothetical public benefits cannot outweigh a demonstrably significant invasion of privacy.'"
| https://www.justice.gov/oip/court-decisions?p=164&page=254 |
Italian Crested Newt – Triturus Carnifex Laurenti, 1768 (Amphibia, Caudata, Salamandridae, Pleurodelinae) in the Batrachofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina - DocsLib
Short Note Hyla VOL. 2015., No.2, pp. 52 - 55 ISSN: 1848-2007 Zimić & Šunje Italian crested newt – Triturus carnifex Laurenti, 1768 (Amphibia, Caudata,
Italian crestednewt–Trituruscarnifex Laurenti, 1768 (Amphibia,Caudata,Salamandridae, Pleurodelinae) in the batrachofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1 1,2,* ADNAN ZIMIĆ & EMINA ŠUNJE
1Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Hercegovina "ATRA", Sarajevo, B&H 2Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. Zmaja od Bosne 33-35, Sarajevo, B&H *Corresponding author:[email protected]
Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H) has a high finally elevated to the species level (ARNTZEN et al.,
biogeographic importance for Balkan batrachofauna 2007; FROST, 2015). Old literature data (e.g. BOLKAY,
biodiversity with 12amphibianchorotypes (JABLONSKI 1929) mentioning T. carnifex in B&H should be treated et al., 2012) and 20 amphibian species (LELO & VESNIĆ, as findings of Triturus macedonicus (Figure 1).
2011; ĆURIĆ & ZIMIĆ, 2014; FROST, 2015). Hereby we Morphologically the three species belonging to the genus
present the first official record of the 21st species known Triturus [T. dobrogicus (KIRITZESCU, 1903), T. carnifex
for the B&H batrachofauna: Triturus carnifex LAURENTI, (LAURENTI, 1768) and T. macedonicus (KARAMAN, 1768. 1922)] can be distinguished by coloration and spotting During a long amphibian research period in pattern, Wolterstorff index – WI and Number of Rib-
B&H (from: MÖELLENDORFF, 1873 – till present), T. Bearing Vertebrae – NRBV (WIELSTRA & ARNTZEN, carnifex has actually never been officially listed in the 2011; ARNTZEN et al., 2015). B&H fauna for two main reasons: (a) although it has From May 25 – 27. 2015, three females and one been known that the species occurs in the northwestern male of T. carnifex were caught by hand in the city of
tip of the country (e.g. GASC et al., 1997; ROMANO et al. Bihać in B&H (N 44.806°, E 15.864°, 227 m a.s.l.). 2009), it was never actually registered; (b) dynamic Individuals were restricted to a small part of a transect revisions of speciestaxonomywhich created confusions (only 10 m) in a narrow shallow channel (cca 700m in systematization: In older literature current long) near a walking trail in the south-east part of the representatives of Triturus cristatus complex have been city (Figure 1). treated as subspecies of T. cristatus and afterwards
Table 1. Morphological characteristics of T. carnifex individuals and Wolterstorff Index (WI) Inter limbs Fore limb N Total length (mm) *WI (mm) o distance (mm) distance (mm) 1♀ 125,90 41,66 23,60 56,84 2♀ 134,91 41,47 22,87 55,15 3♂ 124,28 36,49 24.94 68,37 4♀ 183,15 49,36 30,09 60,96 *forelimb length/interlimb length x 100
52 Short Note Hyla VOL. 2015., No.2, pp. 52 - 55 ISSN: 1848-2007 Zimić & Šunje
Figure 1. A – Global distribution of T. carnifex (ROMANO, 2009 ; IUCN - 2014) and B – Distribution of genus Triturus in B&H (according to: CRNOBRNJA & KALEZIĆ, 1990; LELO, 2010; VÖROS & ARNTZEN, 2010).
1 2
3 4 Figure 2. Ventral view pictures of captured individuals; numbers correspond to the numbers in the table above (photo: Zimić, A.)
The possibility that the discovered populations (a) Wolterstorff index results (Table 1) which is belong to T. macedonicus or T. dobrogicus, which are used for differentiation of Triturus species among each morphologically similar species, is rejected due to: other (ARNTZEN & WALLIS, 1999).
53 Short Note Hyla VOL. 2015., No.2, pp. 52 - 55 ISSN: 1848-2007 Zimić & Šunje
(b) All surrounding area (in Croatia) in relation to Europas. Band 4/IIA Schwanzlurche (Urodela) IIA, Salamandridae II: Triturus I, Aula-Verlag, pp. 421-514 this location is occupied by pure T. carnifex populations Arntzen, J. W., Beukema, W., Galis, F. & Ivanović, A. (Fig 1., JELIĆ et al., 2012). (2015): Vertebral number is highly evolvable insalamandersandnewts(family Salamandridae) and (c) Analysis of morphological characteristics of variably associated with climatic parameters. captured individuals, showed the presence of large black Contributions to Zoology, 84: 85-113. Arntzen, J. W., Themudo, G. E. & Wielstra, B. (2007): spots on ventral part of the body. Although variable, T. The phylogeny of crested newts (Triturus cristatus carnifex has large rounded dark spots (Figure 2), little or superspecies): nuclear and mitochondrial genetic characters suggest a hard polytomy, in line with the no white stippling on sides in contrast to T. macedonicus paleogeography of the centre of origin. Contributions which is characterized by a dense pattern of small, to Zoology, 76(4): 261-278. Arntzen, J. W., Wallis, G. P. (1999): Geographic irregular spots, and with densely white-stippled sides variation and taxonomy of crested newts (Triturus (ARNTZEN, 2003). On the other hand T. dobrogicus has cristatus superspecies). morphological and mitochondrial DNA data. Contribution to Zoology, sharp roundish black spots which may fuse to form 68(3): 181-203. longitudinal bands (EDGAR & BIRD, 2006). Bolkay, S. (1929): Amphibien und Reptilien von Sarajevo. Glasnik Zemaljskog muzeja Bosne i The record presented represents one of the Hercegovine, 41: 57-78. easternmost points of global T. carnifex distribution, and Crnobrnja-Isailović, J., Dzukić, G., Krstić, M. & Kalezić, M. L. (1997): Evolutionary and B&H seems to be the south-easternmost point of T. paleogeographical effects on the distribution of the carnifex range in the Balkans (Figure 1a), since we Triturus cristatus superspecies in the central Balkans. Amphibia-Reptilia, 18: 321-332 strongly believe that T. carnifex populations follow the Ćurić, A. & Zimić, A. (2014): New species in the course of river Una (Figure 1b). New data is needed in batrachofauna of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Pelophylax lessonae (Camerano, 1882) (Amphibia: Anura: order to: determine the exact distribution of T. carnifex Ranidae). 7th traditional Student Conference in B&H and its limits; determine possible hybridization "Students Encountering Science" with international participation. 26th - 28th November 2014, Banja Luka, zones with T. dobrogicus and T. macedonicus; define: Book of Abstracts, p. 16-17. threats for population survivorship; and local Džukić, G. & Kalezić, M. (2004): The Biodiversity pfAmphibiansand Reptiles in the Balkan peninsula. In: conservation status for this species. Due to lack of data Grifiths et al. (eds.): Balkan Biodiversity, p. 167-190. for all Triturus species in B&H, they should be Edgar, P. & Bird, D. R. (2006): Action Plan for the Conservation of the Crested Newt Triturus cristatus considered as DD (data deficient) on local scale. species complex in Europe [Internet]. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and NaturalHabitats. Strasbourg, 2006 Nov 26-30.'Available at ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. We would like to thank to www.coe.int/t/e/ MUHAMED, SMILJAN TOMIĆ, DINO PEĆAR and ADI cultural_cooperation/environment/nature_and_biologic al_diversity/nature_protection/sc26_inf17_en.pdf. VESNIĆ for assisting field work. Frost, D. R. (2015): Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (30.05.2015.). References Electronic Database accessible at Arnold, N. (2002): Reptiles and Amphibians of Europe. http://research.amnh.org/ Princeton University Press, Princeton.herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum Arntzen, J. (2003): Triturus cristatus Superspezies – of Natural History, New York, USA. KammolchArtenkreis (Triturus cristatus (Laurenti, Gasc, J. P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailović, J., Dolmen, 1768) – Nördlicher Kammolch, Triturus carnifex D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., (Laurenti, 1768) – Italienischer Kammolch, Triturus Martens, H., Martínez Rica, J. P., Maurin, H., Oliveira, dobrogicus (Kiritzescu, 1903) - Donau-Kammolch, M. E., Sofianidou, T. S., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. Triturus karelinii (Strauch, 1870) - Südlicher (eds.) (1997): Atlas of amphibians and reptiles in Kammolch). – In: Grossenbacher K., B. Thiesmeier Europe. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 29, Societas (Еds.): Handbuch der Reptilien und Amphibien Europaea Herpetologica, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Service du Petrimone Naturel,
54 Short Note Hyla VOL. 2015., No.2, pp. 52 - 55 ISSN: 1848-2007 Zimić & Šunje
Paris.Griffiths, R.A. (1996): Newts and salamanders of Möellendorff, O. (1873): Beiträge zur Fauna Bosniensis. Europe. T i AD Poyser Ltd., London, pp. 188. Innaugural Dissertation. IUCN (2014): The IUCN Red List of Threatened Radovanović, M. (1951): Vodozemci i gmizavci naše Species. Global distriution of carnifex is downloaded zemlje. Naučna knjiga, Beograd. (02.11.2015) from: Version Romano, A., Arntzen, J. W., Denoël, M., Jehle, R., 2014.1. http://www.iucnredlist.org. Andreone, F., Anthony, B., Schmidt, B., Babik, W., Jablonski, D., Jandzik, D. & Gvoždik, V. (2012): New Schabetsberger, R., Vogrin, M., Puky, M., Lymberakis, records and zoogeographic classification of P., Crnobrnja Isailovic, J., Ajtic, R. & Corti, C. amphibians and reptiles from Bosnia and Herzegovina. (2009): Triturus carnifex. The IUCN Red List of North-western journal of zoology, 8(2): 324-337. Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. Jelić, D., Kuljerić, M., Koren, T., Treer, D., Šalamon, D.,
. Downloaded on 31 May 2015. Lončar, M., Podnar Lešić, M., Janev Hutinec, B., Tzankov, N. & Stoyanov, A. (2008): Triturus cristatus Bogdanović, T., Mekinić, S. & Jelić, K. (2012): (Laurenti, 1768): a new species for Bulgaria from its Crvena knjiga vodozemaca i gmazova Republike southernmost known localities. Salamandra, 44(3): Hrvatske. Zagreb, MZOP i DZZP, Republika Hrvatska. 153-161. Lelo, S. & Vesnić, A. (2011): Revision of the checklist Wielstra, B. & Arntezen, J. W. (2011): Unraveling the of Amphibians (Vertebrata, Amphibia) of Bosnia and rapid radiation of crested newts (Triturus cristatus Herzegovina. Natura Montenegrina, 10(3), 245-257. superspecies) using complete mitogenomic sequences. Lelo, S. (2010): Novi nalazi vrsta Triturus dobrogicus BMC Evolutionary Biology, 11: 162. (Kiritzescu, 1903) i Bombina bombina (Linnaeus, 1761) (Vertebrata, Amphibia) u Bosni i Hercegovini. Prilozi fauni Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo, 6: 42-47.
55
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Adjudications & Decisions | FINRA.org
When FINRA determines that violations of securities rules have occurred and formal disciplinary action is necessary, the Enforcement Department files a complaint with the Office of Hearing Officers (OHO).
Adjudications & Decisions
When FINRA determines that violations of securities rules have occurred and formal disciplinary action is necessary, the Enforcement Department files a complaint with theOffice of Hearing Officers (OHO).
The Office arranges a three-person panel to hear the case. The panel is chaired by a hearing officer who is an employee of the Office of Hearing Officers. The Chief Hearing Officer appoints two industry panelists, drawn primarily from a pool of current and former securities industry members of FINRA's District Committees, as well as its Market Regulation Committee, former members of FINRA'sNational Adjudicatory Council (NAC)and former FINRA Governors.
At the hearing, the parties present evidence for the panel to determine whether a firm or individual has engaged in conduct that violates FINRA rules, SEC regulations or federal securities laws. In reaching its decision, the hearing panel also considers previous court, SEC, and NAC decisions to determine if violations occurred. The NAC is the national committee which reviews initial decisions rendered in FINRA disciplinary and membership proceedings.
For each case, the hearing panel will issue a written decision explaining the reasons for its ruling and consult the FINRASanction Guidelinesto determine the appropriate sanctions if violations have occurred. FINRA also, when feasible and appropriate, can order firms and individuals to make restitution to harmed customers.
Appeals Process
Under FINRA's disciplinary procedures, a firm or individual has the right to appeal a hearing panel decision to the NAC, or the NAC may on its own initiate a review of a decision. On appeal, the NAC will determine if a hearing panel's findings were legally correct, factually supported and consistent with FINRA's Sanction Guidelines. While a panel decision is on appeal, the sanction is not enforced against the firm or individual.
Unless FINRA's Board of Governors decides to review the NAC's appellate decision, that decision represents FINRA's final action. A firm or individual can appeal FINRA's decision to the SEC and then to federal court.
Date of Decision Proceeding No. Title Type December 30, 2021 FPI210005 Darryl Matthew Cohen Expedited Decision December 16, 2021 2018059510201 APPEALED: Thomas John Lykos, Jr. Disciplinary Decision December 16, 2021 2016051615301 Partho S. Ghosh Disciplinary Decision December 15, 2021 2016052104101 APPEALED: Devin Lamarr Wicker Disciplinary Decision December 14, 2021 2019061528001 Order Denying Respondents’ Motion For a More Definite Statement Disciplinary Order December 01, 2021 SD-2277 Peter R. Serra with Joseph Gunnar & Co. LLC Statutory Disqualification, Approvals November 10, 2021 2018057274302 Order Sustaining Department of Enforcement’s Objections to Enforcement Attorney Gary Chodosh Being Called as a Witness, and Granting Motion in Limine Disciplinary Order October 29, 2021 2018057235801 Order Granting in Part Respondent’s Motion for Continuance Disciplinary Order October 28, 2021 2019061232601 Order Regarding Alpine Securities’ Discovery Motion Related to Christopher Doubek Disciplinary Order October 25, 2021 SD-2279 Todd Wyche with San Blas Securities, LLC Statutory Disqualification, Approvals October 21, 2021 SD-2259 Avery F. Byrd with San Blas Securities, LLC Statutory Disqualification, Approvals October 21, 2021 ARB210010 Derek Rudolf D’Alonzo Expedited Decision October 12, 2021 2016048837401 Order Granting Enforcement’s Request to Correct the Hearing Transcript Disciplinary Order October 07, 2021 SD-2242 Robert J. Greene, Jr. with Vanderbilt Securities Statutory Disqualification, Approvals October 07, 2021 2016051493704 Jorge A. Reyes Disciplinary Decision October 06, 2021 2018056848101 APPEALED: Thomas Lee Johnson Disciplinary Decision October 06, 2021 2016049565901 APPEALED: Glendale Securities, Inc., George Alberto Castillo, Paul Eric Flesche, Albert Raymond Laubenstein and Jose Miguel Abadin Disciplinary Decision September 30, 2021 SD-2283 NPB Financial Group, LLC Statutory Disqualification, Approvals September 30, 2021 2017054405401 APPEALED: William Joseph Kielczewski Disciplinary Decision September 27, 2021 2017053428201 APPEALED: DreamFunded Marketplace Disciplinary Decision September 07, 2021 2017053462401 APPEALED: Robert Henderson Disciplinary Decision August 31, 2021 ARB210001 Geoffrey Garratt Expedited Decision August 24, 2021 FPI210005 Amended Order setting Hearing and Other Deadlines Expedited Order August 17, 2021 ARB210003 Expedited Proceeding - Department of Enforcement v. Henrique David Lucena Expedited Decision August 17, 2021 ARB210008 Leslie George Markus, Jr. Expedited Decision
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Maughan, R (on the application of) v Leicester City Council | [2004] EWHC 1429 (Admin) | England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court) | Judgment | Law | CaseMine
Get free access to the complete judgment in Maughan, R (on the application of) v Leicester City Council on CaseMine.
Maughan, R (on the application of) v Leicester City Council
England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court)
May 26, 2004
Smart Summary
Full
Judgment
Case Information
CITATION CODES
[2004] EWHC 1429 (Admin)
ATTORNEY(S)
MR DAVID WATKINSON (instructed by THE COMMUNITY LAW PARTNERSHIP) appeared on behalf of the CLAIMANT
MR JONATHAN MANNING (instructed by LEICESTER CITY COUNCIL LEGAL SERVICES) appeared on behalf of the DEFENDANT
JUDGES
MR JUSTICE RICHARDS
Smart Summary (Beta)
Facts
The Claimant challenges the lawfulness of a decision by the Defendant, the Leicester City Council, to obtain a possession order against him and his family and the lawfulness of a decision made by the Council in the discharge of its duties towards him under the homelessness provisions of the Housing Act 1996. There were originally two Claimants, but the second Claimant and her family have vacated the site in question. In early October 2003 the Claimant and his family, together with other travellers, moved unlawfully onto the Council's land at Aylestone Playing Fields, Braunstone Lane East.
The Council has an enforcement policy for dealing with unauthorised encampments. Relevant provisions of the Council's policies are these: "3. The Council will at all times act in a humane and compassionate fashion. The power to evict will be used primarily to reduce nuisance and to afford a higher level of protection to private owners of land. ...9. Gypsies and Travellers will not be moved unnecessarily from place to place."
The Council also has a Code of Tolerance which sets out conditions which must be followed by travellers where the Council has decided to tolerate an encampment. The decision made was that the needs of the travellers outweighed the nuisance caused and that the encampment should be tolerated for the period of a month.
On 14th January 2004, however, the decision was taken that the encampment should be tolerated no longer. Reference was made to the presence of young babies on site and to the fact that children were still having hospital treatment.
On or about 30th January, just before possession proceedings were issued, the second Claimant and her family arrived on the site, though her presence there was not brought to the Council's attention until after proceedings were issued.
On the previous Friday, 13th, however Morrison J granted an interim injunction to prevent the eviction of the Claimants or their families, and that order was renewed by Collins J on 18th February.
In his second witness statement Mr Russell explains that because other travellers had moved onto the site it was decided to proceed with a partial eviction on 15th March so as to remove travellers other than the Claimants and their families, who were, of course, protected by the interim injunction.
On 26th April the Council notified its final decision under section 184 of the 1996 Act that the Claimant was intentionally homeless.
Issues
Whether the Council acted unlawfully both in relation to the decision of 14th January and in relation to that of 28th April.
Decision
The Council's offer of interim accommodation was lawful. The claim must be dismissed.
Reasoning
The complaint boils down to the contention that before the decision was made the Council should have chased up the reports requested at the meeting of 16th October from the Traveller Education Service and the Health Trust and it is said that the failure to do so deprived the Council of potentially relevant information as to the health and education needs of the family.
The Council does not accept that the site has never been used as a car park.
The Council had offered the Claimant and his family hostel accommodation in discharge of its interim housing duty. The decision of 9th February 2004 was to offer hostel accommodation, conventional bricks and mortar accommodation. The Claimant failed to show that there was medical evidence to support the assertion that conventional accommodation had an adverse effect on his health.
The Council had relied solely on the Claimant having expressed an interest in conventional housing a year previously, in 2001. The Council failed to enquire into whether there was medical evidence to support the assertion that conventional accommodation had an adverse effect on the Claimant's health.
Having regard to those findings, it is unnecessary to consider any question of discretion. The claim must be dismissed.
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Integrating Carbon and Cocoa in Your Application - DocsLib
Integrating Carbon and Cocoa in Your Application Preliminary January 1, 2003 Simultaneously published in the United Apple Computer, Inc. States and Canada.
Integrating Carbon and Cocoa in Your Application
Preliminary January 1, 2003 Simultaneously published in the United Apple Computer, Inc. States and Canada. ' 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. Even though Apple has reviewed this manual, All rights reserved. APPLE MAKES NO WARRANTY OR REPRESENTATION, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, WITH RESPECT TO THIS MANUAL, No part of this publication may be ITS QUALITY, ACCURACY, MERCHANTABILITY, ORFITNESSFOR A reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or PARTICULAR PURPOSE. AS A RESULT, THIS transmitted, in any form or by any means, MANUAL IS SOLD “AS IS,” AND YOU, THE mechanical, electronic, photocopying, PURCHASER, ARE ASSUMING THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO ITS QUALITY AND ACCURACY. recording, or otherwise, without prior IN NO EVENT WILL APPLE BE LIABLE FOR written permission of Apple Computer, Inc., DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, with the following exceptions: Any person OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM ANY DEFECT OR is hereby authorized to store documentation INACCURACY IN THIS MANUAL, even if on a single computer for personal use only advised of the possibility of such damages. and to print copies of documentation for THE WARRANTY AND REMEDIESSETpersonal use provided that the FORTH ABOVE ARE EXCLUSIVE AND IN LIEU OF ALL OTHERS, ORAL OR WRITTEN, documentation contains Apple’s copyright EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. No Apple dealer, agent, notice. or employee is authorized tomakeany modification, extension, or addition to this The Apple logo is a trademark of Apple warranty. Computer, Inc. Some states do not allow the exclusion or limitation of implied warranties or liability for Use of the “keyboard” Apple logo incidental or consequential damages, so the (Option-Shift-K) for commercial purposes above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you. This warranty gives you specific legal without the prior written consent of Apple rights, and you may also have other rights which may constitute trademark infringement and vary from state to state. unfair competition in violation of federal and state laws. No licenses, express or implied, are granted with respect to any of the technology described in this document. Apple retains all intellectual property rights associated with the technology described in this document. This document is intended to assist application developers to develop applications only for Apple-labeled or Apple-licensed computers. Every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this document is accurate. Apple is not responsible for typographical errors. Apple Computer, Inc. 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 408-996-1010
Apple, the Apple logo,Aqua, Carbon, Cocoa, Mac, Mac OS, and QuickTime are trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc., registered in the United States and other countries. Objective-Cis a trademark of NeXT Software, Inc. Java and all Java-based trademarks are trademarks or registered trademarks ofSun Microsystems, Inc. in the U.S. and other countries. Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction to Carbon and Cocoa Integration 7
Chapter 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts 9
Carbon and Cocoa Communication 9 C-Callable Wrapper Functions 12 Compiler Preprocessors 13 Interchangeable Data Types 13
Chapter 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks 15
Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application 15 About the Spelling Checker Application 16 Writing a Cocoa Bundle 16 Making Your Carbon Code Access the Cocoa Bundle 20 Summary 24 Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application 24 Working With QuickTime Movies 25 Accessing aResource ForkFrom Cocoa 26 Obtaining an FSSpec Structure 26 ManagingCore FoundationObjects in Cocoa 27 Summary 28 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 28 About the CocoaInCarbon Application 29 Writing the Cocoa Bundle 31 Setting Up the Carbon Application to Use the Cocoa Interface 36 Summary 39 Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application 39 About the CarbonInCocoa Application 40 Creating the Carbon User Interface 41 Setting Up the Cocoa Application to Use the Carbon User Interface 41 Summary 44
Document Revision History 45
3 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CONTENTS
4 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Tables, Figures, and Listings
Chapter 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts 9
Figure 2-1 The path of user events in Mac OS X 10 Figure 2-2 Events communicated between Carbon and Cocoa 11 Table 2-1Filenameextensions and compilation 13 Table 2-2 Data types that can be used interchangeably between Carbon and Cocoa 14
Chapter 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks 15
Figure 3-1 The user interface for the Spelling Checker application 16 Figure 3-2 The Carbon user interface for the CocoaInCarbon application 30 Figure 3-3 The Cocoa window for the CocoaInCarbon application 30 Figure 3-4 Connecting a button to a button-pressed action 36 Figure 3-5 The Cocoa user interface for the CarbonInCocoa application 40 Figure 3-6 The Carbon user interface for the CarbonInCocoa application 40 Listing 3-1 A C-callable wrapper function for the uniqueSpellDocumentTag: method 19 Listing 3-2 A C-callable wrapper function for the checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: method 19 Listing 3-3 A C-callable wrapper function for the sharedApplication method 20 Listing 3-4 A utility function to load abundlefrom the application’s Frameworks folder 21 Listing 3-5 Defining data types for function pointers 22 Listing 3-6 Declaring function pointers 22 Listing 3-7 Calling a C-wrapper function from your Carbon application 23 Listing 3-8 Building an array of track media types for a QuickTime movie 25 Listing 3-9 Calling Resource Manager functions from a Cocoa application 26 Listing 3-10 A Cocoa method to obtain an FSSpec structure 27 Listing 3-11 The contents of the common header for the Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application 32 Listing 3-12 Implementing the controller in the Cocoa bundle 32 Listing 3-13 Declaring the interface for the controller 33 Listing 3-14 C-callable wrapper functions for the Cocoa bundle 34 Listing 3-15 Calling the initializeBundle C-wrapper function using a function pointer 37 Listing 3-16 Calling the C-wrapper function to open the Cocoa window 38 Listing 3-17 A Carbon function that handles a Cocoa button press 38 Listing 3-18 The declaration for the controller 42 Listing 3-19 Loading a nib file for a Carbon window 42
5 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. TABLES, FIGURES, AND LISTINGS
Table 3-1 C-callable wrapper functions for Cocoa methods 18
6 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Carbon and Cocoa Integration
No matter which development environment you choose to develop applications—Cocoa or Carbon—you may find the other development environment offers functionality you’dlike to use in your application. Choosing the Cocoa or Carbon development environment to create new applications doesn’t restrict you to using the API defined for that environment. You can use the Carbon API from a Cocoa application or the Cocoa API from a Carbon application. This document shows you how.
There are a number of reasons you might want to integrate Cocoa and Carbon in an application, including the following:
■ You want to leverage existing code while getting the benefits of technologies offered by another framework. ■ You are developing a common service that you want to make available to both Carbon and Cocoa. ■ It’s easier for you to do some tasks in Cocoa than in Carbon, or vice versa. ■ You already created a terrific user interface in one environment and want to access it from the other environment. ■ Your programming team consists of engineers with different skill sets—Cocoa and Carbon. You’ll find, by reading the following chapters, that intermixing Carbon and Cocoa in an application is a relatively straightforward process.
■ Chapter 2, “Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts”, discusses how Carbon and Cocoa communicate between each other and provides information on C-callable wrapper functions, compiler preprocessors, and interchangeable data types. ■ Chapter 3, “Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks”, provides information on how you can call Cocoa functions from a Carbon application and Carbon functions from a Cocoa application, including how to share user interface elements between the two environments. This document assumes you are programming for Cocoa in Objective-C and does not discuss Java integration issues. To get the full benefit of this document, you should have experience programming in either the Cocoa or Carbon environment. In addition, it is desirable that you have some basic knowledge of the other environment. See the Mac OS X Programming Getting Started website for tutorials, examples, and a reading list of essential documents: http://developer.apple.com/macosx/gettingstarted/
7 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Carbon and Cocoa Integration
Important: This is a preliminary document. Although it has been reviewed for technical accuracy, it is not final. Apple Computer, Inc. is supplying this information to help you plan for the adoption of the technology described herein. This information is subject to change, and software implemented according to this document should be tested with final operating-system software and final documentation. You can check http://developer.apple.com/documentation/ for information about updates to this and other developer documents. To receive notification of documentation updates, you can sign up for ADC's free Online Program and receive their weeklyApple DeveloperConnection News email newsletter. (See http://developer.apple.com/membership/ for more details about the Online Program.)
8 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2
Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts
It has always been possible to integrate Cocoa and Carbon functionality in the same application, at least when it comes to functionality that doesn’t handle user interface elements. For a Cocoa application to call Carbon functions, the only requirements are that the compiler has access to the appropriate header files and the application is linked against the appropriate frameworks. Because Cocoa already links against the Application Services framework, all you need to do to access the low-level Carbon functionality exposed in that framework is to include the ApplicationServices.h header file in your application. To access high-level Carbon functionality, you can simply import Carbon.h and link against the Carbon framework. A Carbon application, by taking a few extra steps, can use many Cocoa technologies. When it comes to functions that handle the user interface, it has not been possible until the Jaguar release of Mac OS X, for developers to use Cocoa and Carbon in the same application.
There are a few fundamental concepts that you should be familiar with before you begin to integrate Cocoa and Carbon in the same application. These concepts are covered in this chapter, in the following sections:
■ “Carbon and Cocoa Communication” (page 9) discusses how Mac OS X communicates user events between Carbon and Cocoa application environments. ■ “C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 12) defines wrapper functions and provides an overview of how a Carbon application uses them to access Cocoa functionality. ■ “Compiler Preprocessors” (page 13) lists filename extensions you can use when you mix programming languages in a project. ■ “Interchangeable Data Types” (page 13) provides information on Foundation (Cocoa) and Core Foundation (Carbon) data types you can use interchangeably. The concepts discussed in this chapter are put into practice in the sample code provided in Chapter 3, “Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks” (page 15).
Carbon and Cocoa Communication
In versions of Mac OS X earlier than Jaguar, using Carbon windows in a Cocoa application or using Cocoa windows in a Carbon application posed a challenge because of the way user events are generated and forwarded to applications. This section provides an overview on event handling and outlines the recent changes that allow Carbon and Cocoa to communicate user events to each other.
Carbon and Cocoa Communication 9 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts
Figure 2-1 shows the path of a user event (such as a mouse click or a keypress) through the system to the Carbon and Cocoa application environments. The event originates when thedevice driverthat controls an input device such as a mouse detects a user action and passes it to the window server.
Figure 2-1 The path of user events in Mac OS X
Events Kernel Window server
Event queue Place event on queueEvent loop
Pull event Pull event and dispatch and dispatch
Carbon Cocoa
eventHandler NSResponder
When the window server receives the event, it consults a database of currently open windows. The window server then sends the event to the event port of the run loop belonging to the process that owns the window in which the event occurred. The eventmanagergets the event from the run-loop port, packages the event in an appropriate form, and passes it to the event-handling mechanism specific to the application environment of the process. This mechanism ensures that the event is handled by the function or method associated with the control that is clicked (or key that is pressed).
In versions of Mac OS X earlier than Jaguar, events are passed to the application environment of the process. So when a Carbon application tries to use a Cocoa window, events for the Cocoa window are passed to the Carbon application. But because the Carbon application does not have a handler for events in the Cocoa window and no way to communicate the event to the Cocoa bundle that creates the window, the event is dropped. The reverse is true for a Carbon window in a Cocoa application. Events in the Carbon window are passed to the Cocoa application, but the Cocoa application does not have a handler for the Carbon window and no way to communicate the event to the Carbon bundle.
In the Jaguar release of Mac OS X, the system automatically installs the appropriate handlers to allow Cocoa and Carbon to communicate events between the two environments. Figure 2-2 shows the communication path between Carbon and Cocoa environments for a Carbon application that uses a Cocoa bundle (on the left-side of the figure) and for a Cocoa application that uses a Carbon bundle (on the right-side of the figure).
Let’s first look at how communicating user events works for a Cocoa window used in a Carbon application. The system automatically installs Carbon event handlers for the Cocoa window using a WindowRef created for that purpose. When a user event (for example, a button click) occurs in the Cocoa window, the button-click event is passed to the Carbon application. The
10 Carbon and Cocoa Communication Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts
Carbon application dispatches the button-click event to the event handler for the WindowRef for the Cocoa window. The system-supplied event handler knows how topackagethe event as a Cocoa NSEvent object. It then passes the NSEvent to the window for processing using the normal Cocoa event-processing mechanisms, including the responder chain for events not targeted at a specific control. In the case of a mouse click on a button, the button receives the button-click event and handles it using the normal Cocoa target/action mechanism.
Figure 2-2 Events communicated between Carbon and Cocoa
Event queue Event queue
Pull event Pull event and dispatch and dispatch
Carbon Cocoa Cocoa Carbon application bundle application bundle
eventHandler NSResponder NSResponder eventHandler
Conversely, for a Carbon window used in a Cocoa application, the system automatically creates a Cocoa NSWindow object to represent the Carbon window. When a user clicks a button in the Carbon window, an NSEvent for the button-click is passed to the Cocoa application. Cocoa’s normal event-handling mechanisms pass the event to the system-supplied NSWindow object that corresponds to the Carbon window. The NSWindow knows how to create a Carbon event and pass it to the event handler of the Carbon window. From there, the event is processed through the Carbon event target containment hierarchy.
In summary, Carbon and Cocoa can share the same window because the Jaguar version of Mac OS X has mechanisms for automatically translating between Cocoa and Carbon events at the user-interface element level, rather than just at the application level.
C-Callable Wrapper Functions
If you want to call Cocoa methods from a Carbon application, you need to write C-callable wrapper functions (or simply C-wrapper functions) for the Cocoa portion of the code. In the context of Carbon and Cocoa integration, a C-callable wrapper function is a C function whose body contains Objective-C code that allows data to be passed to or obtained from Cocoa.
Let’s look at a typical scenario for a Carbon application that accesses functionality provided in a Cocoa bundle. The Cocoa bundle must contain all the necessary Objective-C code for its classes and methods. It must also contain a C-callable wrapper function for each method whose functionality is needed by the Carbon application. For example, for a changeText:(NSString *)message method that takes a string and manipulates it in some way, the C-callable wrapper function would look similar to the following:
OSStatus changeText (CFStringRef message) { NSAutoreleasePool *localPool;
localPool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; [[Controller sharedController] changeText:(NSString *)message]; [localPool release]; return noErr; }
Note: The C-wrapper function must allocate and initialize an NSAutoreleasePool and then release it when it is no longer needed, as shown in the changeText function. This is a requirement for a Cocoa bundle that’s used by a Carbon application.
It’s not enough to provide C-callable wrapper functions. To actually use C-wrapper functions in a Carbon application, the Carbon application must load the Cocoa bundle and obtain a function pointer for each C-wrapper function the Carbon application plans to use.
Core Foundation Bundle Services provides functions that can load a bundle, obtain its bundle reference, and obtain function pointers from the bundle. You’ll see how to load the bundle and obtain its reference in Chapter 3, “Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks” (page 15). Once you have a bundle reference, you can obtain a function pointer to any C-callable function using the function CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName. This function takes two parameters, a bundle reference and a Core Foundation string that specifies the name of the C-callable function. For example, you’d get a function pointer for the changeText C-wrapper function using this code:
OSStatus (*funcPtr)(CFStringRef message); funcPtr = CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName (bundleRef, CFSTR ("changeText"));
In summary, here’s how C-callable wrapper functions are used to allow Carbon applications to access Cocoa functionality:
1. Access to the Cocoa functionality is provided in a Cocoa bundle. The bundle contains C-callable wrapper functions for any Cocoa method that’s needed by the Carbon application. 2. The Carbon application loads the Cocoa bundle at runtime. 3. The Carbon application obtains function pointers from the Cocoa bundle for each C-callable wrapper function the Carbon application needs.
12 C-Callable Wrapper Functions Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts
4. The Carbon application invokes the C-wrapper functions as needed.
Compiler Preprocessors
Carbon and Cocoa use different languages for theirAPIs. Carbon uses C while Cocoa uses Objective-C. In addition, Carbonprogrammersmay prefer to use C++. When you build an application that uses C, Objective-C, Objective-C++, and C++ files, you must make sure the compiler performs the appropriate preprocessing. Thefilename extensionof the file you are compiling determines the kind of compilation that is done, as shown in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1 Filename extensions and compilation
Filename extension Indicates to the compiler
.c C source code that must be preprocessed
.i C source code that should not be preprocessed
.ii C++ source code that should not be preprocessed
.m Objective-C source code
.mm Objective-C++ source code
.mi Objective-C source code that should not be preprocessed
.h C header file (not to be compiled or linked)
.cc .cp .ccx .cpp C++ source code that must be preprocessed .c++ .C
You can specify a compiler to be used to compile all source files, regardless of the filename extension. For example, to compile all files that have a .cpp extension with the Objective-C++ compiler, you would add the -ObjC++ flag to the compiler flags (OTHER_CFLAGS). You can specify that the Objective-C compiler should be used for all compilation by setting the -ObjC flag. These and other flags are set in the Build Settings pane inProject Builder. See Project Builder Help for instructions on how to set compiler flags. Project Builder Help is available from the Help menu in Project Builder or from the developer tools online documentation:
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/DeveloperTools/Tools.html
Interchangeable Data Types
There are a number of data types in Cocoa and Carbon that can be used interchangeably in all functions or methods that use either type. Table 2-2 is a partial listing of the data types that are interchangeable between Foundation (Cocoa) and Core Foundation (Carbon). Data types that can be used interchangeably are also referred to as toll-free bridged data types.
Compiler Preprocessors 13 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 2 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts
Table 2-2 Data types that can be used interchangeably between Carbon and Cocoa
Core Foundation data type Cocoa Foundation class
CFArray NSArray, NSMutableArray
CFCharacterSet NSCharacterSet, NSMutableCharacterSet
CFData NSData, NSMutableData
CFDate NSDate
CFDictionary NSDictionary, NSMutableDictionary
CFRunLoopTimer NSTimer
CFSet NSSet, NSMutableSet
CFString NSString, NSMutableString
CFURL NSURL
CFTimeZone NSTimeZone
To use the data types in Table 2-2 interchangeably you must cast one type to the other. For example:
(CFStringRef) myNSString (NSString *) myCFString
You can find more information about using toll-free bridged data types in “Managing Core Foundation Objects in Cocoa” (page 27).
Note: Not all Foundation classes have an interchangeable data type in Core Foundation, even though they may appear to have one. For example, the data type CFRunLoop is not toll-free bridged to the NSRunLoop class and neither is the CFBundle data type to the NSBundle class.
Toll-free bridged data types are more likely to be used in Cocoa applications than in Carbon applications. That’s because interchanging data types requires that Core Foundation and Foundation are loaded at the same time. For Cocoa applications, this happens automatically. For Carbon applications, Foundation must be included specifically. If Foundation is already loaded, a Carbon application would most likely use a Cocoa class with the Cocoa method rather than using a Core Foundation data type with a Cocoa method.
14 Interchangeable Data Types Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3
Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
This chapter shows you how to integrate Carbon and Cocoa in an application. The tasks you must perform to integrate Carbon and Cocoa depend on whether you need to access Cocoa functionality in a Carbon application or Carbon functionality in a Cocoa application and whether or not you use an interface created in one development environment in the other development environment.
Specifically, in this chapter you’ll find information on the following:
■ “Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application” (page 15) ■ “Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application” (page 24) ■ “Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application” (page 28) ■ “Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application” (page 39)
Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application
This section describes how to use Cocoa functionality in a Carbon application—Cocoa functionality that is unrelated to the user interface. You can access Cocoa functionality in a Carbon application in Mac OS X version 10.1 and later. There are two major tasks you need to perform to use Cocoa functionality in a Carbon application:
■ Write a Cocoa bundle that contains C-callable wrapper functions for any Cocoa method whose functionality you want to access from your Carbon application. The bundle must also contain a function to initialize Cocoa. See “Writing a Cocoa Bundle” (page 16) for details. ■ Write Carbon code that loads the Cocoa bundle, obtains function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions in the Cocoa bundle, and calls the C-wrapper function that initializes Cocoa. See “Making Your Carbon Code Access the Cocoa Bundle” (page 20) for details. The tasks described in the following sections are illustrated using sample code taken from a working application—Spelling Checker. The sample application uses Cocoa spelling checking services. See “About the Spelling Checker Application” (page 16) for a description of the application. You can download the code for this application from the developer sample code website:
http://developer.apple.com/samplecode/index.html
Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application 15 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
About the Spelling Checker Application
The sample Carbon application—Spelling Checker—provides spelling checking services for text typed into a window. The user interface is shown in Figure 3-1. The Spelling Checker window is a Carbon window, created withInterface Builder. The user can type text into the large text box on the left side of the window.
To check spelling, the user clicks the Check Spelling button. The first misspelled word is displayed under the button, as shown in Figure 3-1 (“clal”). Suggestions for a replacement word are shown in the Guesses list. The user can choose to
■ ignore the word by clicking the Ignore Word button ■ replace the misspelled word by selecting a word from the list of guesses and clicking the Use This Word button
■ specify another word to use by typing a word and clicking the Use This Word button
Figure 3-1 The user interface for the Spelling Checker application
The spelling checking services are provided by the Cocoa frameworks and accessed through C-callable wrapper functions in a Cocoa bundle, but called from the Carbon application.
Note: The text box in the sample application is aUnicodeTextEdit control. For a more complex application, it is desirable to use the text editing capabilities provided by the Multilingual Text Engine (MLTE) API.
Writing a Cocoa Bundle
Writing the Cocoa bundle requires performing the tasks described in the following sections:
16 Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
■ “Creating a New Cocoa Bundle Using Project Builder” (page 17) ■ “Identifying Cocoa Methods” (page 17) ■ “Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 18) ■ “Writing an Initialization Function” (page 20)
Creating a New Cocoa Bundle Using Project Builder
To make a Cocoa bundle using Project Builder, do the following:
1. Open Project Builder. 2. Select New Project from the File Menu. 3. Select Cocoa Bundle from the Bundle list in the New Project window and click the Next button. 4. Type a project name and specify a location (optional), then click the Finish button.
5. Rename the default file so it has the appropriate extension, such as the .m extension.
To rename the main.c file, click the filename, choose Rename from the Project menu, then type the new name. The sample code main filename is SpellCheck.m.
Recall from “Compiler Preprocessors” (page 13) that the .m extension indicates to the compiler that the code is Objective-C.
6. Add the following statements to your renamed main file: #include
#include
As long as you create your Cocoa bundle using Project Builder, you should not need to modify build settings andproperty listvalues. When you write your Carbon application, you need to specify the name of your Cocoa bundle. This name, listed in the bundle’s property list, should be the same name you specify as the project name.
Identifying Cocoa Methods
You need to identify the Cocoa methods that provide the functionality your Carbon application needs. The methods you identify are the ones for which you’ll need to write a C-callable wrapper function.
The Spelling Checker application requires the functionality provided by the following methods:
■ uniqueSpellDocumentTag returns a tag for a document. This tag is guaranteed to be unique. Using a tag with each document ensures spelling checking services are unique for a document.
■ closeSpellDocumentWithTag: called when a document closes to make sure the ignored-word list associated with the document is cleaned up.
■ checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: starts the searching for a misspelled word in a string, starting at the specified location. This method returns the range of the first misspelled word.
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■ checkSpellingOfString:startingAt:language:wrap:inSpellDocumentWithTag:wordCount: starts the searching for a misspelled word in a string, starting at the specified location and using a number of other options. This method returns the range of the first misspelled word.
■ ignoreWord:inSpellDocumentWithTag: adds a word to the list of words to be ignored when checking a document’s spelling.
■ setIgnoredWords:inSpellDocumentWithTag: initializes the list of ignored words for a document to an array of words to ignore.
■ ignoredWordsInSpellDocumentWithTag: returns the array of ignored words for a document.
■ guessesForWord: returns an array of suggested spellings for a misspelled word. For additional information see the documentation for NSSpellChecker and its methods.
You also need to identify any other methods needed to implement the Cocoa functionality. For example, the class method sharedSpellChecker returns an instance of NSSpellChecker.
Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions
After you have identified the Cocoa methods that provide the functionality you want to use, you need to write C-callable wrapper functions for those methods.
For the Spelling Checker application, there are eight Cocoa methods (see “Identifying Cocoa Methods” (page 17)) that provide services to manage and check spelling in a document. For the Carbon portion of the application to access the Cocoa methods, you need to write C-callable wrapper functions and put them in the Cocoa bundle. Table 3-1 lists the names of the C-callable wrapper functions in the Spelling Checker application.
Table 3-1 C-callable wrapper functions for Cocoa methods
C-Callable wrapper function Cocoa method
UniqueSpellDocumentTag uniqueSpellDocumentTag
CloseSpellDocumentWithTag closeSpellDocumentWithTag:
CheckSpellingOfString checkSpellingOfString:startingAt:
CheckSpellingOfStringWithOptions checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: language:wrap:inSpellDocumentWithTag: wordCount:
IgnoreWord ignoreWord:inSpellDocumentWithTag:
SetIgnoredWords setIgnoredWords:inSpellDocumentWithTag:
CopyIgnoredWordsInSpellDocumentWithTag ignoredWordsInSpellDocumentWithTag:
GuessesForWords guessesForWord:
Listing 3-1 shows a C-callable wrapper function UniqueSpellDocumentTag. Note the code for the autorelease pool. For a Cocoa bundle loaded into a Carbon application, you must set up an autorelease pool each time it’s needed.
18 Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Listing 3-1 A C-callable wrapper function for the uniqueSpellDocumentTag: method int UniqueSpellDocumentTag () { int tag;
NSAutoreleasePool* pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; tag = [NSSpellChecker uniqueSpellDocumentTag]; [pool release];
return (tag); }
All the other C-callable wrapper functions for the Spelling Checker application are written in the same manner as shown in Listing 3-1 using these guidelines:
■ The C-wrapper function must have parameters that match what’s needed by the Cocoa method. For examples, see Listing 3-2. The C-wrapper function parameters stringToCheck and startingOffset match the two parameters required by the checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: method. ■ The C-wrapper function must allocate and initialize an NSAutoreleasePool and then release it when it is no longer needed. This is a requirement for a Cocoa bundle that’s used by a Carbon application. You can see examples of this in Listing 3-1 and Listing 3-2. ■ The C-wrapper function must return the data returned by the Cocoa method it wraps. For example, the UniqueSpellDocumentTag function in Listing 3-1 returns the tag value obtained from the uniqueSpellDocumentTag method; the CheckSpellingOfString function in Listing 3-2 returns the range obtained from the checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: method. ■ Where appropriate, the C-wrapper function can use toll-free bridged (interchangeable) data types. For example, the C-wrapper function in Listing 3-2 takes a CFStringRef as a parameter, but casts this to NSString* when the function passes the string to the Cocoa method.
Listing 3-2 A C-callable wrapper function for the checkSpellingOfString:startingAt: method
CFRange CheckSpellingOfString (CFStringRef stringToCheck, int startingOffset) { NSRange range = {0,0};
NSAutoreleasePool* pool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; range =[[NSSpellChecker sharedSpellChecker] checkSpellingOfString:(NSString *) stringToCheck
startingAt:startingOffset];
[pool release]; return ( *(CFRange*)&range); }
The code for the rest of the C-callable wrapper functions needed for the Spelling Checker application are in the SpellCheck.m file of the Cocoa bundle. You can download the code from the developer sample code website:
Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application 19 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
http://developer.apple.com/samplecode/index.html
Writing an Initialization Function
In Mac OS X version 10.1, a Carbon application can’t use the functionality provided by a Cocoa bundle unless Cocoa is initialized by calling the sharedApplication method. You need to write a C-callable wrapper function for the sharedApplication method, as shown in Listing 3-3. This initialization function must be in your Cocoa bundle, although you call the C-wrapper function from your Carbon application.
Listing 3-3 A C-callable wrapper function for the sharedApplication method
void InitializeCocoa () { NSApplication *NSApp=[NSApplication sharedApplication]; }
You call the InitializeCocoa function from your Carbon application only once. If you invoke the sharedApplication method more than once, it simply returns the NSApplication object it created previously.
Your Carbon application must perform a number a tasks to access the functionality provided by a Cocoa bundle. These tasks are described in the following sections:
■ “Loading the Cocoa Bundle” (page 20) ■ “Obtaining Function Pointers and Initializing Cocoa” (page 22) ■ “Calling C-Wrapper Functions From Your Carbon Application” (page 23)
Loading the Cocoa Bundle
Your Carbon application must load the Cocoa bundle that contains the functionality you want to access. Listing 3-4 shows a function that calls a series of Core Foundation functions to load a bundle from an application’s Frameworks folder. For example, for the Spelling Checker application, the MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle function shown in the listing loads the bundle located in
SpellingChecker.app/Contents/Frameworks/
and whose name is specified by the framework parameter. In this case, the name is SpellCheck.bundle.
A detailed explanation for each numbered line of code follows Listing 3-4. Note that error checking is used after each call to a Core Foundation function, and that if an error is found, the function cleans up and terminates gracefully.
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Listing 3-4 A utility function to load a bundle from the application's Frameworks folder void MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle (CFStringRef framework, CFBundleRef *bundlePtr ) // 1 { CFURLRef baseURL = NULL; CFURLRef bundleURL = NULL; CFBundleRef myAppsBundle= NULL;
if (bundlePtr == NULL) goto Bail; *bundlePtr = NULL;
myAppsBundle= CFBundleGetMainBundle(); // 2 if ( myAppsBundle == NULL ) goto Bail;
baseURL = CFBundleCopyPrivateFrameworksURL (myAppsBundle); // 3 if (baseURL == NULL) goto Bail;
bundleURL = CFURLCreateCopyAppendingPathComponent ( kCFAllocatorSystemDefault, baseURL, framework, false ); // 4 if ( bundleURL == NULL ) goto Bail;
*bundlePtr = CFBundleCreate (kCFAllocatorSystemDefault, bundleURL ); // 5 if ( *bundlePtr == NULL ) goto Bail;
if ( ! CFBundleLoadExecutable (*bundlePtr) ) // 6 { CFRelease (*bundlePtr); *bundlePtr = NULL; } Bail: if (bundleURL != NULL) CFRelease (bundleURL); // 7 if (baseURL != NULL) CFRelease (baseURL); // 8 }
Here’s what the code does:
1. Takes a Core Foundation string reference that specifies the bundle name and a Core Foundation bundle reference. After the function has executed, the bundle reference refers to the bundle specified by the string reference.
2. Calls the function CFBundleGetMainBundle to obtain an instance of your Carbon application’s main bundle.
3. Calls the function CFBundleCopyPrivateFrameworksURL to get the URL of the Frameworks folder within the application bundle.
4. Calls the function CFURLCreateCopyAppendingPathComponent to create a copy of the URL obtained in the previous step and append the Core Foundation string reference that specifies the bundle name. In this case, the string reference specifies the Cocoa bundle name.
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5. Calls the function CFBundleCreate to obtain the bundle reference for the Cocoa bundle specified by the URL. You use this reference when you obtain function pointers to the functions in the Cocoa bundle.
6. Calls the function CFBundleLoadExecutable to load the bundle’s main executable code into memory and dynamically link it to the Carbon application.
7. Releases the bundle URL reference (CFURLRef).
8. Releases the base URL reference (CFURLRef). You can find more information on the Core Foundation Bundle Services and URL Services functions used in Listing 3-4 from the Carbon Developer Documentation website:
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Carbon/Carbon.html
Obtaining Function Pointers and Initializing Cocoa
After you have loaded the Cocoa bundle in your Carbon application, you can obtain function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions that are in the Cocoa bundle. You need the Core Foundation bundle reference (CFBundleRef) to the Cocoa bundle to obtain these function pointers. The bundleRef parameter to the function MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle shown in Listing 3-4 (page 21) is, on return, a reference to the bundle.
Before you can obtain pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions in your Cocoa bundle, you need to define types for the function pointers you want to obtain, as shown in Listing 3-5.
Listing 3-5 Defining data types for function pointers
typedef CFRange (*CheckSpellingOfStringProc)(CFStringRef, int); typedef void (*IgnoreWordProc)(CFStringRef, int); typedef CFArrayRef (*GuessesForWordProc)(CFStringRef); typedef void (*InitializeCocoa)();
Then you can declare function pointers for each data type, as shown in Listing 3-6. Declaring function pointers as shown can make the code more readable.
Listing 3-6 Declaring function pointers
CheckSpellingOfStringProc MyCocoaCheckSpellingOfString; IgnoreWordProc MyCocoaIgnoreWord; GuessesForWordProc MyCocoaGuessesForWord; InitializeCocoa MyCocoaInitializeCocoa;
When you call your function to load the bundle, you obtain a bundle reference. For example, if you declare
CFBundleRef gMyCocoaBundle;
then when you call your function to load the bundle (as shown in the following line of code) gMyCocoaBundle is a reference to your Cocoa bundle.
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MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle (CFSTR("MyCocoa.bundle"), &gMyCocoaBundle );
To obtain function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions in the Cocoa bundle, you pass the bundle reference to the Core Foundation Bundle Services functions CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName or CFBundleGetFunctionPointersForNames. The first function obtains a pointer for one function, while the other obtains a table of function pointers.
The function CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName takes two parameters: a bundle reference to the bundle you want to search and a Core Foundation string reference that specifies the name of the function you want to locate.
To obtain a function pointer to the initialization function (shown in Listing 3-3 (page 20)) you pass the bundle reference you obtained from the MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle function (shown in Listing 3-4 (page 21)) along with the string reference, as shown here:
MyCocoaInitializeCocoa = (InitializeCocoa) CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName ( gSpellingBundle, CFSTR ("InitializeCocoa") );
Before you obtain function pointers to the other C-callable wrapper functions, you must make sure the function pointer to the initialization function isn’t NULL. If it is not NULL, call the initialization function and make sure that the function executes successfully before you continue.
Calling C-Wrapper Functions From Your Carbon Application
You can use the C-callable wrapper functions for which you’ve obtained function pointers as needed in your Carbon application. Listing 3-7 shows how to call a C-callable wrapper function (CheckSpellingOfString) from your Carbon application’s event handler. (You can see this code in context by downloading the Spelling Checker application from the developer sample code website.) A detailed explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
Listing 3-7 Calling a C-wrapper function from your Carbon application if (command.commandID == 'Spel') // 1 { GetControlByID (window, &controlID, &control); // 2 err = GetControlData (control, 0, kControlStaticTextCFStringTag, sizeof(CFStringRef), &stringToSpellCheck, &count); // 3 if (err == noErr) { windowInfo->range = MyCocoaCheckSpellingOfString ( stringToSpellCheck, 0); // 4 if ( windowInfo->range.length > 0 ) // 5 SetMisspelledWord (window, stringToSpellCheck, &windowInfo->range); else windowInfo->range.location = 0; }
Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application 23 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
}
Here’s what the code does:
1. Checks to see if the command ID is the one that’s issued when the user clicks the Check Spelling button.
2. Calls the Control Manager function GetControlByID to obtain the ControlRef of the Unicode TextEdit control. This is the text box that contains text typed by the user. See Figure 3-1 (page 16).
3. Calls the Control Manager function GetControlData to obtain the string typed by the user that needs to have its spelling checked.
4. Calls the C-wrapper function CheckSpellingOfString by using the function pointer (MyCocoaCheckSpellingOfString) obtained previously. Recall that the C-wrapper function CheckSpellingOfString wraps the Cocoa method checkSpellingOfString:startingAt:.
5. Uses the location information returned from the C-wrapper function to set the location of the misspelled word if one is found.
Summary
This section demonstrated how you can write a Carbon application that uses Cocoa functionality. The Cocoa functionality needed by the Carbon application is contained in a Cocoa bundle. The bundle has C-callable wrapper functions for the Cocoa methods that provide the needed functionality. The Cocoa bundle is loaded by the Carbon application at runtime. Once the bundle is loaded, the Carbon application obtains function pointers for each of the C-wrapper functions the Carbon application needs.
The code in this section is taken from the sample application, Spelling Checker, which uses Cocoa spelling checking services in a Carbon application. Although a lot of the code from the Spelling Checker application is shown in the listings in this section, not all of the code is included or explained. For example, none of the code that handles the Carbon window has been included. To see exactly how the Carbon and Cocoa pieces fit together you should download the Spelling Checker Project Builder project from the developer sample code website:
http://developer.apple.com/samplecode/index.html
Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application
Objective-C is a super set of ANSI-C, so calling Carbon functions from a Cocoa application is easy to do as long as they are not user-interface functions. A Cocoa application can always call low-level Carbon functions because Cocoa already links against the Application Services framework. To use high-level Carbon functions, a Cocoa application must import Carbon.h and link against the Carbon framework.
The following sections describe some of the situations in which you can use Carbon functions (other than user-interface ones) in a Cocoa application:
■ “Working With QuickTime Movies” (page 25)
24 Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
■ “Accessing a Resource Fork From Cocoa” (page 26) ■ “Obtaining an FSSpec Structure” (page 26) ■ “Managing Core Foundation Objects in Cocoa” (page 27)
Working With QuickTime Movies
The Cocoa NSMovieView class displays an NSMovie (a wrapper for a QuickTime movie) in a frame and provides methods to play and edit the movie. Although there are methods for editing, sizing, setting the controller, setting play modes, and handling sound, the methods available for the NSMovieView class do not access all the functionality available for working with QuickTime movies. For example, there are no methods to set the language of a QuickTime movie if alternate language tracks are available. However, you can call any QuickTime function from your Carbon application, such as the function SetMovieLanguage. All you need to do is to initialize the Movie Toolbox by calling the QuickTime function EnterMovies.
See the QuickTime Developer Documentation website for information on the functions you can call from your application: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/quicktime/
Listing 3-8 shows one example of calling QuickTime functions from a Cocoa method. The code in the listing builds an array of track media types for a QuickTime movie. The track media types are displayed in the NSTableView control in the movies properties window. An explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
Listing 3-8 Building an array of track media types for a QuickTime movie
// Before you call QuickTime functions you must initialize the // Movie Toolbox by calling the function EnterMovies();
- (void) myBuildTrackMediaTypesArray:(Movie) qtmovie { short i;
for (i = 0; i < GetMovieTrackCount (qtmovie); ++i) // 1 { Str255 mediaName; OSErr myErr; Track movieTrack = GetMovieIndTrack (qtmovie, i+1); // 2 Media trackMedia = GetTrackMedia (movieTrack); // 3 MediaHandler trackMediaHandler = GetMediaHandler(trackMedia);
myErr = MediaGetName (trackMediaHandler, mediaName, 0, NULL); // 4 [myMovieTrackMediaTypesArray insertObject:[NSString stringWithCString:&mediaName[1] length:mediaName[0]] atIndex:i]; // 5 } }
Here’s what the code does:
Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application 25 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
1. Calls the QuickTime (QT) function GetMovieTrackCount to obtain the number of tracks in the movie.
2. Calls the QT function GetMovieIndTrack to determine the track identifier for a track. Note that tracks start at an index value of 1.
3. Calls the QT function GetTrackMedia to obtain the media structure that contains sample data for the track.
4. Calls the QT function MediaGetName to obtain the name (Str255) of the media type. 5. Adds the media name to the NSArray as an NSString. For complete documentation see the NSMovieView class.
Accessing a Resource Fork From Cocoa
A Cocoa application that works with legacy files may need to read the resource of a Mac OS 9 file and then parse the resource data. The Resource Manager is a Carbon API so you can call the appropriate functions from within your Cocoa code, as shown in Listing 3-9. Once you read the data you can call the Cocoa method stringWithCString:length: to obtain an NSString that you can then parse.
Listing 3-9 Calling Resource Manager functions from a Cocoa application
FSRef ref; NSString* theFilePath; // the full path of the resources file if (FSPathMakeRef ([theFilePath fileSystemRepresentation,&ref,NULL]) == noErr) { short res = FSOpenResFile (&ref,fsRdPerm); if (ResError() == oErr) { // Call Resource Manager functions to read resources. CloseResFile(res); } }
Obtaining an FSSpec Structure
An FSSpec structure is used by the File Manager in Carbon to specify the name and location of a file or directory. When you call Carbon functions from a Cocoa application, you may need to pass an FSSpec structure as a parameter to a Carbon function. For example, if you call the QuickTime function FlattenMovieData, you must supply an FSSpec structure.
You can use the code in Listing 3-10 to obtain an FSSpec structure for a file that already exists. An explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
26 Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Listing 3-10 A Cocoa method to obtain an FSSpec structure
- (BOOL) myMakeFSSpec:(FSSpec *) myFSSpecPtr fromPath:(NSString *)inPath { FSRef myFSRef; OSStatus status = FSPathMakeRef ([inPath fileSystemRepresentation], &myFSRef, NULL); // 1 if (status == noErr) status = FSGetCatalogInfo (&myFSRef, kFSCatInfoNone, NULL, NULL, myFSSpecPtr, NULL); // 2 return status == noErr; }
Here’s what the code does:
1. Calls the File Manager function FSPathMakeRef to convert a path into an FSRef structure (myFSRef).
2. Calls the File Manager function FSGetCatalogInfo to map the FSRef (myFSRef) to an FSSpec structure. You must pass the FSRef obtained in the previous call. The constant kFSCatInfoNone specifies that you don’t want any catalog information. On return, myFSSpecPtr is a pointer to the FSSpec structure for the file specified by the inPath parameter passed to the myMakeFSSpec:fromPath: method.
For complete documentation of the File Manger, see Inside Mac OS X: File Manager Reference: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Carbon/Reference/File_Manager/index.html
Managing Core Foundation Objects in Cocoa
Cocoa and Core Foundation (Carbon) use similar memory allocation conventions to allocate, retain, and release objects. Core Foundation functions that have Copy or Create in their name return values the caller must release. All other functions return values the caller should not release. Cocoa objects created with alloc, copy, or new methods must be released by the caller, while all other return values should not be released by the caller. In addition, there is a set of data types that can be used interchangeably; these are referred to as toll-free bridged data types. (See “Interchangeable Data Types” (page 13) for a list.) As a result, you can use functions and methods from each environment in the same application. You do not need to include Carbon when you use toll-free bridged data types in a Cocoa application.
The following code calls the Cocoa method initWithCharacters to initialize a newly allocated NSString. After code that uses the string is executed, you need to release the string.
NSString *str = [[NSString alloc] initWithCharacters: ...]; // Your code that uses the string goes here. [str release];
You can achieve the same result by calling the following Carbon code. This code uses the Core Foundation function CFStringCreateWithCharacters.
Using Carbon Functionality in a Cocoa Application 27 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
CFStringRef str = CFStringCreateWithCharacters(...); // Your code that uses the string goes here. CFRelease (str);
The following code calls the Core Foundation function CFStringCreateWithCharacters, type casts the returned string as a Cocoa class NSString, and releases the string using the Cocoa method release.
NSString *str = (NSString *) CFStringCreateWithCharacters(...); // Your code that uses the string goes here. [str release];
Similarly, the following code intermixes Carbon and Cocoa but calls the Cocoa method autorelease to dispose of the string.
NSString *str = (NSString *) CFStringCreateWithCharacters(...); // Your code that uses the string goes here. [str autorelease];
Note: Because Core Foundation has no concept of autorelease, a larger percentage of Core Foundation functions are Create or Copy functions as compared to the Cocoa methods that use alloc, copy , or new. You must make sure your code releases Core Foundation objects, when appropriate, using either the release or autorelease methods.
For a complete discussion of memory management in Cocoa, see the Cocoa Programming Topic “Memory Management”.
For a complete discussion of memory management in Core Foundation, see the “Overview of Core Foundation”:
http://developer.apple.com/documentation/CoreFoundation/CoreFoundation.html
Summary
This section demonstrated how you can use Carbon functionality in a Cocoa application. Low-level Carbon functions can always be called by a Cocoa application because Cocoa links against Application Services. High-level Carbon functions can be available to a Cocoa application by importing Carbon.h and linking against the Carbon framework.
The situations in which you can call Carbon functions in a Cocoa application are not limited to the four examples in this section. The examples are to illustrate the variety of ways you can use non-UI Carbon functions in a Cocoa application. If you want to use a Carbon interface in a Cocoa application, read “Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application” (page 39).
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application
You can use a Cocoa user interface in a Carbon application in the Jaguar version of Mac OS X. The system automatically provides code that allows Cocoa and Carbon to communicate user events to each other, so there are only a few tasks you must perform to enable the Cocoa user interface to work properly in Carbon. Most tasks are similar to what you would do to use non-UI
28 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Cocoa functionality in a Carbon application. That is, writing C-callable wrapper functions and obtaining function pointers to them. (See “Using Cocoa Functionality in a Carbon Application” (page 15).)
There are two major tasks you need to perform to use a Cocoa user interface in a Carbon application:
■ Write a Cocoa bundle that contains the interface you want to use, the Cocoa methods that support the interface, and C-callable wrapper functions that allow access to the Cocoa functionality needed by the Carbon application. These tasks are described in detail in “Writing the Cocoa Bundle” (page 31). ■ Write Carbon code that loads the Cocoa bundle, obtains function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions, initializes Cocoa, and provides handlers, as appropriate, for the interface. See “Setting Up the Carbon Application to Use the Cocoa Interface” (page 36) for details on how to implement these tasks.
The tasks described in the following sections are illustrated using sample code taken from a working application—CocoaInCarbon. See “About the CocoaInCarbon Application” (page 29) for a description of the application. You can download the code for this application from the ADC Member Site Download Software area: http://connect.apple.com
Keep in mind that many parts of the CocoaInCarbon application are specific to the sample application; you need to customize the code for your own purposes.
About the CocoaInCarbon Application
When you look at the code in the subsequent sections, it may be helpful to have an idea of how the CocoaInCarbon application behaves and what the user interface looks like. When the Carbon application is launched, an empty window appears. This window, shown in Figure 3-2, is a Carbon window created with Interface Builder. The application provides a Test menu, also shown in the figure, that contains one command—Open Cocoa Window.
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 29 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Figure 3-2 The Carbon user interface for the CocoaInCarbon application
When the user chooses Open Cocoa Window from the Test menu, the Carbon application loads the Cocoa bundle, gets function pointers to C-callable wrapper functions, calls the C-wrapper function that initializes Cocoa, then calls the C-wrapper function that opens the Cocoa window (shown in Figure 3-3) and makes the window active.
Figure 3-3 The Cocoa window for the CocoaInCarbon application
When the user clicks the button shown in Figure 3-3, the mouse event is received by the Carbon application. The Carbon application automatically dispatches the event to Cocoa. The button receives the mouse event and sends its action method. The action method triggers a button command handler provided by the Carbon application. The button command handler calls a C-wrapper function that sends the text “Button pressed!” to the text field below the button, as shown in Figure 3-3.
Although the sample application is obviously a contrived example, it illustrates the extent to which a Carbon application and a Cocoa bundle can communicate between each other.
30 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Writing the Cocoa Bundle
Writing the Cocoa bundle requires performing the tasks described in the following sections:
■ “Creating a New Cocoa Bundle Using Project Builder” (page 31) ■ “Writing a Common Header File” (page 31) ■ “Implementing the Controller” (page 32) ■ “Declaring the Controller Interface” (page 33) ■ “Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 34) ■ “Creating the Cocoa Window in Interface Builder” (page 35)
Creating a New Cocoa Bundle Using Project Builder
You need to make a Cocoa bundle that contains all the Cocoa functionality needed by your Carbon application. Follow these steps to create a Cocoa bundle:
1. Open Project Builder. 2. Select New Project from the File Menu. 3. Select Cocoa Bundle from the Bundle list in the New Project window and click the Next button. 4. Type a project name and specify a location (optional), then click the Finish button.
5. Rename the default file so it has the appropriate extension, such as the .m extension.
To rename the main.c file, click the filename, choose Rename from the Project menu, then type the new name. The sample code main filename is controller.m.
Recall from “Compiler Preprocessors” (page 13) that the .m extension indicates to the compiler that the code is Objective-C.
6. Create any other files you need for the bundle. For example, the Cocoa bundle created for the CocoaInCarbon application has an interface file, controller.h. This file must be created and must be imported to the controller.m file by adding an import statement to the controller.m file. As long as you create your Cocoa bundle using Project Builder, you should not need to modify build settings and property list values. When you write your Carbon application, you need to specify the name of your bundle. This name, listed in the bundle’s property list, should be the same name you specify as the project name.
Writing a Common Header File
The Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application that loads the bundle each need to have a copy of the header file that declares any constants used to communicate events with each other. The button-press event in the CocoaInCarbon application is one such constant. Listing 3-11 shows the contents of the header file (CocoaBundle.h) that must be included in both the Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application for the CocoaInCarbon project.
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 31 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Listing 3-11 The contents of the common header for the Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application
enum { kEventButtonPressed = 1 };
Implementing the Controller
The code to implement the controller for the Cocoa bundle in the CocoaInCarbon application is shown in Listing 3-12. The critical item in this code is the use of the function NSApplicationLoad. A Carbon application cannot access the Cocoa interface unless the Cocoa bundle provides a call to NSApplicationLoad. This method is not needed for Cocoa applications that load a Cocoa bundle, but it is mandatory for Carbon applications that load a Cocoa bundle. The NSApplicationLoad method is available in the Jaguar version of Mac OS X.
You can find a detailed explanation for each numbered line of code in Listing 3-12 following the listing.
Listing 3-12 Implementing the controller in the Cocoa bundle
#import "Controller.h"
static Controller *sharedController;
@implementation Controller
+ (Controller *) sharedController { return sharedController; }
- (id) init // 1 { self = [super init]; NSApplicationLoad(); // 2 if (![NSBundle loadNibNamed:@"MyWindow" owner:self]) { NSLog (@"failed to load MyWindow nib"); } sharedController = self; return self; }
- (void) setCallBack:(CallBackType) callBack // 3 { _callBack = callBack; }
- (void) showWindow // 4 { [window makeKeyAndOrderFront:nil]; }
32 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
- (void) changeText:(NSString *)text // 5 { [textField setStringValue:text]; }
- (IBAction) buttonPressed:(id)sender // 6 { (*_callBack) (kEventButtonPressed); }
@end
Here what the code does:
1. Defines the method that initializes Cocoa. You’ll write a C-callable wrapper function for this method later. See “Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 34).
2. Calls NSApplicationLoad as required. This entrypointis needed for Cocoa bundles loaded by Carbon applications, but is a no-op for Cocoa applications loading this bundle. 3. Sets a callback for the controller. The callback (as you’ll see later) is provided by the Carbon application to handle the button-press event. 4. Shows the Cocoa window and makes it active and in front. You’ll write a C-callable wrapper function for this method later. See “Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 34). 5. Displays a string in the text field of the Cocoa window. You’ll write a C-callable wrapper function for this method later. See “Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 34). 6. Defines the Interface Builder action associated with the button in the Cocoa window. It invokes the callback (provided by Carbon) that handles the button-press event. You’ll connect the action method to its button target later. See “Creating the Cocoa Window in Interface Builder” (page 35).
Note: The Interface Builder action is an example of how an action method in Cocoa could control something in a Carbon application. The example shows that it is possible, but doesn't perform a task that requires Carbon. That is, the Cocoa bundle could update the text field itself.
Declaring the Controller Interface
The code to declare the interface for the controller is shown in Listing 3-13. The item of note in this listing is the _callBack instance variable. The Carbon application provides the callback function that’s assigned to this variable.
Listing 3-13 Declaring the interface for the controller
#import
#import "CocoaBundle.h" typedef OSStatus (*CallBackType)(int);
@interface Controller : NSObject
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 33 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
{ id window; id textField; CallBackType _callBack; }
- (void)setCallBack:(CallBackType)callBack; - (void)showWindow; + (id)sharedController; @end
Writing C-Callable Wrapper Functions
Listing 3-14 shows the C-callable wrapper functions that are part of the Cocoa bundle. These functions are in the Controller.m file in the CocoaInCarbon project. Each function in Listing 3-14 wraps around one of the methods shown in Listing 3-12 (page 32). After the Carbon application loads the Cocoa bundle, the application can obtain function pointers to these C-callable wrapper functions.
One of the critical items in this code is the use of NSAutoreleasePool. For a Cocoa bundle loaded by a Carbon application, you must set up autorelease pools as needed. A detailed explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
Listing 3-14 C-callable wrapper functions for the Cocoa bundle
OSStatus initializeBundle (OSStatus (*callBack)(int)) // 1 { Controller *controller; NSAutoreleasePool *localPool;
localPool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; // 2 controller = [[Controller alloc] init]; // 3 [controller setCallBack:callBack]; // 4 [localPool release]; // 5 return noErr; }
OSStatus orderWindowFront(void) // 6 { NSAutoreleasePool *localPool;
localPool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; [[Controller sharedController] showWindow]; [localPool release]; return noErr; }
OSStatus changeText (CFStringRef message) // 7 { NSAutoreleasePool *localPool;
localPool = [[NSAutoreleasePool alloc] init]; [[Controller sharedController] changeText:(NSString *)message]; // 8 [localPool release];
34 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
return noErr; }
Here’s what the code does:
1. Defines a C-callable wrapper function that must be called by the Carbon application to initialize Cocoa. 2. Allocates and initializes NSAutoreleasePool, as required. You must do this for each C- callable wrapper function. See “C-Callable Wrapper Functions” (page 12) for more information.
3. Calls the init method. Recall that this method makes the required call to NSApplicationLoad. 4. Assigns the callback function provided by the Carbon application to the controller’s callback instance variable. 5. Releases the local autorelease pool.
6. Defines a C-callable wrapper function for the showWindow method.
7. Defines a C-callable wrapper function for the changeText: method.
8. Casts a CFStringRef to NSString*. Recall from Chapter 2, “Carbon and Cocoa Integration Concepts”, that the CFString data type is toll-free bridged to the NSString class.
Creating the Cocoa Window in Interface Builder
You must use Interface Builder to create the Cocoa window and connect targets to the appropriate actions. When the button in the sample application (see Figure 3-4) is pressed, it triggers the buttonPressed action method. Recall from Listing 3-12 (page 32) that the buttonPressed method calls the callback function assigned to the controller. In the CocoaInCarbon application, the callback is provided by the Carbon application.
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 35 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Figure 3-4 Connecting a button to a button-pressed action
For more information on creating a Cocoa window in Interface Builder, see the Currency Converter Tutorial:
http://developer.apple.com/macosx/gettingstarted/
Setting Up the Carbon Application to Use the Cocoa Interface
Your Carbon application must perform a number a tasks to use the interface provided by the Cocoa bundle. These tasks are described in the following sections:
■ “Including the Common Header File” (page 36) ■ “Loading the Cocoa Bundle” (page 37) ■ “Obtaining Function Pointers and Initializing Cocoa” (page 37) ■ “Writing a Bundle Command Handler” (page 38)
Including the Common Header File
The Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application that loads the bundle each need to have a copy of the header file that declares any constants used to communicate events with each other. Listing 3-11 (page 32) shows the header file (CocoaBundle.h) that needs to be included with both the Cocoa bundle and the Carbon application for the CocoaInCarbon project. See “Writing a Common Header File” (page 31) for details.
36 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Loading the Cocoa Bundle
You need to obtain the bundle reference (CFBundleRef) to your Cocoa bundle in order to load the bundle and obtain function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions needed by your Carbon application. Listing 3-4 (page 21) shows a utility function (MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle) that loads a bundle from an application’s Frameworks folder.
For the CocoaInCarbon application, the point at which you’d call the function MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle is when your Carbon application responds to the event to open the Cocoa window. This event occurs when the user chooses Open Cocoa Window from the Test menu. (See “About the CocoaInCarbon Application” (page 29).)
Obtaining Function Pointers and Initializing Cocoa
After you have loaded the Cocoa bundle in your Carbon application, you can obtain function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions that are in the Cocoa bundle. You need the Core Foundation bundle reference (CFBundleRef) to the Cocoa bundle to obtain these function pointers. The bundleRef parameter to the function MyLoadPrivateFrameworkBundle shown in Listing 3-4 (page 21) is, on return, a reference to the bundle.
To obtain function pointers to the C-callable wrapper functions in the Cocoa bundle, you pass the bundle reference to the Core Foundation Bundle Services functions CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName or CFBundleGetFunctionPointersForNames. The first function obtains a pointer for one function, while the other obtains a table of function pointers.
The function CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName takes two parameters: a bundle reference to the bundle you want to search and a Core Foundation string reference that specifies the name of the function you want to locate.
Once you have obtained a function pointer to the initialization function, you must call the function, as shown in Listing 3-15. It’s important to check for errors and take the appropriate action should an error occur.
The initialization function takes a callback function as a parameter. In Listing 3-15, the function handleBundleCommand is passed to the initialization function. The handleBundleCommand function is described in “Writing a Bundle Command Handler” (page 38).
Listing 3-15 Calling the initializeBundle C-wrapper function using a function pointer err = (*funcPtr)(handleBundleCommand); require_noerr(err, CantInitializeBundle);
After the initialization function has executed successfully, you can obtain and call function pointers to other C-wrapper functions that are in the Cocoa bundle. There are two additional C-wrapper functions in the CocoaInCarbon application—orderWindowFront and changeText.
Listing 3-16 shows the code that obtains a function pointer to the orderWindowFront function and then calls the function. The function is called when the user chooses Open Cocoa Window from the Test menu in the Carbon portion of the interface. Note the code checks for errors and takes appropriate action.
Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application 37 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Listing 3-16 Calling the C-wrapper function to open the Cocoa window
showPtr = CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName (bundleRef, CFSTR ("orderWindowFront")); require (showPtr, CantFindFunction);
err = (*showPtr)(); require_noerr(err, CantCallFunction);
Writing a Bundle Command Handler
The Carbon code in the CocoaInCarbon application provides a function (handleBundleCommand) that is passed as a parameter to the C-wrapper function that initializes Cocoa. When the user presses the button in the Cocoa window, the action method associated with the button invokes the handleBundleCommand function. In the CocoaInCarbon application, this function just sends a string back to the Cocoa bundle, so it is not really necessary. However, the handleBundleCommand function does illustrate how a more complex application could be notified of user actions in the Cocoa bundle.
The handleBundleCommand function is shown in Listing 3-17. A detailed explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
Listing 3-17 A Carbon function that handles a Cocoa button press
static OSStatus handleBundleCommand (int commandID) { OSStatus osStatus = noErr; if (commandID == kEventButtonPressed) // 1 { OSStatus (*funcPtr)(CFStringRef message);
funcPtr = CFBundleGetFunctionPointerForName (bundleRef, CFSTR("changeText")); // 2 require (funcPtr, CantFindFunction); osStatus = (*funcPtr)(CFSTR("Button pressed!")); // 3 require_noerr (osStatus, CantCallFunction); } CantFindFunction: CantCallFunction: return osStatus; }
Here’s what the code does:
1. Checks to make sure it’s a button-press event, the only event handled by the function.
2. Obtains a function pointer to the C-callable wrapper function changeText.
3. Calls the changeText C-wrapper function with the string “Button pressed!”
38 Using a Cocoa User Interface in a Carbon Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Summary
This section demonstrated how you can write a Carbon application that uses a Cocoa user interface, possible only in the Jaguar and later versions of Mac OS X. The Cocoa user interface and all methods needed to handle the interface must be provided in a Cocoa bundle. In addition, the Cocoa bundle must call the NSLoadApplication function to initialize the bundle for use in a Carbon application.The Cocoa bundle supplies C-callable wrapper functions for any method whose functionality is needed by the Carbon application.
The Carbon application must load the Cocoa bundle at runtime and obtain function pointers to any C-callable wrapper functions the application needs. One of the C-wrapper function must be an initialization function. After the initialization function has executed successfully, the Carbon application can (through using function pointers) call any of the C-wrapper functions it needs.
The code in this section is taken from the sample application CocoaInCarbon. Although most of the code from the CocoaInCarbon application is shown in the listings in this section, not all of the code is included. You should download the CocoaInCarbon Project Builder project to see how the Carbon and Cocoa pieces fit together. You can get the sample code from the ADC Member Site Download Software area:
http://connect.apple.com
Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application
This section describes how you can use a Carbon user interface in a Cocoa application. In the Jaguar and later versions of Mac OS X, the system automatically provides code that allows Cocoa and Carbon to communicate user events to each other. Communication between the two application environments is what enables a Cocoa application to use a Carbon user interface.
Using a Carbon interface in a Cocoa application requires you to perform the following major tasks:
■ “Creating the Carbon User Interface” (page 41). You use Interface Builder to create a Carbon window and add controls and other items to the window. ■ “Setting Up the Cocoa Application to Use the Carbon User Interface” (page 41). You load the nib file that specifies the Carbon window, create an NSWindow to allow management of the Carbon window with Cocoa methods, and show the window. The tasks described in the following sections are illustrated using sample code taken from a working application—CarbonInCocoa. See “About the CarbonInCocoa Application” (page 40) for a description of the application. You can download the code for this application from the ADC Member Site Download Software area:
http://connect.apple.com
Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application 39 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
About the CarbonInCocoa Application
As you read the subsequent sections it may be helpful to have an idea of how the CarbonInCocoa application behaves and what the user interface looks like. When the Cocoa application is launched, the window shown in Figure 3-5 appears. This window is a Cocoa window created with Interface Builder.
Figure 3-5 The Cocoa user interface for the CarbonInCocoa application
When the user clicks the Show Carbon Window button, the window shown in Figure 3-6 opens and becomes the frontmost and active window. The window in Figure 3-6 is a Carbon window created with Interface Builder. When the user clicks one of the windows, that window becomes the active window. The user can type text in the text field in either window, copy the text from one window to the other, or cut the text from either window.
Figure 3-6 The Carbon user interface for the CarbonInCocoa application
The CarbonInCocoa application is simple. Its purpose is to show how little code you need to provide to use a Carbon user interface in a Cocoa application.
40 Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Creating the Carbon User Interface
You should use Interface Builder to create the Carbon user interface. Follow these steps to create a Carbon window:
1. Open Interface Builder. 2. Under Carbon in the Starting Pointdialogselect Window and click New. 3. When the window appears, drag items form the Carbon palette to the window to create the interface.
See Creating a User Interface With Interface Builder for details on how to use Interface Builder, available from this website: http://developer.apple.com/macosx/gettingstarted/
See Inside Mac OS X: Aqua Human Interface Guidelines for information on making an Aqua-compliant interface, available from this website: http://developer.apple.com/documentation/UserExperience/Conceptual/AquaHIGuidelines/index.html
4. Save the file. Interface Builder saves the interface in a nib file. (The “ib” in “nib” represents Interface Builder.) A nib file contains an archive of the interface. When you want to show the interface, you need to unarchive the nib file. You’ll see how to do this in “Loading the Nib File” (page 42).
Setting Up the Cocoa Application to Use the Carbon User Interface
You must perform the following tasks to enable your Cocoa application to use the Carbon user interface:
■ “Adding the Nib File that Specifies the Carbon Interface” (page 41) ■ “Declaring the Interface for the Controller” (page 42) ■ “Loading the Nib File” (page 42) ■ “Creating an NSWindow Object for the Carbon Window” (page 43) ■ “Showing the Carbon Window” (page 43)
Adding the Nib File that Specifies the Carbon Interface
To add the nib fie that specifies the Carbon interface, do the following:
1. Open the Project Builder project for your Cocoa application. 2. Choose Add Files from the Project menu. 3. Locate the nib file and double-click its name.
Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application 41 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
4. Click Add in the dialog that appears. If your Cocoa application has more than one target, you need to choose the appropriate target before you click Add.
Declaring the Interface for the Controller
Your controller for the CarbonInCocoa application has two instance variables: a WindowRef for the Carbon window and an NSWindow object. The NSWindow object allows management of the Carbon window using Cocoa methods. (See “Showing the Carbon Window” (page 43).)
The sample application’s controller has no other instance variables, but your application would need to declare any other instance variables that are appropriate. Listing 3-18 shows the declaration for the controller in the CarbonInCocoa application.
Listing 3-18 The declaration for the controller
@interface MyController : NSObject { WindowRef window; NSWindow *cocoaFromCarbonWin; } @end
Loading the Nib File
The Cocoa nib file is loaded automatically when the Cocoa application launches. But you must explicitly load the nib file that contains the Carbon interface. For the CarbonInCocoa application, the nib file is loaded in response to the user clicking the Show Carbon Window button in the Cocoa window.
Listing 3-19 shows the code needed to load the Carbon nib file at runtime. An explanation for each numbered line of code appears following the listing.
Listing 3-19 Loading a nib file for a Carbon window
CFBundleRef bundleRef; IBNibRef nibRef; OSStatus err;
bundleRef = CFBundleGetMainBundle(); // 1 err = CreateNibReferenceWithCFBundle (bundleRef, CFSTR("SampleWindow"), &nibRef); // 2 if (err!=noErr) NSLog(@"failed to createcarbonnib reference");
CFRelease(bundleRef); // 3
err = CreateWindowFromNib (nibRef,
42 Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
CFSTR("CarbonWindow"), &window); // 4 if (err!=noErr) NSLog(@"failed to create carbon window from nib");
DisposeNibReference (nibRef); // 5
Here’s what the code does:
1. Calls the Core Foundation Bundle Services function CFBundleGetMainBundle to obtain an instance of the application's main bundle. You need this reference for thenextcall.
2. Calls the Interface Builder (IB) Services function CreateNibReferenceWithCFBundle to create a reference to the Carbon window’s nib file. The Core Foundation string you provide must be the name of the nib file, but without the .nib extension. 3. Releases the bundle reference, as it is no longer needed.
4. Calls the IB Services function CreateWindowFromNib to unarchive the Carbon window from the nib file. On return, window is a WindowRef to the Carbon window. Recall from “Declaring the Interface for the Controller” (page 42) that window is a controller instance variable.
5. Calls the IB Services function DisposeNibReference to dispose of the reference to the nib file. You should call this function immediately after you have finished unarchiving an object.
Creating an NSWindow Object for the Carbon Window
You do not need to create an NSWindow object for the Carbon window. However, doing so lets you manage the Carbon window using Cocoa methods rather than Carbon functions, which may be desirable in some applications and is what the CarbonInCocoa application does.
You can create an NSWindow object for a Carbon window by allocating an NSWindow object, then initializing the object using the initWithWindowRef: method, as shown in the following line of code: cocoaFromCarbonWin = [[NSWindow alloc] initWithWindowRef:window];
Recall from “Loading the Nib File” (page 42) that window is a reference to the Carbon window.
You can find more information about the NSWindow object and the initWithWindowRef: method from the NSWindow documentation.
Showing the Carbon Window
Because you created an NSWindow object for the Carbon window, you can call the makeKeyAndOrderFront: method to show the window instead of calling the Carbon function ShowWindow. You show the Carbon window with the following line of code:
[cocoaFromCarbonWin makeKeyAndOrderFront:nil];
Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application 43 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. CHAPTER 3 Carbon and Cocoa Integration Tasks
Summary
This section demonstrated how you can write a Cocoa application that uses a Carbon user interface, which is possible only in Jaguar and later versions of Mac OS X. The Carbon user interface (a window with a variety of controls in it) is defined in an Interface Builder nib file that is included as a resource in the Cocoa application. At runtime, the Cocoa application must load the Interface Builder file that contains the interface and then show the Carbon window. The sample code also shows how to create an NSWindow object for the Carbon window. Doing this provides the option of managing the Carbon window using Cocoa methods.
The code in this section is taken from the sample application CarbonInCocoa. Although most of the code from the CarbonInCocoa application is shown in the listings in this section, not all of the code is included. You should download the CarbonInCocoa Project Builder project for a more complete picture of how the Cocoa and Carbon pieces fit together. You can get the sample code from the ADC Member Site Download Software area:
http://connect.apple.com
44 Using a Carbon User Interface in a Cocoa Application Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. REVISION HISTORY
Document Revision History
Table RH-1 describes revisions to Inside Mac OS X: Integrating Carbon and Cocoa in Your Application.
Table RH-1 Document revision history
DateNotes
Jan. 3, 2003 Where possible, links to documentation are now to the local version of the document. Corrected some capitalization errors in Cocoa class names.
Dec. 11, 2002 Updated formatting.
May 2002 Preliminary version of this document.
45 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. REVISION HISTORY Document Revision History
46 Preliminary © 2003, 2004 Apple Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 126, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 27, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404086/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404086/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 126, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 27, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 126, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 27, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404086/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 110, Ed. 1 Tuesday, October 22, 1940
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405976/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 110, Ed. 1 Tuesday, October 22, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 110, Ed. 1 Tuesday, October 22, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405976/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 330, Ed. 1 Sunday, June 30, 1940
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405684/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 330, Ed. 1 Sunday, June 30, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 330, Ed. 1 Sunday, June 30, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405684/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 177, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 27, 1935
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403830/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 177, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 27, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 177, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 27, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403830/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 24, 1935
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403853/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 24, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Sunday, February 24, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403853/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 159, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 10, 1940
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406100/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 159, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 10, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 159, Ed. 1 Tuesday, December 10, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406100/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 135, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 16, 1940
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406041/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 135, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 16, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 135, Ed. 1 Saturday, November 16, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406041/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 30, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 3, 1940
</title>
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<published> 2021-10-11T13:08:27-05:00 </published>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405771/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 30, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 3, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 30, Ed. 1 Saturday, August 3, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405771/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 121, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 21, 1934
</title>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403775/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 121, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 21, 1934" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 121, Ed. 1 Wednesday, November 21, 1934" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403775/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 144, Ed. 1 Monday, November 25, 1940
</title>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406062/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 144, Ed. 1 Monday, November 25, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 144, Ed. 1 Monday, November 25, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1406062/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 16, Ed. 1 Saturday, July 20, 1940
</title>
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<published> 2021-10-11T13:02:11-05:00 </published>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405736/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 16, Ed. 1 Saturday, July 20, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 16, Ed. 1 Saturday, July 20, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405736/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 45, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 18, 1940
</title>
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<published> 2021-10-11T13:14:53-05:00 </published>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405808/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 45, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 18, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 45, Ed. 1 Sunday, August 18, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405808/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 327, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 27, 1940
</title>
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<published> 2021-10-11T12:51:28-05:00 </published>
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405677/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 327, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 27, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 48, No. 327, Ed. 1 Thursday, June 27, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405677/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405677/small/"/>
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<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 123, Ed. 1 Friday, November 23, 1934
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403777/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:09:18-05:00 </published>
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https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403777/
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<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403777/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 123, Ed. 1 Friday, November 23, 1934" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 123, Ed. 1 Friday, November 23, 1934" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403777/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
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<entry>
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El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 14, Ed. 1 Friday, July 19, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403977/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:55:19-05:00 </published>
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</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403977/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 14, Ed. 1 Friday, July 19, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 14, Ed. 1 Friday, July 19, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403977/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403977/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 122, Ed. 1 Friday, November 22, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404082/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:19:05-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404082/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404082/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 122, Ed. 1 Friday, November 22, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 122, Ed. 1 Friday, November 22, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404082/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404082/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 128, Ed. 1 Friday, November 29, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404088/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:20:04-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404088/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404088/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 128, Ed. 1 Friday, November 29, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 128, Ed. 1 Friday, November 29, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404088/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404088/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Friday, February 22, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403852/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:25:45-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403852/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403852/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Friday, February 22, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 200, Ed. 1 Friday, February 22, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403852/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403852/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 185, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 5, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403837/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:22:48-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403837/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403837/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 185, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 5, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 185, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 5, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403837/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403837/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 41, Ed. 1 Tuesday, August 20, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404004/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:01:30-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404004/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404004/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 41, Ed. 1 Tuesday, August 20, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 41, Ed. 1 Tuesday, August 20, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404004/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404004/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 175, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 24, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403828/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:20:30-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403828/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403828/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 175, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 24, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 175, Ed. 1 Thursday, January 24, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403828/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403828/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 143, Ed. 1 Monday, December 17, 1934
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403796/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:13:31-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403796/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403796/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 143, Ed. 1 Monday, December 17, 1934" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 143, Ed. 1 Monday, December 17, 1934" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403796/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403796/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 93, Ed. 1 Saturday, October 5, 1940
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405934/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T13:38:35-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405934/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405934/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 93, Ed. 1 Saturday, October 5, 1940" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 49, No. 93, Ed. 1 Saturday, October 5, 1940" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405934/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1405934/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 202, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 26, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403855/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:26:32-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403855/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403855/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 202, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 26, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 202, Ed. 1 Tuesday, February 26, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403855/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403855/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 227, Ed. 1 Monday, March 25, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403877/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:31:44-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403877/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403877/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 227, Ed. 1 Monday, March 25, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 227, Ed. 1 Monday, March 25, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403877/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403877/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 7, Ed. 1 Thursday, July 11, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403970/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:53:46-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403970/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403970/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 7, Ed. 1 Thursday, July 11, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 7, Ed. 1 Thursday, July 11, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403970/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403970/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 49, Ed. 1 Thursday, August 29, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404012/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:03:23-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404012/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404012/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 49, Ed. 1 Thursday, August 29, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 49, Ed. 1 Thursday, August 29, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404012/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<summary type=" html"> ... </summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404012/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 15, Ed. 1 Sunday, July 21, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403978/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:55:56-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403978/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403978/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 15, Ed. 1 Sunday, July 21, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 15, Ed. 1 Sunday, July 21, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403978/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<summary type=" html"> ... </summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403978/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 117, Ed. 1 Sunday, November 17, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404077/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:17:48-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404077/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404077/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 117, Ed. 1 Sunday, November 17, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 117, Ed. 1 Sunday, November 17, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404077/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<summary type=" html"> ... </summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404077/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 178, Ed. 1 Monday, January 28, 1935
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403831/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T06:21:22-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403831/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403831/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 178, Ed. 1 Monday, January 28, 1935" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 43, No. 178, Ed. 1 Monday, January 28, 1935" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403831/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<summary type=" html"> ... </summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1403831/small/"/>
</entry>
<entry>
<title>
El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 170, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 19, 1936
</title>
<link href=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404119/?q=%22~1~1~1%22~1" rel=" alternate"/>
<published> 2021-10-11T07:26:48-05:00 </published>
<id>
https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404119/
</id>
<summary type=" html">
<p><a href="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404119/"><img alt="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 170, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 19, 1936" title="El Heraldo De Brownsville (Brownsville, Tex.), Vol. 44, No. 170, Ed. 1 Sunday, January 19, 1936" src="https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404119/small/"/></a></p><p>Daily newspaper from Brownsville, Texas that includes local, state and national news along with advertising.</p>
</summary>
<summary type=" html"> ... </summary>
<media:thumbnail url=" https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth1404119/small/"/>
</entry>
| https://texashistory.unt.edu/explore/titles/t02435/feed/?q=%22%7E1%7E1%7E1%22%7E1&sort=default&start=216&t=fulltext |
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Table
AL
W
L
GB
SRS
East
TBR
26
6
--
3.3
BAL
21
10
4.5
0.4
BOS
19
14
7.5
1.3
TOR
18
14
8.0
0.2
NYY
17
15
9.0
0.1
Central
MIN
18
14
--
0.4
CLE
14
17
3.5
-1.3
DET
13
17
4.0
-0.8
CHW
10
22
8.0
-1.1
KCR
8
24
10.0
-1.5
West
TEX
18
12
--
1.8
LAA
18
14
1.0
0.1
HOU
16
15
2.5
1.1
SEA
15
16
3.5
-0.4
OAK
6
26
13.0
-3.5
Glossary
Table
NL
W
L
GB
SRS
East
ATL
22
10
--
1.3
MIA
16
16
6.0
-1.6
NYM
16
16
6.0
-0.6
PHI
15
17
7.0
-1.0
WSN
13
18
8.5
-0.3
Central
PIT
20
12
--
1.4
MIL
18
13
1.5
0.5
CHC
15
16
4.5
1.3
CIN
13
18
6.5
-0.3
STL
10
22
10.0
-0.5
West
LAD
19
13
--
1.5
ARI
17
14
1.5
0.4
SDP
17
15
2.0
0.1
2023 MLB Rules Changes Effect on Stats and Pace of Play Game time, batting average, stolen bases, clock violations
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Batters
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3-4, 1 hr, 2 rbi, 2 r
LAA
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BAL
2-2, 4 rbi, 2 sb
Masataka Yoshida
3-5, 1 hr, 3 rbi, 3 r
Eloy Jiménez
CHW
3-5, 1 hr, 3 rbi, 1 r
box
Pitchers
Eduardo Rodriguez
DET
8.0 ip, 0 er, 9 k, 1 bb
box
Zach Eflin
TBR
7.0 ip, 0 er, 10 k, 0 bb
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CHW
7.0 ip, 1 er, 7 k, 3 bb
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Patrick Corbin
WSN
7.0 ip, 2 er, 6 k, 0 bb
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MIN
7.0 ip, 2 er, 8 k, 1 bb
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Big Plays (by WPA )
Table
Inn
Out
RoB
bWPA
Score
@Bat
Batter
Pitcher
Play Description
b9
0
---
37%
3-3
WSN
A. Call
B. Boxberger
CHC
Home Run (Fly Ball to Deep LF Line)
t8
2
---
26%
1-2
MIN
B. Buxton
R. López
CHW
Home Run (Fly Ball to Deep LF)
t9
0
1--
24%
3-3
CHC
S. Suzuki
K. Finnegan
WSN
Double to LF (Fly Ball to Deep LF Line)
t8
2
-2-
24%
2-3
CHC
N. Hoerner
H. Harvey
WSN
Single to RF (Ground Ball thru 2B-1B)
t10
1
12-
-24%
2-2
MIN
C. Correa
J. Lambert
CHW
Ground Ball Double Play: 2B-SS-1B
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How many Nm required to cut red Plastic Tubing | Forum for Electronics
I am trying to make an autocutter to cut the red tubing in the attached photo CAM.jpg I have a NEMA 17 stepper motor which can provide 0.4Nm And this...
How many Nm required to cut red Plastic Tubing
I am trying to make an autocutter to cut the red tubing in the attached photo CAM.jpg I have a NEMA 17 stepper motor which can provide 0.4Nm And this needs to turn the cam also in the photo and push a stanley knife blade down with enough force to slice through the red tubing. However it seems that 0.4nM is no where near enough. But I don't have any context, through previous projects, to give much idea of the ball park amount of torque I would need. Looking on ebay at various NEMA stepper motors I found this table attachment NEMA.jpg Can anyone give me at least a rough idea of the minimum torque (from NEMA.jpg) I am likely to need to cut through the plastic tubing?
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Have you considered using a gear mechanism to convert motor torque to the linear motion of the blade? It would make more sense to make the motor pass through several steps to produce the required depth of cut, a high gear ratio would make it easy. Alternatively, can the cam be replaced by a rotating screw shaft as a simple way to convert rotary to linear motion? Brian.
The knife force will be quantified in N rather than Nm (torque). Nm comes into play when you design the mechanism to drive the knife. Without a design with respective gear ratio and efficiency as well as a cutting speed specification, you don't know the required motor torque and power.
betwixt said:
Have you considered using a gear mechanism to convert motor torque to the linear motion of the blade? It would make more sense to make the motor pass through several steps to produce the required depth of cut, a high gear ratio would make it easy. Alternatively, can the cam be replaced by a rotating screw shaft as a simple way to convert rotary to linear motion? Brian.
I did, but it appears that the gear mechanisms on ebay are way more expensive than just getting a NEMA with more torque.
Apart from the fact I would not have to modify my build if I used a NEMA with more torque.
I don't know whether these give your all a better idea.
It looks a sthough I have one of these NEMAs:
https://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Nema-17...696892&hash=item288b0a36dd:g:rvgAAOSwIZJd~Fuf
It says it is capable of 44Ncm.
I assume that is 44N of torque at a radius of 1cm.
So would that be 22N at 2cm etc?
Give me a ball park figure of what sort of torque might be capable of pushing down the block against my springs.
88Ncm? 176Ncm? 880Ncm? I have no context with this problem.
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Hi, If I understand correctly, then the excentric red part presses the knife to the plastic tube to cut it off. This needs a lot of force. I´d do some test with a rope, a bucket and water. Fix the rope in a way that it when you pull on it it presses the knife to the plastic tube at the other end of the rope fix a bucket. The bucek should be freely hanging down on the rope. Maybe you need some metal ring or similar to redirect the rope. Then gently fill water into the bucket until the plastic tube gets cut off. Measure the weigh of bucket with water, then calculate force in Newton. Klaus
KlausST said:
Hi, If I understand correctly, then the excentric red part presses the knife to the plastic tube to cut it off. This needs a lot of force. I´d do some test with a rope, a bucket and water. Fix the rope in a way that it when you pull on it it presses the knife to the plastic tube at the other end of the rope fix a bucket. The bucek should be freely hanging down on the rope. Maybe you need some metal ring or similar to redirect the rope. Then gently fill water into the bucket until the plastic tube gets cut off. Measure the weigh of bucket with water, then calculate force in Newton. Klaus
Good thinking. That just did not occur to me at all.
Even more simply, if I can figure out how to balance an ice cream container on the wood block, then I could just keep adding water until the blade cuts through through the plastic tube.
You have to push the blade AND compress the springs AND overcome the friction of the cam using that method so even more force is needed. A simple fix might be to replace one of the metal supports with a plain rod, attach the motor to a screw thread on the other side and use the motor in forward or reverse to cut and retract the blade. A nut on the screw thread can move the blade carrier. With say a 4mm screw thread, to traverse the cutting distance would probably take five or six complete revolutions of the motor so you would have a huge increase in blade pressure without changing the motor at all. The drawback is you don't get to eat the ice cream. Brian.
So 4.75kg seems to be sufficient. F=ma = 4.75 * 9.8 = 46.55N F = T / (L * sin Angle) Length of the cam from the centre of rotation is about 4.7cm or 0.047m Angle of engagement is about 45 degrees. 46.55 = T / (0.047 * sin 45) 46.55 * 0.031819 = T T = 1.48Nm Does that seem about right? This Nema should be sufficient if my calculations are correct. https://www.ebay.com.au/itm/Stepper...hash=item4675a345ad:m:mQRSPwlho--zmS1nP_QF3ZQ
you might try a saw: Like **broken link removed** using diamond wire https://www.diamondwiretec.com/wires/diamond-wires-overview
Let gravity assist in slicing through the tube. Have the motor lift a weight up several inches. Then drop the weight onto the knife, which cuts through the tube. Or the miniature saw & cutoff disks (made for the Dremel Moto-tool). The mandrel can be chocked into an ordinary drill. (No need to get an expensive Dremel.) I joined a small motor to the mandrel by a tube of the right size.
A windlass at the motor shaft and a pulley at the blade arm can be assembled from hardware- or hobby-store small brass parts. Stout bit of braided fishing line and there's your linear motion. Maybe a tension spring for return. Easy peasy and no fancy tolerances to get your mechanical advantage.
Hi, Another approch is to additionally make the tube to rotate. This reduces force, but maybe increases time. Klaus
You might reduce the amount of force needed by going with a v-shaped blade. If your handy with a grinder and blade sharpener you could fashion one from a thin piece of metal like a putty knife blade. A takeaway might be that the blade will have to travel further to complete the cut.
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Hi, good idea. those blades are sold by FESTO. The blades´ part number is #218606 and are normally used with Tubing cutter ZRS 7658. https://www.festo.com/net/en-gb_gb/SupportPortal/InternetSearch.aspx Klaus
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Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family. - Free Online Library
Free Online Library: Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family.(NEWS) by " Telegram & Gazette (Worcester, MA)" ; News, opinion and commentary General interest
Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family.
Link/Page Citation
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HTML link: Citations: MLA style: "Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family.." The Free Library . 2007 Worcester Telegram & Gazette 29 Jun. 2023 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Home+sweet+home%3b+Elderly+residents+part+of+a+family.-a0160495953 Chicago style: The Free Library . S.v. Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family.." Retrieved Jun 29 2023 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Home+sweet+home%3b+Elderly+residents+part+of+a+family.-a0160495953 APA style: Home sweet home; Elderly residents part of a family.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jun 29 2023 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Home+sweet+home%3b+Elderly+residents+part+of+a+family.-a0160495953
Byline: John Dignam
WEBSTER - Elizabeth Fras believes small is better when it comes to
caring for the elderly, providing a more intimate alternative to larger
assisted living facilities.
Mrs. Fras is owner and manager of Golden Life Home Care, a
three-unit assisted living residence that is the smallest in Central
Massachusetts and one of only two that size in the state.
"Here, it is like home. It is home," she said. "They
(the residents) are part of the family."
The family includes her husband, Michael K. Fras, plus Kasia, a
yellow Labrador retriever, and two calico kittens.
Yesterday morning, Kasia sat beside resident Claire M. Bazinet,
occasionally putting her head on her leg, as Ms. Bazinet ate breakfast.
The assisted living residence at 15 Aldrich St. is a ranch-style,
single-family home that the Frases bought in 2004 and renovated. They
opened it as an assisted living residence in late 2005.
As caregivers, the Frases provide housing and support services to
people who cannot live alone, but don't need the daily nursing care
a nursing home would provide.
According to state assisted living regulations, residences provide
room and board and provide for or arrange for personal care services and
activities of daily living for three or more adults. The facilities can
arrange for nursing care, but not for residents needing 24-hour skilled
nursing care.
Paul Williams, spokesman for the Assisted Living Federation of
America, said in a recent interview that more than 1 million people live
in 38,000 assisted living residences nationwide, ranging from three-unit
residences to multi-campus facilities. The average size, he said, is 50
units.
"There's a big market for the small residential
facilities," he said, noting that two-thirds of the facilities in
Florida have 20 beds or less. "A significant percentage of those
are under 10 beds.
"For a lot of people, the big ones are just too big. A lot of
residents are more comfortable in a small, intimate setting," he
said.
According to the Massachusetts Executive Office of Elder Affairs,
Golden Life Home Care and Rubin & Thompson Assisted Living in Saugus
are the only two residences in the state with three units. Statewide, 13
facilities have 10 or fewer units.
Since 1994, the number of assisted living residences in
Massachusetts has grown from about 30 to 192, according to the EOEA.
Michael Banville, spokesman for the Massachusetts Assisted Living
Facilities Association, said that while theSaugus and Webster residences
are the smallest, there are many small residences in the state.
"Assisted living in Massachusetts is pretty diverse," Mr.
Banville said yesterday. "There have always been others with maybe
10 or 15 units. Some might be 30 or 40 units, and there are some that
are over 100 units.
"These two widened the definition of diversity," he said.
"That's important for consumer choice. Some people like a
really small, intimate residence. Some like medium and some like the
larger type of setting."
Mrs. Fras had owned an assisted living facility with five units in
Tempe, Ariz., and was planning to expand to 10 when the couple moved
back East in 2004 to be with family. She said 10 units is the maximum
that would allow personal care and a home-like atmosphere
The house here has three bedrooms, one with two beds, for
residents, plus a bedroom and office for the Frases. Mrs. Fras said she
would like eventually to expand to 10 units here.
Ms. Fras provides three-quarters of the direct care and does most
of the cooking. She said she has been certified as a home care manager,
care giver and nursing assistant, and Mr. Fras, who also works in
construction, is a certified caregiver.
The couple, both of whom came from Poland, said they didn't
realize until after they bought the house that there is a large Polish
community here.
Mrs. Bazinet recently celebrated one year at Golden Life Home Care
and agreed with Mrs. Fras that it is homelike.
Elizabeth A. Marchand, Mrs. Bazinet's niece, said the setting
has been much more than home-like for her aunt.
"She was essentially incapacitated when she went to Golden
Life," Ms. Marchand said yesterday. "Now, Claire has a better
quality of life than she did for the last two years when she lived in
her apartment alone."
She said she had researched where her aunt could go as she prepared
to leave a rehabilitation center she had entered after becoming ill. She
said she believed the smaller residence "far surpassed" what
the larger ones offered her aunt.
Ms. Marchand said she had worked in group home settings for the
mentally retarded for many years, "and I always wondered why the
group home model never applied to the elderly. With baby boomers heading
toward retirement and what comes after, this is something that should be
popping up all over the state.
"It's a residential setting, as opposed to an
institutional setting. There's more individualized care and it more
closely approximates real life," Ms. Marchand said.
She said she believed there were not more small residences in
Massachusetts "because people are afraid of the unknown."
Ms. Bazinet, who goes to church and to restaurants with the Frases,
said she misses the independence of her apartment and especially
driving. But "this is comfortable. I'm eating more Polish
foods," she said and laughed.
ART: PHOTOS
PHOTOG: T&G Staff Photos/DAN GOULD
CUTLINE: (PHOTO 1) Resident Claire M. Bazinet sits at Golden Life
Home Care, with caregivers Michael K. Fras and Elizabeth Fras. (PHOTO 2)
A residential room at Golden Life Home Care assisted living.
COPYRIGHT 2007 Worcester Telegram & Gazette
No portion of this article can be reproduced without the express written permission from the copyright holder.
Copyright 2007 Gale, Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.
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Rutynowa suplementacja witaminy A w prewencji ślepoty spowodowanej zakażeniem wirusem odry u dzieci - Bello, S - 2016 | Cochrane Library
Blindness [etiology, *prevention & control]; Measles [*complications]; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Vitamin A [*administration & dosage, blood]; Vitamins [*administration & dosage, blood]
Rutynowa suplementacja witaminy A w prewencji ślepoty spowodowanej zakażeniem wirusem odry u dzieci
References
References to studies included in this review
Coutsoudis 1991 {published data only}
Coutsoudis A, Broughton M, Coovadia HM.
Vitamin A supplementation reduces measles morbidity in young African children: a randomized placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial
.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1991
;
54
:890‐5.
Coutsoudis A, Coovadia HM, Broughton M, Salisbury RT, Elison I.
Micronutrient utilization during measles treated with vitamin A or placebo
.
Internet Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research
1990
;
61
(1991):199‐204.
Rosale 1996 {published data only (unpublished sought but not used)}
Rosale FJ.
Vitamin A supplementation of vitamin A deficient measles patients lowers the risk of measle‐related pneumonia in Zambian children
.
Journal of Nutrition
2002
;
132
(12):3700‐3.
Rosale FJ, Kjolhede C, Goodman S.
Efficacy of a single oral dose of 200,000 IU of oil‐soluble vitamin A in measles‐associated morbidity
.
American Journal of Epidemiology
1996
;
143
(5):413‐22.
Rosales FJ, Kjolhede C.
A single 210‐μmol oral dose of retinol does not enhance the immune response in children with measles
.
Journal of Nutrition
1994
;
124
:1604‐14.
References to studies excluded from this review
Dollimore 1997 {published data only}
Dollimore N, Cutts F, Binka FN, Ross DA, Morris SS, Smith PG.
Measles incidence, case fatality, and delayed mortality in children with or without vitamin A supplementation in rural Ghana
.
American Journal of Epidemiology
1997
;
146
(8):646‐53.
Hussey 1990 {published data only}
Hussey GD, Klein M.
A randomized, controlled trial of vitamin A in children with severe measles
.
New England Journal of Medicine
1990
;
323
(3):160‐4.
Additional references
Al‐Kubaisy 2002
Al‐Kubaisy W, Al‐Rubaiy MG, Nassief HA.
Xerophthalmia among hospitalised Iraqi children
.
Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
2002
;
8
:485.
Atkins 2004
Atkins D, Best D, Briss PA, Eccles M, Falck‐Ytter Y, Flottorp S, et al.
GRADE Working Group. Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
.
BMJ
2004
;
328
(7454):1490.
Chan 1990
Chan M.
Vitamin A and measles in the third world children
.
BMJ
1990
;
301
:1230‐1.
CID 1993
Committee on Infectious Diseases.
Vitamin A treatment of measles
.
Pediatrics
1993
;
91
:1014‐5.
Gilbert 2001
Gilbert C, Allen F.
Childhood blindness in the context of vision 2020 ‐ the right to sight
.
Bulletin of the World Health Organization
2001
;
79
:3.
Gilbert 2003
Gilbert C.
Blindness in children: half of it is avoidable and suitable cost effective interventions are available
.
BMJ
2003
;
327
(7418):760‐1.
GRADEproGDT 2015 [Computer program]
GRADEproGDT.
Guideline Development Tool
. www.guidelinedevelopment.org. Evidence Prime, Inc. Hamilton: McMaster University,
2015
.
Higgins 2011
Higgins JPT, Green S (editors).
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011
. Available from www.handbook‐cochrane‐org.
Nemer 2001
Nemer L, Gelband H, Jha P.
The evidence base for interventions to reduce malnutrition in children under‐5 and school‐age children in the low and middle income countries
.
Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (Working paper series) WHO, Geneva
2001
;
WGS 11
:11‐2.
Potter 1997
Potter AR.
Reducing vitamin A deficiency
.
BMJ
1997
;
314
(7077):317.
Sommer 1990
Sommer A.
Xerophthalmia, keratomalacia and nutritional blindness
.
International Ophthalmology
1990
;
14
(3):195‐9.
Yang 2011
Yang HM, Mao M, Wan C.
Vitamin A for treating measles in children
.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2011
, Issue 7. [DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD001479.pub3
]
References to other published versions of this review
Bello 2009
Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot RI.
Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children
.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2009
, Issue 2. [DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD007719
]
Bello 2011
Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot‐Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O.
Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children
.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2011
, Issue 4. [DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub2
]
Bello 2014
Bello S, Meremikwu MM, Ejemot‐Nwadiaro RI, Oduwole O.
Routine vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of blindness due to measles infection in children
.
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2014
, Issue 1. [DOI:
10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub3
]
Characteristics of studies
Characteristics of included studies [ordered by study ID]
Coutsoudis 1991
Methods
Randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Allocation sequence was generated using a table of random numbers
Unit of randomisation was individual participants
Treatment and placebo dropper (dispenser bottle) were number‐coded
Study duration was 7 months
Participants
Inclusion criteria: measles severe enough to warrant hospital admission, measles cases with pneumonia and diarrhoea, age between 4 and 24 months
Exclusion criteria: mild cases of measles (without pneumonia and diarrhoea), children > 24 months, rash > 5 days, vitamin A administration before admission, children with laryngotracheobronchitis
Interventions
Vitamin A versus placebo syrup
Investigators used the WHO‐recommended dose for vitamin A (54.5 mg for children < 12 months, 109 mg for children ≥ 12 months)Vitamin A given at admission, on days 2, 8 and 42
Follow‐up was 6 months
Outcomes
Extent of pneumonia, duration of fever, diarrhoea and pneumonia, incidence of herpes stomatitis and laryngotracheobronchitis. Serum zinc, serum vitamin E, serum retinol, serum retinol‐binding protein (RBP), serum albumin and pre‐albumin, weight gain
Outcomes were measured on days 8, 42 and 6 months post‐intervention
Notes
Study was carried out in 1989
Normal‐phase, high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using fluorescent detection was used to estimate serum retinol level
Risk of bias
Bias
Authors' judgement
Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)
Low risk
Adequate: allocation sequence was generated by table of random numbers
Allocation concealment (selection bias)
Low risk
Adequate: treatment and placebo dropper (dispenser bottle) was number‐coded
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)All outcomes
Low risk
Adequate: double‐blind
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)All outcomes
High risk
Missing outcome data for different outcomes at different times. Differential loss to follow‐up between groups
Selective reporting (reporting bias)
Low risk
All pre‐stated outcomes were reported
Other bias
Low risk
None known
Rosale 1996
Methods
Randomised controlled, double‐blind trial
Allocation sequence generated by table of random numbers
Unit of randomisation: individual participants
Study duration was 7 months
Participants
Inclusion criteria: prodromal or effervescent measles, consent by parents, confirmation by a four‐fold increase in measles antibody titre at end of week 2
Exclusion: cases requiring hospitalisation, xerophthalmia, severe undernutrition, refusal to give consent by parents
Interventions
Vitamin A in oil given as a single dose of 210 μmol (200,000 IU) with vitamin E (42.4 microgram) versus placebo
Co‐interventions: eye ointment, paracetamol, aspirin, tetracycline, intramuscular penicillin, oral rehydration fluids, gentian violet, cough mixture
Follow‐up was for 4 weeks
Outcomes
Cough, pneumonia, serum retinol level, nutritional status
Outcomes were measured 2 weeks and 42 days post‐intervention
Notes
Both nutritional status and eye examination were reportedly done at follow‐up visits. In a feedback communication, the author (Frasisco Rosale) indicated that ".... undernutrition remained unchanged throughout the study period and did not differ significantly between the two groups"and tha t"...... no cases of conjunctivitis was observed in both groups throughout the follow‐up period"
Serum retinol levels were determined by high‐pressure, liquid chromatography
Risk of bias
Bias
Authors' judgement
Support for judgement
Random sequence generation (selection bias)
Low risk
Adequate: sequence was generated using a table of random numbers
Allocation concealment (selection bias)
Low risk
Adequate: codes were used on bottles
Blinding (performance bias and detection bias)All outcomes
Low risk
Adequate: double‐masking of the dispenser bottles which were also number‐coded
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias)All outcomes
High risk
Missing outcome data for different outcomes at different times. Differential loss to follow‐up between groups
Selective reporting (reporting bias)
High risk
Eye examination and conjunctival impression cytology done but we do not have access to information on cytology examination
Other bias
Low risk
None known
IU: international units
Characteristics of excluded studies [ordered by study ID]
Jump to:
included studies
Study
Reason for exclusion
Dollimore 1997
Intervention not targeted at measles participants. No outcome of interest to the review question was measured
Hussey 1990
No outcome of interest to the review question
Data and analyses
Comparison 1. Vitamin A versus placebo
Outcome or subgroup title
No. of studies
No. of participants
Statistical method
Effect size
1 Serum retinol 2 weeks post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
155
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
2.67 [‐0.29, 5.63]
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 1 Serum retinol 2 weeks post‐intervention.
2 Serum retinol 1 week post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
17
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
9.45 [2.19, 16.71]
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 2 Serum retinol 1 week post‐intervention.
3 Serum retinol 6 weeks post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
39
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
2.56 [‐5.28, 10.40]
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 3 Serum retinol 6 weeks post‐intervention.
4 Serum retinol mean change day 8 (1 week post‐intervention) Show forest plot
1
17
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
8.62 [1.22, 16.02]
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 4 Serum retinol mean change day 8 (1 week post‐intervention).
5 Weight gain 6 weeks post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
48
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
0.39 [‐0.04, 0.82]
Analysis 1.5
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 5 Weight gain 6 weeks post‐intervention.
6 Weight gain 6 months post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
36
Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)
0.52 [‐0.08, 1.12]
Analysis 1.6
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 6 Weight gain 6 months post‐intervention.
7 Undernutrition 1 week post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
145
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)
0.93 [0.56, 1.54]
Analysis 1.7
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 7 Undernutrition 1 week post‐intervention.
8 Undernutrition 2 weeks post‐intervention Show forest plot
1
147
Risk Ratio (M‐H, Fixed, 95% CI)
0.82 [0.52, 1.29]
Analysis 1.8
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 8 Undernutrition 2 weeks post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 1
Methodological quality graph: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item presented as percentages across all included studies.
Figures and Tables -
Figure 2
Methodological quality summary: review authors' judgements about each methodological quality item for each included study.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.1
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 1 Serum retinol 2 weeks post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.2
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 2 Serum retinol 1 week post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.3
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 3 Serum retinol 6 weeks post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.4
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 4 Serum retinol mean change day 8 (1 week post‐intervention).
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.5
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 5 Weight gain 6 weeks post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.6
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 6 Weight gain 6 months post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.7
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 7 Undernutrition 1 week post‐intervention.
Figures and Tables -
Analysis 1.8
Comparison 1 Vitamin A versus placebo, Outcome 8 Undernutrition 2 weeks post‐intervention.
Vitamin A compared with placebo or no vitamin A for prevention of blindness
Patient or population:children with measles infection and no clinically demonstrable vitamin A deficiency
Settings:resource‐limited countries
Intervention:vitamin A
Comparison:placebo or no vitamin A
Outcomes
Illustrative comparative risks* (95% CI)
Relative effect (95% CI)
No. of participants (studies)
Quality of the evidence (GRADE)
Comments
Assumed risk
Corresponding risk
Placebo
Vitamin A
Blindness
See comment
Not estimable
260 (2 studies)
See comment
None of the studies reported blindness as an end point
Serum retinol (1 week post‐intervention)
(mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error (SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 29.0 ± 2.2 (95% CI 24.8 to 33.3)
X ± SE in the intervention group was 38.5 ±3.0 (95% CI 32.6 to 44.4)
9.5 higher (2.2 higher to 16.7 higher)
17 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
Serum retinol (2 weeks post‐intervention)(mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 19.0 ± 0.7 (95% CI 17.6 to 20.3)
X ± SE in the intervention group was 21.6 ± 1.1 (95% CI 19.5 to 23.7)
2.7 higher (0.3 lower to 5.6 higher)
155 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
Serum retinol (6 weeks post‐intervention)(mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 28.5 ± 2.4 (95% CI 23.86 to 33.12)
X ± SE in the intervention group was 31.1 ± 3.2 (95% CI 24.7 to 37.4)
2.6 higher (5.3 lower to 10.4 higher)
39 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
Serum retinol (mean change 1 week post‐intervention)(mean X (µg/dL) ± standard error SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 17.3 ± 1.9 (95% CI 13.7 to 21.0)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 26.0 ± 3.3 (95% CI 19.6 to 32.4)
8.6 higher (1.2 higher to 16.0 higher)
17 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
Weight gain 6 weeks post‐intervention(mean X (kg) ± standard error SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 0.9 ± 0.1 (95% CI 0.6 to 1.2)
X ± SE in the intervention group was 1.3 ± 0.2 (95% CI 1.3 to 1.3)
0.4 higher (0.04 lower to 0.8 higher)
48 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
Weight gain 6 months post‐intervention(mean X (kg) ± standard error SE)
X ± SE in the placebo group was 2.4 ± 0.2 (95% CI 2.0 to 2.8)
X ± SE in the intervention group was 2.9 ± 0.2 (95% CI 2.4 to 3.3)
0.5 higher (0.1 lower to 1.1 higher)
36 (1 study)
⊕⊕⊕⊝moderate
*The basis for the assumed risk(e.g. the median control group risk across studies) is provided in footnotes. The corresponding risk(and its 95% CI) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effectof the intervention (and its 95% CI).CI: confidence interval; SE: standard error; GRADE: GRADE Working Group grades of evidence (see explanations)
Assumed risk and corresponding risk in the table are from a single study in each case, and are not the usual combined mean or median risks across multiple studies.
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High quality (⊕⊕⊕⊕ ):Further research is very unlikely to change our confidence in the estimate of effect. Moderate quality (⊕⊕⊕⊝ ):Further research is likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and may change the estimate. Low quality (⊕⊕⊝⊝ ):Further research is very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect and is likely to change the estimate. Very low quality (⊕⊝⊝⊝ ):We are very uncertain about the estimate.
| https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007719.pub4/references/pl |
JCM | Free Full-Text | Is Evar Feasible in Challenging Aortic Neck Anatomies? A Technical Review and Ethical Discussion
Background: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become an accepted alternative to open repair (OR) for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) despite “hostile” anatomies that may reduce its effectiveness. Guidelines suggest refraining from EVAR in such circumstances, but in clinical practice, up to 44% of EVAR procedures are performed using stent grafts outside their instruction for use (IFU), with acceptable outcomes. Starting from this “inconsistency” between clinical practice and guidelines, the aim of this contribution is to report the technical results of the use of EVAR in challenging anatomies as well as the ethical aspects to identify the criteria by which the “best interest” of the patient can be set. Materials and Methods: A literature review on currently available evidence on standard EVAR using commercially available endografts in patients with hostile aortic neck anatomies was conducted. Medline using the PubMed interface and The Cochrane Library databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 6 May 2021, considering the following outcomes: technical success; need for additional procedures; conversion to OR; reintervention; migration; the presence of type I endoleaks; AAA-related mortality rate. Results: A total of 52 publications were selected by the investigators for a detailed review. All studies were either prospective or retrospective observational studies reporting the immediate, 30-day, and/or follow-up outcomes of standard EVAR procedures in patients with challenging neck anatomies. No randomized trials were identified. Fourteen different endo-grafts systems were used in the selected studies. A total of 45 studies reported a technical success rate ranging from 93 to 100%, and 42 the need for additional procedures (mean value of 9.04%). Results at 30 days: the incidence rate of type Ia endoleak was reported by 37 studies with a mean value of 2.65%; 31 studies reported a null migration rate and 32 a null conversion rate to OR; in 31 of the 35 studies that reported AAA-related mortality, the incidence was null. Mid-term follow-up: the incidence rate of type Ia endoleak was reported by 48 studies with a mean value of 6.65%; 30 studies reported a null migration rate, 33 a null conversion rate to OR, and 28 of the 45 studies reported that the AAA-related mortality incidence was null. Conclusions: Based on the present analysis, EVAR appears to be a safe and effective procedure—and therefore recommendable—even in the presence of hostile anatomies, in patients deemed unfit for OR. However, in order to identify and pursue the patient’s best interest, particular attention must be paid to the management of the patient’s informed consent process, which—in addition to being an essential ethical-legal requirement to legitimize the medical act—ensures that clinical data can be integrated with the patient’s personal preferences and background, beyond the therapeutic potential of the proposed procedures and what is generically stated in the guidelines.
Is Evar Feasible in Challenging Aortic Neck Anatomies? A Technical Review and Ethical Discussion
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital of Rome, Department of Surgery “Paride Stefanini”, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
2
Center for Clinical Ethics, Department of Biotechnologies and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy
3
Vascular and Endovascular Surgery Unit, Sant’Andrea Hospital of Rome, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy
4
School of Civil Law, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
J. Clin. Med. 2022 , 11 (15), 4460; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154460
Received: 24 May 2022 / Revised: 12 June 2022 / Accepted: 28 July 2022 / Published: 30 July 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Aortic Surgery and Peripheral Revascularization )
Abstract
Background: Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become an accepted alternative to open repair (OR) for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) despite “hostile” anatomies that may reduce its effectiveness. Guidelines suggest refraining from EVAR in such circumstances, but in clinical practice, up to 44% of EVAR procedures are performed using stent grafts outside their instruction for use (IFU), with acceptable outcomes. Starting from this “inconsistency” between clinical practice and guidelines, the aim of this contribution is to report the technical results of the use of EVAR in challenging anatomies as well as the ethical aspects to identify the criteria by which the “best interest” of the patient can be set. Materials and Methods: A literature review on currently available evidence on standard EVAR using commercially available endografts in patients with hostile aortic neck anatomies was conducted. Medline using the PubMed interface and The Cochrane Library databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 6 May 2021, considering the following outcomes: technical success; need for additional procedures; conversion to OR; reintervention; migration; the presence of type I endoleaks; AAA-related mortality rate. Results: A total of 52 publications were selected by the investigators for a detailed review. All studies were either prospective or retrospective observational studies reporting the immediate, 30-day, and/or follow-up outcomes of standard EVAR procedures in patients with challenging neck anatomies. No randomized trials were identified. Fourteen different endo-grafts systems were used in the selected studies. A total of 45 studies reported a technical success rate ranging from 93 to 100%, and 42 the need for additional procedures (mean value of 9.04%). Results at 30 days: the incidence rate of type Ia endoleak was reported by 37 studies with a mean value of 2.65%; 31 studies reported a null migration rate and 32 a null conversion rate to OR; in 31 of the 35 studies that reported AAA-related mortality, the incidence was null. Mid-term follow-up: the incidence rate of type Ia endoleak was reported by 48 studies with a mean value of 6.65%; 30 studies reported a null migration rate, 33 a null conversion rate to OR, and 28 of the 45 studies reported that the AAA-related mortality incidence was null. Conclusions: Based on the present analysis, EVAR appears to be a safe and effective procedure—and therefore recommendable—even in the presence of hostile anatomies, in patients deemed unfit for OR. However, in order to identify and pursue the patient’s best interest, particular attention must be paid to the management of the patient’s informed consent process, which—in addition to being an essential ethical-legal requirement to legitimize the medical act—ensures that clinical data can be integrated with the patient’s personal preferences and background, beyond the therapeutic potential of the proposed procedures and what is generically stated in the guidelines.
Keywords:
abdominal aortic aneurysm
;
EVAR
;
hostile anatomy
;
EVAR outcomes
;
IFU
;
instruction for use
;
ethical considerations
;
informed consent
;
shared decision-making
1. Introduction
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) has become an accepted alternative to open repair (OR) for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), with >75% of AAA repairs performed endovascularly [ 1 ]. Undoubtedly, EVAR is associated with lower 30-day mortality and morbidity, faster discharge, and fewer complications than OR [ 2 ], but some concerns remain about durability, need for long-term follow-up, and reinterventions [ 1 , 2 , 3 ].
Based on preclinical engineering assessments and clinical study results, particular anatomical characteristics, specifically aortic neck diameter, length, angle, and shape, are recommended to guide patient selection for EVAR [ 4 ]. Indeed, unfavorable anatomy, documented in 40–60% of treated AAAs, seems to be the factor most related to negative outcomes [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Despite this, in “real-world” clinical practice, up to 44% of EVAR cases are performed using stent grafts outside their instruction for use (IFU) due to the presence of a ”hostile” aortic neck anatomy, with acceptable short- and mid-term outcomes [ 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In order to overcome this problem, several different technical solutions, such as parallel grafts and fenestrated or branched devices, have been developed as an alternative to standard EVAR grafts in patients with a “challenging neck”. However, all those solutions present a relevant risk of reintervention due to gutter-related endoleaks and target vessel instability, and higher cost compared to standard EVAR; lastly, custom-made devices are not suitable for urgent/emergent cases [ 7 ].
Nevertheless, because EVAR durability is related to the maintenance of a seal between the stent graft and the aortic neck, some authors suggested that challenging the neck could affect long-term outcomes, increasing the risk of type Ia endoleak, reintervention, and aneurysm-related mortality rates [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. As a result of these long-term results, current guidelines suggest limiting or even refraining from adopting EVAR in patients with challenging aortic necks [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].
Moving from this inconsistency between “real world practice” and “best practice” suggested by current guidelines [ 20 ], the purpose of this contribution is to report technical and clinical results of the use of EVARs in challenging anatomies and to analyze and discuss the ethical implications of implementing these procedures, to identify criteria by which the patient’s “best interest” should be defined in these specific circumstances.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
A literature review on currently available evidence on standard EVAR using commercially available endografts in patients with hostile aortic neck anatomies was conducted by three investigators (F.A., S.C., P.S.), and an eligibility assessment of studies for inclusion in this review was performed in a non-blinded standardized manner by the same investigators. Disagreements were resolved by discussion and consensus.
Medline using the PubMed interface and Cochrane Library databases were searched from 1 January 2000 to 6 May 2021 using the search strategies {
“EVAR”[All Fields] AND “AAA”[All Fields] AND (“neck”[MeSH Terms] OR “neck”[All Fields]) AND (“hostile”[All Fields] OR “hostiles”[All Fields] OR “hostility”[MeSH Terms] OR “hostility”[All Fields] OR “hostilities”[All Fields] OR (“challenge”[All Fields] OR “challenged”[All Fields] OR “challenges”[All Fields] OR “challenging”[All Fields]) OR (“short”[All Fields] OR “shorts”[All Fields]) OR (“angulate”[All Fields] OR “angulated”[All Fields] OR “angulates”[All Fields] OR “angulating”[All Fields] OR “angulation”[All Fields] OR “angulational”[All Fields] OR “angulations”[All Fields]) OR (“conic”[All Fields] OR “conical”[All Fields] OR “conically”[All Fields] OR “conics”[All Fields]) OR “wide”[All Fields] OR (“large”[All Fields] OR “largely”[All Fields] OR “larges”[All Fields])
}.
A further search was undertaken including a manual screen of the reference lists of selected articles identified through the electronic search; only English papers were considered for the present review.
2.2. Study Selection: Study Design and Data Extraction
Studies included in the analysis met the following criteria: (a) randomized controlled studies, non-randomized studies, and observational studies; (b) published as original research from 2000 to 2021; (c) clearly reported the results of the patient treated in the presence of “hostile” neck anatomy; (d) described the results of standard EVAR procedures in the immediate postoperative period, and/or at 30 days, and/or at mid- or long-term follow-up.
According to ESVS and SVS guidelines for EVAR and the majority of manufacturers’ IFU currently available, the proximal aortic neck was defined as “hostile” in presence of one of more of the following criteria:
(1) short
, proximal suitable landing zone length <15 mm (or <10 mm);
(2) wide
, aortic neck diameter greater than >26 mm (or >28, >30 mm, >31 mm, >32 mm);
(3) noncylindrical shape
, tapered, reverse tapered, hourglass, barrel, bulged, and conical neck (neck dilated over 2 mm within 10 mm below the most caudal renal artery);
(4) angulated
, >60° between the long axis of the aneurysm sac and juxta-renal aorta (infrarenal angulation);
(5) thrombosed
, the widest part of thrombus (≥2 mm thick) covering at least 50% of the circumference of the proximal neck;
(6) calcified
, calcification accounting for more than or equal to 50% of the proximal neck [
16
,
17
,
21
].
Papers regarding endovascular abdominal sealing (EVAS) procedures were excluded due to the completely peculiar sealing mechanism of the graft and the unsatisfactory results leading to market withdrawal [ 22 ]. Case reports, letters to the editor, and conference abstracts papers were all excluded from the present analysis.
The methodological quality of studies was evaluated independently by the same three Investigators with the Newcastle–Ottawa scale, which was used to assess the quality of non-randomized studies [ 23 ].
Data were extracted into a standard Microsoft Excel file by three independent authors (F.A., S.C., P.S.) as follows: first author, year of publication, country, study design, data source/institution, duration of the study, age, number of patients, criteria, and outcomes.
2.3. Outcomes
Outcomes considered for the present analysis were EVAR technical success, need for unplanned adjunctive procedures, conversion to open repair reintervention, stent graft migration, type I endoleak occurrence at 30 days, and at mid/long-term follow-up were recorded, as well as AAA-related mortality at same time intervals.
2.4. Statistical Analysis
The data are reported as mean and standard deviation (SD) or as absolute frequencies and percentages (%). All analyses were calculated using SPSS version 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA).
3. Results
Cumulatively, a total of 172 publications were identified and their titles and abstracts were reviewed. Of these, 52 publications were selected by the investigators for a detailed review before the face-to-face panel meeting and selected for the current report ( Figure 1 ).
Figure 1. Flow chart reporting studies evaluation and selection process.
3.1. Study Characteristics
All studies were either prospective or retrospective observational studies reporting the immediate, 30-day, and/or follow-up outcomes of standard EVAR procedures in patients with challenging neck anatomies. No randomized trials were identified. The study population ranged from 12 to 1189 patients, and the period during which selected studies were published extended from 2003 to 2021 ( Table 1 ).
Table 1. Authors, years of publication, countries of origin, study period, number of patients, follow-up duration, type of endograft implanted, mean age, technical success, and need for adjunctive procedure rates of the 52 studies selected for the review.
Fourteen different endograft systems were used in selected studies ( Table 1 ): Ancure (Guidant Cardiac and Vascular Division, Menlo Park, CA, USA), AneuRx, Talent, and Endurant (Medtronic, Santa Rosa, CA, USA), Zenith (Cook, Bloomington, IN, USA), Endofit (EndoMed, Phoenix, AZ, USA), Excluder (W.L. Gore and Ass, Flagstaff, AZ, USA), Fortron (Cordis, Hialeah, FL, USA), Jotec Tube (Jotec GmbH, Hechingen, Germany), Lifepath (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA, USA), Powerlink, AFX, Ovation (Endologix, Irvine, CA, USA), and Vanguard (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA).
Almost all the patients included in this review underwent a surveillance imaging protocol consisting of computed tomographic angiography (CTA). The great majority of the selected studies referred to guidelines suggested criteria to define a challenging neck anatomy [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ].
3.2. Technical Success and Adjunctive Procedures
Forty-five studies reported the technical success rate, defined as the successful introduction and deployment of the stent grafts in the absence of surgical conversion, type I or III, or renal artery coverage. Technical success rates ranged from 89.2% to 100%; in two studies failure was due to unintentional renal artery coverage and no- to high-flow endoleak [ 53 , 55 ].
Forty-two studies reported the need for adjunctive procedure rate during EVAR procedures to achieve proximal seal: those procedures were either represented by needs for repeated proximal fixation site ballooning, aortic cuff or endoanchor implantation, and rescue chimney procedures. The necessity for adjunctive procedures ranged between 0 and 51%, with a mean value of 9.04%.
3.3. Thirty-Day Results
Regarding 30-day results, the type Ia endoleak incidence rate was reported by thirty-seven studies and ranged between 0 and 27.3% (mean value 2.65%); 23 studies reported an incidence <2%, and all but one an occurrence lower than 9% [ 10 ]. No endograft migration was reported, according to data available in 31 studies out of the 52 included ( Table 2 ).
Table 2. Thirty-day, and mean follow-up complications rates of the 52 studies selected for the review.
Reintervention due to type Ia endoleak occurred in 0–15.2% of cases (mean value 1.66%) with 30 out 37 studies recording an incidence <2%. Regarding conversion to open repair, data are reported by thirty-four studies: in 32 published experiences, no conversions were performed at a 30-day follow-up interval, while two studies [ 53 , 59 ] reported approximately a 2% rate ( Table 2 ).
Lastly, data about AAA-related death rate were reported by thirty-five studies: in the great majority of them, the incidence was null, while 4 studies reported an AAA-related death rate ranging between 0.5 and 1.3%, in absence of aneurysm sac rupture after EVAR [ 24 , 32 , 37 , 44 ]. It is noteworthy that in the experience of Troisi et al. [ 32 ], mortality was observed only in patients initially treated for ruptured AAA ( Table 2 ).
3.4. Mid-Term Follow-Up Results
All but three studies [ 43 , 60 , 70 ] reported a follow-up period longer than 30 days. Follow-up duration was evaluated by polling the data of the considered study: mean follow-up was 27.38 months (range 1–120, SD ± 23,12; Figure 2 ).
Figure 2. Pool of all follow-up duration data for all studies considered in the present analysis.
The type Ia endoleak incidence rate was reported by forty-eight studies and ranged between 0 and 14.8% (mean value 6.65%); half of the studies reported an incidence <2%, and seven an occurrence greater than 10% [ 10 , 25 , 33 , 40 , 51 , 58 , 69 ]. Endograft migration rate was reported with a mean value of 1.86% by 44 studies, 30 of them not reporting cases of migration. However, three studies observed an incidence >10% [ 25 , 47 , 69 ] ( Table 2 ).
Reintervention due to type Ia endoleak occurred in 0–24.1% of cases (mean value 4.38%) with 25 studies recording an incidence <2%. Regarding conversion to open repair, data are reported by forty-one studies: in 33 published experiences, no conversions were performed at the last follow-up visits, while two studies [ 58 , 68 ] reported a conversion rate greater than 5% ( Table 2 ).
Lastly, data about AAA-related death rates were reported by forty-five studies: in 28 of them, the incidence was null, while 17 studies reported an AAA-related death rate ranging between 0.6 and 11% with only Abbruzzese and coworkers reporting an incidence >10% [ 29 ] ( Table 2 ).
4. Discussion
After a careful and extensive analysis of the existing scientific literature, the main result of the present contribution is that despite the above-mentioned inconsistency between “real world practice” and “best practice” suggested by current guidelines, standard EVAR in patients presenting a so-called hostile or challenging proximal aortic neck anatomy could be safely performed. Consistent with those findings, a recently published systematic review confirmed a significant reduction in perioperative mortality for EVAR compared to open repair without showing differences in AAA-related mortality at mid-term follow-up [
71
]. However, the risk of reinterventions still represents a major issue in those kinds of procedures and should be properly assessed in the decision-making process [
71
].
Of course, not all patients could be a candidate for this type of treatment, and open repair still could be considered the standard of care in patients fit for surgery [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. However, from a technical point of view, standard EVAR could be safely and effectively performed (and consequently proposed) to those patients judged unfit for open surgery.
Nevertheless, a word of caution is needed regarding patients with the concurrence of multiple anatomical characteristics affecting the EVAR feasibility [ 7 ], and those presenting a wide aortic neck diameter (<30 mm) [ 10 , 51 , 69 ].
4.1. Ethical Considerations
The technical feasibility of standard EVAR by itself is not sufficient to exclude all ethical implications related to performing an elective procedure outside the IFU, even in fragile patients unfit for open surgery. Indeed, even if the present review shows various scientific evidence confirming that standard EVAR can be proposed even outside the IFU to patients ineligible for open surgery, identifying the most appropriate therapeutic procedure for every single patient remains a challenging issue requiring careful case-by-case evaluation for patient’s best interests.
Although this type of evaluation should always be considered an essential part of good clinical practice, both close attention to ethical requirements and acquiring a patient’s proper informed consent play a crucial role in approaching a so fragile subgroup of patients, due to the aforementioned “inconsistency” between clinical practice and guidelines [
72
]. In this scenario, correctly informing the patient, in addition to being an essential ethical-legal requirement to legitimize the medical act, allows integration in the decision-making process those results that are important for the patient, beyond the theoretical advantages of each proposed procedure and guideline statement [
73
].
As is known, the traditional “paternalistic” approach, in which the doctor was considered autonomously capable to decide for the patient’s best interest, has given way to a more holistic approach in which the patient’s autonomy and self-determination are completely integrated into the decision-making process. This need to develop more patient-centered healthcare has led to a redefinition of the concept of patient’s best interest, in which physician and patient are both equally involved as decision-makers. This shared decision-making approach requires integrating the best available medical evidence with the patient’s values, beliefs, and preferences, in an ongoing dialogic process, that promotes high-quality health care decisions from both an objective (physician), and a subjective (patient) perspective [
74
]. Moreover, preliminarily identifying patient priorities is essential to ensure that these aspects could be evaluated in clinical practice [
75
].
However, recognizing the value of patient preferences and their relevance to medical decision-making can be difficult, especially when they differ from classical clinical outcomes. In other words, faster discharge times, or the absence of postoperative discomfort could be considered extremely important by the patient (and therefore have a greater value in the decision-making process) than the crude mortality rate [
76
]. Notably, even studies specifically designed to address the patient’s perspective (usually based on “quality of life” as a quantitative equivalent) are essentially based on items defined by health professionals, which may not reflect the patient’s perspective. For example, these studies may not capture the patient’s “concerns about symptoms”, “the impact of possible outcomes/complications”, as well as issues related to “self-control and decision-making” [
73
].
Consequently, to enable patients to make decisions that are fully consistent with their individual preferences, physicians should strive to properly inform about the different treatment options, and the risks and benefits associated with each alternative [ 77 ], not forgetting the patients’ perspective [ 74 ].
All the above is necessary and, at the same time, particularly complex to obtain in fragile AAA patients unfit for open surgery and presenting with hostile aortic anatomies. Approaching such a patient, vascular surgeons are requested to discuss all treatment options (F/B-EVAR, Ch-EVAR, off-label use of EVAR, and even non-intervention), and their relative risks and benefits, personalizing information for every single patient [ 78 , 79 ].
Moreover, the informed consent process requires not only that the physician inform the patient, but also that the patient fully understands the information provided. Therefore, the information must be presented consistently with the understanding of each individual patient, based on her/his education level, age, and psychological and emotional status [
20
]. Physicians should not rush the patient’s decision: the patient’s informed consent process is, in fact, a “process” and not a simple “act”. The physician–patient relationship must be established and strengthened through a dialogue that requires commitment and time. Physicians should encourage the patient to reflect on her/his preferences, values, and goals, ask for more information, express her/his doubts, discuss with relatives, and seek a second opinion in case of uncertainty [
74
].
Lastly, any deficiency in the informed consent acquiring process undermines the legitimacy of the consent itself, breaks the relationship of trust between patient and physician, and potentially leads to litigations [ 80 ]. On the contrary, the more detailed the information is, the more actively the patients are involved, and the more likely they are satisfied with their decisions and their expectations are met [ 74 , 81 ].
Despite all these considerations, patients’ information needs are not always satisfied in everyday clinical practice: patients, especially those presenting AAA, complain about a lack of information on the treatment option and relative risks and benefits [ 82 ].
With the aim of overcoming this vulnus in the patient–physician relationship, several interventions were implemented to improve the quality of informed consent and to foster patient understanding of treatment options and outcomes [ 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 ].
Physicians should consider what patients really want to know, and what information is truly useful for them to make a decision. It is not always necessary to report everything, especially when it comes to complex clinical or statistical data. However, the physician must recognize that some patients want to be thoroughly informed about treatment—different options, and risks and benefits associated with each available option—some others prefer to receive less information, and others choose to receive no information, exercising their “right not to be informed” [ 72 , 87 ].
4.2. Study Limitations
First of all, the present study is a narrative review and not a systematic review, consequently, the statistical power of here presented data should be carefully evaluated. Moreover, not all included studies reported results on standard EVAR performed in standard anatomies, therefore, a proper comparison was not made between patients presenting with standard and hostile anatomies treated by the same operators, in the same centuries, during the same period.
4.3. Conclusions
In conclusion, it is not possible to establish a priori what is in the best interest of the patient; it is not possible when there is reliable scientific evidence, and it is even less so in case of inconsistency between “real world practice” and “best practice” suggested by current guidelines such as in the reported clinical scenario. In those complex cases, physician experience, available data from reviews, guidelines’ recommendations, and patients’ preferences should all be considered and carefully evaluated to reach a joint decision and to choose the right tailored approach for every single case.
The authors declared no potential conflict of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
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Figure 1. Flow chart reporting studies evaluation and selection process.
Figure 2. Pool of all follow-up duration data for all studies considered in the present analysis.
Table 1. Authors, years of publication, countries of origin, study period, number of patients, follow-up duration, type of endograft implanted, mean age, technical success, and need for adjunctive procedure rates of the 52 studies selected for the review.
* Failure due to unintentional renal artery coverage and occlusion.
Table 2. Thirty-day, and mean follow-up complications rates of the 52 studies selected for the review.
First Author 30 Days Mean Follow-Up Conversion to Open Repair (%) Reintervention (%) Migration (%) Type Ia Endoleak (%) AAA-Related Mortality (%) Conversion to Open Repair (%) Reintervention (%) Migration (%) Type Ia Endoleak (%) AAA-Related Mortality (%) Dillavou ED [ 24 ] 0 1.09 NA 2.18 1.09 0 8.8 0 2.18 1.09 Fairman RM [ 25 ] NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 NA 13 10.5 NA Choke E [ 26 ] 0 3 0 3 0 0 1.5 0 3 0 Cox DE [ 27 ] NA 0 NA 0 NA NA 10.5 5.26 5.26 NA Mc Donnell CO [ 28 ] 0 2.17 0 2.17 0 NA 0 2.17 0 0 Abbruzzese TA [ 29 ] NA NA NA NA NA 1.4 24 1.4 0.9 11 Chisci E [ 30 ] 0 0 0 4.1 0 2.7 20.3 2.7 5.4 4.1 Jim J [ 31 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.7 2.7 2.7 Troisi N [ 32 ] NA 1.3 NA 1.3 1.3 0 0 0 0.65 0.65 Aburahma AF [ 33 ] 0 1 0 1 0 0 7 1.3 11 1 Georgiadis GS [ 34 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 0 0 Hoshina K [ 35 ] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0 Hyhlik-Dürr A [ 36 ] 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Rouwet EV [ 37 ] 0 0 0 0 1.25 0 0 0 0 1.25 Torsello G [ 38 ] 0 1.8 0 3.6 0 0 1.8 0 3.6 1.8 Van Keulen JW [ 39 ] 0 0 0 0 0 NA 0 NA 0 0 Lee M [ 40 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0 10.5 0 10.5 0 Hager ES [ 41 ] 0 1.2 0 7.14 0 0 0 0 2.4 0 Kvinlaug KE [ 42 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Setacci F [ 43 ] 0 0 0 0 0 NA NA NA NA NA Stather PW [ 44 ] NA 5 NA 2.5 0.5 NA 2.5 3 9.5 2 Antoniou GA [ 45 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 1.7 0 Mwipatayi BP [ 46 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Shintan T [ 47 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0 0 25 0 0 Ierardi AM [ 48 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Igari K [ 4 ] 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 Iwakoshi S [ 49 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.14 0 3.14 2.36 Setacci F [ 50 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0 5.5 0 5.5 0 Speziale F [ 7 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 7.7 4.6 3 0 Kaladji A [ 51 ] 0 8.3 0 4.1 0 0 24.1 0 13 3.5 Saha P [ 52 ] 0 0 0 3.7 0 0 7.4 0 7.4 7.4 Cerini P [ 53 ] 2.2 11.1 NA 8.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 de Donato G [ 54 ] 0 0 0 0.6 0 0 1.8 0 1.8 0 Gallitto E [ 55 ] NA 1.5 NA 3 NA NA 3 NA 1.5 3 Gimenez-Gaibar A [ 5 ] 0 1.9 0 1.9 0 0 4.5 0 2.2 0 Sirignano P [ 56 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 de Donato G [ 57 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 2.2 0 2.2 0 Gargiulo M [ 58 ] NA NA NA NA NA 6 7 3 12 3.4 Kontopodis N [ 59 ] 1.9 NA NA NA NA 0 0 0 0 NA Lee JH [ 60 ] NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Pitoulias GA [ 61 ] 0 1.2 0 1.9 0 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 Sirignano P [ 62 ] 0 0.7 0 1.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 Reyes Valdiva A [ 63 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3 Aburahma AF [ 10 ] 0 15.2 0 27.3 0 0 17.2 0 13.8 0 Bryce Y [ 64 ] 0 1.6 0 1.6 0 0.8 1.6 0 1.6 0 Greaves NS [ 65 ] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Howard DPJ [ 66 ] NA NA NA NA NA 0.2 3 0.1 0.3 0 Oliveira NFG [ 15 ] NA NA NA NA NA NA 3.1 NA 7.6 1 Zhou M [ 67 ] NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.6 NA 7.1 NA Kouvelos GN [ 68 ] 0 0 0 1.5 0 7.2 10.14 2.9 4.3 1.5 McFarland G [ 69 ] NA NA NA NA NA 1.85 11.1 14.8 14.8 0 Sirignano P [ 70 ] 0 1.6 0 1.6 0 NA NA NA NA NA
NA: not available.
| https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/15/4460/htm |
Debate: European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill - 20th Dec 2019 - Simon Hoare extracts
Fri 20th Dec 2019 - Commons - European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill debate Simon Hoare contributions to the 20th December 2019 European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill debate
European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill Debate
Full Debate: Read Full Debate
Department: Cabinet Office
European Union (Withdrawal Agreement) Bill
Simon Hoare Excerpts
2nd reading
&
2nd reading: House of Commons
&
Money resolution: House of Commons
&
Programme motion: House of Commons
&
Ways and Means resolution: House of Commons
&
Money resolution
&
Programme motion
&
Ways and Means resolution
Friday 20th December 2019
(3 years, 6 months ago)
Commons Chamber
Simon Hoare (North Dorset) (Con)- Hansard- Copy Link-
May I first say that I am hugely grateful to the people of North Dorset for returning me to the House, to allow me to continue to speak and work on their behalf?
It is worth reminding ourselves that this was a national referendum. I hear what colleagues from Northern Ireland and Scotland say, but we did not say that all four constituent parts of the United Kingdom had to vote uniformly. It was a national referendum on a first-past-the-post basis. There is a thin veneer of defence for those seeking to hide behind the argument supporting separatism when those lines are trotted out. For those who question the Government’s commitment to protecting and enhancing workers’ rights, I hope that it will not embarrass or upset the Opposition too much when I point out that my party is now the party of the workers of this country, who voted for us in huge, huge number. [ Interruption. ]No, thank you. I ask what I hope is a rhetorical question—why would any party in government seek to undermine the rights of those people who have turned in such great number to support us, not least to get Brexit done?
This is, of course, a sad day. Colleagues have commented on the paralysis that we have endured for the past 18 months or so. Today’s debate should have taken place to allow exit from the European Union in March, so I hope that a spirit of broader pragmatism and co-operation can break out.
A number of Members have reflected on key messages of the electoral event last Thursday. My take is that it was a civil war, but without the blood. Voters in great number picked up a ballot paper and a stubby pencil, reasserted their rights, and reaffirmed their role as our masters and bosses. We cannot, as democrats, ask the people of this country to give us a decision, and then, when we find it either surprising or inconvenient, find every trick in the book to try to dodge it.
Until May this year, my postbag—I am sure other colleagues found this as well—was inundated with letters from constituents who had ideas about how to break the deadlock and move things forward. However, after May, and certainly after the elections to the European Parliament, people started to write saying that they were so fed up that they were minded to opt out of the democratic life of this country or, worse, were exploringavenues of civil disobedience to, in some way, ventilate their growing frustration at the arrogance of too many people in this place who thought they knew better than the people.
What greater exposition of that arrogance was there than the campaign from the Liberal Democrats? It was illiberal and undemocratic—worthy of neither part of their party’s title. The smug intellectual arrogance they deployed—[Hon. Members: “Where are they?”] My hon. Friend the Member for South Dorset (Richard Drax) and others ask where the Liberal Democrats are. Their terrible righteous smugness, which seems to be a unique part of liberal democracy’s DNA—the idea that they know more and better than everybody else—
Stewart Malcolm McDonald (Glasgow South) (SNP)- Hansard- Copy Link-- Excerpts
On the point about being smug, I invite the hon. Gentleman to reflect on the result in Scotland. How many colleagues of his were here from Scotland before the election, and how many were returned afterwards?
Simon Hoare- Hansard- Copy Link-
Let us be frank: the SNP had a very successful result, although it was not as good as the hon. Gentleman and I remember from 2015. As others have commented, it will present challenges for those of us who believe fundamentally in the preservation of the Union, who will now need to find arguments that are more compelling than merely the broad, abstract and romantic, and that focus not so much on the pounds, shillings and pence but on making the positive case for the Union. That is an important point.
Alan Brown (Kilmarnock and Loudoun) (SNP)- Hansard- Copy Link-- Excerpts
Will the hon. Gentleman give way?
Simon Hoare- Hansard- Copy Link-
No, thank you.
As we face the opportunities and the challenges of our country leaving the European Union, I am absolutely convinced that we stand the best and strongest chance of making a success of this new chapter of our national story if we stand shoulder to shoulder and do these things together.
May I just say a brief word in relation to Northern Ireland? It was clear that, because it is the only part of the kingdom with a land border with a country that will remain part of the European Union, we needed a border. The question was what and where. We tried the north-south proposal, and we found it to be impossible and not to be supported by many. The east-west proposal is clearly not perfect and, of itself, presents challenges. However, I do not believe that the people of this country define themselves by the narrow rules that govern their customs arrangements—it is far deeper and more spiritual than that. It is key that we maintain the unity of our United Kingdom. The challenge, which I am fully convinced that those on the Front Bench are seized of, is to ensure that, whatever the regime of customs arrangements, they are the lightest touch and are, in essence, cost-neutral. We can achieve that through all sorts of VAT reclaim and other mechanisms.
Let me conclude by saying that the people have spoken, and we on the Government side of the House are their champions. We listened to what they said in 2016, and we have heard it again. We on this side are fully armed to ensure that we restore the democratic legitimacy of this place and the national respect for it.The challenge now will be for Opposition parties to put aside the arguments that they deployed in full sincerity and in good heart but that, put simply, they have lost. It is time to move on. This Bill gives us the opportunity to do so. It has my full support.
Several hon. Members rose—- Hansard- Copy Link
| https://www.parallelparliament.co.uk/mp/simon-hoare/debate/2019-12-20/commons/commons-chamber/european-union-withdrawal-agreement-bill |
Ballot for draft-ietf-capport-api
Ballot for draft-ietf-capport-api
Yes
Éric Vyncke
(Barry Leiba)
No Objection
Martin Duke
Murray Kucherawy
Robert Wilton
Roman Danyliw
(Alvaro Retana)
(Benjamin Kaduk)
(Deborah Brungard)
(Magnus Westerlund)
Recuse
Erik Kline
Note:
This ballot was opened for revision 07 and is now closed.
Éric Vyncke
Yes
This document is clearly written. Thanks.
I am also confused by this sentence at the end of section 4.1 about failed authentication:
“It may still be possible for the user to access the network by being redirected to a web portal.”
I suggest “...access the network by redirecting a clear text webpage to a web portal.” I was a bit confused by the original wording.
As I said in the architecture review, the term for the user portal keeps changing. Over there it’s called a “Captive Portal Server” and a “web portal server”. Here it’s a “user-portal.” The authors of the two docs should get together and agree on a term.
One nit:
s/extenal/external
Nice work.
A couple of points on the IANA registrations:
Section 8.1: The "Interoperability Considerations" text isn't quite what I think is anticipated by
RFC 6838
. Given what you're saying there against what Section 6.2 of that document says, I think you could just have "None" here, but either way I suggest it's worth a second look.
Section 8.2: I suggest either having a column dedicated to recording the specification (since the Designated Expert is supposed to ensure there is one), or explicitly encourage that it be referenced in the Description column.
Hi,
I found this document straight forward and easy to read.
Linda's comment in the Opsdir review is interesting. I would have expected the CAPPORT architecture document to discuss/reference the problem being solved, but it seems to be mostly silent on this. I will redirect Linda's comment to the CAPPORT architecture.
In section 5. "API State Structure", it does not state whether a connection could be both time and data limited. My reading of the spec is that this would be allowed, assuming that is the case, the current text is fine.
6. Example Interaction
Upon receiving this information the client will use this information
direct the user to the the web portal (as specified by the user-
portal-url value) to enable access to the external network. Once the
user satisfies the requirements for extenal network access, the
client SHOULD query the API server again to verify that it is no
longer captive.
Nit: information direct => information to direct
7. Security Considerations
I'm slightly concerned about the third paragraph in the security considerations. Ideally I would like a solution that doesn't require humans to potentially spot potentially dubious spoofed domain names. But I can appreciate that is probably out of scope here.
7.1. Privacy Considerations
Possibly worth adding a comment about the necessity to keep personal information secure. In addition, should there be any comments about GDPR like constraints (if they apply)?
Thanks,
Rob
Thanks for addressing my DISCUSS and COMMENT points.
No Objection
No Objection(for -07)Not sent
No Objection
I'll start off with a handful of high-level comments, some of which
might qualify for Discuss-level points, but which have obvious
resolution and for which I trust the authors and AD to do the right
thing.
JSON only has Numbers, not integers; Section 5 should not describe
fields as integers without additional clarification (e.g., "integer,
represented as a JSON Number").
Also, the GET example in Section 6 seems to be malformed, not specifying
an HTTP-version.
I also think we should go into more detail on the TLS usage, pulling in
the relevant preexisting IETF BCP and proposed standards to take
advantage of the current state of the art (details in the
section-by-section comments).
Additionally, I note some places in the section-by-section comments
where we can go into more detail on the "chain of custody" of
information presented to the user, making sure that we keep a trusted
path from initial provisioning through to API server access and captive
portal server access. There are some places where we don't seem to have
a 100% airtight solution, and those gaps can be called out more clearly.
Abstract
with a Captive Portal system. With this API, clients can discover
how to get out of captivity and fetch state about their Captive
Portal sessions.
The architecture document only implicitly talks about "Captive Portal
sessions" (one mention in passing of when the "end of a session is
imminent"). Should it have more text introducing the term/topic?
Also, the architecture doc talks about learning the "state of
captivity", but this formulation implies that there might be a much
richer state to learn about.
Section 1
* A URI that a client browser can present to a user to get out of
captivity
nit: this feels worded oddly to me; merely presenting (displaying?) a
URI to the user does not help to do anything to get out of captivity.
Presenting the dereferenced content referred to by that URI might be
more effective at it, but would still require user action...
* An encrypted connection (using TLS for connections to both the API
and user portal)
I think "authenticated" is equally as important as "encrypted" and
should be mentioned alongside it.
Section 3
2. API Server interaction, in which a client queries the state of
the captive portal and retrieves the necessary information to get
out of captivity.
I may be overly tied to this "state of captivity" phrase, but is there a
need to use "state" in a different formulation here?
Section 4
For example, if the Captive Portal API server is hosted at
"
example.org
", the URI of the API could be "
https://example.org/
captive-portal/api"
The architectures says that "the URIs provided in the API SHOULD be
unique to the UE and not dependent on contextual information to function
correctly." I guess this is referring to the contents of the resource
retrieved by dereferencing the URI of the API and not the URI of the API
itself? So this example is not in conflict with the SHOULD.
If the API server needs information about the client identity that is
not otherwise visible to it, the URI provided to the client during
provisioning can be distinct per client. Thus, depending on how the
Captive Portal system is configured, the URI might be unique for each
client host and between sessions for the same client host.
I appreciate having this explanation for why "[t]he client SHOULD NOT
assume that the URI for a given network attachment will stay the same"
as the first paragraph of the section tells us. The explanation is a
little further from the requirement than I would like, but I don't have
a suggestion for bringing them closer together :-/
For example, a Captive Portal system that uses per-client session
URIs could use "
https://example.org/captive-portal/api/X54PD"
as its
API URI.
Hmm, assuming a base64 alphabet, that has like 30-ish bits of entropy
available in the final path component. Is that representative of a
large-enough identifier space for real deployments?
Section 4.1
I mentioned this on the architecture document already, though perhaps it
makes more sense to be done in the procotol document (this one): RFC
6125 has guidelines for TLS server authentication and is a good
reference to cite. However (and regardless of whether we reference 6125
or not), we still will need to say what name type the client looks for
in the certificate and how the client obtains the reference name to
compare against the certificate contents. For us the latter is probably
simple: just use what we got from the capport provisioning stage (and
leave to 7710bis the question of how we authenticate *that*
information), but it should still be said.
example above). The hostname of the API SHOULD be displayed to the
user in order to indicate the entity which is providing the API
service.
Should this hostname only be presented to the user (as, presumably, the
identity of the captive network?) when the certificate validation
succeeds? Presenting a name that has not been authenticated leaves the
user open to spoofing attacks.
Clients performing revocation checking will need some means of
accessing revocation information for certificates presented by the
API server. Online Certificate Status Protocol [
RFC6960
] (OCSP)
stapling, using the TLS Certificate Status Request extension
[
RFC6066
] SHOULD be used. OCSP stapling allows a client to perform
This is consistent though not fully alligned with the recommendations in
BCP 195
(
RFC 7525
). Should we reference the BCP and discuss our
deviations from its recommendations?
revocation checks without initiating new connections. To allow for
other forms of revocation checking, a captive network could permit
connections to OCSP responders or Certificate Revocation Lists (CRLs)
that are referenced by certificates provided by the API server. In
addition to connections to OCSP responders and CRLs, a captive
This leaves it to the reader to know that there may be clients that
don't support OCSP stapling and would need access to some other
mechanism for revocation checking. It might be worth making that more
explicit, since the type of client on the network is not always under
the control of the network operator.
network SHOULD also permit connections to Network Time Protocol (NTP)
[
RFC5905
] servers or other time-sync mechnisms to allow clients to
accurately validate certificates.
Is there a way to reliably identify "NTP servers or other time-sync
mechanisms"? My understanding is that the network generally doesn't
have a way to indicate to a client what NTP (or other time protocol)
server to use, so it would be fairly easy to end up in a situation where
client and enforcement device disagree on what time-synchronization
mechanism to use and the client gets locked out.
be used by the Captive Portal API server. If the certificates do
require the use of AIA, the captive network MUST allow client access
to the host specified in the URI.
[This implicitly assumes that the DNS resolution of that host is the
same at both client and enforcement device, which hopefully goes without
saying.]
Section 6
Upon receiving this information the client will use this information
direct the user to the the web portal (as specified by the user-
nit: "to direct"
Captive Portal JSON content can contain per-client data that is not
appropriate to store in an intermediary cache. Captive Portal API
servers SHOULD set the Cache-Control header in any responses to
"private", or a more restrictive value [
RFC7234
].
Is there a well-defined ordering on Cache-Control header [field]
restrictiveness such that "more restrictive value" is clearly defined?
(nit: s/header/header field/.)
Also, it's easy to miss a normative requirement like this when it's in
an "Example Interaction" section; I suggest moving it elsewhere.
Section 7
which the client can perform revocation checks. This allows the
client to ensure that the API server has authority for a hostname
that can be presented to a user.
We should say something about how a client does (or does not) determine
that the authenticated hostname is authorized to act for the network
being joined. The last paragraph's discussion of confusables and
"trustworthy name"s suggests that there isn't much of a direct chain
here, just whether the certified domain name is "trustworthy" or not.
Even if so (which I could understand being the case; it's not an easy
problem), we should be clear about the gap in the system and the
potential risks it entails.
It is important to note that while the server authentication checks
can validate a specific hostname, it is certainly possible for the
API server to present a valid certificate for a hostname that uses
non-standard characters or is otherwise designed to trick the user
into believing that its hostname is some other, more trustworthy,
name. This is a danger of any scenario in which a hostname is not
typed in by a user.
Do we want to reference any of the PRECIS stuff (
RFC 7564
/etc.)?
Section 7.1
Information passed between a client and a Captive Portal system may
include a user's personal information, such as a full name and credit
card details. Therefore, it is important that Captive Portal API
Servers do not allow access to the Captive Portal API over
unencrypted sessions.
While I support this requirement, it seems like the personal information
exchange is more likely to occur between client and Captive Portal
Server than between client and Captive Portal API Server. Protecting
the exchange with the API server is still important, though, to make
sure that the client talks to the right Captive Portal Server!
Section 8.2
New assignments for Captive Portal API Keys Registry will be
administered by IANA using the Specification Required policy
[
RFC8126
]. The Designated Expert is expected to validate the
existence of documentation describing new keys in a permanent
publicly available specification. The expert is expected to validate
Does an I-D that is never published as an RFC meet this bar?
that new keys have a clear meaning and do not create unnecessary
confusion or overlap with existing keys. Keys that are specific to
I trust that this includes "matches an existing key name using a
case-insensitive comparison".
| https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/draft-ietf-capport-api/ballotpopup/750111/ |
ampliseq » nf-core
Amplicon sequencing analysis workflow using DADA2 and QIIME2
nf-core/ ampliseq
Amplicon sequencing analysis workflow using DADA2 and QIIME2
16s18samplicon-sequencingednailluminaiontorrentitsmetabarcodingmetagenomicsmicrobiomepacbioqiime2rrnataxonomic-classificationtaxonomic-profiling
Launch version 2.5.0
https://github.com/nf-core/ampliseq
Introduction
Introduction
nfcore/ampliseqis a bioinformatics analysis pipeline used for amplicon sequencing, supporting denoising of any amplicon and, currently, taxonomic assignment of 16S, ITS, CO1 and 18S amplicons. Supported is paired-end Illumina or single-end Illumina, PacBio and IonTorrent data. Default is the analysis of 16S rRNA gene amplicons sequenced paired-end with Illumina.
The pipeline is built usingNextflow, a workflow tool to run tasks across multiple compute infrastructures in a very portable manner. It uses Docker/Singularity containers making installation trivial and results highly reproducible. TheNextflow DSL2implementation of this pipeline uses one container per process which makes it much easier to maintain and update software dependencies. Where possible, these processes have been submitted to and installed fromnf-core/modulesin order to make them available to all nf-core pipelines, and to everyone within the Nextflow community!
On release, automated continuous integration tests run the pipeline on a full-sized dataset on the AWS cloud infrastructure. This ensures that the pipeline runs on AWS, has sensible resource allocation defaults set to run on real-world datasets, and permits the persistent storage of results to benchmark between pipeline releases and other analysis sources. The results obtained from the full-sized test can be viewed on thenf-core website.
Pipeline summary
By default, the pipeline currently performs the following:
Sequencing quality control ( FastQC )
Trimming of reads ( Cutadapt )
Infer Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) ( DADA2 )
Predict whether ASVs are ribosomal RNA sequences ( Barrnap )
Taxonomical classification using DADA2 or QIIME2
Excludes unwanted taxa, produces absolute and relative feature/taxa count tables and plots, plots alpha rarefaction curves, computes alpha and beta diversity indices and plots thereof ( QIIME2 )
Calls differentially abundant taxa ( ANCOM )
Overall pipeline run summaries ( MultiQC )
Quick Start
Install Nextflow( >=22.10.1)
Install any of Docker, Singularity(you can followthis tutorial), Podman, Shifteror Charliecloudfor full pipeline reproducibility (you can use Conda both to install Nextflow itself and also to manage software within pipelines. Please only use it within pipelines as a last resort; see docs ).
Download the pipeline and test it on a minimal dataset with a single command:
nextflow run nf-core/ampliseq -profile test,YOURPROFILE --outdir <OUTDIR>
Note that some form of configuration will be needed so that Nextflow knows how to fetch the required software. This is usually done in the form of a config profile ( YOURPROFILEin the example command above). You can chain multiple config profiles in a comma-separated string.
The pipeline comes with config profiles called docker , singularity , podman , shifter , charliecloud and conda which instruct the pipeline to use the named tool for software management. For example, -profile test,docker .
Please check nf-core/configs to see if a custom config file to run nf-core pipelines already exists for your Institute. If so, you can simply use -profile <institute> in your command. This will enable either docker or singularity and set the appropriate execution settings for your local compute environment.
If you are using singularity , please use the nf-core download command to download images first, before running the pipeline. Setting the NXF_SINGULARITY_CACHEDIR or singularity.cacheDir Nextflow options enables you to store and re-use the images from a central location for future pipeline runs.
If you are using conda , it is highly recommended to use the NXF_CONDA_CACHEDIR or conda.cacheDir settings to store the environments in a central location for future pipeline runs.
Start running your own analysis!
#16S rRNA gene amplicon analysis of Illumina paired-end data
nextflow run nf-core/ampliseq -profile <docker/singularity/podman/shifter/charliecloud/conda/institute> --input "data" --FW_primer "GTGYCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA" --RV_primer "GGACTACNVGGGTWTCTAAT" --metadata "data/Metadata.tsv" --outdir <OUTDIR>
Seeusage docsandparameter docsfor all of the available options when running the pipeline.
Documentation
The nf-core/ampliseq pipeline comes with documentation about the pipelineusage,parametersandoutput. A video about relevance, usage and output of the pipeline (version 2.1.0; 26th Oct. 2021) can also be found inYouTubeandbillibilli, the slides are deposited atfigshare.
Credits
nf-core/ampliseq was originally written by Daniel Straub (@d4straub) and Alexander Peltzer (@apeltzer) for use at theQuantitative Biology Center (QBiC)andMicrobial Ecology, Center for Applied Geosciences, part of Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen (Germany). Daniel Lundin@erikrikarddaniel(Linnaeus University, Sweden) joined before pipeline release 2.0.0 and helped to improve the pipeline considerably.
We thank the following people for their extensive assistance in the development of this pipeline (in alphabetical order):
Diego Brambilla
Emelie Nilsson
Jeanette Tångrot
Marissa Dubbelaar
Sabrina Krakau
Contributions and Support
If you would like to contribute to this pipeline, please see thecontributing guidelines.
For further information or help, don't hesitate to get in touch on theSlack #ampliseqchannel(you can join withthis invite).
Citations
If you use nf-core/ampliseqfor your analysis, please cite the ampliseqarticle as follows:
Daniel Straub, Nia Blackwell, Adrian Langarica-Fuentes, Alexander Peltzer, Sven Nahnsen, Sara KleindienstInterpretations of Environmental Microbial Community Studies Are Biased by the Selected 16S rRNA (Gene) Amplicon Sequencing Pipeline Frontiers in Microbiology2020, 11:2652doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.550420.
You can cite the nf-core/ampliseqzenodo record for a specific version using the followingdoi: 10.5281/zenodo.1493841
An extensive list of references for the tools used by the pipeline can be found in the CITATIONS.mdfile.
You can cite the nf-corepublication as follows:
The nf-core framework for community-curated bioinformatics pipelines.
Philip Ewels, Alexander Peltzer, Sven Fillinger, Harshil Patel, Johannes Alneberg, Andreas Wilm, Maxime Ulysse Garcia, Paolo Di Tommaso & Sven Nahnsen.
Nat Biotechnol.2020 Feb 13. doi:10.1038/s41587-020-0439-x.
video introduction
clones in last 4 years
stars
watchers
| https://nf-co.re/ampliseq?ref=https%3A%2F%2Fgithubhelp.com |
My Lords, anyone who follows...: 22 Apr 2021: House of Lords debates - TheyWorkForYou
Part of the debate & ndash; in the House of Lords at 5:35 pm 22 April 2021
Integrated Review of Security, Defence, Development and Foreign Policy - Motion to Take Note
Part of the debate – in the House of Lords at 5:35 pm on
22 April 2021
.
The Earl of Sandwich Crossbench 5:35,
22 April 2021
My Lords, anyone who follows developing countries will long rememberFrank Juddfor his advocacy of poverty reduction and sustainable development. Here, we miss him right now for his eloquence and the determination he would have brought to this debate.
Like the noble Lords, Lord Wei and Lord Bilimoria, I am generally impressed with the spirit of the review and the direction of travel, and even by the impatience with which the Government have raised their flags overseas. I do not go with buzzwords like global Britain, but I welcome their recommitment to the international and the multilateral. I am pleased that theFCDOwants to be a force for good—soft power is here to stay—although without enough visas. There is also a determination to deal with online harms, sexual violence and a range of human rights violations, and we see new approaches to science and technology, with phrases such as “building national resilience”. Some of these are either brave promises, far ahead of reality, or they are things the Government ought to be doing anyway.
All this laundry list, as the noble Lord, Lord Ricketts, dubs it, comes at a more positive time, when the newUSleader,Joe Biden, is back with similar aspirations, scrubbing out policies left behind by his predecessor. Climate change, Covid andSDGsare all getting proper attention. Of course, I welcome the recommitment to aid and the sustainable development goals, but the cuts are damaging and unnecessary, and the departmental merger blurs the line further between aid, defence and diplomacy. The Government have ignored their own aid target and theMinisterwill, I hope, repeat the assurance that the legally binding 0.7% target will return next year.The Ministerwas rightly besieged with questions about this this morning and I am sure he will look forward to the debate brought by the noble Lord, Lord Alton, on this next week.
On the merger, I focus briefly on the Government’s intention to tighten up the cross-governmentConflict, Stability and Security Fund. Was the merger really necessary, if we already had joined-up arrangements for that fund? The FCDO claims that the fund will receive £874 million for 2021-22, but Bond, on behalf of aid agencies, says that the fund has been cut by £363 million and that aid to conflict-affected states could be cut by between 50% and 90%. Could the Minister please confirm these figures? For states such asSouth Sudanand Yemen, a cut on that scale would be devastating. Could the Government not publish a breakdown of aid cuts by country and sector, so that we can all speak from the same statistics in future?
We are seeing the relaunch of Britain as a trading nation, with rollovers and FDAs signed almost every week. The question arises whether the new official enthusiasm for human rights is being properly translated into trade deals. The answer is that there is a formula of words in the explanatory memorandums and in some of these agreements, but we have yet to see consequent actions anywhere.On China, of course, we have a difficult and at times impenetrable way between sanctions on human rights and the benefits of normal diplomatic and trade relations. Meanwhile, what is happening to theForeign Officepost Brexit? Is it becoming submerged in trade and aid? The letters F and O surely need more attention.
Can we really be global without Europe?Chatham Houseputs it quite bluntly: the Government’s
“longer-term ambitions for relations with theEUare notably thin”.
We will be living under the shelter of the US again, and our policy towards Ukraine will followNATOrather than EU initiatives. We may see reconciliation with Iran, but we must, as many have argued this afternoon, continue to work closely with our European neighbours on all these issues, even if we have—blindly, in my view—shut ourselves out of their meeting room.
(Citation: HL Deb, 22 April 2021, c2030)
| https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2021-04-22d.2030.0 |
State v. Pike County Court - Missouri - Case Law - VLEX 899807448
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Missouri
State v. Pike County Court
Court United States State Supreme Court of Missouri Writing for the Court Williams Citation 45 S.W. 1096,144 Mo. 275 Parties STATE ex rel. STATE INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR GIRLS
v.
PIKE COUNTY COURT et al. Decision Date 24 May 1898
45 S.W. 1096
144 Mo. 275
STATE ex rel. STATE INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR GIRLS v. PIKE COUNTY COURT et al.
Supreme Court of Missouri, Division No. 1.
May 24, 1898.
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR GIRLS — STATUTES — AMENDMENT.
2. Const. art. 4, § 25, provides that "no bill shall be so amended in its passage through either house as to change its original purpose." Held, that Acts 1891, p. 164, providing that "any female child may be bound as an apprentice
[45 S.W. 1097]
to" an industrial home, which was established by Acts 1887, p. 274, for disorderly girls and those guilty of offenses punishable by imprisonment for life, does not violate such provision.
Appeal from circuit court, Pike county; Reuben F. Roy, Judge.
Suit by the state, at the relation of the State Industrial Home for Girls, against the county court of Pike county and others. From an order dismissing the suit, plaintiff appeals. Reversed, and a writ of mandamus ordered.
Scott J. Miller for appellant.Geo. W. Emmerson and Dalton Biggs, for respondents.
WILLIAMS, J.
The "State Industrial Home for Girls" seeks to compel, by mandamus, the county court of Pike county to pay for the support, from May 31, 1894, to January 8, 1897, of an inmate of said institution, sent there from said county. The sole ground for resisting payment is the alleged invalidity of the act of the legislature under which the girl for whose support the claim is presented was "apprenticed" to said industrial home. We have therefore only to determine whether said act is constitutional. The circuit court decided this question in the negative, and held that the county was not liable. The case has been brought here by appeal.
The general assembly, by act approved March 30, 1887 (Sess. Acts 1887, p. 274), established the State Industrial Home for Girls, and provided for its location, management, and support. It is enacted, in section 12 of said statute, that every girl between 7 and 20 years of age, convicted of "being a disorderly person, or of any offense not punishable by imprisonment for life," and "not deemed incorrigible," might be sentenced to said institution until she should become 21 years of age. This section was repealed in 1891 (Sess. Acts 1891, p. 164), and a new section adopted in lieu thereof, which, in addition to a provision for the sentence to said industrial home of girls convicted of crime, as in the original act, also contained this clause, to wit: "Any female child may be bound as an apprentice to said Industrial Home for Girls as to any other master, and subject to the same provisions of law as are now or may hereafter be in force." The next section requires the county to pay, quarterly, in advance, to the superintendent of the home, $75 per annum for the support of each individual sent there from such county as apprentice or otherwise. The girl whose support is involved here was not convicted of crime, but, at the age of 15 years, was, on May 31, 1894, duly apprenticed to said home by the probate judge of Pike county. The petition was treated as the alternative writ, and defendants demurred thereto on the ground that "the act establishing said home is...
State v. Mason United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri December 5, 1899 ...in subsequent cases. State v. Field, 119 Mo., loc. cit. 613, 24 S. W. 756; City of St. Louis v. Shields, 52 Mo. 354; State v. Pike Co., 144 Mo. 275 , 45 S. W. 2. "But," says the counsel for the city auditor, "while we grant all that has been said so far, still we say this act is unconstituti......
Herndon v. Anderson, Case Number: 24165 United States Supreme Court of Oklahoma September 26, 1933 ...presumption is to continue until its invalidity is made to appear beyond a doubt'. To the same effect is State ex rel. v. Pike County, 144 Mo. 275 , 277, 45 S.W. 1096, 1098, where it is said: 'It is the duty of the courts to uphold a legislative act unless it plainly and clearly violates the......
State v. Moody United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri March 5, 1907 ...of a meaning that will remove the objections to its validity, such an interpretation should be adopted." State ex rel. v. Pike County, 144 Mo. 275 , 45 S. W. 1096; Milwaukee Industrial School v. Supervisors, 22 Am. Rep. 702-711, 40 Wis. By striking out the words indicated, as having been imp......
Wells v. Wells United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 24, 1898 ...in Rush v. Rush, 19 Mo. 441. That was a proceeding to contest the validity of a will. Two of the defendants were minors, and appeared 45 S.W. 1096 by attorney. Judgment was entered up against the other defendants, from which they appealed. The court, owing to the peculiar nature of the proc......
4 cases
State v. Mason United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri December 5, 1899 ...in subsequent cases. State v. Field, 119 Mo., loc. cit. 613, 24 S. W. 756; City of St. Louis v. Shields, 52 Mo. 354; State v. Pike Co., 144 Mo. 275 , 45 S. W. 2. "But," says the counsel for the city auditor, "while we grant all that has been said so far, still we say this act is unconstituti......
Herndon v. Anderson, Case Number: 24165 United States Supreme Court of Oklahoma September 26, 1933 ...presumption is to continue until its invalidity is made to appear beyond a doubt'. To the same effect is State ex rel. v. Pike County, 144 Mo. 275 , 277, 45 S.W. 1096, 1098, where it is said: 'It is the duty of the courts to uphold a legislative act unless it plainly and clearly violates the......
State v. Moody United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri March 5, 1907 ...of a meaning that will remove the objections to its validity, such an interpretation should be adopted." State ex rel. v. Pike County, 144 Mo. 275 , 45 S. W. 1096; Milwaukee Industrial School v. Supervisors, 22 Am. Rep. 702-711, 40 Wis. By striking out the words indicated, as having been imp......
Wells v. Wells United States United States State Supreme Court of Missouri May 24, 1898 ...in Rush v. Rush, 19 Mo. 441. That was a proceeding to contest the validity of a will. Two of the defendants were minors, and appeared 45 S.W. 1096 by attorney. Judgment was entered up against the other defendants, from which they appealed. The court, owing to the peculiar nature of the proc......
| https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/state-v-pike-county-899807448 |
CONSUMERS GAS & OIL v. Farmland Industries, Civ. A. No. 92-F-1394. - Federal Cases - Case Law - VLEX 892783231
0: [object Object]. 1: [object Object]. 2: [object Object]. 3: [object Object]. 4: [object Object]
CONSUMERS GAS & OIL v. Farmland Industries, Civ. A. No. 92-F-1394.
Court United States District Courts. 10th Circuit. United States District Court of Colorado Citation 815 F. Supp. 1403 Decision Date 16 November 1992 Parties CONSUMERS GAS & OIL, INC., a Colorado farm cooperative in liquidation, on behalf of itself and others similarly situated, Plaintiffs,
v.
FARMLAND INDUSTRIES, INC., et al., Defendants. Docket Number Civ. A. No. 92-F-1394.
815 F. Supp.1403
CONSUMERS GAS & OIL, INC., a Colorado farm cooperative in liquidation, on behalf of itself and others similarly situated, Plaintiffs, v. FARMLAND INDUSTRIES, INC., et al., Defendants.
Civ. A. No. 92-F-1394.
United States District Court, D. Colorado.
November 16, 1992.
815 F. Supp. 1404
815 F. Supp. 1405
Kirk Rider, Yeulin V. Willett, Younge & Hockensmith, P.C., Grand Junction, CO, Richard G. Sander, Robert J. Potrykus, Jr., Popham, Haik, Schnobrich & Kaufman, Ltd., Denver, CO, Frank A. Taylor, Popham, Haik, Schnobrich & Kaufman, Minneapolis, MN, for plaintiffs
G. Stephen Long, Daniel F. Wake, Coghill & Goodspeed P.C., Denver, CO, Alvin D. Shapiro, Kansas City, MO, for defendants.
ORDER REGARDING MOTIONS
SHERMAN G. FINESILVER, Chief Judge.
This case involves class action claims for Defendants' alleged failure to properly retire capital credits held by Plaintiff and others similarly situated. Jurisdiction is based on 28 U.S.C.A. § 1331 (West Supp.1992). This matter comes before the Court on Defendants Motion to Transfer Venue and Supporting Authorities under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1404(a) (West 1976); Defendants' Motion to Strike Class Action Allegations and Supporting Authorities under Fed.R.Civ.P. 23 (West 1992); Defendant's Motion to Dismiss with Supporting Authorities and Defendant Farmland's Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint with Additional Supporting Authorities under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12 (West 1992); Individual Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint under Fed.R.Civ.P. 12 (West 1992); Motion to Quash Purported Service of Process on Them under Fed.R.Civ.P. 4; and Additional Supporting Authorities; and Motion for Award of Costs pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P.4 (West 1992). These issues have been fully briefed by the litigants. For the reasons stated below, the Motion to Transfer Venue is DENIED, Motion to Strike Class Action Allegations is HELD IN ABEYANCE, Defendant's Motion to Dismiss with Supporting Authorities and Defendant Farmland's Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint with Additional Supporting Authorities are GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART; Individual Defendants' Motion to Dismiss Amended Complaint, Motion to Quash Purported Service of Process on Them, and Additional Supporting Authorities is GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART; Plaintiff's Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth Claims for Relief in its Amended Complaint-Class Action are DISMISSED; and the Motion for Award of Costs is GRANTED.
I. BACKGROUND
Plaintiff Consumers, the putative class representative, is a farm cooperative which was
815 F. Supp. 1406
organized and exists under the laws of the State of Colorado.
1
It is currently in liquidation. Defendant Farmland is a farm cooperative which assists farmers in marketing their products. Farmland is owned by farm cooperatives like Consumers. Plaintiff brings this suit on behalf of itself and other "farm cooperatives which have dissolved or are in liquidation for money that is allegedly owed to them by the Defendants." Amended Complaint — Class Action at 1
Farmland has approximately 1,300 member cooperatives. More than half of Farmland's members are located in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa and Oklahoma. The other half of Farmland's members are located in the remainder of states in which Farmland conducts business: Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Montana, Utah, Idaho, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oregon, Texas, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Arkansas, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois. Approximately 45 member cooperatives are located in Colorado.
When Consumers was an active Farmland member, its ownership interest in Farmland was evidenced by common stock which had voting rights. According to the membership agreement, Farmland is required to distribute any profits it may generate to Farmland members with which it did business during a particular year. To date, Farmland has neither retired the non-voting capital credits of Consumers, some of which was earned in the late 1960's, nor capital credits of the other local class cooperatives which comprise the putative class. Plaintiffs make the following claims: securities violations, racketeering, breach of fiduciary duty, conversion, breach of contract, promissory estoppel, unjust enrichment, intentional interference with contractual obligations, negligence, conspiracy, and a claim for punitive damages. Defendants have not answered, but have filed the motions discussed above.
II. CHANGE OF VENUE
28 U.S.C.A. § 1404(a) (West 1976) provides "for the convenience of parties and witnesses, in the interest of justice, a district court may transfer any civil action to any other district or division where it might have been brought." This statute vests us with the discretion to transfer cases to other districts to prevent unnecessary inconvenience and expense. Van Dusen v. Barrack, 376 U.S. 612 , 616, 84 S.Ct. 805 , 809, 11 L.Ed.2d 945 (1964); In re Air Crash Disaster at Stapleton Int'l Airport, 720 F.Supp. 1455 , 1458 (D.Colo.1988).
A. WHERE ACTION COULD HAVE BEEN BROUGHT
An initial issue is whether this action could have been brought in the United States District Court for the District of Kansas or Western District of Missouri, the districts where Defendant seeks to transfer venue. In re Dow Co. "Sarabond Prods."Liab. Litig., 664 F.Supp. 1403 , 1404 (D.Colo.1987).
Jurisdiction in this action is not based solely upon diversity of citizenship. 28 U.S.C.A. § 1391(b) (West Supp.1992) provides that in a civil action where jurisdiction is not based solely upon diversity, the action may be brought in " (1) a judicial district where any defendant resides, if all defendants reside in the same State, (2) a judicial district in which a substantial part of the events or omissions giving rise to the claim occurred, ... or (3) a judicial district in which any defendant may be found, if there is no district in which the action may otherwise be brought."
Here, the Defendants do not all reside in Colorado. Under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1391(c) (West Supp.1991), a corporate defendant resides in any judicial district in which it is subject to personal jurisdiction. Although Defendant Farmland is incorporated in Kansas, it is authorized to do business in Colorado. Therefore, Defendant Farmland resides in Kansas, Colorado and any other state in which it is authorized to do business, for purposes of determining venue. Asahi Metal Indus. Co. v. Superior Court,480 U.S. 102, 112,107 S.Ct. 1026, 1032,94 L.Ed.2d 92(1987); Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz,471 U.S. 462, 475,105 S.Ct. 2174, 2183,85 L.Ed.2d 528(1985); Hanson v. Denckla,357 U.S. 235, 252,78 S.Ct. 1228, 1239,2 L.Ed.2d 1283(1958); International Shoe Co. v. Washington,
815 F. Supp. 1407
326 U.S. 310
66 S.Ct. 154
, 158,
90 L.Ed. 95
(1945). Plaintiff has also sued other Defendants who do not reside in Colorado. For example, Defendant James L. Rainey is a resident of Oklahoma and Defendant Cleberg resides in Missouri. We consider the application of 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 1391(b)(2) and (3) to determine where venue is proper because all of the defendants do not reside in the same State
In 28 U.S.C.A. § 1391(b)(2), the "in which claim arose" language has been omitted in favor of the purported much clearer test of where a substantial part of the events giving rise to the claim occurred. See Sidco Indus., Inc. v. Wimar Tahoe Corp., 768 F.Supp. 1343 , 1346 (D.Or.1991). Substantial events may occur in more than one State making venue proper in more than one district. Id.It is clear that a substantial part of the events giving rise to this lawsuit occurred in any jurisdiction where Defendant allegedly failed to redeem cooperative members' shares. Therefore, venue is proper in Colorado, Kansas or Missouri because Defendant operates in each of these States and allegedly failed to pay various cooperative members residing in each of these States. There are several equitable factors to be considered on the question of whether a change of venue is appropriate.
B. EQUITABLE FACTORS
The moving party bears the burden to prove that the action should be transferred. Chrysler Credit Corp. v. Country Chrysler, Inc., 928 F.2d 1509 , 1515 (10th Cir.1991). The Court may consider several factors in this analysis, including (i) Plaintiff's choice of forum; (ii) the accessibility of witnesses and other sources of proof, including the availability of compulsory process; (iii) the costs of making the necessary proof; (iv) questions as to the enforceability of judgment; (v) relative advantages and obstacles to a fair trial; (vi) difficulties that may arise from congested dockets; (vii) any potential conflict of laws questions; (viii) the advantage of having a local court determine questions of local law; and (ix) other practical considerations. Chrysler, 928 F.2d at 1516 (quoting Texas Gulf Sulphur Co. v. Ritter, 371 F.2d 145 , 147 (10th Cir.1967)); Midwest v. Phoenix Leasing Corp., No. 91-F-1000, slip op.at 3 (D.Colo. Sept. 26, 1991).
We hold that Plaintiff's claim should remain in the District of Colorado. The putative class consists of all those Farmland members who have dissolved or are in liquidation. It has not been established that because the majority of Farmland's members reside in Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Iowa and Oklahoma that the majority of Plaintiff class members will reside in those states. It is represented that Plaintiff class members are by definition financially weak. Therefore, it will potentially place an undue burden on Plaintiffs to require them to travel to Kansas or Missouri for court hearings and meetings.
Considerations of accessibility of witnesses and other sources of proof also weigh in favor of maintaining this lawsuit in the District of Colorado. Defendant argues that Plaintiff asserts claims for fraud. As such, Defendant claims that individual Plaintiffs will be...
Raccoon Recovery v. Navoi Mining and Metallurgical, No. 02-M-139. United States United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit) September 18, 2002 ...to dismiss pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F.Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D.Colo.1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 170 F.3d 1......
McIntosh v. Lappin, Civil Action No. 11-cv-01150-PAB-CBS United States United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit) August 13, 2012 ...pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 170 F.3d 1305, ......
Parker v. Maus, Civil Action No. 11-cv-01777-REB-CBS United States United States District Courts. 10th Circuit. United States District Court of Colorado August 16, 2012 ...when presented with a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 170 F.3d 130......
James v. Argeys, Civil Action No. 14-cv-00983-CBS United States United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit) February 26, 2015 ...of review when presented with a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992) Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is not a judgment on the merits of a plaintiff's case, but only a determination that the cour......
12 cases
Raccoon Recovery v. Navoi Mining and Metallurgical, No. 02-M-139. United States U.S. District Court — District of Colorado September 18, 2002 ...pursuant to Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F.Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D.Colo.1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 170 F.3......
McIntosh v. Lappin, Civil Action No. 11-cv-01150-PAB-CBS United States United States District Courts. 10th Circuit. United States District Court of Colorado August 13, 2012 ...pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1) for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue, 1......
Parker v. Maus, Civil Action No. 11-cv-01777-REB-CBS United States United States District Courts. 10th Circuit. United States District Court of Colorado August 16, 2012 ...when presented with a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992). "[T]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of proof." Marcus v. Kansas Dept. of Revenue......
James v. Argeys, Civil Action No. 14-cv-00983-CBS United States United States District Courts. 10th Circuit. United States District Court of Colorado February 26, 2015 ...of review when presented with a motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1). Consumers Gas & Oil, Inc. v. Farmland Indus. Inc., 815 F. Supp. 1403 , 1408 (D. Colo. 1992) Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) is not a judgment on the merits of a plaintiff's case, but only a determination that the ......
| https://case-law.vlex.com/vid/892783231 |
(PDF) Recovery From Work Shifts: How Long Does It Take?
PDF | Although regulations on work hours usually include a minimum weekly rest period, there is little empirical evidence concerning recovery from work.... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Recovery From Work Shifts: How Long Does It Take?
March 1995
Journal of Applied Psychology80(1):43-57
DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.43
Source
PubMed
Authors:
<here is a image 9d151ee57247de06-8602ef6ef8aeb883>
Peter Totterdell
The University of Sheffield
<here is a image 42a53c90e57454e0-8dcc0f5b86cbef84>
Evelien R Spelten
La Trobe University Melbourne Australia
<here is a image f2f62089ad6ff61c-d19572ff1996375a>
Lawrence Smith
Lawrence Smith
<here is a image f2f62089ad6ff61c-d19572ff1996375a>
Jane Barton
Jane Barton
Abstract
Although regulations on work hours usually include a minimum weekly rest period, there is little empirical evidence concerning recovery from work. Shift-working nurses (N = 61) used a handheld computer for 28 days to complete self-ratings, cognitive-performance tasks, and a sleep diary. Many measures were worse on rest days that followed a night shift rather than a day shift and tended to be worse on first rest days compared with subsequent rest days. Alertness was lowest on the 1st rest day following a night shift. Social satisfaction was better on workdays that were preceded by 2 rather than 1 rest day. Reaction time decreased over consecutive night shifts and tended to increase over rest days following night shifts. The results are interpreted as being consistent with the combined adaptive costs of fatigue and adjustment to and from a nocturnal routine. The practical implications for scheduling rest days are considered.
<here is a image 175d1bd4b7439d95-754927124da715c1>
... The second problem is the lack of an organic analysis of the roster variables, which are often analyzed independently. For example, some studies have focused on the effectiveness of breaks [27][28]
[29]
, while others have analyzed the role of the length of the work shift [30][31][32]. Still, others have examined the direction and speed of shift rotation [33] or the influence of working during night hours [34,35]. ...
... A study by Totterdell and colleagues
[29]
also sought to identify the time needed to recover energy after a shift cycle. The study compared the levels of activation, pleasantness, tranquility, social and work satisfaction, mental workload, and reaction times in memory tasks, for 1 or 2 days of rest after 3 days of service. ...
Rostering in Air Traffic Control: A Narrative Review
<here is a image 1937ee36a50dd27a-fa33d150fae83bfe> Michela Terenzi
<here is a image f59e30fcc4afd3af-644b5d2fe20a9dba> Orlando Ricciardi
<here is a image c60503cc910536f4-fd7f95b68b158833> Francesco Di Nocera
Most Air Traffic Controllers (ATCOs) must cover uninterrupted work shifts for 24 h a day, seven days a week. The proper planning of a shift schedule requires consideration of at least three elements: the specific characteristics of the controller task, the physiological needs of the operator, and the definition of rest periods within rostering. We reviewed the literature for providing comprehensive guidance on the main requirements for the construction of a shift schedule for ATCOs. Our considerations are organized according to a rationale reflecting the most important criteria for the construction of the schedule: namely, the organization of rest periods conceptualized as intervals between cycles of shifts, intervals between individual shifts, and breaks within the shift. The suggested parameters could be used to construct shift schedules within a variation margin that depends on individual contexts of application.
... Processing multiple cues (e.g., processing structured and unstructured data) enhances the complexity of a task as individuals have limitations in their memory capacity (Wood, 1986). Consequently, data analysts may prefer hiding the knowledge they obtained from utilising various data sources, given that sharing and explaining data from multiple sources can be effortful and interrupt their own work tasks (Issac & Baral, 2018;
Totterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, & Folkard, 1995)
. Thus, as data variety increases, the complexity of data processing, analysis, and sharing increases too. ...
... This study also provides an extension of adaptive cost theory to the new context of big data. This theory is often used in organisational settings (Marques, La Falce, Marques, & De Muylder, 2019;
Totterdell et al., 1995)
, but rarely in IS and specifically big data contexts. This study shows the importance of integrating IS and big data research with organisational-behaviour literature on undesirable employee behaviours. ...
Possible negative effects of big data on decision quality in firms: The role of knowledge hiding behaviours
Mar 2021
INFORM SYST J
<here is a image 1937ee36a50dd27a-fa33d150fae83bfe> Maryam Ghasemaghaei
<here is a image 884df4bcd721036c-318c28ae194b1be9> Ofir Turel
While common wisdom suggests that big data facilitates better decisions, we posit that it may not always be the case, as big data aspects can also afford and motivate knowledge hiding. To examine this possibility, we integrate adaptive cost theory with the resource‐based view of the firm. This integration suggests that the effect of big data characteristics (i.e., data variety, volume, and velocity) on firm decision quality can be explained, in part, by data analysts' perceived knowledge hiding behaviours, including evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding. We examined this model with survey data from 149 data analysts in firms that use big data to varying degrees. The findings show that big data characteristics have distinct effects on knowledge hiding behaviours. While data volume and velocity enhance knowledge hiding, data variety reduces it. Moreover, evasive hiding, playing dumb, and rationalized hiding have varying effects on firm decision quality. Whereas evasive hiding reduces firm decision‐making quality, playing dumb does not affect it, and rationalized hiding improves it. These results are further validated with applicability checks. Ultimately, these results can explain inconsistent past findings regarding the return on investment in big data and provide a unique look into the potential “dark sides” of big data.
... It has been reported that there is lower risk of accident rate and high performance with lesser effort as compared to the rotating shift workers.
[20]
...
IMPACT OF SHIFT WORK ON SLEEP QUALITY AMONG SECURITY GUARDS
Oct 2022
Shivangi Singh
<here is a image 212355f8e385234f-a3233cc2192de51c> UV Kiran
<here is a image 0b98288d1d7afe85-999527d528977c63> Padmini Pandey
The current assess is to study the impact of sleep quality among security guards. The data for the current study was gathered using a systematic questionnaire and interview schedule, which include general prole, occupational prole and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scale. The study were randomly selected, working in same eld 150 respondents. The good sleep quality was observed in permanent based security guards as they sleep maximum number of hours at night (µ=1.17) and least step disturbance (µ=1.33). Temporary based Security guards met maximum step disturbed sleep (µ=1.57) as compare to contractual (µ= 1.56) and daily wages (µ=1.47). It was found that security personnels work both in day and night faced maximum sleep latency (µ=1.74), habitual sleep efciency and sleep disturbance (µ=1.58). Good sleep quality was observed in permanent based security guards. The study clears that sleeping quality is largely depend on the shift works which need to be inspect, more research and make precise strategies to mitigate the issues.
... Last, we note the majority of recovery research has used convenience samples that are often multiorganizational samples which are mixed in terms of occupational, work, organizational, and personal life/family contexts. For example, early research has suggested that recovery may be particularly salient for shift workers
(Totterdell et al., 1995)
and that exhaustion is a more serious concern for workers in the healthcare industry relative to the general US population (Shanafelt et al., 2012). Accordingly, in the future, researchers may use more systematic sampling and examine theoretically and practically important contextual factors embedded in organizations, occupations, and/or other situations. ...
Recovery Experiences for Work and Health Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis and Recovery-Engagement-Exhaustion Model
<here is a image f075326dc727efe2-76764368276fc922> Lucille Headrick
Daniel A. Newman
<here is a image e4e10fb8506a2533-8454a8441b83204e> Youngah Park
<here is a image 3fcbd0336a9c6f1a-a00bf4306e92de43> Yijue Liang
Recovery experiences (i.e., psychological detachment, relaxation, mastery, and control; Sonnentag and Fritz (Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 12, 204–221, 2007)) are thought to enhance both work and health outcomes, though the mechanisms are not well understood. We propose and test an integrated theoretical model in which work engagement and exhaustion fully mediate the effects of recovery experiences on job performance and health complaints, respectively. Meta-analytic associations (k = 316; independent samples; N = 99,329 participants) show that relaxation and mastery experiences positively predict job outcomes (work engagement, job performance, citizenship behavior, creativity, job satisfaction) and personal outcomes (positive affect, life satisfaction, well-being), whereas psychological detachment reduces negative personal outcomes (negative affect, exhaustion, work-family conflict), but does not seem to benefit job outcomes (work engagement, job performance, citizenship behavior, creativity). Control experiences exhibit negligible incremental effects. Path analysis largely supports the theoretical model specifying separate pathways by which recovery experiences predict job and health outcomes. Methodologically, diary and post-respite studies tend to exhibit smaller effects than do cross-sectional studies. Finally, within-person correlations of recovery experiences with outcomes tend to be in the same direction, but smaller than corresponding between-person correlations. Implications for recovery experiences theory and research are discussed.
... In real life, people may stay in bed longer if they feel they need to recover. Nevertheless, the Belenky et al. (2003) recovery estimates are roughly in line with what was found many years ago in real, uncontrolled studies with shift workers
(Totterdell et al., 1995)
. ...
Estimating hourly work schedule risk in railway traffic controllers
SAFETY SCI
<here is a image 1ec8fa7e12812c06-dba694d2cb73074f> Bart Roets
<here is a image c1ff700e3e25e317-ecd7051fd09938cc> Simon Folkard
Around-the-clock staffing in safety-critical environments calls for an accurate risk assessment of work schedules. In this paper we introduce and evaluate an hourly version of the “Risk Index”, an established risk model in the UK rail industry. This “Hourly Risk Index” is the first risk-based model that allows the prediction of risk at the hourly level, and is founded on the most recent scientific insights in fatigue-related accident risk. It considers the build-up of risk over consecutive shifts, recovery during days off, quick returns, and time-of-day and time-on-duty effects. Improved understanding of hourly risk is highly relevant for both ex-ante (staff rostering) and ex-post (accident and incident analysis) evaluations. We evaluated the performance of the Hourly Risk Index by analyzing a purpose-built real-world dataset from Belgium’s railway traffic control centers (containing close to 8 million round-the-clock working hours in the period 2013–2018). Results not only show that the occurrence of safety-critical errors is significantly associated with higher Hourly Risk Index values, but also that error severity is significantly related to a further increase in risk. In addition, the Hourly Risk Index outperformed the original Risk Index. Our empirical results also emphasize the importance of job demands, by indicating a higher performance of the Hourly Risk Index under conditions of low or high workload. Given these outcomes, it is currently being deployed and tested at Belgian national railways. This should allow the further refinement of the Hourly Risk Index in an iterative manner.
... Bakker et al., 2003;Crawford et al., 2010;Kahn, 1990;Mostert & Rothmann, 2006;Sonnentag, 2003 Recovery The factor 'recovery'-the ability to 'switch-off' when not at work and recharge resources -showed a positive link to engagement ( Sonnentag, 2003;Sonnentag et al., 2010). Crawford et al., 2010;Sonnentag, 2003;Sonnentag et al., 2010;
Totterdell et al., 1995
Personal disposition ...
Safety through engaged workers: The link between Safety-II and work engagement
SAFETY SCI
<here is a image c99eb8eed32ef8f6-bee5eeaf058e413e> Franziska Homann
<here is a image 89b9e77e7b7d17f6-88033b007cb6046d> Caroline Limbert
Nicholas Bell
<here is a image e73c64b033c9db95-1781c3c95c437ce6> Peter Sykes
Safety-II (and related concepts such as ‘Safety differently’) are relatively recent developments in the field of health and safety management. The central argument of these approaches is that interventions should focus on collaborating with workers to understand and provide the resources that workers need to allow work to proceed successfully and safely. Safety-II relies upon workers volunteering information, meaningfully participating in discussions around the organisation of work, and being trusted. However, Ajslev et al. (2020) highlight the psychosocial barriers to ‘participatory approaches’. Few papers have explored the psychosocial conditions in which modern, collaborative approaches to safety might flourish.
To address this, this paper explores the similarities between the concepts of work engagement and Safety-II. In particular, this paper identifies that both rely on similar antecedents (such as certain leadership practices, promoting autonomy and creating a just organisation). The inference is that organisations that wish to implement modern, collaborative approaches to safety, will need to understand and address much wider issues regarding how workers are perceived and managed.
This is the first paper to compare the antecedents of Safety-II and engagement, and also the first to present evidence that these two concepts complement each other.
... It can also mean that individuals lack strategies to recover from workplace stress effectively. Research demonstrates that daily recovery from work is associated with enhanced well-being, work engagement, and next-day job performance (Sonnentag, 2003;Sonnentag & Fritz, 2007;
Totterdell, Spelten, Smith, Barton, & Folkard, 1995)
. Conversely, failure to recover from work leads to the chronic accumulation of stress and has implications for longer-term physical and mental health (e.g., Brosschot, Gerin, & Thayer, 2006;Geurts & Sonnentag, 2006). ...
The Multisystem Approach to Resilience in the Context of Organizations
<here is a image 71f11ac57651f81a-612f3d658727ac44> Monique Crane
This chapter explores a multisystem approach to employee resilience. Although individual-level perspectives have dominated the science of occupational resilience and intervention approaches there is a growing body of work that is giving consideration to the role of organizational systems in employee resilience. Proponents of a multisystem approach to employee resilience suggest that suboptimal workplace environments are major contributors to decrements in employee resilience. The question that this chapter addresses is how employers should look after their staff. The answer is via a multisystems approach to staff resilience that involves attention to job design, job demands, supportive leadership behaviors, and available job-based resources to cope with workplace demands.
... Although shift work has been associated with reduced sleep quality even in retirement 33) and some bodily functions, such as circadian rhythm 34) , can recover slowly, work shift-related insomnia and sleepiness have shown to reduce faster 9,
35)
. Studies by Åkerstedt et al. 9) have indicated that sleepiness reduces to normal levels during two to four non-work days, at the latest, after typical shift work. ...
Employees with shift work disorder experience excessive sleepiness also on non-work days: a cross-sectional survey linked to working hours register in Finnish hospitals
IND HEALTH
<here is a image dce68246f41c90a3-89a49230b15ff3cc> Paivi Vanttola
<here is a image 6fd272b7e0e48034-5eb3de1b49551b78> Sampsa Puttonen
<here is a image 612d2aa0cfade11c-3eefdb59608e264b> Kati Karhula
<here is a image b3eae4ffb244946e-e499ebeb57015117> Mikko Ilmari Härmä
A considerable proportion of shift workers have work schedule-related insomnia and/or excessive sleepiness, a phenomenon described as shift work disorder (SWD). There is yet a lack of evidence on whether or not employees recover from symptoms of SWD between work shifts. We studied whether SWD and its subtypes are associated with insomnia and excessive sleepiness during weekly non-work days and with 24-h sleep time. Hospital employees answered a survey on SWD, insomnia and excessive sleepiness on weekly non-work days, and 24-h sleep. To identify shift workers with night shifts (n=2,900, 18% with SWD) and SWD, we linked survey responses to employers' register on working hours. SWD included three subtypes: insomnia only (SWD-I, 4%, n=102), excessive sleepiness only (SWD-Es, 8%, n=244), and both insomnia and excessive sleepiness (SWD-IEs, 6%, n=183). Based on regression analyses, SWD was associated with excessive sleepiness on non-work days (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.07-1.88) and with insomnia on non-work days (0.53, 0.31-0.91). SWD-I was associated with excessive sleepiness on non-work days (2.25, 1.31-3.87) and with shorter sleep (7-7.5h: 1.96, 1.06-3.63; ≤6.5h: 2.39, 1.24-4.59; reference: ≥8h). The results suggest that especially employees with SWD-I may need longer time to overcome excessive sleepiness than allowed by their roster.
Why Am I So Exhausted?: Exploring Meeting-to-Work Transition Time and Recovery From Virtual Meeting Fatigue
Objective:
Ineffective meetings have been well-documented as presenting considerable direct (e.g., salary) and indirect costs (e.g., employee burnout). We explore the idea that people need meeting recovery, or time to transition from meetings to their next task. Doing so may reduce employee burnout.
Methods:
We used a quantitative survey of working adults' last meeting to determine the relationship between meeting outcomes (satisfaction and effectiveness) and meeting recovery.
Results:
We found that meeting outcomes are related to meeting recovery and that relationship is moderated by the degree to which the meeting was relevant to the individual. Implications for theory and practice are discussed in order to provide concrete recommendations for researchers, managers, and consultants.
Conclusions:
This study explores virtual meeting fatigue with a focus on meeting quality, and explores the need for recovery after workplace meetings.
Do holidays change subjective sleep length or sleep debt in shift work disorder?
<here is a image dce68246f41c90a3-89a49230b15ff3cc> Paivi Vanttola
<here is a image b3eae4ffb244946e-e499ebeb57015117> Mikko Ilmari Härmä
Christer Hublin
<here is a image 6fd272b7e0e48034-5eb3de1b49551b78> Sampsa Puttonen
In shift work disorder (SWD), disturbed sleep acutely impairs employees' recovery, but little attention has been paid to sleep during longer recovery periods. We examined how holidays affect self-estimated sleep length, sleep debt, and recovery in cases of SWD. Twenty-one shift workers with questionnaire-based SWD and nine reference cases without SWD symptoms completed a questionnaire on recovery and sleep need. They also reported sleep length on two separate occasions: during a work period and after ≥ 2 weeks of holidays. Sleep debt was calculated by subtracting sleep length from sleep need. We used parametric tests to compare the groups and the periods. The groups reported shorter sleep on workdays than during holidays (median difference: SWD group 1.7 h, p<0.001; reference group 1.5 h; p<0.05). The SWD group's self-estimated sleep during holidays increased less above the sleep need (median 0.0 h) than the reference group's sleep (1.0 h, p<0.05). In addition, the SWD group reported good recovery from irregular working hours less often (14%) than the reference group (100%, p<0.001). Although holidays were generally associated with longer sleep estimates than workdays, employees with SWD experienced consistently less efficient recovery than those without SWD.
Does individual choice determine shift system acceptability?
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/15493367_Recovery_From_Work_Shifts_How_Long_Does_It_Take |
Part 83 of Checkmate
Corpus of Electronic Texts Edition
Checkmate
(Author: Joseph Sheridan Le Fanu)
chapter 83
A Short Parting
The fluctuations of Mr. Arden's conviction continued. His new acquaintance chatted gaily. They passed a transverse street, and he saw him glance quickly right and left, with a shrewd eye that did not quite accord with his careless demeanour.
Here for a moment the moon fell full upon them, and the effect of this new light was, once more, to impair Mr. Arden's confidence in his last conclusions about this person. Again he was at sea as to his identity.
There were the gabble and vociferation of two women quarrelling in the street to the left, and three tipsy fellows, marching home, were singing a trio some way up the street to the right.
They had encountered but one figure a—seedy scrivener, slip-shod, shuffling his way to his garret, with a baize bag of law-papers to copy in his left hand, and a sheaf of quills in his right, and a pale, careworn face turned up towards the sky. The streets were growing more silent and deserted as they proceeded.
He was sauntering onward by the side of this urbane and garrulous stranger, when, like a whisper, the thought came,
‘Take care!’
David Arden stopped short.
‘Eh, bien?’ said his polite companion, stopping simultaneously, and staring in his face a little grimly.
‘On reflection, Monsieur, it is so late, that I fear I should hardly reach my hotel in time if I were to accept your agreeable invitation, and letters probably await me, which I should, at least,
read
to-night.’
‘Surely Monsieur will not disappoint me—surely Monsieur is
p.389
not going to treat me so oddly?’ expostulated Monsieur St. Ange.
‘Good-night, Sir. Farewell!’ said David Arden, raising his hat as he turned to go.
There intervened not two yards between them, and the polite Monsieur St. Ange makes a stride after him, and extends his hand—whether there is a weapon in it, I know not; but he exclaims fiercely,—
‘Ha! robber! my purse!’
Fortunately, perhaps, at that moment, from a lane only a few yards away, emerge two gendarmes, and Monsieur St. Ange exclaims, ‘Ah, Monsieur, mille pardons! Here it is! All safe, Monsieur. Pray excuse my mistake as frankly as I have excused yours. Adieu!’
Monsieur St. Ange raises his hat, shrugs, smiles, and withdrew.
Uncle David thought, on the whole, he was well rid of his ambiguous acquaintance, and strode along beside the gendarmes, who civilly directed him upon his way, which he had lost.
So, then, upon Mr. Longcluse's fortunes the sun shone; his star, it would seem, was in the ascendant. If the evil genius who ruled his destiny was contending, in a chess game, with the good angel of Alice Arden, her game seemed pretty well lost, and the last move near.
When David Arden reached his hotel a note awaited him, in the hand of the Baron Vanboeren. He read it under the gas in the hall. It said:—
‘We must, in this world, forgive and reconsider many things. I therefore pardon you, you me. So soon as you have slept upon our conversation, you will accept an offer which I cannot modify. I always proportion the burden to the back. The rich pay me handsomely; for the poor I have prescribed and operated, sometimes, for nothing! You have the good fortune, like myself, to be childless, wifeless, and rich. When I take a fancy to a thing, nothing stops me; you, no doubt, in like manner. The trouble is something to me; the danger, which you count nothing, to me is much. The compensation I name, estimated without the circumstances, is large; compared with my wealth, trifling; compared with your wealth, nothing; as the condition of a transaction between you and me, therefore, not worth mentioning. The accident of last night I can repair. The original matrix of each mask remains safe in my hands: from this I can multiply casts ad libitum. Both these matrices I will hammer into powder at twelve o'clock to-morrow night, unless my liberal offer shall have been accepted before that hour. I write to a man of honour. We understand each other.’ Emmanuel Vanboeren.
The ruin, then, was not irretrievable; and there was time to
p.390
take advice, and think it over. In the baron's brutal letter there was a coarse logic, not without its weight.
In better spirits David Arden betook himself to bed. It vexed him to think of submitting to the avarice of that wicked old extortioner; but to that submission, reluctant as he is, it seems probable he will come.
And now his thoughts turn upon the hospitable Monsieur St. Ange, and he begins, I must admit not altogether without reason, to reflect what a fool he has been. He wonders whether that hospitable and polite gentleman had intended to murder him, at the moment when the gendarmes so luckily appeared. And in the midst of his speculations, overpowered by fatigue, he fell asleep, and ate his breakfast next morning very happily.
Uncle David had none of that small diplomatic genius that helps to make a good attorney. That sort of knowledge of human nature would have prompted a careless reception of the baron's note, and an entire absence of that promptitude which seems to imply an anxiety to seize an offer.
Accordingly, it was at about eleven o'clock in the morning that he presented himself at the house of the Baron Vanboeren.
He was not destined to conclude a reconciliation with that German noble, nor to listen to his abrupt loquacity, nor ever more to discuss or negotiate anything whatsoever with him, for the Baron Vanboeren had been found that morning close to his hall door on the floor, shot with no less than three bullets through his body, and his pipe in both hands clenched to his blood-soaked breast like a crucifix. The baron is not actually dead. He has been hours insensible. He cannot live; and the doctor says that neither speech nor recollection can return before he dies.
By whose hands, for what cause, in what manner the world had lost that excellent man, no one could say. A great variety of theories prevail on the subject. He had sent the old servant for Pierre la Roche, whom he employed as a messenger, and he had given him at about a quarter to eleven a note addressed to David Arden, Esquire, which was no doubt that which Mr. Arden had received.
Had Heaven decreed that this investigation should come to naught? This blow seemed irremediable.
David Arden, however, had, as I mentioned, official friends, and it struck him that he might through them obtain access to the rooms in which his interviews with the baron had taken place; and that an ingenious and patient artist in plaster might be found who would search out the matrices, or, at worst, piece the fragments of the mask together, and so, in part, perhaps,
p.391
restore the demolished evidence. It turned out, however, that the destruction of these relics was too complete for any such experiments; and all that now remained was, upon the baron's letter of the evening before, to move in official quarters for a search for those ‘matrices’ from which it was alleged the masks were taken.
This subject so engrossed his mind, that it was not until after his late dinner that he began once more to think of Monsieur St. Ange, and his resemblance to Mr. Longcluse; and a new suspicion began to envelope those gentlemen in his imagination. A thought struck him, and up got Uncle David, leaving his wine unfinished, and a few minutes more saw him in the telegraph office, writing the following message:—
From Monsieur David Arden, etc.
to Monsieur Blount,
5 Manchester Buildings, Westminster, London.‘Pray telegraph immediately to say whether Mr. Longcluse is at his house, Bolton Street, Piccadilly.’
No answer reached him that night; but in the morning he found a telegram dated 11.30 of the previous night, which said—
‘Mr. Longcluse is ill at his house at Richmond—better to-day.’
To this promptly he replied—
‘See him, if possible, immediately at Richmond, and say how he looks. The surrender of the lease in Crown Alley will be an excuse. See him if there. Ascertain with certainty where. Telegraph immediately.’
No answer had reached Uncle David at three o'clock P.M.; he had despatched his message at nine. He was impatient, and walked to the telegraph office to make inquiries, and to grumble. He sent another message in querulous and peremptory laconics. But no answer came till near twelve o'clock, when the following was delivered to him:—
‘Yours came while out. Received at 6 P.M. Saw Longcluse at Richmond. Looks seedy. Says he is all right now.’
He read this twice or thrice, and lowered the hand whose fingers held it by the corner, and looked up, taking a turn or two about the room; and he thought what a precious fool he must have appeared to Monsieur St. Ange, and then again, with
p.392
another view of that gentleman's character, what an escape he had possibly had.
So there was no distraction any longer; and he directed his mind now exclusively upon the distinct object of securing possession of the moulds from which the masks were taken; and for many reasons it is not likely that very much will come of his search.
p.393
| https://celt.ucc.ie/published/E870000-012/text083.html |
F1 News - Hamilton wins with ease as Grosjean escapes horror crash with his life
Bahrain Grand Prix - Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton has won a processional Bahrain GP, but all focus was on Haas' Romain Grosjean after he escaped a horrific opening lap crash.
Hamilton wins with ease as Grosjean escapes horror crash with his life
Sakhir, Bahrain
2020 Bahrain Grand Prix, Friday - Steve Etherington
Bahrain Grand Prix – Mercedes’ Lewis Hamilton has won a processional Bahrain GP, but all focus was on Haas’ Romain Grosjean after he escaped a horrific opening lap crash.
Lewis Hamilton has won the Bahrain Grand Prix, leading from start to finish for Mercedes.
The race was marred by a horror smash on the opening lap, with Romain Grosjean smashing into the barrier in his Haas. Grosjean had been racing with Daniil Kvyat through Turn 2 when the French driver swerved across the front of the Alpha Tauri. Tagging the front of Kvyat, Grosjean speared off into the barrier at high speed. The car split in half, with the front half punching its way through the armco barrier, while the rear exploded in a ball of flame on the circuit side of the barrier.
Grosjean extracted himself from the car engulfed in flames, with the Medical Car crew battling the flames to help him. Shell-shocked after getting out of the car, he was helped to the Medical Car by Alan Van der Merwe to be brought to the helicopter for extraction to hospital. Grosjean is suspected to have suffered a broken rib, and some minor burns from the flames. Replays showed that the Halo unquestionably saved his life, with the safety device taking the brunt of the impact with the barrier as the car punched through the barrier.
With the race suspended for a full hour as the barriers required extensive repair under the watchful eye of Race Control, the Grand Prix finally resumed with Hamilton starting from pole position. Max Verstappen started from P2 after getting past Valtteri Bottas on the original start. Coming under serious pressure from Sergio Perez’ Racing Point on the second start, Verstappen held onto P2 to try keeping up with Hamilton.
However, Hamilton went untouchable throughout the race. He never lost the lead, including throughout his two pitstops. Max Verstappen came home in P2, close behind due to a late Safety Car intervention. Sergio Perez, who had looked nailed on for P3 for Racing Point, lost the position and was knocked out of the race due to an engine failure within sight of the chequered flag. As a result, Alex Albon was promoted to the final podium spot, coming home in P3 as the train of cars passed the chequered flag under Safety Car conditions.
Lando Norris finished P4 for McLaren, with Carlos Sainz working his way up to P5 in the second McLaren. The Spaniard put in a stellar first stint on the Softs to bring himself into contention after starting from P15 on the grid.
Pierre Gasly finished P6 for Alpha Tauri. He looked set to finish lower, as he was struggling after running a long stint on the Hard tyres to get to the chequered flag, but was saved by the Safety Car intervention that prevented Daniel Ricciardo and Valtteri Bottas behind from attacking.
Bottas, having started from the front row, lost five positions on the original start and suffered a puncture when the race restarted. This shuffled him right to the back of the field and with it all to do.
Esteban Ocon finished P9 for Renault, with Charles Leclerc taking the final points position with P10 for Ferrari.
Daniil Kvyat finished P11 for Alpha Tauri. Having been caught up in Grosjean’s first lap crash, Kvyat was involved in a further incident on the restart. Attempting to pass Lance Stroll’s Racing Point, he tagged the right rear of the Canadian’s car and flipped Stroll upside down. He was uninjured and clambered out of his upsided car while the race was put under a further Safety Car. Kvyat was given a ten second time penalty for the incident.
George Russell finished P12 for Williams, holding off the Ferrari of Sebastian Vettel. The German driver struggled throughout the race, spinning off shortly after the second start and falling down to last. However, he never appeared to have any pace with any possible position gain negligible as he bemoaned his car as ‘undriveable’.
Nicholas Latifi finished in P14 for Williams, with Kimi Raikkonen down in P15 for Alfa Romeo ahead of teammate Antonio Giovinazzi. Kevin Magnussen was the last classified finisher, in the remaining Haas.
Sergio Perez, Lance Stroll and Romain Grosjean were the three drivers not to reach the chequered flag.
Tags: Bahrain Grand Prix Formula 1 Lewis Hamilton Romain Grosjean Trending
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nent (RRP) and a slower but larger component (SRP). Although the SRP showed a nearly constant release rate up to at least 1.5 s in both cochlear regions, the RRP saturated with time constants of 52 ms (apical) and 42 ms (basal). Because \u003Cem\u003EI\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Csub\u003ECa\u003C\/sub\u003E in IHCs exhibits very little inactivation for stimuli \u2264100 ms (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-22-6\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-22\u0022\u003EJohnson and Marcotti, 2008\u003C\/a\u003E), the depletion of docked vesicles (apical, 534; basal, 619) was the most likely explanation for this initial component. The RRP in gerbil IHCs corresponded to \u223c26 (apical) and 28 (basal) vesicles per active zone, which was well correlated with anatomical observations (\u226430 vesicles per synapse in mouse) (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-27-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-27\u0022\u003EKhimich et al., 2005\u003C\/a\u003E) and auditory afferent recordings (\u223c12 vesicles per synapse in rat) (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003EGoutman and Glowatzki, 2007\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-35\u0022\u003EIHC afferent synapses require rapid vesicle pool replenishment to continuously encode sound information. Although the release of vesicles from within the RRP was slightly reduced by repetitive stimulation, which was more evident in the apical region, IHCs could maintain exocytosis for prolonged time periods. Therefore, vesicle fusion and not their replenishment was the main rate limiting step for exocytosis, as also found in lower vertebrates (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-51-7\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-51\u0022\u003ESchnee et al., 2005\u003C\/a\u003E). Rapid RRP replenishment has also been observed in guinea pig IHCs using two-photon imaging (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-17-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-17\u0022\u003EGriesinger et al., 2005\u003C\/a\u003E). In contrast, the SRP was more susceptible to pool depletion after repetitive stimulation, especially in low-frequency IHCs. Possible explanations for this could be a lower cytoplasmic vesicle density in apical cells and\/or the poorer replenishment of ribbon-associated synaptic vesicles. Therefore, the synaptic machinery in adult mammalian IHCs appears to be specifically designed for sustaining neurotransmitter release with high-frequency cells being more indefatigable.\u003C\/p\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section fn-group\u0022 id=\u0022fn-group-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EFootnotes\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cul\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn-supported-by\u0022 id=\u0022fn-1\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cp id=\u0022p-36\u0022\u003EThis work was supported by the Wellcome Trust, Deafness Research UK, and The Royal Society. W.M. is a Royal Society University Research Fellow. We would like to thank A. J. Ricci for his critical feedback on this manuscript. We would also like to thank G. Nevill for his excellent technical assistance in preparing sections for TEM, as well as M. Cardwell and B. J. Chappell for their excellent assistance with the animals.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022corresp\u0022 id=\u0022corresp-1\u0022\u003ECorrespondence should be addressed to Dr. Walter Marcotti, \u003Cspan class=\u0022addr-line\u0022\u003EDepartment of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022em-link\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022em-addr\u0022\u003Ew.marcotti{at}sheffield.ac.uk\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022license\u0022 id=\u0022license-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003EThis article is freely available online through the \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/www.jneurosci.org\/cgi\/content\/full\/28\/30\/7670\u0022\u003E\u003Cem\u003EJ Neurosci\u003C\/em\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E Open Choice option.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EReferences\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list ref-use-labels\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003EAugustine and Charlton, 1986.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference Augustine and Charlton, 1986 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022
e-surname\u0022\u003ERose\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EScott\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EGE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESlapnick\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ESM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1982\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ERibbon synapses in the developing intact and cultured organ of Corti in the mouse\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EJ Neurosci\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E2\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E942\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E957\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BNeuroscience%26rft.stitle%253DJ.%2BNeurosci.%26rft.issn%253D0270-6474%26rft.aulast%253DSobkowicz%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D2%26rft.issue%253D7%26rft.spage%253D942%26rft.epage%253D957%26rft.atitle%253DRibbon%2Bsynapses%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bdeveloping%2Bintact%2Band%2Bcultured%2Borgan%2Bof%2BCorti%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bmouse%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F7097321%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/ijlink\/YTozOntzOjQ6InBhdGgiO3M6MTQ6Ii9sb29rdXAvaWpsaW5rIjtzOjU6InF1ZXJ5IjthOjQ6e3M6ODoibGlua1R5cGUiO3M6NDoiQUJTVCI7czoxMToiam91cm5hbENvZGUiO3M6Njoiam5ldXJvIjtzOjU6InJlc2lkIjtzOjc6IjIvNy85NDIiO3M6NDoiYXRvbSI7czoyMzoiL2puZXVyby8yOC8zMC83NjcwLmF0b20iO31zOjg6ImZyYWdtZW50IjtzOjA6IiI7fQ==\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-ijlink\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-reflinks-abstract\u0022\u003EAbstract\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003ESterling and Matthews, 2005.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-56-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference Sterling and Matthews, 2005 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-56\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.56\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/j.tins.2004.11.009\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESterling\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMatthews\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2005\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EStructure and function of ribbon synapses\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ETrends Neurosci\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E28\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E20\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E29\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DTrends%2Bin%2Bneurosciences%26rft.stitle%253DTrends%2BNeurosci%26rft.aulast%253DSterling%26rft.auinit1%253DP.%26rft.volume%253D28%26rft.issue%253D1%26rft.spage%253D20%26rft.epage%253D29%26rft.atitle%253DStructure%2Band%2Bfunction%2Bof%2Bribbon%2Bsynapses.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.tins.2004.11.009%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15626493%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/j.tins.2004.11.009\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=15626493\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fjneuro%2F28%2F30%2F7670.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003EThoreson et al., 2004.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-57-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference Thoreson et al., 2004 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-57\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.57\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00254-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EThoreson\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EWB\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ERabl\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETownes-Anderson\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHeidelberger\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2004\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA highly Ca\u003Csup\u003E2+\u003C\/sup\u003E-sensitive pool of vesicles contributes to linearity at the rod photoreceptor ribbon synapse\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENeuron\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E42\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E595\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E605\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeuron%26rft.stitle%253DNeuron%26rft.aulast%253DThoreson%26rft.auinit1%253DW.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D42%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D595%26rft.epage%253D605%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Bhighly%2BCa2%252B-sensitive%2Bpool%2Bof%2Bvesicles%2Bcontributes%2Bto%2Blinearity%2Bat%2Bthe%2Brod%2Bphotoreceptor%2Bribbon%2Bsynapse.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252804%252900254-5%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F15157421%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0896-6273(04)00254-5\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=15157421\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fjneuro%2F28%2F30%2F7670.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003ETucker and Fettiplace, 1995.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-58-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference Tucker and Fettiplace, 1995 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-58\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.58\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/0896-6273(95)90011-X\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETucker\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFettiplace\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1995\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EConfocal imaging of calcium microdomains and calcium extrusion in turtle hair cells\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENeuron\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E15\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1323\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1335\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeuron%26rft.stitle%253DNeuron%26rft.aulast%253DTucker%26rft.auinit1%253DT.%26rft.volume%253D15%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1323%26rft.epage%253D1335%26rft.atitle%253DConfocal%2Bimaging%2Bof%2Bcalcium%2Bmicrodomains%2Band%2Bcalcium%2Bextrusion%2Bin%2Bturtle%2Bhair%2Bcells.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0896-6273%252895%252990011-X%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8845156%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0896-6273(95)90011-X\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=8845156\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fjneuro%2F28%2F30%2F7670.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003Evon Gersdorff et al., 1996.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-59-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference von Gersdorff et al., 1996 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-59\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.59\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80148-8\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003Evon Gersdorff\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EVardi\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMatthews\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESterling\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1996\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EEvidence that vesicles on the synaptic ribbon of retinal bipolar neurons can be rapidly released\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENeuron\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E16\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1221\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1227\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNeuron%26rft.stitle%253DNeuron%26rft.aulast%253Dvon%2BGersdorff%26rft.auinit1%253DH.%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.issue%253D6%26rft.spage%253D1221%26rft.epage%253D1227%26rft.atitle%253DEvidence%2Bthat%2Bvesicles%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bsynaptic%2Bribbon%2Bof%2Bretinal%2Bbipolar%2Bneurons%2Bcan%2Bbe%2Brapidly%2Breleased.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252FS0896-6273%252800%252980148-8%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F8663998%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80148-8\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi 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class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWoolf\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ENK\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ERyan\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EAF\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1984\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EThe development of auditory function in the cochlea of the mongolian gerbil\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EHear Res\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E13\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E277\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E283\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DHearing%2Bresearch%26rft.stitle%253DHear%2BRes%26rft.aulast%253DWoolf%26rft.auinit1%253DN.%2BK.%26rft.volume%253D13%26rft.issue%253D3%26rft.spage%253D277%26rft.epage%253D283%26rft.atitle%253DThe%2Bdevelopment%2Bof%2Bauditory%2Bfunction%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bcochlea%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmongolian%2Bgerbil.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252F0378-5955%252884%252990081-9%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F6735934%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/0378-5955(84)90081-9\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=6735934\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fjneuro%2F28%2F30%2F7670.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label\u0022\u003EYasunaga et al., 1999.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-61-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference Yasunaga et al., 1999 in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-61\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\n\n\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-28.30.7670.61\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1038\/7693\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYasunaga\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGrati\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ECohen-Salmon\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EEl-Amraoui\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMustapha\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESalem\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EEl-Zir\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELoiselet\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPetit\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E (\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1999\u003C\/span\u003E) \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA mutation in OTOF, encoding otoferlin, a FER-1-like protein, causes DFNB9, a nonsyndromic form of deafness\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ENat Genet\u003C\/abbr\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E21\u003C\/span\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E363\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E369\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DNature%2Bgenetics%26rft.stitle%253DNat%2BGenet%26rft.aulast%253DYasunaga%26rft.auinit1%253DS.%26rft.volume%253D21%26rft.issue%253D4%26rft.spage%253D363%26rft.epage%253D369%26rft.atitle%253DA%2Bmutation%2Bin%2BOTOF%252C%2Bencoding%2Botoferlin%252C%2Ba%2BFER-1-like%2Bprotein%252C%2Bcauses%2BDFNB9%252C%2Ba%2Bnonsyndromic%2Bform%2Bof%2Bdeafness.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1038%252F7693%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F10192385%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1038\/7693\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi 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Diagnostics | Free Full-Text | Utility of Bulk T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing Analysis in Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19
Measuring immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), can rely on antibodies, reactive T cells and other factors, with T-cell-mediated responses appearing to have greater sensitivity and longevity. Because each T cell carries an essentially unique nucleic acid sequence for its T-cell receptor (TCR), we can interrogate sequence data derived from DNA or RNA to assess aspects of the immune response. This review deals with the utility of bulk, rather than single-cell, sequencing of TCR repertoires, considering the importance of study design, in terms of cohort selection, laboratory methods and analysis. The advances in understanding SARS-CoV-2 immunity that have resulted from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing are also be discussed. The complexity of sequencing data obtained by bulk repertoire sequencing makes analysis challenging, but simple descriptive analyses, clonal analysis, searches for specific sequences associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, motif-based analyses, and machine learning approaches have all been applied. TCR repertoire sequencing has demonstrated early expansion followed by contraction of SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes, during active infection. Maintenance of TCR repertoire diversity, including the maintenance of diversity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 response, predicts a favourable outcome. TCR repertoire narrowing in severe COVID-19 is most likely a consequence of COVID-19-associated lymphopenia. It has been possible to follow clonotypic sequences longitudinally, which has been particularly valuable for clonotypes known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 peptide/MHC tetramer binding or with SARS-CoV-2 peptide-induced cytokine responses. Closely related clonotypes to these previously identified sequences have been shown to respond with similar kinetics during infection. A possible superantigen-like effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been identified, by means of observing V-segment skewing in patients with severe COVID-19, together with structural modelling. Such a superantigen-like activity, which is apparently absent from other coronaviruses, may be the basis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome and cytokine storms in COVID-19. Bulk TCR repertoire sequencing has proven to be a useful and cost-effective approach to understanding interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the human host, with the potential to inform the design of therapeutics and vaccines, as well as to provide invaluable pathogenetic and epidemiological insights.
Utility of Bulk T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing Analysis in Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19
Elizabeth J. Soilleux 2,*,‡
1
Department of Health Data Science, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GF, UK
2
Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
3
School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
4
Department of Respiratory Medicine, University Hospitals of Morecambe Bay, Kendal LA9 7RG, UK
5
Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7YF, UK
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Diagnostics 2022 , 12 (5), 1222; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051222
Received: 27 April 2022 / Revised: 9 May 2022 / Accepted: 10 May 2022 / Published: 13 May 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue T-cells as a Diagnostic Tool in Benign and Malignant Disease )
Browse Figures
Abstract
:
Measuring immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), can rely on antibodies, reactive T cells and other factors, with T-cell-mediated responses appearing to have greater sensitivity and longevity. Because each T cell carries an essentially unique nucleic acid sequence for its T-cell receptor (TCR), we can interrogate sequence data derived from DNA or RNA to assess aspects of the immune response. This review deals with the utility of bulk, rather than single-cell, sequencing of TCR repertoires, considering the importance of study design, in terms of cohort selection, laboratory methods and analysis. The advances in understanding SARS-CoV-2 immunity that have resulted from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing are also be discussed. The complexity of sequencing data obtained by bulk repertoire sequencing makes analysis challenging, but simple descriptive analyses, clonal analysis, searches for specific sequences associated with immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, motif-based analyses, and machine learning approaches have all been applied. TCR repertoire sequencing has demonstrated early expansion followed by contraction of SARS-CoV-2-specific clonotypes, during active infection. Maintenance of TCR repertoire diversity, including the maintenance of diversity of anti-SARS-CoV-2 response, predicts a favourable outcome. TCR repertoire narrowing in severe COVID-19 is most likely a consequence of COVID-19-associated lymphopenia. It has been possible to follow clonotypic sequences longitudinally, which has been particularly valuable for clonotypes known to be associated with SARS-CoV-2 peptide/MHC tetramer binding or with SARS-CoV-2 peptide-induced cytokine responses. Closely related clonotypes to these previously identified sequences have been shown to respond with similar kinetics during infection. A possible superantigen-like effect of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein has been identified, by means of observing V-segment skewing in patients with severe COVID-19, together with structural modelling. Such a superantigen-like activity, which is apparently absent from other coronaviruses, may be the basis of multisystem inflammatory syndrome and cytokine storms in COVID-19. Bulk TCR repertoire sequencing has proven to be a useful and cost-effective approach to understanding interactions between SARS-CoV-2 and the human host, with the potential to inform the design of therapeutics and vaccines, as well as to provide invaluable pathogenetic and epidemiological insights.
Keywords:
COVID-19
;
SARS-CoV-2
;
immune response
;
coronavirus
;
T-cell receptor repertoire
;
antibody
;
immunological memory
;
machine learning
;
diversity
;
immunoreceptor
1. Introduction
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has resulted in devastating global morbidity and mortality [
1
]. Significant progress has been made into understanding the immunology of COVID-19 and developing various vaccines that offer high levels of initial protection. However, the longevity of both infection- and vaccination-induced COVID-19 immunity remains to be determined [
2
]. T cells play an important role in the pathogenesis and resolution of the disease and may provide long-lasting immunity [
2
]. This review explores the advances in our understanding of T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 achieved through bulk T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis. To assist readers in interpreting the published studies, we first discuss the methodologies that can be applied, before presenting biological insights obtained from TCR repertoire analysis. Information obtained via such studies has implications for the design of vaccines and therapeutics, as well as for epidemiology and patient-risk stratification.
2. Overview of T-Cells in COVID-19
The relationship between T cells and clinical outcome in COVID-19 is complex and incompletely understood [ 2 ]. The peripheral blood T-cell count shows an inverse correlation with disease severity and a high CD8:CD4 ratio is observed in mild cases, with a decreased CD8:CD4 ratio correlating with severe disease. The poorer disease outcomes in patients over 65 years old are likely due to the decreased size (or diversity) of the naïve T-cell pool. This, coupled with COVID-19-induced lymphopenia, causes a delayed or uncoordinated adaptive immune response and suboptimal viral clearance [ 3 ]. Despite marked lymphopenia in severe disease, a marker of poor prognosis, the number of SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells in peripheral blood is higher than that of mild and convalescent individuals [ 4 ]. Flow cytometry and ELISA-based analysis of secreted cytokines (e.g., IFNγ) demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells in severe disease show a restricted cytokine profile, and high expression of inhibitory surface receptors and proliferation markers [ 4 ]. In severe cases of COVID-19, T-cell responses are either insufficient, inappropriate, or excessive [ 3 , 4 , 5 ].
2.1. Immunological Memory and Longevity
Understanding immunological memory is important for assessing the likelihood and severity of disease upon re-infection, as well as for epidemiological analysis and policy making. It is also a critical factor in determining how often booster vaccines should be offered to certain population subgroups, and clinically this may well be a potentially important role for T-cell immunity based tests in future. Evidence from SARS-CoV-1 suggests that T-cell immunity lasts for decades [ 6 ]. To date, antibody-based tests, such as lateral flow tests and ELISAs, have been used to infer immunity to SARS-CoV-2, but may not present a full picture. Neutralising antibody titres against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein or receptor-binding domain decreased moderately over an 8-month follow-up period in 188 convalescent individuals. In contrast, 92% of individuals had detectable SARS-CoV-2-directed memory CD4+ T cells, as assessed by T-cell co-culture with SARS-CoV-2 peptides, followed by flow cytometric assessment of surface activation markers. The correlation between circulating antibody titres and T-cell immunity was incompletely understood [ 7 ]. Flow cytometry, using class I MHC tetramers and predicted optimal epitopes from SARS-CoV-2, demonstrated CD8+ specificity for SARS-CoV-2 in a higher percentage of subjects than antibodies, in a cohort of convalescent individuals, following mild or asymptomatic disease [ 8 ]. Furthermore, agammaglobulinaemic patients, who lack the ability to generate mature B cells or antibodies, can clear the SARS-CoV-2 infection without the need for mechanical ventilation, indicating that T cells may be sufficient to clear the infection with minimal symptomatic disease [ 3 ]. For some SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as the beta variant, against which Moderna (mRNA-1273) or Pfizer/BioNTech (BNT162b2) vaccine-induced antibody is relatively ineffective, as it is thought that a predominantly T-cell-mediated immune response still appears to confer immunity, at least decreasing disease severity and mortality [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. It remains paramount to examine new variants that emerge for possible “T-cell escape” mutations.
2.2. T-Cell Cross-Reactivity
Assessing T-cell responses as evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is confounded by T-cell cross-reactivity with seasonal coronaviruses, with a study demonstrating cross-reactive T cells against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 in 28% of healthy unexposed (pre-pandemic) donor samples [ 8 ]. One benefit of this relatively high level of cross-reactivity in the unexposed population is the potential for some pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 12 ].
2.3. Pathogenic Effects of T Cells
T cells are a sensitive and long-lasting marker of immunity in mild cases, but are potentially pathogenic in severe cases. Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) has pathogenesis similar to toxic shock due to the Staphylococcal antigens TSS toxin 1 and enterotoxin B. It can affect all major body systems in both children and adults, manifesting as persistent fever and hyperinflammation. Cytokine storms, occurring in some adults with COVID-19 are thought to have a similar aetiology [ 5 ].
2.4. T-Cell Tests in Current Clinical Use
Current clinical tests for T-cell immunity include enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELIspot) and intracellular cytokine staining, both methods presenting T-cell storage, transport, and handling challenges. Newer technologies include Adaptive Biotechnologies sequencing-based analysis of the TCR repertoire, which shows higher sensitivity than commercially available serological tests without apparently being confounded by responses to other pathogens [ 13 ].
3. The TCR Repertoire
Each T cell has a TCR; the sequence, and to some extent, the antigen specificity of which is essentially unique to that cell and its clones. The combined set of TCR sequences from all T cells in an organism is termed the TCR repertoire. Its characteristics, including diversity, composition and dynamics, are important indicators of immune responses to specific antigens and are powerful tools for the diagnosis and prognosis of immune-related diseases.
Similar sequences are present in cells with similar binding specificity, meaning that TCR repertoire sequencing can provide very useful insights into T-cell responses to a virus [ 14 ]. The mechanism by which unique TCR sequences are generated in each T cell is summarised in Figure 1 . In brief, T cells, with receptors able to bind a very diverse array of antigens, contribute to the immunological protection of an individual. The genome would be unmanageably large if all unique DNA sequences required to encode these receptors were included in germline DNA [ 15 , 16 ]. TCRs are thus encoded in a combinatorial manner instead, with multiple separate DNA segments being brought together ( Figure 1 ). This process occurs on two separate chains that are then paired, either as alpha-beta or gamma-delta, to present each T cell random, but unique, antigen specificity, which is not explicitly encoded by the genome. Subsequent positive and negative selections of T cells occur on the basis of the binding specificities of their receptors, removing in the thymus both those unlikely to bind antigen with appreciable affinity and those with autoimmune specificity, to leave a naïve mature T-cell repertoire. Because of the formation of junctions between germline-encoded gene segments at the variable positions, with potential template-independent insertion of bases, it can be appreciated that the genome will carry significant numbers of non-functional TCR rearrangements, for example, containing stop codons, due to shifts in the reading frame. Therefore, if sequencing is based on a DNA template, rather than RNA, it is important that non-functional TCR rearrangements are removed [ 17 ].
Upon meeting a cognate antigen, a naïve T cell would be activated, leading to clonal expansion and differentiation into effector cells [ 15 , 16 ]. Expansion of multiple closely related clones might thus be expected in response to a given antigen.
3.1. Sample Cohort Building for TCR Repertoire Analysis
When comparing immunoreceptor repertoires between disease groups, it is critical that cohorts are as large as possible and ideally age- and gender- matched, as age, in particular, is known to affect the TCR repertoire composition [ 18 ]. Potential genetic and environmental confounders should also be considered.
3.2. Laboratory Methods in ‘Bulk’ TCR Repertoire Sequencing
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has unleashed the ability to analyse the sequence of large numbers of TCRs in parallel. All of the TCR sequences in one sample are known as the TCR repertoire. Two types of TCR repertoire analysis dominate current research: “bulk” population sequencing and single-cell sequencing. The focus of this review is on “bulk” sequencing, which provides information on the frequency of single-chain usage, presenting a high-resolution view of diversity and of clonal relatedness, as whole populations of cells can be sequenced at a time. However, in order to assess chain pairings (either alpha-beta or gamma-delta), single-cell sequencing is required, which is typically more expensive and captures a smaller number of cells. As such, many of the analytical challenges and biological insights available to single-cell sequencing of the repertoire are different to those available to bulk sequencing, and are not covered in this review.
3.2.1. Substrate for Repertoire Sequencing
“Bulk” sequencing can be performed on DNA or RNA extracted from samples containing lymphocytes, most commonly blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or pre-sorted lymphocytes and, less commonly, fresh frozen or formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. The advantages of blood or PBMC are non-invasive sample collection and availability of healthy control samples. DNA template has advantages over RNA, including greater stability and a 1:1 relationship between numbers of sequences and numbers of cells, rather than being confounded by transcript expression levels. For RNA, the number(s) of cells that had any given TCR sequence cannot be inferred. However, in our experience, a reasonably accurate assumption is that each unique complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) nucleic acid sequence comes from one cell only. In contrast, RNA has the advantage of only sequencing transcripts that are expressed, and thus likely to be functional (as explained in
Figure 1
), avoiding the need to screen out likely non-functional TCR sequences bioinformatically.
3.2.2. Methodological Considerations
Commonly used methods for producing TCR repertoire libraries are summarised in Table 1 . Methods are generally amplification-based, using either 5′RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) or multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). More rarely, methods are based on hybridisation capture [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ] ( Table 1 ). Most methods use the Illumina sequencing platform, although some utilise the Ion Torrent [ 42 , 43 , 44 ] or Roche 454 methodologies [ 45 , 46 ]. Caution must be taken when comparing repertoire data generated using different immunoreceptor library preparation methods, because of method-specific bias towards certain V and J segments, which is mainly a consequence of the use of method-specific PCR primers [ 47 ]. While each method has individual strengths [ 48 ], a gold-standard approach would improve the integration of results across different studies. Irrespective of library preparation method, incorporating unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) into nascent reads assists in distinguishing PCR duplicates from clonal sequences, as well as avoiding artefacts arising from PCR bias or PCR/sequencing errors [ 32 , 47 ], although UMI incorporation can be challenging when working with multiplex PCR methods.
3.3. Analysis of “Bulk” TCR Repertoire Sequencing
The CDR3 sequences are of primary interest in classification analyses because CDR3 regions are the most diverse and directly interact with antigens [ 49 ]. Pre-processing of sequencing data before alignment may be required if UMIs are incorporated. Accordingly, sequencing reads in fastq or fasta format are aligned to a reference database of V(D)J segments (e.g., IMGT ( www.imgt.org ), GenBank ( https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/ )) and clonotypes are assigned on the basis of V-, D- and J-segment usage and CDR3 lengths and sequences [ 50 ], using tools, such as MiXCR [ 51 ], IgBLAST [ 52 ] and IMGT/HighV-QUEST [ 53 ], with these different bioinformatic methods producing substantially different outputs [ 54 ]. While bespoke computational approaches are used by some, various immune repertoire analysis platforms are available. For example, VDJtools [ 55 ] or VisTCR [ 56 ] can be used to understand the immune repertoire by calculation and visualisation of summary statistics, pertaining to some of the parameters described in Table 2 . A similar platform, ARResT [ 57 ], combines IMGT/HighV-QUEST with the analysis and visualisation of the resulting immune repertoire data. The adaptive immune receptor repertoire community (AIRR-C) is one of a number of repositories for COVID-19 TCR repertoire data [ 58 ].
3.3.1. Principles of Analysis of CDR3 Sequences
Multiple different analyses are possible ( Table 2 and Table 3 ), including simple descriptive analyses (CDR3 length, V(D)J-segment usage, amino acid proportions), identification of clonotypes and their neighbours, more complex mathematical analyses of diversity, richness and evenness ( Table 2 ), identification of specific motifs ( Table 3 ), and machine learning methods. However, all these methods are subject to amplification bias, the type of starting material (DNA or RNA) and the quality and number of cells in the starting material.
3.3.2. Clonotypic Analysis
Simple analysis, such as CDR3 length profiles and V(D)J usages ( Table 2 ), can be very effective at identifying clonality in samples. However, individual sequences are not considered and fine details may be obscured within these statistics. Clonotypic frequencies [ 50 ] provide a more in-depth perspective, and may vary between different patient groups, or between patients with a particular condition and controls. Any highly abundant receptors are assumed to be part of an active immune response whilst receptors that are observed in samples from multiple individuals with similar clinical conditions are thought to be capable of binding to a shared antigen [ 17 ]. Clonotypic analysis may focus on identifying known COVID-19-associated TCR sequences [ 49 ]. Analysis restricted only to clonotypically identical sequences may be too strict, particularly when considering the repertoires of different patients [ 17 ], meaning that motif-based analysis may provide more biologically meaningful information.
3.3.3. Diversity Profiling and Related Analyses
TCR diversity is a measure of the numbers of different CDR3 clonotypes in a sample and can be measured in multiple ways (
Table 2
) [
17
,
49
,
59
,
60
,
61
,
62
,
63
,
64
,
65
,
66
,
67
,
68
,
69
,
70
,
71
,
72
,
73
,
74
,
75
]. Diversity measures adapted from ecology have commonly been used to characterise the TCR repertoire, particularly Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity and Hill diversity [
67
,
74
,
76
]. In the context of repertoire profiling, they describe TCR clonotype abundance, richness (number of unique clones) and evenness (the degree to which different clonotypes are equally represented in the sample). The different measures place different levels of importance on clonal characteristics, for instance, Simpson diversity is more sensitive to clonal dominance, whereas Shannon diversity is more sensitive to rare clonotypes. Although Pielou’s evenness index provides a more thorough description of repertoire structure than Simpson or Shannon diversities, none of these measures looks at individual sequences, but rather aim to characterise the repertoire as a whole.
Table 2. Diversity-based methods of TCR repertoire analysis.
Table 2. Diversity-based methods of TCR repertoire analysis.
3.3.4. Analyses Based on Sequence or Motif Identification
While analysing TCR metrics, such as the abundance of T cells, unique CDR3 sequences, or entropy, can provide an assessment of the diversity of the repertoire or its level of clonal expansion, these metrics are sequence agnostic. They are unable to assess the antigen-specific nature of the repertoire, and, furthermore, cannot identify antigenic associations with clinical outcomes in datasets. Clustering methods aim to group together TCR sequences that are either clonally related, having very similar CDR3s, or which likely bind the same antigen, having conserved motifs or similar physiochemical properties (
Table 3
). In identifying the clusters related to a particular disease, some methods use the cluster frequency or over-representation relative to a control group. It should be noted that the identification of such motifs is computationally demanding due to the vast number of combinatorial possibilities, and the methods presented in
Table 3
often have a speed trade-off as the complexity of the algorithm and the patterns identified increase. Any identified motifs still require some form of validation, either in an independent test set or experimentally, before their real clinical utility can be exploited. Notwithstanding, multiple approaches have been taken to predict the likely antigens bound, including NetTCR, TCRex and MIRA, and databases, such as VDJdb and McPAS-TCR have been created to facilitate the sharing of known antigen specificities of TCR sequences [
77
,
78
,
79
,
80
,
81
].
Table 3. TCR clustering methods. indicates that the TCR clustering method uses the feature to define a cluster.
Table 3. TCR clustering methods. indicates that the TCR clustering method uses the feature to define a cluster.
Method Features V(D)J Alignment CDR3s Short Motifs Physio-Chemical Properties Amino Acids Nucleotides Frequency Enrichment GIANA [ 82 ] (V Only) ALICE [ 83 ] clusTCR [ 84 ] GLIPH2 [ 85 ] iSMART [ 86 ] TCRdist [ 87 ] (CDR1 and 2) TCRNET [ 83 ] (V and J) (control samples required) ImmunoMap [ 88 ] MiXCR [ 51 ] (V and J)
3.3.5. Machine Learning to Predict Diagnosis, Exposure to Infection or Outcome of Infection
Machine learning algorithms (artificial intelligence, AI), which can be trained using examples, may be applied to produce TCR repertoire-based diagnostic models that can classify samples by diagnosis (e.g., COVID-19 unexposed versus previously COVID-19 infected). Such models can be built without the knowledge of the specificities of TCRs driving the classification and are typically supervised, in that they are provided with data from samples with a known label. Training can involve the selection of model parameters that produce the most accurate classification ( Figure 2 A). Such classification may be performed on the basis of closely related full-length CDR3 sequences [ 89 ], permitting 1 to 2 amino acid substitutions, often with weightings for the relatedness of substituted amino acids [ 90 ]. Alternatively, grouping may be performed on the basis of shorter motifs that form part of CDR3 sequences [ 14 ]. Testing then involves applying these optimal model parameters to a new set of testing data, in order to determine the classification accuracy ( Figure 2 B).
To present an example, we successfully used clustering combined with a supervised training approach [ 17 ], to construct a classifier to separate samples donated by COVID-19 convalescent individuals from COVID-19-naïve individuals [ 14 ]. In our approach, CDR3 sequences were broken into contiguous amino acid sequences of length k (kmers), so that CDR3s that were non-identical, but shared a short motif, could be considered similar. The kmer length that provided the optimal classification was identified during the training stage [ 14 ]. Although this model for previous COVID-19 infection performed well in leave-one-out cross-validation, it has not been tested on any independent test sets analysed with the same laboratory methodology, due to small cohort sizes. The generalisability of this classifier between datasets thus remains unknown. A CDR3-based machine learning method, i-CAT, was also recently described to be able to separate TCR repertoires from individuals post-SARS-CoV-2 infection from unexposed individuals. However, the sample cohorts were exceptionally small, meaning that overfitting may have occurred, producing a falsely high accuracy [ 89 ]. The machine learning algorithm, DeepTCR, is a multiple-instance deep learning repertoire classifier assessing a combination of CDR3 sequence and V/D/J gene-segment usage [ 91 ], which has been used successfully to predict patients with severe versus milder SARS-CoV-2 infection from their repertoire sequencing [ 92 ]. However, it did not generalise between two separate cohorts, likely due to geographical and demographic differences, although overfitting could not be excluded. DeepTCR includes a convolutional neural network and is a platform for deep learning that can be applied at the level of individual TCR sequences or the whole TCR repertoire. It can learn patterns in the data that may be used for both descriptive and classification/predictive purposes [ 91 ]. Most Machine learning approaches are currently limited by the sample size. Although combining data from multiple sources could improve the robustness of these models with an enlarged training dataset, it is important to keep in mind the limitations of doing this due to different TCR sequencing methods, library preparation and target enrichment. However, datasets are increasing in size and, therefore, we expect machine learning-based classification models to increase in their utilities.
3.3.6. Machine Learning to Identify New Antigen-Specific Sequences
Machine learning has previously been used for the identification of novel sequences in TCR repertoires [ 93 ] and this has also been attempted for SARS-CoV-2. For example, using DeepTCR, 25 sequences most predictive of severe COVID-19 infection were identified. Multiplex Identification of T-cell Receptor Antigen Specificity (MIRA) was applied to these sequences and SARS-CoV-2 antigen specificity was predicted and shown to differ (a) between CD4 and CD8 T cells and (b) between individuals with mild and severe disease. As a consequence of this approach, it was possible to construct an epitope-specific classifier to predict whether patients had mild or severe disease [ 92 ].
4. Biological Insights into COVID-19 from T-Cell Receptor Analysis
A broad range of biological insights have been gained from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing in COVID-19. Apart from the specific TCR sequences identified, which are contained in the various publications we cite, an overview of many of the biological findings can be observed in
Figure 3
and summarised in
Table 4
. These publications were identified through a PuBMed search for papers containing the terms ‘T-cell receptor [TCR] sequencing’ or ‘T-cell receptor [TCR] repertoire’, and ‘COVID-19’ or ‘SARS-CoV-2’ in their title or abstract. Papers were then manually screened for their use of bulk TCR sequencing. Whilst these papers all represent interesting results, many of these studies are limited in their sample sizes, availability of healthy controls or pre-pandemic samples and lack of HLA typing.
4.1. Relative Contributions of T Cells and B Cells to SARS-CoV-2 Immunity
Shomuradova and colleagues showed that healthy donors during the pandemic had increased numbers of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells, but not antibody response, likely indicating either prior asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection or the presence of pre-existing cross-reactive T cells that represented a response to previous infection with a related virus [
94
]. Furthermore, in the same study, some convalescent patients had anti-SARS-CoV-2 TCRs, but no detectable antibody response after a certain period post-infection. Our own analysis of the convalescent cohort that had had mild infection in Schultheiss and colleagues’ study [
95
] showed an ability to predict SARS-CoV-2-immunity from TCR, but not BCR, repertoire data [
14
]. This indicates that there are fewer common features of BCR than TCR repertoire data between previously SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, which may be because a SARS-CoV-2-specific B-cell response was limited in strength and duration or absent in a proportion of the individuals studied.
4.2. Association between Higher Repertoire Diversity and Improved Outcomes
Multiple studies have shown that, in mild infections with SARS-CoV-2, the TCR repertoire remains relatively diverse, with high generation probability (i.e., broadly predictable from germline rearrangement patterns) TCR sequences persisting. This indicates that the repertoire does not simply consist of T cells responding to a specific antigen. Furthermore, the frequencies of specific clonotypes, even those that are SARS-CoV-2-specific, are not particularly high, in contrast to findings in severe COVID-19, in which there are smaller numbers of more frequent SARS-CoV-2-specific sequences. Notwithstanding, a broad range of SARS-CoV-2-specific sequences are seen in mild disease, with many CDR3 sequences shared between multiple individuals, i.e., public CDR3 sequences [ 92 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 ]. One caveat is the fact that younger age may confound this observation. This is because younger age is associated both with milder COVID-19 disease and with broader TCR repertoires than in older people [ 18 ]. In both mild and severe disease, the TCR repertoire in peripheral blood increases in diversity during convalescence. Asymptomatic infection is thought to follow a similar course, in terms of TCR repertoire profiles, to mild disease [ 94 ].
4.3. Kinetics of CD4 and CD8 T-Cell Responses
CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell clonotypes both undergo transient clonal expansion after infection, with similar kinetics, with clonal contraction after day 15 and the majority acquiring effector memory phenotypes by day 30. A study of only 2 patients showed a separate episode of T-cell expansion on days 15–37 after the infection [ 98 ]. While this may have been due to priming of more T cells by antigen-specific B cells, migration of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells from lymphoid organs or bystander activation of non-SARS-CoV-2 specific T cells, the possibility that this was due to triggering by another infection cannot be excluded, and so this second wave of CD4/CD8 T-cell expansion requires corroboration in other larger studies.
4.4. Importance of Specific V-, D- and J-Segment Usage
Few studies have found a very strong association between particular V-, D- and J-segment usage and prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2. However, in patients with a severe/hyperinflammatory COVID-19 clinical picture, four TCR Vβ gene segments (TRBV5-6, TRBV14, TRBV13 and TRBV24-1) were found to be overrepresented with little Jβ gene-segment skewing [
5
], suggesting a selective pressure preferentially acting on V-segment distribution. The same paper also used computational models and demonstrated that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, in contrast to other coronaviruses, exhibits a high-affinity motif for binding TCRs and may form a ternary complex with MHC-II, permitting it to behave similar to a superantigen, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B. This provides a possible explanation for SARS-CoV-2 causing a cytokine storm in some adults and multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children and some adults.
4.5. Importance of SARS-CoV-2 Specific TCR Sequences and Motifs
TCR specificity was predicted in some of the datasets shown in
Table 4
in one of two ways. One method is to undertake a functional assay, such as T-cell stimulation assays with subsequent flow cytometric analysis of cell surface phenotype and assaying T cells for their ability to bind to a fluorescently labelled MHC tetramer refolded with a selected SARS-CoV-2 peptide antigen [
94
,
95
]. The TCR repertoires of these likely SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells can thus be sequenced and analysed. The second approach is prediction by analogy to TCR sequences, the specificity of which is already known. The Multiplex Identification of the T-cell Receptor Antigen Specificity (MIRA) platform [
80
] was used for this purpose in several studies [
92
,
98
,
99
]. Between these two approaches, numerous potentially SARS-CoV-2-specific TCR sequences were identified.
Table 4. Biological insights into COVID-19 from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing.
Table 4. Biological insights into COVID-19 from bulk TCR repertoire sequencing.
4.6. Vaccine-Induced T-Cell Responses in Comparison to Responses to Native Infection
TCR repertoire responses to the AstraZeneca AZD1222 COVID-19 vaccine show similar changes to mild infection [
99
]. A total of 233 participants were vaccinated with AZD1222 or the MenACWY vaccine as a control, with doses approximately 4 or 12 weeks apart. Post-vaccination, participants had a significant increase in the fraction of total peripheral blood T cells and fraction of unique TCRs that were spike protein-specific 28 days after the second vaccine dose, with a similar depth and the breadth of the responses regardless of the dosing schedule. The breadth and depth increases were comparable to COVID-19 convalescent patients and no increase in TCR breadth of non-spike protein-specific SARS-CoV-2 TCRs was observed. As seen in SARS-CoV-2 infection [
92
], post-vaccination CD4 T-cell responses could be mapped to a broad range of parts of the spike protein, but CD8 responses were more restricted, most likely due to HLA restriction [
99
]. Peer-reviewed publications containing TCR repertoire data for other vaccines are awaited.
5. Areas for Further Research
Significant inroads have been made into understanding COVID-19 by means of analysis of TCR repertoire data, but much remains to be done. Further integration with single-cell data, in which chain pairing is known, will provide new insights, as will the ability of additional binding or functional studies to delineate new SARS-CoV-2-specific TCR sequences. Detailed mapping of particular TCR sequences to SARS-CoV-2 provides a tool kit for understanding the likely impact of new SARS-CoV-2 mutations upon largely vaccinated populations. While decreased TCR diversity acts as a useful biomarker to predict poorer prognosis, further identification of specific TCR sequences that are associated with unfavourable outcomes is desirable. In the context of vaccination, it is important to understand the risk of COVID-19 infection and/or severe disease post-vaccination as a function of the presence of specific TCR sequences. This requires large longitudinal studies of TCR repertoires in vaccinated individuals.
6. Conclusions
T cells form the backbone of the immune system and it is, therefore, of little surprise that they play such critical roles in determining the outcomes of infection with COVID-19. T cells carry natural “barcode” sequences, by virtue of their TCR variable-region sequences, particularly the CDR3 component. This gift of nature has provided the opportunity to study T cells in great detail and to begin answering key questions about the course and longevity of infection or vaccine-induced immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Author Contributions
H.K., S.E., T.D., E.C., A.K., A.E., K.N.L.H., S.W., A.F. (Andrew Foers), A.F. (Anna Fowler) and E.J.S. contributed to the original writing and editing of the manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
This research received no external funding.
Conflicts of Interest
E.S. and A. Fowler (inventors) of GB Patent Application No: 1718238.7, for Oxford University Innovation, dated 3 November 2017; International Patent Application No: PCT/GB2018/053198 for Cambridge Enterprise, based on GB Application No: 1718238.7, dated 5 November 2018. Status: pending. The remaining authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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Shimizu, K.; Iyoda, T.; Sanpei, A.; Nakazato, H.; Okada, M.; Ueda, S.; Kato-Murayama, M.; Murayama, K.; Shirouzu, M.; Harada, N.; et al. Identification of TCR Repertoires in Functionally Competent Cytotoxic T Cells Cross-Reactive to SARS-CoV-2. Commun. Biol. 2021 , 4 , 1365. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Li, Y.; Hu, J.; Wang, Y.; Liu, D.; Shi, Y.; Zhang, J.; Liu, Y.; Lin, D.; Lin, J.; Hu, W.; et al. T-Cell Repertoire Characteristics of Asymptomatic and Re-Detectable Positive COVID-19 Patients. Front. Immunol. 2021 , 12 , 769442. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Figure 1.
V(D)J recombination determines T-cell receptor specificity.
The TCR specificity of αβ T cells is determined by the unique V(D)J recombination events that occur during the development of each T cell. During this process, V, D and J gene segments are randomly selected and are spliced together on the β chain, while the α-chain rearrangement of the V–J gene segments occurs in a similar process. During this process, the random addition or deletion of nucleotides can occur at segment junctions. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) encoded by sequences located in the V(D)J junction has the greatest diversity and is what determines the antigen specificity of each TCR. TCRβ: T-cell receptor beta; CDR3β: the gene sequence encoding the complementarity-determining region 3 of the TCR beta chain.
Figure 1. V(D)J recombination determines T-cell receptor specificity. The TCR specificity of αβ T cells is determined by the unique V(D)J recombination events that occur during the development of each T cell. During this process, V, D and J gene segments are randomly selected and are spliced together on the β chain, while the α-chain rearrangement of the V–J gene segments occurs in a similar process. During this process, the random addition or deletion of nucleotides can occur at segment junctions. The complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) encoded by sequences located in the V(D)J junction has the greatest diversity and is what determines the antigen specificity of each TCR. TCRβ: T-cell receptor beta; CDR3β: the gene sequence encoding the complementarity-determining region 3 of the TCR beta chain.
Figure 2.
Overview of machine learning approaches.
(
A
) Training data and training labels are used to train the model by obtaining its optimal parameters. The model with initial parameters makes predictions for the training data. These predictions are compared to the training labels and the error between them is calculated. The model parameters are updated to correct for the error. These steps continue until the error cannot be made smaller and the model is trained. (
B
) A trained model should be tested with a separate set of data and labels called the testing data. Positive or negative predictions are made for the testing data using the trained model with its optimal parameters. Each prediction is compared to the positive or negative testing label and categorised as a true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) or false negative (FN). The model’s sensitivity can be estimated as TP/(TP + FN), specificity as TN/(TN + FP) and accuracy as (TP + TN)/(TP + FP + TN + FN).
Figure 2. Overview of machine learning approaches. ( A ) Training data and training labels are used to train the model by obtaining its optimal parameters. The model with initial parameters makes predictions for the training data. These predictions are compared to the training labels and the error between them is calculated. The model parameters are updated to correct for the error. These steps continue until the error cannot be made smaller and the model is trained. ( B ) A trained model should be tested with a separate set of data and labels called the testing data. Positive or negative predictions are made for the testing data using the trained model with its optimal parameters. Each prediction is compared to the positive or negative testing label and categorised as a true positive (TP), false positive (FP), true negative (TN) or false negative (FN). The model’s sensitivity can be estimated as TP/(TP + FN), specificity as TN/(TN + FP) and accuracy as (TP + TN)/(TP + FP + TN + FN).
Figure 3. Schematic overview of insights into TCR repertoire, observed over time after infection, obtained by bulk TCR repertoire sequencing. MIS: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.
Figure 3. Schematic overview of insights into TCR repertoire, observed over time after infection, obtained by bulk TCR repertoire sequencing. MIS: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome.
Table 1. Principles of laboratory methods for TCR repertoire sequencing.
Kockelbergh H, Evans S, Deng T, Clyne E, Kyriakidou A, Economou A, Luu Hoang KN, Woodmansey S, Foers A, Fowler A, Soilleux EJ. Utility of Bulk T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing Analysis in Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(5):1222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051222
Chicago/Turabian Style
Kockelbergh, Hannah, Shelley Evans, Tong Deng, Ella Clyne, Anna Kyriakidou, Andreas Economou, Kim Ngan Luu Hoang, Stephen Woodmansey, Andrew Foers, Anna Fowler, and Elizabeth J. Soilleux. 2022. "Utility of Bulk T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing Analysis in Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19" Diagnostics12, no. 5: 1222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051222
Article Metrics
Kockelbergh H, Evans S, Deng T, Clyne E, Kyriakidou A, Economou A, Luu Hoang KN, Woodmansey S, Foers A, Fowler A, Soilleux EJ. Utility of Bulk T-Cell Receptor Repertoire Sequencing Analysis in Understanding Immune Responses to COVID-19. Diagnostics. 2022; 12(5):1222.
https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12051222
| https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/5/1222/html |
Visualization of phase distribution in lead–bismuth eutectic during one-dimensional solidification process | Request PDF
Request PDF | Visualization of phase distribution in lead–bismuth eutectic during one-dimensional solidification process | Solidification process of lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) is one of the key phenomena to prevent flow channel blockage accident in an LBE-cooled... | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate
Article
Visualization of phase distribution in lead–bismuth eutectic during one-dimensional solidification process
June 2019
Journal of Visualization22(553)
DOI: 10.1007/s12650-019-00572-7
Authors:
<here is a image f2f62089ad6ff61c-d19572ff1996375a>
Daisuke Ito
Daisuke Ito
<here is a image e8d5d3e9d2fd2120-35269dac682c468c>
Hirotaka Sato
Hokkaido University
<here is a image 0088ba79de54d501-3b1beb9a7a2582b7>
Yasushi Saito
Kyoto University
<here is a image f2f62089ad6ff61c-d19572ff1996375a>
Joseph Don Parker
Joseph Don Parker
Abstract
Solidification process of lead–bismuth eutectic (LBE) is one of the key phenomena to prevent flow channel blockage accident in an LBE-cooled accelerator-driven system. However, the solidification of liquid metal cannot be observed optically and it is difficult to detect noninvasively. In this study, the one-dimensional solidification process of the LBE was visualized by pulsed neutron transmission imaging. Neutrons have higher transmittivity to the LBE than X-ray and neutron transmission spectrum of the LBE sample can be obtained by pulsed neutron imaging technique. The solid and liquid phases of the LBE were identified during the solidification process by the presence or absence of Bragg edge in the measured neutron transmission spectrum, and the transient behavior of the solid–liquid interface could be visualized. In addition, the characteristic spatial distribution of the crystalline structure was found in Bragg-edge transmission image after the solidification.
Graphic abstract
Open image in new window
... The NTSI experiments during the solidification process of LBE were performed using the energy-resolved neutron imaging system RADEN in the Materials and Life Science Experimental Facility (MLF) of the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC) [25] with the neutron wavelength resolution of = 0.25%. The details of these experiments are already reported [26,
27]
. The LBE sample had a solidified volume 80 mm in vertical length, 80 mm in width, and 10 mm in thickness, and it was contained in a 304 stainless steel container with 1-mm-thick walls. ...
... The horizontal axis shows the time since the solidification process began, and the vertical axis shows the position from the top of the sample. The results are relatively consistent with the time dependence results of a previous study [26,
27]
estimated from neutron transmission images. Based on the results, we estimated the solidification velocity during the experiment, and this is shown in Figure 16. ...
... As a result of applying this ML analysis to the actual experimental data, it was possible to evaluate the solid-, liquid-, and mixed-interface zones quantitatively based on the phase fraction. The average position of the solid-liquid interface was generally consistent with the results of a previous study [26,
27]
. The ML analysis introduced here was for the simple problem of shape recognition about the mixture of the spectra of solid-and liquid-phases, which have clearly different shapes. ...
Application of Machine Learning Methods to Neutron Transmission Spectroscopic Imaging for Solid–Liquid Phase Fraction Analysis
Jun 2021
Takashi Kamiyama
Kazuma Hirano
<here is a image e8d5d3e9d2fd2120-35269dac682c468c> Hirotaka Sato
<here is a image 0088ba79de54d501-3b1beb9a7a2582b7> Yasushi Saito
In neutron transmission spectroscopic imaging, the transmission spectrum of each pixel on a two-dimensional detector is analyzed and the real-space distribution of microscopic information in an object is visualized with a wide field of view by mapping the obtained parameters. In the analysis of the transmission spectrum, since the spectrum can be classified with certain characteristics, it is possible for machine learning methods to be applied. In this study, we selected the subject of solid–liquid phase fraction imaging as the simplest application of the machine learning method. Firstly, liquid and solid transmission spectra have characteristic shapes, so spectrum classification according to their fraction can be carried out. Unsupervised and supervised machine learning analysis methods were tested and evaluated with simulated datasets of solid–liquid spectrum combinations. Then, the established methods were used to perform an analysis with actual measured spectrum datasets. As a result, the solid–liquid interface zone was specified from the solid–liquid phase fraction imaging using machine learning analysis.
| https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333989769_Visualization_of_phase_distribution_in_lead-bismuth_eutectic_during_one-dimensional_solidification_process |
X-Linked Syndromic Intellectual Disability Type Nascimento (MRXS30): Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment - Symptoma
X-Linked Syndromic Intellectual Disability Type Nascimento (MRXS30): Read more about Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Complications, Causes and Prognosis.
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X-Linked Syndromic Intellectual Disability Type Nascimento
MRXS30
Presentation
All affected male individuals share the typical clinical phenotype, all carrier females are unaffected and presented with a completely skewed X inactivation in blood. We conclude that 1.)[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Acronym MRXSN Synonyms Mental retardation X-linked syndromic 30 MRXS30 Keywords Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only.[uniprot.org]
We identified a series of patients with X-linked intellectual disability presenting mutations in the Rad6a (Ube2a) gene, which encodes for an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.[semanticscholar.org]
Discussion In this study, we present eight new patients from five families with X-linked ID type Nascimento.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
West’s son had infantile spasms that eventually resolved or whether he had a genetic epilepsy that presented with Infantile Spasms.[epilepsygenetics.net]
Entire Body System
Epilepsy
His son did not only have epilepsy , he had a condition that both resulted in epilepsy and developmental regression.[epilepsygenetics.net]
Epilepsy , Focal, With Speech Disorder And With Or Without Mental Retardation Aphasia, Acquired, With Epilepsy FESD 245570 Genetic Test Registry Epilepsy , Nocturnal Frontal Lobe, 1 ENFL1 600513 Genetic Test Registry Epilepsy , Nocturnal Frontal Lobe, 3[ukgtn.nhs.uk]
mental retardation, and speech dyspraxia SSR4 Congenital disorders of glycosylation, type Iy SYN1 Epilepsy , X-linked, with variable learning disabilities and behavior disorders SYP Mental retardation, X-linked 96 SYTL5 Intellectual disability TAF1 Mental[preventiongenetics.com]
He had a maternal uncle with ID, epilepsy and similar dysmorphic features ( Patient 5 ). There was a female first cousin of the maternal grandmother with ID of unknown aetiology.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Mutations of the X-linked protein PHF6 cause the Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS) that is characterized by intellectual disability and epilepsy . However, the biological role of PHF6 relevant to BFLS pathogenesis has remained unknown.[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Developmental Delay
Top matches: Medium match JOUBERT SYNDROME 32; JBTS32 JBTS32 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, and postaxial polydactyly.[mendelian.co]
delay , synophrys, ocular hypertelorism, esotropia, low nasal bridge, marked generalized hirsutism and seizure.[unboundmedicine.com]
Learn about child developmental delays : Causes, Symptoms, and Therapies. Don't wait years for a diagnosis. Act now and save valuable time. Start Here![fdna.health]
Delay HCFC1 Mental retardation, X-linked 3 (methylmalonic acidemia and homocysteinemia, cblX type ) HDAC8 Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5 HMGB3 Microphthalmia, syndromic 13 HNRNPH2 Mental retardation, X-linked, Bain type HPRT1 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome HSD17B10[preventiongenetics.com]
Delay Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 10 MCSZ EIEE10 613402 Genetic Test Registry Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome 4A (Alpers Type) Alpers Diffuse Degeneration Of Cerebral Gray Matter With Hepatic Cirrhosis Alpers Progressive Infantile[ukgtn.nhs.uk]
Musculoskeletal
Macrocephaly
[…] retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked Clinical features : Imported from Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) Abnormality of head or neck Almond-shaped palpebral fissure Broad face Broad neck Downturned corners of mouth Enophthalmos Low posterior hairline Macrocephaly[familydiagnosis.com]
[…] hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia ; Hirsutism ; Hypointensity of cerebral white matter on MRI ; Increased body weight ; Intellectual disability ; Low posterior hairline ; Macrocephaly[mousephenotype.org]
[…] palpebral fissure, Aggressive behavior, Low posterior hairline, Abnormal hair whorl, Increased body weight, Micropenis, Intellectual disability, Seizure, Poor speech, Pes planus, Prominent supraorbital ridges, Short neck, Wide mouth, Thin vermilion border, Macrocephaly[fdna.health]
Abnormality of the clavicle Abnormality of the antihelix Intellectual disability, mild Hypertonia Anteverted nares Narrow nose Short neck High palate Bruxism Intellectual disability, profound Long palpebral fissure Severe short stature Language impairment Macrocephaly[mendelian.co]
[…] supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella and hypoplastic alae nasi, macrostomia with downturned corners of the mouth), and a large head circumference or macrocephaly[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Long Toes
[…] neck Cryptorchidism Cleft palate Sensorineural hearing impairment Unilateral facial palsy Inappropriate laughter Long toe Fair hair Hip dislocation Small hand Hirsutism Atresia of the external auditory canal Abnormal dermatoglyphics Full cheeks Long[mendelian.co]
Skin
Hirsutism
MRXSN features include dysmorphic facies, hirsutism , skin and nails abnormalities, obesity, speech anomalies and seizures.[uniprot.org]
[…] mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella, hypoplastic alae nasi, and macrostomia), skin anomalies ( hirsutism[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
UBE2A in a 4-year-old and 10-month-old boy with mental retardation and various other characteristics inherited from his mother; for example, marked developmental delay, synophrys, ocular hypertelorism, esotropia, low nasal bridge, marked generalized hirsutism[unboundmedicine.com]
Classification genetic, neurological Phenotypes Abnormal hair whorl ; Aggressive behavior ; Almond-shaped palpebral fissure ; Broad face ; Broad hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia ; Hirsutism[mousephenotype.org]
The skin was dry and there was generalized hirsutism . Eight additional patients from five families were reported by Czeschik et al., (2013).[fdna.health]
Hypertrichosis
He had hypertelorism, a flat nasal bridge, synophrys, proximally inserted thumbs (see Figure 1 I), mild onychodystrophy of the feet (Figure 1 N) and a lumbar hypertrichosis .[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Eyes
Almond-Shaped Eyes
Abstract X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), caused by mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped eyes , depressed nasal[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
They suggest that the typical facial features are: a broad face, midface hypoplasia, almond shaped eyes , hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella, hypoplastic alae nasi, synophris (difficult in fair-haired people, but still there) and[fdna.health]
[…] type Nascimento (MIM #300860), due to mutations in X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), due to mutations in (MIM *312180), is normally seen as a craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped[eyesoftheelephants.com]
The facial phenotype is characterized by a broad face, flat midface, almond shaped eyes , ocular hypertelorism, low nasal bridge, prominent columella of the nose, hypoplastic alae nasi, and macrostomia.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
2013 Português Relevância na Pesquisa 86.1% X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), caused by mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Breast
Widely Spaced Nipples
Other physical features of the syndrome include excessive hair growth over the body, widely spaced nipples , dry skin or spots on the skin that are hyperpigmented, a micropenis, obesity and seizures.[fdna.health]
spaced nipples , renal malformations).[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Face, Head & Neck
Hypertelorism
[…] array, we detected a 0.4 Mb novel deletion at Xq24 that included UBE2A in a 4-year-old and 10-month-old boy with mental retardation and various other characteristics inherited from his mother; for example, marked developmental delay, synophrys, ocular hypertelorism[unboundmedicine.com]
Dysmorphic features were high forehead, ocular hypertelorism , depressed nasal bridge, wide mouth, prominent philtrum, thin upper lip, large ears, short and broad neck, and feet abnormalities. He also had strabismus.[fdna.health]
Related symptoms: Intellectual disability Seizures Global developmental delay Hypertelorism Ataxia SOURCES: DOID MONDO UMLS OMIM More info about JOUBERT SYNDROME 32; JBTS32 Too many results? We can help you with your rare disease diagnosis.[mendelian.co]
Photograph of the patient’s face showing strabismus, high forehead, hypertelorism , large ears, prominent philtrum and thin upper lip.[nature.com]
He had hypertelorism , a flat nasal bridge, synophrys, proximally inserted thumbs (see Figure 1 I), mild onychodystrophy of the feet (Figure 1 N) and a lumbar hypertrichosis.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Short Neck
[…] foot ; Short neck ; Spotty hypopigmentation ; Synophrys ; Thin vermilion border ; Upslanted palpebral fissure ; Wide intermamillary distance ; Wide mouth ; X-linked recessive inheritance Associated Genes UBE2A (Withdrawn symbols: HHR6A, RAD6A, UBC2 )[mousephenotype.org]
Unique facial features of the syndrome include a large head, deep-set eyes, large ears and a wide mouth with downward turned lip corners, a short neck , and a low hairline.[fdna.health]
neck High palate Bruxism Intellectual disability, profound Long palpebral fissure Severe short stature Language impairment Macrocephaly Elongated superior cerebellar peduncle Large for gestational age Molar tooth sign on MRI Oculomotor apraxia Tall stature[mendelian.co]
Downturned Corners of the Mouth
He presented with a broad face, synophrys, long eyelashes, upslanting palpebral fissures, short nose, macrostomia and down-turned corners of the mouth (see Figure 1 D), short and highly arched feet and myxoedematous appearance of the skin.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Wide Face
( wide face , synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella and hypoplastic alae nasi, macrostomia with downturned corners of the mouth)[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Wide Neck
The main facial features were, a wide mouth, thick eyebrows with synophris, a short, wide neck with low posterior hairline. The face was said to be ""myxodematous"". Stature was small, and the patients were overweight.[fdna.health]
Neurologic
Echolalia
Classification genetic, neurological Phenotypes Abnormal hair whorl ; Aggressive behavior ; Almond-shaped palpebral fissure ; Broad face ; Broad hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia[mousephenotype.org]
[…] vermilion border, Macrocephaly, Midface retrusion, Upslanted palpebral fissure, Synophrys, X-linked recessive inheritance, Regional abnormality of skin, Spotty hypopigmentation, Wide intermamillary distance, Malar flattening, Deeply set eye, Nail dystrophy, Echolalia[fdna.health]
Treatment
More Symptoms of Syndromic mental retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked » • • • Back to: « Mental retardation Genetics of Syndromic mental retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked Treatments See also the following treatment articles: Treatments for Intellectual[familydiagnosis.com]
It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. Our staff consists of biologists and biochemists that are not trained to give medical advice .[uniprot.org]
We present a patient with 3M syndrome caused by the compound heterozygous mutations p.Trp68* and p.Gly1452Asp in CUL7, the latter of which is novel, who exhibited a good body height response to growth hormone treatment .[readbyqxmd.com]
Migration in the Mammalian Brain Zhang, Chi Fonte: Harvard University Publicador: Harvard University Tipo: Thesis or Dissertation Português Relevância na Pesquisa 106.25% Intellectual disability is a prevalent developmental disorder for which no effective treatments[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Prognosis
Interaktionspartner Human Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme E2A (ube2a) Interaktionspartner RAD6 is upregulated in response to chemotherapy and significantly correlated with expression of ovarian cancer (OC) stem cell signaling genes ALDH1A1 and SOX2 and poor prognosis[antikoerper-online.de]
Etiology
Chronic hepatitis Sample Type Sample Size Etiology Experiment Type Expression Level Fold Change (Tumor/Non-tumor) PubMed -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- Cell Line Sample Type Sample Size Etiology Experiment Type Expression Level Fold Change[livercancerdatabase.in]
[…] cell}, year={2013}, volume={50 6}, pages={ 831-43 } } Dominik M Haddad, Sven Vilain, +11 authors Patrik Verstreken Published in Molecular cell 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.012 The prevalence of intellectual disability is around 3%; however, the etiology[semanticscholar.org]
It has made it possible to transform a group of rare neurological diseases into genetically identified etiologies , which has spurred a huge activity of patient initiatives and medication trials in rare epilepsies.[epilepsygenetics.net]
A genetic etiology is reported to account for as many as 60% of cases (McLaren and Bryson. 1987. PubMed ID: 3322329; Kaufman et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 21124998; Fieremans et al. 2016. PubMed ID: 27159028).[preventiongenetics.com]
Prevention
Please prevent freeze thaw cycles. Concentration information loading... Stability and Storage Shipped at 4°C.[abcam.com]
Disruption of pre-TCR expression accelerates lymphomagenesis in E2A-deficient mice. signaling through Notch modulates the turnover of E2A proteins absence of mHR6A in oocytes prevents development beyond the embryonic two-cell stage Ubiquitin-Conjugating[antikoerper-online.de]
RAD6 promotes DNA repair and stem cell signaling in ovarian cancer and is a promising therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance.[genscript.com]
At the same time, it has improved the clinical diagnosis of XLID and allowed for carrier detection and prevention strategies through gamete donation, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic counseling.[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
[…] the innate-immune response, neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s and prion disease, age-related macular degeneration and in other neurological diseases was supported through an unrestricted grant to the LSU Eye Center from Research to Prevent[mdpi.com]
MRXS30
Presentation
All affected male individuals share the typical clinical phenotype, all carrier females are unaffected and presented with a completely skewed X inactivation in blood. We conclude that 1.)[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
Acronym MRXSN Synonyms Mental retardation X-linked syndromic 30 MRXS30 Keywords Any medical or genetic information present in this entry is provided for research, educational and informational purposes only.[uniprot.org]
We identified a series of patients with X-linked intellectual disability presenting mutations in the Rad6a (Ube2a) gene, which encodes for an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme.[semanticscholar.org]
Discussion In this study, we present eight new patients from five families with X-linked ID type Nascimento.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Epilepsy
His son did not only have epilepsy , he had a condition that both resulted in epilepsy and developmental regression.[epilepsygenetics.net]
Epilepsy , Focal, With Speech Disorder And With Or Without Mental Retardation Aphasia, Acquired, With Epilepsy FESD 245570 Genetic Test Registry Epilepsy , Nocturnal Frontal Lobe, 1 ENFL1 600513 Genetic Test Registry Epilepsy , Nocturnal Frontal Lobe, 3[ukgtn.nhs.uk]
mental retardation, and speech dyspraxia SSR4 Congenital disorders of glycosylation, type Iy SYN1 Epilepsy , X-linked, with variable learning disabilities and behavior disorders SYP Mental retardation, X-linked 96 SYTL5 Intellectual disability TAF1 Mental[preventiongenetics.com]
He had a maternal uncle with ID, epilepsy and similar dysmorphic features ( Patient 5 ). There was a female first cousin of the maternal grandmother with ID of unknown aetiology.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Mutations of the X-linked protein PHF6 cause the Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS) that is characterized by intellectual disability and epilepsy . However, the biological role of PHF6 relevant to BFLS pathogenesis has remained unknown.[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Developmental Delay
Top matches: Medium match JOUBERT SYNDROME 32; JBTS32 JBTS32 is an autosomal recessive developmental disorder characterized by delayed psychomotor development, intellectual disability, dysmorphic facial features, and postaxial polydactyly.[mendelian.co]
delay , synophrys, ocular hypertelorism, esotropia, low nasal bridge, marked generalized hirsutism and seizure.[unboundmedicine.com]
Learn about child developmental delays : Causes, Symptoms, and Therapies. Don't wait years for a diagnosis. Act now and save valuable time. Start Here![fdna.health]
Delay HCFC1 Mental retardation, X-linked 3 (methylmalonic acidemia and homocysteinemia, cblX type ) HDAC8 Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5 HMGB3 Microphthalmia, syndromic 13 HNRNPH2 Mental retardation, X-linked, Bain type HPRT1 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome HSD17B10[preventiongenetics.com]
Delay Epileptic Encephalopathy, Early Infantile, 10 MCSZ EIEE10 613402 Genetic Test Registry Mitochondrial DNA Depletion Syndrome 4A (Alpers Type) Alpers Diffuse Degeneration Of Cerebral Gray Matter With Hepatic Cirrhosis Alpers Progressive Infantile[ukgtn.nhs.uk]
Musculoskeletal
Macrocephaly
[…] retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked Clinical features : Imported from Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) Abnormality of head or neck Almond-shaped palpebral fissure Broad face Broad neck Downturned corners of mouth Enophthalmos Low posterior hairline Macrocephaly[familydiagnosis.com]
[…] hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia ; Hirsutism ; Hypointensity of cerebral white matter on MRI ; Increased body weight ; Intellectual disability ; Low posterior hairline ; Macrocephaly[mousephenotype.org]
[…] palpebral fissure, Aggressive behavior, Low posterior hairline, Abnormal hair whorl, Increased body weight, Micropenis, Intellectual disability, Seizure, Poor speech, Pes planus, Prominent supraorbital ridges, Short neck, Wide mouth, Thin vermilion border, Macrocephaly[fdna.health]
Abnormality of the clavicle Abnormality of the antihelix Intellectual disability, mild Hypertonia Anteverted nares Narrow nose Short neck High palate Bruxism Intellectual disability, profound Long palpebral fissure Severe short stature Language impairment Macrocephaly[mendelian.co]
[…] supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella and hypoplastic alae nasi, macrostomia with downturned corners of the mouth), and a large head circumference or macrocephaly[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Long Toes
[…] neck Cryptorchidism Cleft palate Sensorineural hearing impairment Unilateral facial palsy Inappropriate laughter Long toe Fair hair Hip dislocation Small hand Hirsutism Atresia of the external auditory canal Abnormal dermatoglyphics Full cheeks Long[mendelian.co]
Skin
Hirsutism
MRXSN features include dysmorphic facies, hirsutism , skin and nails abnormalities, obesity, speech anomalies and seizures.[uniprot.org]
[…] mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella, hypoplastic alae nasi, and macrostomia), skin anomalies ( hirsutism[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
UBE2A in a 4-year-old and 10-month-old boy with mental retardation and various other characteristics inherited from his mother; for example, marked developmental delay, synophrys, ocular hypertelorism, esotropia, low nasal bridge, marked generalized hirsutism[unboundmedicine.com]
Classification genetic, neurological Phenotypes Abnormal hair whorl ; Aggressive behavior ; Almond-shaped palpebral fissure ; Broad face ; Broad hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia ; Hirsutism[mousephenotype.org]
The skin was dry and there was generalized hirsutism . Eight additional patients from five families were reported by Czeschik et al., (2013).[fdna.health]
Hypertrichosis
He had hypertelorism, a flat nasal bridge, synophrys, proximally inserted thumbs (see Figure 1 I), mild onychodystrophy of the feet (Figure 1 N) and a lumbar hypertrichosis .[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Eyes
Almond-Shaped Eyes
Abstract X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), caused by mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped eyes , depressed nasal[ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]
They suggest that the typical facial features are: a broad face, midface hypoplasia, almond shaped eyes , hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella, hypoplastic alae nasi, synophris (difficult in fair-haired people, but still there) and[fdna.health]
[…] type Nascimento (MIM #300860), due to mutations in X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), due to mutations in (MIM *312180), is normally seen as a craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped[eyesoftheelephants.com]
The facial phenotype is characterized by a broad face, flat midface, almond shaped eyes , ocular hypertelorism, low nasal bridge, prominent columella of the nose, hypoplastic alae nasi, and macrostomia.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
2013 Português Relevância na Pesquisa 86.1% X-linked intellectual disability type Nascimento (MIM #300860), caused by mutations in UBE2A (MIM *312180), is characterized by craniofacial dysmorphism (synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond - shaped[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Breast
Widely Spaced Nipples
Other physical features of the syndrome include excessive hair growth over the body, widely spaced nipples , dry skin or spots on the skin that are hyperpigmented, a micropenis, obesity and seizures.[fdna.health]
spaced nipples , renal malformations).[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Face, Head & Neck
Hypertelorism
[…] array, we detected a 0.4 Mb novel deletion at Xq24 that included UBE2A in a 4-year-old and 10-month-old boy with mental retardation and various other characteristics inherited from his mother; for example, marked developmental delay, synophrys, ocular hypertelorism[unboundmedicine.com]
Dysmorphic features were high forehead, ocular hypertelorism , depressed nasal bridge, wide mouth, prominent philtrum, thin upper lip, large ears, short and broad neck, and feet abnormalities. He also had strabismus.[fdna.health]
Related symptoms: Intellectual disability Seizures Global developmental delay Hypertelorism Ataxia SOURCES: DOID MONDO UMLS OMIM More info about JOUBERT SYNDROME 32; JBTS32 Too many results? We can help you with your rare disease diagnosis.[mendelian.co]
Photograph of the patient’s face showing strabismus, high forehead, hypertelorism , large ears, prominent philtrum and thin upper lip.[nature.com]
He had hypertelorism , a flat nasal bridge, synophrys, proximally inserted thumbs (see Figure 1 I), mild onychodystrophy of the feet (Figure 1 N) and a lumbar hypertrichosis.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Short Neck
[…] foot ; Short neck ; Spotty hypopigmentation ; Synophrys ; Thin vermilion border ; Upslanted palpebral fissure ; Wide intermamillary distance ; Wide mouth ; X-linked recessive inheritance Associated Genes UBE2A (Withdrawn symbols: HHR6A, RAD6A, UBC2 )[mousephenotype.org]
Unique facial features of the syndrome include a large head, deep-set eyes, large ears and a wide mouth with downward turned lip corners, a short neck , and a low hairline.[fdna.health]
neck High palate Bruxism Intellectual disability, profound Long palpebral fissure Severe short stature Language impairment Macrocephaly Elongated superior cerebellar peduncle Large for gestational age Molar tooth sign on MRI Oculomotor apraxia Tall stature[mendelian.co]
Downturned Corners of the Mouth
He presented with a broad face, synophrys, long eyelashes, upslanting palpebral fissures, short nose, macrostomia and down-turned corners of the mouth (see Figure 1 D), short and highly arched feet and myxoedematous appearance of the skin.[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Wide Face
( wide face , synophrys, prominent supraorbital ridges, deep-set, almond-shaped eyes, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, depressed nasal bridge, prominent columella and hypoplastic alae nasi, macrostomia with downturned corners of the mouth)[ojrd.biomedcentral.com]
Wide Neck
The main facial features were, a wide mouth, thick eyebrows with synophris, a short, wide neck with low posterior hairline. The face was said to be ""myxodematous"". Stature was small, and the patients were overweight.[fdna.health]
Neurologic
Echolalia
Classification genetic, neurological Phenotypes Abnormal hair whorl ; Aggressive behavior ; Almond-shaped palpebral fissure ; Broad face ; Broad hallux ; Broad neck ; Deeply set eye ; Depressed nasal bridge ; Downturned corners of mouth ; Dry skin ; Echolalia[mousephenotype.org]
[…] vermilion border, Macrocephaly, Midface retrusion, Upslanted palpebral fissure, Synophrys, X-linked recessive inheritance, Regional abnormality of skin, Spotty hypopigmentation, Wide intermamillary distance, Malar flattening, Deeply set eye, Nail dystrophy, Echolalia[fdna.health]
Treatment
More Symptoms of Syndromic mental retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked » • • • Back to: « Mental retardation Genetics of Syndromic mental retardation, Nascimento type, X-linked Treatments See also the following treatment articles: Treatments for Intellectual[familydiagnosis.com]
It is not in any way intended to be used as a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, treatment or care. Our staff consists of biologists and biochemists that are not trained to give medical advice .[uniprot.org]
We present a patient with 3M syndrome caused by the compound heterozygous mutations p.Trp68* and p.Gly1452Asp in CUL7, the latter of which is novel, who exhibited a good body height response to growth hormone treatment .[readbyqxmd.com]
Migration in the Mammalian Brain Zhang, Chi Fonte: Harvard University Publicador: Harvard University Tipo: Thesis or Dissertation Português Relevância na Pesquisa 106.25% Intellectual disability is a prevalent developmental disorder for which no effective treatments[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
Prognosis
Interaktionspartner Human Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme E2A (ube2a) Interaktionspartner RAD6 is upregulated in response to chemotherapy and significantly correlated with expression of ovarian cancer (OC) stem cell signaling genes ALDH1A1 and SOX2 and poor prognosis[antikoerper-online.de]
Etiology
Chronic hepatitis Sample Type Sample Size Etiology Experiment Type Expression Level Fold Change (Tumor/Non-tumor) PubMed -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- -NA- Cell Line Sample Type Sample Size Etiology Experiment Type Expression Level Fold Change[livercancerdatabase.in]
[…] cell}, year={2013}, volume={50 6}, pages={ 831-43 } } Dominik M Haddad, Sven Vilain, +11 authors Patrik Verstreken Published in Molecular cell 2013 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2013.04.012 The prevalence of intellectual disability is around 3%; however, the etiology[semanticscholar.org]
It has made it possible to transform a group of rare neurological diseases into genetically identified etiologies , which has spurred a huge activity of patient initiatives and medication trials in rare epilepsies.[epilepsygenetics.net]
A genetic etiology is reported to account for as many as 60% of cases (McLaren and Bryson. 1987. PubMed ID: 3322329; Kaufman et al. 2010. PubMed ID: 21124998; Fieremans et al. 2016. PubMed ID: 27159028).[preventiongenetics.com]
Prevention
Please prevent freeze thaw cycles. Concentration information loading... Stability and Storage Shipped at 4°C.[abcam.com]
Disruption of pre-TCR expression accelerates lymphomagenesis in E2A-deficient mice. signaling through Notch modulates the turnover of E2A proteins absence of mHR6A in oocytes prevents development beyond the embryonic two-cell stage Ubiquitin-Conjugating[antikoerper-online.de]
RAD6 promotes DNA repair and stem cell signaling in ovarian cancer and is a promising therapeutic target to prevent and treat acquired chemoresistance.[genscript.com]
At the same time, it has improved the clinical diagnosis of XLID and allowed for carrier detection and prevention strategies through gamete donation, prenatal diagnosis, and genetic counseling.[biblioteca.portalbolsasdeestudo.com.br]
[…] the innate-immune response, neuroinflammation and amyloidogenesis in Alzheimer’s and prion disease, age-related macular degeneration and in other neurological diseases was supported through an unrestricted grant to the LSU Eye Center from Research to Prevent[mdpi.com]
| https://www.symptoma.com/en/info/x-linked-syndromic-intellectual-disability-type-nascimento |
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as a Plasma Biomarker of Brain Injury in Children with Sickle Cell Disease. | Blood | American Society of Hematology
Abstract. Abstract 1512Poster Board I-535Introduction. In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), silent cerebral infarct (SCI) is an independent risk factor f
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein as a Plasma Biomarker of Brain Injury in Children with Sickle Cell Disease.
William J Savage, MD
,
William J Savage, MD
1 Divisions of Transfusion Medicine and Pediatric Hematology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (JHUSOM), Baltimore, MD,
Zongming Fu, PhD
Emily Barron-Casella, PhD *
2 Division of Pediatric Hematology, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Pratima Dulloor
,
Pratima Dulloor *
3 Division of Pediatric Cardiology, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Jacky Jennings, PhD
,
Jacky Jennings, PhD *
4 JHUSOM, Baltimore,
Elizabeth Dackiw
,
Elizabeth Dackiw *
5 Division of Pediatric Hematology, JHUSOM, Baltimore,
Kimberly Jones
,
Kimberly Jones *
Lisa M. Williams, MD
,
Lisa M. Williams, MD
2 Division of Pediatric Hematology, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Barbara Crain, MD, PhD
,
Barbara Crain, MD, PhD *
4 JHUSOM, Baltimore,
Bruce A Barton, PhD
,
Bruce A Barton, PhD *
6 Statistics, Maryland Medical Research Institute, Baltimore, USA,
Jennifer Van Eyk, PhD
,
Jennifer Van Eyk, PhD *
7 Bayview Proteomics Center, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Michael R. DeBaun, MD, MPH
,
Michael R. DeBaun, MD, MPH
8 Washington University, Saint Louis, MO, USA
James F. Casella, MD
,
James F. Casella, MD
2 Division of Pediatric Hematology, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Allen Everett, MD
Allen Everett, MD *
3 Division of Pediatric Cardiology, JHUSOM, Baltimore, MD,
Blood (2009) 114 (22): 1512.
https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V114.22.1512.1512
Abstract
Abstract 1512
Poster Board I-535
Introduction
In children with sickle cell disease (SCD), silent cerebral infarct (SCI) is an independent risk factor for lower IQ, poorer school performance, and overt stroke. MRI is the only method to identify patients with SCI. A blood biomarker of SCI in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) would fill a clinical void because blood is easy to obtain and measure, a biomarker may determine risk of or progression of neurologic injury to overt stroke, and a biomarker could benchmark current and new therapies for SCI and other subclinical forms of neurologic injury in SCD. We hypothesized that an unbiased proteomics screen of plasma from sickle cell patients would yield biomarkers of brain injury.
Methods
A cross-sectional sample of children 5-14 years old with sickle cell disease (HbSS and HbSB 0) who were screened for the Silent Infarct Transfusion (SIT) Trial (ClinicalTrials.govNCT00072761) were studied (n=258) along with 60 age-matched healthy controls and 28 adults with overt brain injury. For biomarker discovery, plasma underwent depletion of hemoglobin with nickel- nitrilotriacetic acid and immunoaffinity depletion of the 12 most abundant plasma proteins. After fractionation by reverse phase liquid chromatography over a C18 column and acetonitrile gradient and trypsin digestion, peptide spectra from each fraction were obtained by LC/MS/MS (LTQ-Orbitrap) and were searched using X!Tandem and human IPI database version 3.5. Post search analysis was performed using Proteomics Analysis Software System (Integrated Analysis Inc., Bethesda, MD). An electrochemiluminescent immunoassay was developed for one of the candidate proteins identified, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), for protein validation (MesoScale Discovery).
Results
GFAP, a brain-specific intermediate filament known to be a marker of acute stroke and head trauma in adults, was identified in discovery sample plasma. Four percent of sickle cell subjects in steady-state had plasma GFAP concentrations similar to stroke and brain surgery controls (>0.45 ng/mL). Among sickle cell subjects 5-14 years old screened for the SIT Trial, 9.3% had GFAP concentrations above the 95 thpercentile of age-matched controls (95 thpercentile cutoff: 0.227 ng/mL; p=0.08). Sickle cell subjects with silent cerebral infarct (SCI) had more elevations above the normal 95 thpercentile (10/69; 14.5%) than those without SCI (9/131; 6.8%), although this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.08). The sensitivity of GFAP as a marker of brain injury was demonstrated in a case of an 11 year-old child with HbSS and acute stroke in which plasma GFAP was 1.52 ng/mL (6 times the normal control 95 thpercentile) before the stroke was clinically evident and peaked at 2.83 ng/mL.
We discovered GFAP as a circulating brain protein in plasma of children with SCD. Plasma GFAP is a marker of acute stroke in sickle cell disease but discriminates only minimally between SCI and non-SCI status in the SIT Trial using baseline cross-sectional samples. Four percent of children with sickle disease 5-14 years old have plasma GFAP levels similar to controls with severe brain injury without clinical evidence of overt stroke.
Conclusions
Elevations in circulating brain proteins such as GFAP show promise as indicators of subacute brain injury in children with SCI, but will require longitudinal studies of plasma GFAP in children with SCI to clarify the utility of GFAP as a plasma biomarker of SCI and a predictor of neurologic risk.
Topics:
biological markers
,
brain injuries
,
child
,
glial fibrillary acidic protein
,
plasma
,
sickle cell anemia
,
spinal cord injuries
,
cerebrovascular accident
,
ischemic stroke
,
acute cerebrovascular accidents
Author notes
| https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/114/22/1512/63115/Glial-Fibrillary-Acidic-Protein-as-a-Plasma |
98-7033 -- Richardson v. Southeastern Electric Cooperative of Durant Oklahoma -- 04/01/1999
| Keyword | Case | Docket |
Date: Filed / Added | (17618 bytes) (11754 bytes) UNITED STATES
COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT
TERRY RICHARDSON,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
v.
SOUTHEASTERN ELECTRIC
COOPERATIVE OF DURANT,
OKLAHOMA, a corporation; METT
BROTHERS, INCORPORATED,
Defendants-Appellees.
No. 98-7033
(D.C. No. 97-CV-186-B )
( E.D. Okla. )
ORDER AND JUDGMENT (*)
Before BRORBY , EBEL , and LUCERO , Circuit Judges.
In this diversity action, Terry Richardson appeals the district court's
summary judgment dismissal of his complaint alleging that defendants'
negligent electrical equipment and service caused a fire which destroyed his
home. (**) Subject matter jurisdiction is
based on diversity of citizenship pursuant to
28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). A federal court sitting in diversity applies the substantive
law of the forum state.
See Farmers Alliance Mut. Ins. Co. v. Salazar
, 77 F.3d
1291, 1294 (10th Cir. 1996) (applying Oklahoma law). Therefore, we apply the
substantive law of Oklahoma.
"We review the grant or denial of summary judgment de novo, applying the
same legal standard used by the district court pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)."
Kaul v. Stephan
, 83 F.3d 1208, 1212 (10th Cir. 1996) (further quotation omitted).
We examine the factual record and the inferences reasonably drawn from the facts
in the light most favorable to the party opposing summary judgment.
See Applied
Genetics Int'l, Inc. v. First Affiliated Sec., Inc.
, 912 F.2d 1238, 1241 (10th Cir.
1990).
"Summary judgment is appropriate if the pleadings, depositions, answers to
interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show
that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is
entitled to judgment as a matter of law."
Kaul
, 83 F.3d at 1212 (further quotation
omitted). Once the party that asked for summary judgment shows the absence of
a genuine issue of material fact, the nonmovant "cannot rest upon his or her
pleadings, but must bring forward specific facts showing a genuine issue for trial
as to those dispositive matters for which [he or she] carries the burden of proof.
Craig v. Eberly
, 164 F.3d 490, 493 (10th Cir. 1998) (quotations omitted).
Mr. Richardson's home, including its furnishings, was completely
destroyed by fire on August 31, 1995. His complaint alleged that the fire was
caused by defendants' negligence in installing a power line and connecting
electrical service to his home in the days immediately preceding the fire.
Mr. Richardson presented evidence that defendants' installation of electrical
service was not performed by a licensed electrical contractor and that several
aspects of the installation did not comply with the National Electrical Code.
Defendants presented evidence from an expert in electrical power and
control systems and fire investigation that defendants' electrical equipment and
service were not the cause or origin of the fire. Defendants' expert provided
a detailed affidavit describing his site inspection and analysis of Mr. Richardson's
property after the fire. See
Appellant's App. at 64-66. In the affidavit,
defendants' expert verified that there was no indication that defendants' electrical
service equipment malfunctioned or started the fire and that the physical evidence
suggested that the electrical service and equipment at Mr. Richardson's home
were de-energized at the time of the fire, in which case the service and equipment
could not have been the cause or origin of the fire. See
id
. at 65-66.
The expert
also testified that, had the electrical service and equipment been involved in the
initiation of the fire, there would be evidence of sustained electrical arcing
damage, which was not found on the electrical equipment at Mr. Richardson's
home. Id
.
In response to this evidence, Mr. Richardson failed to present any evidence
indicating what initiated or caused the fire, or to present any evidence refuting
defendants' evidence that the fire was not caused by their electrical service or
equipment. "'Failure to establish that the defendant's negligence was the
proximate cause of the harmful event is fatal to [a] plaintiff's [negligence]
claim.'"
Lefthand v. City of Okmulgee
, 968 P.2d 1224, 1225-26 (Okla. 1998)
(quoting
Thompson v. Presbyterian Hospital, Inc.
, 652 P.2d 260, 263 (Okla.
1982)). "As a general rule the question of proximate cause is a question of fact
for the jury. Id
. at 1226. "[T]he question of proximate cause becomes a question
of law when the facts are undisputed and there is no evidence from which a jury
could reasonably find a causal connection between the allegedly negligent act
and the injury." Id
.
We agree with the district court's conclusion that Mr. Richardson failed to
present any evidence indicating a causal link between defendants' electrical
equipment or service and the fire. Where the nonmovant will bear the burden of
proof at trial on a dispositive issue, that party must go beyond the pleadings and
designate specific facts so as to make a showing sufficient to establish the
existence, as a triable issue, of an element essential to that party's case in order to
survive summary judgment.
See McKnight v. Kimberly Clark Corp.
, 149 F.3d
1125, 1128 (10th Cir. 1998). Mr. Richardson's general and conclusory conjecture
regarding causation is insufficient to show there is a genuine issue of material
fact or that the defendants are not entitled to summary judgment as a matter of
law.
See Elsken v. Network Multi-Family Sec. Corp.
, 49 F.3d 1470, 1476
(10th Cir. 1995) ("Conclusory allegations that are unsubstantiated do not create an
issue of fact and are insufficient to oppose summary judgment."). Because
Mr. Richardson failed to present any evidence that defendants' negligence caused
the fire, an essential element of his claim, the district court correctly granted
summary judgment in favor of defendants.
AFFIRMED.
ENTERED FOR THE COURT
Carlos F. Lucero
Circuit Judge
FOOTNOTES
Click footnote number to return to corresponding location in the text.
*.
This order and judgment is not binding
precedent, except under the
doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court
generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order
and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3.
**.
After examining the briefs and
appellate record, this panel has determined
unanimously to grant the parties' request for a decision on the briefs without oral
argument. See
Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The
case is
therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. | Keyword | Case | Docket |
Date: Filed / Added | (17618 bytes) (11754 bytes)
Comments to: WebMaster ,
ca10 [at] washburnlaw.edu.
Updated: April 2, 1999. | https://ca10.washburnlaw.edu/cases/1999/04/98-7033.htm |
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