README.md

---
license: apache-2.0
language:
- en
- ja
programming_language:
  - C
  - C++
  - C#
  - Go
  - Java
  - JavaScript
  - Lua
  - PHP
  - Python
  - Ruby
  - Rust
  - Scala
  - TypeScript
pipeline_tag: text-generation
library_name: transformers
inference: false
---

# llm-jp-3-440m

LLM-jp-3 is the series of large language models developed by the [Research and Development Center for Large Language Models](https://llmc.nii.ac.jp/) at the [National Institute of Informatics](https://www.nii.ac.jp/en/).

This repository provides **llm-jp-3-440m** model.
For an overview of the LLM-jp-3 models across different parameter sizes, please refer to:
  - [LLM-jp-3 Pre-trained Models](https://huggingface.co/collections/llm-jp/llm-jp-3-pre-trained-models-672c6096472b65839d76a1fa)
  - [LLM-jp-3 Fine-tuned Models](https://huggingface.co/collections/llm-jp/llm-jp-3-fine-tuned-models-672c621db852a01eae939731).


Checkpoints format: Hugging Face Transformers

## Required Libraries and Their Versions

- torch>=2.3.0
- transformers>=4.40.1
- tokenizers>=0.19.1
- accelerate>=0.29.3
- flash-attn>=2.5.8

## Usage

```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("llm-jp/llm-jp-3-440m")
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("llm-jp/llm-jp-3-440m", device_map="auto", torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16)
text = "自然言語処理とは何か"
tokenized_input = tokenizer.encode(text, add_special_tokens=False, return_tensors="pt").to(model.device)
with torch.no_grad():
    output = model.generate(
        tokenized_input,
        max_new_tokens=100,
        do_sample=True,
        top_p=0.95,
        temperature=0.7,
        repetition_penalty=1.05,
    )[0]
print(tokenizer.decode(output))
```

## Model Details

- **Model type:** Transformer-based Language Model
- **Total seen tokens:** 2.1T

|Params|Layers|Hidden size|Heads|Context length|Embedding parameters|Non-embedding parameters|
|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|:---:|
|150M|12|512|8|4096|101,874,688|50,344,448|
|440M|16|1024|8|4096|203,749,376|243,303,424|
|980M|20|1536|8|4096|305,624,064|684,258,816|
|1.8b|24|2048|16|4096|407,498,752|1,459,718,144|
|3.7b|28|3072|24|4096|611,248,128|3,171,068,928|
|7.2b|32|4096|32|4096|814,997,504|6,476,271,616|
|13b|40|5120|40|4096|1,018,746,880|12,688,184,320|
|172b|96|12288|96|4096|2,444,992,512|169,947,181,056|

## Tokenizer

The tokenizer of this model is based on [huggingface/tokenizers](https://github.com/huggingface/tokenizers) Unigram byte-fallback model.
The vocabulary entries were converted from [`llm-jp-tokenizer v3.0`](https://github.com/llm-jp/llm-jp-tokenizer/releases/tag/v3.0b2).
Please refer to [README.md](https://github.com/llm-jp/llm-jp-tokenizer) of `llm-jp-tokenizer` for details on the vocabulary construction procedure (the pure SentencePiece training does not reproduce our vocabulary).

## Datasets

### Pre-training

The models have been pre-trained using a blend of the following datasets.

| Language | Dataset | Tokens|
|:---|:---|---:|
|Japanese|[Wikipedia](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|2.6B
||[Common Crawl](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|762.8B
||[WARP/PDF](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|237.3B
||[WARP/HTML](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|2.7B
||[Kaken](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|1.8B
|English|[Wikipedia](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|4.7B
||[Dolma/CC-head](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|608.5B
||[Dolma/C4](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|181.6B
||[Dolma/Reddit](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|83.1B
||[Dolma/PeS2o](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|62.9B
||[Dolma/Gutenberg](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|5.5B
||[Dolma/Wiki](https://gitlab.llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/datasets/llm-jp-corpus-v3)|3.9B
|Code|[The Stack](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack)|114.1B
|Chinese|[Wikipedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack)|0.8B
|Korean|[Wikipedia](https://huggingface.co/datasets/bigcode/the-stack)|0.3B

## Evaluation

Detailed evaluation results are reported in this [blog](https://llm-jp.nii.ac.jp/blog/2025/02/05/instruct3.html).


## Risks and Limitations

The models released here are in the early stages of our research and development and have not been tuned to ensure outputs align with human intent and safety considerations.


## Send Questions to

llm-jp(at)nii.ac.jp


## License

[Apache License, Version 2.0](https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0)


## Model Card Authors

*The names are listed in alphabetical order.*

Hirokazu Kiyomaru and Takashi Kodama.