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[ "Hey there, time traveller!", "\n\nThis article was published 15/10/2014 (2167 days ago), so information in it may no longer be current.", "\n\nThe Canadian Museum for Human Rights is looking for a new president and CEO after Ottawa declined to renew its contract with Stuart Murray, the first person at the helm of the $351-million Winnipeg facility.", "\n\nOn Wednesday, CMHR board chairman Eric Hughes announced Nov. 2 will be Murray's last day at the first federal museum commissioned outside the national capital region. ", "Appointed by Prime Minister Stephen Harper in 2009, Murray spent five years overseeing every aspect of its construction, including last month's official opening, an event diminished by incomplete galleries as well as Harper's absence.", "\n\nHughes praised Murray for shepherding the \"nicest physical building in the country\" into existence and said everyone involved with the museum owes a debt of gratitude to the outgoing president and CEO.", "\n\n\"He brought it from a hole in the ground to really an iconic building,\" Hughes said from Calgary, adding Murray had to oversee a trio of unique tasks.", "\n\n\"You have this incredible, unusual situation where there is this startup Crown corporation -- which is an anomaly by itself -- and you have a museum outside the national capital, and it's a museum of human rights.\"", "\n\nDuring Murray's five years at the museum, he contended with cost overruns, funding shortfalls, a battle with the City of Winnipeg over payments in lieu of taxes and squabbling among Canadian ethnic groups about the museum's content.", "\n\nApproximately one-third of the museum's staff departed, including curators who complained the content of some exhibits had been sanitized or watered down.", "\n\nHughes declined to discuss the circumstances surrounding the decision not to renew Murray's contract. ", "He also would not address whether the incomplete nature of the museum -- only four of 11 galleries were complete in September -- factored into Ottawa's decision.", "\n\n\"We're not willing to go there,\" Hughes said.", "\n\nJOE BRYKSA / WINNIPEG FREE PRESS FILES Stuart Murray says the museum's board had given him every indication his contract would be renewed by Ottawa. ", "It wasn't.", "\n\nMurray said he was taken by surprise when told his contract would not be renewed.", "\n\n\"I'm obviously disappointed because I did not see this coming,\" he said in an interview. \"", "I totally accept that the government has the prerogative to make this decision. ", "I know this was a five-year contract but I had every hope that it would be extended.\"", "\n\nMurray said the museum's board had given him every indication his contract would in fact be renewed. ", "He said he does not want news of his departure to undermine the accomplishment of opening the museum.", "\n\n\"I put five years of really hard, good work into this. ", "I'm disappointed that I'm leaving, but it doesn't diminish the incredible pride I have in what we've accomplished,\" he said.", "\n\nGail Asper, the museum's lead private fundraiser, thanked Murray for \"putting his hand up\" to take on what she described as \"the rather challenging job\" of forging her late father Israel Asper's dream of a human rights museum \"into some kind of reality we can actually go and visit.\"", "\n\nThe museum's 8,200 private donors should be pleased with the facility's content when all the galleries open on Nov. 11, she said in a voice-mail message from Toronto.", "\n\nAll of the museum's galleries will be ready for the unofficial opening on Remembrance Day, Hughes pledged. \"", "All systems go. ", "We're very confident,\" he said.", "\n\nThe museum has yet to appoint an interim president and CEO to take over from Murray on Nov. 2. ", "Hughes said the museum will embark on a national search for a new president and CEO capable of elevating the content and maximizing both revenue potential and educational opportunities.", "\n\n-- with files from Dan Lett\n\nbartley.kives@freepress.mb.ca" ]
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[ "Find MiniWorks Cleanside Cover w/ Gauge online\n\nReplacement cleanside cover and ceramic element gauge for both MiniWorks and WaterWorks microfilters.", "\n\nWeight (Standard)\n\n.8 oz\n\nWeight (Metric)\n\n0.02 kg\n\nWidth (Standard)\n\n2.75 in\n\nLength (Standard)\n\n.8 in\n\nLength (Metric)\n\n2 cm\n\nHeight (Standard)\n\n3 in\n\nMaterial(s)\n\nHDPE\n\nDiameter (Standard)\n\n2.7 in\n\nDiameter (Metric)\n\n7 cm\n\nCountry of Origin\n\nMade in Seattle, USA\n\nWe Believe in What We Build\n\nWe know that in the backcountry, reliable gear is critical. ", "That’s why MSR gear has always been engineered to the highest quality standards and rigorously tested before it reaches you.", "\n\nSeattle Repair Shop\n\nIf your MSR gear is in need of repair, please contact our Seattle Repair Shop at 1-800-245-2992 and our technicians will work to find you a solution as quickly as possible. ", "A majority of the time, MSR products can be repaired.", "\n\nWarranty\n\nIf you are experiencing an issue that you feel falls under the MSR Limited Warranty, we’re here to help with that too. ", "Please contact our team to get started.", "\n\nReplacement cleanside cover and ceramic element gauge for both MiniWorks and WaterWorks microfilters.", "\n\nMade in Seattle, USA\n\nTech Specs\n\nWeight (Standard)\n\n.8 oz\n\nWeight (Metric)\n\n0.02 kg\n\nWidth (Standard)\n\n2.75 in\n\nLength (Standard)\n\n.8 in\n\nLength (Metric)\n\n2 cm\n\nHeight (Standard)\n\n3 in\n\nMaterial(s)\n\nHDPE\n\nDiameter (Standard)\n\n2.7 in\n\nDiameter (Metric)\n\n7 cm\n\nCountry of Origin\n\nMade in Seattle, USA\n\nFAQs & Documents\n\nWarranty & Repairs\n\nReturns & Warranty Info\n\nWe Believe in What We Build\n\nWe know that in the backcountry, reliable gear is critical. ", "That’s why MSR gear has always been engineered to the highest quality standards and rigorously tested before it reaches you.", "\n\nSeattle Repair Shop\n\nIf your MSR gear is in need of repair, please contact our Seattle Repair Shop at 1-800-245-2992 and our technicians will work to find you a solution as quickly as possible. ", "A majority of the time, MSR products can be repaired.", "\n\nWarranty\n\nIf you are experiencing an issue that you feel falls under the MSR Limited Warranty, we’re here to help with that too. ", "Please contact our team to get started." ]
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[ "Get Connected With Razorback Football in 2019\n\nFAYETTEVILLE, Ark. – When fans visit Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium this season, they will have a variety of new ways to engage with the action on the field, in stadium entertainment and social media platforms, all while staying connected with family and friends at the stadium and beyond.", "\n\nIt is all made possible by a new comprehensive stadium-wide Wi-Fi system installed at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium for the 2019 season. ", "The increased connectivity will assist in the roll-out of new features on the Razorback Gameday App, providing fans even more pertinent information at their fingertips. ", "The Wi-Fi network, including real-time measurements of usage and efficiency, will be monitored during games. ", "Adjustments and necessary enhancements will be made to the network throughout the season in an effort to maximize performance. ", "To access the free Wi-Fi, fans will simply need to logon to the stadium’s network, complete a short registration and then they will be ready to go.", "\n\nThe system was made possible through the program’s partnership with Learfield-IMG College which provided funding for the installation of Wi-Fi systems at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium, Bud Walton Arena and Baum-Walker Stadium. ", "Last spring, Baum-Walker Stadium successfully launched the first public Wi-Fi network at an Arkansas gameday venue. ", "Later this fall, Bud Walton Arena will also launch a public Wi-Fi network for Razorback fans.", "\n\nThanks to new capabilities provided by the stadium-wide Wi-Fi coverage, Razorback Athletics will introduce a series of interactive opportunities for fans attending the game, including new technology that will create a more immersive and interactive atmosphere for fans through personalized digital experience and engaging in-stadium entertainment. ", "Through the use of augmented reality and predictive gaming technology, fans will have the ability to participate in a variety of engagement options by utilizing the Razorback Gameday App, including light displays during night games, interactive gaming for prizes on their own individual devices, a digital t-shirt cannon and much more.", "\n\nLooking for a big way to wish a family member or fellow Razorback fan a Happy Birthday? ", "We have you covered with the largest digital greeting cards in the state. ", "Beginning this season, fans will have the opportunity to submit messages (10 words or less) to be shared on the videoboards during breaks in game action. ", "Fans may submit short announcements to celebrate birthdays, anniversaries and other special occasions.", "\n\nWith more ways to use your Smartphone and digital devices with stadium Wi-Fi, chances are you might need a little boost for your device on your gameday visit to at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium. ", "Fans can take advantage of eight new charging stations for the 2019 season. ", "The stations are located throughout the stadium near food, drinks and within game sightlines to provide fans a chance to charge up while not missing any of the action.", "\n\nEfforts to engage fans more this season is not just limited to the digital side. ", "While sponsorship recognitions are an integral piece of Razorback Athletics’ ability to generate financial support for the program without raising ticket prices, traditional on-field recognitions don’t always fit within the flow of the game. ", "Partnering with its multi-media rights holder, Learfield-IMG College, Razorback Athletics has worked to limit the number of traditional in-game on-field recognitions to provide fans with crowd prompts and more engaging activities that increase and maintain energy during the most important parts of the game.", "\n\nOnce again DJ Derrick will be on hand to provide Razorback fans with a full-time, in-stadium disc jockey to play music to get fans of all ages pumped and into the game. ", "In-stadium videoboard hosts will also take fans around the stadium to interact with them and other points of interest during pre-game and in-game breaks in the action on the field.", "\n\nIn an effort to elevate excitement and allow fans to be more involved, enhancements have been made to the pre-game team entry to the field just prior to kickoff. ", "Utilizing backstage cameras and in-stadium cues, fans will be able to follow the team from the time they leave the locker room, go through the Touchdown Club and reach the Hog Pen in the north end zone. ", "When it comes time for the Razorbacks to take the field, new LED lights, strobes, smoke and music will help enhance that special moment when the team “Runs Through the A.”\n\nArkansas opens the 2019 football season on August 31 at 3 p.m. against Portland State at Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium. ", "For more information on season tickets or single-game tickets to any of the Razorbacks’ six on-campus home games, visit ArkansasRazorbacks.com or contact the Razorback Ticket Center at (479) 575-5151." ]
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[ "\n\n\n\nWhen Good Men Do Nothing\n\nby Wayne Greeson\n\n\"All that is necessary for the triumph of evil is that good men do nothing.\" (", "Edmund Burke)\n\nSo much of the history of the struggle between good and evil can be explained by Edmund Burke's observation. ", "Time and again those who profess to be good seem to clearly outnumber those who are evil, yet those who are evil seem to prevail far too often. ", "Seldom is it the numbers that determine the outcome, but whether those who claim to be good men are willing to stand up and fight for what they know to be right. ", "There are numerous examples of this sad and awful scenario being played out over and over again in the scriptures.", "\n\nThey Get Nothing Good Done\n\nWhen good men do nothing, they get nothing good done. ", "To be good, one must do good. ", "The Lord commands his people to do good (Luke 6:35; Eph. ", "2:10). ", "Christ \"gave himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people, zealous of good works\" (Titus 2:14).", "\n\nIn the parable of the talents, Jesus described a man who did nothing. ", "When he received his Lord's money, he \"went and digged in the earth, and hid his Lord's money\" (Matt. ", "25:18). ", "When his Lord returned, he returned to the Lord just what he had been given (Matt. ", "25:25). ", "Notice, the servant did not do any outright evil, such as stealing the money, but then neither did he do anything good. ", "He did nothing and he got nothing good accomplished. ", "Jesus said he was a \"wicked and slothful servant\" (Matt. ", "25:26).", "\n\nJesus rebuked the church at Laodicea for doing nothing. \"", "I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. ", "So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth. ", "Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked\" (Rev. 3:15-17).", "\n\nToo many Christians and too many churches do nothing. ", "They are standing idly by, they are mere spectators. ", "They sit on the sidelines instead of actively participating and working for the good. ", "If good wins, they join in the celebration though they did nothing to produce the victory. ", "If evil wins, they will complain long and loud though their own apathy helped produce the undesirable result.", "\n\nWhen Jesus found a fig tree with \"nothing thereon, but leaves only\" He cursed the tree and \"presently the fig tree withered away\" (Matt. ", "21:19). ", "What will He do with those who claim to be good and yet who do nothing? ", "John the baptist warned, \"And now also the axe is laid unto the root of the trees: therefore every tree which bringeth not forth good fruit is hewn down, and cast into the fire\" (Matt. ", "3:10; John 15:2).", "\n\nThey Help Evil To Triumph\n\nWhen good men do nothing, evil triumphs. ", "Evil, sin and sinful men must be opposed. ", "God commands those who are good, not just to avoid evil but actively oppose it.", "\n\nChristians are to not only to \"have no fellowship with the unfruitful works of darkness, but (also) reprove them\" (Eph. ", "5:11). ", "Those who do nothing about sin and evil, help the sin and evil to prevail. ", "One who is silent when there are those around him in sin becomes a partaker with them (Eph. ", "5:7).", "\n\nIn the days of Elijah, the silence of many had allowed the evil of Ahab and Jezebel to prevail throughout the land of Israel. \"", "And Elijah came unto all the people, and said, How long halt ye between two opinions? ", "If the Lord be God, follow him: but if Baal, then follow him. ", "And the people answered him not a word\" (1 Kings 18:21). ", "The silence of the people spoke volumes of their indecisiveness and inaction. ", "Their failure to stand up, speak up and speak out permitted wicked and evil men to run rampant.", "\n\nJesus told of a traveler who was robbed, beaten and left him half dead. ", "The men who did this were wicked and did a very wicked thing. ", "But the Levite and priest allowed this evil to continue unanswered by doing nothing as they each \"passed by on the other side\" (Luke 10:31-32). ", "Fortunately for the traveler there was one man, a Samaritan, who was willing to stand up for what was right (Luke 10:33-36).", "\n\nJesus warned \"He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad\" (Matt. ", "12:30). ", "In the fight against evil there is no middle ground, no gray area, no neutrality. ", "Those who are not actively and vigorously fighting against evil are helping evil to triumph.", "\n\nThey Are No Longer Good\n\nWhen good men do nothing, they are no longer good. ", "Many have the mistaken notion that good is merely the absence of doing that which is wrong. ", "Not so! ", "One is good not merely because he does no evil, but because he is actively working for what is good. \"", "Let him eschew evil, and do good\" (1 Pet. ", "3:11). ", "James explained, \"Therefore to him that knoweth to do good, and doeth it not, to him it is sin\" (James 4:17).", "\n\nThe eldest of Israel, Reuben, knew his brothers' murderous plot against their younger brother Joseph was wrong. ", "He started an attempt to deliver Joseph, but as he hesitated and vacillated, the other brothers sold Joseph into slavery. ", "When Reuben heard what they had done, he realized his failure to act had helped to bring about this evil result.", "\n\nInstead of correcting his error, Reuben sought to cover his guilt by agreeing with his brothers to lie to their father about Joseph's disappearance (Gen. 37:18-35). ", "Reuben had \"good intentions\" and he was not even present when Joseph was sold into slavery, but he knew his inaction and absence made him just as guilty as the rest of his wicked brothers. ", "This guilt continued to haunt him through the years (Gen. 42:21-22).", "\n\nThe prophet Obadiah severely condemned the Edomites for doing nothing when evil was befalling their brethren, the Jews. ", "When Jerusalem was invaded by her enemies, the Edomites \"stood on the other side\" doing nothing but watching the slaughter as spectators. ", "God said by their failure to act and to help their brethren \"even thou wast as one of them\" (Obad. ", "11).", "\n\nToday, there are preachers and Christians who fail and refuse to meet the real foe, refute error and fight the enemy. ", "Instead, they have turned to viciously savaging their own brethren. ", "They are filled with bitterness and hatred and they maliciously attack, slander and misrepresent other Christians and gospel preachers.", "\n\nPaul warned about such men and behavior among those professing to be Christians, \"But if ye bite and devour one another, take heed that ye be not consumed one of another\" (Gal. ", "5:15). ", "Those who engage in such behavior are spiritual cannibals.", "\n\nWhile the conduct of these so-called Christians is shameful, what about those supposedly \"good\" men who do nothing? ", "Those stand on the other side and do nothing but watch as their brothers are being slandered, slaughtered and devoured, they cease being innocent bystanders and idle spectators. ", "Their failure to act not only allows evil to triumph, but makes them just as guilty as the spiritual cannibals they refuse to reprove and rebuke. ", "In God's words, \"even thou wast as one of them\" (Obad. ", "11).", "\n\nConclusion\n\n\"Be not deceived; God is not mocked; for whatsoever a man soweth, that shall he also reap\" (Gal. ", "6:7). ", "Those who fail or refuse to do good in the face of evil are sowing some dangerous seeds. ", "They are doing nothing good as Jesus commanded them to do; they are helping evil to win and have ceased being good and have become partakers of the evil they did nothing to stop.", "\n\nDo not allow evil to triumph. ", "Do not sit by and do nothing. ", "Stand up and be counted, speak up against evil and speak out against evil men and their sinful deeds." ]
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[ "Q:\n\nFind the radius of convergence as well as the interval of convergence:\n\nI've done a bunch of these and was successful, but this one is proving to be troubling. ", "\nI have no idea how to handle that n*sqrt(n) at the bottom. ", "I ended up with some TROUBLING ITEMS like this lol:\nLim as n approaches infinity = | xnsqrt(n) / (n+1)sqrt(n+1) |\nI don't really know how to solve this limit and find out what my R (radius) and I (interval) are. ", "I would isolate the |x| and then just find out what the rest of the problem would be when n is infinity, and end up with something like |x| * 1.", "\n\nA:\n\nDenote $a_n=\\frac{(-5)^n}{n\\sqrt n}x^n$. Then $\\frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n}=5|x|\\frac{n\\sqrt n}{(n+1)\\sqrt {n+1}} \\rightarrow 5|x|$.\nThus the radius of convergence is $(-\\frac{1}{5},\\frac{1}{5})$.\nNote, however, that when $|x|=\\frac{1}{5}$, the series is absolutely convergent (recall that $\\sum_{n=0}^{\\infty}\\frac{1}{n \\sqrt n}$ converges). ", "So the interval includes the end-points.", "\n\n" ]
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[ "Tags:\n\nScreenshots\n\n11 Reviews:\n\nAs a guy who has seen almost every fangame, I've seen a lot in my time. ", "I've seen bad games, broken games, ugly games, and unimaginable piles of shit. ", "This game is all of these things and has the dubious honor of being one of the worst pieces of software to ever land on the wiki.", "\n\nFirst there was Kamilia, then Happil as a parody was fucking terrible, then the Happil clone meta games were even worse, now this miscarriage of a Happil clone is like the lowest form of filth. ", "This is like the bottom rung of a fangame devolving down to primordial scum.", "\n\nThe game window is smaller then a normal fangame. ", "The controls are some deviation from the standard as well, not in a good way. ", "The physics don't even work. ", "It's like some weird disaster where the character is virtually uncontrollable. ", "The game is completely unplayable.", "\n\nI'm stuck on first boss currently, I get him to -100 hp, and it still lives, you can't jump over to warp because bullets are too fast.", "\nI have no idea why this game has so weird engine, there are ice physics everywhere, even in the air, and when my character turned into sonic in first boss it was upside down. ", "This game is glitchy mess on weird engine with very bad production value. ", "Also idle animation actually moves your hitboxes, so the room with moving spikes is really tricky and it randomly kills you.", "\nEDIT: I made it past 2nd boss, there is not working warp, and it saved me outside the room for some reason so I guess it's the end." ]
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[ "The World Health Organization International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE): initial work and future directions -- the NAPE Lecture 1998. ", "Nordic Association for Psychiatric Epidemiology.", "\nTo provide an overview of the World Health Organization (WHO) International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology (ICPE), to introduce the World Mental Health 2000 (WMH2000) Initiative and to discuss methodological issues that the ICPE is grappling with in planning the WMH2000 Initiative. ", "We review the history, mission and organization of the ICPE and the rationale behind the WMH2000 Initiative. ", "We review methodological research underlying major design and implementation decisions regarding the WMH2000 surveys. ", "The ICPE is an international consortium created to facilitate cross-national comparative epidemiological research using the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). ", "The first-phase core ICPE surveys, which we are currently analysing, include over 33 000 interviews in seven countries, with an additional set of over 30 000 interviews in seven countries ready to be added to the master file within the next year. ", "The WMH2000 Initiative will include a third series of CIDI surveys that include an anticipated 100000 additional interviews in 10 countries. ", "A series of complex methodological challenges confront us in designing and implementing the WMH2000 surveys. ", "These include issues in the conceptualization and measurement of impairment and disablement, the implementation of standardized quality control procedures across countries, and the blending of epidemiological and clinical interviewing methods to obtain a valid cross-national characterization of disorder prevalences. ", "Our current plans regarding these issues are discussed. ", "Valid and representative general population epidemiological data on patterns, predictors and adverse consequences of psychiatric disorders are needed as a foundation for public health initiatives. ", "The efforts of the ICPE promise to provide data of this sort for many regions in the world. ", "Formidable methodological and logistical challenges arise in implementing this agenda, but we are confident that these challenges can be met by building on the firm foundation already established in the ongoing ICPE collaboration." ]
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0.00064
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[ "About 120,000 Teamsters across Long Island and New York City are preparing to become a \"sanctuary union\" and learn how to deal with immigration officials at their workplaces, The New York Daily News reports.", "\n\nSupervisors and front-line workers are learning about their rights and how they can respond when officials come to their place of work.", "\n\nTraining topics include learning about different types of warrants and what constitutes a raid. ", "They are also being trained on how to respond if union members are stopped while driving or confronted at home.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT\n\nThe training urges members to honor the principle of union solidarity before immigration laws, according to the report.", "\n\nThe Teamsters are looking to challenge federal immigration officials after a member — Eber Garcia Vasquez — was deported in August to Guatemala after he showed up to a routine appointment.", "\n\nHe had no criminal record, according to the Daily News.", "\n\n“We were all appalled at what happened to Eber,” Teamsters Joint Council 16 President George Miranda told the Daily News at a sanctuary training meeting last week.", "\n\n“Eber is part of our family — we in the Teamsters rely on each other to get through the tough times,” he said.", "\n\nMiranda said that after Garcia Vasquez was deported, the group \"saw and felt that concern, and we are responding to it.\"", "\n\n\"And that includes all our members, from all backgrounds,\" he said. \"", "When we’re out on strike, we’re all the same on the picket line — what matters is that you’re a Teamster, and fighting with us.”", "\n\nAccording to the Daily News, immigrants make up a third of the group." ]
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0.02464
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[ "Q:\n\nHow can I get the value to change on each click in JS?", "\n\nSo I retrieve a list of data and each piece of data has an ID provided by SQL. ", "The ID is stored in a tag, and I extract the ID from the tag using innerHTML.", "\nI have an event handler that will delete the element on click based on its ID, But after I click delete on my first element, the innerHTML value remains the same. ", "For example, say the ID of the first element was 10, once I click delete, it will delete it. ", "But once I click delete on the element with the ID of 11, it still says the value is 10 and will NOT delete the element with the ID of 11.", "\nI've tried changing the P element between ID and class. ", "I have tried to use .textContent and getElementById() With my click handler. ", "But they all have given the same result.", "\nThis is the code for generating the HTML from GET request.", "\ngetMoviesBtn.addEventListener('click', async(e) => {\n e.preventDefault();\n await axios.get('http://localhost:5000/movies/retrieve-movies')\n .then( res => {\n console.log(res.data)\n const movieList = res.data\n for (let i = 0; i<movieList.length; i++) {\n const sections = document.createElement('section')\n sections.innerHTML = `\n <p class='id'> ${movieList[i].id} </p>\n <p> Title: ${movieList[i].title} </p>\n <p> Runtime: ${movieList[i].runtime} </p>\n <p> Release date: ${movieList[i].releaseDate} </p>\n <button class=\"delete-btn\">Delete</button>\n `\n divMovieList.appendChild(sections);\n }\n });\n });\n\nThis is the code for deleting the movie entry.", "\n // Delete movie\ndocument.addEventListener('click', async(e) => {\n e.preventDefault();\n\n if(e.target && e.target.textContent === 'Delete') {\n\n // Reset the notification bar to be displayed again\n resetNotification();\n\n let movieToDeleteID = document.querySelector('.id').innerHTML;\n console.log(movieToDeleteID)\n\n await axios.post('http://localhost:5000/movies/delete', {movieToDeleteID})\n .then( response => {\n showNotification(response);\n })\n .catch(err => console.error(err));\n }\n})\n\nThe HTML i'm using is \n<!", "DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\n <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"./css/main.css\"></link>\n <link href=\"https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Nunito:wght@400;600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n <title>Document</title>\n</head>\n<body>\n\n <div id=\"notification\"> \n <a id=\"close\"> Close </a>\n </div>\n\n <nav>\n <a href=\"./index.html\">Create Movie</a>\n </nav>\n\n <div id=\"get-movies-btn-div\">\n <button id='get-movies-btn'>Get all movies</button>\n </div>\n\n <div id='movie-list'></div>\n\n <script src=\"../node_modules/axios/dist/axios.min.js\"></script>\n <script src=\"movieList.js\"></script>\n</body>\n</html>\n\nThank you for the help!", "\n\nA:\n\nBut after I click delete on my first element, the innerHTML value\n remains the same.", "\n\nThat's because you're not setting the innterHTML to empty text. ", "You could set it to empty text based on the successful response of axio.", "\n let movieToDelete = document.querySelector('.id');\n let movieToDeleteID = movieToDelete.movieToDeleteID\n console.log(movieToDeleteID)\nawait axios.post('http://localhost:5000/movies/delete', {movieToDeleteID})\n .then( response => {\n ...\n movieToDelete.innerHTML = \"\";\n //Or, movieToDelete.parentNode.removeChild(movieToDelete);\n })\n .catch(err => console.error(err));\n }\n\n" ]
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[ "Lymphocyte labelling with indium: cytotoxicity studies.", "\nViability studies on lymphocytes labelled with indium In111 using oxine as a ligand showed impairment as measured by trypan-blue assessment and rosetting ability. ", "In addition, lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation as measured by tritiated-thymidine uptake was also impaired at levels where adequate cell labelling had taken place. ", "Cadmium toxicity was not noticed, and the use of tropolone as a ligand offered possibilities of reduced cellular toxicity. ", "Such cytotoxicity may not have been important in earlier reported studies on granulocytes where the large numbers available for in vivo work and the short periods of study still allowed useful conclusions to be drawn. ", "However, because of the prolonged lifespan of the human lymphocyte, the cytotoxic effects of the processing might well make the long-term studies which would be of interest much less reliable for clinical assessment." ]
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[ "Gaming everywhere\n\nМатериал готовится, пожалуйста, возвращайтесь позднее\n\nGood news: as TechCrunch wrote our big brother SCVNGR recently has rised $15M dollars. ", "It means that now they have total funding to near $20M (like Foursquare) and evaluation of company is $100M (similar to Foursquare). ", "But there is a big difference between Foursquare and SCVNGR. ", "Foursquare has more then 3-5 M users (SCVNGR less then 800K). ", "Foursquare users is really active (SCVNGR a lot of passive observers). ", "All of this mean that investors believe in SCVNGR and SCVNGR may be now has more profitable business model than Foursquare. ", "We want to congrulate Seth Priebatsch and him team with this new round! ", "In the beginning of each year all are trying to publish their predictions (we too). ", "Here you can find 50 predictions for 2011. ", "These guy collected predictions from different sources and include gaming as one of the trend. ", "He expects that games will play a more important role in unexpected areas: energy efficiency, car fuel efficiency, dieting, exercise, nutrition. ", "Also I want to add innovation in city services. ", "We already thought about how to use Playcer platform for creating non-game and more useful quests and will go downwind! ", "Recently I have organized CityCamp in Russia and we (concurrent with guys from CityCamp London) invented such idea:Its impossible to know how much your neighbour is doing for your street. ", "Or how much effort you have put in in the last year compared to the this year. ", "By turning chores into challenges, effort into visible statistics we can create a platform that celebrates achievement and makes it clear for all to see. ", "It brings transparency and fun back into the community efforts and makes for a system that rewards the inidividual and celebrates their input in a tangable, visible way. ", "This idea is brand new! ", "So new infact that TED only featured it this year. ", "During discussing project Clean city someone suggest adding game dynamics to the service to engage people share information about problems: give them points, or rewards and build rating of most active users. ", "Clean city is the Ushahidi-based project (like Russian-fires) that collect information about problems in a city (where to need scavenge or repair or someting other).", "\n\nOn Nachinai event we met similar project but with clearer business model (but more amusing): Scavenge it immediately! ", "Main idea: some people publish information where the trash and how much money they can pay. ", "Some gives $1 or more. ", "Who make this job (scavange) will give all money. ", "It’s funny that all of that could be realized in Playcer. ", "Imagine - you will have an ability to put money on your virtual account and then create a challenge (task) and an executor will earn some money granted by creator(s). ", "Afterwards the executor can give real money! ", "Maybe it will be in Playcer maybe not - this is not our main feature but I am sure games can make using LBS as attractive as useful." ]
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0.004283
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[ "#launchpad-translators 2011-03-11\n<trijntje> exit\n" ]
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[ "Willan Saddle\n\nWillan Saddle (Sedlovina Willan \\se-dlo-vi-'na 'wi-l&n\\) is a flat, crescent-shaped and ice-covered saddle extending 1 km in the northeast-southwest direction between Burdick South Peak and Willan Nunatak in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. ", " The saddle has an elevation of 400 m and is part of the overland route between Balkan Snowfield and Charrúa Gap in the west and Orpheus Gate in the east, thus providing access from the Bulgarian Base and the Spanish Base to the interior of eastern Livingston Island.", "\n\nThe feature takes its name from the adjacent Willan Nunatak.", "\n\nLocation\nThe saddle's midpoint is located at (Mapped in detail by the Spanish Servicio Geográfico del Ejército in 1991, Bulgarian topographic surveys in 1995/96 and 2004/05, and mapping in 1996, 2005 and 2009).", "\n\nMaps\n South Shetland Islands. ", "Scale 1:200000 topographic map. ", "DOS 610 Sheet W 62 60. ", "Tolworth, UK, 1968.", "\n Isla Livingston: Península Hurd. ", "Mapa topográfico de escala 1:25000. ", "Madrid: Servicio Geográfico del Ejército, 1991. (", "Map reproduced on p. 16 of the linked work)\n L.L. Ivanov. ", "Livingston Island: Central-Eastern Region. ", "Scale 1:25000 topographic map. ", " Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 1996.", "\n L.L. Ivanov et al. ", "Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands. ", "Scale 1:100000 topographic map. ", "Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.", "\n L.L. Ivanov. ", "Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. ", "Scale 1:120000 topographic map. ", " Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ", " \n Antarctic Digital Database (ADD). ", "Scale 1:250000 topographic map of Antarctica. ", "Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR). ", "Since 1993, regularly upgraded and updated.", "\n L.L. Ivanov. ", "Antarctica: Livingston Island and Smith Island. ", "Scale 1:100000 topographic map. ", "Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2017.", "\n\nReferences\n Willan Saddle. ", "SCAR Composite Antarctic Gazetteer\n Bulgarian Antarctic Gazetteer. ", "Antarctic Place-names Commission. (", "details in Bulgarian, basic data in English)\n\nExternal links\n Willan Saddle. ", "Copernix satellite image\n\nCategory:Mountain passes of Livingston Island" ]
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[ "BOSSES at the University of Huddersfield have pledged that all their staff, even those working for outside contractors, will receive a “living wage.”", "\n\nThe university will pay salaries well above the national minimum.", "\n\nThe institution has become the first university outside London to secure accreditation from the Living Wage Foundation and will pioneer the scheme across Yorkshire.", "\n\nThe university has agreed to pay an hourly rate of at least £7.45, well above the statutory minimum wage of £6.19.", "\n\nThe Living Wage Foundation is an independent body which sets the pay rate and reviews it every November.", "\n\nThe foundation says that a living wage not only benefits individuals and families but also boosts society and businesses which can count on more commitment from employees.", "\n\nThe university’s vice-chancellor Prof Bob Cryan said: “We have always ensured that salary rates for lower-paid employees exceed the national minimum wage rate and for many years they have also been at or above the living wage rate.", "\n\n“As a socially-responsible employer we feel it is only right and proper that all our staff should be able to provide for their families as a result of working here.", "\n\n“Seeking accreditation from the foundation is a significant step on our part which I hope inspires the rest of the UK university sector to follow suit.", "\n\n“But it involves real commitment as well,” added Prof Cryan. “", "We have formally agreed to match the living wage when it is revised.”", "\n\nIn addition to ensuring that all staff receive the living wage or above, the university guarantees that all people employed by new contractors providing labour services will also continue to receive at least £7.45 an hour.", "\n\nLaunched by a London-based campaign in 2001 and backed by research carried out by the influential Joseph Rowntree Foundation, the living wage has been strongly backed by Labour leader Ed Miliband and by London’s Tory Mayor Boris Johnson.", "\n\nCurrently 100 leading employers have sought accreditation from the Living Wage Foundation, which claims that its campaign has lifted 45,000 families out of poverty.", "\n\nThe University of Huddersfield is the first Higher Education employer, after Queen Mary University of London, to sign up to the scheme.", "\n\nRhys Moore, director of the Living Wage Foundation, said: “The benefits that the living wage brings to staff and business are clear.", "\n\n“I welcome the leadership shown by the University of Huddersfield on this important issue”." ]
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[ "Anger greets toxic liner ruling\n\nShare via\n\nCampaigners say that the ship’s break-up would again put exploited workers at risk\n\nINDIA is planning to allow the SS France to be broken up at the infamous Alang shipyard, angering environmentalists who claim that the luxury liner is laden with asbestos.", "\n\nAn official report seen by The Times concludes that the ship, now at anchor six miles (ten kilometres) off the southwest coast of India, should be allowed to be tugged into Alang, in the western state of Gujarat. ", "The report, by a government-appointed inspection team, rules that the SS France is fit for dismantling, despite the presence of significant amounts of asbestos." ]
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[ "---\nabstract: 'The modern theory of elasticity and the first law of thermodynamics are cornerstones of engineering science that share the concept of reversibility. ", "Engineering researchers have known for four decades that the modern theory violates the first law of thermodynamics when applied to the more commonly accepted empirical models of geomaterial stiffness. ", "This paper develops a cross-scale theory of elasticity that is compatible with the empirical models and the first law of thermodynamics. ", "This theory includes a material sample’s total-volume to solid-volume ratio as an independent internal variable, distinguishes deformation into uniform and contraction-swelling components, introduces a uniformity surface that partitions stress space into contraction and swelling sub-domains, couples the macroscopic properties to the volume ratio and extrapolates the accepted empirical models to states that include shear stress. ", "This paper broadens the scope of the theory of elasticity to include soft condensed matter.'", "\nauthor:\n- 'Christopher M. Szalwinski'\ntitle: 'Multi-Scale Theory of Elasticity for Geomaterials'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nThe states of repair of our countries’ infrastructures reflect our theoretical understanding of earth materials. ", "These materials include sands, gravel, gypsum, clay, shale, rock, and composites like glass, concrete, plaster, bricks, and asphalt \\[1\\]. ", "They are economically essential to the global construction industry and react to external forces in complex ways. ", "Geotechnical engineers, to meet design serviceability requirements for landfills, land surfaces, and land, sea and sub-surface structures, predict deformations well away from failure conditions. ", "In their analyses, they rely on the modern theory of elasticity and expect closed loading cycles to conserve energy. ", "However, for nearly half a century, researchers have claimed that implementing the more commonly accepted empirical models of soil deformation can violate the first law of thermodynamics \\[2-28\\]. ", "This apparent violation of a well-established law based on experience is one example of a problem that involves crossing length scales.", "\n\nMulti-scale investigations have been growing rapidly in materials science. ", "The NSF Report on Simulation-Based Engineering Science \\[29\\] describes the transformation to multi-scale modeling and simulation as a powerful paradigm shift in engineering science, with disparities in cross-scale descriptions appearing in virtually all areas of science and engineering. ", "The report refers to the ensemble of disparities as the tyranny of scales. ", "These disparities focus attention on exploiting mesoscopic data to bridge the gaps between the top-down and bottom-up models of systems with neither strategy alone sufficing to yield the observable higher scale properties \\[30\\].", "\n\nThe history of materials science has shown us that a theory of elasticity that is based on a mesoscopic model alone is at best tentative. ", "After a century-long contest, the multi-constancy tradition prevailed over the rari-constancy tradition \\[31\\]. ", "The multi-constancy tradition is top-down, assumes that the superposition of pressures is due to a variety of displacements and defines pressures as linear functions of those displacements \\[32\\]. ", "The rari-constancy tradition is bottom-up and models a body as composed of molecules with actions between them being in the line that joins the molecules \\[32\\]. ", "The modern theory of elasticity is entirely within the former tradition.", "\n\nThe modern theory of elasticity requires two coefficients to describe a material that lacks directional preference (an isotropic material): the bulk modulus and the shear modulus. ", "The bulk modulus specifies its stiffness in volumetric deformation; the shear modulus specifies its stiffness in distortion. ", "The more commonly accepted empirical expressions for the bulk modulus of a soil sample are linear functions of effective pressure and specific volume \\[5,33-35\\] or linear functions of effective pressure alone \\[36,37\\]. ", "Effective pressure is Cauchy pressure less interstitial fluid pressure. ", "Specific volume is the ratio of a sample’s volume to that of its solid constituents. ", "The more commonly accepted empirical expressions for the shear modulus of a soil sample at small strains include a proper fractional power function of effective pressure and an improper fractional power function of specific volume \\[38-40\\].", "\n\nZytynski *et al.*\\[2\\] demonstrated that these empirical models, which described bulk modulus as a linear function of effective pressure, are non-conservative. ", "Although a classical conservative solution hosting bulk and shear moduli with *identical* exponents for their power functions of pressure has been developed \\[41,42\\], no energetically conservative solution is available that supports the *different* exponents for these two moduli evident in the empirical models.", "\n\nSoils, powders, bulk solids, and other aggregates exhibit distinct material properties at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. ", "Their macroscopic stiffnesses and natural free states vary with packing. ", "The modern theory of elasticity assumes uniform strain across all length scales and retains memory of a unique natural free state \\[43\\]. ", "Each assumption is overly restrictive for these geomaterials.", "\n\nThis research paper develops a multi-scale theory of elasticity that includes specific volume as an independent internal state variable. ", "The theory admits a continuum of natural free states, defines separate constitutive relations at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales, conserves energy across closed loading cycles and supports different exponents in the power functions of pressure for the bulk and shear moduli.", "\n\nThe body of this paper consists of 5 sections. ", "Section 2 describes the mesoscopic model. ", "It decomposes a representative element’s deformation into uniform and differential parts. ", "The differential part models deformation that involves a change in packing. ", "Section 3 partitions stress space into contraction and swelling sub-domains and defines a contraction-swelling modulus that specifies the element’s stiffness to a change in packing. ", "Section 4 presents the internal energy potentials and the formal expressions for the macroscopic elasticity and compliance tensors and establishes their major symmetry. ", "Section 5 derives two solutions for isotropic materials, one that highlights the theory’s conceptual features and a more refined solution that is compatible with the empirical models accepted by geotechnical engineers. ", "Section 6 reviews the published support in data for fine Ottawa sand, tire-derived aggregates, and select porous solids. ", "This section concludes by comparing the theory to Critical State Soil Mechanics \\[5,33,35\\], proposing refinements to the latter and highlighting a fundamental difference at its limit.", "\n\nMesoscopic Model\n================\n\nConsider a geomaterial sample that consists of a large number of solid particles. ", "The particles are in contact with one another and form the skeleton that defines the sample’s boundary. ", "The particles remain within the boundary, but and open to rearrangement; that is, the skeleton that defines the sample’s boundary can change. ", "The sample’s pore content flows between the particles and can cross the sample’s boundary.", "\n\nThe continuum element that represents this prototypical sample consists of a solid phase and an interstitial phase. ", "The solid phase models the skeleton in its *current* state; that is, the particles in their current arrangement. ", "The interstitial phase models the pore content; that is, the fluid flowing through the solid phase and seeping across the element’s boundary. ", "The element’s specific volume is the ratio of the sample’s volume, $V$, to that of its solid particles, $V_s$:\n\n -- ---------------------- -----\n $\\nu \\equiv V/V_s\\ $ (1)\n -- ---------------------- -----\n\nThe element’s porosity is the ratio of the sample’s volume to its pore volume:\n\n -- --------------------------------------- -----\n $\\eta \\equiv (V-V_s)/V=1-{\\nu }^{-1}$ (2)\n -- --------------------------------------- -----\n\nSpecific volume and porosity are equivalent continuum measures of packing; both used in soil mechanics. ", "Porosity is more common in the mechanics of porous solids. ", "Specific volume and porosity are measurable but not directly controllable.", "\n\nAs the element’s specific volume changes, so does each of its phases. ", "The solid phase for one specific volume is distinct from the solid phase for any other specific volume. ", "A change in specific volume involves a shift in the element’s solid phase from that for the initial specific volume to that for the updated specific volume. ", "These shifts represent rearrangements of the particles within the sample. ", "The element model a sample with enough particles for all changes in its specific volume to appear to be continuous.", "\n\nComponents of Volumetric Deformation\n------------------------------------\n\nThe inclusion of specific volume, or porosity, as an independent variable enables a distinction between changes in average particle proximity and average particle radii; that is, an identification of two different aspects of sample deformation: intra-particle deformation and inter-particle deformation, with the latter measured relative to the former. ", "Figure \\[fig:Fig1\\] illustrates this degree of freedom. ", "Note that the relative change in particle radii differs from the relative change in their proximity.", "\n\n![", "Centric Deformation[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig1\"}](Figure1.jpg)\n\nThe representative element’s volumetric deformation consists of a uniform component and a differential component. ", "The uniform component models deformation at constant specific volume. ", "Uniform deformation is identical for solid and interstitial phases. ", "The differential component models the additional deformation of the interstitial phase. ", "This part augments the uniform component of the interstitial phase and is directly related to the change in specific volume. ", "Figure \\[fig:Fig2\\] illustrates these two components.", "\n\n![", "Straining of Solid and Interstitial Phases[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig2\"}](Figure2.jpg)\n\nDifferential deformation is the centric part of the element’s deformation (cf. ", "the classical theory’s rari-constancy model). ", "It describes either contraction or swelling. *", "Contraction* represents a decrease in the centroidal distances between adjacent particles. *", "Swelling* represents an increase in the distances between adjacent particles. ", "Contraction and swelling are each wholly distinct from uniform deformation.", "\n\nPacking Pressure\n----------------\n\nTo account for changes in energy associated with changes in packing, let us introduce a mesoscopic pressure within the element. ", "This internal pressure is independent of the macroscopic pressure applied to the element’s boundary.", "\n\nConsider a sphere centered at the element’s mass center as shown in Figure \\[fig::Fig3\\]. ", "Its surface represents the average mass centers of particles equidistant from the sample’s mass center. ", "As the element’s specific volume changes the radius of the sphere changes; that is, the distances of the particles from the mass center change. ", "Let us define the *packing pressure* within the element as the mesoscopic pressure that maintains the sphere at its current radius and denote this pressure by $\\phi $.", "\n\n![", "Changes in Packing Pressure[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig3\"}](Figure3.jpg)\n\nPacking pressure can change even if the pressure applied at the boundary remains constant. ", "Conversely, the pressure applied at the boundary can change even if the packing pressure remains constant. ", "Consolidation is an example of a process that involves changes in internal pressure but does not necessarily involve any change in externally applied pressure.", "\n\nA change in packing pressure either reduces or increases the sphere’s radius. ", "Contractive changes reduce its radius. ", "Swelling changes increase its radius.", "\n\nThe extent of the change in the sphere’s radius due to a change in packing pressure depends on the material’s properties. ", "Under the principle of local state \\[44\\], a change in packing pressure is related to the local change in specific volume but not to its gradient. ", "The packing pressure at which specific volume remains unchanged is the element’s current *equilibrium packing pressure*. ", "Assuming that an equilibrium packing pressure exists for each specific volume, let us define a *contraction-swelling* curve in $\\phi -\\nu $ space that relates equilibrium packing pressures to specific volumes throughout the practical range of specific volumes:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------ -----\n $\\beta \\equiv \\beta \\left(\\phi ,\\nu \\right)=0$ (3)\n -- ------------------------------------------------ -----\n\nAt lower pressures, the element’s specific volume is highly sensitive to small changes in packing pressure; that is, the packing of the sample’s particles can change significantly. ", "On the other hand, at higher pressures, the element’s specific volume is relatively insensitive to large changes in packing pressure. ", "These two limiting conditions determine the general form of the contraction-swelling curve. ", "This curve is illustrated in Figure \\[fig:Fig4\\]. ", "${\\phi }_r$ is an arbitrarily selected reference packing pressure for the element and ${\\nu }_r$ is the specific volume corresponding to that pressure.", "\n\n![", "Contraction-Swelling Constitutive Relation[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig4\"}](Figure4.jpg)\n\nThe subsets of contraction and swelling pressures for the element depend on its current specific volume. ", "The current specific volume or its equilibrium packing pressure partitions the contraction-swelling curve into contraction and swelling segments. ", "The current contraction pressures are the packing pressures that satisfy $\\betaup$$\\mathrm{>}$0. ", "The current swelling pressures are those that satisfy $\\betaup$$\\mathrm{<}$0.", "\n\nPacking Energy\n--------------\n\nAny work done by the packing pressure during a change in specific volume changes the element’s packing energy. ", "This work excludes all work involving uniform deformation; that is, all work done by externally applied stress in uniform deformation.", "\n\nConsidering the interstitial phase of the element as a sphere of radius $r$, the work done during a change in its radius is the work done by the packing pressure at the sphere’s surface:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------- -----\n $\\delta W=\\ -\\ \\phi \\ 4\\pi r^2\\delta r$ (4)\n -- ----------------------------------------- -----\n\nwhere $\\delta $ denotes *increment of*. ", "The minus sign associates positive work with contraction. ", "The change in the sphere’s radius is directly related to the change in the element’s specific volume:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------\n $\\delta \\nu =\\delta V/V =\\ 3 \\delta r/r$ $for\\ \\delta V_s = 0$ (5)\n -- ------------------------------------------ ---------------------------\n\nThe change in the element’s packing energy is the work done per unit volume:\n\n -- --------------------------- -----\n $\\delta P=\\delta W\\ /\\ V$ (6)\n -- --------------------------- -----\n\nwhere $P$ denotes *packing energy*. ", "From Eqs. (", "4), (5) and (6):\n\n -- ------------------------------------ -----\n $\\delta P=\\ -\\ \\phi \\ \\delta \\nu $ (7)\n -- ------------------------------------ -----\n\nThe element’s packing energy follows from integration:\n\n -- -------------------------------------- -----\n $P=\\int^{\\nu }_{{\\nu }_r}{\\delta P}$ (8)\n -- -------------------------------------- -----\n\nPacking energy vanishes at the selected reference state (${\\phi }_r,{\\nu }_r$).", "\n\nThe appendix contains derivations of expressions for two packing energy potentials based on separate contraction-swelling constitutive relations.", "\n\nMacroscopic Model\n=================\n\nThe element’s specific volume and the externally applied stress define its state completely. ", "A change in the applied stress may cause a change in specific volume and that change depends on the element’s properties.", "\n\nTo identify the form of the relation between a change in the element’s strain and any change in its specific volume consider a linearly elastic material with a compliance that varies with specific volume alone. ", "The strain tensor, $\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$, for such a material, is the inner product of its compliance tensor, $\\boldsymbol{C}(\\nu )$, and the applied stress, $\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }$:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----\n $\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }=\\boldsymbol{C}\\left(\\nu \\right):\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }$ (9)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -----\n\nwhere **:** denotes *inner tensor product* on two subscripts. ", "The change in this strain tensor depends on both the change in the stress tensor and the change in specific volume. ", "Differentiating Eq. (", "9) (cf. ", "\\[45,46\\]) yields\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }=\\boldsymbol{C}(\\nu ):\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }+\\ \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }:(\\partial \\boldsymbol{C}(\\nu )/\\partial \\nu ) \\delta \\nu $ (10)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe first term on the right-hand side is the *uniform* contribution to the strain increment. ", "This contribution models identical straining of the solid and interstitial phases; that is, straining at constant specific volume. ", "The second term is the *differential* contribution. ", "It models the change in specific volume at constant stress.", "\n\nGiven this decomposition (Eq. (", "10)), consider a more complex material with a compliance that also varies with externally applied stress. ", "The strain increment tensor consists of uniform and differential components:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }=\\ \\delta {\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}_u+\\ \\delta {\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}_d$ (11)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere subscripts $u$ and $d$ denote *uniform* and *differential* respectively. ", "The uniform component is linearly related to the stress increment tensor:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta {\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}_u={\\boldsymbol{C}}_u\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right):\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }$ (12)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere ${\\boldsymbol{C}}_u$ denotes the *uniform compliance tensor*. ", "This component pervades all length scales. ", "The differential component is given by\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta {\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}_d=\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)\\ \\delta \\mu $ (13)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{\\omega }$ denotes the *normalized coupling tensor* \\[45\\]. ", "The directions of this component depend on the current state. ", "The scalar multiplier, $\\delta \\mu $, is its magnitude. ", "It is positive-valued in contraction and negative-valued in swelling. ", "Its relation to the change in specific volume is established in sub-section \\[sec::comela\\] below (Eq. (", "53)).", "\n\n![", "Uniformity Surface through the Current State[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig5\"}](Figure5.jpg)\n\nThe magnitude of the differential component depends not only on the element’s state but also on the applied stress increment. ", "To distinguish between contraction and swelling processes, consider a local surface in stress sub-space that passes through the current stress state and partitions the neighboring sub-space into contraction and swelling sub-domains as illustrated in Figure \\[fig:Fig5\\]. ", "Let us represent this surface by\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------ ------\n $b \\equiv b\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)=0$ (14)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------ ------\n\nContraction states satisfy $b$$\\mathrm{>}$0, while swelling states satisfy $b$$\\mathrm{<}$0. ", "Only stress increments along the surface produce purely uniform straining. ", "Let us call this surface the element’s *uniformity surface*. ", "If ${\\boldsymbol{n}}$ denotes its normalized gradient:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{n} \\equiv \\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\ /\\parallel \\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\parallel \\boldsymbol{\\mathrm{\\ }}\\boldsymbol{\\mathrm{\\ }}$ (15)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nthen the stress increments that preserve the element’s specific volume are normal to this gradient:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------\n ${\\boldsymbol{n}}:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }=0$ $for\\ \\delta \\mu = 0$ (16)\n -- -------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------\n\n$\\parallel \\boldsymbol{x}\\parallel $ denotes the positive-valued magnitude of $\\boldsymbol{x}$.\n\nSince stress increments tangential to the surface do not cause any differential straining, only that component of the stress increment that is normal to the surface change specific volume. ", "That is, the signed magnitude of the differential component of the strain increment tensor is linearly related to the component of the stress increment tensor that is normal to the local uniformity surface. ", "This consistency relation may be written as\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{n}:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }-S\\delta \\mu =0$ (17)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $S$ denotes the *contraction-swelling modulus*. ", "The expression for the signed magnitude follows directly from this relation:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\mu \\ \\mathrm{=} \\ \\boldsymbol{n}:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }/S$ (18)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe contraction-swelling modulus specifies the element’s stiffness to differential deformation independently of its stiffness to uniform deformation. ", "Aggregates, which exhibit noticeable changes in packing, have low-valued moduli. ", "Porous solids, which exhibit minor changes in packing, have relatively high-valued moduli.", "\n\nNot all processes in this model are equilibrium processes. ", "Stress increments directed along the local uniformity surface preserve specific volume and maintain multi-scale equilibrium. ", "Since the specific volume does not change, the equilibrium packing pressure remains constant. ", "Stress increments directed off the surface initiate non-equilibrium processes. ", "Internal adjustments in specific volume may occur at different rates than the rates of change of external macroscopic stresses. ", "While processes to states along the surface are unconstrained, processes to states off the surface progress from initially constrained states to ultimately unconstrained states. ", "At multi-scale equilibrium, the end state satisfies macroscopic equilibrium and the packing pressure is the equilibrium packing pressure for the end state’s specific volume. ", "That is, the end stress state lies on the local uniformity surface for the end stress state and the end specific volume.", "\n\nThis approach has some precedents. ", "Augmenting thermodynamic solutions with internal state variables is well-established practice \\[47\\]. ", "Internal state variables support constraint modeling of viscoelasticity and relaxation near equilibrium \\[48\\]. ", "Constrained equilibrium modeling extends to the averaging of an internal variable \\[49\\]. ", "Partitioning stress sub-space into sub-domains of differing responses is a feature of the mathematical theory of elasto-plasticity, as is a consistency relation.", "\n\nCompliance and Elasticity {#sec::comela}\n-------------------------\n\nThe macroscopic compliance tensor for the element models all processes, regardless of the stress increment tensor directions and predicts the strain increment based on the applied stress increment. ", "Substituting Eqs. (", "12), (13) and (18) into Eq. (", "11) yields\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }\\ \\mathrm{=}\\ \\boldsymbol{C}\\boldsymbol{:}\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }$ (19)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{C}$ denotes the element’s *macroscopic compliance tensor*:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{C} \\equiv {\\boldsymbol{\\ }\\boldsymbol{C}}_{\\boldsymbol{u}}\\boldsymbol{+}\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{\\otimes }\\boldsymbol{n}/S$ (20)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\otimes$ denotes *outer tensor product*. ", "The uniform compliance tensor predicts the element’s compliance to unconstrained change; that is, for stress increments along the local uniformity surface. ", "The rightmost term describes the added strain increment as specific volume progresses from its initially constrained value to its multi-scale equilibrium value.", "\n\nThe macroscopic elasticity tensor predicts the stress increment tensor corresponding to an applied strain increment tensor. ", "Substituting Eq. (", "12) into Eq. (", "11), inverting the result and substituting Eq. (", "13) yields\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }\\ \\mathrm{=}\\ {\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\delta }\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }-{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\ \\delta \\mu $ (21)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere ${\\boldsymbol{E}}_u$ denotes the *uniform elasticity tensor*:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\ = {\\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}_u$ (22)\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe expression for the signed magnitude of the strain increment’s differential component follows from the consistency relation. ", "Substituting Eq. (", "21) into Eq. (", "17) yields\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\mu = (\\boldsymbol{n}\\ {\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\delta }\\epsilon )\\ /\\ (S+\\boldsymbol{n}:{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\omega })$ (23)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nSubstituting Eq. (", "23) into Eq. (", "21) yields\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma } = \\boldsymbol{E}\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\delta }\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$ (24)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{E}$ denotes the element’s *macroscopic elasticity tensor*:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{E} \\equiv \\boldsymbol{\\ }\\boldsymbol{E}_u-({\\boldsymbol{E}}_u \\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{\\otimes }{\\boldsymbol{n}\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{E}}_u)\\ /\\ (S+\\boldsymbol{n}\\boldsymbol{:}{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u:\\boldsymbol{\\omega })$ (25)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe rightmost term in Eq. (", "25) relaxes the uniform stiffness accounting for the added freedom as specific volume changes from its initially constrained value to its unconstrained end value, at multi-scale equilibrium.", "\n\nThe relation between the normalized coupling tensor ($\\boldsymbol{\\omega }$) and the normalized gradient to the uniformity surface ($\\boldsymbol{n}$) in the expressions for both macroscopic tensors is established in sub-section \\[sec::majsym\\] below.", "\n\nContraction-Swelling Modulus\n----------------------------\n\nThe contraction-swelling modulus specifies the element’s stiffness to changes in differential deformation regardless of uniform deformation. ", "Its value can be estimated from measurements of volumetric and distortional stiffness at isotropic loading states.", "\n\nThe pressure or mean-normal stress invariant is defined as\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------- ------\n $p\\ \\equiv \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }:\\boldsymbol{I}/3$ (26)\n -- --------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{I}$ denotes the identity tensor. ", "Let us assume that the normalized coupling tensor and the normalized gradient to the uniformity surface are identity transformations at all isotropic loading states:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n **** $\\boldsymbol{\\omega } = \\boldsymbol{n} = \\boldsymbol{I}$ $for\\ \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }=p_o\\boldsymbol{I}$ (27)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n\nwhere $p_o\\ $denotes the applied pressure at any isotropic state. ", "The volumetric strain increment is defined as\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\epsilon \\equiv \\boldsymbol{I}:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$ (28)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe macroscopic bulk modulus, $K$, relates this invariant linearly to the pressure increment:\n\n -- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n $\\delta \\epsilon =K^{-1}\\ \\delta p_o$ $for\\ \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }=p_o\\boldsymbol{I}$ (29)\n -- --------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n\n$K$ is the tangential slope of the unloading-reloading line in $\\epsilon -p_o\\ $space.", "\n\nSubstituting Eq. (", "27) into Eq. (", "25) and contracting twice yields:\n\n -- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n $K^{-1} =K^{-1}_u+S^{-1}$ $for\\ \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }=p_o\\boldsymbol{I}$ (30)\n -- --------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------\n\nwhere $K_u$ denotes the *uniform bulk modulus* of the element:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $K_u\\ \\equiv \\boldsymbol{I}:{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u:\\boldsymbol{I}\\ /\\ 9$ (31)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe expression for the contraction-swelling modulus is:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $S={\\left[K^{-1}-K^{-1}_u\\ \\right]}^{-1}={\\left[\\left(\\frac{\\delta \\epsilon }{\\delta p_o}\\right)-K^{-1}_u\\ \\right]}^{-1}$ (32)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe value of the uniform bulk modulus can be estimated from an empirically determined uniform shear compliance by assuming a constant Poisson’s ratio across the family of solid phases of all specific volumes.", "\n\nIf the element is significantly more compliant than its solid phase, a first approximation for the volumetric strain increment is\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n $\\delta \\epsilon \\ \\approx \\ -\\ \\delta \\nu /\\nu $ $for\\ K_u\\gg K$ (33)\n -- --------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n\nIn this case, the expression for the contraction-swelling modulus reduces to\n\n -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------\n $S\\approx \\delta p_o/\\delta \\epsilon $ $for\\ K_u\\gg K$ (34)\n -- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------\n\nInternal Energy\n===============\n\nThe internal energy of the element integrates the macroscopic and mesoscopic models. ", "A sufficient condition for conservation of internal energy in a closed process is the existence of a potential in the independent state variables.", "\n\nIn a kinematic description, strain and specific volume are the independent state variables, the internal energy potential is the scalar measure of the element’s state and stress is the dependent state variable. ", "In a kinetic description, stress and specific volume are the independent state variables, the complementary internal energy potential is the scalar measure of state and strain is the dependent variable. ", "The expressions for the stress, strain, packing pressure, elasticity, compliance and coupling tensors follow from these two potentials.", "\n\nPotential Functions\n-------------------\n\nThe internal energy potential,$\\ E\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\nu \\right)$, describes the element’s physical state in terms of its strain and specific volume. ", "The potential’s uniform version, $U\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\nu \\right)$, which describes its physical state for a prescribed specific volume, is the difference between the internal energy potential, $E\\boldsymbol{(}\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\nu )$**,** and the element’s packing energy, $P(\\nu )$:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $U\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\bar{\\nu } \\right)=E\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\nu \\right)\\ -\\ P\\boldsymbol{(}\\nu )$ (35)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\n$U\\left(\\boldsymbol{0 },\\bar{\\nu } \\right)$ represents the natural free state for the prescribed specific volume ($\\nu = \\bar{\\nu }$). ", "Figure \\[fig:Fig6\\] illustrates the internal energy potential surface as a function of equivalent strain and specific-volume. ", "The reference state is the state at which the specific volume is the reference specific volume ($\\nu ={\\nu }_r$) and all strain vanishes ($E\\left(\\boldsymbol{0},{\\nu }_r\\right)$).", "\n\n![", "Internal Energy[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig6\"}](Figure6.jpg)\n\nThe complementary internal energy potential, $C\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)$, describes the energy that the element can transfer to its environment. ", "This potential’s uniform version, $Q\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\bar{\\nu } \\right)$, which describes the transferable energy for a prescribed specific volume, is the sum of the complementary internal energy, $C\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)$, and the element’s packing energy, $P\\left(\\nu \\right)$:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $Q\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\bar{\\nu } \\right)=C\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)+P\\left(\\nu \\right)$ (36)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nFigure \\[fig:Fig7\\] illustrates the complementary internal energy potential surface as a function of stress and specific volume. ", "The reference state for this surface is the state at which the specific volume is the reference specific volume ($\\nu ={\\nu }_r$) and stress vanishes ($C\\left(\\boldsymbol{0},{\\nu }_r\\right)$).", "\n\n![", "Complementary Internal Energy[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig7\"}](Figure7.jpg)\n\nThe uniform complementary internal energy is the partial Legendre transform of element’s uniform internal energy with respect to strain \\[50\\]:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $U\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\nu \\right)+\\ Q\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)=\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }:\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$ (37)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nChanges in packing energy are passive and its terms in Eqs. (", "35) and (36) cancel one another in Eq. (", "37). ", "The uniform potentials are the energy potentials of the modern theory.", "\n\nStress, Strain, Elasticity, Compliance and Coupling Tensors {#sec:strstr}\n-----------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe stress, strain and packing pressure ($\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\ \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon },\\ \\phi $) are partial derivatives of the internal energy and complementary internal energy potential functions.", "\n\nDifferentiating Eq. (", "35) and substituting Eq. (", "7) into the result distinguishes an internal energy increment into macroscopic and mesoscopic components:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta U={\\left(\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}\\right)}_{\\nu }:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }+{\\left(\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\nu }\\right)}_{\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}\\ \\delta \\nu +\\phi \\ \\delta \\nu $ (38)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nAt multi-scale equilibrium, specific volume is constant, and the work done by the stress on the element is\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon } = {\\left(\\frac{\\boldsymbol{\\partial }E}{\\boldsymbol{\\partial }\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}\\right)}_{\\nu }:\\boldsymbol{\\delta }\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$ (39)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n\nEquating Eqs. (", "38) and (39) gives the expressions for the stress and the packing pressure:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }={\\left(\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}\\right)}_{\\nu }$ (40)\n $\\phi = -\\ {\\left(\\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\nu }\\right)}_{\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}$ (41)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nDifferentiating Eq. (", "36) and substituting Eq. (", "7) into the result distinguishes the complementary internal energy increment into macroscopic and mesoscopic components:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta Q={\\left(\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\right)}_{\\nu }:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }+{\\left(\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\nu }\\right)}_{\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\delta \\nu -\\ \\phi \\ \\delta \\nu $ (42)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nAt multi-scale equilibrium, specific volume is constant, and the complementary work done is given by\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }={\\left(\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\right)}_{\\nu }:\\boldsymbol{\\delta }\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }$ (43)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nEquating Eqs. (", "42) and (43) gives the expressions for the total strain and the packing pressure:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }={\\left(\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\right)}_{\\nu }$ (44)\n $\\phi =\\ {\\left(\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\nu }\\right)}_{\\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}$ (45)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nEqs. (", "41) and (45) are equivalent expressions for packing pressure.", "\n\nThe uniform elasticity, uniform compliance and coupling tensors are second derivatives of the energy potentials. ", "Differentiating Eq. (", "40) distinguishes the stress increment into uniform and differential components:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }={\\boldsymbol{E}}_u:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }+\\frac{{\\partial }^2E}{\\partial \\nu \\partial \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}\\ \\delta \\nu $ (46)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere ${\\boldsymbol{E}}_u$ denotes the uniform elasticity tensor:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\boldsymbol{E}}_u \\equiv \\frac{{\\boldsymbol{\\partial }}^{\\boldsymbol{2}}E}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}$ (47)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nDifferentiating Eq. (", "44) distinguishes the strain increment into uniform and differential components:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }={\\boldsymbol{C}}_u:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }+\\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\ \\delta \\nu $ (48)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}$ denotes the coupling tensor. ", "The uniform compliance and coupling tensors are second partial derivatives of the complementary internal energy potential:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\boldsymbol{C}}_u = \\frac{{\\boldsymbol{\\partial }}^{\\boldsymbol{2}}C}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}$ (49)\n $\\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}=\\frac{{\\partial }^2C}{\\partial \\nu \\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}$ (50)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\n${\\boldsymbol{E}}_u$ and ${\\boldsymbol{C}}_u$ are inverses of one another.", "\n\nNormalizing the coupling tensor and comparing Eq. (", "48) to Eq. (", "11) with Eq. (", "12) identifies the differential component of strain increment tensor as the product of the coupling tensor and the specific volume increment:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\delta }{\\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }}_d = -\\ \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\ \\delta \\nu $ (51)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nSubstituting Eq. (", "51) into Eq. (", "13) relates the coupling tensor to the normalized coupling tensor ($\\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\omega }} $) and the signed magnitude of the strain increment’s differential component ($\\delta \\mu $) to the specific volume increment:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{\\omega } = \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\ /\\parallel \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\parallel $ (52)\n $\\delta \\mu \\ \\mathrm{=}\\ - \\parallel \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\parallel \\ \\delta \\nu $ (53)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe minus sign indicates that a specific volume decrement ($\\delta \\nu <0$) is contractive ($\\delta \\mu >0$). ", "The material properties that determine differential deformation enter entirely through the coupling tensor.", "\n\nMajor Symmetry {#sec::majsym}\n--------------\n\nThe macroscopic analysis of sub-section 3.1 expresses the compliance and elasticity tensors in terms of the normalized gradient to the uniformity surface and the normalized coupling tensor. ", "Any stress increment directed off the uniformity surface for the current state changes the element’s specific volume. ", "During the process, the element’s stress state and specific volume may change asynchronously. ", "The major symmetry of the compliance and elasticity tensors follows from multi-scale equilibrium.", "\n\nFor the element to be in a state of multi-scale equilibrium, its stress state must lie on the local uniformity surface for the current specific volume and its packing pressure must be the equilibrium packing pressure for that same specific volume:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $b\\left(\\boldsymbol{\\sigma },\\nu \\right)=\\ \\beta \\left(\\phi ,\\nu \\right)=0$ (54)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nStress increments along the uniformity surface maintain multi-scale equilibrium. ", "Differentiating Eq. (", "54) holding specific volume constant relates the surface gradient to the slope of the contraction-swelling curve through the packing pressure gradient:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}=\\frac{\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\phi \\ }\\cdot \\frac{\\partial \\phi }{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}$ (55)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nDifferentiating Eq. (", "45) holding specific volume constant yields the expression for the packing pressure gradient:\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\frac{\\partial \\phi }{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}=\\frac{{\\partial }^2C}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }\\partial \\nu }$ (56)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nIdentity of cross derivatives of the complementary strain energy function (a Maxwell relation) relates this gradient to the coupling tensor:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\frac{\\partial \\phi }{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}=\\ \\frac{{\\partial }^2C}{\\partial \\nu \\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}=\\ \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}$ (57)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nSubstituting Eq. (", "57) into Eq. (", "55) relates the uniformity surface gradient to the slope of the contraction-swelling curve through the coupling tensor:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}=\\ \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\ \\frac{\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\phi \\ }$ (58)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nNormalizing the surface gradient and substituting Eq. (", "52) yields\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{n} = \\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\parallel \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\parallel \\left(\\frac{\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\phi }\\right)/\\parallel \\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\parallel $ (59)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nSince both $\\boldsymbol{n}$ and $\\boldsymbol{\\omega }$ are normalized,\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{n}\\ =\\ \\boldsymbol{\\omega }$ (60)\n $\\parallel \\frac{\\partial b}{\\partial \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }}\\parallel \\ =\\ \\parallel \\boldsymbol{\\mathit{\\Omega}}\\parallel \\left(\\frac{\\partial \\beta }{\\partial \\phi \\ }\\right)$ (61)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe directions of the coupling tensors are independent of the contraction-swelling relation.", "\n\nSubstituting Eq. (", "60) into Eqs. (", "20) and (25) simplifies the expressions for the macroscopic compliance and elasticity tensors:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{C} = {\\boldsymbol{C}}_u+{\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{\\otimes }\\boldsymbol{\\omega }}\\ /\\ {S}$ (62)\n $\\boldsymbol{E} = \\boldsymbol{E}_u-({\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{\\otimes }\\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{:}{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u)\\ /\\ (S+\\ \\boldsymbol{\\omega }\\boldsymbol{\\ }\\boldsymbol{:}{\\boldsymbol{E}}_u\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{\\omega })$ (63)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThat is, a sufficient condition for major symmetry of each tensor is multi-scale equilibrium (Eq. ", "55).", "\n\nIsotropic Materials\n===================\n\nThe generally accepted empirical expressions for bulk and shear moduli of soil samples have been established for isotropic materials at isotropic states. ", "The theory’s linear specialization for these materials demonstrates the simplest resolution of the energy conservation issue for these materials. ", "Its non-linear specialization demonstrates resolution of the differing exponents issue in the power functions of the bulk and shear moduli.", "\n\nGeneral Expressions\n-------------------\n\nThe invariants of stress and strain and their increments suffice to express the constitutive relations for isotropic materials. ", "The stress invariants are defined as\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------\n $p \\equiv \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }:\\boldsymbol{I}/3$ (26 bis)\n $q={\\left({{3}\\boldsymbol{q}\\boldsymbol{:}\\boldsymbol{q}}/{2}\\right)}^{\\frac{1}{2}}$ (64)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{q}$ denotes the deviator stress tensor:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\boldsymbol{q}\\ \\equiv \\boldsymbol{\\sigma }-p\\boldsymbol{I}$ (65)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe strain increment invariants are work-conjugate to the stress invariants:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------\n $\\delta \\epsilon \\equiv \\boldsymbol{I}:\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }$ (28 bis)\n $\\delta \\gamma ={\\left({2\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\gamma }\\boldsymbol{:}\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\gamma }}/{3}\\right)}^{\\frac{1}{2}}$ (66)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------\n\nwhere $\\boldsymbol{\\gamma }$ denotes the deviator-strain tensor:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\boldsymbol{\\gamma }\\ \\equiv \\delta \\boldsymbol{\\epsilon }- (\\boldsymbol{I}/3)\\ \\delta \\epsilon$ (67)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe macroscopic relations are\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta p=K\\delta \\epsilon +J\\delta \\gamma $ (68)\n $\\delta q=J\\delta \\epsilon +3G\\delta \\gamma $ (69)\n -- ----------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $K,\\ J,$ and $G$ are respectively the macroscopic bulk, cross and shear moduli.", "\n\nThese moduli consist of uniform and differential components. ", "From Eq. (", "25):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n $K=K_u-{\\left({\\omega }^2_pK^2_u+2{\\omega }_p{\\omega }_qJ_uK_u+{\\omega }^2_qJ^2_u\\right)}\\ /\\ {S_c}$ (70)\n $J=J_u-{\\left[{\\omega }^2_pJ_uK_u+\\ {\\omega }_p{\\omega }_q\\left(J^2_u+3K_uG_u\\right)+3{\\omega }^2_qJ_uG_u\\right]}\\ /\\ {S_c}$ (71)\n $3G=3G_u-{\\left({\\omega }^2_pJ^2_u+6{\\omega }_p{\\omega }_qJ_uG_u+9{\\omega }^2_qG^2_u\\right)}\\ /\\ {S_c}$ (72)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n\nwhere $K_u,\\ J_u,\\ {and\\ G}_u$${}^{\\ }$denote respectively the uniform bulk, cross and shear moduli; ${\\omega }_p,$ ${\\omega }_q$ denote the invariants of the normalized coupling tensor; and $S_c$ denotes the composite contraction-swelling modulus:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $S_c=S+\\ {\\omega }^2_pK_u+2{\\omega }_p{\\omega }_{q\\ }J_u+3{\\omega }^2_qG_u$ (73)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThis composite modulus augments the contraction-swelling modulus with the element’s uniform stiffness.", "\n\nLinear Solution\n---------------\n\nThe simplest internal energy potential that conserves energy for a linear isotropic material with a variable specific volume is a quadratic function in volumetric and deviatoric strain invariants and an inverse function of specific volume\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $E\\left(\\epsilon ,\\gamma ,\\nu \\right)=p_r(k{\\epsilon }^2+3g{\\gamma }^2)/2\\nu $ (74)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $p_r$ denotes an arbitrarily selected reference pressure; $k$ and $g\\ $denote the non-dimensional bulk and shear indices corresponding to $p_r$. The complementary internal energy potential is quadratic in the stress invariants and proportional to specific volume\n\n -- --------------------------------------- ------\n $C(p,q,\\nu )=\\nu (p^2/k+q^2/3g)/2p_r$ (75)\n -- --------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe strain and stress invariants are linearly related. ", "From Eqs. (", "40) and (44):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\epsilon \\equiv \\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial p}=\\left(\\frac{1}{kp_r}\\right)\\nu p$ (76)\n $\\gamma \\equiv \\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial q}=\\left(\\frac{1}{3gp_r}\\right)\\nu q$ (77)\n $p\\ \\equiv \\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\epsilon }=\\left(\\frac{kp_r}{\\nu }\\right)\\epsilon $ (78)\n $q\\ \\equiv \\frac{\\partial E}{\\partial \\gamma }=\\left(\\frac{3gp_r}{\\nu }\\right)\\gamma $ (79)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe uniform moduli are partial derivatives of the stress invariants with respect to strain:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $K_u\\ \\equiv \\frac{{\\partial }^2E}{\\partial {\\epsilon }^2}=kp_r/\\nu $ (80)\n $J_u\\ \\equiv \\frac{{\\partial }^2E}{\\partial \\epsilon \\partial \\gamma }=0$ (81)\n $G_u\\ \\equiv \\frac{1}{3}\\frac{{\\partial }^2E}{{\\partial }^2\\gamma }=gp_r\\mathrm{/}\\mathrm{\\nuup }$ (82)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThese moduli are the linearly scaled versions of their mesoscopic counterparts (that is, the particle bulk and shear moduli ($kp_r,\\ gp_r$) \\[51\\]).", "\n\nThe coupling tensor coefficients are cross derivatives of the complementary internal energy potential. ", "From Eqs. (", "50) and (75):\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\mathit{\\Omega}}_p\\ \\equiv \\frac{{\\partial }^2C}{\\partial \\nu \\partial p}=\\frac{p}{kp_r}$ (83)\n ${\\mathit{\\Omega}}_q\\ \\equiv \\frac{{\\partial }^2C}{\\partial \\nu \\partial q}=\\frac{q}{3gp_r}$ (84)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe normalized coefficients are\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\omega }_p={\\left[1+{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)}^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}^{-\\frac{1}{2}}$ (85)\n ${\\omega }_q=\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right){\\omega }_p$ (86)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe normalized coupling tensor introduces shear stress effects to the uniform moduli. ", "Substituting into Eqs. (", "70) through (72) yields\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $K=\\frac{kp_r}{\\nu }\\frac{T+\\frac{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right){\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}{\\left[1+{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)}^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}}{T_c}$ (87)\n $J=-\\frac{kp_r}{\\nu }\\frac{\\frac{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}{\\left[1+{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)}^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}}{T_c}$ (88)\n $G=\\frac{gp_r}{\\nu }\\frac{T+\\frac{1}{\\left[1+{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)}^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]\\ }}{T_c}$ (89)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $T$ and $T_c$ denote the relative-contraction-swelling and composite relative-contraction-swelling moduli respectively:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n $T\\ \\equiv \\left(\\frac{S}{K_{u|q=0\\ }}\\right)\\ ={S}/\\left({kp_r}/{\\nu }\\right)$ (90)\n $T_c={S_c}/\\left({kp_r}/{\\nu }\\right)=T+{\\left[1+\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right){\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}{\\left[1+{\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)}^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}^{-1}$ (91)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n\nAlthough the macroscopic moduli are inversely proportional to specific volume, the linear scaling evident in the uniform moduli is absent in the macroscopic moduli. ", "Eqs. (", "87) through (89) extend the particle stress model \\[51\\] across state space without imposing perfectly linear scaling.", "\n\nThe macroscopic moduli assume simpler forms at isotropic loading states. ", "From Eqs. (", "87) through (89),\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------\n $K=\\frac{\\frac{kp_r}{\\nu }}{\\frac{1}{T}+1}=\\frac{S}{1+T}$ $for\\ q=0$ (92)\n $J=0$ $for\\ q=0$ (93)\n $G=G_u=\\frac{gp_r}{\\nu }$ $for\\ q=0$ (94)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------- -----------------\n\nAs the bulk index increases ($T\\ \\to 0$), the macroscopic bulk modulus approaches the contraction-swelling modulus ($S$).", "\n\nThe packing pressure follows directly from the complementary internal energy potential:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\phi = \\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\nu }={\\left[p^2+\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)q^2\\right]}\\ /\\ {2kp_r}$ (95)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nDifferentiating (95) yields\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n ${\\delta \\phi }/{\\phi }={2\\left[p\\delta p+\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)q\\delta q\\right]} {\\left[p^2+\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)q^2\\right]}^{-1}$ (96)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nAt multi-scale equilibrium, specific volume and packing pressure are constant. ", "Integrating Eq. (", "96) for mesoscopic equilibrium ($\\delta \\phi = \\delta \\nu = 0$) yields\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $b\\left(p,q,\\nu \\right)=p^2+\\left(\\frac{k}{3g}\\right)q^2-p^2_o=\\ 0$ (97)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe integration constant ($p_o$) is a function of specific volume alone.", "\n\nExpressions for the contraction-swelling modulus complete this solution. ", "As noted in sub-section 3.2, the uniform bulk modulus can be estimated from the shear modulus if the Poisson’s ratio ($\\rho $) for the family of solid phases is constant:\n\n -- ------------------------------- -----------------\n $k=2g(1+\\rho )/3(1-2\\rho )\\ $ $for\\ q=0$ (98)\n -- ------------------------------- -----------------\n\nThe lower limit on the contraction-swelling modulus follows from Eq. (", "32):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------\n $S \\geq {\\left(\\frac{\\delta \\epsilon }{\\delta p_o}\\right)}^{-1}$ $for\\ q=0$ (99)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -----------------\n\nFor a linear relation in $\\nu -ln (p_o/p_r) $ space\n\n -- --------------------- -------\n $S = \\nu p/\\kappa $ (100)\n -- --------------------- -------\n\nwhere $\\kappa $ denotes the contraction-swelling index in $\\nu -ln (p_o/p_r) $ space:\n\n -- -------------------------------------- ------------------\n $\\delta \\nu =\\ -\\ \\kappa \\delta p/p$ $for\\ q=0$ (101)\n -- -------------------------------------- ------------------\n\nFor a linear relation in $ln \\nu -ln (p_o/p_r) $ space\n\n -- --------------------- ------------------\n $S = p/{\\kappa }^*$ $for\\ q=0$ (102)\n -- --------------------- ------------------\n\nwhere ${\\kappa }^*$ denotes the modified contraction-swelling index in $ln \\nu -ln (p_o/p_r) $ space:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n $\\delta \\nu /\\nu =\\ -\\ {\\kappa }^*\\ \\delta p/p$ $for\\ q=0$ (103)\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n\nThe value of the contraction-swelling modulus is determined at isotropic loading and extrapolated to non-isotropic loading states.", "\n\nNon-Linear Solution\n-------------------\n\nThe non-linear specialization for isotropic materials is based on the generally accepted expression for the small-strain shear modulus of a range of silts and clays \\[40\\]:\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n $G_u=gp_r{\\left(\\frac{p}{p_r}\\right)}^n{\\nu }^{-a}$ $for\\ q=0$ (104)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n\nwhere $n$ and $a$ are non-dimensional and denote respectively the element’s shape and scaling coefficients. (", "Typical data: $15,000<gp_r<25,000,\\ a\\approx 2.4$ and \\[52,53\\] $n=0.50$ for smooth spherical contacts, $n=0.33\\ $for angular contacts.) ", "The corresponding uniform bulk modulus is\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n $K_u=kp_r{\\left(\\frac{p}{p_r}\\right)}^n{\\nu }^{-a}$ $for\\ q=0$ (105)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n\nwhere the bulk index can be determined from Eq. (", "98) assuming a constant Poisson’s ratio for the family of solid phases.", "\n\nThe internal energy potential corresponding to both expressions is\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $E\\left(\\epsilon ,\\gamma ,\\nu \\right)={p_r{\\left[k\\left(1-n\\right)\\psi {\\nu }^{-a}\\right]}^{\\frac{2-n}{1-n}}{\\nu }^a}/{k\\left(2-n\\right)}$ (106)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nwhere $\\psi$ denotes an equivalent volumetric strain defined by\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------- -------\n $\\psi^2\\ \\equiv {\\epsilon }^2+{\\gamma }^2/h$ (107)\n -- ---------------------------------------------- -------\n\nand where $h$ denotes the effective uniform stiffness ratio defined by\n\n -- ------------------------- -------\n $h\\ \\equiv \\ k(1-n)/3g$ (108)\n -- ------------------------- -------\n\nThe corresponding complementary strain energy potential is\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $C\\left(p,q,\\nu \\right)={p_rr^{2-n}{\\nu }^a}\\ /\\ {k\\left(2-n\\right)\\left(1-n\\right)}$ (109)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nwhere $r$ denotes the equivalent pressure ratio defined by\n\n -- -------------------------------- -------\n $r^2\\ \\equiv (p^2+hq^2)/p^2_r$ (110)\n -- -------------------------------- -------\n\nThe strain and stress invariants are power functions of the equivalent pressure ratio and the specific volume. ", "From Eqs. (", "40) and (44):\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $\\epsilon =\\left(\\frac{1}{k\\left(1-n\\right)p_rr^n}\\right){\\nu }^ap$ (111)\n $\\gamma =\\left(\\frac{1}{3gp_rr^n}\\right){\\nu }^aq$ (112)\n $p=p_r{\\left(\\frac{k\\left(1-n\\right)^n}{{\\nu }^a}\\right)}^{\\frac{1}{1-n}}\\epsilon $ (113)\n $q=p_r{\\left(\\frac{k\\left(1-n\\right)^n}{{\\nu }^a}\\right)}^{\\frac{1}{1-n}}\\left(\\frac{1}{h}\\right)\\gamma $ (114)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThe uniform moduli are given by\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $K_u=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{{\\nu }^a}\\left\\{1-{nh{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}/{\\left[1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}\\right\\}$ (115)\n $J_u=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{{\\nu }^a}\\left\\{{n\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}/{\\left[1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}\\right\\}$ (116)\n $G_u=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{3h{\\nu }^a}\\left\\{1-{n}/{\\left[1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}\\right\\}$ (117)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThese moduli are scaled versions of their mesoscopic counterparts ($\\nu = 1$).", "\n\nThe coupling tensor coefficients follow directly from the complementary internal energy potential. ", "From Eqs. (", "50) and (109):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------\n ${\\mathit{\\Omega}}_p={a{\\nu }^{a-1}p}/{kp_r\\left(1-n\\right)r^n}$ (118)\n ${\\mathit{\\Omega}}_q={a{\\nu }^{a-1}q}/{3gp_rr^n}$ (119)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------\n\nThe normalized coefficients are\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n ${\\omega }_p={\\left[1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]}^{-\\frac{1}{2}}$ (120)\n ${\\omega }_q=h\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right){\\omega }_p$ (121)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThe macroscopic moduli are given by\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $K=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left\\{T\\left[1-\\frac{nh{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}{1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\right]+\\frac{\\left(1-n\\right)h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}{1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\right\\}}\\ /\\ {T_c}$ (122)\n $J=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left\\{T\\left[\\frac{n\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}{1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\right]-\\frac{\\left(1-n\\right)\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}{1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\right\\}}\\ /\\ {T_c}$ (123)\n $G=\\frac{kp_rr^n}{3h{\\nu }^a}{\\left\\{T\\left[1-\\frac{n}{1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\right]+\\frac{1-n}{1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\ \\right\\}}\\ /\\ {T_c}$ (124)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nwhere\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $T_c=T+{1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}\\ /\\ {1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}$ (125)\n $T={S{\\nu }^a}/{kp_rr^n\\ }$ (126)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThese moduli take simpler forms at isotropic loading states. ", "From Eqs. (", "122) through (126):\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n $K=\\frac{kp_r{\\left(\\frac{p}{p_r}\\right)}^n{\\nu }^{-a}}{T^{-1}+1}={S}\\ /\\ {1+T}$ $for\\ q=0$ (127)\n $J=0$ $for\\ q=0$ (128)\n $G=G_u={gp_r{\\left(\\frac{p}{p_r}\\right)}^n}/{{\\nu }^a}$ $for\\ q=0$ (129)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------\n\nAs the family of solid phases approaches volumetric incompressibility ($\\rho \\to \\frac{1}{2}$) the value of the macroscopic bulk modulus reaches a linear function of pressure:\n\n -- ------- ------------------\n $K=S$ $for\\ q=0$ (130)\n -- ------- ------------------\n\nwhile the shear modulus remains a proper fractional power of pressure. ", "The expressions for the contraction-swelling modulus are the same as those for the linear solution (given by Eqs. (", "100) and (102)).", "\n\nThe packing pressure follows directly from the complementary energy potential:\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $\\phi =\\frac{\\partial C}{\\partial \\nu }={ap_rr^{2-n}{\\nu }^{a-1}}/{k(2-n)(1-n)}$ (131)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nDifferentiating (131) gives\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n ${\\delta \\phi }/{\\phi }=\\left[{(a-1)\\delta \\nu }/{\\nu }\\right]+\\left[{\\left(2-n\\right)\\delta r}/{r}\\right]$ (132)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nIntegrating Eq. (", "132) for multi-scale equilibrium at constant packing pressure ($\\delta \\phi = \\delta \\nu = 0$) yields\n\n -- --------------------------------------------- -------\n $b\\left(p,q,\\nu \\right)=p^2+hq^2-p^2_o=\\ 0$ (133)\n -- --------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThe integration constant ($p_o$) changes with specific volume only.", "\n\nFigure \\[fig:Fig8\\] illustrates the uniformity surface described by Eq. (", "133) in stress space normalized with respect to isotropic loading pressure ($p_o$). ", "This surface partitions normalized stress space into contraction and swelling sub-domains. ", "Only stress increments directed along this surface produce purely uniform straining.", "\n\n![", "Uniformity Surface for an Isotropic Material[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig8\"}](Figure8.jpg)\n\nDiscussion\n==========\n\nThe decomposition of deformation into uniform and differential components in the mesoscopic model allows distinct representations at different scales. ", "The macroscopic compliance and elasticity tensors consist of uniform and differential components. ", "Their uniform properties map from macroscopic to mesoscopic scales. ", "Their mapping accounts for the absence of interstitial content at mesoscopic scale by factoring the high-level observed properties by a power function of specific volume. ", "In other words, the uniform component of the higher level observed properties is just an upscale version of multi-constancy properties that are defined at mesoscopic scale. ", "This uniform component can be measured directly by applying stress increments that do not alter the specific volume. ", "The differential properties of these macroscopic compliance and elasticity tensors are stress space constraints based on property ratios and stress ratios, but not values themselves. ", "The gradient to the uniformity surface can be measured by applying stress increments that alter specific volume. ", "In crossing scales, the uniformity surface reduces to a point on the contraction-swelling curve. ", "Although the surface has no scaled mesoscopic counterpart, the macroscopic contraction-swelling modulus is related to the tangential slope of the curve of the contraction-swelling curve. ", "That is, higher level observed changes in the constraint surface map to mesoscopic changes at multi-scale equilibrium.", "\n\nThis multi-scale theory includes the modern theory of elasticity as a special case. ", "That is the case in which the contraction-swelling modulus is indefinitely large. ", "From this perspective, the modern theory’s scope is limited to materials that exhibit negligible contraction and swelling; that is, to materials that can be modeled by a single solid phase of constant specific volume. ", "In other words, the present theory extends the modern theory from one for a prescribed specific volume to one that models continuous variation across a family of solid phases of distinct specific volumes. ", "Figure \\[fig:Fig9\\] depicts the relation between the continuous solid phase represented by this multi-scale theory and the family of discrete solid phases each represented as a different material by the predecessor modern theory.", "\n\n![", "Multi-Scale and Modern Theories of Elasticity[]{data-label=\"fig:Fig9\"}](Figure9.jpg)\n\nTable \\[T1\\] lists the expressions for the bulk and shear moduli of isotropic materials *at isotropic loading states* ($q=0$). ", "The upper three rows apply to soils and aggregates, while the lower two rows apply to porous solids. ", "The exponents of the power functions of pressure for the bulk and shear moduli are identical only for ideal porous solids. ", "The moduli diverge moving up the Table. ", "The ideal aggregate classes exhibit a bulk modulus linear in pressure, and possibly specific volume, and a shear modulus that is indefinitely large.", "\n\nData for Soils and Aggregates\n-----------------------------\n\nSoils and tire-derived aggregates (TDA) belong to the three aggregate classes listed in Table 1. ", "In all three classes, differential volumetric straining dominates volumetric straining. ", "As a first approximation, volumetric straining represents changes in particle proximity alone.", "\n\n[|M[2.9in]{}|M[1.1in]{}|M[1.0in]{}|M[1.1in]{}|N]{} & &\\\n& *S =* $\\frac{\\nu p_o}{\\kappa }$** & *S =* $\\frac{p_o}{{\\kappa }^*}$ &\\\nIdeal Aggregates & ${\\frac{\\nu p_o}{\\kappa }}$ & ${\\frac{p_o}{{\\kappa }^*}}$ & ${\\mathrm{\\infty}}$\\\nIdeal Distortionally Compliant Aggregates & ${\\frac{\\nu p_o}{\\kappa }}$ & ${\\frac{p_o}{{\\kappa }^*}}$ & ${\\frac{gp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$\\\nAggregates & ${\\frac{\\frac{\\nu p_o}{\\kappa }}{1+\\nu \\left(\\frac{{\\nu }^a}{\\kappa k}\\right){\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^{\\left(1-n\\right)}}}$ & ${\\frac{\\frac{p_o}{{\\kappa }^*}}{1+{\\left(\\frac{{\\nu }^a}{{\\kappa }^*k}\\right)\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^{\\left(1-n\\right)}}}$ & ${\\frac{gp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$\\\nPorous Solids & ${\\frac{\\frac{kp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}{1+\\left(\\frac{1}{\\nu }\\right)\\left(\\frac{\\kappa k}{{\\nu }^a}\\right){\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^{n-1}}}$ & ${\\frac{\\frac{kp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}{1+\\left(\\frac{{\\kappa }^*k}{{\\nu }^a}\\right){\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^{n-1}}}$ & ${\\frac{gp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$\\\nIdeal Porous Solids & ${\\frac{kp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$ & ${\\frac{kp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$ & ${\\frac{gp_r}{{\\nu }^a}{\\left(\\frac{p_o}{p_r}\\right)}^n}$\\\n\nFigures \\[fig:Fig10\\] and \\[fig:Fig11\\] compare predictions using Eqs. (", "29) with (102) and the non-linear solution to published data for fine Ottawa sand under isotropic unloading \\[54\\]. ", "The contraction-swelling index selected to fit the data for *both loose and dense* samples is ${\\kappa }^*=0.0001.$ A shape factor of $n=0.5$ models the particles as relatively rounded. ", "The best fits for loose ($\\nu =1.836$) and dense ($\\nu =1.665$) data are $\\frac{k}{{\\nu }^a}=700$ and $\\frac{k}{{\\nu }^a}=1000$ respectively, given a reference pressure of 1 atmosphere ($p_r=1$). ", "These values yield $a=3.648$ and $k=6423$ for both packings. ", "The permanent volumetric strains that align the curves based on these coefficients are listed in the Figure legends. ", "The upper limit on each curve is the pressure at the end of reloading and the onset of unloading. ", "Combining these volumetric properties with the small-strain shear data for Ottawa sand \\[55\\] gives a shear index of $g=4783$ (for $a=3.648$ and $p_r\\ =1$). ", "This shear index combined with the derived bulk index gives a uniform Poisson’s ratio of $\\rho =0.2$. The correspondence between the theory and this independently published data for loose and dense packing and for volumetric and distortional straining is quite encouraging.", "\n\nTire-derived aggregate is twenty times more compressible than sand. ", "Its compressibility is due to the presence of tire chips, which are a common additive to municipal solid waste. ", "TDAs exhibit visible amounts of uniform volumetric deformation. ", "Figure \\[fig:Fig12\\] compares the pore volume changes to particle compression under isotropic reloading and unloading \\[56\\]. ", "The solid line identifies the volumetric strain. ", "The dashed line identifies the differential strain of the interstitial phase accumulated during reloading. ", "The volumetric strain of the aggregate is still predominantly differential.", "\n\nData for Porous Solids\n----------------------\n\nConsolidated rock, concrete and ceramics belong to the porous solid classes listed in Table 1. ", "Uniform volumetric straining dominates in these two classes. ", "The ideal porous solid class is the theory’s regular limit: its contraction-swelling modulus is large enough to disregard any differential volumetric straining ($S\\to \\infty $). ", "As a first approximation, volumetric straining is straining of a solid phase with constant specific volume. ", "The bulk and shear moduli are functions of porosity, increasing as porosity decreases.", "\n\nData for porous solids is typically presented in normalized form with respect to the modulus of the mesoscopic solid constituent (its projected value at zero porosity). ", "Anderson \\[57\\] studied the dependence of bulk and shear moduli on volume per ion pair for a wide variety of materials. ", "Anderson’s relation in normalized form \\[58\\] is\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n $\\frac{K}{K_{\\left(u\\mathrel{\\left|\\vphantom{u \\nu =1}\\right.\\kern-\\nulldelimiterspace}\\nu =1\\right)}}\\approx \\frac{K_u}{K_{\\left(u\\mathrel{\\left|\\vphantom{u \\nu =1}\\right.\\kern-\\nulldelimiterspace}\\nu =1\\right)}}=\\frac{G_u}{G_{\\left(u\\mathrel{\\left|\\vphantom{u \\nu =1}\\right.\\kern-\\nulldelimiterspace}\\nu =1\\right)}}={\\left(1-\\eta \\right)}^a$ $T\\to \\infty $ (134)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n\n$K_{u|\\nu =1}$ denotes the uniform bulk modulus (of the constituent material) evaluated at zero porosity. ", "Relation (134) is identical to Eqs. (", "115) and (117) at isotropic loading. ", "Anderson proposed $a=5$ for oxide ceramics in general, and $K_{u|\\nu =1}=252GPa$ for alumina specifically. ", "Munro \\[58\\] developed this relation for the bulk modulus of high-purity alumina using effective medium theory and found $K_{u|\\nu =1}=252GPa,$ $a=2.1$ to be optimal, based on 16 references to empirical data.", "\n\nKrief *et al.* ", "\\[59\\] used experimental data and Pickett’s \\[60\\] empirical result (which assumes a system Poisson’s ratio approximately equal to the mineral ratio) to show that for dry rock, $\\left(1-\\beta \\right)={\\left(1-\\eta \\right)}^{m\\left(\\eta \\right)}$, where $\\beta $ is Biot’s first coefficient and $m\\left(\\eta \\right)=\\frac{3}{1-\\eta }$. ", "Knackstedt *et al.* ", "\\[61\\] relied on this to write\n\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n $\\frac{K}{K_{u|\\nu =1}}\\approx \\frac{K_u}{K_{u|\\nu =1}}=\\frac{G_u}{G_{u|\\nu =1}}={(1-\\eta )}^{\\left(\\frac{3}{1-\\eta }\\right)}$ $T\\to \\infty $ (135)\n -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----------------------\n\nKnackstedt *et al.* ", "reported finite element simulation results for the elastic properties of dry cemented sandstone that support a non-linear relation between these moduli and porosity ($a\\napprox 1$) and show an accurate reproduction of the Krief *et al.* ", "empirical relation between shear modulus and porosity.", "\n\nCritical State Soil Mechanics\n-----------------------------\n\nCritical State Soil Mechanics (CSSM) \\[5,33\\] describes soils in the ideal aggregate class. ", "It models a soil sample as ‘a random aggregate of irregular solid particles of diverse sizes which tear, rub, scratch, chip and even bounce against each other during the process of continuous deformation’ and applies at the length scale at which flow and deformation appear continuous.", "\n\nThe CSSM macroscopic bulk modulus is linearly related to effective pressure. ", "The model’s internal energy potential assumes a distortionally rigid solid phase ($g\\to \\infty $) \\[62\\]. ", "The volumetric rigidity of the solid phase ($k\\to \\infty $) necessarily follows from this assumption (Eq. (", "98)). ", "In terms of the present theory, volumetric straining is purely differential and volumetric intra-particle straining is negligible. ", "The particles themselves do not store strain energy.", "\n\n### Isotropic Loading States\n\nImprovements to the CSSM model are possible based on the present theory. ", "The simplest linear solution that introduces distortional strain energy to the CSSM potential, while ignoring both shape and scaling properties ($n=0,\\ a=0$). ", "The solid phase is then volumetrically compliant ($0\\le \\rho <\\frac{1}{2},k\\le \\infty , 0\\le T < \\infty $). ", "The corresponding expressions for the bulk, cross and shear moduli are\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------\n $K={\\left[\\left({1/kp_r }\\right) + \\kappa / \\nu p \\right]}^{-1}$ (136)\n $J=0$ (137)\n $G=gp_r$ (138)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------------ -------\n\n*Three* coefficients describe the properties of a soil sample: its contraction-swelling index ($\\kappa $ or ${\\kappa }^* $) and the bulk and shear indices of its solid phase ($k$ and $g$).", "\n\nZytynski *et al.* ", "\\[2\\] noted that selecting a constant shear modulus may lead to negative-valued Poisson’s ratios, which is physically unrealistic for soils. ", "Eqs (136) through (138) facilitate an energetically conservative model through an independent selection of a constant shear modulus and a positive-valued Poission’s ratio for the family of solid phases. ", "Letting this Poisson’s ratio increase to $\\rho = \\frac{1}{2}$ recovers the CSSM model in two coefficients and energetically conservative form, with a constant shear modulus.", "\n\nA further enhancement involves coupling the macroscopic properties to specific volume. ", "Adding linear scaling ($a=1$) couples the strain energy contribution to specific volume and predicts a shear modulus that is inversely proportional to specific volume \\[51\\]. ", "The corresponding expressions for the macroscopic moduli are Eqs. (", "92), (93), (94) and (100). ", "Adding non-linear shape and scaling ($n>0,\\ a>1$) yields the commonly accepted expression for small-strain shear modulus \\[40\\]. ", "The corresponding expressions are Eqs. (", "127), (128), (129) and (100). ", "This is the class in the third topmost row of Table \\[T1\\].", "\n\nLetting the solid phase’s Poisson’s ratio increase to $\\rho = \\frac{1}{2}$ recovers the CSSM model in two coefficients, but now with the commonly accepted expression for small-strain shear modulus. ", "This is the ideal distortionally complaint class in the second topmost row of Table \\[T1\\].", "\n\n### Non-Isotropic Loading States\n\nThe bulk, cross and shear moduli for non-isotropic loading states extrapolate on the CSSM model. ", "For the simplest enhancement in sub-section 6.3.1, which introduces distortional compliance, but ignores both shape and scaling properties ($n=0,\\ a=0$), the present theory yields\n\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $K=kp_r\\ \\frac{W+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}{W+1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\ }$ (139)\n $J=-\\ kp_r\\frac{\\frac{q}{p}}{W+1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}$ (140)\n $G=gp_r\\frac{W+1}{W+1+h{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2}$ (141)\n -- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nwhere\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $W=\\frac{\\nu p}{\\kappa kp_r}\\left[1+h^2{\\left(\\frac{q}{p}\\right)}^2\\right]$ (142)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThese expressions are valid extensions of the CSSM model provided that the solid phase is not perfectly incompressible ($\\rho < \\frac{1}{2}$).", "\n\nThe present theory does not encompass the special case of a family of incompressible solid phases with different specific volumes at non-isotropic loading states. ", "That is, the CSSM model cannot be recovered from the present theory at these states. ", "Letting the solid phase’s bulk index increase without limit at any state of non-zero shear stress in either the linear solution or the non-linear solution (Eqs. (", "87) through (91) or Eqs. (", "122) through (124) respectively) leads to a singularity.", "\n\nFuture Considerations\n---------------------\n\nThe singularities that arise at non-isotropic loading states for volumetrically incompressible solid phases expose a limitation of the present theory. ", "Its inability to recover the original CSSM model, which assumes volumetric incompressibility, constrains the present theory’s scope to those materials with solid phases that exhibit some volumetric compliance; that is, phases with a uniform Poisson’s ratio in the range $0 \\le \\rho <\\frac{1}{2}$.\n\nBroadening the theory’s scope to include perfect volumetric incompressibility ($\\rho = \\frac{1}{2}$) calls for an intertheoretic solution \\[64\\]. ", "The present theory and the CSSM model achieve different objectives. ", "The CSSM model \\[63\\], like the bulk solids’ model of Jenike and Shield \\[65\\], identifies stable loci of states of continuous plastic flow (critical states). ", "Both models relate the shear stress to effective pressure at any critical state through a frictional constant, $q=Mp'$. On the other hand, the present theory resolves the energy conservation issue at states away from continuous plastic flow states considering friction negligible. ", "The CSSM model includes pressure as a parameter in its expression for bulk modulus, while the present theory includes pressure, shear stress and specific volume. ", "Shear stress enters its bulk, cross and shear moduli at non-isotropic states solely through the shear stress ratio, $q/p$. Throughout the elastic region this ratio lies below the value that mobilizes friction at critical state ($q/p' < M$). ", "Further research to establish the intertheoretic relations for shear stress ratios below critical state value ($0 < q/p' < M$) is clearly needed.", "\n\nThe expressions for bulk modulus listed in Table 1 include a term that can be identified as the measure of a material’s softness. ", "The product of the contraction-swelling index and the uniform bulk index ($\\kappa k$ or ${\\kappa }^*k$) is a material constant that relates differential to uniform stiffness. ", "A material with a vanishingly small value is hard. ", "A material with a higher value than another material is softer than the other. ", "That is, this product locates its material along a spectrum from hard to soft condensed matter.", "\n\nConcluding Remarks\n==================\n\nThe multi-scaling theory of elasticity described here is a constraint theory that includes specific volume as an internal state variable and allows it to change between multi-scale equilibrium states at rates independent of the rate of applied stress. ", "Its scope includes condensed matter in general and geomaterials in specific, ranging from porous solids to aggregates.", "\n\nThe theory supports the more commonly accepted empirical models for soils and conserves energy in closed loading cycles within the elastic region well away from failure. ", "Its uniformity surface partitions the stress sub-space in the vicinity of the current state into contraction and swelling sub-domains and identifies the locus of states that are reachable without changes in packing. ", "The major symmetry of the macroscopic elasticity and compliance tensors follows from equilibrium at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales. ", "A contraction-swelling curve describes the locus of mesoscopic equilibrium packing pressures across the range of specific volumes.", "\n\nThe theory requires at least three coefficients to describe an isotropic material: its bulk, shear and contraction-swelling indices. ", "It extrapolates the empirical expressions for bulk, cross and shear moduli established at isotropic loading states across the domain of state space. 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Ventre, “A Petrophysical Interpretation Using the Velocities of P and S Waves (Full-Waveform Sonic),” The Log Analyst, vol. ", "31, no. ", "06, Nov. 1990.", "\n\nG. R. Pickett, “Acoustic Character Logs and Their Applications in Formation Evaluation,” Journal of Petroleum Technology, vol. ", "15, no. ", "06, pp. ", "659–667, Jun. 1963.", "\n\nM. A. Knackstedt, C. H. Arns, and W. Val Pinczewski, “Velocity–porosity relationships: Predictive velocity model for cemented sands composed of multiple mineral phases,” Geophysical Prospecting, vol. ", "53, no. ", "3, pp. ", "349–372, 2005.", "\n\nK. H. Roscoe, A. N. Schofield, and A. Thurairajah, “Yielding of Clays in States Wetter than Critical,” Géotechnique, vol. ", "13, no. ", "3, pp. ", "211–240, Sep. 1963.", "\n\nK. H. Roscoe, A. N. Schofield, and C. P. Wroth, “On the Yielding of Soils,” Géotechnique, vol. ", "8, no. ", "1, pp. ", "22–53, Mar. 1958.", "\n\nR. Batterman, “Intertheory Relations in Physics,” in The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Fall 2016., ", "E. N. Zalta, Ed. ", "Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University, 2016.", "\n\nA. W. Jenike and R. T. Shield, “On the Plastic Flow of Coulomb Solids Beyond Original Failure,” Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol. ", "26, pp. ", "599–602, 1959.", "\n\nPacking Energy Examples {#packing-energy-examples .unnumbered}\n=======================\n\nA contraction-swelling relation in $\\nu -ln\\phi $ space takes the form:\n\n -- --------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta \\nu =\\ -\\ \\xi \\ \\delta \\phi /\\phi $ (A1)\n -- --------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere $\\xi $ denotes its tangential slope. ", "The corresponding relation between packing pressure and specific volume is given by\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\beta =\\ \\phi -\\ {\\phi }_re^{\\left\\{\\frac{{\\nu }_r-\\nu }{\\xi }\\right\\}}=0$ (A2)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nwhere ${\\phi }_r$ denotes the reference packing pressure at reference specific volume (${\\nu }_r$). ", "The packing energy increment follows from Eqs. (", "7) and (A2)\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta P\\left(\\nu \\right)=\\ -\\ {\\phi }_re^{\\left\\{\\frac{{\\nu }_r-\\nu }{\\xi }\\right\\}}\\delta \\nu =\\xi \\ \\delta \\phi $ (A3)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nIntegrating Eq. (", "A3) as a function of specific volume yields\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------- ------\n $P\\left(\\nu \\right)=\\xi (\\phi -\\ {\\phi }_r)$ (A4)\n -- ---------------------------------------------- ------\n\nSelecting a fully dispersed state as the reference state \\[62\\], yields\n\n -- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------\n $P\\left(\\nu \\right)=\\xi \\ \\phi $ $\\ {\\phi }_r\\ \\to 0,\\ {\\nu }_r\\ \\to \\infty $ (A5)\n -- ---------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------\n\nThe contraction-swelling index in $\\nu -ln\\phi $ space is related to the index in $\\nu -ln p_o/p_r $ space through Eqs. (", "100) and (132):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\xi = \\kappa \\ /\\ [2 - n - (a - 1)\\kappa/\\nu]$ (A6)\n -- ------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nNote that for a semi-logarithmic constitutive relation, the index for one scale is a function of specific volume for the other scale.", "\n\nThe contraction-swelling relation in $ln\\nu -ln\\phi $ space takes the form:\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n ${\\delta \\nu }/{\\nu }=\\ -\\ {\\xi }^*{\\delta \\phi }/{\\phi }$ (A7)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------ ------\n\nwhere ${\\xi }^*$ denotes the tangential slope. ", "The corresponding relation between packing pressure and specific volume is given by\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\beta =\\ \\phi -\\ {\\phi }_r{\\left(\\frac{{\\nu }_r}{\\nu }\\right)}^{\\left\\{\\frac{1}{\\xi *}\\right\\}}=0$ (A8)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nThe specific packing energy increment follows from Eqs. (", "7) and (A8)\n\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n $\\delta P\\left(\\nu \\right)=\\ -\\ {\\phi }_r{\\left(\\frac{{\\nu }_r}{\\nu }\\right)}^{\\left\\{\\frac{1}{\\xi *}\\right\\}}\\delta \\nu =\\nu \\ {\\xi }^{*\\ }\\delta \\phi $ (A9)\n -- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------\n\nIntegrating Eq. (", "A9) as a function of specific volume yields\n\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n $P\\left(\\nu \\right)=\\ \\left[\\frac{{\\xi }^*}{1-{\\xi }^*}\\right]{\\phi }_r{\\nu }_r\\left[{\\left(\\frac{{\\nu }_r}{\\nu }\\right)}^{\\left\\{\\frac{{1-\\xi }^*}{{\\xi }^*}\\right\\}}-1\\right]$ \n $\\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ \\ =\\ \\left[\\frac{{\\xi }^*}{1-{\\xi }^*}\\right]{\\phi }_r{\\nu }_r\\left[{\\left(\\frac{\\phi }{{\\phi }_r}\\right)}^{\\left\\{1-{\\xi }^*\\right\\}}-1\\right]$ (A10)\n -- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nThe contraction-swelling index in $ln\\nu -ln\\phi $ space is related to the index in $ln\\nu -ln p_o/p_r $ space through Eqs. (", "102) and (132):\n\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n ${\\xi }^* = {\\kappa }^* \\ /\\ [2 - n - (a - 1){\\kappa }^* ]$ (A11)\n -- ------------------------------------------------------------- -------\n\nNote that for a logarithmic-logarithmic constitutive relation, the index for one scale is not a function of specific volume for the other scale.", "\n\n****\n\n**Figure Captions**\n\n1 – Centric Deformations\n\n2 – Straining of Solid and Interstitial Phases\n\n3 – Changes in Packing Pressure\n\n4 – Contraction-Swelling Constitutive Relation\n\n5 – Uniformity Surface through the Current State\n\n6 – Internal Energy\n\n7 – Complementary Internal Energy\n\n8 – Uniformity Surface for an Isotropic Material\n\n9 – Multi-Scale and Modern Theories of Elasticity\n\n10 – Dense Fine Ottawa Sand under Isotropic Unloading ($D_r=75\\%,\\ k{\\kappa }^*=0.64$) (after Dakoulas et al. ", "1992 – reproduced with permission from ASCE)\n\n11 – Loose Fine Ottawa Sand under Isotropic Unloading ($D_r=30\\%,\\ k{\\kappa }^*=0.64$) (after Dakoulas et al. ", "1992 – reproduced with permission from ASCE)\n\n12 – Volume Changes in TDA (tire chips) under saturated, drained, isotropic compression (Wartman et al. ", "2007 – reproduced with permission from ASCE)\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
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0.001915
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[ "Embodiments of the inventive concepts relate to an image sensor and, more particularly, to an image sensor that includes a dummy region that is between an active pixel region and a guard ring region, an image processing system including the same, and a portable electronic device including the same.", "\nImage sensors are devices that convert an optical image into an electrical signal. ", "Image sensors are used in digital cameras and other image processing devices. ", "Both charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensors and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors are known in the art.", "\nAn image sensor includes an active pixel region (or an active pixel array) in which a plurality of pixels are arranged in a matrix. ", "Each of the pixels includes a photoelectric conversion element which generates an electrical signal that changes as a function of the amount of incident light. ", "The image sensor processes the electrical signal generated by the photoelectric conversion element to generate image data.", "\nEach pixel in the active pixel region includes a plurality of transistors. ", "To reduce crosstalk between the pixels, a deep trench isolation (DTI) may be formed. ", "Transistors and DTIs in pixels formed at the edges of the active pixel region, unlike those in pixels formed in the middle of the active pixel region, may have lower uniformity, which may lead to a deterioration in the quality of the images generated by the image sensor." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.000646
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[ "Lexus RC\n\nThe Lexus RC (Japanese: レクサス・RC, Rekusasu RC) is a compact executive two-door coupé manufactured by Lexus, Toyota's luxury division. ", "The RC which according to Lexus stands for \"Radical Coupe\" is a two-door coupé version of the Lexus IS (XE30). ", "The RC is designated as the XC10 series. ", "The RC borrowed styling from the LF-LC concept and was previewed by the LF-CC concept, being designed as a proposal by Pansoo Kwon from 2010 to early 2012 and approved by supervising designers Yasuo Kajino and Tatsuya Takei.", "\n\nRC (2014–present) \n\nThe Lexus RC was unveiled at the 2013 Tokyo Motor Show.", "\n\nThe RC has a shorter wheelbase than the Lexus IS (XE30) though it is longer overall. ", "The platform shares the front end of the Lexus GS (L10), midsection from the Lexus IS (XE20) convertible, while the rear componentry is from the XE30 series IS. ", "The RC has three LED lamps in the triangular headlights and 18-inch five-spoke alloy wheels as standard, or 19-inch ten-spoke wheels as option.", "\n\nJapan models were set to go on sale in the second half of 2014. ", "Early models include RC 350 and RC 300h.", "\nUS sales began in November 2014. ", "In Japan, ownership of the version with the 5.0 litre engine is expensive due to the annual Japanese road tax obligation.", "\n\nInitially, the RC was available with a choice of three engines; the RC 300h with the 2.5-liter 2AR-FSE inline-four engine mated to a continuously variable transmission, the RC 350 with the 3.5-liter 2GR-FSE V6 (which was later replaced with the 2GR-FKS from model year 2018 on), and the RC F with 5.0-liter 2UR-GSE V8. ", "The RC 200t (now called RC 300), featuring a 2.0-liter 8AR-FTS I4 turbocharged petrol engine, was added to the range in late 2015. ", "All-wheel drive is offered for the RC 300h and RC 350.", "\n\nVariants of the RC series have all-wheel steering, 2 piece brake rotors, variable suspension dampers, and a Torsen limited slip differential. ", "\n\n, the trim levels are \"Version L\" and \"F-Sport\".", "\n\nThe RC 350 naturally aspirated V6 produces at 6,600rpm and at 4,800rpm. ", "while comfort and luxury were the aim of the RC series, sportiness was also part of the equation, although its heavy curb weight dampens the car's performance driving capability especially against the RCs direct competitors such as the BMW 440i and Audi A5. ", "\n\nTRD produces a bodykit, several aerodynamic and performance parts for the RC 350, these include an exhaust system, a rear diffuser, lightweight forged aluminium wheels with Michelin Pilot Super Sport tires, etc. ", "The options are dealer fitted and are available only in Japan.", "\n\nFacelift \n\nThe RC received its first facelift in August 2018, with official images revealed ahead of its 2018 Paris Motor Show debut, which took place a few weeks after. ", "The corporate 'L' shaped DRLs and the triple eye LED's are merged, making their placements look highly reminiscent of its bigger LC coupe along with a reworked cabin and rear tail lamp design. ", "Base models now come standard with Amazon Alexa integration and a 4G LTE Wi-Fi hotspot.", "\n\nFor the 2019 model year US market, the regular Lexus RC is offered as RC 300 and RC 350. ", "Both models are available as rear wheel drive or AWD, as well as the choice of base or F Sport trim levels, which makes the total of 8 models to choose from.", "\n\nIn most European countries, other than the high performance RC F, only the rear wheel drive RC 300h is offered as the base, F Sport, and special edition called Takumi. ", "The RC300 h Takumi comes with multi-spoke 19-inch alloys and a 17-speaker Mark Levinson sound system. ", "In South Africa, the RC 350 is the base model, with the RC F as the flagship model.", "\n\nThe RC 350 RWD does the sprint in 5.7 seconds.", "\n\nRC F (2014–present) \n\nThe Lexus RC F is a high performance version of the RC. ", "The vehicle was unveiled in the 2014 North American International Auto Show. ", "It went on sale in the United States in November 2014 as a 2015 model year vehicle. ", "It was set to go on sale in Japan in the second half of 2014.", "\n\nThe RC F features a 2UR-GSE V8 engine with Atkinson cycle at cruising speeds, developing a maximum output of at 7100 rpm and of torque at 4800-5600 rpm. ", "It is coupled to Toyota AA80E 8-speed transmission built by Aisin AW.", "\nThe RC F has Brembo four-wheel power assisted disc brakes with anti-lock braking system (ABS), electronic brake force distribution (EBD) and brake assist (BA), 255/35R19 front wheels and 275/35R19 rear wheels.", "\n\nThe RC F is equipped with vertical G-sensor for VDIM, Torque Vectoring Differential (TVD) with three operating modes, Standard, Slalom, or Track, front and rear coil-spring independent suspension, monotube gas-filled shock absorbers and ball-jointed stabilizer bars, three new 19-inch diameter forged aluminum wheels, spindle grille with F-mesh pattern on the lower half, unique front hood which raises the peak of the vehicle, hood air vent from the LFA, front cooling ducts, front fender ducts in the L shape, exclusive combination meters from LFA (a large centrally mounted tachometer that alters according to drive mode, digital and analog speedometer, differential torque vectoring monitor, G-force meter, oil and water temperature gauges, mileage information and a stopwatch), and an elliptical cross-section thick grip steering wheel.", "\n\nThe aerodynamic package includes an active rear spoiler, tuning of the underbody, the intakes in the grille and the front fender vents and aero stabilizing fins.", "\n\nThe carbon fiber optional package, or known in Japan as Carbon Exterior Package, includes a clear coated carbon fiber roof, active rear spoiler, and the carbon fiber engine hood. ", "The carbon fiber package parts for the RC F were made at the Aichi plant after the end of the LFA production.", "\n\nTo celebrate the 10th-anniversary of Lexus F high performance models, the limited edition RC F is released for the 2018 model year US market. ", "All of the limited edition RC F come in matte-finished Nebula Gray paint with gloss black wheels and bright blue brake calipers. ", "Inside they are equipped with blue leather seats, steering wheel and shift knob, blue suede dashboard cover above the instrument cluster, and blue-silver carbon fiber power window switch panel.", "\n\nRC F Track Edition (2019) \n\nThe RC F Track Edition was unveiled at the January 2019 North American International Auto Show as the even more track-focused variant of the RC F. It has a similar styling direction to the other updated RC models. ", "The car features performance upgrades and Lexus states that it weighs less than the standard RC F. Weight-saving measures include lighter 19-inch wheels, carbon-ceramic brake rotors, a titanium muffler and exhaust pipes and extensive usage of carbon fiber. ", "The engine also has a minor power increase compared to the standard RC F. The Track Edition began sales in April 2019 and is available in white or matte gray with red interior color.", "\n\nMotorsports\n\nSuper Taikyu \n\nBeing fielded Sard racing in 2015 and then after by several private teams such as Tracy Sports, the RC 350 has won several championships in Japan's Pirelli Super Taikyu Endurace series under the ST-3 class. ", "The RC F is also a popular contender.", "\n\nVeranstaltergemeinschaft Langstreckenpokal Nürburgring (VLN) \nToyota Gazoo Racing also entered the Lexus RC alongside its siblings the IS F and LFA, in the VLN, an endurance race held at the famous Nurburging circuit every year. ", "\n\nThe RC utilised a modified version of its 2.0, 8AR-FTS, whereas the RC F too made use of a modified version of the 5.0 2UR-GSE. ", "Chassis wise, the RC was closer to the production car as required by SP3T regulations. ", "\n\nThe RC has set numerous pole positions within its class numerous times within the years, most notably with a time of 8 minutes 56 seconds at the full Nurburging circuit in 2017, with the RC F winning its class (SPX) on the car's debut in 2015.", "\n\nSuper GT \n\nThe RC F has given its name to a GT500 class competitor in the Super GT series in the 2014 season, replacing the SC430 that had been raced for 7 years. ", "In its debut season, the car scored 4 victories by Team TOM'S at Okayama, Suzuka, and Buriram and Team ZENT Cerumo at Sportsland SUGO with the new technical regulations.", "\n\nIn 2015, Andrea Caldarelli and Ryō Hirakawa claimed two wins, whereas Daisuke Itō and James Rossiter claimed one win. ", " In the 2016 Super GT Series, the car claimed three wins, with Heikki Kovalainen and Kohei Hirate winning the title. ", "The RC was replaced by the Lexus LC for the 2017 season.", "\n\nIMSA \n\n3GT Racing, a partnership of Lexus and Paul Gentilozzi, developed a GT3-class RC F during 2016. ", "The team entered two cars at the 2017 IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship, with Scott Pruett, Sage Karam, Jack Hawksworth and Robert Alon as full-season drivers.", "\n\nSales\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Lexus RC international site\n Lexus RC F international site\n Lexus RC official website(USA Lexus)\n\nRC\nCategory:Coupés\nCategory:Rear-wheel-drive vehicles\nCategory:All-wheel-drive vehicles\nCategory:Cars introduced in 2013\nCategory:Compact executive cars\nCategory:2020s cars" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)" }
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0.000715
61
[ "Correlation between human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 oncoprotein expression and some prognostic factors in papillary thyroid carcinoma.", "\nThyroid cancer is one of the increasing cancer diagnoses in the United States. ", "Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the most common thyroid cancer. ", "There are a few researches done determining the role of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HER2 (erbB-2) in PTC prognosis. ", "They also have been controversial. ", "This study is designed to determine the correlation of HER2 expression with tumor size, lymph node involvement, and capsular invasion as prognostic factors. ", "This research was a cross-sectional descriptive-analytic study. ", "Information about age, sex, tumor size, and lymph node involvement of 85 patients undergone thyroidectomy and diagnosed PTC in Mostafa Khomeini Hospital during 2010-2012, have been derived from their medical records. ", "Four-micron sections made from paraffin embedded blocks and HER2 expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. ", "Other sections were stained with H and E Method and capsular invasion was evaluated by microscope. ", "In this study, 88.2% of patients were female and 11.8% of patients were male. ", "About 37.6% of samples were HER2 positive. ", "There was no significant correlation between HER2 and lymph node involvement (P = 0.649), (P > 0.05). ", "A significant correlation found between HER2 and capsular invasion (P = 0.000), (P < 0.05). ", "This study found a significant correlation between HER2 and tumor size (P = 0.000), (P < 0.05). ", "HER2 oncoprotein expression is correlated with increased tumor size and capsular invasion. ", "Hence, HER2 can be used to assess PTC prognosis." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.001255
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[ "Growth Pattern in the Green Hydra, Chlorohydra viridissima.", "\nA method was employed whereby it was possible to determine the growth pattern of hydra without using the traditional techniques of grafting and vital staining. ", "It has been shown that hydra possess a growth region just below the hypostome where constant cell proliferation renews the tissues of the animal completely every few weeks." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000681
3
[ "/*\n *******************************************************************************\n * WARNING - THIS FILE HAS BEEN GENERATED - DO NOT CHANGE\n *\n * Filename: drx_driver_version.h\n * Generated on: Mon Jan 18 12:09:23 2010\n * Generated by: IDF:x 1.3.0\n * Generated from: ../../../device/drxj/version\n * Output start: [entry point]\n *\n * filename last modified re-use\n *\n Copyright (c), 2004-2005,2007-2010 Trident Microsystems, Inc.\n All rights reserved.", "\n\n Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without\n modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:\n\n * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice,\n this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.", "\n * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,\n this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation\n\tand/or other materials provided with the distribution.", "\n * Neither the name of Trident Microsystems nor Hauppauge Computer Works\n nor the names of its contributors may be used to endorse or promote\n\tproducts derived from this software without specific prior written\n\tpermission.", "\n\n THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS \"AS IS\"\n AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE\n IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE\n ARE DISCLAIMED. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE\n LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR\n CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF\n SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS\n INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN\n CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)\n ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE\n POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.", "\n*/\n\n/* -----------------------------------------------------\n * version.idf Mon Jan 18 11:56:10 2010 -\n *\n */\n\n#ifndef __DRX_DRIVER_VERSION__H__\n#define __DRX_DRIVER_VERSION__H__ INCLUDED\n\n#ifdef _REGISTERTABLE_\n#include <registertable.h>\n\textern register_table_t drx_driver_version[];\n\textern register_table_info_t drx_driver_version_info[];\n#endif\t\t\t\t/* _REGISTERTABLE_ */\n\n/*\n *==============================================================================\n * VERSION\n * version@/var/cvs/projects/drxj.cvsroot/hostcode/drxdriver/device/drxj\n *==============================================================================\n */\n\n#define VERSION__A 0x0\n#define VERSION_MAJOR 1\n#define VERSION_MINOR 0\n#define VERSION_PATCH 56\n\n#endif\t\t\t\t/* __DRX_DRIVER_VERSION__H__ */\n/*\n * End of file (drx_driver_version.h)\n *******************************************************************************\n */\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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0.004678
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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThis invention relates to elliptic curve cryptography and more particularly to reduction operations associated with elliptic curve operations.", "\n2. ", "Description of the Related Art\nElliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) is evolving as an attractive alternative to other public-key schemes such as RSA by offering the smallest key size and the highest strength per bit and efficient computation. ", "Internet standards such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), IP security (IPsec), and Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) rely on public-key cryptosystems for key management.", "\nThe mathematical simplicity of RSA and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange allows for a straightforward implementation of the underlying arithmetic operations. ", "Implementations are available in various cryptographic libraries. ", "Arithmetically, RSA and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange operate on integer fields and primarily involve modular multiplication. ", "In comparison, ECC is more complex. ", "It is specified over both integer and binary polynomial fields and involves modular division in addition to modular multiplication. ", "Implementing ECC is further complicated by algorithmic choices. ", "Algorithms may be chosen according to the characteristics of the system architecture and constraints such as processor speed, data path width or memory size.", "\nDifferent fields can underlie elliptic curves, including integer fields GF(p) and binary polynomial fields GF(2m), which are well suited for cryptographic applications. ", "In particular, binary polynomial fields allow for fast computation in software as well as in hardware.", "\nTo make ECC commercially viable, its integration into secure protocols needs to be standardized. ", "As an emerging alternative to RSA, the US government has adopted ECC for the Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) and recommended a set of named curves over binary polynomial fields for key sizes of 163, 233, 283, 409 and 571 bit. ", "Additional curves for commercial use were recommended by the Standards for Efficient Cryptography Group (SECG). ", "However, only few ECC-enabled protocols have been deployed so far. ", "Today's dominant secure Internet protocols such as SSL and IPsec rely on RSA and the Diffie-Hellman key exchange. ", "Although standards for the integration of ECC into secure Internet protocols have been proposed, they have not yet been finalized.", "\nThe evolving wireless and web-based environment has millions of client devices including portable and desktop computers, cell phones, PDAs and SmartCards connecting to servers over secure connections. ", "The aggregation of connections and transactions requested by client devices leads to high computational demand on the server side. ", "Small key sizes and computational efficiency of both public and private key operations make ECC attractive to both server systems that need to process large numbers of secure connections and client devices which may have limited processing capabilities. ", "While small key sizes and computational efficiency of both public and private key operations allow secure protocols based on ECC standards to be handled in software on the client side, the aggregation of secure connections demands high computational power on the server side that easily exceeds the capabilities of a general-purpose CPU.", "\nWhile optimized implementations for specific named curves and field degrees can provide high performance, it is a desired security feature for server-side implementations to provide both ECC software libraries and hardware accelerators that support generic elliptic curves over a wide range of binary polynomial fields GF(2m). ", "Support for generic curves on the server side is desirable since clients might choose different key sizes and curves depending on vendor preferences, security requirements and processor capabilities. ", "Also, different types of transactions may require different security levels. ", "In addition, the implementer of an ECC library or hardware platform may not know all curves that will eventually be used. ", "Vendors may change their selection of curves according to security considerations, computational efficiency, market conditions and corporate policies. ", "For hardware implementations in ASIC technology, that may result in architectural changes and costly redesigns. ", "Also, there may be a need to support curves that are infrequently used and do not call for optimized performance.", "\nOne aspect of arithmetic operations on elliptic curves is reduction. ", "It would be desirable to provide improved reduction capabilities to better support processing of elliptic curves." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.000619
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[ "---\nabstract: 'In this paper, I study the oxygen isotope effect (OIE) in cuprates. ", "I introduce a simple model that can explain experiments both qualitatively and quantitatively. ", "In this theory, isotope substitution only affects the superfluid density, but not the pseudo-gap. ", "Within the spin-charge separation picture, I argue that the spinon-phonon interaction is in the adiabatic limit, and therefore within the Migdal-Eliashberg theory, there is no isotope effect in the spinon mass renormalization. ", "On the other hand, I show that the holon-phonon interaction is in the non-adiabatic limit. ", "Therefore, the small polaron picture is applicable and there is a large mass enhancement in an isotope-dependent way. ", "Our theory explains why upon $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O substitution, the superconducting transition temperature changes only in underdoped cuprates, while there is no considerable OIE at the optimal doped as well as the overdoped cuprates. ", "Additionally, in contrast to the conventional superconductors, we obtain OIE on the superfluid density for whole superconducting region in agreement with the experimental observations.'", "\nauthor:\n- Abolhassan Vaezi\nbibliography:\n- 'Isotope Effect.bib'\ntitle: 'Isotope effect on $T_c$ and the superfluid density of high-temperature superconductors'\n---\n\nIntroduction\n============\n\nFinding the underlying mechanism of the high temperature superconductivity in cuprates$~$[@Bednorz_Mueller_1986] is one of the most challenging and outstanding problems in theoretical physics. ", "Observation of strong isotope effect on both the transition temperature and the superfluid density in cuprates$~$[@Zimmerman_1; @Khasanov_3_2008; @Raffa_1; @Zhao_1], indicates the importance of the electron-phonon interaction in understanding the physics of high Tc$~$[@Schneider_Keller_1992_a; @Batlogg_1]. ", "Experiments show strong OIE on $T_c$ only in underdoped cuprates (see Fig. ", "1), while there is no considerable OIE in overdoped cuprates. ", "On the other hand OIE on the London penetration depth ($\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}$) (in-plane penetration depth) has been reported for both sides $~$[@Hofer_2000_a; @Khasanov_1_2004; @Tallon_1; @Khasanov_4_2003]. ", "In both cases the isotope exponent decreases as we approach the optimal doping from the underdoped side. ", "There is also an unusual correlation between isotope effect on $T_c$ and $\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}$ [@Khasanov_2_2006](See Fig. ", "2). ", "It is impossible to explain such effects using BCS theory$~$[@BCS] or its extensions such as Migdal-Eliashberg$~$[@Marsiglio_1] theory. ", "The reason is that within BCS theory which is based on the adiabatic electron-phonon approximation$~$[@Khasanov_3_2008], the isotope exponent of $T_c$ which is defined as $\\alpha=-\\frac{M}{T_c}\\frac{\\Delta T_c}{\\Delta M}$, is around 1/2$~$[@BCS]. ", "On the other hand, the electron effective mass is $m^*=m{\\left(1+\\lambda\\right)}$$~$[@Maksym_PA_Lee_2010_a], where $\\lambda$ is the dimensionless phonon mediated attraction coupling, and is isotope independent. ", "Therefore, theories based on the adiabatic approximation, predict absence of the isotope effect on the superfluid density $(n_s/m^*)$ which is inconsistent with experiments. ", "Therefore, we have to look for other theories of superconductors. ", "In this paper we start from Anderson theory of high Tc$~$[@Anderson_1987Sci] which is based on the strong correlation physics and the spin fluctuation pairing mechanism. ", "This theory is very successful in explaining many aspects of cuprates but it does not take phonons into account. ", "It is very important to explain the oxygen isotope effect within this successful theory. ", "Here we use this general framework and then by adding electron phonon interaction, it is shown that the observed unusual isotope effects on $T_c$ as well as $\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}$ can be explained.", "\n\nWe start from t-J-Holstein model as our model Hamiltonian. ", "In our model for simplicity, electrons are only coupled to a single Einstein phonon mode ($\\omega_{_{E}}$). ", "Then we use the spin-charge separation picture and we implement it by the slave boson method. ", "Our idea is as follows: in underdoped cuprates, the superconducting transition temperature is controlled by the superfluid density $(n_{s}/m^*)$, which is mostly determined by that of holons, in our theory. ", "On the other hand in overdoped cuprates, $T_c$ is controlled by the pseudo-gap which is equal to pairing order parameter of spinons $\\Delta_s$ in our theory. ", "Electron-phonon interaction affects the superfluid by holon mass renormalization in an isotope-dependent way, while it does not affect the pseudo-gap much. ", "In our theory, we argue that holons are strongly coupled to phonons and therefore, we are in the non-adiabatic limit, while spinons are weakly coupled to phonons and we should use the adiabatic limit calculation (Migdal-Eliashberg theory) for them. ", "Therefore, $E_{b}<\\omega_{_{E}}<E_{s}$, where $E_{b}$ and $E_{s}$ are typical energies of holons and spinons respectively. ", "It is also shown that in the presence of spinon pairing (pseudo-gap), the holon-phonon coupling constant,$\\gamma$, renormalizes to $\\Delta_{s}\\gamma$. These facts together can explain the observed OIE on $T_c$ as well as on $\\lambda^{-2}{\\left(0\\right)}\\propto \\frac{n_{s}}{m_{*}}$.\n\n![ ", "Measured oxygen isotope coefficient of $T_c$ $(\\alpha)$ for doped YBCO as a function of the reduced transition temperature ($\\bar{T_c}=T_c/T_{c,max}$) from different samples. ", "After\\[3\\][]{data-label=\"fig\"}](Fig1.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"210pt\"}\\\n\n![ ", "A color plot of the OIE shift $\\Delta \\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}/\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}$ versus the OIE shift $-\\Delta T_c /T_c$ for Y$_{1-x}$Pr$_x$Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\\delta}$, YBa$_2$Cu$_4$O$_8$, and La$_{2-x}$SrxCuO$_4$. Squares are the $\\mu$SR data obtained in the present study. ", "Circles are bulk $\\mu$SR data for Y$_{1-x}$Pr$_x$Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\\delta}$ (Refs. ", "4 and 12 ) and LE $\\mu$SR data for optimally doped Y$_{1-x}$Pr$_x$Ba$_2$Cu$_3$O$_{7-\\delta}$ (Ref. ", "10 ). ", "Triangles are torque magnetization and Meissner fraction data for La2-xSrxCuO4 (Refs. ", "6 and 9). ", "Different lines are discussed in Ref. ", "13[]{data-label=\"fig\"}](Fig2.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"180pt\"}\\\n\nMethod\n======\n\nLet us start from the t-J[@Lee_Nagaosa_Wen_2006a; @PA_Lee_1992_1] model which is defined as:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n H_{t-J}=-t\\sum_{\\left<i,j\\right>, \\sigma }P_{G}c_{\\sigma,i}^\\dag c_{\\sigma,j}P_{G}+J\\sum_{i,j}\\hat{S}_{i}.\\hat{S}_{j}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $P_{G}$ is the Gutzwiller projection operator which removes doubly occupied states. ", "Within the slave boson formalism, electrons can be decomposed as $c_{i,\\sigma}^\\dag = f_{i,\\sigma}^\\dag h_{i} $ along with the physical constraint on each site: $h_{i}^\\dag h_{i}+\\sum_{\\sigma}f_{i,\\sigma}^\\dag f_{i,\\sigma}=1$ which implements the Gutzwiller projection. ", "Now if we decouple spinons (spin sector) from holons (charge sector), we can write two following effective Hamiltonians for each sector:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n &&H_{h}= -\\sum_{<i,j>}t\\chi_{s} h_{i}^\\dag h_{j}-\\sum_{i}\\mu_{h}h_{i}^\\dag h_{i}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n H_{s}=&&-\\sum_{<i,j>,\\sigma}{\\left(t\\chi_{h}+\\tilde{J}\\chi_{s}\\right)}f_{i,\\sigma}^\\dag f_{j,\\sigma} -\\sum_{i,\\sigma}\\mu_{s}f_{i,\\sigma}^\\dag f_{i,\\sigma}\\cr &&-\\sum_{<i,j>}~2\\tilde{J}\\Delta_{s}{\\left(i,j\\right)}{\\left(f_{i,\\uparrow}^\\dag f_{j,\\downarrow}^\\dag-f_{i,\\downarrow}^\\dag f_{j,\\uparrow}^\\dag\\right)} +h.c.~~~~\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere the following notations have been used:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n&& \\chi_h={\\left<h_{i+\\vec{\\delta}}^\\dag h_{i}\\right>}\\simeq p\\\\\n&& \\chi_f={\\left<\\sum_{\\sigma}f_{i+\\vec{\\delta},\\sigma}^\\dag f_{i,\\sigma}\\right>}\\\\\n&& \\Delta_{s}{\\left(i,j\\right)}=\\frac{1}{2}{\\left<f_{i,\\uparrow}^\\dag f_{j,\\downarrow}^\\dag-f_{i,\\downarrow}^\\dag f_{j,\\uparrow}^\\dag\\right>}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nForm the t-J model one may expect that $\\tilde{J}=J/4$ but in literature it has been discussed that the best choice is $\\tilde{J}=3J/8$[@Lee_Nagaosa_Wen_2006a]. ", "This model has been studied by many authors in the past three decades. ", "It is well known that this model can lead to the d-wave pairing of spinons[@Lee_Nagaosa_Wen_2006a], [*i.e.*]{} $\\Delta_{s}{\\left(\\pm \\hat{x}\\right)}=\\Delta_{s}$ and $\\Delta_{s}{\\left(\\pm \\hat{y}\\right)}=-\\Delta_{s}$.\n\nNow let us consider the electron-phonon interaction. ", "To do so we add the following Hamiltonian to the t-J model.", "\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n H'=\\sum_{q} \\omega_{_{E}} a_{q}^\\dag a_{q} +\\sum_{k,q}\\gamma_{k,q}{\\left(a_{q}+a_{-q}^\\dag\\right)}\\tilde{c}_{k+q,\\sigma}^\\dag\\tilde{c}_{k,\\sigma}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $\\tilde{c}_{k,\\sigma}$ is the Fourier components of $P_{G}c_{i,\\sigma}P_{G}=f_{i,\\sigma} h_{i}^\\dag$. If we treat $\\tilde{c}_{k,\\sigma}$ as a fermionic operator, then since the typical energy of electrons is around $J$ and is much larger than $\\omega_{_{E}}$, so that we can apply the BCS theory, or the Migdal-Eliashberg theory as its extension. ", "BCS approximation lead to the following pairing term:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n -\\sum_{k,k'}V_{k,k'}<\\tilde{c}_{k',\\uparrow}^\\dag \\tilde{c}_{-k',\\downarrow}^\\dag>\\tilde{c}_{-k,\\downarrow} \\tilde{c}_{k,\\uparrow}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNow if we translate everything to the slave boson language in real space, within mean-field approximation we can substitute $\\tilde{c}_{i,\\downarrow} \\tilde{c}_{j,\\uparrow}=f_{i,\\downarrow} f_{j,\\uparrow}h_{i}^\\dag h_{j}^\\dag$ by the following form:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n\\Delta_{h}{\\left(i,j\\right)} f_{i,\\downarrow} f_{j,\\uparrow} + \\Delta_{s}{\\left(i,j\\right)}h_{i}^\\dag h_{j}^\\dag-\\Delta_{s}{\\left(i,j\\right)}\\Delta_{h}{\\left(i,j\\right)}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $\\Delta_{h}{\\left(i,j\\right)}={\\left<h_{i}h_{j}\\right>}$. Now assuming a very short range interaction, we obtain the following effective interaction:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n&& H'_{s-s}=-V \\Delta_{h}^2 \\sum_{<i,j>}\\Delta_{s}{\\left(i,j\\right)}f_{i,\\uparrow}^\\dag f_{j,\\downarrow}^\\dag+h.c.\\\\\n&& H'_{h-h}=-V \\Delta_{s}^2 \\sum_{<i,j>}\\Delta_{h} h_{i}^\\dag h_{j}^\\dag +h.c.\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere $\\Delta_{h}\\sim p$ (doping). ", "Let us assume that $V\\Delta_{h}^2 \\sim V p^2 \\ll J$, so we can neglect this phonon mediated pairing term and therefore, the d-Wave nature of the spinons does not change. ", "From the above we see that the coupling constant of phonon mediated spinon spinon attraction is renormalized by $\\Delta_{h}^2$ factor and that of holons by $\\Delta_{s}^2$ due to strong correlation effects. ", "It is easy to show that, $V\\propto \\gamma^2$, therefore, we can interpret these renormalization factors as the renormalization of the coupling constant of spinon-phonon interaction to $\\Delta_{h}\\gamma_{k,q}$ and that of holon-phonon interaction to $\\Delta_{h}\\gamma_{k,q}$. Therefore, we can substitute the electron phonon interaction term by sum the following two terms:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n &&H_{s-ph}=\\sum_{k,q}\\Delta_{h}\\gamma_{k,q}{\\left(a_{q}+a_{-q}^\\dag\\right)}f_{k+q,\\sigma}^\\dag f_{k,\\sigma}\\\\\n &&H_{h-ph}=\\sum_{k,q}\\Delta_{s}\\gamma_{k,q}{\\left(a_{q}+a_{-q}^\\dag\\right)}h_{k+q}^\\dag h_{k}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nNow let us consider spinon-phonon interaction. ", "The typical energy of spinons is around $J$. $J$ is around 1500 Kelvin while the typical energy of optical phonons ($\\omega_{_{E}}$) is a few hundred kelvin. ", "Therefore, spinon-phonon interaction is in the adiabatic limit and therefore, we can apply Migdal-Eliashberg theory. ", "In this regime the mass renormalizes as: $m^*=m{\\left(1+\\lambda\\right)}$, where:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\lambda=2\\int \\frac{d\\omega}{\\omega}\\alpha^2{\\left(\\omega\\right)}F{\\left(\\omega\\right)}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFrom our simple model it can be shown that $\\lambda \\propto \\frac{1}{M\\omega_{_{E}}^2}$, and since $\\omega_{_{E}}\\propto \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{M_{ion}}}$, $\\lambda$ is isotope independent. ", "Therefore, oxygen isotope substitution does not enhance the effective mass of spinons. ", "This agrees with experiment where there is no isotope effect on Fermi velocity by Laser ARPES, while there is shift in kink energy$~$[@Iwasawa_1].", "\n\nOn the other hand, holons are hard-core bosons. ", "They usually condense at the bottom of their energy band. ", "So their effective band-width is much smaller than their actual band-width. ", "To have a better idea, for the moment let us assume that they are fermions. ", "In that case their Fermi energy will be around $4\\chi_{f}tp$, where $p$ is doping. ", "Therefore, their effective bandwidth is at most of the order of $tp\\chi_{f}$. Now if $\\omega_{_{E}}$ is larger than the typical kinetic energy of holons, the electron phonon interaction is in the non-adiabatic limit. ", "In summary if $tp\\chi_{f}<\\omega_{_{E}}<J$ then spinon-phonon interaction is in the adiabatic limit and holon-phonon interaction is in the non-adiabatic limit. ", "For this limit it is easier to rewrite $H_{h}+H_{ph}+H_{h-ph}$ in the following way:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\nH=&& -\\sum_{<i,j>}t\\chi_{s} h_{i}^\\dag h_{j}-\\sum_{i}\\mu_{h}h_{i}^\\dag h_{i} +\\sum_{q} \\omega_{_{E}} a_{q}^\\dag a_{q}\\cr\n&&+\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2NM\\omega_{_{E}}}}\\sum_{q,n,\\sigma} \\Delta_{s}\\gamma_{n,q} h_{n}^\\dag h_{n} {\\left(d_{-q}^\\dag +d_{q}\\right)}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nThe above model has been extensively studied. ", "In the non-adiabatic regime, we can use the results for a single polaron theory$~$[@Alexanrov_1; @Alexanrov_2]. ", "Therefore, we can do the powerful Lang-Firsov transformation$~$[@Hohenadler_1], [*i.e.*]{} $H\\rightarrow \\tilde{H}=e^{-S}He^{S}$ where: $S=\\frac{1}{{\\omega_{_E}}\\sqrt{2NM\\omega_{_{E}}}}\\sum_{q,n} \\gamma_{n,q}\\Delta_{s} h_{n}^\\dag h_{n} {\\left(d_{-q}^\\dag -d_{q}\\right)}$. As an approximation let us assume that $<\\gamma_{n,q}>=\\gamma_{0}\\frac{exp{\\left(ik.\\vec{R}_n\\right)}}{\\sqrt{N}}$. Therefore, we finally have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\tilde{H} \\simeq -\\sum_{\\vec{k}}{\\left(4t\\tilde{\\chi}_{s}{\\left(\\cos{k_x}+\\cos{k_y}\\right)}+\\tilde{\\mu}_{h}\\right)}h_{k}^\\dag h_{k}\\cr\n &&+ \\sum_{q} \\omega_{_E} {\\left(d_{q}^\\dag d_{q}+1/2\\right)}\\cr\n &&-4t\\lambda_{0}\\Delta_{s}^2{\\left(T\\right)}\\sum_{q_1,q_2,q_3} h_{q_1}^\\dag h_{q_2}^\\dag h_{q_3} h_{-q_1-q_2-q_3}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nwhere we have used the following notations:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n &&\\tilde{\\chi}_{s}{\\left(T\\right)}= e^{-g^2{\\left(T\\right)}}\\chi_{s}{\\left(T\\right)}\\\\\n && g^2{\\left(T\\right)} \\simeq \\frac{4t\\gamma_{0}\\Delta_{s}^2{\\left(T\\right)}}{ \\omega_{_E}}\\\\\n &&4t\\lambda_{0}=V=\\frac{\\gamma_{0}^2}{M\\omega_{_E}^2}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nin which $M$ is the ion mass. ", "Now if we expand the energy of holons around $\\vec{k}=0$ we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n&& \\epsilon_{h}{\\left(k\\right)}=\\frac{k^2}{2m_{h}^*}-\\mu^{*}_h\\\\\n&& m^{*}_{h}{\\left(T\\right)}=\\frac{1}{2\\tilde{\\chi_{s}}{\\left(T\\right)}}=e^{g^{2}{\\left(T\\right)}}m_{h}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nOxygen isotope effect on $T_c$ {#oxygen-isotope-effect-on-t_c .unnumbered}\n------------------------------\n\n![ ", "The oxygen isotope effect on $T_c$ $(\\alpha)$ vs. $T_c/T_{c,max}$. Red square are the data extracted from Fig. ", "1 and the blue line is our theoretical calculation[]{data-label=\"fig\"}](Fig4.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"210pt\"}\\\n\nThe oxygen isotope effect on $T_c$ is determined by the $\\alpha$ isotope exponent which is defined as:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha=-\\frac{M_{O}}{T_{c}}\\frac{d T_{c}}{dM_O}=\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{\\omega_{_{E}}}{T_{c}}\\frac{d T_{c}}{d\\omega_{_{E}}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nIn the underdoped region, $T_c$ is determined by the Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) transition temperature of holons. ", "If we assume holons as free 2D bose gas, then the BEC transition temperature is:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n T_{c}=T_{BEC}=\\frac{2\\pi t p}{m^{*}_{h}{\\left(T_c\\right)}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nTherefore, we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha=-\\frac{1}{2}\\frac{\\omega_{_{E}}}{m^{*}_h{\\left(T_c\\right)}}\\frac{d m^{*}_{h}{\\left(T_c\\right)}}{d\\omega_{_{E}}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince $m^*_{h}=e^{g_{O}^2}m_{h}$ and $g_{O}^2\\propto \\frac{1}{\\omega_{_{E}}}$ we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha=\\frac{1}{2}g_{O}^2{\\left(T_c\\right)}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFrom the definition of $g^2$, we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\alpha=\\frac{2t\\lambda_{0}\\Delta_{s}^2{\\left(T_c\\right)}}{\\omega_{_{O,E}}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince $\\Delta_{s}{\\left(T_c\\right)}$ is a decreasing function of doping and at the optimal doping it becomes very small, isotope exponent dies off as we approach the optimal doping and it finally becomes negligible. ", "On the overdoped cuprates however, pseudo-gap controls $T_c$ and as we discussed before, if $Vp^2=4t\\lambda_{0}p^2\\ll J$, electron phonon interaction does not affect pseudo-gap much and therefore, we do not expect isotope effect in overdoped side of the superconducting phase diagram. ", "In our numerical calculation we have studied the phase diagram of the t-J for $J=t/3$. We have also chosen $\\lambda_{0}=3\\omega_{_E}/t$ ratio. ", "We obtain a very good fitting between our theoretical calculations and the experimental data (see Fig. ", "3).", "\n\nOxygen isotope effect on the London penetration depth {#oxygen-isotope-effect-on-the-london-penetration-depth .unnumbered}\n-----------------------------------------------------\n\n![ ", "The OIE on $T_c$, $\\alpha$ (dashed blue line) and the OIE on the London penetration depth, ${\\left|\\beta\\right|}$ (black line) versus doping.[]{data-label=\"fig\"}](Fig5.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"210pt\"}\\\n\nThe oxygen isotope effect on the superfluid density or equivalently on the London penetration depth, is defined as: $$\\begin{aligned}\n \\beta=-\\frac{M_{O}}{\\lambda_{ab}}\\frac{d \\lambda_{ab}}{dM_O}=-\\frac{1}{4}\\frac{\\omega_{_{E}}}{\\lambda_{ab}^{-2}}\\frac{d \\lambda_{ab}^{-2}}{d\\omega_{_{E}}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\n![", "The OIE shift $\\frac{\\Delta \\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}{\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}$ versus the OIE $-\\frac{\\Delta T_c}{T_c}$ (percent). ", "Red squares are extracted data from Fig. ", "2. ", "The black line is our theoretical calculation and the dashed blue line is the shifted black line. ", "OIE on the thickness of the superconducting sheet can cause this shifting.[]{data-label=\"fig\"}](Fig6.eps \"fig:\"){width=\"210pt\"}\\\n\nAccording to the Ioffe-Larkin formula$~$[@Ioffe_1] the physical superfluid density is related to the superfluid density of spinons and holons in the following way:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_{ph}^{-1}=\\rho_{h}^{-1}+\\rho_{s}^{-1}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nSince condensation fraction of holons and spinons at zero temperature are $p$ and $1-p$ respectively, and from $\\rho=\\frac{n_{c}}{m^*}$ we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\rho_{ph}^{-1}{\\left(0\\right)}=\\frac{m^{*}_{h}}{p}+\\frac{m^{*}_{s}}{1-p}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor small values of p, we have $\\rho_{ph}{\\left(0\\right)}\\simeq\\frac{p}{m^{*}_{h}}$. On the other hand $\\lambda_{ab}^{-2}{\\left(0\\right)}= \\frac{4\\pi e^2}{c^2}\\rho_{ph}$. Therefore, we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\beta=\\frac{1}{4}\\frac{\\omega_{_{E}}}{m^*_{h}}\\frac{d m^{*}_{h}}{d \\omega_{_{E}}}=-\\frac{g^2{\\left(0\\right)}}{4}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nTherefore, we have:\n\n$$\\begin{aligned}\n \\beta{\\left(T=0\\right)}=-\\frac{t\\lambda_{0}\\Delta_{s}^2{\\left(0\\right)}}{\\omega_{_{O,E}}}\\end{aligned}$$\n\nFor the whole superconducting region, $\\Delta_{s}{\\left(T=0\\right)} > 0$, therefore, ${\\left|\\beta\\right|}$ is always nonzero though it is a decreasing function of the doping. ", "Despite the fact that both $\\alpha$ and $\\beta$ depend on $\\Delta_s^2$ and we may expect ${\\left|\\beta\\right|}=0.5\\alpha$, but we should note that they depend on $\\Delta_s$ at two different temperatures (see Figs. ", "4 and 5). ", "From Eqs. (", "26) and (31), we have: ${\\left|\\beta\\right|}/\\alpha=0.5 {\\left(\\frac{\\Delta_s{\\left(0\\right)}}{\\Delta_s{\\left(T_c\\right)}}\\right)}^2\\geq0.5$.\n\n[**Discussion.—**]{} ", "Our theoretical curve for $\\frac{\\Delta \\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}{\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}$ versus $-\\frac{\\Delta T_c}{T_c}$ has two important features. ", "Firstly it has a nonzero inception since at the optimal doping, $T_c$ does not change upon isotope substitution, but $\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}$ does. ", "Secondly it has the same slope(0.42) as the empirical data but our curve is shifted down by a constant amount (see Fig. ", "5). ", "In literature the cause of this shift has been discussed$~$[@Khasanov_2_2006]. ", "One possible scenario is the change in the thickness of the superconducting sheet $d_s$, due to $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O substitution. ", "Note that the 2D density of holons is related to the 3D one by: $n_{_{2D}}=n_{_{3D}} d_s$. Thus $\\lambda_{ab}^{-2}\\propto \\frac{n_{_{3D}}d_s}{m_h^*}$ and finally we have: $\\frac{\\Delta \\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}{\\lambda_{ab}{\\left(0\\right)}}=0.5 {\\left(\\frac{\\Delta m^*_h}{m^*_h}-\\frac{\\Delta d_s}{d_s}\\right)}$. If we assume $0.5\\frac{\\Delta d_s}{d_s}=-1.6$ then our theoretical curve fits the experimental data very well. ", "So our theory predicts OIE shift of the lattice spacing in the $z$ direction.", "\n\n[**Conclusion.—**]{} ", "I have studied the oxygen isotope effect in cuprates. ", "I have shown that within the spin-charge separation formalism, the unusual isotope effect on $T_c$ as well as the superfluid density can be explained by t-J-Holstein model. ", "It is shown that $^{16}$O/$^{18}$O substitution only affects the superfluid density and it does not affect the value of the pseudo-gap energy. ", "This model also predicts the OIE on the thickness of the superconducting sheet.", "\n\n[**Acknowledgement.—**]{} ", "I gratefully acknowledge useful discussions with X.G. Wen, T. Senthil, W. Ketterle, E. Hudson, J. Hoffman, B. Swingle, and in particular P.A. Lee for his very helpful discussions and comments. ", "I thank R. Khasanov and H. Keller for letting me use their data and for H. Keller’s clarifying remark on the experimental observations.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "ArXiv" }
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0.002747
105
[ "Laser tissue welding: a biotechnological advance for the future.", "\nLaser tissue welding as well as other alternative methods of closure will play a more important role in surgical specialties as laparoscopic, endoscopic, and microsurgical techniques continue to develop. ", "Laser tissue welding uses laser energy to anastomose tissues and is ideally suited for applications in which suturing and stapling is difficult. ", "Recent advances have led to a better understanding of the mechanisms of tissue welding. ", "Additionally, technical achievements including the introduction of protein solders and temperature-controlled feedback systems have led to the acceptance of laser tissue welding in clinical medicine. ", "In this article, we describe the history and development of laser tissue welding and review the current and potential applications of this technology." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.0006
6
[ "// Copyright 2011 the V8 project authors. ", "All rights reserved.", "\n// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be\n// found in the LICENSE file.", "\n\nassertThrows(\"/[\\\\p]/u\");\nassertThrows(\"/[\\\\p{garbage}]/u\");\nassertThrows(\"/[\\\\p{}]/u\");\nassertThrows(\"/[\\\\p{]/u\");\nassertThrows(\"/[\\\\p}]/u\");\nassertThrows(\"/^[\\\\p{Lu}-\\\\p{Ll}]+$/u\");\n\nassertTrue(/^[\\p{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"ABCabc\"));\nassertTrue(/^[\\p{Lu}-]+$/u.test(\"ABC-\"));\nassertFalse(/^[\\P{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"ABCabc\"));\nassertTrue(/^[\\P{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"abc\"));\nassertTrue(/^[\\P{Lu}]+$/u.test(\"abc123\"));\nassertFalse(/^[\\P{Lu}]+$/u.test(\"XYZ\"));\nassertTrue(/[\\p{Math}]/u.test(\"+\"));\nassertTrue(/[\\P{Bidi_M}]/u.test(\" \"));\nassertTrue(/[\\p{Hex}]/u.test(\"A\"));\n\nassertTrue(/^[^\\P{Lu}]+$/u.test(\"XYZ\"));\nassertFalse(/^[^\\p{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"abc\"));\nassertFalse(/^[^\\p{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"ABC\"));\nassertTrue(/^[^\\p{Lu}\\p{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"123\"));\nassertTrue(/^[^\\p{Lu}\\P{Ll}]+$/u.test(\"abc\"));\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[ 0.0006584388320334256, 0.0006133944261819124, 0.0006344379507936537, 0.03941962495446205 ]
0.010331
4
[ "Q:\n\nimplementing image classification in rnn\n\nI have implemented an example of classifying cats and dogs using cnn. ", "You can get the code from here and here. ", "I want to do the same but with RNN. ", "\nHow to do that? ", "I want to use my own dataset. ", "\nBelow you find the code I used with my own datast:\n# Importing the Keras libraries and packages\nfrom keras.models import Sequential\nfrom keras.layers import Conv2D\nfrom keras.layers import MaxPooling2D\nfrom keras.layers import Flatten\nfrom keras.layers import Dense\n# Initialising the CNN\nclassifier = Sequential()\n# Step 1 - Convolution\nclassifier.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape = (64, 64, 3), activation = \n'relu'))\n# Step 2 - Pooling\nclassifier.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (2, 2)))\n# Adding a second convolutional layer\nclassifier.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation = 'relu'))\nclassifier.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (2, 2)))\n# Step 3 - Flattening\nclassifier.add(Flatten())\n# Step 4 - Full connection\nclassifier.add(Dense(units = 128, activation = 'relu'))\nclassifier.add(Dense(units = 1, activation = 'sigmoid'))\n# Compiling the CNN\nclassifier.compile(optimizer = 'adam', loss = 'binary_crossentropy', metrics \n= ['accuracy'])\n# Part 2 - Fitting the CNN to the images\nfrom keras.preprocessing.image import ImageDataGenerator\ntrain_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale = 1./255,\nshear_range = 0.2,\nzoom_range = 0.2,\nhorizontal_flip = True)\ntest_datagen = ImageDataGenerator(rescale = 1./255)\ntraining_set = train_datagen.flow_from_directory('dataset/training_set',\ntarget_size = (64, 64),\nbatch_size = 32,\nclass_mode = 'binary')\ntest_set = test_datagen.flow_from_directory('dataset/test_set',\ntarget_size = (64, 64),\nbatch_size = 32,\nclass_mode = 'binary')\nclassifier.fit_generator(training_set,\nsteps_per_epoch = 8000,\nepochs = 25,\nvalidation_data = test_set,\nvalidation_steps = 2000)\n# Part 3 - Making new predictions\nimport numpy as np\nfrom keras.preprocessing import image\ntest_image = image.load_img('dataset/single_prediction/cat_or_dog_1.jpg', \ntarget_size = (64, 64))\ntest_image = image.img_to_array(test_image)\ntest_image = np.expand_dims(test_image, axis = 0)\nresult = classifier.predict(test_image)\ntraining_set.class_indices\nif result[0][0] == 1:\nprediction = 'dog'\nelse:\nprediction = 'cat'\n\nA:\n\nKeras provides an example of how to classify the MNIST dataset using an LSTM here. ", "You can replace their dataset with yours, adjust the number of classes and you should be done.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.000899
8
[ "Insights and inspiration from our Montessori classrooms.", "\n\n\"No matter what we touch, an atom, or a cell, we cannot explain it without knowledge of the wide universe.\" - ", "Maria Montessori, 1948, To Educate the Human Potential\n\nThe Elementary students present their space projects in these photos from 2000 - 2001.", "\n\nStay warm out there and have a terrific Wednesday!", "\n\nRelated Posts\n\nWayback Wednesday: 2001 - This Was a Church...\n\n..and this was its steeple.", "\n\nDon Harvey and Tony Harvey ready the steeple for removal.", "\n\nWhen we remodeled the former Calvary Baptist Church in 2000-2001 to become our Montessori school, we had to replace a few fixtures. ", "The steeple was detached from the roof and lowered by crane to the parking lot below.", "\n\nWhat do you do with a second-hand steeple? ", "We gave it to a church down the road.", "\n\nThe demolition crew also removed the fiberglas baptistry by cutting it into pieces. ", "All of the beautiful wood pews were sold. ", "You can see one being used today in the school office. ", "The colored windows were eventually replaced with clear glass.", "\n\nThis is what Building B looks like today.", "\n\nHave a great Wednesday!", "\n\nWayback Wednesday: 1998 - MSGL Announced Plans to Expand\n\n15 years ago the Lafayette Journal and Courier announced MSGL's plans to add an elementary program and move all of its programs to a new space.", "\n\nThe Morton Community Center on Chauncey Avenue had been MSGL's home since 1985.", "\n\nAs the article states, the new elementary program was originally going to be housed in a home on Rainbow Drive that had been donated by an MSGL family. ", "A change of plans relocated that first class to some available classroom space inside the Temple Israel on Cumberland Avenue.", "\n\nIn February 2001, all of our programs, from the parent-infant class through elementary, moved into our permanent home in the former Calvary Baptist church on Soldiers Home Road.", "\n\nIn 2007, the elementary classes moved into the Montessori House, a remodeled home adjacent to the campus.", "\n\nMSGL has plans to expand once again in the near future to add a second toddler classroom and a gym/gross motor space.", "\n\nWayback Wednesday: Halloween Edition\n\nWe're really reaching back here for Halloween gold - all the way back to 1989. ", "Back in the day, the whole school had a costume parade in the Morton Center gymnasium. ", "It was a big year for bunnies, clowns, and superheroes.", "\n\nI hope you have enjoyed our first-ever Halloween edition of Wayback Wednesday. ", "If you know anyone in these photos and want to share their names with us (or our website with them) we would really appreciate it. ", "Have fun tomorrow and I hope you get lots and lots of candy - or not. ", "Whichever you prefer :)\n\nWayback Wednesday: Taking a winter break\n\nWinter is upon us and the staff of the Wayback Wednesday department is preparing to head south for the season. (", "The staff certainly wishes this was true.) ", "Okay, we're not really going anywhere but we have discovered a treasure trove of awesome photos. ", "We will be scanning them and organizing them over winter break. ", "When everyone returns in January you can look forward to the beginning of \"Building MSGL.\" ", "It's the story of how our families built the MSGL campus that we know and love today.", "\n\nTo whet your appetites I am posting one photo from that winter of 2000. ", "Look at this photo and see if you can figure out where in the school it is. ", "The first commenter to get it correct wins a free Wayback Wednesday t-shirt. (", "The staff certainly wishes this was true.) ", "Okay, no t-shirt but you can still be first. ", "Have fun guessing!", "\n\nHave a terrific Wednesday and an awesome winter break!", "\n\nWayback Wednesday: 2004 - Class Photos\n\nToday is school picture day!", "\n\nHarriet tries to convince Ian to blow that silly ducky off her head.", "\n\nWhen Harriet and \"the ducky\" show up to take our pictures, you can bet that the children are well-dressed, the snack is no-mess, and the staff is slightly stressed - for two whole days. ", "Sometimes there are tears and pouty faces, but never in front of the children :)\n\nAnita McKinney, our first executive director, was leaving MSGL to live closer to her family in Florida. ", "Her MSGL family held a farewell reception in her honor just before the winter break. ", "These are photos of some of the children wishing her well.", "\n\nAnita started working at MSGL in July, 1991 when the parent-owned school decided it needed a full-time. ", "Up to then, the office staff coordinated with the Board of Directors. ", "This next photo is actually from about 1996. ", "It shows Anita with Beth Nichols, who was then the office manager, in the teeny, tiny office at Morton Center.", "\n\nBeth is still with us and now works as our accountant. ", "Anita has been working with Florida's Duval County Extension office since 1998. ", "She is currently teaching personal financial management in Jacksonville. ", "She is retiring in January and will start another \"job\" taking care of her twin grandchildren Dominic and Danica. ", "She is excited about this new chapter in her life and told me, \"They will be three by then , so I will start my own little Montessori home-school with them. ", "I am looking forward to this next step!\"" ]
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0.017186
58
[ "where orders emerge\n\nAgainst International Economics As a Sub-discipline\n\nI’ve come to the conclusion that the world would be better off had there never been the sub-discipline within economics of “international economics” (or, alternatively, of “international trade” and “international finance”). ", "The economics profession likely also would be better off without such a sub-discipline.", "\n\nOnly individuals, separately or in voluntarily formed groups such as firms, trade; countries as such do not trade. ", "Only individuals, separately or in voluntarily formed groups such as firms, have comparative advantages and comparative disadvantages; countries as such have no such advantages or disadvantages. ", "Only individuals, separately and in voluntarily formed groups such as firms, specialize in production; countries, as such, do not. ", "Only individuals, separately and in voluntarily formed groups such as firms, create or take advantage of economies of scale, of scope, or of both in production; countries, as such, don’t. ", "Only individuals, separately or in voluntarily formed groups such as firms, spend, save, and invest; countries, as such, don’t. ", "Only individuals experience income, wealth, or welfare gains and losses; countries as such experience nothing.", "\n\nOf course, we can – and do – talk, for example, about “America trading with China,” about “Germany having a comparative advantage in the brewing of beer,” about “India’s national income rising,” and about “Peru’s trade deficit falling.” ", "But all such talk merely describes the largely unintended, aggregate results of countless choices and actions each made by a particular, flesh-and-blood person. ", "And also, of course, governments do perform many of these activities – for example, spend. ", "But no government is a country. ", "Each government is merely a particular organization run by particular, flesh-and-blood persons according to a certain set of formal and informal rules.", "\n\nThe reason for my conclusion that it is unfortunate that there exists the sub-disciple “international economics” is that discussing “international trade” and “international finance” gives the impression that there is something so unique about international transactions in goods, in services, and in investments and financial instruments that these transactions warrant being studied separately from non-international transactions. ", "But there is nothing essentially unique about international transactions. ", "Nothing at all.", "\n\nThere are, of course, inessential differences that separate domestic from international transactions. ", "Examples of these inessential differences include the need for currency conversions; the fact that different jurisdictions have different monetary policies; the fact that people in one political jurisdiction operate under different laws and legislation – including tax policies – than do people in other political jurisdictions; the reality that average wages and wealth in some political jurisdictions often differ from those in other political jurisdictions; the fact that international transactions generally (although not always) occur over geographical distances that are greater than are the distances covered by domestic transactions.", "\n\nBut whatever analytical gain there might be from treating transactions that are separated by these inessential differences differently from transactions that are not separated by these differences, the price of this gain is too great. ", "The very notion of “international trade” causes us to miss the essential reality of trade, which is always flesh-and-blood individuals bargaining and exchanging with each other in ways that each person judges to be in his or her best interest. ", "This intellectual oversight is the result of conceiving of trade as something done between countries. ", "This country-level perspective then prompts us to judge the merits of trade by how likely or unlikely it is to increase the aggregate net well-being (however conceived or measured) of the subset of human beings who are denizens of, or citizens of, each particular country.", "\n\nYet any such country-wide assessment of trade is illegitimate – or, at least, such an assessment is no more legitimate than would be an assessment of trade that takes as the relevant group, not the whole country, but my neighborhood. ", "People in my neighborhood freely trade with people outside of my neighborhood. ", "Sometimes this freedom to trade works to the immediate disadvantage of my neighbors – for example, to have the oil changed in my car I do not use my nearby, neighborhood service station; instead I go to the dealership where I bought my car, which is several miles from my home.", "\n\nFortunately, we have no sub-discipline in economics devoted to the study of “interneighborhood trade.” ", "Were such a sub-discipline to exist, all sorts of nefarious empirical studies and theoretical welfare analyses would be conducted – studies and analyses that would lead unavoidably to government manipulation of interneighborhood trade. ", "And while much of this manipulation would be sparked by economic ignorance – such as some wag’s insistence that my neighbors and I cannot be allowed to trade freely in interneigborhood markets if the result is a trade deficit for our neighborhood – nearly all of this manipulation would be supported by politically influential neighbors who profit from the ‘protection’ they receive in the form of government restrictions on interneighborhood trade.", "\n\nTrade is trade is trade, no matter how many, or what sort of, political borders it might span in any specific instance. ", "Economists should study trade, period, with no more attention paid to international trade than to interstate or intercontinental on interneighborhood or interfamily or interhousehold or interpersonal trade. ", "Without a separate sub-discipline called “international trade,” the general public would be spared – and rent-seeking interest groups would be denied – the many misleading mirages that are created when trade is discussed as if its character and contents are fundamentally different when it spans political borders compared to when it doesn’t." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.001298
31
[ "Increased rates of cancer and mortality have been documented in areas of the world where drinking water contains high concentrations of naturally occurring arsenic. ", "A new study by a group of Californian and Chilean researchers now provides strong evidence of a link in humans between prenatal and early childhood arsenic exposure and significantly higher rates of lung disease in young adulthood **\\[*EHP* 114:1293--1296; Smith et al.\\]**.", "\n\nBoth malignant and nonmalignant lung disease are known to develop with exposure to arsenic in drinking water. ", "Recent evidence from a project in India by the same research group showed decreased lung function similar to that of smokers in adults exposed to the semimetallic carcinogen.", "\n\nThe current study took advantage of a unique opportunity to study the long-term health effects of a discrete prenatal and early childhood exposure. ", "From 1958 to 1970, the water supply for the neighboring Chilean cities of Antofagasta and Mejillones was supplemented with water from rivers with arsenic concentrations near 1,000 μg/L, 100 times the current acceptable standard for arsenic concentration in the United States. ", "With the 1971 activation of an arsenic removal plant, however, levels plummeted to about 90 μg/L and have continued to drop ever since.", "\n\nThe research team studied mortality data obtained from Chile's Ministry of Health for the years 1989 through 2000 for all 13 regions of the country. ", "They divided the population into two groups: individuals born between 1958 and 1970 (who likely would have had prenatal arsenic exposure if their mothers lived in Antofagasta or Mejillones) and those born between 1950 and 1957 (who likely would have had childhood but not prenatal exposure if they lived in either of the two cities). ", "The researchers also divided overall deaths for Chile into two groups: residents of Antofagasta and Mejillones, and residents of all other regions. ", "They used the *International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision,* to code causes of death, including lung cancer and bronchiectasis, a form of chronic respiratory disease.", "\n\nThe investigators' findings show a distinct connection between prenatal and early childhood exposure to arsenic and lung disease--related mortality before age 50. ", "Lung cancer death rates for those exposed to arsenic in early childhood were 7 times higher than those for the rest of the Chilean population, and bronchiectasis death rates were 12 times higher. ", "In cases where exposure occurred both prenatally and in early childhood, lung cancer death rates were 6 times higher and bronchiectasis death rates were 46 times higher than those for the rest of the population.", "\n\nThe authors believe these results describe the highest increase in death rates for arsenic-related lung cancer and bronchiectasis ever documented among young adults, and add that this study is one of the first to provide evidence of human adult disease resulting from prenatal and early childhood exposure to any environmental toxicant. ", "They conclude that an increase in young adult mortality should be of concern to public health officials, and should influence future decisions regarding sources of drinking water.", "\n\n![", "A big gulp of news\\\nThe link between early arsenic exposure and later lung disease is the first such association to be confirmed in humans.](ehp0114-a0486af1){#f1-ehp0114-a0486a}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "Mariani Sets Franchise Record for Combined Return Yards\n\nMARIANI SETS ANOTHER FRANCHISE RETURN RECORD: On On a 47-yard kickoff return in the first quarter, Marc Mariani broke Derrick Mason’s franchise record, set in 2000, of 1,794 combined punt and kickoff return yards in a single season. ", "It was the second return record Mariani set in as many weeks. ", "At Kansas City on Dec. 26, he broke Bobby Jancik’s 1963 franchise record for most kickoff return yards in a single season. ", "Mariani finished the season ranked eighth in the NFL with a 25.5-yard kickoff return average (60 returns for 1,530 yards), and he ranked fifth in the league with a 12.2-yard punt return average (27 for 329 yards)." ]
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[ "New double-door laminoplasty procedure for the axis to preserve all muscular attachments to the spinous process: technical note.", "\nTo prevent the occurrence of postoperative cervical malalignment, which is often a complication of conventional axial laminectomy or laminoplasty, the authors developed a new double-door laminoplasty procedure in which the C-2 spinal canal is expanded while all the muscular attachments to each split half of the spinous process remain undisturbed. ", "In conjunction with laminoplasties at other levels, this procedure was performed in five patients with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament and cervical myelopathy. ", "Neurological improvement was demonstrated in each patient, and there was no radiological evidence of cervical malalignment. ", "The technique for this procedure is described and its usefulness in preventing postoperative spinal malalignment is discussed." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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[ "The dorsal ganglion with anomalous muscles.", "\nEither an anomalous extensor indicis proprius muscle or an extensor digitorum brevis manus may coexist with a dorsal wrist ganglion. ", "To assure relief of symptoms, treatment must include division of the fourth dorsal extensor compartment in the case of the former muscle, and excision in the case of the latter." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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[ "ALPINE ROCK\n\nCase study: Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming\n\nOn July 21, 2010, a clear dawn gave way to rapidly forming clouds over the Tetons, and by about 10:30 a.m., the fi rst in a series of severe storm cells struck the crest of the range. ", "The violence caught three teams—17 climbers total—high on the Owen-Spalding and Exum routes on the Grand Teton.", "\n\nAs the storm continued, the Owen-Spalding climbers— one party of five and one of eight—began moving down. ", "Four climbers 100 vertical feet from the top of the Exum Ridge hunkered down in an alcove. ", "In the hours that followed, most of these climbers were hit by severe jolts from lightning. ", "At least three were knocked unconscious; one went into respiratory arrest, but was revived by a teammate. ", "There were numerous electrical burns, some serious. ", "One climber was thrown from a ledge and killed, the only fatality that day.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching! ", "Visit Website\n\nThough the electrical storm was perilous anywhere on the mountain, the chimneys and alcoves sought by the climbing teams, either as descent routes or protection from the elements, greatly increased their exposure to ground currents from the repeated lightning strikes.", "\n\nADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching! ", "Visit Website\n\nADVERTISEMENT Thanks for watching! ", "Visit Website\n\nThe massive rescue effort that ensued was the largest in the Jenny Lake ranger team’s storied history. ", "Over the course of nine hours, 16 climbers were flown out from the Grand, with numerous intermediate short-haul shuttles from the Upper to Lower Saddles. ", "In total, over 90 emergency workers eventually were involved.", "\n\nTHE RANGER: One of the most experienced rescue specialists on the planet, Renny Jackson started as a climbing ranger in Grand Teton National Park in 1976, went north for two years to work at Denali, then came back to the Tetons until he retired in 2010. ", "He managed the park’s helicopter short-haul rescue program for the last 10 years of that time. ", "His rescues number well into the hundreds.", "\n\nTHE TERRAIN: Grand Teton National Park is one of the most iconic and accessible places in the country for technical peak climbing. ", "Known primarily for long routes on made-to-climb alpine gneiss, the Tetons offer the complete alpine rock climbing package, with all the associated hazards: long routes, exposure to storms, loose rock, route-fi nding challenges, and the perils of steep snowfi elds with rocky, runout zones.", "\n\nSCENARIOS AND SOLUTIONS: “For several generations, the Tetons have been a place to learn the craft of mountaineering,” says rescue specialist Renny Jackson. “", "You see a much higher accident rate here than, say, the neighboring Wind River Range.” ", "That said, even experienced climbers get into trouble in the Tetons. ", "Jackson listed the errors climbers most frequently make.", "\n\nProblem: Failing to understand local weather. ", "Solutions: Study local weather patterns and obtain a highquality forecast before committing to an objective. ", "Jackson recommends Jim Woodmency’s mountainweather.com, which has Teton weather cams and is the source the rangers use for spot forecasts during rescues. “", "The prevailing direction for incoming weather is from the southwest, so on a number of the moderate routes [including the Owen-Spalding and Exum, involved in the aforementioned scenario], the climber is in a good position to see weather coming,” says Jackson. ", "Know the warning signs, such as early or rapid cloud build-up. ", "Start especially early and be vigilant if your route choice prevents you from seeing approaching storms (typically a problem with routes on the east or north sides of the peaks). ", "Finally, retreat quickly if weather does threaten.", "\n\nProblem: Late starts and slow climbing. ", "Afternoon weather is volatile in the mountains; the old adage “be down by noon” is golden. ", "But a pre-dawn start alone isn’t necessarily enough. ", "Solutions: Alpine starts, always. “", "There is a reason that the guides get the clients going at 3 a.m.,” says Jackson. ", "Scout thoroughly before your climb, so you’ll know the approach well enough to be able to do it in the dark. ", "Be comfortable moving together on easier terrain. “", "You can’t belay 20 pitches on the upper Exum Ridge,” says Jackson, “or if you do, you better be quick about it.”", "\n\nProblem: Panicky retreats. ", "One cause of serious accidents is anchor failure, usually associated with retreat in the face of a quick-moving storm. “", "I have come across some of the scariest-looking anchors in the Tetons over the years, mostly slings over all manner of loose-looking blocks,” says Jackson. “", "Some people get away with it, and some do not.” ", "Solutions: If you decide to retreat, be as quick as you can without breaking basic rules such as double-checking knots and rappel set-ups. ", "Build solid anchors.", "\n\nProblem: Weakness in mountaineering fundamentals. ", "Even in the rocky Tetons, many accidents involve slips on snow and failure to self-arrest (see “Slip-Sliding Away”). ", "Solutions: Learn the basics at lower elevations. “", "Rope work, belaying, anchoring, placing protection—be well practiced with these arts before you even get here,” says Jackson. ", "Inquire at the Jenny Lake Ranger Station about snow levels and other conditions to make sure you’re carrying appropriate equipment.", "\n\nSLIP-SLIDING AWAY: Slips on snow are a frequent cause of accidents in the Tetons, which is surprising to those who consider it primarily a rock climbing area. ", "Says Jackson: “I think that, in general, the Tetons were a snowier range back in the day. ", "More recently, with droughtlike conditions prevailing, the range has acquired an alpine rock climbing reputation. ", "People have gotten used to doing the approaches to most climbs in approach shoes. ", "But in the last few years, this has changed. ", "With a couple of heavy winters, the snow in the Tetons has stuck around longer, and it has taken a few folks by surprise.” ", "Bottom line: Check the latest snow conditions, and come prepared with the appropriate skills and gear.", "\n\nOne false step can turn a snow hike into a crevasse-rescue scenario. ", "Photo by Gabe Rogel / Aurora Photos\n\nGLACIER AND SNOW CLIMBING\n\nCase study: Mt. Rainier National Park, Washington\n\nLate May in 2002: Pinned down by a whiteout after summiting Liberty Ridge, with darkness approaching, four climbers—two men and two women—attempted to dig in. ", "The wind had made it impossible to erect the tents; their efforts to dig a snow cave were thwarted by an impenetrable ice layer three feet down.", "\n\nThey prepared to shelter in two shallow snow dugouts, covered by tent fabric, but as one team member was digging, he slipped and fell out of sight down a 50-degree ice slope. ", "As his partner rushed over to the other pair to report the incident, she collapsed the precarious shelter housing them. ", "Another climber, unable to locate a boot shell after the collapse, also slipped while trying to resurrect the shelter. ", "He slid several hundred feet down the ice slope, landing near the first fallen climber, whom he found dead from the fall.", "\n\nThough he was unhurt, without his boot shell the second fallen climber was unable to re-ascend to the other two team members, who, in the end, would die of exposure at their shallow snow trench. ", "The climber found a bit of natural shelter and a sleeping bag that had fallen from above, survived the night, and the next day made his way down the Winthrop Glacier, eventually alerting rangers.", "\n\nTHE RANGER: Glenn Kessler has been a climbing ranger on Rainier since 2000, after eight years on Mt. Hood. ", "He is also owner and director of MountainSavvy, providing avalanche safety instruction during Rainier’s off-season, and has been involved in more than 100 Pacific Northwest searches and rescues.", "\n\nTHE TERRAIN: Mt. Rainier has the largest base-to-summit relief of any peak in the Lower 48 (over 13,000 feet), and is also the most glaciated, with two dozen named glaciers covering more than 36 square miles. ", "A stunningly beautiful mountain, it is also a dangerous one, with long snow and ice climbs that expose climbers to Alaska-scale crevasse hazards and staggering temperature variations over the course of an ascent, even in normal conditions. ", "The multi-day nature of most climbs also exposes many mountaineers to the full fury of alpine storms.", "\n\nSCENARIOS AND SOLUTIONS: What causes climbers to get into trouble on the mountain? “", "Underestimating Mt. Rainier,” says ranger Glenn Kessler. “", "Get conditioned for your climb by climbing other easier peaks at elevation.”", "\n\nProblem: Failing to study a weather forecast. “", "The weather is the single-most important game changer on Mt. Rainier,” Kessler says. ", "Solutions: Get a detailed forecast specifi cally for the mountain, such as the seven-day Mt. Rainier Recreational Forecast, which also gives current wind and temperature readings from various elevations, including Paradise (5,420’), Camp Muir (10,188’), and the summit (14,411’). ", "atmos.washington.edu/ data/rainier_report\n\nProblem: Underestimating required skills. “", "By choosing to climb Mt. Rainier, one chooses big-glacier travel,” says Kessler. ", "The rope work associated with crevassed terrain can be some of the most complicated in climbing. ", "Solutions: “Climbers must be able to read a glacier, have the appropriate gear, and, most important, have the knowledge and skill to use that gear,” Kessler explains. ", "This means hands-on experience with self-arrest, crevasse extraction, and navigating in zero-visibility conditions.", "\n\nProblem: Underestimating the effects of altitude. ", "From trailhead to summit, climbing Rainier requires 4,000 feet more elevation gain than climbing the Grand Teton or Longs Peak. ", "If you are making a quick trip from a sea-level city, the effects are even greater. “", "Everything becomes more diffi cult at altitude,” says Kessler, “including walking, drinking, and eating. ", "The brain simply does not work as well, and poor decisions may be made as a result.” ", "Solutions: Adjust your time estimates relative to lower and smaller peaks. ", "Plan time to acclimatize; force yourself to eat and drink adequately; and watch each other for the physical or mental effects of altitude. “", "Stop, drink, and eat often,” says Kessler. “", "Better decisions are made during a rest break than when on the move.”", "\n\nProblem: Choosing inexperienced partners. ", "The standard route up Rainier appears to require little more than steep snow hiking, making it a tempting excursion on which to bring along inexperienced friends. ", "Yet if someone falls into a crevasse or becomes ill, or stormy weather moves in, the climb may suddenly turn very serious. ", "Solutions: “While it is popular to take novices up Mt. Rainier,” says Kessler, “it is critical to have a good ratio of skilled mountaineers to novices if this is to be done safely.” ", "Guide services often draw the line at two clients per guide; for private parties, one experienced mountaineer for every novice is more like it, with two experienced mountaineers minimum.", "\n\nProblem: Summit fever. “", "Attempting to summit when weather conditions, route condition, or a team members’ physical or mental status indicate it is time to turn around often has bad results,” says Kessler. ", "Solutions: “Have a plan specifying turn-around time, trigger points for weather, and whether the team may split,” Kessler says. “", "Communicate it to others, agree on it, and follow it.”", "\n\nProblem: Poor communication. ", "It’s not always easy to know what’s going on at the other end of the rope, especially when visibility is low. “", "Loss of communication somewhere between the leader and last climber leaves the team vulnerable,” Kessler explains. ", "Solutions: Check in frequently with all team members. ", "Take breaks that bring the team back into close contact, and assess everyone’s mental and physical states.", "\n\nDAMAGE CONTROL: What can you do to maximize your survival chances and help rescuers do their job if you do get in trouble?", "\n\nGive someone at home your exact climbing plans so they can relay this information should you get into trouble. ", "That person’s contact info should be included on your climb card when registering with rangers (see below).", "\n\nHave several team members bring fully charged cell phones. ", "All phones should be turned off when carried, and used sparingly, so you’ll have plenty of power should a problem arise.", "\n\nCarry self-evacuation equipment (e.g., a super-lightweight fabric sled) and practice using it.", "\n\nRegister your Rainier climb by completing the required “climb card,” which allows rangers to quickly identify who might be in trouble, what equipment you have, and your travel plan. ", "See nps.gov/mora/planyourvisit/climbing.htm.", "\n\nHELP?!", "\n\nCall 911 only when you really need help, Kessler says. ", "Before you call, collect the following information. ", "Cell phone service is notoriously bad on big peaks, and you may get cut off at any time, so give this information right away: We are on the mountain at [Mount Rainier National Park] at __________ feet of elevation on the _____________ climbing route. ", "We need help. ", "We have a climber(s) with ____________________ (injuries and/or medical conditions). ", "My name is ___________________, and this cell phone number is ___________________. ", "The weather conditions are ___________________ (temperature, precip, winds, visibility). ", "Our plan is to ______________________________. ", "Here is what I think we are going to need: ______ ______________________________. ", "Our GPS coordinates are __________ by __________. ", "If a medical condition is an issue, keep track of vitals and symptoms. ", "If a helicopter is expected, search for a good landing zone or pick-off point, and secure any loose items. ", "See flightforlifecolorado.org/selectingalandingzone." ]
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[ "ISLAMABAD,\nNov 21 (APP): Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan Wednesday\nsaid that if the issue of Karkey Power Plant was not resolved then it\nmay have negative impact on Turkish investors who are keen to invest in\nPakistan. ", "The\nTurkish Prime Minister who arrived here straight from the airport to\nattend the D 8 Summit held one on one meet..... Read more\n\nPakistan\nplans to honor Malala Yousafzai, the schoolgirl education campaigner\nshot by the Taliban, by opening special schools in her name for poor\nchildren, officials said yesterday.", "\nThe\n“Malala Schools” are planned for 16 areas around Pakistan affected by\nconflict or natural disasters, Nafisa Shah, chairwoman of the National\nCommission f..... Read more\n\nPakistan's\nforeign minister distances her government from extremist groups, but\nadmits there are stark challenges ahead.", "The Haqqani network is still\nfighting against NATO forces in Afghanistan.", "\nLast\nweek the US designated the group as a terror organization and pushed\nthrough a resolution at the UN targeting it for global sanctions.", "\nWestern le..... Read more" ]
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[ "SBCCE President, Rep. Justin Chenette, attended the United Way of York County Maine Day of Caring Kickoff on June 4th to say a few words and present a legislative pin to the Youth Spirit of Service Award Recipient Porter Washington of Saco. ", "He is a student at Thornton Academy who is really making a difference in our community and in the lives of his peers." ]
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[ "Have You Played Vampire: The Masquerade – Bloodines?", "\n\nShare this:\n\nHave You Played? ", "is an endless stream of game retrospectives. ", "One a day, every day of the year, perhaps for all time.", "\n\nI’ve checked the RPS master Have You Played document seven times now, convinced that I’ve made an error. ", "How could we not have written one about Vampire Bloodlines yet? ", "In many respects, the modern gothic RPG is the ur-RPS game, a game of promise and ambition way before its time – and way beyond its own capabilities – and one with Things To Say in addition to darkness and choice and strangeness and cities and consequences.", "\n\nThere is so much wrong with Bloodlines, and it isn’t ageing as well as one might hope. ", "It doesn’t matter. ", "None of it matters. ", "Because there is so much right, so much that seems somehow more startling now. ", "This was a game from Activision. ", "Activision! ", "And it’s about sex and abuse and power and sadism and humanity and loss and regret and, yes, also a lot of fighting things in tunnels. ", "Its heart is dark, its mind inquiring and it haunts my memory still.", "\n\nIt wasn’t really finished, famously. ", "This seemed a tragedy at the time, but these days it somehow bolsters Bloodlines’ legend. ", "A game that was not meant for this world, but which somehow squeezed the best part of it in through some portal to some other, better dimension. ", "One where games like this were the standard, rather than a darkly beautiful exception.", "\n\nI know it is difficult to fit a large game into one’s life when that game is several years old and large new games are arriving all the time. ", "But, if you haven’t before, do yourself a favour and go play Bloodlines’ first zone, then leave. ", "It opens so strongly and sets itself a precedent it cannot realistically meet, but those first two or three hours will reveal all you need to know about why Bloodlines is so revered, and so treasured.", "\n\nIt’s a cult classic for a reason: there’s never been anything quite like it since. ", "Certainly never anything like the Malkavian playthrough, anyway.", "\n\nThis game felt like a world, not just a collection of levels. ", "Which is odd, because it’s not like the levels were particularly big, or even particularly packed with detail by modern standards. ", "But it had so much personality, so much character, that I felt as immersed in it as I ever have with any game. ", "For some reason it’s the clubs (with their wonderfully dated mid-aughts goth-rock) that stick in my memory the most. ", "More games should have scenes set in clubs.", "\n\nOf course it falls apart completely at certain points (I went through the last few levels in god-mode, after things just got too frustrating), but still. ", "Until we get this franchise’s equivalent of Human Revolution, Bloodlines remains a really singular experience.", "\n\nExaclty this, it has personality. ", "It doesn’t rely on collectibles, or in a certain number of quests/levels structure like it was a to-do list to develop, and to play. ", "It doesn’t waste our time with boring activities or useless backtracking, it just… exists, like a real world.", "\n\nWhen I first entered my apartment in this game, I’ve felt like it was actually my home, my haven (specially when Heather came to live with me).", "\n\nI’ve finished it a dozen times already, and still play it (with or without mods). ", "For me this game has reached a point in the video game history where it wasn’t a planned accomplishment, but a development accident. ", "It won’t ever happen again, even if Activision resurrect Troika with every and each team member from that time.", "\n\nThis game is full of memorable moments and places, I could talk about it for ages… Other places that I feel as they’re real: Club Asylum, Confession, Asp Hole, Vesuvius… Damn, that Velvet Velour… VV, for friends, lol!", "\n\nIt’s possible. ", "Some of the Troika guys are at Obsidian, Paradox just bought the VTM rights and Obsidian and Paradox are tight with each other at the moment. ", "It feels like something *should* happen there.", "\n\nI’m Icelandic and with ties to CCP and still think it truly was a good day when they sold the rights to World of Darkness and all subsidiaries. ", "Paradox and/or Obsidian really could do something with that license. ", "Unfortunately, my old mates really never knew what they had in their hands.", "\n\nFew games are able to immerse me so fast and to such an extent as Bloodlines. ", "No other game has as good and varied voice acting, dialogue or facial expressions.", "\n\nI’m as surprised as RPS that isn’t hasn’t come up sooner in their HYP segment. ", "With the number of articles about it, they’re almost as into it as I am. ", "It’s only my most played Steam game and that’s after I had played it a dozen times, when my discs got corrupted, so I had to buy it again. ", "I would play it more, but have sworned to let go of the past and embrace the future (aka, reduce my backlog).", "\n\nHere we are, 12 years later, and there is still nothing quite like Bloodlines. ", "I still do the occasional playthrough every few years. ", "The unofficial patch fixes pretty much everything and if you are looking for more, there are tons of mods with new factions, quests and more.", "\n\nI hate vampires in general, but I loved this game soooo many times it counts as a common law marriage. ", "Just so well written (er…not well coded…) that it could eat a whole weekend without batting an eye. ", "Whenever I see someone shouting that Witcher 3 is the best RPG eva I want to sit them down with my laptop for a play through of this one. ", "I love Witcher 3 don’t get me wrong, but after a couple hours you figure out that there are X different question actions (witcher sense the clues, hunt the werewolf in the cave, dive to the ship, etc). ", "Bloodlines was continually different and exciting.", "\nMaybe one of these days a studio will take a break from creating new +MOBA! ", "games and actually create something similar\n\nHow can you mention this game but not the community ?", "\nThe base game has loads of problems, but those are fixed by Wesp5. ", "The latest Unofficial Patch was made March of this year.", "\nThe dedication to this game is fantastic.", "\n\nMy partner’s version stopped working suddenly late last year and even the fan patches haven’t yet fixed it. ", "Some windows or driver update breaking compatibility is the most likely culprit, but neither of us have yet figured out exactly what or why.", "\n\nI started playing a few weeks after a major patch milestone was hit. ", "As I recall, the devs were proud that they had managed to get rid of all known crash bugs. ", "When the game crashed within five minutes in a way that seemed unique to me, I decided that I would probably need to wait a few more years.", "\n\nCalling the game a mess is not some kind of attack on it, its fans or its modding community. ", "It’s simply an observation.", "\n\nYeah, it’s still pretty incredible that there’s almost no other RPGs like Bloodlines. ", "I knew almost nothing about the VtM universe when I played it for the first time (I bought a boxed copy in a store the week of release, prior to Steam or the fan patch), and decided to play as a Malkavian due to the personality quiz you can take at the start of the game. ", "WOW, WAS THAT THE CORRECT CHOICE.", "\n\nI ended up actually finishing the game with my first character, but in hindsight I have no idea how I managed to avoid all of the game-ending bugs. ", "Maybe the Malkavian powers saved me?", "\n\nI tried playing it again once the fan patches started, and at this point I’ve played through most of the game using almost every family. ", "There’s just something about the whole experience that hasn’t been replicated elsewhere. ", "That almost every vampire bloodline has its own unique experiences and interactions that you only get to see once, and only if you play into each bloodlines’ quirks and character. ", "Going back now, the VtM version of early 2000s L.A. is almost quaint, and it still feels “real and lived in” despite the claustrophobic level design and total lack of AI civilians going about their nightly lives that more recent games (like Witcher 3, Watch_Dogs, Fallout 3, NV, 4, etc.) ", "have since made a standardized feature. ", "I mean, there are still civilians wandering around, but they don’t really do anything other than stand around waiting for you to snack on them.", "\n\nStill, Bloodlines is full of great moments, from the Haunted House to the Werewolf Park and everything in between. ", "It’s great, despite the janky combat, bugs, and unfinished parts. ", "I’m really hoping that teams like CD Projekt Red can put some of the lessons taught by this game into use for their future projects like Cyberpunk, as it would be a shame for such great design to be lost to time.", "\n\nI’ve played through it multiple times. ", "Different clans and choices make it replayable and different each time. ", "Some quests I didn’t even find again on later playthroughs. ", "It was all a rare case of feeling like I lived in the world, rather than just playing a game. (", "Same with System Shock 1 and 2, Deus Ex 1 and 2).", "\n\nYou say there’s nothing like it, but I see its fingerprints on all sorts of modern games.", "\n\nIt was “Guns and Conversation” before Mass Effect took that ball and ran with it. ", "It was “Choice and Consequence” before TellTale distilled those into their purest form. ", "It was the lone “Immersive Sim” candle keeping the flame going in the dark days of the early 2000’s. ", "It had an entire level without combat or stealth or NPC’s, just exploration and the story of an empty house, long before Gone Home. ", "It was body horror and jumpscares before Amnesia. ", "It was puppetmaster plot-twist as metacommentary on player agency before “Would You Kindly” was a twinkle in Bioshock’s eye.", "\n\nI would have played it through somewhere around 8-10 times modded to varying degrees. ", "It would be about four years since my last play through. ", "I should probably mention that I am very much an RPG player perspective. ", "I could not recommend it to a shooter/combat fan in 2004.", "\n\nOn finishing the game for the first time, I think I had more luck with bugs than most (or maybe the Fallout games and Arcanum had me going in with a very forgiving/resigned attitude to non-game killing bugs). ", "I decided to play it as a Malkavian, which is a unique experience to say the least.", "Especially because he was a greedy bastard and opted to take the McGuffen for himself at the end. ", "That said, I liked most of the endings and thought they were appropriate.", "\n\nI also loved the radio. ", "The call made by the writer while you are in Hollywood, but there is a lot of funny stuff across all the hubs.", "\n\nIn many ways it is the mirror opposite of the Bethesda Fallout games, so much depth and content got loaded into giving the game personality and the role playing aspect that the rest of the game suffered.", "\n\nA better question would be can I even recall how many times have I’ve replayed VTM: Bloodlines.", "\nBought it around release because the boxart looked cool and happily struggled through the bugs and I’ve played the patched version countless times. ", "The Santa Monica hub will always be one of my favorite videogame locations.", "\n\nI absolutely agree that the first area/act of this game is worth a play through. ", "Maybe even two if you want to get the normal experience AND the Malkavian (for those unfamiliar, think Fallout 1&2’s low intelligence dialogues, but for an insane person). ", "The first act twist is great and the haunted mansion was one of the first genuinely scary levels I’ve ever played in a game.", "\n\nSo much is great about this game. ", "It’s worth a couple of playthroughs, possibly three (Malkavian, Nosferatu and a ‘normal’ clan), just because of the different ways they interact with the world. ", "Some of the twists are brilliant – because they’re all foreshadowed, unlike so many modern twists (across all media…) and when you play again you can pick up the clues. ", "The incidental bits – the late night radio, the news, all are high quality. ", "It maybe suffers from trying to squeeze in everything from the V:TM world, but only a little.", "\n\nAnd the house. ", "The house. ", "The most scared I’ve been playing a game, ever.", "\n\nI enjoyed the very early parts, loved the haunted house bit, then got into some fights I couldn’t win. ", "Was the combat awful for everyone, or do I just suck at it? ", "Either way, I stopped dead (ha!) ", "at that point and never returned. (", "I think it was at a train yard?) ", "No idea how far I was through the game.", "\n\nThere are basically stealth/non-combat choices for the whole game except for the bosses, you just have to explore a bit. ", "I think it’s easier to start off with melee weapons no matter what you’re focusing on, because you need like 5 points in firearms to hit something. ", "Depending on your clan, you can use your vampiric powers to kill others, buff/debuff or cloak yourself.", "\n\nIt’s too bad Troika’s games were so buggy. (", "Actually properly and consistently so, unlike when people make the same complaint about Obsidian.) ", "If they hadn’t been, I like to think they’d be in full flourish nowadays instead of a fading memory. ", "Their games weren’t perfect in any sense, but they do so many things so very, very well and Bloodlines was the best of the lot. ", "So many variable approaches, so much atmosphere. ", "And a far better stab at the Vampire: The Masquerade license than Redemption, the previous weirdly Diablo-like approach from a completely different developer. (", "Though that game does have its own weird charm.)", "\n\nThis game is screaming for an update (If I’m not mistaken it was the first game released on the HL2 engine?) ", "They’ve updated System Shock etc.. I would love a professional clean up of Bloodlines or even better Obsidian to release a new Bloodlines RPG.", "\n\nTroika games were beautiful games I adored all of them especially Arcanum and Bloodlines which were buggy masterpieces – and they were masterpieces, possibly because of the bugs. ", "Bloodlines offered differing play throughs depending on what Clan you chose to go with – I played Gangrel first, then Tremere, Nosferatu and then I played Malkavian and it was flipping glorious in all it’s plays – Malkavian was by far the most unique and highly enjoyable to a degree that is not felt in the sterile RPG’s of today. ", "To be fair the Witcher feels “gritty” as well and doesn’t play as a “sterile” game.", "\n\nThe setting was dark but not total bleakness, it was humourous, horrific and eye opening all in one experience – it as also one hell of a ride." ]
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[ "Kerlink &\nInternet of Things America Enable IoT Networks For Agriculture and Towns across Rural U.S.\n\nPartnership Takes Wireless Services to New Dimensions\nWhile Offering a Quality Customer Experience\n\nKerlink, a\nspecialist and global leader in solutions dedicated to the Internet of Things\n(IoT), and Internet of Things\nAmerica (IoT America), a U.S. company dedicated to deploying IoT\nsolutions across rural America, today announced they have teamed up to quickly\nand easily transform the way rural businesses work by maximizing the power,\nease-of-use and security the Kerlink platform brings to these businesses\nthrough Kerlink stations and core-network software.", "\n\nAs part of the joint effort, IoT America is creating a\nfirst-of-its-kind practice with strategic advisors who are solely focused on\nhelping its customers change the way they work across their entire\norganization, from implementing location functions such as assets, facilities,\nfield services and safety, to improving R&D, inventory management and\nback-office systems.", "\n\nKerlink and IoT America will also collaborate on the\ndevelopment of a new service offering from IoT America designed to help clients\nfully take advantage of the ecosystem of hardware, software and services in the\nmarketplace. ", "The new offering will help clients discover the highest-impact\npossibilities within their industries and quickly develop LoRaWAN™ solutions\nthrough proven methods, benefiting from industrial-grade and future-proof IoT\ndedicated connectivity.", "\n\n“IoT America was founded to deliver the benefits of advanced\ntechnologies, connectivity and solutions to rural America,” said Jeff Klaumann,\nInternet of Things America CTO. “", "We are focused on addressing the needs of\ngrowers, producers, agricultural businesses and small towns. ", "Our clients\nrecognize the power of technology in optimizing their operations, which has\nenabled new distribution opportunities for our solution partners.”", "\n\n“IoT America created a new consumption model that\nefficiently brings the Internet of Things directly to the vast rural areas of\nthe United States and allows agriculture producers, small businesses and\nmunicipalities to quickly rollout customized networks and actionable field\nsolutions,” said Yannick Delibie, Kerlink CTIO and CEO of Kerlink Inc., the\ncompany’s U.S. subsidiary. “", "Together Kerlink and IoT America are a perfect\nmatch: Kerlink brings cost-efficient, mature and performant low-power wide-area\nconnectivity for solution providers like IoT America to deploy and manage a\ngrowing number of smart-agriculture and smart-town use cases. ", "These include\ncrop, soil and weather analytics, livestock monitoring, asset and building\nmanagement, metering and remote smoke, gas and fire alerting. ", "Kerlink’s\none-stop-shop Network-as-a-Service full opex model also helps our partners to\nstreamline their investment and to focus on sales and marketing activities,\nwhile leveraging from the start an industrial-grade and future-proof IoT\ndedicated connectivity.”" ]
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[ "et p be 0/(2 + -1) - -1. ", "Let r(g) = 16*g + 2. ", "Let z be r(0). ", "Solve -p = 3*b + z for b.\n-1\nSuppose -2*n = -3*n + d + 4, d = -2. ", "Suppose n*m - 7*m + 37 = -4*u, 0 = -5*u + 10. ", "Suppose 2*k + 68 = 78. ", "Solve -m - 1 = k*f for f.\n-2\nSuppose 0 = 6*j - j. Suppose -5*t - 4*k + 0*k = -21, -t = 2*k - 3. ", "Suppose 83 = t*c + 73. ", "Solve x = -j*x + c for x.\n2\nSuppose 0*f + 4*f = -32. ", "Let k be 2/2 + (-1 - f). ", "Solve v = -3*v + k for v.\n2\nLet n be (-3)/(-9)*(116 - 98). ", "Solve 0 = n*v - 2221 + 2227 for v.\n-1\nSuppose -4*n + 1698 = -10*n. ", "Let i = n - -296. ", "Solve -18*w = -i*w for w.\n0\nLet k(n) = n**3 - 8*n**2 - 8*n - 4. ", "Let v = -578 - -587. ", "Let d be k(v). ", "Solve d*t = 4*t for t.\n0\nSuppose 5*w - 103 = -p, -3*w - 11*p + 14*p = -69. ", "Solve 2*f - 31 + w = 0 for f.\n5\nLet t(d) = -d**3 + 14*d**2 - d + 20. ", "Let y be t(14). ", "Let v be 1 + (-24)/y + 6. ", "Suppose 0 = -v*r + r - 3*c - 7, -4*r = 2*c - 6. ", "Solve 0*k - r = -2*k for k.\n2\nLet x be 592/10 + (-13 - 704/(-55)). ", "Suppose 8*b - 483 = -x. ", "Solve -z + b = 57 for z.\n-4\nLet q(j) = -3*j**2 + 217*j - 298. ", "Let l be q(70). ", "Solve -13*a - l = -127 for a.\n-5\nLet w = -5788 + 5926. ", "Solve 0 = -55*a + 78*a + w for a.\n-6\nLet i(q) = 2*q**3 + 8*q**2 + 6*q + 2. ", "Let z be i(-8). ", "Let g = 587 + z. Solve -9*u - 2 = -g for u.\n3\nLet z(h) = 2*h**3 + 8*h**2 + h + 6. ", "Let v be z(-4). ", "Solve 12*a = 14 - v for a.\n1\nSuppose -3*a + 23 - 143 = 0. ", "Let p be 0*((-6)/20)/(48/a). ", "Suppose 5*c + 3*w + 2*w = 50, -c - 2*w + 11 = p. Solve -3*o - c = -0*o for o.\n-3\nLet w = -792 + -41. ", "Let h = 835 + w. Suppose -g + 6*g = 30. ", "Solve -h*o = o + g for o.\n-2\nSuppose 31*j - 302*j - 11141 = -69677. ", "Solve 33*y - 9*y - j = 0 for y.\n9\nLet i be (-78)/(-195) - (2124/15)/(-6). ", "Solve 20*d - i*d = 0 for d.\n0\nSuppose 0 = -8*f + 7*f - 146. ", "Let j = f - -218. ", "Let k be j/42 + (-6)/(-21). ", "Solve 2*c = -k*c - 8 for c.\n-2\nLet z(v) = 2*v**2 - 100*v + 644. ", "Let n be z(7). ", "Solve 0 = n*y - 66 + 234 for y.\n-4\nLet h = 6 - 4. ", "Let v be (-27)/(-1) + (-2 - -3). ", "Let g = v + -27. ", "Solve -h*w - g = -11 for w.\n5\nLet t = 13112 - 13105. ", "Solve 0 = 3*j - t*j for j.\n0\nLet h = -15550 - -15563. ", "Solve -h*f - 42 = -146 for f.\n8\nLet u be (-1 - -5)*((-2967)/(-460) - (-12)/(-10)). ", "Solve -62*o + 55*o = u for o.\n-3\nLet h be -30*(-15)/(-45) - -15. ", "Solve -11*u = -h*u + 18 for u.\n-3\nSuppose -193 = -18*y - 805. ", "Let q be 6/(-51) - (1296/y - 0). ", "Solve -q*n = -41*n + 6 for n.\n2\nLet c be ((-4)/5 - 0)*(-2420)/8. ", "Suppose 9*m = c - 224. ", "Solve -m*p + 33 = 27 for p.\n3\nSuppose 0 = -3*h + 5*h - 24. ", "Let t = 16 - h. Let y be (-1)/(t/(-30))*18/9. ", "Solve 2*s + 3*s - y = 0 for s.\n3\nLet h(n) = -2*n - 62. ", "Let l be h(-32). ", "Suppose 0 = -5*f + l*m - 7*m + 15, -4*m + 14 = 5*f. ", "Solve -9 + 1 = f*c for c.\n-4\nLet q(b) = -b**2 - 5*b - 1. ", "Suppose 5*c = 2*t + 21, -2*c + 16 = 3*t - 0. ", "Let a be q(c). ", "Let k = a - -51. ", "Solve j + 0*j + 3 = k for j.\n-3\nLet k be -1 + 15 + (-4 - (-20 - (-1 - 9))). ", "Solve -k = -6*z + 2*z for z.\n5\nLet a = 19195 - 19178. ", "Suppose -2*l - 5*o - 2 = 0, -5*o - 6 = -2*l + 12. ", "Solve -a = -l*m - 5 for m.\n3\nSuppose 0 = 2*o - 4*g - 52, -3*o - 127*g + 132*g = -75. ", "Solve -12 = -16*j + o for j.\n2\nLet p(t) = -2*t**2 + 22*t + 199. ", "Let d be p(-16). ", "Let l = d - -672. ", "Solve -l*q + 5 = -8*q for q.\n-5\nSuppose 0 = -3*h - 4*a + 115, 31*a - 203 = -5*h + 30*a. ", "Solve -17*w - h = 44 for w.\n-5\nLet q(o) = 304*o - 1214. ", "Let h be q(4). ", "Solve -h*n - 4 = -20 for n.\n8\nSuppose -4*u = f - 3, -149*f = -2*u - 144*f - 15. ", "Solve u = 5*q - 3 - 12 for q.\n3\nLet t(a) = -a**2 + a + 3. ", "Let s be t(-3). ", "Let l(p) = -p + 1. ", "Let j be l(s). ", "Let o be 748/51 + 1/3. ", "Solve 5*g - o = j for g.\n5\nLet r(m) = -2*m**3 - 3*m**2 + 9*m + 34. ", "Let i be r(-3). ", "Solve -21*b + i*b + 26 = 0 for b.\n-2\nSuppose 2*m = -3*n + 97, 14*n = 2*m + 18*n - 100. ", "Solve -44*b - m = -33*b for b.\n-4\nLet r(y) = -9*y + 31. ", "Let c(o) = 7*o - 28. ", "Let u(j) = -5*c(j) - 4*r(j). ", "Let x be u(-9). ", "Solve 4*g = x*g - 15 for g.\n5\nSuppose -3*r - 384 = -0*r. ", "Suppose 36*q + 44*q + 17568 = -64*q. ", "Let p = q - r. Solve -p = -g - g for g.\n3\nLet r = -26297 - -26340. ", "Solve 8*h = r*h - 210 for h.\n6\nSuppose -3*b - 5*p = -35, 0 = -4*b + 2*p + 35 + 3. ", "Suppose 0 = b*t - 56 - 44. ", "Solve 14 = 2*j + t for j.\n2\nLet b be (6 - (7 + 4)) + 68. ", "Suppose -22*c + b = 19. ", "Solve -c*w + 20 = -7*w for w.\n-4\nSuppose -3*s + 27*s = 476 + 100. ", "Solve s*g + 30 = 6 for g.\n-1\nLet i = 52 + -36. ", "Let w be 1386/(-84)*4/(-3). ", "Let c = w - i. Solve -3*d + 0 = -c for d.\n2\nSuppose -3*u + 74 + 108 = 5*r, -3*u - 35 = -2*r. ", "Solve -r*j - 79 = 48*j for j.\n-1\nSuppose 3*p - 3*d - 111 = 0, -3*p + 33*d + 107 = 28*d. ", "Solve 7*z - 11 = -p for z.\n-4\nSuppose 56*w - 8035 = 533. ", "Solve -w*u + 85 = -170*u for u.\n-5\nLet d be (-30)/3*(-8)/10. ", "Suppose -11 = d*z + 13. ", "Let b be z/2*(-8)/3. ", "Solve -b*r = r + 5 for r.\n-1\nLet h = 204 - 121. ", "Suppose 3*z + 68 = h. Solve 0*d - 5*d = z for d.\n-1\nSuppose 51*d + 27991 = 209*d + 6661. ", "Solve 128*a = d*a - 14 for a.\n2\nSuppose 5*w = 12 + 133. ", "Let o = -26 + w. Suppose o = 10*l - 9*l. ", "Solve l*i = -i + 12 for i.\n3\nLet o be ((-24)/(-21))/4 + 309/21. ", "Suppose 0 = 14*w - 15*w - o. Let t = w + 18. ", "Solve -2*y + 13 - t = 0 for y.\n5\nSuppose -552 - 351 = -142*g - 51. ", "Solve 30 = g*s + 4*s for s.\n3\nLet r be (-2)/(3 - 11/3). ", "Let u(z) = 32 - 15*z + 29*z - z. Let s be u(-2). ", "Solve 6*p + s = r*p for p.\n-2\nSuppose -7 = -h - 5. ", "Suppose -j + 27 = 4*w, -3*j - 4*w + 135 = 2*j. ", "Let b = 32 - j. Solve b*i = 8 + h for i.\n2\nLet j = -194 - -107. ", "Let h = j + 90. ", "Solve 2*s + 25 = -h*s for s.\n-5\nLet r = 294 + -291. ", "Suppose 3*j - 12 = -2*u + 5*j, -4*u = -r*j - 19. ", "Solve -w + 2 = u for w.\n1\nLet q be 4*(-12)/(-8)*1/6. ", "Let m = 16 + q. Solve -18*i + m*i = 0 for i.\n0\nLet m(f) = 67*f**3 + 2*f**2 - 3*f - 1. ", "Let g be m(1). ", "Solve 79*w - g = 92*w for w.\n-5\nLet p = -7363 + 7363. ", "Solve p = 12*h - 37 + 61 for h.\n-2\nLet o = -38 + 40. ", "Let s = 4 - o. Suppose 3*j + 18 = b + 2*b, 0 = b - s*j - 10. ", "Solve 3*x + b*x = 0 for x.\n0\nSuppose -5*v = -2*f + 8963 + 507, -v = -3*f + 14244. ", "Solve 4*x = 4734 - f for x.\n-4\nLet u(h) = -31*h - 9. ", "Let y = -249 - -248. ", "Let g be u(y). ", "Solve g*w - 17*w = 15 for w.\n3\nLet t(l) = -2*l**3 + 20*l**2 - 3*l - 14. ", "Let u = 58 - 48. ", "Let d be t(u). ", "Let y = d + 45. ", "Solve -8 = -3*i + y for i.\n3\nSuppose -453*x + 459*x = 42. ", "Solve 0 = 2*d - x - 1 for d.\n4\nSuppose f - 3 = 2. ", "Suppose f*i = -2*x + 6*x + 186, 5*x - i + 222 = 0. ", "Let v = x - -45. ", "Solve v = -3*k + 13 for k.\n4\nSuppose 384*x + 20 = 11 + 9. ", "Solve x = 81*t + 586 - 19 for t.\n-7\nLet s(o) = o**3 + 18*o**2 - o + 60. ", "Let a be s(0). ", "Solve 546 - 66 = a*h for h.\n8\nLet f(r) = r**3 + 11*r**2 + 24*r + 7. ", "Let z be f(-8). ", "Suppose 135 = 20*n + z*n. ", "Solve -1 = -b - n for b.\n-4\nSuppose 0 = s - 239 + 237. ", "Suppose 0*b - 5*n = 2*b + 2, 4*b + 3*n - 10 = 0. ", "Let l = 5 - b. Solve s*p + l = p for p.\n-1\nLet o be (-597)/2*(1 - 8 - -9). ", "Let m = o + 604. ", "Solve -m = 6*n - 37 for n.\n5\nSuppose -3*p - 5*o + 909 = 929, 5*p + 4*o = -16. ", "Solve 334*q - 351*q + 102 = p for q.\n6\nLet c = -4 + 7. ", "Let s = 14474 + -14472. ", "Solve j = -c - s for j.\n-5\nSuppose 85*j - 37 = 2*j + 46. ", "Solve 4*w + 25 - j = 0 for w.\n-6\nSuppose -8*h + 27*h = -41*h + 240. ", "Solve -h*q + 91 = 87 for q.\n1\nSuppose 5*g - 2*g = 72. ", "Suppose 4*u = -k - k, -2*u = -5*k + g. Let z be -1 + k + -3 - -5. ", "Solve z*c - 8*c + 6 = 0 for c.\n2\nLet m(o) = 32*o - 14*o + 2 - o**3 - o**3 - 4*o**2 - 17*o. ", "Let b be m(-2). ", "Solve -l + 0*l = b for l.\n0\nSuppose -10*x + 292 = 4*p - 14*x, -14 = -2*x. ", "Solve -17*m - p = -29 for m.\n-3\nLet a be (94/4*5)/((-4145)/(-3316)). ", "Solve 3*o + 115 = a for o.\n-7\nSuppose 13*v = -3*v + 304. ", "Suppose v = 13*o - 46. ", "Solve 0*q + 25 = -o*q for q.\n-5\nSuppose 55*w - 1317 = -29*w + 5067. ", "Solve 61*m - w*m = -75 for m.\n5\nLet m(w) = -w + 10. ", "Let i be m(0). ", "Let v = 46101 + -46096. ", "Suppose -3*z - 60 = -7*z. ", "Solve v*g = i + z for g.\n5\nLet u be 3*-2 + -7 + 8 - -3. ", "Let n be 0*u/6*17/(-85). ", "Let i be ((-6)/(-4))/(3/6). ", "Solve 4*v - i*v - 2 = n for v.\n2\nLet f be 0 - -2 - 21/3. ", "Let c(r) be the first derivative of r**3/3 + 5*r**2/2 + 3*r + 1012. ", "Let a be c(f). ", "Solve u = -a*u for u.\n0\nSuppose -4*u - 4 = 4*j - 28, u - 24 = 5*j. ", "Solve -5*g - u*g - 84 = 0 for g.\n-6\nLet k(f) = 6*f + 10. ", "Let w(p) = -2*p - 3. ", "Let q(h) = -4*k(h) - 11*w(h). ", "Let u be q(-7). ", "Let m = 1772 + -1770. ", "Solve -m*o + 5 = -u*o for o.\n-1\nLet j = -234 + 298. ", "Suppose -j = 3*l - 94. ", "Solve l*h - 8 = 6*h for h.\n2\nSuppose 20*r - 905 - 1775 = 0. ", "Solve -r*t = -120*t - 70 for t.\n5\nSuppose 14" ]
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[ "Titled “Welcome Home to the Sh—hole of Annandale, VA,” the two-year-old video, viewed more than 1 million times, has new life thanks to a Reddit post. ", "And its creator, Angelo Mike — that’s his real name — is facing alleged backlash from his landlord while the rest of us contemplate whether Annandale is, as the video claims, a “funnel for the dregs of society.”", "\n\nAD\n\nAD\n\n“I think people identify with it,” Mike said in a telephone interview. “", "There’s a lightness to the video that’s obviously a parody of a tour of a city, and I try to keep a lightness to the stuff that’s ugly and awkward and unpleasant about Annandale.”", "\n\nIn this and other videos on his YouTube page, Mike takes aim at Annandale’s traffic and crime, fronting the thesis that the Northern Virginia community of about 41,000 is “awkwardly put together.”", "\n\n“There’s nothing routine about Annandale,” according to the video’s voice-over. “… ", "Every day, you may have to run across four lanes of traffic just to get to your car, and there’s multiple thefts every week within a three-block radius of Columbia Pike and Backlick Road.”", "\n\nAD\n\nSuch harsh words challenge an aging vision of Fairfax County as a suburban paradise — a tech enclave with good schools and good government, albeit one struggling with changes in population and unemployment in the wake of the Great Recession.", "\n\nAD\n\nSome commenters on the Reddit post came to Annandale’s defense. ", "One thought the video came “from the mind of an entitled suburban kid.” ", "Another wrote: “Still beats Springfield.”", "\n\n“Although like most places it has its list of things to improve, it’s definitely not as bad as the video,” one recent comment on the video’s YouTube page read. “", "It’s part of one of the richest counties in the country. ", "You can definitely get much worse in the Washington DC area, even N.va.”", "\n\nAD\n\nMike, a 31-year-old Arlington native who does freelance videography and works security at a bar when not making viral videos, isn’t saying Annandale’s the worst.", "\n\n“I don’t think anyone would be confused in thinking that this is literally worse than Flint, Michigan, or a crime-ridden part of Chicago or Detroit,” he said. “", "Or North Korea or whatever.”", "\n\nAD\n\nAlthough Annandale is known as a Korean enclave, Mike, who is of Greek descent, stressed that his critique wasn’t race-based.", "\n\n“I just think that’s unfair,” he said of some people’s tendency to stereotype “poor people of a certain color and ethnicity.” “", "It’s not a kind thing to do. ", "It’s unfortunate people do it.”", "\n\nAD\n\nNor Mike does even spare his own home on Elan Court.", "\n\nHis critique, Mike said in a video called “Can I Crash on Your Couch?” ", "posted on Wednesday, led to a confrontation with his landlord that, after two years, may force him to find new housing.", "\n\n“I see things differently from her,” he said of his landlord. “", "There’s a little bit of an edge about her. ”", "\n\nCarlos Prado, the property’s owner, said he wasn’t aware of any problems with the home, and that Mike is “complaining about everything in life.”", "\n\nAD\n\n“I think this guy has more problems than some cleaning issues in the house between grown men,” Prado, who lives in Annandale, said. ", "He added that Mike had “illegally” taped his roommates, and would likely have to move out “just because of the relationship he has with other tenants.”", "\n\nMike said he would love to find a one-bedroom condo. ", "And perhaps a change of address is a good idea. ", "If he hates Annandale, why not move on — even if it means abandoning his greatest subject matter?" ]
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[ "Q:\n\nHow to add/remove a fieldset when click on button\n\nI'm programming in Angular2/Typescript and for the add form, I need to add the possibility to add/remove a fieldset in which the input are linked to a ViewModel. ", "So basically, I have a principal ViewModel which comprises a table of the secondary ViewModel (fieldset). ", "I tried different things, but I'm new in Angular so I'm probably missing important things.", "\nHere is the code of my HTML code :\n\n<div class=\"form-group\">\r\n <div>\r\n <label>Customer : </label>\r\n <select class=\"form-control\" required ngControl=\"viewModel.selectedCustomerStr\"\r\n [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.selectedCustomerStr\">\r\n <option value=\"\"></option>\r\n <option *ngFor=\"#customer of viewModel.customersListStr\" [value]=\"customer\">{{customer}}</option>\r\n </select>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>Service provided: </label>\r\n <select class=\"form-control\" required ngControl=\"viewModel.serviceProvidedStr\"\r\n [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.serviceProvidedStr\">\r\n <option value=null></option>\r\n <option *ngFor=\"#service of viewModel.servicesListStr\" [value]=\"service\">{{service}}</option>\r\n </select>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>Service window : </label>\r\n <select class=\"form-control\" required ngControl=\"viewModel.selectedServiceWindowStr\"\r\n [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.selectedServiceWindowStr\">\r\n <option value=null></option>\r\n <option *ngFor=\"#window of serviceWindowListStr\" [value]=\"window\">{{window}}</option>\r\n </select>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <fieldset *ngFor=\"#choice of choices\">\r\n <legend>DRP contact information</legend>\r\n <div>\r\n <label>DRP contact name:</label>\r\n <input placeholder=\"Contact's Name\" type=\"text\" maxlenght=50 [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.contactName\"\r\n class=\"form-control\" required ngControl=\"name\" #name=\"ngForm\">\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>Start time:</label>\r\n <input class=\"form-control\" ngControl=\"timeStart\" required type=\"time\"\r\n [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.timeStart\">\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>End time:</label>\r\n <input class=\"form-control\" ngControl=\"timeEnd\" required type=\"time\"\r\n [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.timeEnd\">\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>Medium:</label>\r\n <select class=\"form-control\" required [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.selectedMediumStr\" ngControl=\"viewModel.selectedMediumStr\"\r\n #medium=\"ngForm\">\r\n <option value=\"\"></option>\r\n <option *ngFor=\"#medium of viewModel.mediumsListStr\" [value]=\"medium\">{{medium}}</option>\r\n </select>\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <div>\r\n <label>DRP contact address:</label>\r\n <input placeholder=\"Contact's address\" type=\"text\" maxlenght=100 [(ngModel)]=\"viewModel.value\"\r\n class=\"form-control\" required ngControl=\"value\" #value=\"ngForm\">\r\n </div>\r\n\r\n <button class=\"remove\" (click)=\"onRemoveFieldset()\">Remove</button>\r\n </fieldset>\r\n\r\n <button class=\"add\" (click)=\"onAddFieldset()\">Add a contact</button> \r\n </div>\n\nDo I need to change the ngModel for every input in the fieldset to match the table cell ?", "\nNext is the Typescript code :\nexport class AddDrpsComponent extends BaseComponent implements OnInit {\n viewModel:DrpDetailViewModel = new DrpDetailViewModel();\n tabDrpContact:DrpContactDetailViewModel[];\n serviceWindowListStr:String[];\n\n onAddFieldset() {\n let newItemNo = this.tabDrpContact.length +1;\n this.tabDrpContact.push(new DrpContactDetailViewModel(newItemNo));\n }\n\n onRemoveFieldset(id:number) {\n this.tabDrpContact.splice(id,1);\n }\n}\n\nFor the moment, it's just a basic add and remove who do nothing behind.", "\nPicture of the add form\nI hope to have been clear, English is not my mother tongue.", "\nCordially,\nFlorian\nEdit : Up\nEDIT 2 : Here is my two ViewModel\nimport {DrpContact} from \"./drp-contact\";\n\nexport interface Drp {\n id:number;\n serviceWindow:string;\n status:string;\n customer:string;\n serviceProvidedType:string;\n drpContactList:DrpContact[];\n}\n\n//////////////////////////////////////////////\nexport interface DrpContact {\n id:number;\n name:string;\n timeStart:string;\n timeEnd:string;\n value:string;\n mediumType:string;\n}\n\nimport {SelectOptionElement} from \"../../shared/model/select-option-element\";\nimport {Serializable} from \"../../shared/technical/serializable\";\nimport {DrpContactDetailViewModel} from \"./drp-contact-detail-view-model\";\n\nexport class DrpDetailViewModel extends Serializable {\n id:number;\n\n selectedCustomer:SelectOptionElement;\n selectedCustomerStr:string;\n serviceProvided:SelectOptionElement;\n serviceProvidedStr:string;\n selectedServiceWindow:SelectOptionElement;\n selectedServiceWindowStr:string;\n status:string;\n drpContactDetailList:DrpContactDetailViewModel[];\n\n customer:SelectOptionElement[];\n customersListStr:String[];\n service:SelectOptionElement[];\n servicesListStr:String[];\n window:SelectOptionElement[];\n}\n\n/////////////////////\n\nimport {SelectOptionElement} from \"../../shared/model/select-option-element\";\nimport {Serializable} from \"../../shared/technical/serializable\";\n\nexport class DrpContactDetailViewModel extends Serializable {\n id:number;\n contactName:string;\n timeStart:string;\n timeEnd:string;\n selectedMedium:SelectOptionElement;\n selectedMediumStr:string;\n value:string;\n\n medium:SelectOptionElement[];\n mediumsListStr:String[];\n}\n\nA:\n\nYou can just use ngFor's index to remove the correct fieldset :\nIn your template :\n<fieldset *ngFor=\"#choice of choices; let id = index\">\n //Code ...\n <button class=\"remove\" (click)=\"onRemoveFieldset(id)\">Remove</button>\n</fieldset>\n\nIn your component : \nonAddFieldset() {\n let newItemNo = this.choices.length +1;\n this.choices.push(new DrpDetailViewModel(newItemNo));\n}\n\nonRemoveFieldset(id:number) {\n this.choices.splice(id,1);\n}\n\nThis assumes you have a constructor that matches DrpDetailViewModel(id)\nclass DrpContactDetailViewModel extends Serializable {\n id:number;\n contactName:string;\n timeStart:string;\n timeEnd:string;\n selectedMedium:SelectOptionElement;\n selectedMediumStr:string;\n value:string;\n\n medium:SelectOptionElement[];\n mediumsListStr:String[];\n\n constructor(id : number) { this.id = id }\n}\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
[ 0.0006471712840721011, 0.0005926828598603606, 0.0005538022960536182, 0.0008769662817940116, 0.0010166231077164412, 0.000995476497337222, 0.0011683651246130466 ]
0.000836
7
[ "Day: March 2, 2018\n\nAngel Manor: always an amazing visit and for those trying SL golf for the first time, an excellent introduction to the game?", "\n\nCaitlyn and I have been dabbling on-and-off with golfing in Second Life. ", "Our preferred base of operations has been the AERO golf club, simply because it is so relatively quiet (see Teeing off in Second Life for more). ", "However, there are many places in SL where a round or two can be enjoyed. ", "So many, in fact, that there are doubtless favourites for many who enjoy the sport – just as those coming into it for the first time might feel a little overwhelmed. ", "Not just by the breadth of choice, but also by the prospect of trying to get around an entire 18 holes.", "\n\nOf course, you can always break your round down over a couple of sessions: find a course and do the first nine, say, then come back and complete the back nine another day. ", "Or, if that doesn’t appeal, you can always try a smaller course – such as the one at Angel Manor. ", "Here, on the south side of Kaya Angel’s magnificent 12-region estate centred on his stunning manor house, can be found a delightful 6- hole course which can serve as an excellent introduction to SL golf.", "\n\nSet within Angel Manor Park, the course covers just over half a region, and can be played using most golf systems. ", "Two systems are provided at the tee for the first hole: Fa Nyak’s basic system of club and HUD (provided free and works for about a day), and the CrowleyCorp Elite golf system. ", "The latter can be purchased outright from the vendor boards, or “rented” for L$10 per 16 hours (real-time).", "\n\nFa Nayak’s system is more than adequate for more casual golf play in SL: everything is HUD-driven, with three basic clubs provided: driver, wedge and putter. ", "The CrowleyCorp system is more sophisticated: HUD-driven again, it provides a set of 12 clubs: driver, 3 woods (1, 3, 5), five irons (5-9), a pitching wedge, a sand wedge, and a putter. ", "In addition, the HUD provides options for adjusting the club size for a better fit with different height avatars, a range of camera options, a built-in power meter, a spinner for adjusting backspin on the ball, and an animation suite (tee-up, walk to ball, drop ball, holster / unholster club from bag, if used).", "\n\nWhich of the two systems you play with is a matter of choice: Fa’s is the simpler of the two, and avoids the need to have to worry about fiddle-farting with options and settings – useful if you are just starting out. ", "The CrowleyCorp system offers a more “realistic” approach to play, although with respect to the Angel Manor course, it probably really doesn’t come into its own, the holes all being relatively short par 2 or par 3 affairs with few obstacles which have to be worked around.", "\n\nBoth systems also offer the same basic play: select your club – such as the driver (which will also tee you up) – then checking the particle wind indicator and noting the ball’s direction of flight as indicated by the arrow marker overlaying your ball. ", "The LEFT / RIGHT cursor keys can be used to adjust the latter, and to compensate for winds cutting across the ball’s line-of-flight (headwinds and tail winds are handled through the power of your stroke).", "\n\nThe Fa Nayak HUD (l) offers the essentials for good game play without overwhelming the novice. ", "The CC Elite HUD (C) offers a broader range of clubs (on the right) and additional gameplay and animation options. ", "Selection of wood, iron or wedge opens a further sub-menu of options (r), requiring a greater degree of familiarity with the function of the various clubs\n\nWhen your shot is aligned, it is then a case of pressing and holding the LEFT mouse button and monitoring the power behind your swing. ", "This is indicated by the power meter on the CrowleyCorp HUD, or in-world with the Fa Nayak system, which uses a hovertext indicator. ", "Judge the amount of power to put into a swing takes practice – and be wary of holding the mouse button down too long as the power meter reaches full strength (when needed), as this can over-drive your swing and lead to unexpected results. ", "Then, note where your ball falls, may way for your companion players, before continuing down the fairway and to the green, selecting your clubs as required by each stroke.", "\n\nGiven their relatively short par lengths, the six holes at Angel Manor can be completely pretty easily, avoiding a round from becoming too drawn-out. ", "As noted the obstacles are pretty limited, but it is still possible to get into the odd spot of bother which can make things fun. ", "But, as a gentle introduction to golf in SL, the compact size of this course makes it pretty ideal – while the choice of systems available for play gives newcomers a good feel of what to expect on other courses.", "\n\nBoth systems use essentially the same approach to play, including swing direction indicators. ", "note my camera is deliberately slewed to take this picture, and is not representative of gameplay camera positioning\n\nNor is this the only fun to be had in Angel Manor Park. ", "Sitting in the middle of this little 6-hole course is a clay pigeon shooting system. ", "Free-to-play, this is a qualification-based game: each round comprises 40 clays, with a minimum number which must be hit each round (e.g. 10 in the first), to progress to the next round. ", "At the same time, the frequency and number of clays released each time increases, and the angles of release can become more and more divergent.", "\n\nI’ve played this type of game in SL before (in fact, a really old, and no longer functional system is buried in my boxed inventory). ", "Some require the payment of a basic fee to play, others are free – the Angel Manor system, created by Abramelin Wolfe – is free to play. ", "Just get a shotgun from the board and touch the trap to start a round and go to Mouselook to shoot (left-click). ", "My one minor niggle with this system is the gun has unlimited ammo: hitting the clays is a matter of blasting away as fast as possible, rather than making shots count in the knowledge you have to “reload” every 2 shots. ", "But – it’s still fun to play.", "\n\nSo, if you’re looking for a gentle introduction to SL golf located within a eye-catching environment (and one of the grid’s most famous and stunning destinations) – and which offers something “extra” in the way of fun (blasting clays out of the sky), Angel Manor park could be just the ticket. ", "And don’t forget – there is the manor and its public grounds awaiting exploration as well!", "\n\nLike this:\n\nFemale dancing in Sansar Desktop mode – part of the Bust a Move release\n\nThe Sansar release for February 2018, called “Bust A Move” was deployed on Thursday March 1st. ", "This release builds on some capabilities added in recent Sansar releases, as well as adding some new capabilities. ", "to the mix, notably for experience creators, but also to help improve with user-user engagement.", "\n\nThe release notes provide full information on the new features, updates, documentation changes and resolved / known issues within the release. ", "The following is a general overview of the update’s key changes.", "\n\nInitial Notes\n\nAs with Sansar deployments, this update requires the automatic download and installation of a client update.", "\n\nOne launching the client the first time, following update, the log-in splash screen’s Remember Me option will be unchecked, and needed to be re-checked for log-in information to be correctly retained by the client.", "\n\nChanges to the avatar system (e.g. avatar emotes) means that on logging-in for the first time following the update, users will be placed in the LookBook (Avatar App).", "\n\nExperience Access Controls\n\nThe new means of controlling who can access an experience have been introduced with the Bust a Move release:\n\nOnly Me: only the creator can access the experience.", "\n\nGuest List: only those defined on an access list will be able to see the experience in their Atlas, and access it, regardless of whether or not they are on your Friends list.", "\n\nBan List: maintain a list of individuals specifically banned from accessing an experience (they will not see it listed in their Atlas).", "\n\nThese options work alongside the existing options of making an experience open to anyone, or limiting access to only those people on your Friends list, and are set when publishing an experience.", "\n\nThe default published status for an experience is to have to open to everyone, and with only the ban list active (if used). ", "To change this:\n\nEither edit the experience and select the Publish option or from the My Experiences list, click on the Publishing Options buttons for the experience you with to update.", "\n\nMake sure the Publishing Options > Who Can Visit tab is open (if not already selected).", "\n\nUse the top drop down (Everyone, Only the Following, Only Me) to set the initial level of access to the experience.", "\n\nSelecting Only the Following allows you to limit access to an experience to friends and / or a guest list (both can be set together).", "\n\nThe updated experience access controls mean you can now define access to an experience by both your friends list and / or a guest list, according to your preference of using one / the other / both in combination.", "\n\nNote that any experience you have set to access by friends only and / or a guest list will appear in your Atlas with a yellow icon in the top right corner of their Atlas image.", "\n\nCreating either a Guest List or a Ban List comprises the same basic steps:\n\nClick on the required Edit List button. ", "This opens the list, which will display the names of anyone already added.", "\n\nClick the correct name in the list box (if more than one) to highlight it, and then click Add Selected to add them to your list.", "\n\nRepeat for each new name; click Done when finished, to return to your updated list.", "\n\nClick Save to save the list.", "\n\nAdding people to a guest or ban list both follow the same basic steps\n\nNames can be removed at any time by clicking on any name in a list to highlight it, then clicking the Remove button – note that no confirmation is required.", "\n\nBookmark Favourite Experiences\n\nUsers can now bookmark experiences for display in a Favourites tab within both the Client and web Atlas. ", "To add an experience to your list of favourites:\n\nDisplay the information page for the experience in either the Client or web Atlas.", "\n\nClick on the heart icon to add the experience to your list of favourites. ", "The icon will turn a solid white, indicating you have added it to your favourites, and the Favourite count for the experience will increment by one.", "\n\nTo remove an experience from your Favourites, display the information page for the experience and click the heart icon again. ", "It will no longer appear solid white, indicating the experience has been removed from your favourites, and the Favourite count for the experience will decrease by one by one.", "\n\nYou can add any visible experience in the Atlas to your list of favourites by clicking the heart icon in the experience description page (arrowed). ", "This will also increment the number of favourites for the experience (circled, lower left corner)\n\nAvatar Emotes\n\nA rudimentary set of “avatar emotes” (that’s basic animations to you and me) have been added for Desktop mode with this release.", "\n\nTriggered by nearby chat commands, three basic animations are provided:\n\n/clap – Causes your avatar to clap its hands for a few seconds.", "\n\n/dance – Causes your avatar to perform a short dance.", "\n\n/thumbsup – Causes your avatar to give a “thumbs up” gesture.", "\n\nThe dance animation perhaps leaves the most to be desired, bringing to mind as it does visions of the hoary old “dad dancing at a wedding” visual gags. ", "The clapping is (for me) the most effective, and the thumbs-up sitting between the two.", "\n\nThe Lab has indicated that more sophisticated means of animating avatars will be coming down the pipe, so regard these options as just a first step along the way towards more expressive avatars.", "\n\nChat Improvements\n\nIt is now possible to access the chat app from experience load screens and the Atlas, allowing conversations to continue more broadly across Sansar.", "\n\nTHIS IS A SCHEDULED EVENT May 26, 06:00 PDT - May 28, 06:00 PDTMay 23, 15:02 PDTScheduled - In observance of Memorial Day - Premium, Concierge, and Billing live chat and phone support will be closed on Sunday, May 26, 2018. ", "Ticket submissions will remain open. ", "All support channels will re-open Tuesday, May 29, 2018 at 6 AM, PDT.", "\n\nMay 24, 12:14 PDTResolved - This incident has been resolved.", "May 22, 09:09 PDTInvestigating - We are currently preforming unscheduled maintenance on Profiles. ", "While this maintenance is in progress, Profiles may be unavailable. ", "Please watch this blog for updates.", "\n\nFlickr Photos\n\nDisclaimer\n\nThis blog is Creative Commons - Attribution - NonCommercial - Share Alike. ", "You are free to share/repost/include material in this blog part or in whole in electronic and/or printed format, providing: full and correct attribution is given; doing so is not done for commercial purposes. ", "If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you will distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar licence to this one.", "\n\nStatements made within comments submitted to this blog represent the views and opinions of those authoring them, and should not be taken as being indicative of this blog author's beliefs / opinion / view. ", "Nor should the appearance of any comments following articles within this blog be taken as any endorsement of the opinion / views / beliefs stated within those comments on the part of the blog author.", "\n\nLinks from this blog to other websites or internet locations are offered as a convenience only. ", "No warranty, express or implied, nor any legal liability is assumed for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, product, or service offered at or through such linked sites or for any consequences arising from the use or access of such links.", "\n\nCopyrights and trademarks belonging to these entities are duly acknowledged when referring products and platform operated by these entities. ", "No attempt to infringe on any such copyright or trademarks are intended within the articles and reviews published in this blog.", "\n\nThis blog is neither affiliated with, nor sponsored by, any of the above organisations." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[ 0.00059648253954947, 0.0014132721116766334, 0.0005987997865304351, 0.0006331718759611249, 0.0005626683705486357, 0.0007778097642585635, 0.0006152085261419415, 0.0005894814967177808, 0.0006938983569853008, 0.0006393297808244824, 0.0008266096701845527, 0.0005887094885110855, 0.0011353689478710294, 0.001053394633345306, 0.0006688199355266988, 0.005466321017593145, 0.0005764046218246222, 0.000734552217181772, 0.0006707761203870177, 0.0016430503455922008, 0.0005801718798466027, 0.0007095192559063435, 0.000655938230920583, 0.0008718913304619491, 0.0009137926972471178, 0.0006842633010819554, 0.0005604695179499686, 0.0005471081240102649, 0.0005836277268826962, 0.0006492457468993962, 0.0016762145096436143, 0.0006928813527338207, 0.0005871273460797966, 0.0006770080653950572, 0.000667739484924823, 0.06448382139205933, 0.008523165248334408, 0.0006974738789722323, 0.0006102048209868371, 0.0007915119058452547, 0.0007725102477706969, 0.0006400582497008145, 0.0005381761584430933, 0.0005262432969175279, 0.0005649293889291584, 0.0005898454692214727, 0.000544486683793366, 0.0005577567499130964, 0.00058723398251459, 0.0006154481670819223, 0.0007799273589625955, 0.0005375706823542714, 0.0005830583977513015, 0.0005912221386097372, 0.0005397527129389346, 0.0007232963107526302, 0.0005959217087365687, 0.0005626410129480064, 0.0006070446106605232, 0.0007560873054899275, 0.0006260766531340778, 0.0007092633168213069, 0.0007078450289554894, 0.0009799256222322583, 0.0007000420009717345, 0.0005829708534292877, 0.0005662099574692547, 0.0005952932988293469, 0.0005874685011804104, 0.0006498192669823766, 0.0005887139705009758, 0.0005414126208052039, 0.000737770926207304, 0.0006792923668399453, 0.0010220857802778482, 0.0009499802836216986, 0.0014360654167830944, 0.0005609585787169635, 0.0005576793919317424, 0.0005430704331956804, 0.0006217668997123837, 0.0005675885477103293, 0.0006276676431298256, 0.0005906501901336014, 0.000623825762886554, 0.00055375398369506, 0.0005416036583483219, 0.0007758027641102672, 0.0006085098721086979, 0.0006853623199276626, 0.0005610531661659479, 0.0006525518256239593, 0.00055177032481879, 0.000665036088321358, 0.0005452147452160716, 0.0007715148967690766, 0.0007614737842231989 ]
0.001483
97
[ "The Surprise Pregnancy Announcement Youtube Video is practically its own genre, but this one has a twist: The expectant and delighted grandparents are two men. ", "And they're jump-up-and-down excited.", "\n\n\nI won't ruin the delight of watching the whole thing yourself, but suffice to say, their joy is contagious. ", "If this is what happens when \"traditional\" families are destroyed by gay couples, then sign me up.", "\n\nThis makes me wish that there was such thing as a gay grandpa matching service that paired grandchildless gay couples of a certain age with people who can't see their families on the holidays. ", "There'd be sweater wearing and movie renting nonstop laughs for everyone.", "\n\n\nAnyway, eat your heart out, NOM.", "\n\n[via]" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
[ 0.0006389539339579642, 0.034538738429546356, 0.001162341795861721, 0.09165307879447937, 0.060095660388469696, 0.0013414141722023487, 0.30033764243125916, 0.0006688528228551149 ]
0.061305
8
[ "Engineering bacterial microcompartment shells: chimeric shell proteins and chimeric carboxysome shells.", "\nBacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are self-assembling organelles composed entirely of protein. ", "Depending on the enzymes they encapsulate, BMCs function in either inorganic carbon fixation (carboxysomes) or organic carbon utilization (metabolosomes). ", "The hallmark feature of all BMCs is a selectively permeable shell formed by multiple paralogous proteins, each proposed to confer specific flux characteristics. ", "Gene clusters encoding diverse BMCs are distributed broadly across bacterial phyla, providing a rich variety of building blocks with a predicted range of permeability properties. ", "In theory, shell permeability can be engineered by modifying residues flanking the pores (symmetry axes) of hexameric shell proteins or by combining shell proteins from different types of BMCs into chimeric shells. ", "We undertook both approaches to altering shell properties using the carboxysome as a model system. ", "There are two types of carboxysomes, α and β. ", "In both, the predominant shell protein(s) contain a single copy of the BMC domain (pfam00936), but they are significantly different in primary structure. ", "Indeed, phylogenetic analysis shows that the two types of carboxysome shell proteins are more similar to their counterparts in metabolosomes than to each other. ", "We solved high resolution crystal structures of the major shell proteins, CsoS1 and CcmK2, and the presumed minor shell protein CcmK4, representing both types of cyanobacterial carboxysomes and then tested the interchangeability. ", "The in vivo study presented here confirms that both engineering pores to mimic those of other shell proteins and the construction of chimeric shells is feasible." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
[ 0.0006408010958693922, 0.000774094951339066, 0.0006189204286783934, 0.0006023526657372713, 0.0005702624912373722, 0.000651329115498811, 0.0006184825906530023, 0.0007698242552578449, 0.0006012442754581571, 0.0006300368695519865, 0.0005612408858723938, 0.0005684128263965249 ]
0.000634
12
[ "Arsenal want defensive midfielder signing, Arsene Wenger confirms\n\nArsenal are ready to sign a defensive midfielder this summer, according to Arsene Wenger.", "\n\nThe Daily Telegraph report that the Gunners will enter the market following the injury sustained by Mikel Arteta in the UEFA Champions League playoff first leg against Besiktas, and William Carvalho, Sami Khedira and Lars Bender are the three names being considered.", "\n\n“We are not against that, no,” responded Wenger to journalists when asked if the Gunners would move for an anchor player before the end of August, which is just about as positive as the wily French coach gets when it comes to commenting on potential signings.", "\n\nThe Gunners have had a solid start to the season, thrashing Manchester City to claim the Community, winning their opening Premier League game, and drawing against Besiktas in Turkey as mentioned, but strength in depth in defensive areas could hamper their progress.", "\n\nCalum Chambers has played at centre back in the absence of Per Mertesacker, while Arteta and Mathieu Flamini are the Gunners’ only options in holding midfield.", "\n\nIt would appear that Wenger is keen to resolve his team’s issues as soon as possible." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[ 0.0008919303072616458, 0.0006022367160767317, 0.0006770361214876175, 0.000826197792775929, 0.000966465100646019, 0.0005937723908573389 ]
0.00076
6
[ " UNPUBLISHED\n\n UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS\n FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT\n\n\n No. ", "98-4259\n\n\n\nUNITED STATES OF AMERICA,\n\n Plaintiff - Appellee,\n versus\n\n\nCARL HARRISON,\n\n Defendant - Appellant.", "\n\n\nAppeal from the United States District Court for the Southern\nDistrict of West Virginia, at Charleston. ", "Charles H. Haden II,\nChief District Judge. (", "CR-97-143)\n\n\nSubmitted: June 22, 1999 Decided: July 16, 1999\n\n\nBefore HAMILTON and MICHAEL, Circuit Judges, and HALL,* Senior\nCircuit Judge.", "\n\n\nAffirmed by unpublished per curiam opinion.", "\n\n\nHerbert L. Hively, II, Hurricane, West Virginia, for Appellant.", "\nRebecca A. Betts, United States Attorney, Monica K. Schwartz,\nAssistant United States Attorney, Charleston, West Virginia, for\nAppellee.", "\n\n\nUnpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.", "\nSee Local Rule 36(c).", "\n\n\n *\n Senior Judge Hall participated in consideration of this case\nbut died prior to the time the decision was filed. ", "The decision is\nfiled by a quorum of the panel pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 46(d).", "\n\fPER CURIAM:\n\n Appellant Carl Harrison appeals his 170 month sentence based\n\nupon his guilty plea guilty to distributing crack in violation of\n\n21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1) (1994) and aiding and abetting money laun-\n\ndering in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a)(1)(B)(i) (West 1994 &\n\nSupp. ", "1999). ", " Harrison argues on appeal that the district court\n\nclearly erred in calculating his relevant conduct when it accepted\n\nthat quantity of drugs supplied by allegedly incredible witnesses\n\ntestifying at sentencing.", "\n\n We have reviewed the parties’ submissions, the record, and the\n\napplicable law, and affirm. ", " We find that the district court’s\n\nfindings as to the credibility of the sentencing witness was not\n\nclearly erroneous, and thus the district court properly calculated\n\nHarrison’s relevant conduct based upon that testimony. ", " See United\n\nStates v. D’Anjou, 16 F.3d 604, 614 (4th Cir. ", "1994) (stating that\n\na district court’s factual findings are binding unless clearly\n\nerroneous); United States v. Williams, 977 F.2d 866, 870 (4th Cir.", "\n\n1992) (stating that a district court’s relevant conduct determina-\n\ntion is reviewed “with due deference to the trial court’s oppor-\n\ntunity to assess credibility”).", "\n\n Accordingly, we affirm Harrison’s conviction and sentence. ", "We\n\ngrant Harrison’s unapposed motion to waive oral argument because\n\nthe facts and legal contentions are adequately presented in the ma-\n\n\n 2\n\fterials before the court and argument would not aid the decisional\n\nprocess.", "\n\n\n\n\n AFFIRMED\n\n\n\n\n 3\n\f" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "FreeLaw" }
[ 0.0007549511501565576, 0.0006695154006592929, 0.0007660200353711843, 0.0007098009227775037, 0.0005959052359685302, 0.0006784751894883811, 0.0006738536176271737, 0.000697456591296941, 0.0006494487170130014, 0.0005867229192517698, 0.0006376875680871308, 0.0006744093261659145, 0.001111754565499723, 0.0007397858425974846, 0.0006368661415763199, 0.0005261455080471933, 0.0006144710932858288, 0.0008004953851923347, 0.0007223263964988291, 0.0006761391996406019, 0.0006623548688367009, 0.0007363766198977828, 0.0007377135334536433 ]
0.000698
23
[ "// Copyright 2019 The Prometheus Authors\n// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the \"License\");\n// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.", "\n// You may obtain a copy of the License at\n//\n// http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0\n//\n// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software\n// distributed under the License is distributed on an \"AS IS\" BASIS,\n// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.", "\n// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and\n// limitations under the License.", "\n\npackage procfs\n\nimport (\n\t\"bufio\"\n\t\"bytes\"\n\t\"fmt\"\n\t\"strconv\"\n\t\"strings\"\n\n\t\"github.com/prometheus/procfs/internal/util\"\n)\n\n// A MountInfo is a type that describes the details, options\n// for each mount, parsed from /proc/self/mountinfo.", "\n// The fields described in each entry of /proc/self/mountinfo\n// is described in the following man page.", "\n// http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man5/proc.5.html\ntype MountInfo struct {\n\t// Unique Id for the mount\n\tMountId int\n\t// The Id of the parent mount\n\tParentId int\n\t// The value of `st_dev` for the files on this FS\n\tMajorMinorVer string\n\t// The pathname of the directory in the FS that forms\n\t// the root for this mount\n\tRoot string\n\t// The pathname of the mount point relative to the root\n\tMountPoint string\n\t// Mount options\n\tOptions map[string]string\n\t// Zero or more optional fields\n\tOptionalFields map[string]string\n\t// The Filesystem type\n\tFSType string\n\t// FS specific information or \"none\"\n\tSource string\n\t// Superblock options\n\tSuperOptions map[string]string\n}\n\n// Reads each line of the mountinfo file, and returns a list of formatted MountInfo structs.", "\nfunc parseMountInfo(info []byte) ([]*MountInfo, error) {\n\tmounts := []*MountInfo{}\n\tscanner := bufio.", "NewScanner(bytes.", "NewReader(info))\n\tfor scanner.", "Scan() {\n\t\tmountString := scanner.", "Text()\n\t\tparsedMounts, err := parseMountInfoString(mountString)\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn nil, err\n\t\t}\n\t\tmounts = append(mounts, parsedMounts)\n\t}\n\n\terr := scanner.", "Err()\n\treturn mounts, err\n}\n\n// Parses a mountinfo file line, and converts it to a MountInfo struct.", "\n// An important check here is to see if the hyphen separator, as if it does not exist,\n// it means that the line is malformed.", "\nfunc parseMountInfoString(mountString string) (*MountInfo, error) {\n\tvar err error\n\n\tmountInfo := strings.", "Split(mountString, \" \")\n\tmountInfoLength := len(mountInfo)\n\tif mountInfoLength < 11 {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.", "Errorf(\"couldn't find enough fields in mount string: %s\", mountString)\n\t}\n\n\tif mountInfo[mountInfoLength-4] !", "= \"-\" {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.", "Errorf(\"couldn't find separator in expected field: %s\", mountInfo[mountInfoLength-4])\n\t}\n\n\tmount := &MountInfo{\n\t\tMajorMinorVer: mountInfo[2],\n\t\tRoot: mountInfo[3],\n\t\tMountPoint: mountInfo[4],\n\t\tOptions: mountOptionsParser(mountInfo[5]),\n\t\tOptionalFields: nil,\n\t\tFSType: mountInfo[mountInfoLength-3],\n\t\tSource: mountInfo[mountInfoLength-2],\n\t\tSuperOptions: mountOptionsParser(mountInfo[mountInfoLength-1]),\n\t}\n\n\tmount.", "MountId, err = strconv.", "Atoi(mountInfo[0])\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.", "Errorf(\"failed to parse mount ID\")\n\t}\n\tmount.", "ParentId, err = strconv.", "Atoi(mountInfo[1])\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, fmt.", "Errorf(\"failed to parse parent ID\")\n\t}\n\t// Has optional fields, which is a space separated list of values.", "\n\t// Example: shared:2 master:7\n\tif mountInfo[6] !", "= \"\" {\n\t\tmount.", "OptionalFields, err = mountOptionsParseOptionalFields(mountInfo[6 : mountInfoLength-4])\n\t\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\t\treturn nil, err\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn mount, nil\n}\n\n// mountOptionsIsValidField checks a string against a valid list of optional fields keys.", "\nfunc mountOptionsIsValidField(s string) bool {\n\tswitch s {\n\tcase\n\t\t\"shared\",\n\t\t\"master\",\n\t\t\"propagate_from\",\n\t\t\"unbindable\":\n\t\treturn true\n\t}\n\treturn false\n}\n\n// mountOptionsParseOptionalFields parses a list of optional fields strings into a double map of strings.", "\nfunc mountOptionsParseOptionalFields(o []string) (map[string]string, error) {\n\toptionalFields := make(map[string]string)\n\tfor _, field := range o {\n\t\toptionSplit := strings.", "SplitN(field, \":\", 2)\n\t\tvalue := \"\"\n\t\tif len(optionSplit) == 2 {\n\t\t\tvalue = optionSplit[1]\n\t\t}\n\t\tif mountOptionsIsValidField(optionSplit[0]) {\n\t\t\toptionalFields[optionSplit[0]] = value\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn optionalFields, nil\n}\n\n// Parses the mount options, superblock options.", "\nfunc mountOptionsParser(mountOptions string) map[string]string {\n\topts := make(map[string]string)\n\toptions := strings.", "Split(mountOptions, \",\")\n\tfor _, opt := range options {\n\t\tsplitOption := strings.", "Split(opt, \"=\")\n\t\tif len(splitOption) < 2 {\n\t\t\tkey := splitOption[0]\n\t\t\topts[key] = \"\"\n\t\t} else {\n\t\t\tkey, value := splitOption[0], splitOption[1]\n\t\t\topts[key] = value\n\t\t}\n\t}\n\treturn opts\n}\n\n// Retrieves mountinfo information from `/proc/self/mountinfo`.", "\nfunc GetMounts() ([]*MountInfo, error) {\n\tdata, err := util.", "ReadFileNoStat(\"/proc/self/mountinfo\")\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treturn parseMountInfo(data)\n}\n\n// Retrieves mountinfo information from a processes' `/proc/<pid>/mountinfo`.", "\nfunc GetProcMounts(pid int) ([]*MountInfo, error) {\n\tdata, err := util.", "ReadFileNoStat(fmt.", "Sprintf(\"/proc/%d/mountinfo\", pid))\n\tif err !", "= nil {\n\t\treturn nil, err\n\t}\n\treturn parseMountInfo(data)\n}\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[ 0.0005964319570921361, 0.0005538194091059268, 0.0005652320105582476, 0.0006880062283016741, 0.0005812567542307079, 0.0007429046090692282, 0.0011435617925599217, 0.0008266840595752001, 0.0006546819349750876, 0.0008539956179447472, 0.0020445638801902533, 0.00126107526011765, 0.0014577494002878666, 0.0006191761931404471, 0.003065587719902396, 0.0021121951285749674, 0.0014049721648916602, 0.0009627989493310452, 0.0008067014277912676, 0.0009362412965856493, 0.001630632672458887, 0.001445277943275869, 0.0008327512769028544, 0.0009998645400628448, 0.0015308596193790436, 0.001445277943275869, 0.0006932402611710131, 0.0011881595710292459, 0.0007963192765600979, 0.0008921869448386133, 0.0016244658036157489, 0.001931699807755649, 0.0010088590206578374, 0.0010068411938846111, 0.0010001794435083866, 0.0007851151167415082, 0.0011110086925327778, 0.0010504898382350802, 0.0015451309736818075, 0.0012611926067620516, 0.0009541470208205283, 0.0011420213850215077, 0.0011986825847998261, 0.0017476285574957728 ]
0.001152
44
[ "Introduction {#Sec1}\n============\n\nDNA is the macromolecule that harbors all information required for life. ", "In eukaryotes three nuclear RNA polymerases (RNAPI--III) are necessary to read out this information. ", "While RNAPI transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA)^[@CR1]^, RNAPIII mediates transcription of rRNA, transfer RNAs (tRNA) and other small RNAs^[@CR2]^. RNAPII is important for transcription of protein-coding genes, as well as for synthesis of non-coding RNAs^[@CR3]--[@CR5]^.\n\nAll three RNA polymerases are under control of several posttranslational modifications. ", "However, specifically transcription by RNAPII is regulated by phosphorylation that chiefly targets Rpb1's carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) heptapeptide repeats (consensus sequence YSPTSPS)^[@CR6]^, which serve as platform for factors involved in transcription, chromatin modification, mRNA splicing and export^[@CR7],[@CR8]^. Phosphorylation of serine-5 (S5P) of the CTD repeats appears to be largely specific for Rpb1 molecules localized to promoters^[@CR9],[@CR10]^. Serine-2 phosphorylation (S2P) in contrast is a hallmark for elongating polymerases and ChIP signals using S2P-specific antibodies steadily rise downstream of transcription start sites and culminate at the 3'-ends of genes^[@CR9],[@CR11]--[@CR13]^.\n\nHighly problematic for all RNA Polymerases are bulky DNA lesions on the coding strand as they may behave as \"roadblocks\" leading to persistent stalling of the progressing protein complexes. ", "A key mechanism to remove bulky DNA adducts and to avoid cell cycle arrest and cell death is nucleotide excision repair (NER)^[@CR14],[@CR15]^. Yet to conduct DNA repair the machinery first needs to gain access to the lesion that is masked by a stalled polymerase and here, several possibilities exist. ", "First, the RNA polymerase can simply be released from the DNA to allow access. ", "This has been shown to occur for RNAPI and RNAPII, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood^[@CR16]--[@CR18]^. Second, RNAPII backtracking from the lesion can facilitate repair without dissociation. ", "This is made possible by the proofreading activity of RNAPII, which allows the complex to backtrack during transcription^[@CR19],[@CR20]^. After RNAPII backtracking and successful DNA repair, reactivation of transcription requires RNA transcript cleavage for repositioning of the 3′-end with the active center of RNAPII^[@CR21],[@CR22]^. Finally, active removal or even degradation of the stalled polymerase may serve as a temporary relief and perhaps facilitate DNA repair^[@CR23]--[@CR25]^.\n\nPrevious work has demonstrated that in cells exposed to UV light, which leads to pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts in DNA, Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNAPII, becomes short-lived through degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)^[@CR26]^. By monitoring the entire population of Rpb1 using Rpb1-specific antibodies, it was initially shown that Rpb1 is ubiquitylated by the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5, which binds to the CTD of Rpb1^[@CR27]--[@CR31]^. Other studies found that Rpb1 ubiquitylation is mediated by an Elongin-Cul3-dependent ubiquitin ligase complex (Cul3-Roc1-Elc1-Ela1)^[@CR32],[@CR33]^. Later, it was suggested that the two distinct ubiquitin ligases act within a sequential pathway^[@CR23],[@CR34]^. In the current model, Rpb1 is first mono-ubiquitylated or modified by a lysine-63 (K63)-linked poly-ubiquitin chain. ", "The de-ubiquitylation enzyme Ubp2 removes Rsp5-dependent K63-linked poly-ubiquitin chains to mono-ubiquitylation, allowing the Elongin-Cul3 ligase to add K48-linked poly-ubiquitin chains that induce Rpb1 degradation^[@CR34]^. Another de-ubiquitylation enzyme, Ubp3, was suggested to reverse both Rpb1 poly- and mono-ubiquitylation^[@CR35]^. Removal of K48-linked poly-ubiquitylated Rpb1 from damaged DNA is furthermore dependent on the ATPase Cdc48^[@CR36]^. To this end, Cdc48 cooperates with the adaptor proteins Ubx4/Ubx5 to mediate extraction of Rpb1 from the chromatin-bound RNAPII complex and subsequent delivery to the proteasome for degradation^[@CR36],[@CR37]^.\n\nApart from the above-mentioned negative regulation by ubiquitin, the catalytic core domain of Rpb1 is also modified with SUMO, which requires the SUMO ligase Siz1 together with the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9^[@CR38],[@CR39]^. SUMOylation of Rpb1 is induced upon DNA damage or transcriptional impairment, but has not been linked to Rpb1 ubiquitylation or proteasomal degradation. ", "Instead, this modification is thought to restrain DNA damage signaling induced by a stalled RNAPII complex^[@CR39]^.\n\nIn this study, we revealed a further layer of RNAPII regulation upon DNA damage in the budding yeast *Saccharomyces cerevisiae*. ", "Focussing on the transcription-engaged pool of RNAPII we discovered a SUMO-dependent mechanism, which specifically controls the serine-2 phosphorylated (S2P) form of RNAPII. ", "Upon UV treatment, we observed rapid SUMOylation of Rpb1-S2P and subsequent decrease of both S2P- and SUMO-modified Rpb1. ", "Disappaerance of S2P-modified Rpb1 is dependent on the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase Slx5-Slx8, the ubiquitin/SUMO- dependent segregase Cdc48 and the proteasome.", "\n\nResults and Discussion {#Sec2}\n======================\n\nS2-phosphorylated Rpb1 declines upon DNA damage induction via a mechanism involving the proteasome and Cdc48 segregase {#Sec3}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nThe fate of transcriptionally stalled RNAPII upon DNA damage has been investigated previously^[@CR26],[@CR28]--[@CR30],[@CR34]^. Degradation of the RNAPII largest subunit Rpb1 has been shown using antibodies recognizing the entire Rpb1 pool (such as monoclonal antibodies 4H8 and 8WG16)^[@CR26],[@CR34],[@CR40]^. As the fate of elongating RNAPII, which would collide with DNA lesions is particularly relevant, we aimed to monitor the S2-phosphorylated form as a proxy for elongating RNAPII (monoclonal antibody 3E10^[@CR9],[@CR40]--[@CR42]^). ", "To assay RNAPII levels, we challenged budding yeast cells with an acute dose of UV light (400 J/m^2^) and probed samples at different time points after irradiation by western blotting using the different antibodies. ", "Using antibodies against the entire pool of Rpb1 (4H8 and 8WG16), we observed a moderate loss of Rpb1 signals over 4 hours indicating degradation^[@CR26],[@CR27],[@CR34],[@CR43]^ (Fig.", " [1A](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, left and central panel and Fig.", " [1B](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "When we used the S2P-specific antibody (3E10) to probe these samples, we observed that the Rpb1 S2P signal started to decrease 2 h after UV treatment and dropped almost by fivefold within 4 h after UV treatment (Fig.", " [1A](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panel and Fig.", " [1B](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, UV treatment had no discernable effect on the Rpb1-S5P signal (Fig.", " [S1A](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, right panel). ", "Although we followed the same Western Blot densiometry protocol in all experiments, it needs to be noted that effects observed with different antibodies might be difficult to compare in quantitative manner. ", "Nonetheless, we found striking that specifically the elongating, S2-phosphorylated form of RNAPII underwent strong changes after UV treatment.", "Figure 1S2-phosphorylated Rpb1 disappears upon DNA damage induction via a mechanism involving the proteasome and the segregase Cdc48. (**", "A**) Levels of Rpb1 and modified forms in WT cells treated with UV irradiation (400 J/m^2^) followed by a recovery time course in YPD media in the dark, which blocks repair by photolyase. ", "For the western blots (WB) antibodies against the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1 were used. ", "3E10 recognizes phosphorylated serine-2 in the CTD^[@CR9],[@CR13],[@CR41]^, 4H8 and 8WG16 recognize the CTD independently of any modification^[@CR82],[@CR83]^. Pgk1 served as loading control. (**", "B**) Quantification of Rpb1 signals as in (**A**). ", "Quantification was performed on LI-COR Odyssey with normalization to Pgk1. ", "Data represent mean ± standard deviation calculated from four biological replicates, presented as relative amount to the untreated (-UV) sample. (", "C + D) Rpb1-S2P levels in WT, proteasome mutant *cim3-1* (**C**) and *cdc48-6* or *cdc48-3* (**D**) cells after UV irradiation (400 J/m^2^) followed by a recovery time course in YPD media. ", "Cells were shifted to 37 °C for 1 h before irradiation and for the recovery phase. ", "For the western blots (WB) anti-Rpb1 (3E10) antibody was used. ", "Dpm1 served as loading control.", "\n\nTo further analyze whether the drop in Rpb1-S2P levels was due to protein turnover, we treated cells with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide with or without additional induction of UV damage. ", "While in cycloheximide-treated cells the Rpb1-S2P turnover was moderate (Fig.", " [S1B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, left panel), the Rpb1-S2P signal dropped much faster, when a combination of CHX and UV treatment was used (Fig.", " [S1B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}, right panel). ", "A UV dose of 400 J/m^2^ is lethal for the majority of cells, but UV-induced reduction in the Rpb1-S2P signal occurred in a dose-dependent manner over a wide range of UV doses (50 J/m^2^ -- 400 J/m^2^, Fig.", " [S1C--E](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nWe also used the UV-mimetic compound 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO)^[@CR44]^, which induces DNA damage through reactive oxygen species that is also repaired by nucleotide excision repair. ", "Also treatment of yeast cells with 20 µg/ml 4NQO caused a decrease in the Rpb1-S2P signal (Fig.", " [S1F](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}).", "\n\nPrevious work has demonstrated that exposure to UV or 4NQO leads to degradation of Rpb1 by the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS)^[@CR26],[@CR27],[@CR34]^. Therefore we wanted to clarify, whether the observed loss of the Rpb1-S2P signal was also dependent on the proteasome. ", "Indeed, the Rpb1-S2P signal remained stable when proteasome mutant *cim3-1* cells were treated with UV light (Fig.", " [1C](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Moreover, when we tested for involvement of the ubiquitin/SUMO-dependent segregase Cdc48^[@CR36],[@CR45],[@CR46]^, we found that the Rpb1-S2P signal was stabilized in UV-challenged *cdc48-6* and *cdc48-3* mutant cells (Fig.", " [1D](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overall, these data suggest that the elongating, S2-phosphorylated pool of RNAPII is diminished after DNA damage in a manner that depends on the proteasome and Cdc48.", "\n\nUV damage triggers Ubc9-, Siz1- and Siz2-dependent SUMOylation of Rpb1 {#Sec4}\n----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nAfter UV irradiation, we consistently observed a slower migrating Rpb1 species that reacted with all Rpb1 antibodies used, suggesting that this was a post-translationally modified version of Rpb1. ", "Levels of this modified Rpb1 species were especially pronounced at early time points after UV exposure (Fig.", " [1A](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Several RNAPII subunits were previously reported to be SUMO substrates^[@CR47],[@CR48]^ and Rpb1 specifically becomes SUMOylated^[@CR38],[@CR39],[@CR48],[@CR49]^. We therefore tested whether the observed slower migrating species is a SUMOylated form of Rpb1. ", "We expressed a variant of SUMO (Smt3 in yeast) fused with an N-terminal GFP-tag (*GFP-SUMO*). ", "Expression of GFP-SUMO caused an upshift of the slower migrating species of Rpb1 (Fig.", " [2A](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}), suggesting it was indeed SUMO-modified Rpb1. ", "To confirm this finding, we also probed immunoprecipitated Rpb1 from unchallenged and UV-treated cells by western blotting with a SUMO-specific antibody and found that the upshifted Rpb1 species after UV damage contained SUMO (Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, WT + UV).Figure 2Rpb1 of elongating RNAPII is SUMOylated upon UV treatment. (**", "A**) Rpb1-S2P and the corresponding SUMO-modified form in WT cells and cells expressing GFP-tagged SUMO after UV irradiation (400 J/m^2^) followed by a recovery time course in YPD medium. ", "SUMOylation is indicated by mobility shift of Rpb1-S2P with the tagged SUMO protein. ", "The 3E10 antibody was used to detect Rpb1. ", "Dpm1 served as loading control. (**", "B**) Immunoprecipitation of Rpb1 with Rpb1-S2P-specific antibody (3E10) from UV-treated and untreated WT, *ubc9-1*, *siz1Δ*, *siz2Δ* and *siz1Δ siz2Δ* double mutant cells. ", "SUMOylated species of Rpb1 were detected by western blotting (WB) using SUMO-specific antibody.", "\n\nNext, we introduced mutations into the SUMO pathway. ", "Using mutants of the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 and the SUMOligases (Siz1 and Siz2), we corroborated previous findings^[@CR39],[@CR48]^ and found that Rpb1 SUMOylation is mediated by Ubc9, Siz1, and to a lesser extent by Siz2 (Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, right panel). ", "However, we still observed Rpb1 SUMOylation when we mutated a proposed target lysine residue (K1487)^[@CR39]^, as well as several other potential target sites^[@CR31]^ to non-SUMOylatable arginine residues (Fig.", " [S2](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "These data are consistent with the idea that SUMO may target multiple lysine residues of Rpb1, as has been seen for other SUMO substrates^[@CR47],[@CR49]^.\n\nSerine-2 phosphorylated Rpb1 is regulated by a SUMO-dependent pathway {#Sec5}\n---------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nTo investigate whether UV-induced Rpb1 SUMOylation and the decline of the Rpb1-S2P signal are related, we investigated UV-induced loss of S2-phosphorylated Rpb1 in SUMO pathway mutant cells. ", "Strikingly, the Rpb1-S2P signal was stable in mutants defective in Ubc9 or Siz1 even after UV irradiation (Fig.", " [3A,B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)**. ", "In contrast, *SIZ2-*deficient cells showed loss of the Rpb1-S2P signal, similar to WT cells (Fig.", " [3B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)**. ", "The same set of enzymes, which are responsible for UV-induced Rpb1 SUMOylation are therefore required for UV-induced disappearance of S2-phosphorylated Rpb1. ", "Overall, these data are consistent with several models: (i) the SUMO-dependent mechanism acts on regulators of elongating RNAPII like the kinases relevant for S2 phosphorylation. (", "ii) UV-induced SUMOylation of Rpb1 triggers removal of stalled RNAPII from chromatin or renders it otherwise resistant to S2 phosphorylation. (", "iii) The SUMO-dependent mechanism leads to degradation of Rpb1 from stalled RNAPII complexes.", "Figure 3The SUMO conjugating system is required for UV-induced loss of S2-phosphorylated Rpb1. (", "A + B) Levels of Rpb1-S2P in WT and *ubc9-1* cells (**A**) and *siz1Δ*, *siz2Δ* and *siz1Δ siz2Δ* double mutant cells (**B**) after UV irradiation (400 J/m^2^). ", "In (**A**) cells were shifted to 37 °C for 1 h before irradiation followed by a recovery in YPD media at 37 °C. ", "The 3E10 antibody was used to detect Rpb1 by western blotting (WB). ", "Dpm1 served as loading control.", "\n\nTo address the first model, we tested whether the kinases that mediate CTD S2 phosphorylation of Rpb1^[@CR13],[@CR50],[@CR51]^ are degraded after UV damage. ", "We used antibodies against Ctk1^[@CR52]^ or Bur1^[@CR53]^ and followed respective protein levels after UV treatment (Fig.", " [S3A,B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Interestingly, however, we found that endogenous protein levels of Ctk1 and Bur1 did not change significantly after UV treatment, while Rpb1-S2P levels dropped (Fig.", " [S3A,B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Therefore, the S2-phosphorylating kinases are apparently not regulated by UV, at least not on protein level. ", "Yet, these experiments do not exclude that SUMO and ubiquitin regulate the S2-phosphorylated pool of Rpb1 by other means.", "\n\nSUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) control RNAPII after UV damage {#Sec6}\n-----------------------------------------------------------------------\n\nSimilar to our findings, also RNA polymerase III was recently found to be a SUMOylation target and RNAPIII SUMOylation was found to be induced when RNAPIII transcription was defective^[@CR54],[@CR55]^. Interestingly, SUMO modification led to RNAPIII ubiquitylation by the heterodimeric SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase (STUbL) Slx5-Slx8^[@CR55]^. This ubiquitin-modification was found to induce Cdc48-dependent extraction of RNAPIII from chromatin and downregulation of RNAPIII transcription, most likely by proteasomal degradation^[@CR55],[@CR56]^. Given the similarities to UV-induced regulation of RNAPII-S2P, we hypothesized that also RNAPII might be regulated by Slx5-Slx8. ", "Indeed, we found that cells deficient in Slx5-Slx8 did not show a reduction in the Rpb1-S2P signal after UV-induced DNA damage, but rather the Rpb1-S2P signal remained stable (Fig.", " [4A,B](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}).Figure 4The STUbL Slx5-Slx8 regulates the SUMOylated pool of Rpb1. (**", "A**) Levels of Rpb1-S2P in WT and *slx5Δ slx8Δ* cells after UV irradiation (400 J/m^2^). ", "The 3E10 antibody was used to detect Rpb1 by western blotting (WB). ", "Dpm1 served as loading control. (**", "B**) Quantification of Rpb1-S2P levels in WT and STUbL-deficient *slx5Δ slx8Δ* cells as described in (**A**). ", "Quantification was performed on a LI-COR Odyssey system with normalization to Pgk1. ", "Shown are mean ± standard deviation calculated from four biological replicates, presented as relative amount compared to the untreated (-UV) sample. (", "C + D) Immunoprecipitation of Rpb1 with Rpb1-S2P-specific antibodies (3E10) from UV-treated and untreated WT, *slx8Δ* and *slx5Δ slx8Δ* cells. ", "Ubiquitylated (**C**) and SUMOylated (**D**) species of Rpb1 were detected by western blotting (WB) using ubiquitin- and SUMO-specific antibodies succesively on the same blot. ", "Therfore, control blots for Rpb1 are the same for (C) and (D). (**", "E**) Denaturing Ni-NTA pulldowns (Ni-PD) were performed to isolate His-SUMO-conjugates from UV-treated WT and *slx5Δ slx8Δ* cells following recovery in YPD. ", "SUMOylated species of Rpb1 were detected by western blotting (WB) using 3E10 (Ser2P-CTD) or 8WG16 (CTD) antibodies. ", "SUMOylated Pgk1 served as pulldown control.", "\n\nWe therefore asked whether Rpb1 is a ubiquitylation substrate of Slx5-Slx8 and probed Rpb1-S2P immunoprecipitated from unchallenged and UV-treated cells with ubiquitin-specific antibodies. ", "UV-induced ubiquitylation of Rpb1-S2P was readily detectable (Fig.", " [4C](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}**)**. ", "Notably, however, this ubiquitin modification was apparently unrelated to Slx5-Slx8 function, as we still observed an Rpb1-S2P ubiquitin signal in cells lacking *SLX8* or both *SLX5* and *SLX8* (Fig.", " [4C](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In contrast, similar to published data^[@CR28],[@CR32],[@CR33]^, we found Rpb1 ubiquitylation to depend on the ubiquitin ligases Rsp5 and Elongin-Cul3 (Fig.", " [S4A,B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Specifically, we probed for ubiquitylation of immunoprecipitated Rpb1-S2P using ubiquitin-specific antibodies after UV treatment and found it to be defective in a temperature-sensitive mutant of *RSP5* (*rsp5-1*) (Fig.", " [S4A](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}**)** and in cells lacking subunits of the Elongin-Cul3 ligase (*elc1Δ*, *ela1Δ* and *cul3Δ*) (Fig.", " [S4B](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Moreover, the Rsp5-dependent ubiquitylation signal does also not rely on the SUMO-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 or the SUMO ligases Siz1 and Siz2 (Fig.", " [S4C,D](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}). ", "Overall, we thereby confirmed previous reports, showing that Rpb1 is ubiquitylated involving both Rsp5 and the Elongin-Cul3 ligase complex^[@CR27],[@CR32],[@CR33]^, but this ubiquitylation signal is apparently unrelated to the SUMO-STUbL pathway. ", "We therefore conceded the assay was unable to visualize STUbL-dependent ubiquitylation of Rpb1, suggesting that either (i) STUbL-dependent ubiquitylation of Rpb1 is too short-lived to be detected in our IP-based assay, (ii) that STUbLs target RNAPII on subunits other than Rpb1, similar to RNAPIII, where the primary ubiquitylation target of Slx5-Slx8 is Rpc160^[@CR55]^ or (iii) that STUbLs do not target RNAPII at all, but rather a protein involved in RNAPII phosphorylation or transcription elongation in general.", "\n\nIn either of the first two scenarios, SUMO-modified Rpb1-S2P could be seen as an intermediate on the way to ubiquitylation and this intermediate would be expected to accumulate in the absence of STUbLs. ", "Consistent with this idea, we detected an accumulation of the SUMOylated form of Rpb1-S2P when we treated cells lacking *SLX8* or both *SLX5* and *SLX8* with UV (Fig.", " [4D](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "To further support these data, we enriched SUMOylated proteins using denaturing Ni-NTA pulldown of His-SUMO conjugates. ", "SUMOylated proteins from WT and STUbL-deficient cells before UV treatment and at different time points thereafter were enriched and probed with the Rpb1 S2P-specific antibody (3E10) or the whole pool antibody (8WG16) (Fig.", " [4E](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "In line with our previous findings, SUMOylated species of Rpb1 peaked one hour after UV treatment and dropped gradually thereafter. ", "In *SLX5-SLX8*-deficient cells, however, loss of SUMOylated Rpb1 species was minor and delayed, independent of the antibody used for Rpb1 detection (Fig.", " [4E](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"}). ", "Overall, we therefore conclude that Rpb1-SUMOylation and loss of the Rpb1-S2P signal are connected, either because (i) Rpb1-SUMO and Slx5-Slx8 mediate ubiquitylation and chromatin extraction of Rpb1 or (ii) Rpb1-SUMO and Slx5-Slx8 regulate another factor, which critically controls the phosphorylation of RNAPII or perhaps transcription elongation itself.", "\n\nOur data therefore reveal an unexpected function of SUMO and the STUbL Slx5-Slx8 in the regulation of RNAPII after UV-induced DNA damage. ", "Our genetic and biochemical data point to several possible molecular mechanisms that could be responsible for loss of Rpb1-S2P.\n\nFirst, Rpb1-S2P loss might be caused by STUbL-dependent Rpb1 ubiquitylation and degradation. ", "This model would be entirely consistent with the involvement of the proteasome and the STUbL-dependent stabilization of SUMOylated Rpb1. ", "However, when testing with IPs we did not observe evidence of STUbL-dependent Rpb1-S2P ubiquitylation. ", "Rpb1 might therefore not be a direct target for Slx5-Slx8-dependent ubiquitylation. ", "Alternatively, the modification might be very transient, as it is often observed for proteolysis-inducing ubiquitylation marks^[@CR55],[@CR57],[@CR58]^. Notably, we could confirm Rsp5- and Elongin-Cul3 complex-dependent ubiquitylation on Rpb1^[@CR28],[@CR32],[@CR33]^. One possible scenario is therefore that Rpb1 is targeted by different kinds of ubiquitin modifications. ", "In this scenario the Rsp5/Elongin-Cul3-dependent ubiquitylation would not lead to degradation of the S2-phosphorylated polymerase and is therefore detectable in IP experiments while the Slx5-Slx8-dependent ubiquitylation would lead to degradation of the S2-phosphorylated polymerase and is therefore very transient. ", "Overall, the relation between Rsp5/Elongin-Cul3 and STUbL-dependent mechanisms needs further clarification.", "\n\nSecond, Rpb1-S2P loss could come from turnover of the entire RNAPII complex, not just the Rpb1 subunit. ", "SUMOylated Rpb1 might serve as a recruiting factor for the STUbL Slx5-Slx8, but then target RNAPII subunits other than Rpb1 would become ubiquitylated, potentially explaining why no STUbL-dependent ubiquitylation was detected for Rpb1. ", "STUbL-dependent ubiquitylation of proteins that are in complex with the SUMOylated STUbL-recruitment factor have been suggested in other cases and importantly for RNAPIII^[@CR55],[@CR59],[@CR60]^ giving precedence for this model. ", "In contrast, previous work has shown that specifically Rpb1, but not other subunits become destabilized upon UV treatment^[@CR61]^.\n\nThird, UV-induced regulation of the Rpb1 kinases/phosphatases could lead to Rpb1-S2P loss. ", "The major Rpb1-CTD S2 kinases are Ctk1 and Bur1, which belong to the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) family^[@CR6],[@CR13],[@CR62]^. Besides RNAPII, they target also other factors to regulate several aspects of transcription^[@CR63]--[@CR65]^ and translation^[@CR52]^. Particularly, histone ubiquitylation and SUMOylation were shown to prevent Ctk1 recruitment to chromatin and subsequent Rpb1-S2 phosphorylation^[@CR66],[@CR67]^. Histone SUMOylation could therefore be involved in SUMO-dependent downregulation of Rpb1-S2 after UV, but current data do not explain the involvement of Slx5-Slx8. ", "Other possible ways how Ctk1 and Bur1 could be regulated after UV could involve the CDK-activating kinase Cak1^[@CR68],[@CR69]^ or the Fcp1 phosphatase, which dephosphorylates the CTD at serine 2^[@CR50]^.\n\nFourth, Rpb1-S2P loss might simply reflect removal of RNAPII from chromatin by the Cdc48 segregase and regulation in a non-degradative fashion. ", "However, this hypothesis in itself does not explain the involvement of the proteasome mediating decrease of the Rpb1-S2P signal. ", "An involvement of the proteasome would therefore have to be indirect. ", "A speculative scenario could be, that in proteasome mutants, extraction of RNAPII is linked to Hpr1, a member of the THO/TREX complex involved in mRNA export. ", "Hpr1 is known to be regulated by the proteasome^[@CR70],[@CR71]^. Degradation of Hpr1 after mRNA export is crucial to release chromatin-bound RNAPII^[@CR72]^. Hpr1 was also shown to be SUMOylated, but SUMOylation does not appear to affect its stability, but rather interactions with mRNPs^[@CR73]^.\n\nOverall, although the precise mechanism by which STUbLs and the SUMO pathway regulate RNAPII after UV-induced DNA damage will need to be further clarified by future research, we now add another layer of regulation of RNAPII upon transcriptional stalling. ", "Our data suggest that RNAPII is controlled by the sequential action of the small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) and ubiquitin. ", "Such a sequential mechanism allows the opportunity to differentially recruit proteins containing ubiquitin-and/or SUMO-interacting motifs. ", "For instance, Cdc48 together with its co-factor Ufd1  were shown to target both ubiquitylated and SUMOylated proteins and, strikingly, also STUbL substrates^[@CR46],[@CR60],[@CR74]^. SUMOylation of stalled RNAPII might therefore be a first line of defense and help in recruiting repair factors. ", "Prolonged stalling may require additional means and involve Slx5-Slx8 and Cdc48, perhaps to segregate RNAPII from chromatin similar to its role in the release of chromatin-associated proteins or complexes^[@CR55],[@CR60],[@CR75],[@CR76]^.\n\nMaterials and Methods {#Sec7}\n=====================\n\nYeast strains {#Sec8}\n-------------\n\nYeast strains used in this study are listed in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}.", "\n\nYeast techniques and cloning {#Sec9}\n----------------------------\n\nYeast strains used in this study were constructed using standard techniques^[@CR77],[@CR78]^. All strains are isogenic to DF5 (except for FW1808, which is derived from FY56^[@CR79]^) and have the genotypes as described in Table [S1](#MOESM1){ref-type=\"media\"}. ", "Yeast His-tagged SUMO was expressed from the integrative vector YIplac211 under the control of the *ADH1* promoter. ", "Rpb1 point mutant variants were constructed using standard mutagenesis PCR techniques and expressed from the centromeric YCplac111 under the endogenous *RPB1* promoter.", "\n\nUV-C treatment of yeast cells {#Sec10}\n-----------------------------\n\nYeast cells were grown to an OD~600~ of 0.5 at 30 °C in YPD media, after which they were optionally incubated for 1 h at 37 °C to induce temperature-sensitive phenotypes. ", "Otherwise, cells were grown to an OD~600~ of 1 at 30 °C. ", "About 50 OD~600~ of cells were harvested and washed once with PBS. ", "Cells (50 OD~600~) were pelleted, washed once with PBS and irradiated in 140 mm culture dishes (BS04-irradiation chamber, Dr. Gröbel UV-Elektronik GmbH) in 40 ml PBS buffer. ", "The cell suspension was pelleted in a dark falcon tube (5 min, 500 *g*) and resuspended in 30 ml YPD. ", "To follow UV-recovery, cells were incubated for 4 h at 30 °C or 37 °C while shaking. ", "For protein analysis, samples of 0.8 OD~600~ cells were harvested every hour, pelleted, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. ", "For cell survival analysis, cells were plated on YPD plates after 4 hours of recovery and cell colonies were counted after 2 days.", "\n\nProtein analysis {#Sec11}\n----------------\n\nTotal cellular protein extracts were prepared by TCA precipitation^[@CR77]^, separated using NuPAGE Bis-Tris 4--12% gradient gels (Life Technologies) and analyzed by standard western blotting techniques.", "\n\nImmunoprecipitation of Rpb1 and Ni-NTA pulldown {#Sec12}\n-----------------------------------------------\n\nFor Rpb1-immunoprecipitation, about 50 OD~600~ cells were resuspended in lysis buffer (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 1 mM EDTA, 1% Triton X-100, 0.1% Na-deoxycholate, 10 mM NEM, and complete protease inhibitors). ", "Cell lysis was performed with a beadshaker (MM301, Retsch) using silica beads. ", "Afterwards, cell lysates were sonicated (water bath sonification: Bioruptor UCD-200, Diagenode) and centrifuged (21,000 *g*, 10 min). ", "The extract was incubated with Rpb1 antibodies (3E10 or 8WG16) for 1.5 h. Protein A Sepharose (GE healthcare) was added for 30 min. ", "Incubation steps were performed on a rotation wheel at 4 °C. ", "The beads were pelleted, washed with lysis buffer (3-times) and boiled in Laemmli buffer.", "\n\nDenaturing Ni-NTA pulldowns were described previously^[@CR80]^. About 50 OD~600~ of cells were harvested, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 °C. ", "The pellets were resuspended in cold lysis buffer (1.85 M NaOH, 7.5% β‐mercaptoethanol) to a final volume of 6 ml and incubated for 15 min on ice. ", "An equal volume of 55% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) was added, followed by incubation for 15 min on ice. ", "Proteins were pelleted (3.500 *g*, 5 min, 4 °C), washed twice with cold water and resuspended in 12 ml of buffer A and 0.05% Tween-20 (buffer A: 6 M guanidinium chloride, 100 mM NaH~2~PO~4~, 10 mM Tris; pH 8.0). ", "For resolubilzation, the suspensions were transferred into centrifuge tubes and incubated (1 h, 180 rpm) while shaking. ", "The clear supernatant was collected (20 min, 4 °C, 23,000 *g*), imidazole (final concentration 20 mM) and 200 *µ*l of Ni-NTA agarose slurry (Qiagen) were added to the tubes. ", "The suspension was incubated overnight (4 °C). ", "The agarose slurry was washed with 50 ml of buffer A plus 0.05% Tween 20, and 50 ml of buffer C plus 0.05% Tween 20 (buffer C: 8 M urea, 100 mM NaH~2~PO~4~, 10 mM Tris/HCl; pH 6.3). ", "For protein elution, 1 ml of elution buffer (buffer C, 0.05% Tween-20, 250 mM imidazole) was added to the Ni‐NTA column. ", "The eluted proteins were precipitated with 1 ml of 55% TCA, incubated for 10 min and centrifuged (20,000 *g*, 30 min). ", "The pellet was boiled in 30 µl HU-Buffer for 10 min at 65 °C.", "\n\nAntibodies {#Sec13}\n----------\n\nRpb1 antibodies 3E8 (Millipore), 3E10 (Millipore), 8WG16 (Abcam) and 4H8 (Abcam) were used. ", "Anti-SUMO (Smt3)^[@CR81]^ and Bur1^[@CR53]^ antibodies were described before. ", "Anti-ubiquitin antibody P4D1 (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and anti-Ctk1 (Abcam) were used. ", "Anti-Dpm1 and anti-Pgk1 antibodies were purchased from Life Technologies.", "\n\nReproducibility {#Sec14}\n---------------\n\nRpb1 stability experiments with a western blot read-out in Fig.", " [1A](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in four or more biological replicates. ", "Quantification results in Fig.", " [1B](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} were calculated from four biological replicates. ", "Rpb1 stability experiments in Fig.", " [1C](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in three biological replicates. ", "In Fig.", " [1D](#Fig1){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Rpb1 stability experiments in *cdc48-6* cells were performed three times, in *cdc48-3* cells once. ", "Rpb1 stability experiments in Fig.", " [2A](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed twice. ", "In Fig.", " [2B](#Fig2){ref-type=\"fig\"}, Rpb1 SUMOylation in *ubc9-1* cells was tested in two biological replicates, in *siz1Δ* cells in four biological replicates, in *siz2Δ* cells in two biological replicates and in *siz1Δ siz2Δ* cells in three biological replicates. ", "Rpb1 stability experiments of Fig.", " [3A,B](#Fig3){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in two and three biological replicates, respectively. ", "Rpb1 stability experiments in Fig.", " [4A](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in four or more biological replicates. ", "Quantification results in Fig.", " [4B](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} were calculated from four biological replicates. ", "Experiments to detect Rpb1 ubiquitylation or SUMOylation in Fig.", " [4C,D](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in three biological replicates. ", "Denaturing Ni-PDs in Fig.", " [4E](#Fig4){ref-type=\"fig\"} were performed in three biological replicates.", "\n\nSupplementary Information\n=========================\n\n {#Sec15}\n\nSupplementary information\n\n**Publisher's note** Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.", "\n\nStefan Jentsch is deceased.", "\n\nSupplementary information\n=========================\n\nis available for this paper at 10.1038/s41598-019-54027-y.\n\nWe thank K. Sträßer for materials, and Sven Schkölziger, Alexander Strasser and Ulla Cramer for technical assistance. ", "Ivan Psakhye for contributing SUMOylome data. ", "Markus Höpfler, Claudio Lademann, Florian Paasch and members of the Jentsch and Pfander labs for critical discussion. ", "Markus Höpfler, Claudio Lademann and Florian Paasch for critical reading of the manuscript. ", "Research in the B.P. lab is supported by Max Planck Society, the collaborative research cluster (SFB1064) and project grants from the German Research Council (DFG). ", "Research in the S.J. lab is supported by Max Planck Society, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Louis-Jeantet Foundation and a European Research Council (ERC) Advanced Grant (\\#339176). ", "M.J.K. was supported by a fellowship of the Boehringer Ingelheim Fonds (BIF).", "\n\nI.H., M.K. and S.J. conceived the study. ", "I.H. conducted all experiments. ", "All authors contributed to the design of the experiments, analyzed the data and generated the concept of the paper, I.H. and B.P. wrote the manuscript, M.K. commented on the manuscript.", "\n\nThe authors declare no competing interests.", "\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Central" }
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[ "Series about college student who meets crossdresser debuts in July\n\nHanamaluo 's adult romance manga Skirt no Naka wa Kedamono Deshita . (", "There Was a Beast Inside the Skirt.) ", "is getting a television anime adaptation. ", "An official website for the anime opened on Wednesday and began streaming a teaser promotional video.", "\n\nThe anime will premiere on Tokyo MX on July 2, and an uncut 18+ version will stream on ComicFesta Anime Zone. ", "The anime will have a joint screening event with the Sōryo to Majiwaru Shikiyoku no Yoru ni... anime on July 1. ", "The event will screen the new anime's first episode and feature a talk show.", "\n\nThe story begins when the reserved Shizuka attends a local mixer party but has trouble adjusting to the atmosphere. ", "A beautiful older female college student named Ryō starts talking to her, and the pair hit it off. ", "Shizuka goes to spend the night at Ryō's place. ", "However, Ryō unexpectedly kisses Shizuka and pushes her down. ", "Shizuka thinks the beautiful woman is a lesbian but soon discovers that Ryō is actually a man dressed as a woman.", "\n\nThe main characters are:\n\nShizuka Kominami, a quiet and introverted female college student. ", "She is not good at getting into relationships with men.", "\n\n\n\nRyō Kirishima, the college student who met Shizuka at a mixer. ", "Ryō looks like a dashing female beauty but is actually a crossdresser.", "\n\n\n\nSōsuke Kuratani, Shizuka's classmate in college. ", "He has a gentle personality and often worries about Shizuka.", "\n\n\n\nSumire Sakurai, Ryō's classmate in college. ", "She is a beauty pageant winner who is kind and amiable.", "\n\n\n\nMitsutaka Noshitani (episode director for Kingdom , Bleach , Naruto Shippūden ) is directing the series at the studio Magic Bus . ", "Kazuhiro Toda ( Hitori no Shita - the outcast assistant director) is in charge of series composition and the scenario. ", "Kenichi Kurata ( High School DxD BorN , Rage of Bahamut: Manaria Friends ) is art director, and Hisayoshi Hirasawa ( Sōryo to Majiwaru Shikiyoku no Yoru ni... ) is sound director. ", "Yūki Kakuhara (animation production manager for Log Horizon ) is director of photography.", "\n\nHanamaluo launched the series digitally through W Comics ZR's Junai Kakumei G! ", "label, and Seiunsha released the first compiled book volume in print on November 18. ", "The second compiled book volume will ship on June 16.", "\n\nReon Maomi 's adult manga Sōryo to Majiwaru Shikiyoku no Yoru ni... also debuted through W Comics ZR's Junai Kakumei G! ", "label, and the series' television anime adaptation premiered in three versions in April.", "\n\n[Via 0takomu]" ]
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[ "1. ", "Field of the Invention\nThe present invention relates to placement in integrated circuit design.", "\n2. ", "State of the Art\nThe physical design of integrated circuits involves placement of gates within a design layout, representing a physical integrated circuit, and routing of interconnections (nets) between gates. ", "The logical integrated circuit design is represented in the form of a netlist, i.e., a list of gates or collections of gates (macros) and nets interconnecting them. ", "A graph representation of a netlist is shown in FIG. ", "1A. Through placement and routing, the logical integrated circuit design is translated to a physical integrated circuit design. ", "Placement and routing are performed using Electronic Design Automation (EDA) software tools running on powerful computers.", "\nPlacement and routing are closely inter-related. ", "As integration density increases, the sheer size of integrated circuit designs challenges current methods of physical design. ", "Furthermore, physical design is required to be more exacting in order to avoid deleterious interactions and to ensure that all design constraints are met.", "\nA number of approaches to the placement problem have been proposed, including simulated annealing, genetic algorithms, mathematical/linear programming, bisection type approaches, etc. ", "One widely-practiced partitioning algorithm known as FM after its originators Fiduccia and Matheyses, is used as the basis for many placement algorithms. ", "In FM, groups of features are formed, and features are exchanged between the groups so as to minimize the number of nets extending between the groups. ", "The FM technique, an example of a module partitioning heuristic, may be represented as follows: 1. ", "Determine initial partition of modules. ", " 2. ", "Loop until no more improvement in the partition results, or until a maximum number of passes is tried: a. Free all modules and compute module gains. ", " b. Loop while there remains a free module that can be moved: i. Select next module to be moved (select free module of maximum gain, subject to area-balance criterion). ", " ii. ", "Move selected module to opposite side of partition. ", " iii. ", "Update module gains. ", " c. Reconstruct best partition of pass. ", " \nGain refers to decrease in the number of nets crossing between opposite sides of the partition.", "\nA major shortcoming of the foregoing technique, as well as other similar techniques, is that after a partition has been made, it is difficult or impossible for gates or modules to cross the partition boundary. ", "This restriction often results in inferior placements. ", "A cycling and overlapping partitioning process is described in Huang and Kahng, Partitioning-Based Standard Cell with an Exact Objective, Proc. ", "of the International Symposium on Physical Design, April 1997. ", "This approach, to a limited extent, does allow gates and modules to cross partition boundaries. ", "However, the approach is not cluster-based (is slow) and does not exploit the full power of cycling and overlapping partitioning (produces less-than-adequate quality).", "\nIn short none of these existing placement techniques appears well-equipped to meet the challenges of the deep sub-micron era." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.000718
32
[ "Q:\n\nIs it possible to have an NPC insight check a PC's insight check?", "\n\nRecently I was playing in a campaign and I decided to roll insight on an NPC. ", "\nI rolled fairly high. ", "But the DM then said the NPC was going to try to roll insight to discern whether I was insight checking them or not? ", "\nIs this something that is possible? ", "\nDo NPCs get to automatically roll against insight to glean whether I rolled insight to begin with? ", " \n\nA:\n\nInsight is a detection skill. ", "You cannot roll insight against insight. ", "That does not make sense.", "\nIf the NPC had lied to you, he could have rolled deception with charisma to counter your insight and pass his lie as truth. ", "\nHe could have rolled insight to read your character after he lied, to find out if you knew he lied. ", "That would not change your roll or result.", "\nAnd then, there really is no way to \"find out\" you used insight. ", "Insight is a skill that requires you to look him into the face, process his speech and watch out for body language. ", "That would be normal in a conversation. ", "Everybody does it all the time. ", "An NPC getting angry because you rolled insight is... weird. ", "Now if your character had talked and flat out accused him of lying, that would be one thing, but insight is passive. ", "\nSo whether it's unfair or not, using insight as a defense against insight is not covered by the rules. ", "Talk to your DM if you want him to play the game closer to the actual rules.", "\n\nA:\n\n[An] Insight check decides whether you can determine the true intentions of a creature, such as when searching out a lie or predicting someone's\nnext move. - ", "PHB 178\nThe NPC's Insight check seems valid. ", " They are trying to read you to determine whether you were trying to read them, instead of you just (as an example) accepting what they say at face value.", "\nHowever, I would take issue with you failing to glean any information from your original Insight, as the NPC apparently only rolled its check after yours. ", " Assuming you rolled decently well, you should have gotten some information on your read of it. ", " Negating your roll seems unfair.", "\n\nA:\n\nYour Wisdom (Insight) check decides whether you can determine the true\n intentions of a creature [...] Doing so involves gleaning clues fram\n body language, speech habits, and changes in mannerisms. (", "PHB p178)\n\nFirst: Deciding what checks are rolled and what they mean is mostly in the hands of the GM.", "\nNPC-s can have Insight and they can attempt to use it. ", "They will obviously use it if you try to deceive them, but Insight is not only about lie detection. ", "It is reading emotions and intentions. ", "So rolling for Insight to notice that you are suspicious is perfectly in line with the skill.", "\nWhether you got any info has no bearing on the fact that you tried to get it: eyeing them suspiciously, asking leading questions and so on. ", "Also, do not forget that there may be factors you do not know, eg. ", "that NPC can be chronically paranoid or already suspicious of you for some reason.", "\nOne could ask for Cha(Deception) to conceal your intentions, but you could also argue that if you are better at reading pepole, the less you have to do that can be noticed by them.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.001381
37
[ "Q:\n\nDisable paste and select all function button from textformfield in flutter\n\nI want to disable all the functionality related to copy, paste and select all on the press of textformfield in the flutter. ", "I have a password field which can take keyboard hint and able to paste data by default but when I perform the operation like calling login service then password field gone wrong.", "\n TextFormField(\n obscureText: true,\n style: styleText,\n textInputAction: TextInputAction.done,\n controller: _passwordController,\n focusNode: _passwordFocus,\n onFieldSubmitted: (term){\n _passwordFocus.unfocus();\n },\n keyboardType: TextInputType.text,\n validator: validatePassword,\n decoration: InputDecoration(\n focusedBorder: border,\n border: border,\n enabledBorder: border,\n hintStyle: styleText,\n hintText: 'Password'),\n onSaved: (String val) {\n _password = val;\n },\n ),\n\nA:\n\nYou can use the enableinteractiveSelection : false to Disable the copy/paste. ", " \nTextFormField(\n enableInteractiveSelection: false,\n obscureText: true,\n style: styleText,\n textInputAction: TextInputAction.done,\n controller: _passwordController,\n focusNode: _passwordFocus,\n onFieldSubmitted: (term){\n _passwordFocus.unfocus();\n },\n keyboardType: TextInputType.text,\n validator: validatePassword,\n decoration: InputDecoration(\n focusedBorder: border,\n border: border,\n enabledBorder: border,\n hintStyle: styleText,\n hintText: 'Password'),\n onSaved: (String val) {\n _password = val;\n },\n ),\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
[ 0.0008206566562876105, 0.0007780122105032206, 0.0008363811648450792, 0.0009002647711895406 ]
0.000834
4
[ "Absolute calibration of the Gamma Knife® Perfexion™ and delivered dose verification using EPR/alanine dosimetry.", "\nElekta Leksell Gamma Knife(®) (LGK) is a radiotherapy beam machine whose features are not compliant with the international calibration protocols for radiotherapy. ", "In this scope, the Laboratoire National Henri Becquerel and the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital decided to conceive a new LKG dose calibration method and to compare it with the currently used one. ", "Furthermore, the accuracy of the dose delivered by the LGK machine was checked using an \"end-to-end\" test. ", "This study also aims to compare doses delivered by the two latest software versions of the Gammaplan treatment planning system (TPS). ", "The dosimetric method chosen is the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) of alanine. ", "Dose rate (calibration) verification was done without TPS using a spherical phantom. ", "Absolute calibration was done with factors calculated by Monte Carlo simulation (MCNP-X). ", "For \"end-to-end\" test, irradiations in an anthropomorphic head phantom, close to real treatment conditions, are done using the TPS in order to verify the delivered dose. ", "The comparison of the currently used calibration method with the new one revealed a deviation of +0.8% between the dose rates measured by ion chamber and EPR/alanine. ", "For simple fields configuration (less than 16 mm diameter), the \"end-to-end\" tests showed out average deviations of -1.7% and -0.9% between the measured dose and the calculated dose by Gammaplan v9 and v10, respectively. ", "This paper shows there is a good agreement between the new calibration method and the currently used one. ", "There is also a good agreement between the calculated and delivered doses especially for Gammaplan v10." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000626
13
[ "Q:\n\nWhy DIVS are collapsing with windows size reduction?", "\n\nI don't know why the text in my HTML page is collapsing inside the menu, here you can find my page in jsfidle.", "\nSome of my HTML file:\n<div class=\"menu\">\n item 1\n item 2\n ...\n</div>\n<div class=\"content\">\n text text text\n</div>\n\nSome of my CSS file:\n.menu{\nfloat: left;\npadding-top: 100px;\nwidth: 20%;\nposition: relative;\n}\n.content{\nfloat: right;\npadding-top: 100px;\nwidth: 80%;\ncolor: #dddddd;\nposition: relative;\n}\n\nIs it a css problem with the width %? ", "Or something else?", "\n\nA:\n\nYou're defining .menu and .content as being 20% and 80% the width of the window - your containers are being sized properly.", "\nHowever, you've set a width of 150px and padding of 30px on your .grezzo nodes, which causes them to expand outside of the .menu div (if the window is too small)\nTry removing the width on .grezzo\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
[ 0.0008711502887308598, 0.0007527852430939674, 0.0008502298151142895, 0.0008403001702390611, 0.0008492291090078652, 0.0010663982247933745 ]
0.000872
6
[ "In The Days of King Lionheart\n\nBreton\n\nBreton is the center of the bread basket. ", "It grew from the need to properly distribute the vast amounts of grain that the surrounding area produced. ", "It soon grew to be one of the largest cities in the land when the influx of money attracted people of all sorts.", "\n\nPopulation: ~150,000\n\nThe Royal Highway: Main road east, geared for the large convoys that transport goods in and out of the city." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
[ 0.0006585577502846718, 0.000602986547164619, 0.0007774519035592675, 0.0005776134203188121 ]
0.000654
4
[ "REALTOR\n\n6450 Haven Ln, Isle of Wight County, VA – $180,000\n\n6450 Haven Ln\n\nQuiet country living with open space for horses or other animals. ", "Home has two bedrooms plus a bonus room on right side of\nhouse that could be used as a 3rd bedroom. ", "Enjoy hunting and target shooting on your own property, or riding an ATV on the\n5+ acres surrounding the house. ", "This is the perfect house to come home to if you want to relax from the busy hustle and\nbustle of life. ", "New deck in the back is great for hosting. ", "The home features an open floor plan with two fireplaces. ", "Sun room\nwith sky lights formerly hosted a Jacuzzi. ", "With easy access to RT 460, you don't want to miss this amazing property." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.001479
8
[ "*The % Daily Value (DV) tells you how much a nutrient in a food serving contributes to a daily diet. ", "2,000 calories a day is used for general nutrition advice.", "\n\n(Nutrition information is calculated using an ingredient database and should be considered an estimate.)", "\n\nThere are times you need gravy for a dish, but you don't have anything roasting in the oven that will provide the drippings. ", "Or, perhaps you are planning a large meal (such as Thanksgiving or Christmas dinner) and would like to make the gravy ahead, instead of having to whip it together right before you all sit down to eat. ", "But since a traditional gravy requires the drippings from a turkey, chicken, or beef roast, it seems impossible to put together without this essential ingredient.", "\n\nLuckily, you can make gravy using lard, oil, or bacon grease and flour as the base. ", "Will it be as good as gravy made with the flavorful drippings from roasted meat or chicken? ", "Possibly not. ", "But it will still be delicious!", "\n\nSteps to Make It\n\nSet a large skillet over medium-high heat and cook the fat for 2 minutes.", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nAdd the flour, whisking constantly to combine.", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nWhen drippings and flour are combined, turn the heat down to medium and cook for 10 minutes, whisking often.", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nAdd remaining ingredients and bring to a boil, still whisking often.", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nReduce the heat to a simmer and cook for 20 minutes, again whisking often.", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nServe and enjoy!", "\n\nThe Spruce Eats / Katarina Zunic\n\nTips\n\nCajuns love rice and gravy and could have it at almost every meal, indeed, sometimes as a meal. ", "For this reason, the recipe makes about 12 cups, which will leave you with plenty of leftovers. ", "Good thing is that gravy can be frozen. ", "Portion out by cups into airtight containers and place in the freezer until ready to use. ", "Simply defrost what you need and heat the gravy.", "\n\nThe proportion of fat to flour in this recipe makes a thick gravy. ", "For a thinner gravy use less flour—the standard ratio is equal parts of oil and flour.", "\n\nTo get the most flavorful gravy, use a rich tasting stock. ", "If you use a concentrated form, such as Better Than Bullion, you can make the stock with more intense flavor.", "\n\nIf you feel like gravy isn't gravy without the drippings, you can save them (as many Cajun cooks do) from cooked chicken, beef, pork, and duck and place in the refrigerator until you're ready to make the gravy." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.006233
26
[ "Q:\n\nUIImagePickerControllerDelegate Returns Blank \"editingInfo\" Dictionary Object\n\nI have an iPhone app that calls upon the UIImagePickerController to offer folks a choice between selecting images via the camera or via their photo library on the phone. ", "The problem is that sometimes, (Can't always get it to replicate.), ", "the editingInfo dictionary object that is supposed to be returned by didFinishPickingImage delegate message, comes back blank or (null). ", "Has anyone else seen this before?", "\nI am implementing the UIImagePickerControllerDelegate in my .h file and I am correctly implementing the two delegate methods: didFinishPickingImage and imagePickerControllerDidCancel.", "\nAny help would be greatly appreciated. ", "Thank you in advance!", "\nHere is my code...\nmy .h file:\n@interface AddPhotoController : UIViewController <UIImagePickerControllerDelegate, UINavigationControllerDelegate> {\n IBOutlet UIImageView *imageView;\n IBOutlet UIButton *snapNewPictureButton;\n IBOutlet UIButton *selectFromPhotoLibraryButton;\n}\n@property (nonatomic, retain) UIImageView *imageView;\n@property (nonatomic, retain) UIButton *snapNewPictureButton;\n@property (nonatomic, retain) UIButton * selectFromPhotoLibraryButton;\n\nmy .m file:\n@implementation AddPhotoController\n@synthesize imageView, snapNewPictureButton, selectFromPhotoLibraryButton;\n\n- (IBAction)getCameraPicture:(id)sender \n{\n\n UIImagePickerController *picker = [[UIImagePickerController alloc] init];\n picker.delegate = self;\n picker.sourceType = UIImagePickerControllerSourceTypeCamera;\n picker.allowsImageEditing = YES;\n\n[self presentModalViewController:picker animated:YES];\n[picker release];\n}\n- (void)imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)picker didFinishPickingImage:(UIImage *)image editingInfo:(NSDictionary *)editingInfo \n{\nNSLog(@\"Image Meta Info.: %", "@\",editingInfo);\n\nUIImage *selectedImage = image;\nimageView.image = selectedImage;\nself._havePictureData = YES;\n[self.useThisPhotoButton setEnabled:YES];\n\n[picker dismissModalViewControllerAnimated:YES];\n}\n\n- (void)imagePickerControllerDidCancel:(UIImagePickerController *)picker \n{\n [picker dismissModalViewControllerAnimated:YES];\n}\n\nA:\n\nI solved the problem. ", "I'm posting my answer here in the hopes it helps someone else in a similar situation:\n1. ", "Deprecated Method\nThe UIImagePickerController method:\n– imagePickerController:didFinishPickingImage:editingInfo:\n\nis deprecated in v3.0 of the iPhone OS. ", "So even though I built the app using the SDK v2.2.1, because the app will be running on 3.0 devices, I needed to use the new and improved method:\n- imagePickerController:didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:editingInfo\n\n2. ", "Dismissing the ModalView\nThe first thing you must do after you have selected a picture from the library or taken a picture with the built-in camera, is to dismiss the picker's modal view window. ", "After that, you can perform any image processing routines. ", "Here is what my final code looks like for that method:\n- (void) imagePickerController:(UIImagePickerController *)thePicker didFinishPickingMediaWithInfo:(NSDictionary *)imageInfo \n{\n [thePicker dismissModalViewControllerAnimated:YES];\n UIImage *img = [imageInfo objectForKey:@\"UIImagePickerControllerEditedImage\"];\n previewImage.image = nil;\n self.previewImage.image = img;\n\n NSData *imageData = UIImagePNGRepresentation(img);\n if ([imageData length] > 0) {\n\n [self archivePictureData:imageData];\n self._havePictureData = YES;\n\n [self.useThisPhotoButton setEnabled:YES]; \n }\n\n}\n\nI hope this helps someone who needs it.", "\nThanks,\nL.\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.002238
16
[ "Google has today pushed an update to its Trends product, which it says is the biggest expansion to the search analysis product since 2012. ", "The goal with this update, the company says, is to provide a “faster, deeper and more comprehensive view of our world” through real-time data on everything from the FIFA scandal to Donald Trump’s presidential campaign kick-off.", "\n\nThe most immediate change you’ll notice, though, is in the addition of more Material Design styling. ", "Here’s what Trends looked like before today, courtesy of Wayback Machine (some of the graphs couldn’t be crawled):\n\nAnother significant change is that Google will now help you understand the motivators behind the data – what’s causing a term to gain traction in Google searches – with the addition of trending YouTube videos and Google News stories right in the Trends search pages, and on the homepage in the form of featured stories. ", "Here’s what that looks like on the Trends page for Stephen Elon (notable today because he’s leaving Microsoft):\n\nTrends also now allows you to search a wider breath of topics, not just ones that are currently trending, for data on total searches and interest by geography big and small. ", "You can get real-time data on the whole 100 billion searches that Google sees each month, and narrow down your time range to the past day or week to see the stories people are searching for most and where in the world interest is peaking.", "\n\nFinally, the company says all of these changes are based on feedback they’ve collected through discussions with journalists from around the world, and for some of the most interesting topics, the company has collected and saved the datasets to Github for all to analyze. ", "This revamp of Trends is live in 28 countries with more to come soon.", "\n\nFTC: We use income earning auto affiliate links. ", "More.", "\n\nCheck out 9to5Google on YouTube for more news:" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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0.000856
11
[ "# Gateway\n\n[x-gateway](https://github.com/micro-in-cn/x-gateway).,增加`Auth`、`CORS`等插件\n\n- 认证&鉴权`JWT`+`Casbin` [Auth](/gateway/plugin/auth)\n- 跨域支持 [CORS](/gateway/plugin/cors)\n- Metrics [Prometheus](/gateway/plugin/metrics)\n\n## 运行网关\n\n```bash\n# 编译\n$ make build\n\n# API\n$ make run_api # 默认mdns + http\n$ make run_api registry=etcd transport=tcp # 指定etcd + tcp\n\n# Web\n$ make run_web # 默认mdns + http\n$ make run_web registry=etcd transport=tcp # 指定etcd + tcp\n```\n\n## Docker\n\n```bash\n# tag自定义\n$ make docker tag=hbchen/micro:v1.14.0_starter_kit\n```\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
[ 0.0008771426510065794 ]
0.000877
1
[ "I asked for something (it is not specifically stated what) to the profit and glory of my Alma Mater to write; andthe fact is that I seem to be in almost the same case\nwith those who have spoken to me, because while I am willing enough to write something, I do not know what to write. ", "Just one point, I see that if I am able to write at\nall, it should be the university itself and my own days under its shadow; the things that are still the same and that which already changed such talk, in short, so\nnaturally would be between a student today and one of yesterday, thinking to meet them and grow confidential. ", "The generations pass quickly enough on the high seas of\nlife; still more quickly in the small bubbling back-water of the quadrangle; so we see that, on a scale surprisingly reduced the flight of time and the succession of\nmen. ", "I Kate Spade searched my name on the other day in the case last year-book of the Speculative. ", "Naturally enough, I searched the near end; it was not there, nor in the next\ncolumn, so I started think it had dropped to pressure; and when I finally found mounted on the shoulders of many successors, and looking in that attitude, like the name\nof a man of ninety, I was aware of some of the dignity of years. ", "This kind of dignity of temporal precession is likely, prolonged life, to become more familiar as\npossible less welcome; but I felt strongly then, it is strongly to me now, and I am more encouraged to speak with my successors in the tone of a parent and a praiser of\nthings past. ", "For, indeed, that which they attend is only chanel outlet a fallen University; it undoubtedly has some remnants of the good for human institutions gradual decline\nstages; but decline, despite all appearances decorations, it does; and which is perhaps more singular, started to do when I am no longer a student. ", "Thus, by a strange\ncoincidence, I was very last of the best of the Alma Mater; same, I hear (which makes it more strange), formerly happened to my father; and if they are good and not\ndie, something that will not be found in time unsimilar to be overcome. ", "my successors today Of the specific points of change of benefit in the past deficiency in the\npresent, I must own that, in a near examination, they look wondrous cloudy. ", "The chef and far the most lamentable change is the absence of a certain lean, barbour jackets ugly, idle,\nunpopular student, whose presence was For me the core and heart of the whole thing; whose changing humours, fine occasional sense of good, flinching acceptance of evil,\nshivering in wet, east-windy morning travel to class, infinite yawnings during the lecture and unquenchable enthusiasm in the pleasures of truantry, made the sun and\nthe shadow of my college life. ", "You can not fancy what you missed in missing him; his virtues, I make sure, are unthinkable successors, just as they were apparently\nunknown to his contemporaries, because I was practically alone in the fun I had in his society. ", "Poor soul, I remember how much he was cast down at times, and how life\n(which had not yet started) all seemed to be at an end, and hope completely dead, and misfortune and disgrace, coach factory outlet such as physical presences haunt him as he went. ", "And it\nmay be worth adding that these clouds rolled in their season, and that finally, all the clouds roll away and the problems of youth in particular are things but a time.", "\nSo this student, I have in my eye, took his full share of these concerns, which largely his own fault; but he clung to his fortune, and in the midst of much misconduct,\nkept in its own way learn to work; and finally, to his amazement, escaped from the phase of the studentship is not designed to open shame; Leaving behind the University\nof Edinburgh stripped of much of its interest for myself. ", "But while he (in more ways than one) the first person, he is certainly not the only one I regret, Kate Spade Outlet or whom the\nstudents of today, if they knew what they had lost, would regret. ", "They still have Tait, to be sure - Long may they have it! - ", "And they still have Tait's class, dome and\nall; but think of what a another place it was when the youth of me (at least in part days) would be on the banks, and, at present the near end of the platform, Lindsay\nsenior [Professor Tait's lab] was airing his robust old age. ", "It's possible my successors might never even heard of the old Lindsay; but when he went, a link clicked the\nlast century. ", "He had something of a rustic air, sturdy and fresh and plain; He spoke with a ripe east- country accent, which I used to admire; his memories were all\njourneys on coach outlet foot or highways busy post-chaises - a Scotland for steam; He had seen the coal fire on the island of May and he regaled me stories of my own grandfather.", "\nHe was for me a mirror of things perish; it was only in its memory that I was the huge shock of flames, May beacon stream to leeward, and the guards, as they fed the\nfire, unscorched seize the windward bars of the furnace; It was just that I could see my grandfather driving fast in action along the coast road from Pittenweem to\nCrail, and for all his business in a hurry, preparing to speak to the people he met. ", "natured And now, in turn, Lindsay is also gone; lives alone the memories of other\npeople will follow him to war; and figures in barbour outlet my memories as my grandfather thought in his. ", "To-day, once again, they have Professor Butcher, and I hear he's a wonderful\npart of the Greek; and they have Professor Chrystal, who is a man filled with the math. ", "And no doubt these are set-offs. ", "But they can not to the fact that a professor\nBlackie has withdrawn, and that Professor Kelland dead. ", "Education No man is fully or truly liberal who knew not Kelland. ", "There were unutterable lessons in the sight of\nthe petite old ecclesiastical gentleman, lively as a boy, child like a fairy godfather, and keeping perfect order in his classroom by the spell of that very kindness. ", "I\nheard him slide into reminiscences in class time, but not for long, and give us a glimpse of the old world are living in kate spade outlet out-of-the-way English parishes when he was\nyoung; so the play of the same part as Lindsay - the part of the surviving memory, signaling out of the dark backward and abysm of time the images of perished things.", "\nBut it was a part that scarce became him; Somehow he lacked the means: for all his silver hair and worn face, he was not really old; and he too much of the unrest and\npetulant fire had youth, and much invincible innocence of mind to play well. ", "veteran The best time to measure, it tests (in the old phrase) his gracious nature, was\nwhen his class at home. ", "What a beautiful simplicity He would then see, trying to amuse us as kids with toys; and what an exciting nervousness of manner, as fearing that\nhis efforts Louis Vuitton would not succeed! ", "He really made us all feel that children, like children embarrassed, but at the same time full of sympathy for the conscientious,\ntroubled older boy who worked so hard to entertain us. ", "One theorist has the view that there is no function in man so tell his spectacles; that the mouth can be\ncompressed and the brow smoothed artificially, but the luster of the barnacles is diagnostic. ", "And so it really should have been with Kelland; For if I still fancy I\nbehold him frisking Louis Vuitton active on the platform, pointer in hand, which I seem to clearly see the most is the way his glasses glittered with affection. ", "I never knew, but\nanother man (if you allow the expression) as a kind spectacl" ]
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0.001915
34
[ "Q:\n\nBrownian Motion conditional distribution\n\nLet $\\{X(u),u\\geq0\\}$ be a standard Brownian motion. ", "What is the conditional distribution of $X(t)$ given $\\{X(t_{1}),\\dots,X(t_{n})\\}$, where $0<t_{1}<\\cdots<t_{n}<t_{n+1}=t$?", "\n--So far, I have derived the joint pdf of $X(t_{n+1})$ and $X(t_{1}),\\dots,X(t_{n})$ using the fact that each increment $X(t_{i})-X(t_{i-1})$ is independent and normally distributed. ", "The pdf if (I think) given by\n$$\n\\begin{align*}\n f(x_{1},x_{2},\\dots,x_{n},x_{n+1})&=f_{t_{1}}(x_{1})f_{t_{2}-t_{1}}(x_{2}-x_{1})\\cdots f_{t_{n}-t_{n-1}}(x_{n}-x_{n-1})f_{t_{n+1}-t_{n}}(x_{n+1}-x_{n})\\\\\n &=\\frac{\\exp\\left\\{-\\frac{1}{2}\\left[\\frac{x_{1}^{2}}{t_{1}}+\\frac{(x_{2}-x_{1})^{2}}{t_{2}-t_{1}}+\\cdots+\\frac{(x_{n}-x_{n-1})^{2}}{s-t_{n-1}}+\\frac{(x_{n+1}-x_{n})^{2}}{t_{n+1}-t_{n}}\\right]\\right\\}}{(2\\pi)^{(n+1)/2}[t_{1}(t_{2}-t_{1})\\cdots(s-t_{n-1})(t-s)]^{1/2}}.", "\n \\end{align*}\n$$\nSo the $X(t_{i})$s are jointly normal. ", "Now to find the conditional distribution, I believe we need to use multivariate distribution theory. ", "I.e., if $\\mathbf{X}$ and $\\mathbf{Y}$ have a joint normal distribution, then the conditional distribution of $\\mathbf{Y}$ given $\\mathbf{X}$ is also normally distributed such that\n$$\\mathbf{Y}|\\mathbf{X}\\sim\\operatorname{Multivariate\\ Normal}(\\boldsymbol\\mu^{*},\\boldsymbol\\Sigma),$$\nwhere $\\boldsymbol\\mu^{*}=\\boldsymbol\\mu_{y}+\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{yx}\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{xx}^{-1}(\\mathbf{x}-\\boldsymbol\\mu_{x})$ and $\\boldsymbol\\Sigma^{*}=\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{yy}-\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{yx}\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{xx}^{-1}\\boldsymbol\\Sigma_{xy}$. How would I go about finding each of these components for $X(t)|X(t_{1}),\\dots,X(t_{n})$? ", "Thank you. ", "\n\nA:\n\nOne knows that the marginal distributions of Brownian motion are normal and that $X(t)-X(t_n)$ is independent of $\\sigma(X(s);s\\leqslant t_n)$. Hence, the conditional distribution of $X(t)$ conditionally on $\\sigma(X(t_k);1\\leqslant k\\leqslant t_n)$, for every $t_k\\leqslant t_n$ (or, conditionally on $X(t_n)$ only) is normal with mean $X(t_n)$ and variance $t-t_n$.\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.005891
9
[ "Cessation Behaviors and Treatment Use Among U.S. Smokers by Insurance Status, 2000-2015.", "\nVariations exist in insurance coverage of smoking-cessation treatments and cigarette smokers' use of these treatments. ", "Recent trends in cessation behaviors by health insurance status have not been reported. ", "This study examines trends in quit attempts, provider advice to quit, and use of cessation counseling and/or medications among adult cigarette smokers by insurance status. ", "Demographic correlates of these cessation behaviors are also identified. ", "Data from the 2000-2015 National Health Interview Surveys were used to estimate the prevalence of and trends in past-year quit attempts, receipt of health professional advice to quit, and use of counseling and/or medication among cigarette smokers aged 18-64 years by insurance status (private, Medicaid, or uninsured). ", "Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify demographic correlates. ", "The analysis was conducted in 2017. ", "Past-year quit attempts increased linearly among all insurance groups (p<0.05), whereas provider advice to quit remained unchanged. ", "Use of cessation treatment increased linearly among smokers with Medicaid (18.1% [95% CI=13.4%, 22.8%] in 2000 to 34.9% [95% CI=28.5%, 40.5%] in 2015, p<0.05), whereas nonlinear increases were observed among those with private insurance (26.2% [95% CI=24.0%, 28.4%] in 2000 to 32.3% [95% CI=29.0%, 35.6%] in 2015; quadratic trend, p<0.05) and uninsured smokers (13.9% [95% CI=11.0%, 16.8%] in 2000 to 21.8% [95% CI=17.1%, 26.5%] in 2015; quadratic trend, p<0.05). ", "Regardless of insurance status, adults aged 18-24 years had lower odds than older adults of receiving advice to quit and using cessation treatments. ", "Despite increased use of cessation treatments among Medicaid enrollees, disparities by insurance status persist in adult cessation behaviors. ", "Opportunities exist to increase cessation by making comprehensive, barrier-free cessation coverage available to all smokers." ]
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0.00135
13
[ "Q:\n\nImport home-made python function in paraview\n\nI wanted to import basic functions in the python shell included in paraview. ", "I tried:\nimport os\nos.chdir('/path/to/my/directory')\nimport hello_world\n\nGot the result:\nTraceback (most recent call last):\nFile \"<console>\", line 1, in <module>\nNameError: name 'hello_world' is not defined\n\nwhile I have a hello_world.py in the directory ...\n\nA:\n\nTry this instead:\nimport sys\nsys.path.append(\"/path/to/my/directory\")\n\nimport hello_world\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.000775
2
[ "Main menu\n\nPost navigation\n\nIEEE Referencing for Word 2007 + 2010\n\nNot a lot of people know how to do proper IEEE referencing in Word 2007 or 2010. ", "The benefits of doing this are immense both for individuals and teams. ", "It allows automatic renumbering of references, automatic bibliography creation, as well as providing a collection of your references in one file – even when multiple people work on the same document. ", "This also works on OS X, you just need to find the corresponding folders. ", "Sounds appealing? ", "Right, let’s get started.", "\n\nFirst thing’s first, download the above file. ", "It’s hosted on my server, but the original is created by Yves at Codeplex. ", "You can check that out as well.", "\n\nNext, you’re going to want to copy the file to:\n\nC:\\Program Files\\Microsoft Office\\Office 12\\Bibliography\\Style\n\nDepending on your installation it may be in a different location (i.e. 64-bit installation) but I’m sure you can figure this out.", "\n\nStart up Microsoft Word (or restart it if it was open). ", "Now browse to the References tab on the ribbon. ", "Under the Citations & Bibliography section (highlighted below), click Style and a new item should have appeared, choose IEEE.", "\n\nIEEE Style in Word 2007\n\nWith this selected we need to start by entering our first reference. ", "So click Manage Sources. ", "You should be presented with this dialog box. ", "I filled it in with some information from a journal article but you could just as easily use a website, book, magazine, etc.", "\n\nCreating a source for the first time\n\nAfter you’re done, this reference will show up in your list of sources. ", "As you can see I have many others (all related to this one word document). ", "My methodology is to add to this list of sources as I go, rather than all at once at the end of a report. ", "It proves much simpler in the end.", "\n\nList of all sources available in this document\n\nNow, when I want to use one of these sources all I have to do is click Insert Citation (from the Citations & Bibliography section), and choose the citation I want. ", "You should see a number appear encased in square brackets, [1]. ", "That’s your first IEEE reference. ", "You can repeat this as many times as you want with the same reference or new ones. ", "When you’re done you’re going to want to create a list of references. ", "Scroll down to the bottom of your document and click Bibliography and then choose either one, it doesn’t matter. ", "I usually remove the words “Bibliography” and replace it with something less Artsy, like “References” (sorry Arts students but you had tons of reference styles to choose from off the bat, so you’re lucky!).", "\n\nCreate a bibliography from your list of used sources\n\nVoilà you should be very happy with your new IEEE style referencing in Word.", "\n\nI’d like to mention, but won’t go into detail, that with the software, Mendeley (my chosen research tool), you can get a word plugin that will do all of this as well. ", "It’s not as tight, but at least you don’t have to enter in all your references details if it gets it from the citation. ", "But that’s not for this post anyways – I will write something up on Mendeley and Word integration later.", "\n\nUpdated for OS X\n\nIn order to get this working on your version of Microsoft Office 2011 on Mac OS X, the folder location specified above needs to be:\n\n/applications/Microsoft Office 2011\n\nHere are some detailed steps from a random old forum I found online:\n\nUnzip the IEEE_Reference.zip file that you downloaded\n\nClose Word if it’s open\n\nOpen Applications\n\nNavigate into the Microsoft Office folder\n\nRight click on the file Word.app or just Word if you have the file extensions hidden, click ‘Show Package Contents’\n\nThere should now be a folder called Contents, open the folder.", "\n\nThen open Resources\n\nThen open Styles\n\nCopy the .xml style you want into this folder\n\nLaunch the Word application and the styles you copied in should be available.", "\n\nThis is really great! ", "I used it to get it going on my mac then point my PC friends here as well. ", "Thank you.", "\n\npatricia patricks\n\nMy children needed a form recently and were informed about an excellent service with a searchable forms database . ", "If people have been needing it too , here’s https://goo.gl/YEqgyh.", "\n\nJojojawjaw\n\nYou sir, are amazing .. you saved my ass T^T\n\nephrem\n\nThank you for contribution. ", "easy to install and use.", "\n\nNiall O’Donoghue\n\nNB: In Word 2010 it’s a bit different from your instructions; one must click “Insert Citation” then “Add New Source…” (not Manage Sources) to get the “Create Source” dialog box. ", "Clicking “Manage Sources” displays only the “Source Manager” dialog box.", "\n\nhafezi\n\nhi and thanks…\nHow can I change IEEE style for office 2016? ", "what it has inside is not true because IEEE style has changed and updated.", "\n\nHi\n\nThank you!", "\nHow can I modify “IEEE – Refernce Order” in order to avoid bold reference numbers (not having [1] as in bold).", "\n\nudaya Dayanandan\n\nI already have IEEE 2006 style. ", "I m getting the citations as numbers. ", "But when inserting bibliography, only one author name with others initials are coming. ", "How to get the authors full name in references with IEEE style?", "\n\nMarcus Portelli\n\nHi.. did you manage to solve this problem? ", "I’m having exactly the same problem and have no idea how to solve it!", "\n\nThu Hang\n\nthank you\n\nUladzimir Simankou\n\nI’m a bit late. ", "I had the problem with *.doc file. ", "Then saved as *docx and resolved it.", "\n\nRobert\n\nNice presentation and it worked perfectly. ", "Thanks.", "\n\nDilanna Sweet\n\nHi! ", "I just had the same problem. ", "But I found the way to solve it. ", "Just choose the paragraph Bold it and unbold it. ", "The bold citation will become regular.", "\n\nwaleed\n\nHow can i write the references [1], [2], [3] as [1-3]? ", "plz, help.", "\n\nVincent\n\nHi, I encountered an issue with the IEEE style. ", "In my references there is always a “%1” appearing in front of my articles number. ", "For instance I have “vol. ", "329, n° %122, pp. ", "4672 – 4688, 2010” for which the number should be just “22” instead of “%122”. ", "Anyone has an idea how to solve this issue ? ", "Thanks" ]
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0.009411
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[ "A method for isolation of islets of Langerhans from the human pancreas.", "\nA method has been developed for the isolation of islets of Langerhans from the human pancreas. ", "The average number of islets isolated was 1011 islets per gram of pancreas (SD 475, range 752-2111), and the purity of the preparation as defined by histologic examination and specific staining for insulin varied from 10% to 40%. ", "Islet structure was well preserved and the islets were shown to be viable by supravital staining, demonstration of insulin response to glucose, and by transplantation of isolated islets beneath the renal capsule of nude mice. ", "The essential features of this technique for isolation of human islets include injection of a high concentration of collagenase (6 mg/ml) into the pancreatic duct under pressure, followed by a short incubation (23 min) at 39 degrees C. The gland is then dispersed by a process of teasing and shaking, and the islets are separated by a two-stage process of filtration on a nylon mesh to remove the larger islets and centrifugation on a preformed Ficoll density gradient to separate the small islets." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.001417
5
[ "The Blood Mystery\n\nHemoglobin (Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates as well as the tissues of some invertebrates.", "\n\nThe research focused on the fact that all globins descended from a common protein ancestor.", "\n\nAccording to the research, the evolutionary lines of human and shark separated 400 million years ago.", "\n\nBreakthrough research has been released from US and UK biologists who conjointly found the origin of hemoglobin and were able to synthesize proteins that were its ancestors. ", "Hemoglobin (Hgb) is the iron-containing oxygen-transport metalloprotein in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates as well as the tissues of some invertebrates. ", "Hemoglobin in blood carries oxygen from the lungs or gills to the rest of the body.", "\n\nThe new research came to the conclusion that there were two key mutations. ", "All modern land vertebrates and almost all marine vertebrates, with the exception of a hundred species, belong to the jawed group (Gnathostomata). ", "They are distinguished not only by the jaws, but also by the structure of their hemoglobin. ", "It is incredibly efficient at carrying oxygen. ", "Undoubtedly, this was one of the main evolutionary trumps of the jawbones, which allowed them to occupy the upper levels of all food chains on land and in the sea.", "\n\nJawbone hemoglobin is a protein with a character. ", "Its molecule is a complex of four subunits. ", "Thus, our hemoglobin is a protein made up of other proteins. ", "There are two such proteins, and they are designated by the Greek letters α and β. ", "Each hemoglobin molecule in our blood consists of two α-protein molecules (α-subunits) and two β-protein molecules (β-subunits).", "\n\nGlobins Chart.", "\n\nIn this case, all four subunits bind or release oxygen simultaneously. ", "It is not surprising that organisms with such generous oxygen logistics have achieved a dominant position on our planet. ", "At the same time, both α-and β-proteins are included in the extensive family of globins. ", "Surprisingly, their closest known “relatives” in this family are not at all inclined to join in complexes and take on the modest role of subunits.", "\n\nThe globins are a superfamily of heme-containing globular proteins, involved in binding and/or transporting oxygen. ", "These proteins all incorporate the globin fold, a series of eight alpha helical segments. ", "Two prominent members include myoglobin and hemoglobin.", "\n\nMost proteins are complexes of several subunits and only because of this can they perform their biological functions.", "\n\nThe research focused on the fact that all globins descended from a common protein ancestor. ", "The biologists were able to synthesize these substances and studied them in an experiment. ", "The experiment results produced these results:\n\n1) The mutation that produced the ANCA/β protein, which is the last common ancestor of the α and β hemoglobin proteins.", "\n\n2) Two ANCA/β molecules were already able to pair with each other. ", "The two new proteins emerged: ANCA and Ancß. ", "These two proteins can pair.", "\n\n3) ANCA and Ancß have each undergone their own mutation again. ", "After that, the ANCA turned out to be the α-protein itself, and the Ancβ – β-protein. ", "A pair consisting of one α-protein molecule and one β-protein molecule has the ability to combine with another such pair. ", "Hence, it became a four-piece molecule that supplies oxygen.", "\n\nOverall hemoglobin molecule consists of the four subunits that attach or give away oxygen simultaneously.", "\n\nAccording to the research, the evolutionary lines of human and shark separated 400 million years ago. ", "The key evolutionary breakthroughs occurred independently in the separate evolutionary lines." ]
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0.000795
38
[ "Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) are power conversion devices that are commonly used to provide conditioned, reliable power for computer networks, telecommunications networks, medical equipment and the like. ", "UPSs are widely used with computers and similar computing devices, including but not limited to personal computers, workstations, mini computers, network servers, disk arrays and mainframe computers, to insure that valuable data is not lost and that the device can continue to operate notwithstanding temporary loss of an AC utility source. ", "UPSs typically provide power to such electronic equipment from a secondary source, such as a battery, in the event that a primary alternating current (AC) utility source drops out (blackout) or fails to provide a proper voltage (brownout).", "\nConventional UPSs may be classified into categories. ", "Referring to FIG. ", "1, a typical off-line UPS disconnects a load from a primary AC source 10 when the primary AC source fails or is operating in a degraded manner, allowing the load to be served from a secondary source such as a battery. ", "The AC power source 10 is connected in series with a switch SI, producing an AC voltage across a load 20 when the switch S.sub.1 is closed. ", "Energy storage is typically provided in the form of a storage capacitor C.sub.", "S. The secondary power source, here a battery B, is connected to the load 20 via a low voltage converter 30 and a transformer T. When the AC power source 10 fails, the switch S.sub.1 is opened, causing the load to draw power from the battery B. The low voltage converter 30 typically is an inverter that produces a quasi-square wave or sine wave voltage on a first winding L.sub.1 of the transformer T from a DC voltage produced by the battery B. The first winding L.sub.1 is coupled to a second winding L.sub.2 of the transformer T connected across the load 20. ", "When the AC power source is operational, i.e., when the switch S.sub.1 is closed, the battery B may be charged using the low-voltage converter 30 or a separate battery charger circuit (not shown).", "\nA line interactive (LIA) UPS topology is illustrated in FIG. ", "2. ", "Here, the transformer T has a third winding L.sub.3 that may be connected in series with the load 20 using switches S.sub.2, S.sub.3 to \"buck\" or \"boost\" the voltage applied to the load 20. ", "As with the offline UPS topology of FIG. ", "1, when the AC power source 10 fails, the switch S.sub.1 can be opened to allow the load 20 to run off the battery B.\nAs illustrated in FIG. ", "3, a typical on-line UPS includes a rectifier 40 that receives an AC voltage from an AC power source 10, producing a DC voltage across a storage capacitor C.sub.", "S at an intermediate node 45. ", "An inverter 50 is connected between the intermediate node 45, and is operative to produce an AC voltage across a load 20 from the DC voltage. ", "As shown, a battery B is connected to the intermediate node 45 via a DC/DC converter 60, supplying auxiliary power. ", "Alternatively, the DC/DC converter can be eliminated and a high-voltage battery (not shown) connected directly to the intermediate node 45.", "\nEach of these topologies may have disadvantages. ", "For example, typical conventional on-line and LIA UPSs for 60 Hz applications use 60 Hz magnetic components (e.g., transformers and inductors) that are sized for such frequencies, and thus may be large, heavy and expensive. ", "LIA UPSs often exhibit step voltage changes that can affect the performance of the load. ", "Conventional off-line, LIA and on-line UPSs often use large storage capacitors, which tend to be bulky and expensive, in order to maintain an acceptable output voltage under heavy loading conditions. ", "Moreover, because conventional UPSs are typically designed to operate in only one of the above-described off-line, LIA or on-line modes, sellers of UPSs may be required to maintain large inventories including several different types of UPSs in order to meet a variety of different customer applications." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.000745
25
[ "UnitedHealthcare and SRHS reach agreement\n\nBy Jessica Pickens on October 17, 2016\n\nUnitedHealthcare and Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System have reached a two-year agreement that will keep all Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System hospitals and physicians in UnitedHealthcare’s network for commercial and Medicare Advantage health plans.", "\n\nThe new contract is effective October 15, 2016, ensuring members enrolled in UnitedHealthcare employer-sponsored plans do not experience any interruption in their in-network benefits coverage for services received at SRHS hospitals or physicians. ", "The agreement includes 350 physicians in the Medical Group of the Carolinas and all four SRHS hospitals, and Ellen Sagar Skilled Nursing Center. ", "The new contract also establishes a new agreement between the parties for Medicare Advantage plans.", "\n\n“We appreciate our relationship with UnitedHealthcare and look forward to working with them in the future efforts to bring greater value to the upstate community,” said Paul Butler, senior vice president of business relations and sales for Spartanburg Regional Healthcare System. “", "We would like to thank our patients, employers, brokers and community leaders for their support throughout this process and are honored to continue to provide quality and affordable healthcare to UnitedHealthcare members.”" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.000573
6
[ "If you declare exactly one creature as an attacker, each exalted ability on each permanent you control (including, perhaps, the attacking creature itself) will trigger. ", "The bonuses are given to the attacking creature, not to the permanent with exalted. ", "Ultimately, the attacking creature will wind up with +1/+1 for each of your exalted abilities.", "\n\n10/1/2008\n\nIf you attack with multiple creatures, but then all but one are removed from combat, your exalted abilities won’t trigger.", "\n\n10/1/2008\n\nSome effects put creatures onto the battlefield attacking. ", "Since those creatures were never declared as attackers, they’re ignored by exalted abilities. ", "They won’t cause exalted abilities to trigger. ", "If any exalted abilities have already triggered (because exactly one creature was declared as an attacker), those abilities will resolve as normal even though there may now be multiple attackers.", "\n\n10/1/2008\n\nExalted abilities will resolve before blockers are declared.", "\n\n10/1/2008\n\nExalted bonuses last until end of turn. ", "If an effect creates an additional combat phase during your turn, a creature that attacked alone during the first combat phase will still have its exalted bonuses in that new phase. ", "If a creature attacks alone during the second combat phase, all your exalted abilities will trigger again.", "\n\n10/1/2008\n\nIn a Two-Headed Giant game, a creature “attacks alone” if it’s the only creature declared as an attacker by your entire team. ", "If you control that attacking creature, your exalted abilities will trigger but your teammate’s exalted abilities won’t.", "\n\n7/1/2012\n\nThe creature you target with the last ability will become tapped before blockers are declared." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.004162
15
[ "This updated look at the state of skills and post-secondary education (PSE) compares Canada’s performance with 15 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) that are comparable to Canada in economic and social status. ", "The report measures education performance metrics across inputs, outputs, and outcomes. ", "Input indicators speak to resourcing and participation in the PSE system; outputs are education-specific metrics, such as educational attainment, that are directly ascribed to the PSE system; and outcomes are broader socio-economic indicators like employment. ", "As a common nomenclature to describe and compare systems, we use UNESCO’s International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) definition of post-secondary education levels 5 to 8. ", "Most of the data come from the OECD. ", "The report concludes with six recommendations for Canada’s PSE system that would help make the system more competitive, efficient, and effective.", "\n\nThis report was prepared with financial support from The Conference Board of Canada’s Centre for Skills and Post-Secondary Education." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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0.000561
7
[ "Q:\n\nConsistent vertical alignment of one-line text in minipages\n\nThe vertical alignment of one-line text in minipages depends on the vertical extent of the text itself:\n\\documentclass{scrartcl}\n\\begin{document}\n bad alignment:\n \\frame{\n \\begin{minipage}[c][1cm][c]{0.1\\linewidth}\n \\LARGE Good\n \\end{minipage}}\n \\frame{\n \\begin{minipage}[c][1cm][c]{0.2\\linewidth}\n \\LARGE Morning\n \\end{minipage}}\n\\end{document}\n\nThere is a simple solution adding a full extent dummy symbol like \\ddag, but I don't like this solution for different reasons (e.g. bad for people who want to copy the text from my pdf as they will copy my hidden dummy symbol as well):\n\\documentclass{scrartcl}\n\\usepackage{color}\n\\begin{document}\n dummy symbol solution:\n \\frame{\n \\begin{minipage}[c][1cm][c]{0.1\\linewidth}\n \\LARGE Good\\textcolor{white}{\\ddag}\n \\end{minipage}}\n \\frame{\n \\begin{minipage}[c][1cm][c]{0.2\\linewidth}\n \\LARGE Morning\\textcolor{white}{\\ddag}\n \\end{minipage}}\n\\end{document}\n\nDo you have any advices how to solve this problem?", "\n\nA:\n\nI don't know about the \\frame{...} command you're using, but it seems that \\fbox{...} is the one you want for this purpose: it makes the baseline of its contents respect the baseline of its environment.", "\nAlso, as Jagath AR has suggested, you can use \\vphantom{...} rather than white text. ", "Simpler still, you can use \\strut.", "\n\\documentclass{article}\n\\begin{document}\n\\noindent \n With struts:\n \\fbox{\n \\begin{minipage}[t]{16mm}\n \\LARGE Good\\strut\n \\end{minipage}}\n \\fbox{\n \\begin{minipage}[t]{23mm}\n \\LARGE Morning\\strut\n \\end{minipage}}\n Without struts:\n \\fbox{\n \\begin{minipage}[t]{16mm}\n \\LARGE Good\n \\end{minipage}}\n \\fbox{\n \\begin{minipage}[t]{23mm}\n \\LARGE Morning\n \\end{minipage}}\n\\end{document}\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.004102
5
[ "One of the highest priorities of the present healthcare system is the ability to collect bad debt. ", "The healthcare system is not able to demand full, prompt payment for healthcare services; and thus there is a large amount of unpaid debt carried by the system. ", "Some industry analysts estimate that hospitals are underpaid by an amount of 5-10% annually by third-party payers, leaving a significant amount of money on the table. ", "Furthermore, some 45 million Americans do not carry health care insurance. ", "Many more Americans face higher deductibles, erosion on coverage and long periods of no insurance. ", "Estimates show that self-pay accounts tend to have a higher number of gross days revenue outstanding for hospitals.", "\nAcross the United States alone, estimates show that the amount of bad debt (in the form of accounts receivable from patients) owed to the hospitals, physician practices, nursing homes and the like is on the order of hundreds of billions of dollars. ", "The bad debt problem is the principal driving force behind the chronic cash-flow problems and weak financial vital signs of hospitals.", "\nThe bad debt problem is the principal driving force behind the chronic cash-flow problems and weak financial vital signs currently plaguing our nation's healthcare providers. ", "Recent reports attribute the share price downgrades, declines and earnings shortfalls of many American-based healthcare providers to unpaid medical bills, a condition that has plagued these companies for years.", "\nPresently, healthcare providers set aside over $129 billion annually to cover bad debt, amounting to roughly 7 percent of the industry's revenues, and more than double the industry's average net profits of 3 percent. ", "This statistic underscores the magnitude of the problem and the importance of managing the impact of bad debt within the confines of the provider's overall financial portfolio, while providing testament to the importance of recovering bad debt as one of the provider's highest ongoing priorities.", "\nUS Published Patent Application 2003/0018563, to Kilgour et al, relates to a method for facilitating a financial investment in at least one accounts receivable owned by a first person, the method comprising the steps of: obtaining a systems manager employing a computer-based system, enrolling the at least one accounts receivable owned by the first person as a lot for a trade using a computer database, receiving at least one bid from at least one bidder for purchasing the lot, and determining the result of the trade for the lot, wherein each account receivable of the at least one accounts receivable is associated with a merchant's buyer and a merchant.", "\nUS Published Patent Application 2002/0169708, to Chittenden, relates to a competitive sealed bidding system and a method therefore. ", "The publication disclose and claims a method for competitively sealed bidding on debt obligations over a computer network, the method comprising: inputting a first data into the computer network, the first data associated with a debt obligation desired by a borrower including a bid due date, inputting a second data into the computer network, the second data associated with a bid request including a rate of the debt obligation by a lender to underwrite the debt obligation desired by the borrower, and concealing from the borrower until the bid due date at least the rate of the debt obligation bid by the lender on the computer network.", "\nThere is a need for a method of reversing the downward spiraling of healthcare services' bottom line. ", "All healthcare services can benefit by employing a centralized process for obtaining sources that can readily collect bad debt generated by unpaid and overdue accounts receivable." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.001368
17
[ "Interaction of multiple factors with a GC-rich element within the mitogen responsive region of the human transferrin receptor gene.", "\nNuclear factors from HeLa cells were isolated by elution of DNA-cellulose bound proteins with a double stranded synthetic oligonucleotide corresponding to the region from -34 to -79 of the human transferrin receptor (TR) gene promoter. ", "The eluted proteins were further purified and separated from the oligonucleotide by ion exchange chromatography. ", "Proteins within the resulting fraction bound with specificity to the TR promoter. ", "Retardation gel analysis and competition with specific double-stranded oligonucleotides show that multiple factors present in this fraction compete for binding within the same region of the TR promoter. ", "Footprinting experiments demonstrate that these factors contact a GC-rich element that is within the region that is required for enhanced expression of the gene in proliferating cells. ", "One of the factors protects an extended DNA sequence but still contacts the GC-rich element." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.00974
7
[ "The Corinthians Residence Guadalupe\n\nAbout the property\n\n– Your Money Cash out is basically only 20% ( 245,000 ) and you can pay it in installment for 3 year or 6,805 per month\n\n– The Balance of 80% should be secured thru bank loan,and the payment of amortization however will be paid thru monthly rental from tenant – so it means you will no longer get money from your own pocket\n\n– Demands of rental are very huge – lot of visitors love to live because Cebu is the ” most livable city in the Philippines”\n\n– Recieve a PASSIVE INCOME – most likely “money works for you, and not you work for money”\n\n– The condominium unit have already partition of 1 bedroom which mostly looking from tenant, and it has already 2 cabinets in the bedroom.", "It has also a pool and a garden in a rooftop. ", "Potential for rental are about 15,000 to 17,000 per month\n\n– The Condo will be deliver on 3rd quarter of 2015, so you wont wait for a longer to recieve the return of investment or profit\n\n– You can sell it also after 2 to 3 years with high appreciation value – 20% – 35% expected profit" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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0.00074
3
[ "Q:\n\nLooking for solution ideas on how to update files in real time that may be locked by other software\n\nI'm interested in getting solution ideas for a problem we have.", "\nBackground:\nWe have software tools that run on laptops and flash data onto hardware components. ", "This software reads in a series of data files in order to do the programming on the hardware. ", "It's in a manufacturing environment and is running continuously throughout the day.", "\nProblem:\nCurrently, they're a central repository that the software connects to to read the data files. ", "The software reads the files and retains a lock on them throughout the entire flashing process. ", "This is running all throughout the day on different hardware components, so it's feasible that these files could be \"locked\" for most of the day.", "\nThere's new requirements that state these data files that the software is reading need to be updated in real time, will minimal impact to the end user who is doing the flashing. ", "We will be writing the service that drops the files out there in real time.", "\nThe software is developed by a third party vendor and is not modifiable by us. ", "However, it expects a location to look for the data files, so everything up until the point of flashing is our process that we're free to change.", "\nQuestion:\nWhat approach would you take to solve this from a solution programming standpoint? ", "We're not sure how to drop files out there in real time given the locks that will be present on them throughout the day. ", "We'll settle for an \"as soon as possible\" solution if that is significantly easier.", "\n\nA:\n\nThe only way out of this conundrum seems to be the introduction of an extra file repository, along with a service-like piece of logic in charge of keeping these repositories synchronized.", "\nIn other words, the file upload takes places in one of the repositories (call it the \"input repository\"), and the flashing process uses the other repository (call it the \"ouput repository\"). ", " The synchronization logic permanently pools the input repository for new files (based on file time stamp or other...) and when it finds such new files, attempts to copy these to the \"output directory\"; such copy either takes place instantly, when the flashing logic hasn't locked the corresponding file in the output directory, or it is differed till the file gets unlocked.", "\nNote: During the file copy, the synchronization logic can/should lock the file, hence very temporarily preventing the file to be overwritten by new uploads, but ensuring full integrity of the copied file. ", " The difference with the existing system is that the lock is held for a much shorter amount of time.", "\nThe drawback of this system is the full duplication of the repository, and this could be a problem if the repository is very big. ", " However there doesn't appear to be many alternatives since we do not have control over the flashing process.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.000726
22
[ "I named this site ‘Fallible Ideas’ to emphasize that we all make mistakes. ", "It's important to always be learning, challenging ourselves, and trying to improve. ", "By an effort, we can make fewer mistakes. ", "Perhaps you can learn something if you read on." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2" }
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0.001015
4
[ "Q:\n\nXcode snapshots\n\nWhat exactly does Xcode do with project snapshots after the Xcode project is moved or renamed. ", "I have noticed they completely disapear...Where should I look?", "\nDefintely not in ~/Library/Application Support/Developer/Shared/SnapshotRepository.sparseimage\n\nA:\n\n~/Library/Application Support/Developer/Shared/SnapshotRepository.sparseimage is a disk image. ", "You have to mount it and look in there.", "\nSnapshots are stored based on a hash of the project name; change the project name and you lose the snapshot history. ", " If you take a snapshot of the new project, and can find the old snapshot on the disk image, you can probably move the old snapshot into the new one's directory.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.001002
7
[ "DB's has one Rule of Combat that determines how a Fight would go and i think it's not very realistic. ", "If Fighter A has a much greater Ki level than fighter B, there is no way B can hurt A, even if caught off guard. ", "Wouldn't it have made DB fights more interesting, if this rule didn't apply?", "\n\nTwo words: Original Dragonball. ", "Where skill could turn the tide of a fight.", "\n\nAlso, Goku, Gohan, and Piccolo were all able to hurt Raditz. ", "Goku was able to injure Vegeta, and Frieza despite being much weaker than all of them. ", "Piccolo kicked Frieza and was able to hold him off while Goku finished the Genki Dama. ", "Goku and Vegeta both almost killed Cell. ", "Trunks, despite being stronger than Cell's initial warming up power in USSJ2, was manhandled because he wasn't fast enough. ", "Plenty of people hurt Buu...as much as Buu can be hurt...despite being weaker.", "\n\nIf regeneration hadn't been introduced, Vegeta would have killed both Cell and Buu despite being multiple times weaker than both of them. ", "And prior to that, there were multiple instances of weaker fighters injuring much stronger ones.", "\n\nAs for it being unrealistic, I don't think so. ", "In real life if a young child or teenager hit a body builder - unless it was in the groin or throat or something - the body builder would barely feel a thing. ", "Speaking from experience here.", "It's not unrealistic, it just seems so because the powers displayed in DBZ are much huger than anything we could ever hope to reach.", "\n\nExcept that Piccolo's Special Beam Cannon was not stronger than Raditz. ", "It's a piercing attack like Frieza's death beams.", "The Spirit Bomb did not kill Vegeta or even finish him, it just weakened him. ", "He was actually beaten by Gohan.", "Buu...yeah, okay.", "\n\nAnd because these weaker fighters have attacks that have special attributes that allow them to beat stronger fighters, that's not fair? ", "That's HOW weaker fighters win against fighters massively stronger than them.", "\n\nRaditz was about 3 times stronger than Goku and Piccolo. ", "It doesn't matter how 'smart' they are (thought grabbing his tail TWICE worked). ", "With a gap like that, nothing else would have worked. ", "In real life, if somebody can run three times faster than you can and sustain that pace, it doesn't matter how intelligent you are, you won't beat them in a race. ", "If someone is three times stronger than you, you won't beat them in an armwrestle. ", "Period. ", "And that's why strategy is seldom used in DBZ. ", "Because the gaps were almost always enormous.", "\n\nVegeta was 3 times stronger than Goku and about 15 times stronger than Gohan and Krillen.", "\n\nBecause of Buu's regeneration, it would have been utterly impossible for someone weaker than him to kill him unless an attack with massive amplification was used.", "\n\nThere were very few fights in the series where the gap between fighters was close enough to a point where strategy and intelligent fighting would have made a difference:\n\nPiccolo vs 17Goku vs Cell (supressed)Goku vs Vegeta 2\n\nIn all three of those fights, there was a lot more strategy involved than just roflstomping the other fighter.", "\n\nGoku's instant transmission Kamehameha, for example, was brilliant. ", "And again, if Cell did not have regeneration, it would have been over right there.", "\n\nI would have liked to see something like Mace Windu vs Palpatine or Obiwan vs Anakin, where a fighter combines a style+experience to overpower a much stronger opponent. ", "I suspect Piccolo vs 2nd form Frieza was like that and the filler fight Goku vs Pikkon.", "\n\nIt's hardly even a \"rule\", it's just common sense that as time passes and powers become greater and greater, that fights would get one-sided. ", "In Dragonball powers were relatively closer to one another, so you'd get more exciting and evenly matched battles. ", "In DBZ and GT, situations like that were extremely rare. ", "They did occur, but just a whole lot less, and with good reason (IMO)." ]
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0.013357
43
[ "Many portable products, such as cell phones, laptop computers, personal data assistants (PDAs) and the like, utilize a processing system that executes programs, such as communication and multimedia programs. ", "A processing system for such products may include multiple processors, complex memory systems including multi-levels of caches for storing instructions and data, controllers, peripheral devices such as communication interfaces, and fixed function logic blocks configured, for example, on a single chip.", "\nIn multiprocessor portable systems, including smartphones, tablets, and the like, an applications processor may be used to coordinate operations among a number of embedded processors. ", "The host application processor may also provide an access port to storage elements such as embedded or removable non-volatile memory modules and disk drives. ", "Other embedded processors may be dedicated to specific real-time operations, such as a modem control processor, an audio signal processor, or the like. ", "Each of the embedded processors may operate their own file system which may have specific time constraints associated with its dedicated functions. ", "Such a multiprocessor system may also be required to share memory storage, such as the embedded memory and removable non-volatile memory modules or disk drives. ", "However, in a system where the shared non-volatile memory storage devices each have a single port accessible through a host control processor, excessive latency may be experienced in memory accesses from dedicated functions in specific processors due to increased interdependencies between subsystems and overhead of inter-process communication (IPC). ", "Also, debug in such a system may become unacceptably complicated." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds" }
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0.000614
9
[ "[Current role of x-ray computed tomographic test in the detection of lesions of peritoneal carcinomatosis].", "\nCT scan is presently the method of choice in the pre-operative evaluation of patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis. ", "The aim of this article is to present the results of a personal work concerning the comparison of CT scan and the surgical data in the diagnosis of peritoneal carcinomatosis and to compare them with data of the literature. ", "Despite the existence of unavoidable bias related to the retrospective characteristic of the study, the results confirm the good sensitivity of the scan in the examination of peritoneal carcinomatosis, through it remains insufficient to do without surgical exploration." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000719
4
[ "Persistent idiopathic facial pain exists independent of somatosensory input from the painful region: findings from quantitative sensory functions and somatotopy of the primary somatosensory cortex.", "\nIn 14 patients with unilateral persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP), classified according to the criteria of the International Headache Society, and 16 age-matched control subjects sensory functions were examined on the face by quantitative sensory testing (QST). ", "Additionally, the somatotopy of the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) to tactile input from the pain area was evaluated by means of magnetoencephalography. ", "Previously reported abnormalities in PIFP as a dishabituation of the R2 component of the blink reflex and psychiatric disturbances were co-evaluated. ", "Psychiatric evaluation included a Structured Clinical Interview for axis-I DSM IV disorders (SCID-I) and employment of the SCL-90-R and a depression scale (ADS). ", "Thresholds to touch, pin prick, warm, cold, heat and pressure pain as well as the pain ratings to single and repetitive (perceptual wind up) painful pin prick stimuli did not indicate a significant sensory deficit or hyperactivity in the pain area when compared with the asymptomatic side nor when compared with the values of healthy control subjects. ", "QST results were not significantly altered in patients (n=4) that showed an abnormal dishabituation of the R2 component of the blink reflex. ", "The interhemispheric difference in distance between the cortical representation of the lip and the index finger did not differ between patients and control subjects. ", "Psychiatric evaluation did not disclose significant abnormalities at a group level. ", "It is concluded that PIFP is maintained by mechanisms which do not involve somatosensory processing of stimuli from the pain area." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.001832
10
[ "Schweinefleischverbot im Kindergarten: Aufregung um TV-Bericht.", "\n\nIn der Stadt Salzburg hat am Freitag eine Vorankündigung des Fernsehsenders Servus TV über einen für den Abend geplanten Bericht zu einem angeblichen Schweinefleisch-Verbot in den öffentlichen Horten und Kindergärten der Stadt für Aufregung gesorgt. ", "Die zuständige Vizebürgermeistern Anja Hagenauer (SPÖ) bezeichnet die Story nicht nur als sachlich falsch, der Sender habe dies auch gewusst.", "\n\n\n\nIn der über APA-OTS verbreiteten Vorschau informierte Servus TV, in seiner Nachrichtensendung um 19.20 Uhr exklusiv darüber zu berichten, dass Schweinefleisch-Produkte vom Menüplan der von der Stadt betriebenen Horte und Kinderbetreuungseinrichtungen gestrichen wurden. ", "Hagenauer habe dem Sender diese angeblich schon länger gültige Vorgabe bestätigt und unter anderem auf die Bedürfnisse muslimischer Kinder verwiesen. ", "Befragte Eltern hätten sich von dieser Regelung überrascht gezeigt und mehrheitlich ablehnend reagiert.", "\n\n\n\nDie Vorankündigung umfasste auch politische Reaktionen. ", "Die Stadt-ÖVP habe demnach von einem nicht gerechtfertigten \"Schnitzel-Erlass\" gesprochen, die Stadt-FPÖ einen Versuch geortet, \"für Zuwanderer ein entsprechendes Essensangebot zu schaffen.\" ", "Untermauert wurde die Aussendung zudem mit einer von Servus TV in Auftrag gegebenen Umfrage, wonach 78 Prozent der Österreicher der Ansicht seien, dass Schweinefleisch in öffentlichen Kindergärten auf dem Menüplan stehen sollte.", "\n\n\n\nSalzburg: Story ist falsch\n\nBei der Stadt zeigte man sich am Freitagnachmittag verärgert. ", "Es gebe keinen Erlass, die angekündigte Story sei vielmehr falsch und entspreche nicht den Tatsachen, sagte Hagenauer im Gespräch mit der APA. \"", "Wir haben das Servus TV erklärt, aber der Beitrag wurde trotz besseren Wissens groß angekündigt.\" ", "In den städtischen Kindergärten werde bereits seit fünf Jahren kein Schweinefleisch mehr serviert. \"", "Bis dahin hat es etwa zwei Mal im Monat Schwein gegeben - entweder als Wurstnudeln oder als Schnitzel.\"", "\n\n\n\nAus der gelebten Praxis habe sich dann ergeben, dass man auf Huhn oder Pute umgestiegen sei. \"", "Mit dem positiven Nebeneffekt, dass kein Extra-Menüplan auch für die rund 30 Prozent muslimische Kinder angeboten werden muss.\" ", "Die Speiseplangestaltung sei seit fünf Jahren auch den Eltern bekannt, Beschwerden habe es nie gegeben. \"", "Der angekündigte Bericht ist eine offenbar gewollte Instrumentalisierung auf Kosten der Kinder\", betonte Hagenauer.", "\n\n" ]
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0.148953
19
[ "The popular all-rounder Rubino (wire bead) has the perfect mix of features for most amateurs, with the endurance for the toughest challenges. ", "These tyres feature a 60 TPI nylon casing, has a technical tread pattern and long life tread compound.", "\n\nThe popular all-rounder Rubino (wire bead) has the perfect mix of features for most amateurs, with the endurance for the toughest challenges. ", "These tyres feature a 60 TPI nylon casing, has a technical tread pattern and long life tread compound." ]
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0.000692
4
[ "Sometimes, you just need it easy. ", "It doesn’t get much easier, or thriftier than this. ", "A few pantry staples thrown in the slow cooker and left to mellow, served with varying degrees of complexity, depending on the occasion. ", "This was one of my go-to meals when our house first went gluten free. ", "My whole family would eat it without complaint, and were able to customize it to suit their particular wants.", "\n\nThis recipe started with my friend Ann, who has made a variation of this meal countless times, and I have taken it and made it my own with different variations for different occasions. ", "These tacos are the perfect GF addition to a pot luck taco bar (with its own serving spoon of course!), ", "or the main ingredients can be easily combined in a gallon zip-top bag and frozen to make a freezer meal to throw in the slow cooker later. ", "This is also a great meal to prepare and bring warm to friends and family who maybe just had a baby, or a loss and don’t want to think about preparing a meal.", "\n\nPlay with it and make it your own- I’m excited to see what others add to it!", "\n\nLet’s also talk for a minute about gluten free seasonings. ", "There is a lot of discussion in the GF community about things that are processed with wheat, or on the same equipment, line, or facility. ", "It can be difficult to find brands that are certified GF, but they are out there. ", "Do what you are comfortable with. ", "Always read your labels, and double check products even if you have used them before-ingredients change. ", "I personally use (at the time of publication,) either the packet mixes from Trader Joes, or the Spice Islands Taco Seasoning mix from Costco. ", "Our Gluten Free Girl has not had a reaction to either one, but use at your own discretion. ", "If you don’t trust the mixes- you can nix it completely and still have one tasty meal, or play around with Cumin, Chili, and Garlic and Onion powder.", "\n\n" ]
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0.018224
19
[ "UK property up for fifth month in a row, latest index shows\n\nHouse prices in the UK rose more than expected last month, leading to the fifth successive rise since the summer but are expected to remain flat next year.", "\n\nAverage property prices went up 1.4% in value during November which means that they have jumped more than £13,000 since their lowest point in April, the latest index from Halifax shows.", "\n\nPrices were volatile at the beginning of the year, switching between monthly rises and falls amid uncertainty in the economy. ", "But an increase in demand for property, a shortage of supply and a fall in some mortgage rates has helped to five consecutive months of increases, said Martin Ellis, housing economist at Halifax.", "\n\nThe outlook though is likely to be different in 2010. ‘", "The prospects for the market will depend on how the economy evolves and whether there is a significant increase in the supply of properties for sale. ", "Overall, our view is that house prices will be flat during 2010,’ he said.", "\n\nLast week, Nationwide reported that the average cost of a UK home rose 0.5% during November but a difference in the samples used in the research means the Halifax rise was much higher.", "\n\nOthers are predicting that property prices will fall in 2010. ‘", "The continued rebound in house prices is hard to reconcile with the weak economic backdrop, the still-tight mortgage lending criteria and the fact that the market remains overvalued. ", "As a result, once the shortage of property on the market eases, we suspect that house prices will fall again,’ said Seema Shah, a property economist at Capital Economics.", "\n\nSimon Rubinsohn, Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors chief economist, believes the outlook is slightly more optimistic. ‘", "While some measures of house prices appear to be suggesting a slackening in momentum, the latest figures from Halifax point towards a more buoyant picture. ", "The November increase of 1.4% follows gains of 1.1% and 1.5% in the previous two months. ", "On a straight year on year comparison, house prices on this index are now higher than they were a year ago although still 16% down from the high water mark. ", "This compares with the Nationwide index which is 12.5% away from the peak,’ he said.", "\n\n‘Despite the probable ending of the extended zero rate band for stamp duty at the end of the year, the likelihood is that prices will continue to rise in the early part of 2010. ", "Although the fresh supply of property is beginning to pick up, it is continuing to lag behind the increase in buyer interest which suggests that, at least in the near term, the market will continue to tighten,’ he added." ]
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0.000628
18
[ "Q:\n\nHow do I parse through java source code and not store blank lines?", "\n\nThis is my method for adding each line of code: \n public static void String(){\n File f = new File(\"src/testClass.java\");\n try {\n Scanner s = new Scanner(f);\n s.useDelimiter(\"\\\\n\");\n while(s.hasNextLine()){\n String st = s.next();\n if(!st.equals(\"\\\\p{Space}\")) System.out.println(st);\n }\n\n } catch (FileNotFoundException e) {\n e.printStackTrace();\n }\n}\n\nHere is the testClass.java \npublic class testClass {\n public static void main (String[] args){\n int someNum = 1; //comment\n String someStr = \"haha\";\n /* final double pi = 3.14159;\n * \n */\n }\n\n public static void uselessMethod(int someNum){\n boolean isUseless1 = true;\n } \n}\n\nWhen I use this class to test my parser, it doesn't skip over the blank space after the brace underneath the closing bracket for main. ", "What needs to be done to not get it to be stored? ", "What is the more appropriate if statement to get it to not store that blank line, while acknowledging that it is a line rather than skipping over it completely? ", "I want to keep track of the line number while not storing the blank lines. ", "\n\nA:\n\nYou want to use the matches() method instead of equals():\nif(!st.matches(\"^\\\\p{Space}*$\")) System.out.println(st);\n\nI've also modified your regular expression a little bit. ", "It should now exclude all lines that are empty or contain only whitespace.", "\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.001543
8
[ "Effects of epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor I on the levels of mRNA encoding aromatase cytochrome P-450 of human ovarian granulosa cells.", "\nThe effects of growth factors to regulate the activity of aromatase, as well as the synthesis of aromatase cytochrome P-450 (P-450AROM) have been studied in human ovarian granulosa cells obtained from women undergoing oocyte retrieval. ", "Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) increased aromatase activity as well as the synthesis of P-450AROM, in a concentration-dependent fashion. ", "The levels of hybridizable mRNA species encoding cytochrome P-450AROM were also increased with IGF-I treatment. ", "By contrast, epidermal growth factor (EGF) had no effect on these parameters when added alone, but markedly inhibited the action of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate aromatase activity, and the synthesis of cytochrome P-450AROM, as well as its ability to increase the levels of mRNA encoding the enzyme. ", "It is concluded that these growth factors have opposite effects on aromatase activity, and that these actions reflect, in part, changes in the synthesis of cytochrome P-450AROM, which in turn are the consequence of changes in the levels of mRNA encoding this enzyme." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000871
6
[ "Overview of inflammatory bowel disease in Australia in the last 50 years.", "\nInflammatory diseases of the intestine, including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and celiac disease are now very common in Australia and remain major challenges for clinicians. ", "Australian (and New Zealand) clinicians and scientists have made considerable contributions to our current understanding of these diseases over the last 50 years, including pathogenesis (such as the 'butyrate hypothesis', 'endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress', and the identification of the peptide sequences that incite celiac disease), true population epidemiology (albeit in New Zealand), precise clinical observation, new investigative tools, innovative new potential therapies, influential clinical drug trials (such as triple antibiotics for Crohn's disease), and a dietary approach with efficacy for functional gut symptoms (the low FODMAP diet). ", "Underpinning the success has been clinical excellence and adaptation of clinicians to the changing landscape of disease severity and therapeutic options. ", "The future is indeed bright if such trends continue." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.000854
5
[ "/*\n * QEMU model of the ZynqMP generic DMA\n *\n * Copyright (c) 2014 Xilinx Inc.\n * Copyright (c) 2018 FEIMTECH AB\n *\n * Written by Edgar E. Iglesias <edgar.iglesias@xilinx.com>,\n * Francisco Iglesias <francisco.iglesias@feimtech.se>\n *\n * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy\n * of this software and associated documentation files (the \"Software\"), to deal\n * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights\n * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell\n * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is\n * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:\n *\n * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in\n * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.", "\n *\n * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED \"AS IS\", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR\n * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,\n * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. ", "IN NO EVENT SHALL\n * THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER\n * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,\n * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN\n * THE SOFTWARE.", "\n */\n\n#ifndef XLNX_ZDMA_H\n#define XLNX_ZDMA_H\n\n#include \"hw/sysbus.h\"\n#include \"hw/register.h\"\n#include \"sysemu/dma.h\"\n\n#define ZDMA_R_MAX (0x204 / 4)\n\ntypedef enum {\n DISABLED = 0,\n ENABLED = 1,\n PAUSED = 2,\n} XlnxZDMAState;\n\ntypedef union {\n struct {\n uint64_t addr;\n uint32_t size;\n uint32_t attr;\n };\n uint32_t words[4];\n} XlnxZDMADescr;\n\ntypedef struct XlnxZDMA {\n SysBusDevice parent_obj;\n MemoryRegion iomem;\n MemTxAttrs attr;\n MemoryRegion *dma_mr;\n AddressSpace *dma_as;\n qemu_irq irq_zdma_ch_imr;\n\n struct {\n uint32_t bus_width;\n } cfg;\n\n XlnxZDMAState state;\n bool error;\n\n XlnxZDMADescr dsc_src;\n XlnxZDMADescr dsc_dst;\n\n uint32_t regs[ZDMA_R_MAX];\n RegisterInfo regs_info[ZDMA_R_MAX];\n\n /* We don't model the common bufs. ", "Must be at least 16 bytes\n to model write only mode. ", " */\n uint8_t buf[2048];\n} XlnxZDMA;\n\n#define TYPE_XLNX_ZDMA \"xlnx.zdma\"\n\n#define XLNX_ZDMA(obj) \\\n OBJECT_CHECK(XlnxZDMA, (obj), TYPE_XLNX_ZDMA)\n\n#endif /* XLNX_ZDMA_H */\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Github" }
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0.000827
6
[ "With headstrong princes in charge elsewhere in the turbulent region, Sheikh Sabah al-Sabah’s calming influence will be missed" ]
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0.000961
1
[ "Q:\n\nDELETE command not completing on 30,000,000 row table\n\nI have inherited a database and am looking to clean and speed it up. ", "I have a table that contains 30,000,000 rows, many of which are junk data inserted due to an error on behalf of our programmer. ", "Before I add any new, more optimized indexes, I converted the table from MyISAM to InnoDB and am looking to delete a lot of the rows that contain junk data.", "\nThe database is MySQL 5.0 and I have root access to the server. ", "I was first running these commands through Adminer and then phpMyAdmin, both with the same results.", "\nThe command I am running is,\nDELETE\nFROM `tablename`\nWHERE `columnname` LIKE '-%'\n\nEssentially, delete anything in this column that begins with a dash -.", "\nIt runs for about 3-5 minutes and then when I view the process list, it's gone.", "\nI then run,\nSELECT *\nFROM `tablename`\nWHERE `columnname` LIKE '-%'\n\nand it returns millions of rows.", "\nWhy is my delete statement not completing?", "\nPS, I am aware of how out-of-date MySQL 5.0 is. ", "I am working on moving the DB to MySQL 5.6 w InnoDB (maybe MariaDB 10 w XtraDB) but until that happens, I am looking to answer this with the DB as is.", "\n--\nEdit removed, see my answer.", "\n\nA:\n\nPlease look at the Architecture of InnoDB (picture from Percona CTO Vadim Tkachenko)\n\nThe rows you are deleting is being written into the undo logs. ", "The file ibdata1 should be growing right now for the duration of the delete. ", "According to mysqlperformanceblog.com's Reasons for run-away main Innodb Tablespace:\n\nLots of Transactional Changes\nVery Long Transactions\nLagging Purge Thread\n\nIn your case, reason #1 would occupy one rollback segment along with some of the undo space since you are deleting rows. ", "Those rows must sit in ibdata1 until the delete is finished. ", "That space is logically discarded but the diskspace does not shrink back.", "\nYou need to kill that delete right now. ", "Once you kill the delete query, it will rollback the deleted rows.", "\nYou do this instead:\nCREATE TABLE tablename_new LIKE tablename;\nINSERT INTO tablename_new SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE `columnname` NOT LIKE '-%';\nRENAME TABLE\n tablename TO tablename_old,\n tablename_new TO tablename\n;\nDROP TABLE tablename_old;\n\nYou could have done this against the MyISAM version of the table first. ", "Then, convert it to InnoDB.", "\n\nA:\n\nI think we may have overcomplicated the answer that was in required in my case. ", "I have no doubt that both Roland & Rick James are correct with their creation of a temporary table, injecting only rows that pass the filter NOT LIKE '-%' but the solution for me was \"easier\" because there was an important error I was unaware of until now and for that I apologize.", "\nI ran the query in the mysql interactive prompt and noticed the error message,\nmysql> DELETE FROM `slugs` WHERE `slug` LIKE '-%';\nERROR 1206 (HY000): The total number of locks exceeds the lock table size\n\nThrough Googleing the error, I found the solution was to increase innodb_buffer_pool_size via the /etc/my.cnf file and rebooting the mysql daemon. ", "For my server it was set to the default 8M and I increased it to 1G (the server has 32GB and this is the only table that is currently InnoDB).", "\nmysql> DELETE FROM `slugs` WHERE `slug` LIKE '-%';\nQuery OK, 23517226 rows affected (27 min 33.23 sec)\n\nThen I was able to run the command and delete 23 million records in ~27 minutes.", "\nFor those curious what innodb_buffer_pool_size should be set to, take note of how much RAM you have and then take a look at this thread that gives a suggested estimate in GBs.", "\n\nA:\n\nRoland's suggestion can be sped up some by doing both things at once:\nCREATE TABLE tablename_new LIKE tablename;\nALTER TABLE tablename_new ENGINE = InnoDB;\nINSERT INTO tablename_new \n SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE `columnname` NOT LIKE '-%' ORDER BY primary_key;\nRENAME TABLE\n tablename TO tablename_old,\n tablename_new TO tablename\n;\nDROP TABLE tablename_old;\n\nBut here is a blog that explains how to do big DELETEs in chunks, rather than seemingly taking forever: http://mysql.rjweb.org/doc.php/deletebig The gist is to walk through the table via the PK, doing 1K rows at once. ", " (Of course there are more details to be aware of.)", "\nAnd this blog addresses potential gotchas in the conversion to InnoDB: http://mysql.rjweb.org/doc.php/myisam2innodb\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.030189
30
[ "Drum Circle FAQ\n\nWhat\nthe heck is a drum circle? - ", "A drum circle, most simply put,\nis a group of people gathered into a circle for the purpose of making\nmusic with percussion instruments. ", "It can be as simple as three friends\nin a living room, or as involved as a thousand music industry workers\njamming outside the Civic Center in Anaheim after the NAMM show closes.", "\n\nDrum Circles nowadays take many forms,\nand are used for many purposes, but at the most basic level, the idea\nis to play music on drums & other percussion instruments as a group.", "\nbeginning n the nineteen sixties, here in the U.S., purely recreational\ndrumming jam sessions became gradually more common in public places\nin the bigger cities, often very loosely organized, usually without\na designated leader, consisting of a group of friends simply improvising\ntogether, and letting the music emerge as it will. ", "This is an UNFACILITATED\nor tribal style drum jam or drum circle. ", "In the very early days, we\ndidn't call them drum circles. ", "Some of these evolved into weekly or\nmonthly gatherings in a park or other neutral public location, and they\ncontinue today, more popular than ever.", "\n\nFACT: This type\nof 'tribal' style informal drum circle has its historical roots\nin the U.S. cultural revolution of the nineteen sixties. ", "Many\ncommunity circles here today still have a counter-culture style\nor flavor to them. ", "Apparently the drumming, at least, was a good\nidea, because it is now being heartily embraced by mainstream\nsocieties around the world.", "\n\nSIDE TRIP:Watch\na video about one of the older, better established community\ncircles in the U.S.A.: the Griffith Park circle in Los Angeles.", "\n\nOther drum circles with a long term history are\nHippie\nHill in San Fransisco, which has been going strong for over\n40 years, and the long famous Harlem drumming scene, at Marcus\nGarvey Park, which has recently been attacked by the incoming\nyuppies who, by complaining, are ruining a Harlem recreational\ndrumming scene which has been a tradition for decades. ", "another\nvery well developed community drum circle is the Venice Beach\nCircle, in Southern California.", "\n\nDid Arthur Hull invent the Drum\nCircle?", "\n\nNo, he did not. ", "He played in earlier community\ndrum circles around the San Fransisco Bay area before he began doing\nhis programs, and was nurtured in a musical environment which included\nfreeform circles like those of the Rainbow Tribe and Hippie Hill. ", "Arthur\nHAS, however, inspired and popularized the use of the FACILITATED\ndrum circle, which is a very powerful tool for change, and he has empowered\nmany bright people, from many walks of life, with knowledge of the principles\nof facilitating a music making event in circle format. ", "The overall effect\nof his activity on the growing recreational drumming and music making\nscene is unmistakable and profound. ", "Arthur has brought the joy of drumming\nto a great many people who were not exposed to it previously.", "\n\nVirtually everyone working with\nfacilitated drum circles today has been affected by his work. ", "Thanks,\nArthur.", "\n\nFor more on stu's take on Arthur Hull,\nand facilitated drum circles, see\nthis page.", "\n\nHow\nis a Community drum circle different from regular African or other traditional\ndrumming situations?", "\n\nMany cultures have long and distinct musical\ntraditions, and the goal is not only the making of good music, but the\npreservation/transmission of the culture in a relatively traditional\nform. ", "There is a way to do the music, and a way not to do it. ", "Only experienced\nand authorized drummers are supposed to play, and there is a prescribed\nmethod of getting to that position, usually study with one of the master\ndrummers. ", "This too is a rewarding musical experience, but it's different\nfrom a community drum circle. ", "Examples of this would be African drum\n& dance classes, a Cuban style rumba,\nor perhaps a belly dancing event, with doumbek and sometimes riq accompaniment..\n\nA\ncommunity drum circle, in contrast, is often a fun, multicultural,\nmixed level, group music making event, with freely improvised rhythms,\nand the music is created on the spot, in the moment. ", "There is no 'audience';\neveryone is welcome to play, dance, or listen as the mood strikes them.", "\nBring a drum if you have one. ", "It's a jam session, an exploration. ", "The\nlanguage of rhythm transcends normal communication boundaries, so one\nsometimes finds folks interacting who would normally have trouble doing\nso..\n\nOften at larger community drum circles,\nsome people will choose to dance in the middle of the circle, or fire/hoop\ndancers or others will be practicing at the same time, so that the drumming\nis part of a larger social event.", "\n\nFacilitated\ndrum circles may have a specific focus, like an educational kids' circle,\na team building session for corporate executives, or a therapy session\nfor special needs populations and done or accompanied by a music therapist.", "\n\nFacilitated drum circles are more highly\norganized, accompanied by a protocol which sometimes involves other\nsteps as well, in addition to drumming, such as guided imagery, discussion,\nand so on. ", "Rather than a teacher, the leader is referred to as a facilitator,\nand it is his job to make the music making process as easy as possible\nfor all..\n\nThe demographics of the group, and the\nintention of the gathering, along with the instrumentation, the room/setting\nlogistics, and the background & skill of the facilitator or facilitation\nteam, if there is one, determine the direction the circle will take.", "\n\nI sometimes attend a weekly community\ndrum circle. ", "Why is the music so much fun one time, and so frustrating\nanother time?", "\n\nCommunity drum circles tend vary widely\nin quality, depending on the facilitator, participant demographics,\nthe beginner to advanced ratio, and the general state of mind of the\nplayers. ", "It can be very subjective. ", "More than once, I have finished\nplaying, feeling (one way or another), to discover that the guy next\nto me had been feeling just the opposite. ", "Music is a many faceted and\nwonderful thing.", "\n\nSometimes\nthe source of irritation is obvious, like a loud aggressive drummer\nwho is not listening to the rest of the group, drowning everyone else\nout. ", "there are various interventions which might be tried, to reach\nthe guy, but the best thing for you, the newbie, to do at that point\nis to move around the circle to see if there is a place where the sound\nisn't too overbearing. ", "It changes every few feet, in bigger rooms or\noutdoors. ", "You might try earplugs, and/or switching from an overworked\nhand drum to bell or shakers. ", "It is supposed to be fun, and relaxing.", "\nIf you are frustrated or in pain, this isn't how it should be.", "\n\nAre there universal principles that apply to the physical\nact of drumming?", "\n\nThe qualities of relaxation and\nsimple awareness [attention]greatly enhance the experience. ", "Drums\nrespond to changes in where the instrument is struck, rubbed or shaken,\nhow hard, with what shape (which part of your hand or a stick or mallet\ntouches which part of the instrument, in what way). ", "in the case of a\nshaker, the position of the shaker and the direction speed and size\nof the movement all produce different results. ", "It is fascinating to\nmanipulate these parameters for musical effect. ", "Keep eye contact with\nthe other players, and use all the audio AND visual information to find\na part that fits and supports..\n\nThe leader at a local drum circle near\nme keeps asking me to play the same simple thing over and over. ", "Why\nwon't he let me play what I want?", "\n\nWithout seeing you and your facilitator\nin action, I couldn't really say for sure. ", "In a good community drum\ncircle, there has to be a balance between spontaneity and order.", "\n\nHe may recognize in you the ability to\ndo something which he thinks will help stabilize the rhythm. (", "Then again,\nhe could be treating the drum circle like a drum class, trying to 'push\nthe river', instead of letting it flow by itself.) ", "This depends on the\nmusical factors at work in YOUR circle. ", "It's a flux, a continuum. ", "Give\nhim a chance. ", "Play your part modestly for awhile to help the groove\nget going, and play very simply, and instead of doodling, use the extra\nconsciousness to listen to everyone else. ", "Maintain eye contact. ", "Leave\nlots of open spaces. ", "Listen more than you speak. ", "Don't play too loud.", "\nNotice how the main parts all interact. ", "THEN, if you feel a certain\npart, go with it. ", "If he objects again at that point, maybe he is\nthe one who needs to adapt.", "\n\nWhat's the best instrument to start out on? ", "What is YOUR situation? ", "If you buy a big loud\ndrum, but you live in a small apartment, uh...you'll want to have a\nplace to go and play.", "\n\nStart experimenting , and resolve to explore rhythm.", "\nYour body is a great first instrument. ", "Play it, until you get a drum.", "\nThe human body was the very first instrument.", "\n\nMusical side trip: Body Percussion\nor Body Music\n\nIf you are like most of us, you will eventually amass\na collection of drums, shakers, bells, scrapers, and so on.. You can\neasily start with some smaller percussion instruments, perhaps a tamborine,\na bell of some sort, and a few shakers, and expand your collection from\nthere as your situation evolves. ", "There are also lots of homemade and\nfound options; see our homemade page\nfor more on this." ]
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0.004636
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[ "Q:\n\nHow do you check whether a python method is bound or not?", "\n\nGiven a reference to a method, is there a way to check whether the method is bound to an object or not? ", " Can you also access the instance that it's bound to?", "\n\nA:\n\ndef isbound(method):\n return method.im_self is not None\n\ndef instance(bounded_method):\n return bounded_method.im_self\n\nUser-defined methods:\n\nWhen a user-defined method object is\n created by retrieving a user-defined\n function object from a class, its\n im_self attribute is None and the\n method object is said to be unbound.", "\n When one is created by retrieving a\n user-defined function object from a\n class via one of its instances, its\n im_self attribute is the instance, and\n the method object is said to be bound.", "\n In either case, the new method's\n im_class attribute is the class from\n which the retrieval takes place, and\n its im_func attribute is the original\n function object.", "\n\nIn Python 2.6 and 3.0:\n\nInstance method objects have new\n attributes for the object and function\n comprising the method; the new synonym\n for im_self is __self__, and im_func\n is also available as __func__. ", "The old\n names are still supported in Python\n 2.6, but are gone in 3.0.", "\n\nA:\n\nIn python 3 the __self__ attribute is only set on bound methods. ", "It's not set to None on plain functions (or unbound methods, which are just plain functions in python 3). ", "\nUse something like this:\ndef is_bound(m):\n return hasattr(m, '__self__')\n\nA:\n\nThe chosen answer is valid in almost all cases. ", "However when checking if a method is bound in a decorator using chosen answer, the check will fail. ", "Consider this example decorator and method:\ndef my_decorator(*decorator_args, **decorator_kwargs):\n def decorate(f):\n print(hasattr(f, '__self__'))\n @wraps(f)\n def wrap(*args, **kwargs):\n return f(*args, **kwargs)\n return wrap\n return decorate\n\nclass test_class(object):\n @my_decorator()\n def test_method(self, *some_params):\n pass\n\nThe print statement in decorator will print False.", "\nIn this case I can't find any other way but to check function parameters using their argument names and look for one named self. ", "This is also not guarantied to work flawlessly because the first argument of a method is not forced to be named self and can have any other name.", "\nimport inspect\n\ndef is_bounded(function):\n params = inspect.signature(function).parameters\n return params.get('self', None) is not None\n\n" ]
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[ "Mehdi Chebil | One of the two Mistral warships France did not deliver to Russia\n\nFrance says the cost of the cancellation of the sale of two Mistral-class warships to Russia is below 1 billion euros ($1.1 billion).", "\n\nAdvertising Read more\n\nFrench government spokesman Stephane le Foll said Wednesday that the amount includes refunding all the advances paid by Russia. ", "He said he wouldn’t give the exact figure because parliament needs to be formally informed first.", "\n\nThis amount doesn’t include the expensive costs of the upkeep of the warships in the French city of Saint Nazaire.", "\n\nThe delivery of the first warship to Russia was suspended last year because of the Ukrainian crisis. ", "The 1.2 billion euro ($1.3 billion) deal was supposed to be the biggest arms sale ever by a NATO country to Russia.", "\n\nFrance is now trying to find new buyers for the warships.", "\n\n* FRANCE 24’s special report “To Russia with love” was done Aug. 20-21, 2014, before France cancelled the sale of its Mistral warships to Russia.", "\n\n(AP)\n\nDaily newsletterReceive essential international news every morning Subscribe" ]
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0.000635
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[ "Sertoli cell grafts for Huntington's disease. ", "An opinion.", "\nThe role of inflammation in CNS diseases is controversial, but growing evidence suggests that anti-inflammatory agents can minimize and/or prevent neural degeneration and its associated behavioral consequences. ", "Sertoli cells can be grafted into the CNS to locally deliver molecules with known trophic and anti-inflammatory effects on the surrounding tissue. ", "When Sertoli cells are grafted into the 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP) model of Huntington's disease the protective effects are quite similar to those obtained using systemic treatments with NSAIDS (Salzberg-Benhouse et al., ", "J. Pharmacol. ", "Exp. ", "Ther. ", "306:218-228, 2003). ", "While these data alone do not provide unequivocal support for the notion that Sertoli cell grafts exert their beneficial effects via modulating local inflammation, they do provide an interesting convergence between data sets. ", "The benefits of Sertoli cell grafts should be more thoroughly examined in animal models of inflammation." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.001483
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[ "Risk factors according to estrogen receptor status of breast cancer patients in Trivandrum, South India.", "\nEstrogen receptor (ER) status is an important biomarker in defining subtypes of breast cancer differing in antihormonal therapy response, risk factors and prognosis. ", "However, little is known about association of ER status with various risk factors in the developing world. ", "Our case-control study done in Kerala, India looked at the associations of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer. ", "From 2002 to 2005, 1,208 cases and controls were selected at the Regional Cancer Center (RCC), Trivandrum, Kerala, India. ", "Information was collected using a standardized questionnaire, and 3-way analyses compared ER+/ER- cases, ER+ cases/controls and ER- cases/controls using unconditional logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. ", "The proportion of ER- cases was higher (64.1%) than ER+ cases. ", "Muslim women were more likely to have ER- breast cancer compared to Hindus (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.02), an effect limited to premenopausal group (OR = 1.87, 95% CI = 1.26, 2.77). ", "Women with higher socioeconomic status were more likely to have ER+ breast cancer (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11, 1.98). ", "Increasing BMI increased likelihood of ER- breast cancer in premenopausal women (p for trend < 0.001). ", "Increasing age of marriage was positively associated with both ER+ and ER- breast cancer. ", "Increased breastfeeding and physical activity were in general protective for both ER+ and ER- breast cancer. ", "The findings of our study are significant in further understanding the relationship of ER status and risk factors of breast cancer in the context of the Indian subcontinent." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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0.058253
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[ "Directors\n\nB&J Catalano was formed to provide a 'hands on' service and to form close and continual relationships with its clients and suppliers.", "\n\nSince establishment more than five decades ago, B&J Catalano has built an enviable reputation through not only the community, but also the transport and earthmoving industries.", "\n\nIt is the Companywide commitment and passion that has enabled B&J Catalano to have such a long and rich history of success.", "\n\nBill Catalano\n\nManaging Director\n\nTogether with his brother Joe, Bill Catalano founded B&J Catalano in 1962. ", "Bill has in excess of fifty years’ experience in the transport and earthmoving industry and has seen the birth of the modern mining boom in Western Australia. ", "His boundless energy and commitment to B&J Catalano is a still a driving force in the business today. ", "Bill provides continuing leadership and strategic direction to the Company.", "\n\nClem Catalano\n\nDirector/Secretary\n\nClem Catalano is the son of the late founding director Joe Catalano. ", "Clem commenced working with the Company in 1977, with a wide range of experience behind him, specifically in transport and material supply. ", "Clem has been a driver of the business’ development, generating and maintaining strong, positive business relationships across the industry.", "\n\nStephen Catalano\n\nDirector\n\nStephen Catalano is the son of founder Bill Catalano and commenced with the Company in 1980. ", "Over this period Stephen has been particularly active and successful in managing the earthmoving and civil contracting side of the business. ", "He has also worked in unison with Senior Management in developing B&J Catalano’s maintenance services." ]
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0.000668
13
[ "Q:\n\nКак передать в функцию несколько переменных через пробел?", "\n\ndef isEven(Ax , Ay , Bx , By , Cx , Cy):\n S = 0\n S = (Bx - Ax) * (Ay + By) + (Cx - Bx) * (Cy + By) + (Ax - Cx) * (Ay + Cy) / 2\n\nprint(isEven(input()))\n\nA:\n\nПопробуйте это:\nargs = map(int, input().split())\nisEven(*args)\n\n" ]
{ "pile_set_name": "StackExchange" }
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0.00332
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[ "Staff is friendly and professional. ", "Room was clean and comfortable. ", "I stayed two nights and the housekeepers actually came to make the beds, empty trash and change towels after the first night! ", "The breakfast had a lot of options and was open until 10am for those of us who don't need to get up at the crack of dawn. :-) ", "There were tons of TV channels and the pool and hot tub were an added plus. ", "Will definitely stay again next time I'm in town.", "\n\nWonderful hotel, wonderful staff. ", "Room was spotless and comfortable. ", "Hotel staff was friendly, kind and caring. ", "We heard no outside noise during our stay even though Hurricane Irma was pelting the area with heavy rain and wind. ", "We would not hesitate to stay at this hotel again if we were in that area.", "\n\nI was there with my adult daughter and two granddaughters for my sister's wedding. ", "The hotel was very nice. ", "Staff was friendly and most helpful! ", "I did not appreciate paying six dollars a day to park and the first thing I see in the parking garage is PARK AT YOUR OWN RISK! ", "Seriously??? ", "You absolutely need to rethink this policy! ", "Not crazy about paying extra for wi-fi either. ", "Though I used my LTGE, it was hard on my family. ", "Not many really nice hotels and motels nickel and dime their guests in this manner! ", "Managers \"welcome\" did not work so well for me either. ", "I had to stay with a sister in her room because her blood sugar was dangerously low and we were having trouble getting it raised! ", "When we finally got it to a safe level I went down to join another sister and her husband at the \"welcome\"only to be denied a drink by the \"manager\" because it was 7:30 already. ", "I had been in line behind two gentlemen who were served. ", "My brother-in-law bought me a nice drink at the bar.", "\n\nWe came here to evacuate from Irma in Florida. ", "We were all a little panicked and chose this hotel on the fly. ", "I couldn't give it a better rating. ", "The whole staff from front desk to housekeeping is very accommodating and welcoming. ", "They know we are displaced and have had nothing but welcoming arms. ", "Hotel is very clean, someone always cleaning. ", "Anytime I ask for anything it's here in minutes. ", "Great stay!", "\n\nGot to the hotel, and was told that the room was double booked and didn't have another room available with double beds . ", "I was given a room with an upgraded queen bed plus comped another room for my kids right next door to mine. ", "My kids were excited to have a room to theirselves. ", "I will definitely recommend staying at this Extended Stay hotel in the future\n\nWhether you are a serious art lover or just enjoy the chance to see beautiful creations, Huntsville Museum of Art is a place that is well-worth your time. ", "If you want to be based close by, the Americas Best Value Inn Huntsville and Homewood Suites by Hilton Huntsville - Downtown, AL are your best choices for accommodations.", "\n\nIf you have very few wishes and are simply looking for slightly lower priced Huntsville hotels or apartments, there are affordable places available in the vicinity. ", "The Comfort Inn Huntsville and the Sleep Inn And Suites Huntsville are a couple of the best options around. ", "Two more options in the budget range are the Quality Inn Athens and the Sleep Inn & Suites Athens.", "\n\nIf you are hunting for additional hotel options, the Westin Huntsville and the Residence Inn by Marriott Huntsville are 5 miles and 6 miles from the heart of Huntsville. ", "The TownePlace Suites by Marriott Huntsville and the Homewood Suites by Hilton HuntsvilleVillage of Providence can be found 6 miles and 6 miles away.", "\n\nAttractions and Hotels Near Huntsville\n\nIf you plan to see more of the rolling hills in this part of United States of America, you may choose to plan extra days in other parts of Northeast Alabama. ", "You might like to tour local places of interest or go mountain biking, and afterwards find a comfortable place to stay.", "\n\nPriceville and Athens are a couple more places to take a look at in North Alabama. ", "Priceville is 20 miles to the southwest of Huntsville, while Athens is 20 miles to the west. ", "Accommodations in Priceville include the Comfort Inn Decatur and Super 8 Decatur Priceville Area. ", "The Fairfield Inn & Suites Athens and Holiday Inn Express Hotel & Suites Athens are among the hotels in Athens.", "\n\nHow to Get to Huntsville\n\nHuntsville International Airport is a convenient airport for accessing Huntsville. ", "It is 12 miles drive away. ", "If you plan to stay nearby, try the Four Points by Sheraton Huntsville Airport or the Holiday Inn Express & Suites Huntsville Airport.", "\n\nOops!", "\n\nSorry, we are currently having problems connecting to our server. ", "You can still download the app by clicking on the app-store buttons in our app page. ", "Thank you!", "\n\nWe are having trouble processing your phone number. ", "Try using this format: {{phoneNumberFormat}}. ", "Thank you!", "\n\nIt looks like you just tried to enter a non-{{countryName}} phone number. ", "Unfortunately, at this time we are only supporting {{countryName}} numbers. ", "Please enter your number in the following format: {{phoneNumberFormat}}. ", "Thank you!", "\n\nThank you! ", "A text with the download link has been sent to your mobile device\n\nGet the FREE Expedia App:\n\nBy providing your number, you agree to receive a one-time automated text message with a link to get the app. ", "Our app offers promotions and booking services. ", "No purchase necessary. ", "Standard text message rates may apply." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "Pile-CC" }
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[ "Use of alternative health therapies by people with multiple sclerosis: an exploratory study.", "\nSixteen people with multiple sclerosis (MS) responded to a semi-structured questionnaire about their experiences with alternative therapies. ", "No definition of alternative therapies was provided. ", "Physical therapy, counseling, nutrition, and massage were the most frequently used alternative therapies. ", "Other therapies included acupuncture, occupational therapy, aquatic therapy, Therapeutic Touch, yoga, passive exercise, and removal of mercury alloy tooth fillings. ", "Almost two thirds of the respondents reported seeking an alternative health practitioner because traditional physicians offered no cure for MS. ", "Just under one third of the respondents stated that the quality of their lives was improved by alternative therapies." ]
{ "pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts" }
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