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Editor’s Note: This post is part of our Citizen Science in the Classroom Series where we explore the use of citizen science projects to teach science in the classroom by aligning them with Common Core and Next Generation STEM standards . For more such projects check out the resources page for educators on SciStarter!
Did you know? This week is Bat Week! There are many exciting online resources and activities for Bat Week. Visit Bat Week’s virtual host, BatsLive Project Edubat for additional Bat Week information and resources on how you can help bats!
Have you ever wondered about the secret lives of bats? Their adaptations, what and when they eat, where they sleep, how they communicate, their migration and hibernation patterns, and more? As a mostly nocturnal mammal species, we don’t often see them.
Bat Detective is a citizen science project that enables you and your students to explore bats like never before. All you will need is a computer with internet access. On the Bat Detective site, you’ll find resources to learn more about bats, areas to discuss bats and bat calls, as well as the area where you’ll engage in classifying actual bat vocalizations.
Bats mostly communicate in a range that our human ears are not able to hear. But scientists record and convert high frequency bat sounds into a range that we can hear. Bats communicate to locate food (echolocate, like sonar) and they also communicate with other bats, such as mothers to their babies, male bats calling for female mates, and also when bats are exhibiting territorial behaviors. Scientists have also learned that female to female bat ‘conversations’ sound differently than female to male bat ‘conversations’- wonder what they are saying?
As you can probably guess, there is a lot still to be learned about bat communication and vocalizations. We hope you’ll help in this exciting area of research by participating in Bat Detective, and perhaps by learning more about bats, we’ll also learn more about social communication in mammals as well as global ecosystem services provided by bats!
Ready to get started?
On the Bat Detective website, you can start classifying right away, or if you prefer, you can read background information before getting started.
To start classifying, you’ll click “Classify” on the page’s menu to begin a walk through of how to play the audio sound and mark the sound you’d like to help analyze further. A main goal in Bat Detective is to have citizen scientists identify the sounds they hear- a lot of the sound in recordings is background noise (such as car sounds, insect sounds, machines, bird sounds) and so one aspect of the project is to sort the sounds by what you hear and identifying what you perceive as the source of what you are hearing.
In addition, the Bat Detective website walks users through the classification process in a very user friendly way. Bat Detective has also provided helpful resources to serve as a field guide with useful information. While you can do the project without creating an account, signing up allows you to save your work go back to at any time.
Why This Citizen Science Project is a Strong Candidate for the Classroom:
• Interest: Bats are a great organism to study in the fall- students are naturally curious about this critter and their unique adaptations, especially during this season!
• Authentic Science: Bat Detective allows students to use skills such as listening, differentiating, processing, and classifying on data collected in the field, all without leaving the classroom!
• Cultivates 21st century skills: Students will use technology to engage in real world inquiry and analysis just like a scientist would do; in addition, students will have the opportunity to communicate and collaborate with peers in the classroom as they work on bat call classification.
• Materials: Can’t beat the cost (free!)- Bat Detective has provided everything you need on their website- no additional materials to gather or provide!
Materials You’ll Need:
• For Bat Detective all you will need is a computer with internet access and sound/audio capability (so that you can listen to the bat sounds)
Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) Met:
Next. Gen. Science:
Life Science Disciplinary Core Idea LS1.D: Information Processing
• Different sense receptors are specialized for particular kinds of information, which may be then processed by the animal’s brain. Animals are able to use their perceptions and memories to guide their actions. (4-LS1-2)
Fourth grade science and engineering practices:
Engaging in Argument from Evidence
Engaging in argument from evidence in 3–5 builds on K–2 experiences and progresses to critiquing the scientific explanations or solutions proposed by peers by citing relevant evidence about the natural and designed world(s).
• Construct an argument with evidence, data, and/or a model. (4-LS1-1)
Middle School (6-8):
Next. Gen. Science:
Middle school life science disciplinary core idea LS1.D: Information Processing
• Each sense receptor responds to different inputs (electromagnetic, mechanical, chemical), transmitting them as signals that travel along nerve cells to the brain. The signals are then processed in the brain, resulting in immediate behaviors or memories. (MS-LS1-8)
Middle School science and engineering practices: connections to the nature of science
Scientific Knowledge is based on empirical evidence
• Science knowledge is based upon logical connections between evidence and explanations. (MS-LS1-6)
High School (9-12):
Next. Gen. Science:
High School science and engineering practices: connections to the nature of science
Scientific Investigations use a variety of methods
• Scientific inquiry is characterized by a common set of values that include: logical thinking, precision, open-mindedness, objectivity, skepticism, replicability of results, and honest and ethical reporting of findings. (HS-LS1-3)
High School cross cutting concepts: connections to the nature of science
Science is a Human Endeavor
• Technological advances have influenced the progress of science and science has influenced advances in technology. (HS-LS3-3)
• Science and engineering are influenced by society and society is influenced by science and engineering. (HS-LS3-3)
Other Bat Citizen Science Projects on SciStarter:
Continue and extend your bat related activities with two additional bat related citizen science projects found on SciStarter:
• You can have your students engage in authentic project based learning (PBL) to study real world issues faced by bats, such as white-nose syndrome (WNS), a fungal infection that can affect (and spread easily) among hibernating bat colonies
• And you can always work to provide local habitat (such as bat boxes) to study bats in your area- a bonus is that bats provide free, natural insect control services!
Online Safety for Children:
• Be sure to always follow your campus/district policies for internet use and safety in the K-12 classroom.
Jill Nugent is completing a PhD degree from Texas Tech University with a focus on citizen science, and she concurrently works full time in online higher education, where her team recently launched an online environmental science program. Jill’s BS degree is from Texas A&M University where she rode on the university equestrian team, and her MS degree is in Biological Sciences where she studied carnivore conservation and behavior. She holds teacher certification in science and life science/biology, and was honored to be a part of the writing team for the NSTA Press publication, ‘Citizen Science: 15 Lessons That Bring Biology to Life’. She is excited to explore citizen science especially at the confluence of areas including science education, conservation biology, animal behavior, and global science collaboration. You can connect with her on twitter @ntxscied
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In recent years, due to development of high-performance semiconductor technologies especially microcontrollers and power electronic systems have progressed. Today, most kind of power electronic applications are used widely. One of the important power electronic applications is the DC-DC converter. Expectations from the converters are high regulation capability, wide operation range and high efficiency. In light of the foregoing, the purpose of this thesis is to design microcontroller based boost converter which boosts output voltage to fixed 24V under given conditions as 12-22V DC input voltage range and variable output load. Simulation study of the design has been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment. In the design phase, control of the system performed via control algorithm which is embedded in the microcontroller. In the implementation phase, some performance analyses have been done. These are respectively, performance of the output voltage under conditions of variable input voltage, performance of the output voltage under conditions of fixed input voltage and variable output load. Then obtained performance analyses have been put together, as performance of the boost converter, which works in variable input voltage and variable output load. Finally, system efficiency has been assessed under mentioned output power range.
Key Words: Boost converter, Microcontroller, Control Algorithm.
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- 1 What is the language according to the Bible?
- 2 What is the structure of the Bible?
- 3 Why does the Bible use figurative language?
- 4 What language was each book of the Bible written in?
- 5 What is the language spoken in heaven?
- 6 What was Jesus real name?
- 7 What are the 7 divisions of the Bible?
- 8 What are the four parts of the Bible?
- 9 How is the Bible divided into sections?
- 10 What are some examples of literal language?
- 11 What does metaphor mean in the Bible?
- 12 How do you call a figurative language that compares two unlike things?
- 13 What is the first Bible?
- 14 Is Aramaic still spoken?
- 15 Where is the original Bible?
What is the language according to the Bible?
Scholars generally recognize three languages as original biblical languages: Hebrew, Aramaic, and Koine Greek.
What is the structure of the Bible?
The Christian Bible has two sections, the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is the original Hebrew Bible, the sacred scriptures of the Jewish faith, written at different times between about 1200 and 165 BC. The New Testament books were written by Christians in the first century AD.
Why does the Bible use figurative language?
Figurative language is especially helpful when dealing with abstract concepts, or things that cannot be seen. Things like anger, love, peace, evil, good, spirit, and the concept of God fall into this category. These things make up the subject matter of the Bible.
What language was each book of the Bible written in?
In the meantime, many of the books of the Christian Bible, the New Testament, were first written or recorded in Greek, and others in Aramaic. The spread of Christianity necessitated further translations of both the Old and New Testaments into Coptic, Ethiopian, Gothic, and, most important, Latin.
What is the language spoken in heaven?
‘ With everyone present being Hebrew speaking, why would the affirmation and commandment come in any other language than Hebrew? When Yeshua appeared to His disciples after His resurrection He greeted them as it written in Luke 24:36:’ Peace to you’; again this is a translation of the original.
What was Jesus real name?
Jesus’ name in Hebrew was “ Yeshua” which translates to English as Joshua.
What are the 7 divisions of the Bible?
The major divisions of the old and new testament
- Law books / Torah / pentateuch.
- Historical books.
- Poetic books.
- Prophetic books.
- The Gospels / Biographical books.
- Epistles / letters.
What are the four parts of the Bible?
And in this program, we’re going to talk about the overall superstructure of the Old Testament, dividing it into four main parts – the Pentateuch, the Historical Books, the Wisdom Books, and the Prophetic Books.
How is the Bible divided into sections?
The Christian Bible is divided into the Old Testament and the New Testament. In general terms, the Old Testament of Christians corresponds with the Bible of Jews. The first section of Prophets, like the Torah, is called historical because it tells the story of the Jewish people.
What are some examples of literal language?
One is called literal language, which means that you say exactly what you mean. Examples of literal language are, “I am very hungry” and “I slept really well last night.” The other type of words or phrases are called nonliteral or figurative language. This means that you use different words to say what you mean.
What does metaphor mean in the Bible?
Biblical metaphors are figures of speech that appear in the Holy Bible. A Biblical metaphor is a figure of speech that appears in the Christian Bible or is otherwise associated with that text. Some metaphors are so deeply associated with the Bible that they are called Biblical metaphors even outside that document.
How do you call a figurative language that compares two unlike things?
Simile. A simile is a figure of speech that compares two unlike things and uses the words “like” or “as” and they are commonly used in everyday communication.
What is the first Bible?
Genesis, Hebrew Bereshit (“In the Beginning”), the first book of the Bible. Its name derives from the opening words: “In the beginning….” Genesis narrates the primeval history of the world (chapters 1–11) and the patriarchal history of the Israelite people (chapters 12–50).
Is Aramaic still spoken?
Aramaic is still spoken by scattered communities of Jews, Mandaeans and some Christians. Small groups of people still speak Aramaic in different parts of the Middle East. Today, between 500,000 and 850,000 people speak Aramaic languages.
Where is the original Bible?
The oldest surviving full text of the New Testament is the beautifully written Codex Sinaiticus, which was “discovered” at the St Catherine monastery at the base of Mt Sinai in Egypt in the 1840s and 1850s. Dating from circa 325-360 CE, it is not known where it was scribed – perhaps Rome or Egypt.
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This time of year many drivers will discover creative ways to break their vehicles’ windshield glass while removing ice and snow.
Do Not Try These Ideas at home:
* Pour hot water on the windshield and windows to melt the ice. Make sure it melts the ice completely so the frozen glass will shatter due to the extreme temperature change.
* Tap the ice with a hammer to break the ice into pieces to pick off the glass. If that doesn’t work, use a screwdriver or ice pick as a chisel. This usually results in an impact hole or large crack.
* Use a credit card to scape the ice off the glass. The credit card doesn’t damage the glass but it could break which is another problem altogether.
* Use a propane torch to melt the ice. Not only is this dangerous to the torch bearer, but this also can unintentionally met the glass.
* Pour a mixture of vinegar and water on the windshield so that it freezes to the glass before the rain does, therby preventing ice. Unfortunately, vinegar eats pits into the windshield glass.
These ideas, above, may be creative, but they can be hazardous. Here’s a better process for safely removing ice from vehicle glass: gradually heat the glass (using the car’s heater to warm the interior) while scraping and brushing from the outside.
Following are some other winter weather tips:
1) Check to make sure no ice or snow is obstructing the tailpipe. If it is covered, the ice or snow must be removed to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning inside the vehicle.
2) If the car door is frozen shut with ice, pour cool water to melt the ice ans use a plastic ice-scaper to carefully chip a crack in the ice around the door seal and the lock. Do not try to unseal the door by using a hair dyer, cigarette lighter, ice pick, screwdriver, propane torch or portable heater.
3) Start the vehicle and use the defroster setting on medium setting to gradually warm the glass. Wait at least 5 minutes for the car to warm up.
4) Use a plastic ice scraper and a soft plastic bristle brush or broom to clear the ice. A squeegee also helps.
There are de-icing products on the market that may shorten the time it takes to melt the ice, but they mixed results. The most important thing is to plan some extra time to remove the ice before traveling. If a windshield is chipped or pitted, it may be able to be repaired rather that replaced. Windshield chip repairs save money.
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Bacteria, molds, viruses, and other biological contaminants
Bacteria and molds can breed in stagnant water
that builds up in humidifiers, drain pans, and ducts, or where water collects
on carpet, ceiling tiles, and insulation. Humidifier fever is an illness caused
toxins from microorganisms that grow not only in large heating
and cooling systems in buildings but also in home systems
and humidifiers. Legionella pneumophila is an indoor
bacterium that can cause
Some viruses can survive on household surfaces, such as counters or floors, or they can get spread through the air when an infected person sneezes or coughs. You can help control viruses by:
- Cleaning household surfaces with a disinfectant.
- Having adequate ventilation in your house.
- Having anyone with a viral infection, such as a cold or the flu, cough or sneeze into the bend of the elbow or into a tissue.
Pet dander, pollen,
dust mites, molds, and rat and mouse urine are
allergens that can cause asthma attacks,
allergic rhinitis, and other lung problems. Symptoms
of illness caused by biological contaminants include sneezing, watery eyes,
shortness of breath, lethargy, dizziness, and digestive problems.
Exposure early in
life to indoor allergens such as molds may increase the risk of allergies or asthma.5 Allergies to molds can also make asthma attacks worse
or cause other breathing problems.
Keep your home clean and as free from dust as possible to
help reduce allergens. There are many ways to
control dust and dust mites in your home, such as
washing bedding in hot water to kill dust mites and eliminating furnishings,
such as drapes, that collect dust. Also, there are many steps you can take
animal dander and other pet allergens.
Exhaust fans that vent to the outdoors and are installed in kitchens and
bathrooms can help get rid of moisture that allows microorganisms, including
molds, to grow. When modern building materials get wet, they provide an ideal
place for the growth of molds, which can make asthma attacks worse and
may cause other respiratory symptoms. Ventilating attic and crawl spaces and
keeping humidity levels below 50% can help prevent moisture buildup in building
materials. There are other ways to
control indoor molds, such as preventing leaks,
removing wet materials, storing fireplace wood outside the home, and using a
dehumidifier during humid weather.
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According to Luther scholar Bernhard Lohse, “Evidenced by this great treatise, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, in his doctrine of the sacraments as well Luther broke with the church of his day.” (Martin Luther’s Theology, 136) Luther’s treatise, published in 1520, wasn’t simply an apologetic for biblical sacramentalism; it embodied democratic principles that challenged the power structure of the Roman Catholic Church. And not simply in Rome. In the work, Luther reduced the traditional number of seven sacraments (codified in Peter Lombard’s Sentences) to two: baptism and the Lord’s Supper (insisting that penance ultimately lacked the sign that unconditionally accompanies a sacrament). A year later in England, King Henry XIII responded with a defense of the seven sacraments, calling Luther a poisonous serpent and an infernal wolf. In his reply, Against Henry the King of England, Luther called Henry the king of liars. Three years later, King Christian II of Denmark “told Luther that Henry VIII was ready to make England Protestant on the condition that Luther apologized for insulting Henry.” (Martin Luther: Visionary Reformer, 182). Luther recanted the insults…but not the content of The Babylonian Captivity of the Church.
In his famous treatise, Luther identified three “captivities” that enslaved the Roman church: (1) withholding the cup from the laity, (2) transubstantiation, (3) and the sacrifice of the mass. Luther stated frankly, “I now know for certain that the papacy is the kingdom of Babylon and the power of Nimrod, the mighty hunter [Gen. 10:8-9].” Appealing to Scripture and even to the church father Cyprian to advocate for the administering of both bread and wine to the people, Luther employed revolutionary rhetoric in order to bring down the tyranny for which he held such contempt. For Luther, a Lord’s Supper of one kind (bread only) was an incomplete sacrament that resulted in undue clerical authority: “The sacrament does not belong to the priests, but to all men. The priests are not lords, but servants in duty bound to administer both kinds to those who desire them, as often as they desire them. If they wrest this right from the laity and deny it to them by force, they are tyrants.” Luther’s language was nothing short of ecclesiastical and social upheaval.
In The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, Luther acknowledges those who called him a “Wycliffite,” after the forerunner of the English Reformation John Wycliffe, the harshest medieval critic of the doctrine of transubstantiation. Luther reveled in the nickname. For the Wittenberg Reformer, the Roman Catholic doctrine was nothing short of “pseudo philosophy of Aristotle” at odds with Scripture and designed to scatter the people. Transubstantiation was “that Babel of a philosophy.” Luther’s attack upon the scholastic tradition was yet another populist assertion in a Latin work largely written for scholars. The mass, said Luther, was not itself a sacrifice or a work performed, but rather “nothing else than the divine promise or testament of Christ, sealed with the sacrament of his body and blood.” This redefinition of the mass, and Luther’s emphasis upon faith as “the lord and life of all works,” prompted a new definition of the role of the priesthood. According to Luther, “For in consecrating and administering, the priests are our servants.”
Perhaps Luther’s most revolutionary claim in The Babylonian Captivity of the Church is his definition of the church. Contrary to Roman Catholic theologians who defined the church in terms of the papacy and the created institutions, Luther made a distinction between the tyrannical papacy and the people themselves: “It was not the church which ordained these things, but the tyrants of the churches, without the consent of the church, which is the people of God.” For Luther, like Augustine, the church was the elect of God, and this had profound social implications for the sixteenth century world. Above all, however, it was not the authority of the people that became the arbiter of church doctrine. The authority of Scripture was the engine of Luther’s change: “Why do they flaunt the authority of the church and the power of the pope in my face? These do not annul the words of God and the testimony of the truth.” Luther’s social upheaval was nothing less than a call to return to the authority of the Bible.
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