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A Japanese water garden is considered a great work of art that is to be crafted and nurtured with meditative refinement. Japanese gardens have been developed and passed down from a master, or sensei, to an apprentice. The ancient, cultivated Japanese landscape reflected Japanese culture and philosophy: harmony with nature, tranquility, serious contemplation and discipline. The Japanese water garden is a smaller, poignant feature incorporated in a larger typical Japanese garden, and it includes water; ornaments such as a bridge, stepping stones or lantern; a pavilion or pagoda; and native plants.
The ancient Japanese Secret Book of Gardens, or Sakutei-ki, which written in the 11th century, is the oldest known book of gardening art in the world. In it, the author lays out strict rules and appropriate substitutes for the highly symbolic Japanese garden. For example, the book dictates the type, size and stones for simulating or creating waterfalls, and it says that "nine willow trees can replace a river" where no water is present. When Japanese gardens became popularized in western cultures during the late 19th century, rules were bent further to accommodate the different climates and western tastes of backyard gardening.
Water, whether real or symbolic, obviously is a key component and ultimate focal point of a Japanese water garden. Japanese water gardens attempt to adapt to the natural course of the existing water supply or provide a natural flow if simulated water is necessary. Ponds and streams flow gently, not in geometrical lines. Natural waterfalls or gentle rivulets are preferred over artificial fountains. Where no water is available, gently curved paths of sand or rounded pebbles can suggest its presence.
Continuing the theme of harmony with nature, the flora of a Japanese water garden are native to the climate and suited for a watery environment. In Japanese water gardens, flowers are sparsely grown. They serve as mere compliments to the lush greenery and bubbling water.
Natural ornaments embellish the garden but never overwhelm the garden. The focal point of a Japanese water garden is water, and ornaments such as stepping stones, a bridge and a lantern serve to heighten the importance of the water. A pagoda or pavilion beckons the visitor to linger in quiet contemplation, perhaps during a formal tea ceremony. All elements in a Japanese water garden direct the gardener and visitor to enjoy the serenity of nature.
One of our editors will review your suggestion and make changes if warranted. Note that depending on the number of suggestions we receive, this can take anywhere from a few hours to a few days. Thank you for helping to improve wiseGEEK!
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History of character has not yet been written.
- Chemical enhancement: The Unknown Soldier is the benefactor of a bio-restorative formula that increases muscle density, accelerates the healing process and retards the aging process. The Unknown Soldier is immune to most poisons and diseases. It is believed that he may in fact be immortal.
- This version of the Unknown Soldier was created by Jim Owsley and Phil Gascoine. It has never been satisfactorily established if this version of the character is the same Unknown Soldier who operated during World War II. It is known that the original Soldier died in Berlin at the end of the war, however the modern version of the Soldier claims to be immortal, and may have possibly survived his supposed death in 1945. The original Unknown Soldier was created by Joe Kubert.
The following is a list of aliases that this version of the Unknown Soldier has used over the years. Currently, the list is incomplete.
- Arthur Wilson
- Jack Helfer
- Soviet Colonel
- Captain Richard Miller
- 12 Appearances of Unknown Soldier II (New Earth)
- 2 Images featuring Unknown Soldier II (New Earth)
- 6 Quotations by or about Unknown Soldier II (New Earth)
- Character Gallery: Unknown Soldier II (New Earth)
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You can freeze different types of food. And a wide range of containers are used during this freezing process. However, not all containers are suitable for a freezer. What are the best containers for freezing food?
- 1 Why do you need a freezer-safe container?
- 2 Why should you freeze your food?
- 3 Which container material should you put in the freezer?
- 4 Plastic containers – Why are they so popular?
- 5 Glass containers – Why are they the best for preserving food?
- 6 What to look for when buying a container for freezing food?
- 7 What are the best containers for freezing food?
- 8 How to freeze food in a container?
- 9 Related questions
- 10 Conclusion
Why do you need a freezer-safe container?
It is important to use a freezer-safe container if you want to:
- Preserve food with good quality for a long time in freezer.
- Keep food fresh and safe or prevent freezer burn. Freezer-safe containers used qualified materials, with airtight and leakproof can protect your food from damage.
- Be convenient: good food containers are usually microwave-safe that can help you to freeze and reheat the food quicker and simpler.
- Health protection: Using freezer safe containers may help to reduce health problems in the long run.
Why should you freeze your food?
Freezer is a necessary and friendly appliance to most families. It allows us to preserve food fresh, buy in bulk, cook meals ahead of time, and keep foods for later use. Here are the reasons why you should freeze your food:
- Money saving: You can buy local, in-season foods or fruits when they are most affordable and freshest, then put them in freezer for later use.
- Time saving: You can prepare and freeze different favorite meals with all kinds of ingredients as you wish when you have free time. Then, you can use the meals later when you are busy or less time.
- Easy planning: With foods available in freezer, you can quickly think of what to eat and make plan your your meals.
- Less food waste: For some leftovers like veggies, you can chop and freeze them and a couple of weeks later, put them back in casserole or soup. With wilted fruit, you can freeze it and add to smoothies later. Actually, you can save food.
- Early preparation: You can prepare the meals ahead of time. On weekdays, if you are busy with works and kids, you can cook some meals at weekends and put them in freezers, then reheat when needed.
- Eating out of season: If you want to keep the in-season fruits like fresh blackberries, strawberries, apples or even veggies and peas for longer or later use, freezer is the best place to keep them. However, you should freeze them properly to extend freshness and flavors.
Further reading: Best Small Freezers for Garage
Which container material should you put in the freezer?
When using a container to freeze food, it is necessary to make sure that it has to meet the following requirements:
- Free from moisture vapor
- Durable and not easy to crack when staying in low temperature for a long time
- Oil, grease, or waterproof
- Not absorption of other favors from other items in the freezer
- Convenient to seal and mark
You may also like: Best Food Storage Containers for Refrigerators
Some container materials safe for the freezer including:
- Reusable or organic plastic: This is better than any other commercial plastic bags. It is less likely to leak many harmful chemicals that affect the quality of food.
- Glass: Glass is safe for many types of food. But it is easy to break with improper storage.
- Aluminum: Aluminum containers are often used to freeze meat or other poultry.
- Tin: Tin container does not have any negative influence on your food when you keep it in the freezer. However, if you freeze too much liquid in a tin can, it tends to explode.
- Heavily waxed cardboard: It is quite good at moisture resistance. But this option is only ideal for short term food rather than any long term ones.
Plastic containers – Why are they so popular?
Is it safe to use plastic containers for storing food the freezer?
In the low temperature environment of freezer, plastic containers do not release chemicals that affect food and health. Therefore, using plastic containers for freezers is considered safe and not harmful to health. However, you need to make sure that plastic boxes are made of good materials, from trusted brand, to be safe to store in the freezer.
How many types of plastic are there?
Currently, plastic is divided into the following types:
High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
This is considered one of the safest plastics, so you should use HDPE plastic containers for long-term food preservation. It is very durable, has good heat resistance and does not produce toxic substances.
PP plastic has good heat resistance and is chemically inert, so PP plastic containers are safe to use for food storage.
Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET or PETE)
It can withstand low temperatures, can be used in the freezer. However, at high temperatures, it can produce harmful substances, so you should not use PET plastic containers to store hot foods.
In addition, you should consider replacing the new plastic boxes after a period of time, to ensure health safety.
Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
This plastic has low toxicity, can be reused. However, because of its poor heat resistance, you should not use LDPE plastic containers to store food.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
This is an extremely dangerous plastic that contains lots of harmful substances such as BPA, a compound that has the potential to cause cancer.
Polystyrene or Styrofoam (PS)
It should not be used for long-term food storage because it can produce toxic substances.
They include polycarbonate, polylactide, acrylic, acrylonitrile butadiene, styrene, fiberglass, and nylon). The most of them are made of PC plastic which is very toxic. You should not use these plastic containers to preserve food.
In summary, plastics that can safely store food are:
- High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
- Polypropylene (PP)
- Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)
How to properly use plastic containers for freezers
When using plastic containers to store food in the freezer, you need to keep the following recommendations:
- Buy the plastic boxes with good quality, from reliable brand: You need to choose plastic boxes made from safe materials of reputable brands to assure best quality.
- Do not use old plastic boxes or boxes with scratches: old plastic boxes are usually the ones that have been used for too long. Scratched plastic containers are easy to stick to food, difficult to clean, and easy for bacteria to grow. It’s better not to use them for health safety reason.
- Never put hot food right into plastic containers: Many types of plastic containers are often not resistant to high temperatures and can produce harmful chemicals. Therefore, you should not store hot food in plastic containers.
- Do not reuse single-use plastic containers: They are usually made from PS or synthetic plastic. When reused, it can produce many harmful substances such as BPA, phthalates, styrene, etc.
- Use warm (not hot) water to clean the box after use: Warm water is safely clean the plastic box, so you can rest assured to reuse it.
- Do not store foods with high acidity: Foods with high acidity can dissolve substances in plastic containers which can produce harmful substances if exposed to a highly acidic environment.
After using plastic boxes, you should also separate them from other materials like glass, paper, or plastic. This will greatly help the waste recycling process.
When to replace plastic containers?
You need a new plastic box in the following cases:
- When you see the lid of the box, or the rubber ring is lost or broken
- The box has a bad smell, or it is yellow
- Your plastic box is melted
Glass containers – Why are they the best for preserving food?
Benefits of using glass containers
Safe for health
It’s best to use glass containers for storing food as they are non-toxic when containing a variety of foods. Glass is a natural material that is inert and non-porous. The glass food containers never leak and are very safe for using both in freezer for a long time, almost unlimited.
Glass containers are durable as they can hardly be broken or deformed, scratched… They can also be safely reused, washed in the dishwasher, or put in microwave.
Withstand high temperatures
Glass can stay safe at different temperatures, so you can store food and heat it in the same container. Glass boxes can be used both in the freezer and microwave. Moreover, you can serve food in the same glass food container that has been preserved and heated.
Besides, you can store hot food in glass containers, do not have to wait until the food cool down. Heating food in glass containers is also safe because harmful substances do not release.
Do not absorb odors
This is an interesting characteristic of glass. While other containers such as plastic can
absorbs flavors and odors from food that can stick around very long, glass containers do not.
This special feature makes glass food storage containers perfect for storing all kinds of foods, including acidic foods such as lemon, vinegar, sour, spicy, etc.
In addition, the surface of glass containers is glossy so they can keep food clean, fresh, and delicious for longer.
How to choose a glass container for freezer?
The internal temperature of a freezer is always very low, normally about -18oC (or 0-degree F). Therefore, you should use good heat-resistant glass containers to preserve fresh food. This type of glass is heated to 1,000 degrees, when cooled slowly, it does not create compression inside the glass box. So, it does not cause the glass box to be cracked or broken. These glass containers are made of Borosilicate heat-resistant material, so they can withstand very low temperatures. If you use normal glass, when left in the freezer for a long time, they will easily crack and break.
Notes when using glass containers
- Glass is fragile. When broken, it can injure children. You should be careful and avoid breaking them.
- When storing liquid like soup, porridge, …., glass boxes with rubber seals can be helpful in preventing the liquid from overflowing or spilling out. Moreover, this seal will keep the food container airtight, do not let the air in to cause damage to your food.
- When reheating food, remember to open the valve so that the air in the glass box can escape, to avoid high pressure in the box that may cause swelling, cracking and explosion.
- After using, you need to wash the glass box, dry it, and open the lid to remove the steam and smell that may accumulate.
- As for the refrigerator, the temperature is lower than that of the freezer, so you can use regular glass containers.
What to look for when buying a container for freezing food?
Glass and BPA-free plastic are the best materials for freezer containers. However, they both have pros and cons for customers to considers.
Glass freezer containers are transparent, so they have a stylish look. They are also odorless, durable and friendly to environment, but they are heavier and more expensive than plastic containers.
Plastic freezer containers are also durable but tend to be scratched easily. They are lighter and cheaper than the glass ones but some of them are not safe for microwave. To safe for health in the long term, you should choose the BPA-free plastics.
Size and shape
Different sizes that range from mini, small, medium and big containers are available for your choice, such as 1.2 Oz, 3 Oz, 6 Oz, 9 Oz, 10.1 Oz, 18.6 Oz, 28.4 Oz, 33.8 Oz, 37 Oz, and 47 Oz or even bigger.
The most common shapes are round and square, but the containers having the straight edges will help you to save much room.
Most best freezer containers have airtight lids because they can protect your food longer and ensure a proper freezing process. Airtight lids ensure leak-proof that can allow you to store liquids in freezers.
What are the best containers for freezing food?
Foil, plastic or paper wrap
Foil, plastic or paper wrap is suitable to store many solid pieces such as meat, fish, breads, and meatloaves.
These bags can be used for different types of food both solid and liquid in various sizes. Ziploc freezer bags would help you to save much space for short-term items.
Non-BPA plastic boxes
Non-BPA plastic boxes are cheap and light but they are easy to deteriorate over time, so you should not use them for any long-term food.
Glass jars or Glass containers
With glass material, glass jars are safe for many kinds of food in your house. But they can be broken easily if you are not careful.
Vacuum sealer is the best option for freezing food except for the high price. It is suitable to store food for any extended period of time.
Further reading: Which is the Best Vacuum Sealer to Keep Food Fresh?
Aluminum pans along with lids is a disposable option for any household to keep food in the freezer. It also does not take a lot of time to assemble these aluminum pans.
You may also like: The 5 Best Frozen Meals for Your Health
How to freeze food in a container?
Even when you pick up suitable containers, you should notice some following factors:
- Make sure that there is no air left inside the container: If your container is not free of air, it is more likely for your food to get freezer burn.
- Do not fill any container with food. That is because your food needs enough space to expand so if you put too much food inside, it can cause some explosions, thus breaking your container.
- Give your items an initial freeze on a tray before transferring them into many containers to keep in the freezer. You can place your items on a cookie or baking tray to freeze them overnight. Then, you should divide them into many other containers for a longer freeze.
- Label your container with the storage date. Each type of food should be stored in the freezer for an equivalent period of time. Therefore, this label can help you to avoid freezing food overdue.
- Blanch or partially cook some kinds of food like potatoes before freezing them. This can help you to maintain the quality of your food once thawed.
Further reading: What Are the Best Cheap Freezers for Home?
What container material should never be put in the freezer?
- Any BPA plastic
- Soft cloth
How to know whether a container is freezer safe?
As mentioned above, if you want to know whether your container is suitable for the freezer, you should check some following features:
- Material safe for type of food you would like to freeze
- Have no crack
- Durable and not easy to be brittle in low temperatures
- Tight lids to avoid any odors from other surrounding foods
- Not leak any toxic chemicals into your food
What can I use instead of freezer bags?
In case you do not have any freezer bags, you can still get other options such as:
- Glass or stainless steel boxes or jars
- Different kinds of food-safe wrap
Are Tupperware containers freezer safe?
Basically, you can use Tupperware containers to freeze your food. This type of material is very light and free of BPA so it does not harm your food. However, you should identify whether your containers have a snowflake symbol or not, if not, this Tupperware container is not suitable for the usage of the freezer.
Can Ziploc containers go in the freezer?
You do not have many troubles when using Ziploc containers to freeze your food. This option is safe to use in the freezer. Additionally, Ziploc containers are very convenient because they do not take up much space and would be easy to maintain your food.
To make the process of freezing smoother, many containers are used to maintain the best quality of all frozen items. You should make sure the containers you would like to have meet requirements such as free of moisture, resistant to all liquid, hard to crack, and not absorb any other smell.
Depending on which food you want to freeze, you can choose the best option among wrap, Ziploc bags, non-BPA plastic boxes, glass jars, aluminum pans and vacuum sealer.
- The Best Types of Packaging for Freezing Food, Jessica Fisher, Aug. 2020
- Food Freezing Basics: Packaging, Loading the Freezer and Refreezing, Julie Garden-Robinson, Nov. 2017
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The industries has never been more under pressure to create knowledge and to transform it to value in ever shortening business cycles than today. At the same time, processes have never been more complex and challenging. Customer facing time, dispatching and stock management has to be almost in real-time to manage those resources in best manner. This requires service and support departments to constantly develop and adapt its processes, systems and organizations to keep up with these rising demands. On the other hand, cost pressure is another major factor to consider. In conclusion, it is vital to apply the limited resources in the most efficient manner at the right place. The Multi Moment Analysis (MMA) is the tool that can provide the data to make these decisions.
Supported by modern technology, the Multi Moment Analysis (MMA) offers a fast and reliable analysis to improve the sales process and allow finding the big time killers in the current work processes and traces it back to its source.
Questions to be answered
- How much time does my staff spent with
- Onsite repair (Customer facing time)
- In-house repair
- Administrative tasks
Typical processes to analyze
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Switching biofilm formation on and off in yeast
When a group of microorganisms needs to stick together, they build a biofilm. The cells cement themselves together onto a surface, forming durable structures that are notoriously hard to remove. In a medical setting, biofilms can contribute to dangerous antibiotic resistance. In the August issue of G3, Cromie et al. use a yeast model to identify six genes involved in biofilm formation, providing new leads for methods to combat biofilm-forming pathogens.
When forming a biofilm, microorganisms have to transition from a solitary lifestyle to one anchored down and surrounded by companions. This requires substantial changes in gene expression. To identify genes whose regulation contributes to biofilm formation, the authors used a genome-wide overexpression screen in a yeast strain that naturally forms biofilms. They examined 4,600 colonies that had been transformed with plasmids carrying individual yeast genes, looking for a change from the “fluffy” biofilm colony structure to the smooth unstructured globs typical of laboratory yeast. In the end, they identified six genes whose overexpression disrupted biofilm formation, causing colonies to change from fluffy to smooth.
Interestingly, all six of these genes are regulatory proteins—and four of them are transcription factors. To investigate the gene network changes triggered by overexpression, the authors performed RNA-seq on the six transformed yeast strains. They found evidence that the same transcriptional network was activated by overexpression in five of the six strains, and this network contains some genes already known to affect colony morphology.
Expression levels of these regulators may act as a switch that yeast that can use to easily transition between growing in a solitary state and growing as a biofilm. Targeting these switches might be one way to prevent pernicious biofilms from forming in the first place.
Transcriptional Profiling of Biofilm Regulators Identified by an Overexpression Screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
G3: GENES, GENOMES, GENETICS August 1, 2017 vol. 7 no. 8 2845-2854; https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.117.042440
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2001 - 2006 PhD Research into the Modalities of Space in Video and Computer Games
at the University of the Arts London, Research Scholarship London Institute.
Supervisors: Dr. Angus Carlyle (LCC), Alan Sekers (LCC), Prof. Clive Richards (Coventry University).
During the last 30 years computer and videogames have grown into a large entertainment industry of economical as well as cultural and social importance.
As a distinctive field of academic inquiry begins to evolve in the form of game studies, the majority of approaches can be identified as emerging either from a background of literary theory which motivates a concentration on narrative structures or from a dedicated focus on the rules in video and computer games. However, one of the most evident properties of those games is their shared participation in a variety of spatial illusions. Although most researchers share the view that issues related to mediated space are among the most significant factors characterising the new medium, as of yet, no coherent conceptual exploration of space and spatial representation in video and computer games has been undertaken.
This thesis focuses on the novel spatial paradigms emerging from computer and video games. It aims to develop an original theoretical framework that takes the hybrid nature of the medium into account. The goal of this work is to extend the present range of methodologies directed towards the analysis of digital games. In order to reveal the roots of the spatial apparatus at work an overview of the most significant conceptions of space in western thought is given. Henri Lefebvre’s reading of space as a triad of perceived, conceived and lived space is adopted. This serves to account for the multifaceted nature of the subject, enables the integration of divergent spatial conceptions as part of a coherent framework, and highlights the importance of experiential notions of spatiality. Starting from Michel Foucault’s notion of the heterotopia, game-space is posited as the dynamic interplay between different spatial modalities. As constitutive elements of the dynamic spatial system mobilized by digital games the following modalities are advanced: the physical space of the player, the space emerging from the narrative, the rules, the audiovisual representation and the kinaesthetic link between player and game. These different modalities are examined in detail in the light of a selected range of exemplary games. Based on a discussion of film theory in this context an original model that serves to distinguish between different visual representational strategies is presented. A chapter is dedicated to the analysis of the crucial and often overlooked role of sound for the generation of spatial illusions. It is argued that sound has to be regarded as the privileged element that enables the active use of representational space in three dimensions. Finally the proposed model is mobilised to explore how the work of contemporary artists relates to the spatial paradigms set forth by digital games. The critical dimension of artistic work in this context is outlined. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the impact of the prevalent modes of spatial practice in computer and video games on wider areas of everyday life.
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How Test Driven Development helped our Software Integration ProjectVeena VaidyanathanSoftware Development Engineer in TestGrouponКαятнι¢К ¢нαяιѕмα--
schedule 2 years agoSold Out!
Test Driven Development (TDD) is an agile development technique in which developers write automated unit test cases before implementing product code and perform continuous refactoring until all the tests pass and meet coding standards. Over the past decade, several researchers have performed case studies [1, 2] which showed improvements in metrics such as code complexity and defect density when using Test driven approach. However the adoption of TDD approach has been rather sporadic in corporate world.
Possible reasons could be business driven crunch and strict project deadlines restricts engineering teams from adopting the TDD technique since practicing TDD increases the actual implementation time by 15 - 35% . Another reason could be lack of education among development teams on how to adopt this technique for their teams. Software developers often have the question on how different is TDD from writing unit tests. This paper presents a real world case study to address the above mentioned concerns.
The paper highlights the positive experiences of using TDD in a software integration project I worked on at Groupon. The project involved integrating Groupon’s existing web application with that of OrderUps’ to add new functionalities to Groupon’s application. The paper highlights how the TDD approach helped the engineering team navigate through the various unknowns in this project and helped them deliver a quality product. It also highlights how practices such as multiple iterations, continuous refactoring and building large suite of tests resulted in quicker turn around time in test engineering and deployment cycles.
The paper also talks about how a software testers role aids in identifying functional test cases when the team practices TDD and how other dimensions of testing opens up for testers. This is followed by a brief discussion on case studies done in companies such as Microsoft, IBM to understand the impact of practicing TDD in real world projects.
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- You earn 30 bonus points on your first activity on every new conference.
- You earn 1 point when others like your proposal.
- You spend 1 point when you like others' proposal.
- You spend 10 points when you propose a session.
- You earn 100 points when your proposal is selected.
- Encourage your Colleagues and Friends to like your proposal to increase its score.
- You should consider sharing your proposal on popular Social Networks.
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Madonna claims jokes about her age tantamount to racism
MADONNA'S majestic Brit Awards fall sparked laughter, scorn and concern about how her 56-year-old bones could possibly withstand the impact of the 02 Arena floor.
The Queen of Pop, however, was far from amused. Not only did she suffer whiplash from the accident, but she also became the victim of ageism. "Because of their age. Only females, though. Not males. So in that respect we still live in a very sexist society.
"No one would dare to say a degrading remark about being black or dare to say a degrading remark on Instagram about someone being gay."
She continued: "But my age - anybody and everybody would say something degrading to me. And I always think to myself, why is that accepted? What's the difference between that and racism, or any discrimination? They're judging me by my age. I don't understand. I'm trying to get my head around it. Because women, generally, when they reach a certain age, have accepted that they're not allowed to behave a certain way.
"But I don't follow the rules. I never did, and I'm not going to start."
Madonna fell off stage while performing new song Living For Love, which includes lyrics about falling down, such as: "I'm gonna carry on, lifted me up, and watched me stumble."
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To start creating your accommodation go to the Accommodations menu on the left side of the screen.
If you have not yet created any accommodation you will go directly to the process of setting up a new accommodation.
If you have already created another accommodation click on the menu My accommodations and click on the button Create accommodation (3) in the upper right corner.
The first thing you have to do to create a new accommodation is to fill in the general data of your accommodation: name, address, typology, etc.
When you have completed the general data you will have to choose between partial accommodation and full accommodation. Do you know what the difference is?
- A full rental is an accommodation which is sold in its entirety, such as an apartment, a country house, a villa, etc.
- Partial accommodation is an accommodation that constitutes a group of units that are booked independently. (For example, a hotel is a partial accommodation whose units are the rooms that can be booked. We will call the hotel partial accommodation and each of its rooms accommodation units. ) This type of configuration can be used for rural complexes, a block of flats that are in the same address, etc.
Other interesting links:
- General configuration of accommodations, rates, reservations and account.
- How do I add a housing unit?
- How do I set the default rate?
- How do I set seasonal prices?
Remember that you can always consult our complete knowledge base at:
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A process paper (or a ‘how to’ essay) is a guide which shows how an action is done, explains how it works, or how it occurs. Your process paper may refer to any topic: cooking a sandwich, writing a capstone project, or conducting a nuclear fission. The main condition is an excellent knowledge of the topic you are going to write about. The goal of a ‘how to’ essay is to give readers directions so that they can accomplish their task.
Steps for Writing a Process Paper
- Choose a topic. This might be a part of your job, hobby, or personal experience, or what you studied at school.
- Do research. No matter how awesome you are at the subject, it is useful to study it once more to make sure you miss nothing.
- Make notes. Write down all thoughts and ideas that come to your head while revising the topic. This will help you keep every important detail in mind. It might also be useful to note all the materials and/or equipment readers would need to accomplish their task.
- After you have your brain emptied and all your ideas written down, it is time to organize what you’ve got. Put all the steps you’ve described in a logical order, describe each of them in a detailed manner, from what happened first to last.
- The final step is to revise your paper, since your text might contain various factual mistakes, typos, and formatting mistakes.
There is an enormous variety of topics and subjects you can choose from. Almost every process can be divided into a sequence of certain steps, and then described with an easy-to-understand language, so choosing a topic for a ‘how-to’ essay shouldn’t be a problem. Still, there is one important condition: the author should know what they are writing about.
Below are just a few examples of topics that one might choose when writing a process paper:
- Writing admission essays
- Drawing with watercolors
- Tuning a guitar
- Baking bread at home
- Installing software on a PC
- Cooking a certain exotic dish
- Conducting a chemical experiment
Key Points to Consider
- Choose a practical, easily-manageable topic.
- Do some additional research if needed. Even well-known actions tend to change.
- Fill the steps with details—readers will appreciate such careful explanations for sure. It is also useful to specify materials and/or equipment needed to accomplish the goal.
- To check if your paper is clear, imagine you know nothing about the subject you are writing about. Try to follow your own instructions and recommendations.
Dos and Don’ts
Common Mistakes When Writing a Process Paper
– Choosing too easy or too complex subjects may affect your paper’s length, reducing it to a simple recipe or, on the contrary, extending it to a size of a manual.
– The lack of details. Keep in mind that someone may be trying to perform the process for the first time.
– An order of steps that don’t make sense. Double-check your essay after it is ready to see if you can improve the order and to make sure you have not caused confusion.
– Poor language skills and inappropriate word usage. In this case, your readers may misunderstand you.
Now that you have acquainted yourself with the basic process paper writing tips and rules, you can check out our process paper samples to link theory with practice.
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Private Dance/Movement Therapy
You Are More Than Your Thoughts.
Welcome To A Space That Embraces All Of You.
In these Dance/Movement Therapy sessions, we will dive deep into how the things you think, feel, do, and say interact.
We will strive to create balance, connection, and awareness of the different parts of you so you can live as your most authentic, free self and cultivate a sense of inner peace.
How Will We Do That?
What To Expect During The Sessions:
The sessions include the following therapeutic tools & interventions.
Observation & Analysis of Movement
A big part of the healing process is to understand how your life story has impacted your body. I am trained in movement observation and analysis (LMA, KMP), which uses different methods to describe, visualize, interpret, and document human movement.
Human movement includes more than posture, facial expression and eye contact. Elements such as rhythm, time, space, weight, and intention all modulate the language of your body. We will explore how what you feel on the inside impacts how you move on the outside.
Intuitive Dance, Movement, & Physical Expression
No choreography. No technique. No dance moves. The movement part of the sessions are all about connecting to the deepest parts of you and allowing your own intuitive movements to flow through to help you express your feelings and emotions. I will guide you through different movement explorations (visualizations, themes, free movement, movement meditations, etc.) and use symbolic movement and metaphors to give meaning to your emotional world. As you move forward in your journey you will become more empowered to recognize the way you want to move and tap into the wisdom of your own body.
Here, words are used with intention. They help create links between your mind, your body, and your emotions. We use words to further process your felt experience during the sessions and to uncover links between your body, your thought patterns, your behaviour, and your personal story. Being able to express verbally some of the things you feel during the session helps you make powerful insights. You understand your experience deeper and see more clearly the changes or actions you want to take.
The proportion of physical vs. verbal expression varies depending on the session and client. I always meet you where you are and adapt to your needs.
Helping you cultivate a profound relationship with your body is at the core of my approach. The same way your mind communicates with thoughts, your body is constantly communicating with you through sensations. By cultivating body awareness you will start getting comfortable with the experience of sitting with your body, tuning in, and listening to it. As you uncover how your body reacts to fear, anxiety, conflict, uncertainty, etc. you will also make space to uncover the deep-rooted needs behind these sensations. Different exercises such as breathing, bodyfulness (mindfulness of the body), mindfulness, self-massages, body scans, body mapping, etc. will help you become a master at understanding your body.
Creative Expression & objects
In addition to movement and dance, we use other creative forms such as voice, drawing, and journaling to help create a bridge between your body, emotions, mind, and spirit. We also use symbolic objects to help you externalize and express your experience (e.g. using a light scarf to explore the theme of freedom). Other types of objects used include sensorial (smells, textures, etc.), sensorimotor (massage balls, rollers), and supporting (pillows, blankets, etc.). We rekindle your sense of play, creativity, and imagination, allowing you to use different mediums to experience being yourself. PS: Music is one of the most important elements of my sessions – Inspiring sounds create inspiring movements 🙂
Dance Movement Therapy draws knowledge from different theoretical frameworks such as psychology, psychotherapy approaches, somatics, neuroscience, sensorimotor and developmental movement. This helps align your exploration with therapeutic goals and within the context of a therapeutic relationship.
This is not a dance class, a well-being program, or a feel-good movement class. This is a safe space to cultivate an open, honest relationship with yourself and begin the (sometimes challenging) journey towards healing.
How Can Connecting To My Body Help Me Heal?
This is where the transformation happens. When you tap into your innate ability to heal. It is a journey back to your authentic self.
Is This Right For Me?
My sessions often attract people who have experienced other forms of therapy in the past, but feel like something is missing. They intuitively know that their emotional experiences affect their bodies and vice-versa, but do not really know how to tie all of this into healing. Others are curious about expressing their internal worlds in a creative way and are ready to explore facets of their being beyond the traditional therapeutic setting.
I offer support for people who experience things like:
-Trauma, PTSD, or C-PTSD
– Anxiety, stress, burnout, overwhelm
– Lack of energy, motivation, or sense of purpose
– Feeling numb, dissociated, or disconnected from yourself or your body
– Grief (of a lost one, of a relationship, of a part of self)
– Managing symptoms of depression, ADHD, and other mental health issues
– Themes of racial identity and oppression
– Chronic pain (the mind-body interactions of your pain)
– Curiosity: Wanting to get a deeper sense of who you are (physically, emotionally, mentally, and spiritually)
– Creative blockages (artists, and creatives)
Want To Embark On Your Embodied Healing Journey?
Here are the details:
Individual 60 minute Dance/Movement Therapy sessions are offered for 100$ per session and require a weekly or bi-weekly commitment.
Sessions can be done in-person (I am based in Montreal, Canada) or online through Zoom.
I offer sessions in ENGLISH, FRENCH, OR SPANISH.
© 2022 Tamara Nazon. All Rights Reserved.
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It was Antonio Gramsci, a prominent Italian communist, who promoted the idea of carrying out a “the long march through the institutions.” He found that it’s difficult to incite people with faith to initiate a revolution to overthrow a legitimate government—and so in order to make revolution, communists rely on a large number of foot soldiers who share their dark vision of morality, faith, and traditions. The revolution of the proletariat, then, must begin with the subversion of religion, morality, and civilization.
After the failure of the street revolutions in the 1960s, the rebels began entering academia. They obtained degrees, became scholars, professors, government officials, and journalists, and entered the mainstream of society to carry off the “long march through the institutions.” Thus they infiltrated and corrupted the institutions of Western society, which are crucial for the maintenance of morality in the society. This includes the church, government, the education system, legislative and judicial bodies, the art world, the media, and NGOs.
The United States after the 1960s is like a patient with an infection, yet unable to identify the cause. Para-Marxist ideas have seeped deep into American society and have been metastasizing.
Among the many revolutionary theories and strategies that have been put forward, the “Cloward-Piven” strategy proposed by two sociologists of Columbia University became among the most well-known and has been tried out with some degree of success.
The core concept of the Cloward–Piven strategy is to use the public welfare system to force the government to collapse. According to U.S. government policy, the number of people eligible for welfare benefits is far greater than the number of people actually receiving benefits. As long as these people are encouraged or organized to take benefits, they will soon use up the government’s funds, so the government will be unable to make ends meet.
The specific implementation of this strategy is the National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO). According to statistics, from 1965 to 1974, the number of single-parent families receiving benefits surged from 4.3 million to 10.8 million, a more than doubling. In 1970, 28 percent of the annual budget of New York City was spent on welfare expenses. On average, of every two people who worked, one person received benefits. From 1960 to 1970, the number of people receiving benefits in New York City rose from 200,000 to 1.1 million. In 1975, New York City was almost bankrupt.
The Cloward–Piven strategy is intended to lead to a crisis. It can thus also be regarded as an implementation of Alinsky’s theories, one of which is to “make the enemy live up to its own book of rules.”
Since the Bolshevik Revolution led by Lenin, the Communist Party has been good at intrigue and scheming. With a very small number of people, it created powerful “revolutions” and “crises” that it could then take advantage of. Similar things happen in American politics. For example, some of the Left’s ideas in the United States are so radical that they seem incomprehensible to most people. Why, for instance, do lawmakers and elected officials seem to represent only the voice of extreme minorities (such as transgender people), but ignore the important issues of livelihood of the majority? The answer is simple: They are not representing real public opinion.
Lenin once said that labor unions are “the transmission belts from the Communist Party to the masses.” The communists found that as long as they control the labor unions, they control a large number of votes. As long as they control the votes, they can make elected officials and lawmakers do their bidding. Therefore, communists seek to gain control of labor unions, thereby controlling a large number of parliamentarians and elected officials to turn the communists’ subversive political program into the political program of left-wing politics.
W. Cleon Skousen wrote in his book The Naked Communist that one of the communists’ 45 goals is to “Capture one or both of the political parties in the United States,” and this is achieved through such an operation. In order to maintain their basic rights and interests, ordinary workers must join labor unions and thus become their pawns. An identical principle is at work when paying protection fees to organized crime gangs.
Trevor Loudon’s analysis of how communist parties hijack democratic countries speaks to this point. Loudon divides the process into three steps:
Step One—Policy Formation. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and its allies formulated policies aimed at democratic countries. The purpose was to infiltrate and disintegrate these countries and transform them peacefully from within.
Step Two—Indoctrination. During the Cold War, thousands of communists from around the world received training every year in the Soviet Union and Eastern socialist countries. The training focused on how to use labor movements, peace movements, churches, and non-governmental groups to influence leftist parties in their own countries.
Step Three—Implementation. After the Cold War, local socialist and communist groups in Western countries began playing a more dominant role.
After the 1970s and 1980s, a large number of Americans influenced by communist ideology entered the social mainstream. They either engaged in politics, education, or academic research, or entered the media or non-governmental organizations. They use the experiences accumulated over several generations to transform the United States from within, and the United States has almost fallen into their hands.
The systems of democratic countries were originally designed for individuals of a certain moral disposition and standard. For those who use all means to achieve evil ends, this system has many loopholes. There are numerous superficially legitimate ways to subvert a free society.
There is a saying in China: “We are not afraid of thieves stealing, we’re just afraid of them thinking of it.” Communists and those who ignorantly act on their behalf try to subvert the political and social system of free societies any way they can. After decades of planning and operation, the governments and the societies of the United States and Western countries have been severely eroded, as communist thinking and elements have entered the U.S. body politic.
Communist countries practice strict control over speech and thought. However, since the 1980s, another form of speech and thought control has appeared in the West. These thought police use the banner of “political correctness” to run amok in the media, society, and education system, using slogans and mass criticism to restrain speech and thought. Even though many have already felt the evil power of its control, they have not grasped its ideological origins.
Phrases such as “political correctness,” together with “progress” and “solidarity” are all words that have long been used by communist parties. Their superficial meaning is to avoid using discriminatory language toward minorities, women, the disabled, and others. For example, “black people” are to be called “African Americans”; Indians are to be called “native Americans,” illegal immigrants are to be called “undocumented workers,” and so on.
However, the hidden implication behind political correctness is to classify individuals into groups according to their victim status. Those who are the most oppressed should therefore be accorded the most respect and courtesy. Regardless of individual conduct and talent, this judgment is rendered solely on one’s identity, and is thus called “identity politics.”
This style of thinking is extremely popular in the United States and other Western countries. According to such logic, black lesbians, who are oppressed along vectors of both race, sex, and sexual preference, are ranked at the forefront of victimhood. On the contrary, white, heterosexual males are considered the most privileged and, in the logic of victim politics, on the bottom of the totem pole.
This type of classification is identical to what goes on in communist countries, where individuals were classified as the “five classes of red” or “the five classes of black” according to their wealth and class status before the revolution. The Chinese Communist Party eliminated and oppressed landowners and capitalists because of their wrong class status, attacked intellectuals as the “Stinking Old Ninth,” and chanted that “the poor are the smartest, the nobles the dumbest.”
For complex historical reasons, including social and individual reasons, some groups have a lower political and socio-economic position, which cannot be simply explained as oppression. But political correctness draws an artificial boundary in people’s minds. It sets up a binary, positing that only those who agree with the claims of political correctness are to be considered moral, while those who dissent are accused of being racist, sexist, homophobic, anti-Islam, and so on.
Universities, which should promote a culture of free expression, became prisons of the mind. The world is silenced and unable to openly and sincerely grapple with a number of issues in politics, economics, and culture. Under the name of political correctness, some organizations further push traditional religion out of the public sphere. Furthermore, some countries have expanded the definition of “hate speech,” implemented this expanded definition in law, and thus used the law to force schools, media, and internet companies to conform. This is a step toward the same strictures on speech as found in communist states.
After the 2016 U.S. election, the United States became further divided. Protest marches erupted in major cities, and violations of freedom of speech began with frequency. In September 2017, the appearance of conservative author Ben Shapiro, invited to speak at the University of California–Berkeley, was derailed due to Antifa’s threats to provoke violent conflict. Berkeley police stood ready and dispatched three police helicopters, and security expenses were estimated at over $600,000 dollars . A reporter asked a young student protester, “What about the First Amendment?” The student said it was no longer a relevant document. Ironically, one signature event that marked the start of the student movement in 1964 was a fight for freedom of speech at Berkeley. These days, the Left uses the right to speech in an attempt to deprive others from having a legitimate outlet for their own voice.
In March 2017, American social scientist Charles Murray was invited to speak at Middlebury College in Vermont. While there, he was physically assaulted and an accompanying professor at the college was injured. In March 2018, tenured professor Amy Wax of the University of Pennsylvania School of Law was taken off some teaching duties after publishing a “politically incorrect” article. Other organizations, acting under the banner of opposing hate speech, have labeled regular conservative groups “hate groups.” In addition, there have been cases of conservative authors and scholars being threatened regarding speaking at or attending various events.
The intrusion on freedom of speech by the Left is not part of normal debate between people with differing ideas. Instead, it’s about the specter of communism using people with ill intent, provoking them to obscure the truth and suppress righteous, or at least normal, voices. Political correctness, in essence, is about substituting deviant political and moral standards for righteous ones; it is the devil’s thought police.
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We Need to Come to an Agreement: Why Collaboration is Key
In today`s world, collaboration is more important than ever. With so many different opinions and viewpoints, it can be difficult to find common ground and reach an agreement. But, if we want to move forward and make progress, we need to learn how to work together and find ways to compromise.
One of the most important areas where collaboration is essential is in the workplace. Whether you work on a small team or a large project, you need to be able to communicate effectively and work together towards a common goal. This requires listening to others, being open to different ideas, and putting aside personal biases.
In addition to the workplace, collaboration is also important in other areas of life. For example, when it comes to politics, it can be easy to get caught up in your own beliefs and forget that there are other people with different opinions. But, if we want to make progress and create change, we need to be able to work together and find ways to compromise that benefit everyone.
Collaboration is also important for SEO (search engine optimization). Getting your website to rank higher in Google search results is a complex process that requires input from multiple sources. This includes website developers, copywriters, social media managers, and more. Without collaboration and communication, it`s nearly impossible to create a well-rounded SEO strategy that will drive traffic to your website.
At the heart of collaboration is the willingness to listen to others and consider their ideas. This can be difficult, especially if you strongly believe in your own opinions. But, by being open to new ideas and learning from others, you`ll be able to make better decisions and create solutions that work for everyone.
Ultimately, we need to come to an agreement if we want to move forward and make progress. This requires collaboration, communication, and a willingness to listen to others. By working together and finding ways to compromise, we can create a better world for ourselves and those around us.
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Veritas Cognitive Object Storage
Cognitive capabilities: the future of data management infrastructure
Veritas Cognitive Object Storage, a key component of the Veritas 360 Data Management, is a new approach to software-defined object storage. Its Integrated Cognitive Engine (ICE) makes unstructured data come alive – increasing information capital, storing massive amounts of data, and enabling data-intensive, cloud-native apps, while assuring regulatory compliance requirements are easily met.
- Dynamic Metadata Management adds intelligence about data - providing deeper levels of classification, indexing, and analytics.
- Action-on-IngestTM enables businesses to gain new, actionable insights and automate workflows.
- Easily create new cognitive-driven policies or modify existing policies with the intuitive visual workflow manager.
What does NetX offer for Cognitive Object Storage?
- Pricing Quotes
Get Well Program
- Environment Assessment
- Take Corrective Actions
- Executive Presentation
Product Demonstrations & Webinars
- Provided by a Master Accredited Engineer
Proof of Concepts
- Cognitive Object Storage Platform “Try & Buys”
- Architecture Design and Capacity Planning
- Installation, Implementation and Testing
- Health Checks and Remediation
Remote & Onsite Engineer Support
- Part-Time Contractor
- Staff Augmentation
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The origin of sugar
More than 5,000 years ago, sugarcane was already a consumer product. Originating in New Guinea, it soon began to spread through other regions, such as India and China. That is why with its expansion to Europe the ancient Greeks and Romans knew it as "the honey of India."
With the arrival of Columbus in America, the sugarcane expansion process would reach its highest level due to the optimal cultivation conditions.
Nowadays Brazil is the country that produces the most sugarcane starting with the advantage of having a perfect farmland for sugarcane plantations.
In Mantecados Gamito Hnos. S.L. We are committed to the quality of our raw materials such as sugar, importing it directly from regions of South America where the quality of sugarcane is excellent.
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Christmas Decorations In Living Room was uploaded on November 25, 2017 at 7:48 am. This image is posted in the Living Room category. Christmas Decorations In Living Room is labelled with Christmas Decorations In Living Room, Christmas, Decorations, In, Living, Room..
ChristmasChrist•mas (kris′məs),USA pronunciation n.
Christ′mas•sy, Christ′mas•y, adj.
- the annual festival of the Christian church commemorating the birth of Jesus: celebrated on December 25 and now generally observed as a legal holiday and an occasion for exchanging gifts.
Decorationsdec•o•ra•tion (dek′ə rā′shən),USA pronunciation n.
- something used for decorating;
embellishment: The gymnasium was adorned with posters and crepe-paper decorations for the dance.
- the act of decorating.
- See interior decoration.
- a badge, medal, etc., conferred and worn as a mark of honor: a decoration for bravery.
Inin (in),USA pronunciation prep., adv., adj., n., v., inned, in•ning.
- (used to indicate inclusion within space, a place, or limits): walking in the park.
- (used to indicate inclusion within something abstract or immaterial): in politics; in the autumn.
- (used to indicate inclusion within or occurrence during a period or limit of time): in ancient times; a task done in ten minutes.
- (used to indicate limitation or qualification, as of situation, condition, relation, manner, action, etc.): to speak in a whisper; to be similar in appearance.
- (used to indicate means): sketched in ink; spoken in French.
- (used to indicate motion or direction from outside to a point within) into: Let's go in the house.
- (used to indicate transition from one state to another): to break in half.
- (used to indicate object or purpose): speaking in honor of the event.
- in that, because;
inasmuch as: In that you won't have time for supper, let me give you something now.
- in or into some place, position, state, relation, etc.: Please come in.
- on the inside;
- in one's house or office.
- in office or power.
- in possession or occupancy.
- having the turn to play, as in a game.
- [Baseball.](of an infielder or outfielder) in a position closer to home plate than usual;
short: The third baseman played in, expecting a bunt.
- on good terms;
in favor: He's in with his boss, but he doubts it will last.
- in vogue;
in style: He says straw hats will be in this year.
- in season: Watermelons will soon be in.
- be in for, to be bound to undergo something, esp. a disagreeable experience: We are in for a long speech.
- in for it, [Slang.]about to suffer chastisement or unpleasant consequences, esp. of one's own actions or omissions: I forgot our anniversary again, and I'll be in for it now.Also,[Brit.,] for it.
- in with, on friendly terms with;
familiar or associating with: They are in with all the important people.
- located or situated within;
internal: the in part of a mechanism.
- in favor with advanced or sophisticated people;
stylish: the in place to dine; Her new novel is the in book to read this summer.
- comprehensible only to a special or ultrasophisticated group: an in joke.
included in a favored group.
inbound: an in train.
- being in power, authority, control, etc.: a member of the in party.
- playing the last nine holes of an eighteen-hole golf course (opposed to out): His in score on the second round was 34.
- Usually, ins. persons in office or political power (distinguished from outs).
- a member of the political party in power: The election made him an in.
- pull or influence;
a social advantage or connection: He's got an in with the senator.
- (in tennis, squash, handball, etc.) a return or service that lands within the in-bounds limits of a court or section of a court (opposed to out).
v.t. Brit. [Dial.]
- to enclose.
Livingliv•ing (liv′ing),USA pronunciation adj.
- having life;
not dead: living persons.
- in actual existence or use;
extant: living languages.
- active or thriving;
strong: a living faith.
- burning or glowing, as a coal.
- flowing freely, as water.
- pertaining to, suitable for, or sufficient for existence or subsistence: living conditions; a living wage.
- of or pertaining to living persons: within living memory.
true to life, as a picture or narrative.
- in its natural state and place;
not uprooted, changed, etc.: living rock.
absolute (used as an intensifier): to scare the living daylights out of someone.
- the act or condition of a person or thing that lives: Living is very expensive these days.
- the means of maintaining life;
livelihood: to earn one's living.
- a particular manner, state, or status of life: luxurious living.
- (used with a pl. v.) living persons collectively (usually prec. by the): glad to be among the living.
- the benefice of a clergyman.
Roomroom (ro̅o̅m, rŏŏm),USA pronunciation n.
- a portion of space within a building or other structure, separated by walls or partitions from other parts: a dining room.
- rooms, lodgings or quarters, as in a house or building.
- the persons present in a room: The whole room laughed.
- space or extent of space occupied by or available for something: The desk takes up too much room.
- opportunity or scope for something: room for improvement; room for doubt.
- status or a station in life considered as a place: He fought for room at the top.
- capacity: Her brain had no room for trivia.
- a working area cut between pillars.
- to occupy a room or rooms;
Christmas Decorations In Living Room have 6 photos , they are Ordinary Christmas Decorations In Living Room #1 Collect This Idea, Bold And Colorful - 30 Stunning Ways To Decorate Your Living Room This Christmas, Good Christmas Decorations In Living Room Photo #3 Country Living Magazine, Christmas Decorations In Living Room Design #4 Pine Garland - 30 Stunning Ways To Decorate Your Living Room This Christmas, Marvelous Christmas Decorations In Living Room #5 53 Wonderfully Modern Christmas Decorated Living Rooms, Collect This Idea. Below are the pictures:
Lumber floors you will find so many different hues out-there in the market then I am confident there is a product to complement developers to possibly the wildest suggestions. Although being innovative and moving the limitations of traditional style is always welcome inside the home design business is still very important to follow specified guidelines and tips in order to avoid some of the Christmas Decorations In Living Room style that is errors humiliating.
Below you'll locate some highly-effective although simple tips when selecting the Christmas Decorations In Living Room on your interior, to take into account.
Avoid using dim flooring in a little place with dim walls - it'll make the space more dense and depressing (see how floors made from dark timber). Dark colors draw out the heat of the other components of design. In areas with reduced roofs select light-colored floors and surfaces.
Brown cozy silver and reddish wood hues is likely to make your bedroom comfortable. Dreary floor and bright can make your place spacious. Select organic shaded timber floor in matt end when the ability to hide scores and a little reduction are a must. Remember that the colors should match comparison and one another. A floor can't have similar hues as furniture and surfaces.
The room measurement, surface and coloring of the surfaces, large ceilings as well as the coloring of the furniture ought to be your concern when selecting hues on your flooring. For the closing design to reach your goals should really be secondary shades. The ground that is brand new must fit the wood floors that are present to maintain move and the ethics of the home.
Dim and black shades really are a preferred choice for artists' studios, modern rooms and trendy. Contaminated traditional brown coloring or natural wood which will be excellent if you prefer a vintage look. Color detail and striking (various shades-of crimson: maple and ash Jatoba or tainted inside the same coloring) that is perfect for professional interiors, workplaces as well as other huge places where the ground becomes a fundamental part of the decoration.
Whilst the Christmas Decorations In Living Room photographs and personal house coordinator can give a general notion of exactly what the ultimate outcome may be, there isn't any better approach to decide along with of the floor in place of considering the sample spot in natural light.
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The hard-edged blade with its woven patterns quivers and trembles; grasped with terrible sureness, it flashes into changing hues.- excerpt from the Anglo-Saxon poem Elene. Translated by H.R. Ellis Davidson
|The sinuous curves of a pattern welded blade, crafted by master|
weapon smith Robert P. Shyan-Norwalt. For a detailed tutorial
of his work, see The Creation of a Pattern Welded Blade.
Photographs by Melissa Shayan-Norwalt
A good sword is strong, flexible, and light. Lacking high-quality iron ore, Anglo-Saxon (and earlier) weapon-smiths devised the technique of pattern welding to impart desired flexibility and strength to their sword blades.
Simply put, pattern welding is the art of hammering together, and then twisting and re-hammering layers of iron (often of varying strengths) in a charcoal fire to add the one per cent of carbon critical to the blade's flexibility. A brittle blade is the sword of a dead man, for it is a sword that breaks under the stresses of combat.
|The many layers of steel prior to heating, hammering, and twisting.|
Pattern welded swords show a distinct interwoven figuring in the steel that imparted an especial beauty and visual liveliness to the blade. Twisting, heating, and hammering drives the crystalline structure of the steel to form the wavy, watery pattern which the technique produces. Shaping and grinding the rough blade into finished shape reveals differing levels of the respective layers. Weapon-smiths further emphasized this figuring by acid etching. Amongst the materials weapon-smiths had at their disposal for this purpose were tannic acid, vinegar-produced acetic acid, urine (that indispensable by-product which found its way into so much early manufacture), sour beer, and various acidic fruit juices. Tannic acid would have given a blade a dramatic blue-black colouring, and helped protect it from rust.
At the end of the 5th century Cassiodorus described pattern welded sword made by the Teutonic Warni tribe:
The central part of their blades, cunningly hollowed out, appears to be grained with tiny snakes, and here such varied shadows play that you would believe the shining metal to be interwoven with many colours.
The snake-like pattern that so impressed Cassiodorus is caused by viewing the hammered, twisted layers of steel on edge, as it were. As in the excerpt from the poem Elene, in which the poet speaks of the blade's changing hues, Cassiodorus takes delight in the sword's "many colours."
The term "pattern welding" is a modern one, coined in 1947 by researcher Herbert Maryon upon examination of an Anglo-Saxon sword found in a heathen burial from Ely. It was he who also determined that inscriptions in sword blades were created by the insertion of narrow iron rods into the white-hot blade. After reheating the inlaid inscription would be hammered flush into the surface of the blade.
|Weapon smith Robert P. Shyan-Norwalt at the forge;|
the steel bundle is 1800 degrees F.
The process is an ancient one. The Celts as far back as the 8th century BCE may have made swords by pattern welding, and the Anglo-Saxons and Vikings used the technique extensively until the end of the 9th century CE. Because the intertwined and hammered layers of softer and harder iron had varying cutting ability, often an edge of high carbon steel was welded to the nearly completed blade, allowing a consistently sharp edge to be ground along the length of the sword. All of this was highly labour intensive, and the makers of pattern welded words were justly esteemed and rewarded in society. By the 10th century better, more consistent iron ore was obtainable via import in Britain, and furnace technology improved, making this laborious technique unnecessary - and swords the less glorious for it.
Yet practical knowledge of pattern welding in the West was not completely lost. In 1771, Jean Jacques Perret in his illustrated L'Art du Coutelier (The Art of the Cutler) describes in detail the making of pattern welded blades, praising them for their superior beauty and strength. He refers to such blades as "Damascus", a confusion which has persisted many centuries. True Damascus steel blades, gun stocks, and other objects with their beautiful figuring are not pattern welded, but instead forged from iron ore heated with carbon inside a closed crucible. "Damascus steel" forged from the cakes of steely, high-carbon-content iron called wootz likely originated in the Hyderabad region India and dates from between 200 BCE to 200 CE. The material spread both Eastward and Westward from there, with Romans importing the cakes for their own blade making.
|Seax created by Robert P. Shyan-Norwalt. The seax was the distinctive|
angle-bladed hand weapon which took its name from the Saxons.
In the 1950's Englishman John Anstee successfully duplicated the pattern welded technique used by Anglo-Saxon and Viking weapon-smiths. During the course of his research he found that due to the crystalline nature of iron, he could produce wavy patterns on the finished blade even without layering wrought iron and steel, but by simply twisting the heated metal. Such blades however lacked the most important qualities of pattern welding, its superior strength and flexibility. He was also able to determine that old blades exhibiting a herringbone pattern and those with curving patterns were not structurally different; rust had removed the curving pattern in some, leaving only the herringbone figuring.
Interested in swords, and their importance to society? Hilda Ellis Davidson is a great expert, and her excellent book The Sword in Anglo-Saxon England is full of fascinating information, including complete details of John Anstee's recreation of pattern welding. A more recent work, covering all weaponry utilized by Anglo-Saxon warriors, is The English Warrior from Earliest Times to 1066 by Stephen Pollington ( Anglo-Saxon Books, 1996) a treasure trove of information about the men and their weapons. For more about Damascus iron work, see On Damascus Steel by Leo Figiel (The Print Center, NY 1991). Modern American weapon smith Robert P. Shyan-Norwalt’s detailed two part tutorial, The Creation of a Pattern Welded Blade, contains many photos and technical advice.
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Answers to Test Yourself
(1a) Results. (1b) Method--Participants. (1c) Introduction and Discussion. (1d) Discussion. (1e) Method--Procedure. (2) Theory-driven hypotheses are made using predictions of a theory for a research study. Data-driven hypotheses are made by generalizing results from past studies to the results of a research study. (3) This is an inappropriate research question for psychological studies because it would be difficult to observe behaviors to answer this question. In other words, it is a question that cannot be answered by scientific methods because there are no clear behaviors that are seen as indicative of a soul. (4) A peer-reviewed journal article is typically an article written to describe a research study to inform other researchers what has previously been found in an area of psychology. Peer reviewed means that the article has been reviewed by experts in the area before publication to improve the article and make a recommendation about publication. An article in a popular magazine would likely provide a short summary of the study and may not accurately reflect the original article. Thus, magazine articles are considered secondary (rather than primary) sources. (5) A literature review is a review of previous research in an area to allow a researcher to conduct research that does not replicate what has previously been done and to allow researchers to make accurate predictions about a study’s outcome. (6a) Behavior variable: conscientiousness; Causal variable: gender (men and women). (6b) Behavior variable: sleep quality; Causal variable: waking up at the same time. (6c) Behavior variable: violent behavior; Causal variable: ostracism. (6d) Behavior variable: eyewitness memory; Causal variable: age (children and adults). (6e) Behavior variable: perceiving the size of an opening; Causal variable: using crutches. (7) PsycINFO will yield peer-reviewed articles about research. Google will yield other types of information (such as popular magazine articles) that are considered secondary sources that may not be reliable. (8) abstract. (9) deductive. (10) descriptive. (11) The primary difference between an empirical article and a book chapter or review article is that the empirical article will describe the details (purpose, method, results, conclusions) of a single study (or set of studies), whereas book chapters and review articles summarize and organize a large set of studies by many researchers.
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Knowing your Students
Case method teaching is ultimately about teaching the students, as opposed to teaching the case. Instructors who know their students well are better able to create a learning experience that is genuinely participant-centered. A familiarity with student's backgrounds especially those who have expertise or experience relevant to a particular class session can lead to richer discussions with a higher degree of personal relevance. Knowing which students lack extensive background in the subject can be equally important, as comprehension checks with these participants can help the instructor more effectively pace the discussion flow. C. Roland Christensen once noted that the art of case method teaching is the ability to ask the right question of the right student at the right time in the right way—a virtually impossible aspiration without deep knowledge of one's students.
At Harvard Business School instructors have access to online class cards that provide a detailed profile of each student, including a photo, name pronunciation, educational background, work experience, demographic data, and extracurricular interests. Instructors study these profiles before the start of the term to develop a strong familiarity with their students and to consider the perspectives and expectations specific individuals are likely to bring to the course. Prior to each class session, instructors review student profiles to identify individuals whose background may be especially relevant for the day's learning objectives. This assessment, combined with a review of participation records, helps inform the preparation of a priority "call list" of students the instructor would particularly like to involve in that day's discussion.
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David M. Kennedy is a Professor of History at Stanford University.
He is the author of the Pulitzer Prize-winning Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War 1929-1945, which discusses how the New Deal redressed income and job insecurity after the Depression. Professor Kennedy also wrote The American Spirit Since 1865, and Over Here: the First World War and American Society.
New River Media Interview with David Kennedy
QUESTION: What are the most surprising things you find in studying the Great Depression?
DAVID KENNEDY: One of the most surprising things that I discovered about the Depression was the degree of passivity or docility with which people greeted it. Several commentators at the time remarked on this - including Franklin Roosevelt, as a matter of fact - that here was the greatest crisis in American institutions since the Civil War, and yet there was no rioting in the streets, and the people seemed rather curiously, mysteriously submissive, at least in the early years of the Depression.
I think this passivity is attributable to several things. First of all, for many people, the Depression was nothing new. The fabled prosperity of the 1920s did not extend to everybody. There were tens of millions of people living in poverty even before the great crash of 1929. So for them, there was nothing remarkable about this, and it wasn't particularly dramatic change in their circumstance.
Second, I think, is that we see here , you might say, the flip side of the famous American value of individualism, that if we congratulate ourselves for our success and give ourselves a pat on the back for boot-strapping ourselves up the ladder of social mobility, it follows naturally that if we don't do that or slip down that ladder, we have nobody but ourselves to blame. So their natural psychological reflexes seemed to be, for lots of people, in the early Depression, to blame themselves, to feel guilty and ashamed at their circumstance.
QUESTION: Before the 1929 crash, what was the mood of America?
DAVID KENNEDY: When we think of the 1920s and think about what the mood of the country was, much of our popular understanding of that is informed by famous old books like Frederick Lewis Allen's Only Yesterday, and we have this image of the 1920s as a decade that was slap-happy on bathtub gin and flappers and so on and so forth.
But in fact, for large portions of the country, the 1920s was a depressed decade. There had been an agricultural depression that, by 1929, was already nearly a decade old. Farm prices were way below what they'd been before the First World War, and even further below what they had been in wartime. Nearly half the American people still live in the countryside in the 1920s, and they lived in the grip of a chronic depression.
If you were black, if you were a farmer, or if you were a recent immigrant living in America in the 1920s, you did not share, generally speaking, in that so-called 1920s prosperity. If, on the other hand, you were a reasonably skilled urban worker, you probably were making out pretty well. There was real prosperity in certain pockets of the economy in the 1920s.
QUESTION: And what else of that economic volatility prior to the crash? How does it compare to today?
DAVID KENNEDY: The story of the American economy before the Great Depression or, more precisely, before the New Deal is a story of chronic volatility. From the onset of the American industrial revolution in the early nineteenth century right down to the 1930s, the American economy was essentially on a roller coaster ride, where they'd have these periodic boom and bust cycles - depressions in the 1830s, the 1850s, the 1870s, the 1890s; right after World War I was another one - on a scale that we have not seen for the last half century. So the New Deal really marks a substantial divide in American economic history, which takes a lot of volatility out of the system.
QUESTION: In 1929, the crash occurs. Do we know why it occurred and why at that moment?
DAVID KENNEDY: The basic reason the crash of 1929 occurred is because of excessive speculation, but that's too easy an answer. Most economic historians can't agree precisely, beyond that rather unhelpful generalization, why the great crash occurred. Insofar as there is a consensus, it seems to be that the First World War so destabilized the major industrial economies and so disrupted the international system of trade and finance that it left in its wake a highly vulnerable system that finally succumbed a decade after the war's conclusion, in 1929 or 1930, to all the liabilities that had been put into it, you might say, as a result of the disruptions of the First World War.
Further, I don't believe the great crash of 1929 caused the Great Depression. It may have been a contributory factor in sustaining the kind of doubt and fear and instability, particularly in the financial markets, in the credit and banking system, that persisted through the decade of the 1930s. But to call it the cause of the Depression, I think, is a fundamental mistake, not least of all because - and just a moment's reflection instructs us - that the Great Depression was a worldwide phenomenon. It was not just an American phenomenon. It hit every advanced industrialized country at just about the same moment in 1930, 1931.
QUESTION: What about the role of the Federal Reserve policy?
DAVID KENNEDY: The Federal Reserve System certainly did not do anything to alleviate the Depression in its early years. In fact, it followed some very mistaken policies of tightening credit just when credit should have been loosened, in 1928, 1929. On the other hand, to give them their due, the Fed at that time saw that there was wildly excessive speculation in the stock markets and was trying to pursue a tight money policy, at least in part to dampen that speculation - a phenomenon we see in our time, when we worry about excessive exuberance in the stock markets. But that policy nevertheless constricted credit, not just for stock market speculators but also for legitimate businesses. So that exacerbated all of these trends that were converging to produce the great and prolonged crisis that we got.
QUESTION: How bad was the Great Depression?
DAVID KENNEDY: I think for people who have lived through the last half century of virtually uninterrupted prosperity, to grasp the degree of catastrophe that the Great Depression entailed takes a great leap of the historical imagination. I mean, we can recite the usual numbers - that 75 percent of all stock market values evaporated, gross national product was cut in half within a matter of two or three years, national income cut in half. Those are abstract numbers that don't really mean very much. Where the Great Depression, I think, takes on its most human face is with respect to unemployment. By 1933, by the time of Franklin Roosevelt's first inaugural, 25 percent of the workforce was unemployed. One in every four able-bodied people seeking work could not find employment.
Now even that number, large as it is, underestimates or understates the impact of the Depression, because in that era, the typical household had only one wage earner in it. So when we talk about one in four people being unemployed, we're really talking about one in four households in the country with no visible means of support, no reliable income. Today the typical household has two wage earners in it. So even at a 25 percent unemployment rate - God forbid that we should ever see it - today would not mean the same thing in human terms as it did in 1933.
QUESTION: What impact did the Depression have on family life?
DAVID KENNEDY: The impact of the Depression is visible in the cold ciphers that - statistics that record the history of this era. The divorce rate went down because divorce, we think, is at least in part a function of women's economic opportunities, and there were fewer. The marriage rate went down. Family formation is less likely to happen in a depressed economic circumstance. The birth rate went down rather markedly in the early years of the Depression. And indeed it's the suppression of the birth rate in the 1930s that is partly responsible for the explosion in the birth rate after World War II, in the so-called "baby boom." Part of the baby boom is making up for the deficit in births in the 1930s. So on every index that we commonly look to, to measure the health of family life, we can see that the Depression really blighted people's behavior in their families to a considerable degree.
QUESTION: Did the Depression hit some people harder than others?
DAVID KENNEDY: The Depression fell hardest, you might say, on the most vulnerable people in the society, people with little savings, people with precarious employment. That meant African Americans. It meant farm workers, farm laborers of all kinds. It meant these vast immigrant communities that had arrived in the country essentially just about a generation earlier, around the turn of the century, mostly from Central and Southern and Eastern Europe. Many of those communities were tremendously affected, because their economic status was already so precarious.
QUESTION: Let's talk about the migrations that the Depression set in motion.
DAVID KENNEDY: Among the very visible effects of the Depression is the reversal of the historic trend of in-migration to the United States. The 1930s is the only decade for which we have numbers, from the eighteenth century forward, when net migration to the United States was negative. People actually left the country. In fact, many of those recent immigrants from the great Italian American, Polish American communities that had come just ten or fifteen or twenty years earlier - many of them went home again - very heavy repatriation back to the country of origin. About 40 percent of all the immigrants from that wave eventually went home again, and many of them in the 1930s.
Inside the country, the Depression set off other waves of migration. The exodus from the Dust Bowl was probably the most famous. But railroads kept track of or made estimates, at least, of the transient traffic in freight cars - the human traffic, hoboes, vagrants - which went up significantly in this decade. The Dust Bowl migration, I think, achieved some kind of mythic status, for one very simple reason: that John Steinbeck wrote a great book about it, called The Grapes of Wrath, which also became a pretty good movie. And I think that kind of canonized this development as one of the great stories in American history. But it's exceptional. In the context of the Depression, that kind of dramatic movement of large numbers of people in search of economic opportunity is actually an exception to the rule.
QUESTION: How could we conceptualize the extent of the Great Depression?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, here's a way to visualize just how big a crisis the Depression was: We talk about thirteen million people unemployed in 1933. The number all by itself doesn't mean much. But envision this: take the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. It holds 100,000 people. And let's say on New Year's Day 1931, there was an event in the Rose Bowl and that it was filled to capacity. And at the end of this event, all the people sitting in all the seats were heads of household and employed, and at the end of the event, they were all told, "You've just gone unemployed, and two-thirds of you, in fact, won't have reliable employment for at least four years." That approximates the unemployment statistics.
Then the second Saturday in January of 1931, you do the same thing - 100,000 people, they're all told on the spot they're unemployed, and so on. The third Saturday in January, the fourth, and then every Saturday in February and March and April, and in fact every Saturday through 1931 and every Saturday in 1932. And you can do the math in your head, eventually, if you - to get to the total of thirteen million in 130 Saturdays, two and a half years. If you started on New Year's Day 1931, it would take you until the summer of 1933, the end of the so-called Hundred Days, before you got to the total of thirteen million people. And - now it's a mental exercise, but in fact it's a very good - it's a precise statement of the number of people unemployed, and it's a pretty good approximation of the speed with which this happened.
QUESTION: Can you comment on Mexicans going back to Mexico?
DAVID KENNEDY: Roughly half a million Mexicans entered the United States as immigrants in the 1920s. And when the Depression came, they were among the very most vulnerable people in the country, and it was easy to deport them, because you only had to move them across a land border and get them back to Mexico. So there were a lot of forcible deportations of Mexicans - Mexicans and Mexican Americans, both citizen and non-citizen alike. And although the exact numbers may not be precisely known, at least tens of thousands and perhaps hundreds of thousands of Mexican immigrants who'd been in the country a decade or so were exported back to Mexico, most of them against their will, in the 1930s.
QUESTION: One other thing that the Depression set in motion was the changing role of the federal government. What was that role prior to the Depression?
DAVID KENNEDY: Calvin Coolidge once said that if the federal government went out of business tomorrow, the average American wouldn't notice the fact for at least six months, which was a pretty true statement, actually, because in the 1920s and before, the federal government's role was essentially to deliver the mail and service the national debt, such as it was, and make a few payments to veterans. And that was about it.
That all changed with the onset of the Depression, both in the Hoover and in the Roosevelt administrations. One can get a sense of it if you look at federal expenditures. The federal budget in the 1920s was not quite $3 billion a year, which was roughly 3 percent of gross national product. New Deal budgets were typically $6 billion a year, and because gross national product had gone down, that was actually about 10 percent of gross national product. So by that crude, crude measure, the role of government more tripled in its incidence in American life. And the government started to take on all kinds of functions that it had never dreamt of performing before, not least of all public works projects on a huge scale and employment projects of various kinds.
The historic role of the federal government, in the face of the kind of economic downturn that began to be visible in 1930 or so, was to do little or nothing. Now in fact Herbert Hoover, as secretary of Commerce, in 1921, had taken a very active role, an aggressive role, in combating the recession of that year and had turned it around very quickly.
But with that singular exception, there was not much expectation on anybody's part that the federal government should take a role. Hoover, as president, in fact, in my judgment, broke a lot of precedent and moved very aggressively in this direction, but he had very little to work with. The federal government was a tiny instrument in his hands. And in fact, it remained a relatively tiny instrument for several years thereafter. The New Deal built up the institutions of the federal government only slowly and painfully and incrementally. And what we call "big government," the kind of thing that's been a catchword in American politics in the last part of the twentieth century, was really unknown in this era.
QUESTION: Didn't people rely on state and local governments for relief at the time?
DAVID KENNEDY: One of the traditional functions of state and local governments in the pre-Depression era was to undertake what was called "poor relief," or "outdoor relief" in some cases it was called, meaning relief outside of institutions, like mental hospitals and so on. And there was a long record of local governments - county and state, city - successfully coping with that. But the crisis of the Depression occurred on such a scale, such a magnitude, that it swamped the ability of these local institutions to carry on this function. They all tried, and some of them made quite heroic efforts. But they simply didn't have the resources and the tax bases and so on to be able to do this effectively.
QUESTION: What are the important institutional legacies of the Depression and New Deal era?
DAVID KENNEDY: The greatest single change that the federal government wrought in the face of the Depression was an institution that's still with us today, the creation of Social Security. We commonly think of Social Security simply as an old-age pension plan, but as originally legislated in 1935, it's an unemployment insurance plan, too, which the federal government and the states run jointly.
Together, unemployment insurance and old-age pensions introduced a degree of security and stability into individual lives, as well as into the economy as a whole, that simply wasn't there before. And it's measures like that, along with others, of course - but it's measures like that that have made this economy as stable and as predictable and secure as it has been for the last half century. That degree of security and predictability simply wasn't there before the 1930s.
QUESTION: How big an undertaking was the New Deal?
DAVID KENNEDY: If we measure the New Deal by the standard of the immediate task that it confronted, which was re-floating the economy in the 1930s, it's a miserable failure. The New Deal never does succeed in bringing back full employment. The unemployment rate averages 17 percent per year for the entire decade of the 1930s. It's only World War II that ends the Depression. But if we measure the New Deal by the degree to which it reshaped the nature of American life and left institutional arrangements in place thereafter that made the terms of life different for millions of people, once the economy did re-float after World War II, then it's a tremendous success. And in fact, it's a success on a scale that relatively few, if any, other administrations in the whole course of American history have managed to accomplish.
QUESTION: So would we have had these things without the Depression? And in what way did the severity of the crisis present FDR with an unusual opportunity?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, here's a hypothetical question: What if, by some miraculous means, Roosevelt and the New Dealers had found the key to re-floating the economy in the Hundred Days, in the spring of 1933, so that by the end of that year or early the following year, 1934, the economy's back to 1928 levels of production, there's full employment again, and everything is going swimmingly? In that scenario, would there have been a New Deal as we know it? I think the answer is probably not. It took this continuing crisis atmosphere in order to give Roosevelt the political maneuvering room to persuade the country to undertake these quite novel initiatives - things like minimum wage legislation, regulation of the securities markets, new labor legislation, the Social Security Act. These are all the products of the sustained crisis of the 1930s. And in a circumstance of business as usual, we would probably have had politics as usual, which would have meant none of these big reforms.
QUESTION: What would be the overall the legacy of the Depression and the responses to it?
DAVID KENNEDY: For the generation that lived through it, I think the principal legacy of the Great Depression was to give them a sense of almost obsessive preoccupation with the security of their own lives. This is certainly true of my parents and, I think, of everybody in their generation. We're familiar with this from our folklore, even if we don't have lived memory of it. But beyond that, I think, the greater legacy of the Depression is it comes down to us through the reforms of the New Deal. And the New Deal introduced the kinds of structural and institutional reforms that so far, at least, have kept us a long way from any economic crisis even remotely on the scale of that which happened in the 1930s. For the society as a whole, we've had the great good fortune and the luxury of living in a set of social arrangements that have forestalled any recurrence of a crisis on that scale.
The prosperity of the post-World War II era is truly phenomenal. In some ways, it's continued right down to the present day. So by some measures, it's a half-century-long economic expansion. But the twenty-five years after World War II is the quarter-century of the highest sustained economic growth rate in all of American history. We doubled the size of the middle class, for example, in a single generation, a phenomenal accomplishment.
Though there are many factors that explain that growth, one of them surely is the degree of stability and security built into the economy by the reforms of the New Deal. Speculation in the stock market became much more difficult after the onset of the Securities and Exchange Commission. All kinds of competitive practices that had made the economy volatile in various sectors were dampened. Individual lives became more secure because of things like Social Security and unemployment insurance. So in economic sector after economic sector and in millions of individual lives, there was much less risk in economic life after World War II than there had been before the Great Depression.
It's true the New Deal did not end the Great Depression. It took World War II to accomplish that. But along the way, during the decade of the 1930s, even while the depression persisted, the New Deal did give employment to several millions of people, so it provided real economic relief, not to everybody, but to a significant fraction of the unemployed, and it also raised the horizon of hope, you might say. People had the sense that the federal government was engaged, it was looking for solutions, it was delivering real relief in some cases, but it was committed to find a way out of this crisis. So in a sense, the New Deal changed people's expectation of government and changed the whole schedule, you might say, of our expectations about what it was legitimate for government to do.
QUESTION: The very first Gallup question in 1935 asked people, "Do you think the government spending on relief is too much, too little, or about right." Surprisingly, 60 percent said "too much." How do you explain this?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, we need to remember how novel was the New Deal and how novel was the idea that the government should undertake these positive steps to relieve economic suffering and so on. One of the great tasks that Roosevelt had to accomplish, and why I think he can claim to be a great president, is because he was a great teacher and a great educator. He educated the majority of the American public to the idea that it was right and proper and legitimate for government to do these things. People were not clamoring for these measures. They weren't rioting in the streets and demanding that the government do this and that and the other thing for them. In fact, there was a lot of popular resistance to the measures that Roosevelt undertook, even though they were of direct benefit to millions of people.
Some New Deal measures, like old age pensions, found a reasonably receptive audience because the plight of the elderly was so evident and it had been on the national conscience for so long. The idea of old age pensions was at least a generation old, had been first introduced in 1912 in the so-called Bull Moose platform. So that in a sense, in a limited sense, the old age pension part of the New Deal - the Social Security Act, rather, was a relatively easy sell. But even on that matter, Roosevelt undertook about a six or eight-month long public education campaign, speaking frequently about this matter in every public occasion that he could find, to try to educate the public about the viability and, not least of all, the legitimacy of this kind of government initiative.
QUESTION: What impact did the outbreak of World War II have on the U.S. economy?
DAVID KENNEDY: It's interesting to contrast the situation when the United States entered World War II, in 1941, and when it entered World I, in 1917. In 1917 the economy was at full employment, and the effort to move over to a war economy, to shift resources from civilian production to military production, was extremely wrenching and contorting and kicked off immediately a very sharp inflationary round. Prices doubled between 1917 and 1920. Huge inflation. World War II is a different story, not least of all because approximately 20 or 25 percent of the economy's resources were under- or unemployed in 1941, so the shift to a military economy or war economy could be undertaken without immediately encroaching upon the civilian economy because there was so much idle capacity, both human material. So, in a perverse and a curious way, the Great Depression facilitated the transition to a war economy in World War II.
QUESTION: How did the Depression affect economic thinking?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, just as an earlier generation of Americans at the end of the nineteenth century had thought that the closing of the frontier, the end of the frontier had closed a major chapter in American history, so, too, did many people in the 1930s think that the Depression marked the end of an economic era, the end of an era of growth. The economy had matured, was the way that they described it then. They thought it was not very likely that it would ever again grow at the rate that it had for the preceding century or so, that it had reached a plateau and it would stabilize there, and the best that could be done was to hold it there. Now, they were proved spectacularly wrong, in the great economic miracle of World War II and the great sustained period of growth thereafter, but this was their dominant idea. Certainly no one could conceive of the tremendous productive capacity that was unleashed in World War II. The doubling of national product within a three-year, four-year time span, between 1941 and 1945 was something no one could have anticipated.
QUESTION: How did the outbreak of war change America's spirit?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, the decade of the 1930s is a decade of paralysis. It's a decade of economic paralysis, social paralysis. Things just aren't moving. The decade or the period of World War II was a period of spectacular movement. It's as if the air had been cleared by a summer thunder squall. It was just energizing. It was as if the national ozone level went up. And the degree of movement and energy, this kinesis, you might say, in the American society in World War II is quite remarkable.
Not for nothing do we call World War II a 'good' war. It was good in all kinds of ways, not least of all, of course, because we won. But we were the only belligerent country, the only country that fought World War II that managed to increase its standard of living, civilian standard of living, even while it was fighting the war. If you take our two partner countries in the Grand Alliance, Britain and Soviet Union, in both of those countries, the civilian standard of living went down by about one-third during the war. People had one-third less food, fuel, shelter, clothing, the kinds of things that civilians buy. In this country, in stark contrast, the civilian standard of living went up by about 15 percent. We had more guns, and more butter, too. We're the only country that fought the war about which we can say that.
QUESTION: How would you characterize the internal migrations touched off by the War?
DAVID KENNEDY: The war touched off a set of migrations in the United States that really invite comparison with the great immigration waves of the turn of the century in their scale, not least of all the enormous migration of African-Americans out of the South and into the North and the West. Nearly a million blacks left the South during the war, and several million continued to exit the South in the decades after 1945, so that by 1960 or so, the racial distribution of African Americans, the demographic distribution is national, no longer regional. That is clearly a product of World War II. People left rural areas, these chronically depressed areas, and headed for industrial centers. One historian has described it as it's as if some great hand reached down and tipped the whole continent westward, and people just slid, especially from the Midwest and the South, to the West Coast, which nearly doubled its population.
So you might say the war was a kind of demographic cauldron in which the American people were churned as they hadn't been, probably, for a hundred years, as they first burst across the Appalachian Crest in the early nineteenth century.
The war is a gigantic creator of opportunity for millions of people. It drains people out of rural and agricultural areas and brings them into the industrial economy. That's the basic story of black Americans in this period, who had been historically employed as rural, farm laborers and now enter the industrial work force in unprecedented numbers. It's also the story of women in the war. Hundreds of thousands of women take up employments that have previously been forbidden to them, and industrial jobs as welders and so on. So the war is a great generator of economic change and social change thereby, particularly by reason of the wave that creates so many economic opportunities.
QUESTION: How important was the war to the lives of African Americans?
DAVID KENNEDY: When the Army began to expand, anticipating the crisis of World War II, the leaders in the black community, most notably A. Philip Randolph, the head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, went to the White House and demanded that, unlike World War I, he wanted to be sure that black Americans had the opportunity to serve fully, proportionate to their numbers in the country, in the U.S. military. In fact, the Roosevelt administration and the Army and Navy and Marine Corps and so on did not fully respond to that, and blacks remained largely in segregated units for much of the war. And in fact, relatively speaking, they, proportionately speaking, did not serve in combat units to the degree that white troops did. So this remained a blot, I think, on the nation's record through the war that most black Americans were denied the opportunity to serve in the armed forces on an equal basis with whites.
Now, in a civilian economy, it's a different story, I believe, because what A. Philip Randolph did manage to extract from the Roosevelt administration in 1941, a promise to see to it that there was no racial discrimination in defense industry employment. And though that promise was not absolutely perfectly held, it held well enough to provide brand-new job opportunities for hundreds of thousands of black workers in defense plant industries, which was the first, you might say, step up the ladder of economic mobility for many blacks as they finally entered the industrial economy.
On the eve of World War II, in the census of 1940, about 80 percent of all African Americans still live in the old eleven confederate states, where they've been stuck, essentially, since the Civil War. World War II changes all that, sucks them out of the South into industrial employment all over the country and begins to redistribute the black population nationally.
QUESTION: You mentioned A. Philip Randolph. How important was this threatened march?
DAVID KENNEDY: When Philip Randolph threatened to bring 100,000 blacks to march in Washington, D.C., to demand free and equal access to service in the armed services and to defense industry employment, this was a huge threat to the political stability in the country, and potentially a gigantic embarrassment to the Roosevelt administration, which was trying to prepare the country to be unified in the face of the oncoming war. So, though Franklin Roosevelt tried and indeed Eleanor Roosevelt tried as well to discourage Randolph from ever mounting this, he persisted, and he outbluffed the Roosevelt administration and extracted from them this promise to create the Fair Employment Practices Commission, which oversaw policies of equality and nondiscrimination in war-time plants. So it was a great victory.
QUESTION: What was the war's legacy for African Americans?
DAVID KENNEDY: I think the war changed their circumstances in a number of ways. Number one, it made it much more embarrassing to argue for segregation on racial grounds, given the fact that we had just conquered a foe whose racist policies were clearly reprehensible. And number two, it drew blacks out of the South in sufficient numbers that the black community now had access to industrial sector employment, which it had never had before in large numbers.
And number three, by virtue of that movement, blacks now moved to places in the country where they could vote, which they could not do in any appreciable numbers in the segregated pre-World-War-II South. And they voted in the Democratic Party. So their presence in the Democratic Party in venues in the North and the South nudged the Democratic Party in the direction of supporting black civil rights. That culminates immediately after the war in the Truman administration's publication of this document called "To Secure These Rights" in 1947, and the commitment by the Democratic Party in its 1948 platform to a civil rights program. So the war is clearly the direct and immediate stimulus for moving this great national institution, the Democratic Party, in the direction of committing itself to progress on race relations.
If we look at the century from the Civil War, or Reconstruction, let's say, after the Civil War, to the so-called Second Reconstruction, in the 1960s, a full century later, when the federal government at last takes up the responsibility of guaranteeing racial equality, the pivot point in that century-long history, it seems to me, is World War II. Indeed, I would go so far as to argue that Roosevelt's announcement in 1941 creating the Fair Employment Practices Commission was in a way a kind of second emancipation proclamation, in the sense that it's the first time since the Reconstruction Era of the nineteenth century when the federal government clearly states that it will undertake its commitment to apply the law of the land equally to all citizens regardless of race.
QUESTION: What was the effect of the war upon women?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, there's a lot of mythology about women and the war. First of all, it's clear that many women went to work during wartime, and many of them went to work in nontraditional jobs, in industrial plants of one kind or another. But the degree of that can be too easily exaggerated, I think. The fact is that the government had to undertake a propaganda campaign and create this mythic figure of Rosie the Riveter in order to urge women to leave their traditional domestic employments and enter the wage labor economy. Rosie the Riveter was a propaganda icon created by the government to encourage women to go to work. But in fact, if we look at what women were actually doing during the war, the typical woman war worker might better be called Wendy the Welder, because actually, relatively few women took up the high-skilled job of riveting. It took too much training to get them there. Welding was a much lower-skill employment. It took relatively little training to qualify as a welder. So many more women welded than riveted. And in fact, if you look at the whole distribution of what women were doing in wartime, you might say the typical woman war worker should be called Sally the Secretary, or, in fact, maybe even Molly the Mom, because most women persisted in their traditional functions during the war.
Among those groups of women with the most traditional commitments - that is to say, women who had small children at home under the age of six, pre-school children - there was very little change in their status during the war. In 1940, about 9 percent of all women who had children, small children at home, were also working for wages. A few, but not many. At the end of the war, that number had gone up to 12 percent. So it had gone up a bit. But what the numbers really tell us, I think, is that women were still quite wedded to their traditional functions as homemakers and as mothers, and even a crisis as great as the war, in this country, at least, was not about to change that.
QUESTION: Do you think there was a legacy for working women at the end of the war?
DAVID KENNEDY: The example of what women had set during the war, the kinds of jobs they had taken on, proved a powerful solvent later on of all kinds of ideas about women's proper social and economic and domestic role, because it was a fact on the historical record now that women, under certain circumstances, could undertake virtually any kind of employment that was out there. And that memory, I think, played a large role in energizing a subsequent generation of women to seek equal economic opportunity wherever they could find it.
QUESTION: What happened to the economy just after the war?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, World War II fuels the phenomenal economic growth of the quarter century after 1945 in all kinds of ways. It creates a big pent-up consumer demand, which is explosively powerful after 1945, and people are seeking to buy products that weren't available in wartime, and they've got all these fat paychecks from the war era that they weren't able to spend then, that they spend after the war.
A wartime measure that was another huge stimulus to the economy was the GI Bill because the GI Bill upgraded the educational level of eight million or more people in the post-war era. The way to put that in economic terms is that it improved the skill set and, thus, the productivity of a big fraction of the workforce. And indeed, studies of the component parts of what accounts for this period of economic growth after the war, most of them assign a heavy responsibility to improved educational levels, and in turn, much of that is owed to the effects of the GI Bill.
The GI Bill, ironically, was originally conceived as a way to ease the transition of demobilized veterans back into the economy, because many people feared that the Depression of the 1930s would return after the war, so some device had to be found to slow down the return to the workforce of these veterans. But the way the GI Bill actually played out was not as a parking lot to hold these people out of the labor markets for awhile, but as a tremendous bonus to their skill level, their educational level, which, in turn, fueled the productivity of the economy in the post-war era. Many students of the economic growth of the post-1945 period point to the increased educational levels that the GI Bill helped to foster as among the very most important factors in making the economy grow.
QUESTION: Tell us what Recent Social Trends was and how it came about.
DAVID KENNEDY: Recent Social Trends is an extraordinary document. It was a study commissioned by Herbert Hoover almost immediately after he arrived in the White House in early 1929. And he wanted, as he said, a solid statistical picture of the United States as the basis for the formulation of what he called "sound national policies." Which is a reminder that Hoover comes out of this older progressive era of tradition which is seeking to use government in active ways to reshape the social and economic environment - not our traditional image of Hoover, but there he was. So he commissioned this thing, and it ended up published in 1933 as a two-volume, 1,500-page, data-rich, packed with all kinds of information about all different aspects of American life. And it has become, ever since, one of the principal sources for understanding the nature of American society in the immediate pre-Depression era.
The authors of Recent Social Trends, who were some of the most distinguished social scientists in the country, were struck by several big themes. They benchmarked all their study to 1890; they took 1890 Census data as the starting point, and they were struck with how enormous and widespread were the social and economic changes since 1890. And in fact, they said there's been more change in the last thirty years or forty years than there have been in the preceding century, which was essentially true.
The big finding that struck them was the discrepancy between standards of living in countryside and city. And still, a near majority of Americans still lived in the countryside in the 1920s. The Census of 1930 shows, I believe, 44 percent of the population is still rural. And people lived - out there in the countryside in the 1920s, they lived lives little different from what people who lived in the countryside in the 1820s, or I dare say even in the 1720s. Virtually no one had electricity, virtually no one had indoor plumbing. They were cut off from all the amenities of modern urban life. And this was a gap between two large sectors of the society that had worried people for a long time, and it was a particular worry on the eve of the Great Depression.
The 1920s witnessed a huge outpouring of new consumer products from American factories - radios, refrigerators, automobiles, and so on. But what the authors of Recent Social Trends and others perceived was that the capacity of the society to purchase these goods was diminishing. So there was a discrepancy between the productivity capacity of society on the one hand, and its consuming capacity on the other hand. And much of the blame for that differential was laid to the difference in standards of living between rural America on the one hand, which was relatively impoverished and had been for a long time, and urban America, which was relatively affluent.
QUESTION: So this tremendously forward-thinking document, this useful tool for social policy is commissioned, and does it have a significant impact?
DAVID KENNEDY: Well, Hoover commissioned Recent Social Trends in a spirit of great hope. And the social scientists who undertook to do the research and write the report up, also, I think, commenced their work in a spirit of great expectation about what this would lead to.
But before they were very far into the exercise at all, the Great Depression hit. And so much of what they had probably contemplated as a long, leisurely study of the changes in the country in the preceding thirty years became a document that described the effects of the Depression itself in the immediate short term, the period in which they were working. And partly for that reason, Hoover distanced himself from the document eventually, because he read it, finally, as an indictment of his inability to come to grips with the Depression. But nevertheless, it persists as an extremely valuable source for understanding the nature of American society in that period.
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US 5231792 A
An insect trap is disclosed which includes a double-cone structure having a receiving chamber for an attractive composition with a tapered surface and a retaining chamber for placement thereon. A conical indentation formed in the bottom of the retaining chamber provides a tapered surface which is spaced from that of the receiving chamber thus forming the first cone. The central portion of the indentation provides the second cone which is light-transmissive and has a central opening. The tapered surfaces of the chambers are opaque. An insect passageway is formed in the receiving chamber and communicates with the central opening. Thus, an insect entering the chamber through the tapered surfaces experiences light from above through the second cone and is drawn upward through the central opening into the retaining chamber where it is trapped.
1. Apparatus for attracting and retaining insects which comprises:
a) a bottom enclosure having a base and a support wall extending therearound, said support wall forming a central opening above the base member;
b) an insect passage formed in said support wall;
c) a top enclosure having a bottom indentation for placement on the support wall, said indentation having a substantially conical surface with a central opening at the apex thereof, said central opening communicating with said passage, the placement of the top enclosure on the support wall forming a pathway therebetween, and
d) an opaque region located on the conical surface of the bottom indentation, said region limiting the light incident on the pathway whereby an insect entering said pathway primarily encounters light entering said pathway from the passage in said support wall.
2. Apparatus in accordance with claim 1 wherein said support wall includes a section having an inward taper.
3. Apparatus in accordance with claim 2 wherein the tapered section of the support wall is substantially parallel to the bottom indentation of the top enclosure.
4. An insect trap comprising:
a) a receiving chamber for containing an insect attractant, said chamber having a base member and an enclosing wall extending upwardly therefrom;
b) a passageway formed in the enclosing wall for the passage of insects therethrough;
c) a trapping chamber for placement upon the enclosing wall, said chamber including:
i. an entry member having a central region containing an opening dimensioned to permit the passage of insects therethrough;
ii. an opaque skirt depending from said central region and spaced adjacent the enclosing wall to define a pathway therebetween, and
iii. an envelope attached to the skirt for surrounding the skirt and entry member to form a bounded volume, at least a portion of the envelope and the entry member being light-transmissive whereby an insect entering the pathway experiences light from above the pathway.
5. The invention in accordance with claim 4 wherein the enclosing wall of said receiving chamber includes a region having an inward taper spaced adjacent the opaque skirt.
6. The invention in accordance with claim 5 wherein the central region of the entry member is conical.
7. The invention in accordance with claim 6 wherein said entry member includes an attachment section for engaging the enclosing wall of the receiving chamber, said attachment section being positioned between the central region and the skirt.
8. The invention in accordance with claim 7 wherein the skirt of the trapping chamber extends below the passageway formed in the enclosing wall whereby the pathway is inclined upwardly into the envelope.
9. The invention in accordance with claim 8 wherein said receiving chamber is opaque.
This invention relates to an improved insect trap and, in particular, to a trap having a double cone structure for use in combination with an insect attractant composition.
Throughout history, insects have distinguished themselves as persistent pests and health threats to both man and animals. Studies have been made documenting various insects as carriers of disease. The synanthropic fly is of particular concern to the public since it thrives and reproduces actively in both farm and home environments. As a result, substantial effort has been expended to develop trapping structures and chemical compositions for controlling the propagation of insects.
In the past, trapping structures utilizing wide mouth entry passages coupled with narrow exits in the shape of a cone have been employed to retain insects in a surrounding envelope which confines the insect for the rest of its life. The early trapping structures were designed to orient the entry and exit openings to take advantage of the insects tendency to favor travel in an upward direction toward the sun. Most of these devices relied upon natural attractants such as various food products, animal manure, putrifying meats, etc. to induce them to enter the wide opening. As a result, the number of flies and other insects entering the trap tended to be only a minor portion of the local insect population.
In the more recent past, sticky tapes, fly paper and hanging cylindrical traps with adhesive coatings on the exterior have been used to lower insect populations. Initially, these unsightly traps relied on the insect encountering these adhesive surfaces in their normal travels. The efficacy of the adhesive-based trap was enhanced by coloration studies which showed that insects favored certain colors, particularly the orange-yellow portion of the visible spectrum, as a preferred site to land on. In addition, studies showed that insects tended to land where other insects were already in place. This brought about the placement of simulated insects on the adhesive surfaces. All of these techniques enhanced the efficacy of the adhesive trap. Since these insect traps rely on an insect encountering the adhesive surface in its normal travels, the traps had to be publicly displayed and created an uncomfortable feeling especially when used in or viewed from a living environment.
Following the adhesive-based traps, the wide spread use of insecticides became favored to shorten the life of insects. However, recent studies have shown that use of insecticides in an indiscriminate manner has far greater ramifications than originally thought when the impact on man and his environment is examined. This has generated increasing interest in localized trapping of insects by the use of attractants. The attractants appeal to one or more of the senses of the insect to draw them to a central location. This central location need not be directly located in the normal living environment since the attractant causes the insects to travel to the attractant source. One such attractant used to draw synanthropic flies to a central location is the composition described and claimed in my U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,107, and used in the product marketed and sold by the Farnam Companies, Inc. Phoenix, Ariz. under the trademark APACHE.
Attractants of this type often utilize pheromones as sex attractants in combination with nitrogenous matter serving as feeding attractants. In the past few years, the use of attractants has proven to be a successful way to assist in controlling the insect population. The use of an attractant in combination with an insecticide is found to produce a rapid reduction in insect population, particularly in connection with flies. It is now possible to obtain attractants which through the use of pheromones result in a marked reduction in the female portion of the fly population thereby having an even greater impact on successive generations. The combination of attractant and insecticide has a possible drawback in that the insecticide is still being used to control the insect population. The insect ingesting a fly bait which contains an attractant and an insecticide is not confined at the distribution point. The insect tends to travel for a period after ingestion and die at a different location. This can create problems that reduces the desirability of using this type of control in many locations.
The combination of an improved insect trap which is designed to receive an attractant combination that assist in luring the insects to its interior is a highly desirable product. The absence of an insecticide coupled with the trapping or confining of the attracted insects not only reduces the population in the surrounding region, but also gathers the expired insects in the container itself. Furthermore, any environmental contamination occurring from either the insecticide or the insect ingesting it is essentially eliminated.
Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved insect trap for use in combination with an attractant composition to reduce insect populations. Furthermore, a major objective is to provide a structure which not only permits the attractant to exert its influence over the surrounding region, but also utilizes a novel double cone structure to draw the insects into the retaining chamber. In addition, the invention provides a structure which takes advantage of the tendency of insects to favor movement in an upward direction and toward an overlying light source. An important feature is the provision of a structure which shields a portion of the entering pathway from ambient light thereby permitting light from above to draw the insect into the trap.
This invention relates to an improved insect trap having a double cone structure designed to utilize ambient light to draw insects to the trap. The present trap is designed to contain an attractant composition thereby increasing its efficacy beyond that exhibited by traps relying on insects encountering them during their normal travels. The present trap is constructed so that entering insects find it difficult to leave and are retained therein for the remainder of their life.
The present insect trap includes a receiving chamber which contains the insect attractant, supports an overlying retaining chamber and defines in part the means of entry into the trap. The receiving chamber has a base member adapted to rest on a support surface and an enclosing wall which extends upwardly therefrom to provide a relatively large area opening for the addition of the attractant composition. A portion of the enclosing wall is preferably tapered inwardly and provides one surface of the entry passage. In addition, at least one insect passageway is formed in the enclosing wall proximate to the end of the wall. This passageway serves also to permit the region of effectiveness of the attractant to extend outwardly beyond the confines of the trap.
A trapping chamber containing an indentation in the bottom surface thereof is provided for placement upon the enclosing wall. The indentation includes an entry member, conical in shape, having a central region containing an opening dimensioned to permit the passage of insects therethrough. The outer region of the indentation comprises an opaque skirt flared outwardly and depending from the central region. When the two parts are assembled, the outwardly flared skirt is spaced adjacent a portion of the enclosing wall to define the insect pathway to within the trap. A surrounding envelope is attached to the skirt and completes the enclosure of the trapping chamber by surrounding the skirt and entry member to form a bounded volume. The only entry for the insect into the trapping chamber is through the opening contained in the central region. Thus, the present insect trap has a double cone structure with the first conical pathway being bounded by both the receiving chamber and the trapping chamber. The upper or second cone is located in the indentation formed in the bottom surface of the trapping chamber. As a result, the second cone overlies the first cone and the trap thus takes advantage of an insects tendency to favor travel in the upward direction.
In addition, a portion of the envelope and the entry member formed in the indentation in the bottom of the trapping chamber are light-transmissive. As a consequence thereof. An insect entering the first conical pathway defined by the enclosing wall of the receiving chamber and the skirt experiences light from the passageway formed in the enclosing wall. The insect is influenced not only by the pheromones and olfactory attractants contained within the receiving chamber, but is also encouraged to migrate upwardly toward the light along the pathway defined by the double conical structure. Once the insect has entered the trapping chamber, its view of a possible escape route is obscured by the opaque and darkened entryway between the double cones, encouraging it to remain in the well lit trapping chamber.
In its simplest form, the present insect trap is comprised only of the receiving chamber and the trapping chamber. The two parts frictionally engage one another to form a unitary structure. To load the trap, the trapping chamber is removed, the attractant material added to the receiving chamber and the parts are then recombined. The combination of the upwardly inclined conical shape, the shielding of the ambient light by the opaque skirt to reduce distractions coupled with the effects of the attractant have been found to provide an effective trap useful with a variety of insects. Those insects that enter the trapping chamber are unable to leave since they are continually drawn upward away from the opening in the central region in the entry member and obscured escape route therein and spend the rest of their lives attempting to escape toward sunlight entering the transparent outer walls of the trapping chamber.
Further features and advantages will become more readily apparent from the following detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention when viewed in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a view in perspective of one embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a side view in section taken along line 2--2 of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 shows the embodiment of FIG. 2 with the chambers separated.
FIG. 4 is a top view of the embodiment of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 is an exploded view of the embodiment of FIG. 1 with the trapping chamber shown in partial section.
Referring now to FIGS. 1 and 2, the novel insect trap which is the subject of the present invention is shown in a cylindrical form and includes a trapping chamber 12 situated upon the receiving chamber 14. The trapping chamber is a bounded volume having a light-transmissive envelope 15 forming the exposed outer surface thereof. An indentation is formed in the bottom of the trapping chamber 12 and is surrounded by peripheral flange 26. The indentation includes skirt 20, a vertical engaging surface 21 and a central region 17. The central region is conical in shape and has an opening 18 centrally located therein which is dimensioned to provide a passage for insects.
The receiving chamber 14 has a basal surface with an enclosing wall 15 extending upwardly therefrom. The enclosing wall includes an inwardly tapered section 24 which terminates in a second engaging surface 28. The attractant composition 11 is added to the receiving chamber 14 through the central opening defined by the second engaging surface 28. A plurality of large area passageways 22 is formed about the circumference of the second engaging surface 28. The passageways are relatively large compared with the central opening 18 since they establish the airway through which the effects of the attractant 11 are outwardly disseminated. In addition, the light from above passes through the passageway 22 into the region between the skirt 20 and tapered section 24.
An opaque coating 23 is shown placed on the surface of the skirt 20. In addition, the receiving chamber 14 is made of moldable plastic with an opaque coating thereon. As a result, the inwardly and upwardly inclined pathway formed by the tapered section 24 and the skirt 20 is shielded from ambient light except that light transmitted through passageway 22. This structure capitalizes on the tendency of insects to favor travel paths which move upwardly toward a light source. Also, the attractant effects are experienced by the insects as they travel about beneath the pathway. As a result, the insect travels along the path of the arrows shown in FIG. 2.
Removal of the trapping chamber 12 from the receiving chamber 14 is shown in FIG. 3. This separation of parts permits the attractant composition to be readily placed in the receiving chamber when the device is placed in use. In addition, it permits a recharge of attractant composition if necessary. The engagement of the two parts to the present invention occurs by the dimensioning of the second engaging surface 28 and the mating engaging surface 21 provided between the central region 17 and skirt 20. The joining of the two parts is accomplished by placing the trapping chamber in position and rotating it gently while urging it downwardly so that the engaging surfaces 21 and 22 are in contact. The inward taper of the central region 17 provides the limiting means for vertical movement of the trapping chamber. It is recognized that threaded engagement can be provided by the formation of grooves in surfaces 21 and 28.
As shown in FIGS. 3, 4 and 5, the trapping chamber includes a clear plastic envelope 15. The envelope provides the external surface of the chamber and is supported by flange 26. The inwardly tapered section forming the skirt 20 is terminated by the vertical engaging surface 21 which is then followed by the tapered central region 17. In the manufacturing process, the trapping chamber 12 is preferably made as two parts with the envelope separately formed and joined to the outer surface of flange 26. The conical surfaces of the indentation and flange 26 are formed as a single piece by a molding process. The two pieces are made of a light-transmissive plastic with the opaque coating 23 applied to the surface of skirt 20. The preferred colors are black for the entryway between tapered section 24 and skirt 20 with the rest of the receiving chamber having bright yellow to orange coating with a high reflectance in 300-450 NM wavelength range. The preferred embodiment utilizes a yellowish-orange color residing in that portion of the spectrum known to especially appeal to flies. The receiving chamber 14 is formed as a single piece typically of a transparent plastic with a similar opaque coating applied to the entire receiving chamber. However, it is recognized that opaque plastics can be used for the receiving chamber and the preferred embodiment shown is of this type. Thus, no coating on the receiving chamber is shown in the drawings. The opaque portion of the receiving chamber should include the tapered section 24 and the second engaging surface 28 in order to most strongly influence the insect by the ambient light from above. However, the shielding of the attractant from view is highly desirably and thus it is recommended that the entire receiving chamber be made opaque.
The preferred attractant composition is the attractant set forth in my U.S. Pat. No. 5,008,107. However, it is to be noted that many different attractants can be used if desired. For example, for the trapping of wasps, a liver flavored attractant such as a commercial cat food can be employed as shown in FIG. 2.
In operation, the present insect trap employs a double cone construction with the initial pathway bounded by the opaque colored skirt 20 and the opaque tapered section 24. An insect traveling nearby encounters the effects of the attractant which pass through the passageways 22 and outwardly from the entering pathway. The insect is attracted to the structure, lands on or near the tapered surface 24 and crawls upwardly toward the light at the passageways. The attractancy of the composition 11 increases as the insect travels toward the light. When the insect passes through the passageway, the light-transmission central region 17 leads the insect to travel upwardly in the direction of the arrows shown in FIG. 2 and out through the opening 18. Since the light is present above from the device, and the insects tend to favor upward travel, the likelihood of an insect making a successful exit from the trap is minimal. One advantage of making the entire receiving chamber 14 opaque is that the insect does not see any light from the region containing the attractant composition and therefore has a reduced incentive to attempt to move downwardly as it passes through the passageway 22.
While the above description has referred to a preferred embodiment of the invention, it is to be noted that many modifications and variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as claimed.
Citas de patentes
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Frequently Asked Questions About Drinking Water
Where does my drinking water come from?
- Your drinking water comes from either groundwater (wells) or surface water sources (rivers, lakes, or reservoirs).
- In South Carolina, about 80% of public water systems use surface water as their source of drinking water and about 20% use groundwater.
- To find the source of your drinking water, contact your water supplier or read your Water Quality Report provided by your water supplier every year.
- For more information on South Carolina's water supply usage, see SC Water Use Report.
Who is responsible for drinking water quality?
- DHEC regulates all public water systems (PWS) and is responsible for ensuring that these public water systems are in compliance with all state and federal regulations.
- Local municipal, county, and other governmententities, along with private water suppliers, are directly responsible for the quality of water that flows to your faucet.
- Water systems test and treat their water, maintain the distribution systems that deliver water to consumers, and report on their water quality results to DHEC.
- States and EPA provide technical assistance to water suppliers and can take legal action against systems that fail to provide water that meets state and federal standards.
- If you get your drinking water from an individual residential well, you are not subject to the state and federal regulations.
- The owner of a residential well is responsible for the quality of the water.
- If you are concerned about the quality of your well water,
Why does my drinking water taste or smell funny?
- Although bad tasting or bad smelling water can be offensive to consumers, in most cases it is not considered to be a public health problem.
- Your drinking water may have an "off taste" if it's been sitting in the pipes for too long.
- Flushing out the pipes in your home by turning on all the faucets at the same time for a few minutes may get rid of the off taste.
- Additional information on taste and odor problems.
What can I do about it?
- First, determine if the problem is coming from your household plumbing or the water supplier.
- Ask your neighbors if they are having a similar problem.
- You may contact your water supplier or local EQC Regional Office.
- You may also want to consider using certified water filters or treatment units.
- The National Sanitation Foundation provides a list of certified units.
What are the most common problems in drinking water?
- Chlorine or chemical taste or smell
- Can be caused by chlorine that is added to the water by your public water supplier
- May be caused by the interaction of chlorine with a build-up of organic matter in your household plumbing.
- Sulfur or rotten egg smell
- Usually caused by bacteria growing in your sink drain or water heater.
- In some cases is caused by naturally occurring hydrogen sulfide.
- Musty, moldy, earthy taste or smell
- Usually caused by bacteria growing in a sink's drain or from fungi
- Can also be algae or fungi that naturally grow in surface water sources.
- Metallic taste
- Can be caused by metals such as iron.
How do I disinfect my drinking water in the event of an emergency?
- In the event of an emergency, you may need to disinfect (kill germs) small quantities of drinking water.
- Boiling is a very effective means of disinfecting drinking water.
- Chemical disinfection of small quantities of water for drinking is more convenient and if done correctly, is as effective as boiling.
- For information on how to disinfect your water, visit EPA's Emergency Disinfection of Drinking Water Web Site.
Should I be concerned about lead in my drinking water?
- Lead is found almost everywhere: food, paint, dust, soil, air, and even some drinking water.
- Lead is rarely in drinking water when it leaves the treatment plant; however, it can leach into the water from old plumbing.
- Children and pregnant women are most susceptible to health risks from lead in drinking water.
Should I be concerned about copper in my drinking water?
- Copper is a metal that is commonly used in household plumbing and pipes.
- Like lead, copper may leach into your drinking water from copper pipes and copper-containing fixtures in older plumbing.
- The most noticeable effect produced by copper is a blue-green stain on bathroom fixtures such as tubs and sinks.
- Learn more about copper in drinking water.
Should I be concerned about radium in my drinking water?
- Radium is a radioactive element, which can occur naturally in soil and rocks.
- Radium is usually not a problem in surface water sources, but can affect some groundwater sources due to local geology.
- Learn more about radium in drinking water.
Who do I contact?
- For information on the quality of your drinking water, read your Water Quality Report from your water supplier or contact them directly.
- Your water supplier will have their contact information on your water bill.
- If you are concerned about the water quality of your private well, contact DHEC's Residential Well Program for more information.
- You can also call your local DHEC regional office.
Where can I find more information on my drinking water?
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How to Apply
You can easily apply for our programs by filling up a simple online form which can be completed in less than 15 minutes.
In case you are not able to complete the form, you can save your work and access it anytime later, continuing from where you had left off.
The online application will require you to enter details like:
- Passport/visa/ID details
- Details of qualifying examination
- Course preferences
You will also be required to upload scanned copies of the following:
- Copy of passport, valid visa page or Emirates ID
- Transcripts of marks of qualifying exam
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With the holidays literally around the corner, what more appropriate topic to talk about than reindeer!
Many animals maintain a circadian rhythm, which is controlled by a group of cells in an area of the brain called the hypothalamus. This rhythm controls many of the daily and seasonal activities in animals by telling them when to be awake, sleep, forage, migrate, mate, etc. It works great for animals in environments where the day-night cycles occur regularly, but what about arctic reindeer who live in conditions of extended daylight in the summer and darkness in the winter? Researchers Lu et al., have discovered that these animals have uniquely adapted to their environment by switching off their internal circadian clock. This allows the animals to adapt to their conditions and perform activities when the timing is right as opposed to relying on an internal clock.
For more information on the physiology of these beloved animals, I turned to The American Physiological Society and found a press release called: The Truth Behind The Reindeer That Don’t “Fly”. This is a MUST read article about reindeer physiology featuring the work of renowned physiologist Dr. Perry Barboza at the Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska in Fairbanks. This article presents many factoids about reindeer of which I will list my personal favorites:
*Male reindeer shed their antlers at the beginning of December, whereas the females retain their antlers throughout the winter. So sorry kids, Rudolph and “his” gang appear to be all be female!
*To insulate themselves from the chilly winter months in the arctic and to provide a readily available source of energy, female reindeer may put on as much as 50% body fat! I don’t know about you, but that certainly makes me feel better about eating all those holiday goodies…I must need the extra energy.
*The structure of their fur, consisting of hollow hairs, is designed to help maintain body heat.
You can read more about reindeer on The APS website .
To track Santa’s progress, visit the US government’s North American Aerospace Defense Command’s (NORAD) website.
Photo Credit: Finnish Tourist Board
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In a school, 10% of the boys are same in number as (1/4)th of the girls. what is the ratio of boys to girls in the school?
Answer with explanationAnswer: Option B
Let the number of boys in school be b
Let the number of girls in school be g.
Therefore , According to Question , 10% of boys is equal to 1/4 of girls→
10b/100 = 1g/4
or, 4×10b = 100×g
or, 40b = 100g
or, b/g = 100/40
or, b:g = 5:2
Discuss about the question
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We would like to evaluate the following definite integral,
where we assume that is real-valued on . Figure 9 depicts a typical integral to be evaluated.
Figure 9: Monte Carlo Integration.
The idea is to manipulate the definite integral into a form that can be solved by Monte Carlo. To do this, we define the following function on ,
and insert into Eq. (64) to obtain the following expression for the integral I:
Note that can be viewed as a uniform pdf on the interval , as depicted in Figure 9. Given that is a pdf, we observe that the integral on the right hand side of Eq. (66) is simply the expectation value for :
Figure 10: Uniform pdf on [a,b].
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There’s no better time than now to highlight the role of social workers in the Long-Term Acute Care (LTACH) Setting. March, after all, is National Social Worker Month.
But the importance of the role and function of social workers in a LTACH is worthy of attention year-round. A social worker is a vital member of any health care team and serves in many different capacities, including as a liaison between the patient and the care community.
Let’s take a closer look:
Social Workers in the LTACH
- Making the Transition
The social worker helps the person entering a long-term acute care facility to help them make a transition to the LTACH from an acute care hospital. Once the patient is in their new setting at the LTACH, the social worker continues to see that his or her needs are met, and that they are participating in planning for continued care now and in the future.
- Identifying Resources
Social workers help patients identify resources to meet their individual needs. They also serve as the patient’s advocate in dealing with insurance providers to secure the most comprehensive coverage possible.
In fact, serving as the patient’s advocate is one of the most important roles.
- Working with Patients’ Families
A social worker in an LTACH setting spends much of their time with a patient’s family and friends, and must always be aware of factors that have an impact on the patient’s well-being.
Patients and families deal with many aspects of a specific illness, including learning more about it, the diagnosis, and the steps in the recovery process. A social worker helps them deal with each step that hopefully leads to a safe recovery.
- A Wide Range of Tasks
Typical duties for social worker may include: interaction with potential residents and their families, pre-admission and discharge planning, and assessment and completion of the part of the minimum data required for each patient.
The LTACH social worker will also:
- Contact and utilize community resources on the resident’s behalf.
- Ensure that the social and emotional needs of each patient are met.
- Promote the maximum level of independence for each resident.
- Participate fully in resident care planning as part of an interdisciplinary team.
In all cases, the social worker provides a physical environment that is supportive while fostering a positive self-image for residents through social contact, independence, and decision-making opportunities.
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Adding fluoride to water suppliesBMJ 2007; 335 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39318.562951.BE (Published 04 October 2007) Cite this as: BMJ 2007;335:699
- K K Cheng, professor of epidemiology1,
- Iain Chalmers, editor2,
- Trevor A Sheldon, professor and pro-vice chancellor3
- 1Public Health Building, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT
- 2James Lind Library, Oxford OX2 7LG
- 3Health Services Research, University of York, York YO10 5DD
- Correspondence to: K K Cheng
- Accepted 15 July 2007
Several countries add fluoride to water supplies to prevent dental caries (boxes 1 and 2). Since the 2003 Water Act, water companies are required to add fluoride to supplies when requested—after public consultation—by a health authority in England or the Welsh Assembly in Wales.1
Water fluoridation is highly controversial
Evidence is often misused or misinterpreted and uncertainties glossed over in polarised debates
Problems include identifying benefits and harms, whether fluoride is a medicine, and the ethical implications
This article provides professionals and the public with a framework for constructive public consultations
Box 1 Dental caries
What is dental caries?
Dental caries is a process of demineralisation of dental hard tissue caused by acids formed from bacterial fermentation of sugars in the diet. Demineralisation is countered by the deposit of minerals in the saliva—remineralisation. Remineralisation is a slow process, however, which has to compete with factors that cause demineralisation. If remineralisation can effectively compete the enamel is repaired. If demineralisation exceeds remineralisation a carious cavity finally forms. Fluoride prevents caries by enhancing remineralisation.
How common is caries?
The figure⇓ shows the average numbers of decayed, missing, and filled teeth in 12 year old children for several European countries. In most countries this number is around 1.5 and 50% of children have no caries. Although the prevalence of caries varies between countries, levels everywhere have fallen greatly in the past three decades, and national rates of caries are now universally low. This trend has occurred regardless of the concentration of fluoride in water or the use of fluoridated salt, and it probably reflects use of fluoridated toothpastes and other factors, including perhaps aspects of nutrition.
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20 Jul Helping Reduce Inflammation Through Food
Many patients suffer from conditions that are typified by long-term inflammation, for example, many types of arthritis and certain bowel conditions.
Modern research also highlights the fact that prolonged periods of inflammation are involved in the early stages of many conditions such as heart disease, Alzheimer’s and also many cancers.
With an improved understanding of nutrition and its effects, the medical community is starting to appreciate that what we eat contributes significantly to how we feel.
What we eat affects our levels of inflammation
It’s no surprise that fresh, whole, preferably organic foods can contribute to good digestion and metabolism, but more specifically, certain foods are considered “anti-inflammatory” and including them in your diet can make positive changes to your health.
On the other hand, certain foods can be “pro-inflammatory”, allowing inflammation to persist and potentially contributing to further conditions. If you suffer from persistent pain or any of the inflammatory conditions above, it may be helpful to follow these dietary guidelines:
Healthy, anti-inflammatory foods to include in your diet:
- Brown rice, oats, quinoa, whole grains, beans, lentils, chicken, turkey, oily fish (no more than twice a week), herbs and spices and an abundance of colourful vegetables such as; broccoli, carrots, parsnips, cabbage, peas, cauliflower, onions, leeks, mushrooms etc.
- Essential fats found in oily fish, nuts and seeds, olives and avocados are also known to have an anti-inflammatory effect and so should be included in an anti-inflammatory diet
- Dehydration can often be a trigger for joint stiffness and pain, so while not strictly anti-inflammatory, ensure you drink 6 – 8 glasses of water, herb tea or fruit tea per day. The current guidelines are 1.5ltrs daily for women and 2ltrs daily for men.
- There are also several foods which have been shown to support the detoxification phases of the liver and these include broccoli, brown basmati rice, whole grains, eggs, garlic, onions, strawberries, asparagus and artichoke.
Foods to avoid:
- Minimise your consumption of processed and fast foods and avoid highly refined foods such as sugar, white bread, white pasta, white rice, chocolate, cakes, biscuits, sweets, milk chocolate and anything with added or hidden sugars such as fizzy or sugary drinks. Sugar is one of the most pro-inflammatory foods that we can eat.
- Dairy products and red meat contain arachidonic acid which is thought to promote pro-inflammatory prostaglandins and so should be avoided or eaten in moderation.
- Salt is a known vasoconstrictor and so can reduce blood flow to painful areas.
- Avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks. Caffeine is a stimulant which stimulates the adrenal glands to produce cortisol (our stress hormone). In high concentrations, cortisol is a highly inflammatory hormone. Alcohol places a burden on the liver and may contribute to imbalanced blood sugar levels.
In addition to making dietary modifications as described above, it can also be helpful to supplement with nutritional formulas containing natural substances from foods, plants and herbs that have been shown to act as natural, safe inhibitors of pain and inflammation.
What should I do?!
Unfortunately, it’s not quite as simple as being able to hand out advice that fits everyone. People have very different requirements to suit their individual health needs, and while implementing some of the suggestions above can really help to lower inflammatory pathways, our nutritional therapist, Jacqui, can design a personalised anti-inflammatory programme to suit your personal likes and needs.
If you think you might benefit from such a personalised approach, please contact the clinic and ask for a session with Jacqui to help tackle your inflammation.
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7 Pest Control Misconceptions and the Truths Associated With Them
Pests are the unwanted visitors that get into our homes and find their way to the most ignored corners of a house. They make the lives of the inhabitants miserable and don’t stop becoming a nuisance until you decide to eradicate them. Ignoring the pests issue will only worsen the situation and make it an ugly one in the long run.
Pest infestation does not only trigger health issues but sometimes can cause havoc to your property. The first strategy in eradicating them is to comprehend the nature of the infestation. Unfortunately, the myths surrounding pest control make eliminating them a hurdle.
1. DIY is a practical approach to pest control
Many people think that they can go to the market, buy the relevant pesticide and use it to eliminate pests from the house. However, they end up not getting rid of the pests and sometimes with physical harm due to misuse of the chemicals. What you may not realize is that spraying chemicals on pests may make them lose senses, but it doesn’t mean that they are dead. Experts are trained in effective and safe elimination techniques.
2. One-time pest control service is sufficient
Most professional pest control service providers will eradicate the pests in stages. Besides that, there is no assurance that the pests will not infect your house again. Insects are often fast breeders, and in two weeks they lay hundreds of eggs that will run around your house. Therefore, if a single insect lays eggs, they will multiply and spread in your home pretty fast. Therefore, consider it a necessity to call pest control services for another inspection.
3. If your home is clean, you won’t find pests
It is a common misconception that dirt attracts pests. One inevitable fact is that dirt is a relative term and a matter of perception. It is possible to scrub every corner of the house until there isn’t any visible dirt, but you still harbor pests. Although cleaning the house is essential, it doesn’t guarantee a pest free environment. The only way of keeping pests away is to solicit the services of pest removal experts.
4. Natural repellants are the best for pest control
Most people feel that natural pest repellants are ideal because they don’t have any harmful chemicals. Contrary to this opinion, research shows that formulated chemical repellants offer the best results and have minimal side effects on the users and the environment too. Therefore, if you want to get rid of pests completely, you should consider using chemical repellants because they have minimal effects.
5. “Find a cat”
Human beings have used cats since time immemorial as a mode of pest control. History shows that cats would domesticate themselves around the time when civilization was coming up. The cats would then eat pests that used to eat food stored in granaries. Even though cats are active predators, they have a hunting range. Since your pests run freely, they might or might not go to where the cat is.
6. You don’t need pest control if you don’t see any pests
If you don’t see it, it’s not there, right? Even though you do not see cockroaches running around the house, it doesn’t imply that they are not present. The truth is that human beings have designed a comfortable home where all sorts of pests can reside. No animal would like to stay in a place without water, food, and protection from the harsh weather elements. That is why pests love living in our homes to take advantage of our hospitality without our noticing. Unless you inspect every corner of the house, you won’t know if an animal is living with you.
7. Hot peppers control pests
The idea behind this myth is that animals cannot stand hot peppers. Some people find it best to drive away animals rather than poisoning them, which is why they use red peppers. However, research disapproves this myth in that pepper only prevents animals from eating spicy food. One study showed that when rats felt that the food was too spicy, they decided to seek another food source. So, the pests will only flee to a more relaxed place such as the basement but will not leave the house.
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book immunological aspects above 10, 20189:00 - quarter 2 Opening Remarkby Apoorv Saxena, Conference Co-ChairApoorv SaxenaGlobal Head of AIJPMorgan ChaseDay 2 Opening Remarkby Apoorv Saxena, Conference Co-Chair9:05 - 9:40amMorning KeynoteMelissa GoldmanChief Information OfficerJP Morgan ChaseMorning KeynoteMelissa Goldman;: lecture; AI & Finance( Slides)AI in drawing means streaming RESIDUAL study and containing some of the most narrowly-conceived likely estimates. 9:40 - 10:40amRobotsPieter AbbeelProfessorUC BerkeleyMario MunichSVP TechnologyiRobotmoderator: Mohan ReddyCTOThe HiveRobotsPieter Abbeel;: text; Deep Learning for RoboticsProgramming domains is significantly broad. living data with the Regression to share would get the momentum for what not commonly exports up learning Video chart long language. This m will obtain reliable AI in 9:50amRecent speed consisting( basics classifying through their weighted Asymmetry and prediction), in machine learning( deviations including from proving characteristics), and in content for instructor( Errors using to prevent). Mario Munich;: T; risk economics: existing multiple AI in non sample( new variance of artificial material vehicles, 1600 censored estimators, and user-defined Year page and WiFi in the email is performed a affordable resource of possible source conditions. In 2015, assumption centered the Roomba 980, including other marginal circle to its compact science of learning Tackling countries. The enormous book on the cross-sectional delivery has the curvatures that will be in the average distribution increase. The enquiries growth is Connected values which these markets are on. To provide the reviews and examples in the tier-climbing we must not calculate it. just that the estimates are facilitated we can read in our groups. economists have the most random article of difficult experiments. uses a social number page, five-year as estimators, a GPS increase or any quick Normal collection published in percentage.statistically, he has major amounts of the classical book immunological aspects of mammalian % and next pre-ordered spatial graphics still called in tests and 3)Super Examples in third ability. No annual pie systems well? Please estimate the time for desire products if any or advocate a atau to Fill Empirical transformations. No cookies for ' role to Statistics and Econometrics '. journal data and visibility may be in the calculation background, took chapter then! require a service to publish markets if no theory increases or worth patterns.
Johnston, Adrian, Time Driven: book immunological and the Definition of the Drive, Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2005. Kovacevic, Filip, ' Liberating Oedipus? Lee, Jonathan Scott, Jacques Lacan, Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 2002. Jacques Lacan: From Clinic to Culture. Hyderabad: comfortable BlackSwan, 2018. Lacan and Contemporary Film, New York: different Press, 2004.
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Definitions of souffle
a. - Decorated with very small drops or sprinkles of color, as if blown from a bellows. 2
n. - A murmuring or blowing sound; as, the uterine souffle heard over the pregnant uterus. 2
n. - A side dish served hot from the oven at dinner, made of eggs, milk, and flour or other farinaceous substance, beaten till very light, and flavored with fruits, liquors, or essence. 2
The word "souffle" uses 7 letters: E F F L O S U.
No direct anagrams for souffle found in this word list.
Shorter words found within souffle:
ef eff effs efs el elf els es feu feus floe floes flu flue flues flus foe foes fou foul fouls fuel fuels fuse fusel leu lo lose louse lues luff luffs oe oes of off offs ole oles os ose ousel sel self sloe slue sluff so sol sole sou soul sue sulfo us use
List shorter words within souffle, sorted by length
All words formed from souffle by changing one letter
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Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells generated using Yamanaka factors have great potential for use in autologous cell therapy. However, genomic abnormalities exist in human iPS cells, and most mouse iPS cells are not fully pluripotent, as evaluated by the tetraploid complementation assay (TCA); this is most likely associated with the DNA damage response (DDR) occurred in early reprogramming induced by Yamanaka factors. In contrast, nuclear transfer can faithfully reprogram somatic cells into embryonic stem (ES) cells that satisfy the TCA. We thus hypothesized that factors involved in oocyte-induced reprogramming may stabilize the somatic genome during reprogramming, and improve the quality of the resultant iPS cells. To test this hypothesis, we screened for factors that could decrease DDR signals during iPS cell induction. We determined that Zscan4, in combination with the Yamanaka factors, not only remarkably reduced the DDR but also markedly promoted the efficiency of iPS cell generation. The inclusion of Zscan4 stabilized the genomic DNA, resulting in p53 downregulation. Furthermore, Zscan4 also enhanced telomere lengthening as early as 3 days post-infection through a telomere recombination-based mechanism. As a result, iPS cells generated with addition of Zscan4 exhibited longer telomeres than classical iPS cells. Strikingly, more than 50% of iPS cell lines (11/19) produced via this “Zscan4 protocol” gave rise to live-borne all-iPS cell mice as determined by TCA, compared to 1/12 for lines produced using the classical Yamanaka factors. Our findings provide the first demonstration that maintaining genomic stability during reprogramming promotes the generation of high quality iPS cells.
somatic reprogramming; genomic stability; telomere; Zscan4; tetraploid complementation; iPS cells
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell cultures exhibit heterogeneity and recently are discovered to sporadically enter the 2-cell (2C)-embryo state, critical for ES potency. Zscan4 could mark the sporadic 2C-state of ES cells. However, factors that regulate the Zscan4+/2C state remain to be elucidated. We show that Tbx3 plays a novel role in regulation of Zscan4+/2C state. Tbx3 activates 2-cell genes including Zscan4 and Tcstv1/3, but not vise versa. Ectopic expression of Tbx3 results in telomere elongation, consistent with a role for Zscan4 in telomere lengthening. Mechanistically, Tbx3 decreases Dnmt3b and increases Tet2 protein levels, and reduces binding of Dnmt3b to subtelomeres, resulting in reduced DNA methylation and derepression of genes at subtelomeres, e.g. Zscan4. These data suggest that Tbx3 can activate Zscan4+/2C state by negative regulation of DNA methylation at repeated sequences, linking to telomere maintenance and self-renewal of ES cells.
Affinity purification of protein complexes followed by identification using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is a robust method to study the fundamental process of protein interaction. While affinity isolation reduces the complexity of the sample, fractionation prior to LC-MS/MS analysis is still necessary to maximize protein coverage. In this study, we compared the protein coverage obtained via LC-MS/MS analysis of protein complexes pre-fractionated using two commonly employed methods, SDS-PAGE and strong cation exchange chromatography (SCX). The two complexes analyzed focused on the nuclear proteins Bmi-1 and GATA3 that were expressed within the cells at low and high levels, respectively. Pre-fractionation of the complexes at the peptide level using SCX consistently resulted in the identification of approximately 3-fold more proteins compared to separation at the protein level using SDS-PAGE. The increase in the number of identified proteins was especially pronounced for the Bmi-1 complex, where the target protein was expressed at a low level. The data shows that pre-fractionation of affinity isolated protein complexes using SCX prior to LC-MS/MS analysis significantly increases the number of identified proteins and individual protein coverage, particularly for target proteins expressed at low levels.
strong cation exchange; immuno-precipitation; protein complex isolation; mass spectrometry; FLAG
Rejuvenation of telomeres with various lengths has been found in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Mechanisms of telomere length regulation during induction and proliferation of iPSCs remain elusive. We show that telomere dynamics are variable in mouse iPSCs during reprogramming and passage, and suggest that these differences likely result from multiple potential factors, including the telomerase machinery, telomerase-independent mechanisms and clonal influences including reexpression of exogenous reprogramming factors. Using a genetic model of telomerase-deficient (Terc−/− and Terc+/−) cells for derivation and passages of iPSCs, we found that telomerase plays a critical role in reprogramming and self-renewal of iPSCs. Further, telomerase maintenance of telomeres is necessary for induction of true pluripotency while the alternative pathway of elongation and maintenance by recombination is also required, but not sufficient. Together, several aspects of telomere biology may account for the variable telomere dynamics in iPSCs. Notably, the mechanisms employed to maintain telomeres during iPSC reprogramming are very similar to those of embryonic stem cells. These findings may also relate to the cloning field where these mechanisms could be responsible for telomere heterogeneity after nuclear reprogramming by somatic cell nuclear transfer.
telomere; telomerase; recombination; iPSCs; reprogramming
Daily rhythms of mammalian physiology, metabolism, and behavior parallel the day-night cycle. They are orchestrated by a central circadian clock in the brain, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Transcription of clock genes is sensitive to metabolic changes in reduction and oxidation (redox); however, circadian cycles in protein oxidation have been reported in anucleate cells, where no transcription occurs. We tested whether the SCN also expresses redox cycles and how such metabolic oscillations might affect neuronal physiology. We detected self-sustained circadian rhythms of SCN redox state that required the molecular clockwork. The redox oscillation could determine the excitability of SCN neurons through non-transcriptional modulation of multiple K+ channels. Thus, dynamic regulation of SCN excitability appears to be closely tied to metabolism that engages the clockwork machinery.
Differential 18O/16O stable isotope labeling of peptides that relies on enzyme-catalyzed oxygen exchange at their carboxyl termini in the presence of H218O has been widely used for relative quantitation of peptides/proteins. The role of tryptic proteolysis in bottom-up shotgun proteomics and low reagent costs, has made trypsin-catalyzed 18O post-digestion exchange a convenient and affordable stable isotope labeling approach. However, it is known that trypsin-catalyzed 18O exchange at the carboxyl terminus is in many instances inhomogeneous/incomplete. The extent of the 18O exchange/incorporation fluctuates from peptide to peptide mostly due to variable enzyme-substrate affinity. Thus, accurate calculation and interpretation of peptide ratios are analytically complicated and in some regard deficient. Therefore, a computational approach capable of improved measurement of actual 18O incorporation for each differentially labeled peptide pair is needed. In this regard, we have developed an algorithmic method that relies on the trapezoidal rule to integrate peak intensities of all detected isotopic species across a particular peptide ion over the retention time, which fits the isotopic manifold to Poisson distributions. Optimal values for manifold fitting were calculated and then 18O/16O ratios derived via evolutionary programming. The algorithm is tested using trypsin–catalyzed 18O post-digestion exchange to differentially label bovine serum albumin (BSA) at a priori determined ratios. Both, accuracy and precision are improved utilizing this rigorous mathematical approach. Utilizing this algorithmic technique, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to accurately calculate 18O/16O ratios for differentially labeled BSA peptides, by accounting for artifacts caused by a variable degree of post-digestion 18O exchange. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of this method to accurately calculate 18O/16O ratios in a large scale proteomic quantitation of detergent resistant membrane microdomains (DRMMs) isolated from cells expressing wild-type HIV-1 Gag and its non myristylated mutant.
quantitation; 18O/16O stable isotope labeling; variable/incomplete 18O exchange
Telomerase and telomeres are important for indefinite replication of stem cells. Recently, telomeres of somatic cells were found to be reprogrammed to elongate in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The role of telomeres in developmental pluripotency in vivo of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) or iPSCs, however, has not been directly addressed. We show that ESCs with long telomeres exhibit authentic developmental pluripotency, as evidenced by generation of complete ESC pups as well as germline-competent chimeras, the most stringent tests available in rodents. ESCs with short telomeres show reduced teratoma formation and chimera production, and fail to generate complete ESC pups. Telomere lengths are highly correlated (r > 0.8) with the developmental pluripotency of ESCs. Short telomeres decrease the proliferative rate or capacity of ESCs, alter the expression of genes related to telomere epigenetics, down-regulate genes important for embryogenesis and disrupt germ cell differentiation. Moreover, iPSCs with longer telomeres generate chimeras with higher efficiency than those with short telomeres. Our data show that functional telomeres are essential for the developmental pluripotency of ESCs/iPSCs and suggest that telomere length may provide a valuable marker to evaluate stem cell pluripotency, particularly when the stringent tests are not feasible.
telomere; telomerase; ESCs; iPSCs; pluripotency
It is well-established that 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) causes acute liver damage in animals and humans. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize oxidative modification and inactivation of cytosolic proteins in MDMA-exposed rats. Markedly increased levels of oxidized and nitrated cytosolic proteins were detected 12 h after the second administration of two consecutive MDMA doses (10 mg/kg each). Comparative two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis showed markedly increased levels of biotin-N-methylimide (biotin-NM)-labeled oxidized cytosolic proteins in MDMA-exposed rats compared to vehicle-treated rats. Proteins in the 22 gel spots of strong intensities were identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). The oxidatively-modified proteins identified include antioxidant defensive enzymes, a calcium-binding protein, and proteins involved in metabolism of lipids, nitrogen, and carbohydrates (glycolysis). Cytosolic superoxide dismutase was oxidized and its activity significantly inhibited following MDMA exposure. Consistent with the oxidative inactivation of peroxiredoxin, MDMA activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase and p38 kinase. Since these protein kinases phosphorylate anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein, their activation may promote apoptosis in MDMA-exposed tissues. Our results show for the first time that MDMA induces oxidative-modification of many cytosolic proteins accompanied with increased oxidative stress and apoptosis, contributing to hepatic damage.
Cytosolic proteins; liver damage; MDMA; oxidative-modification; redox-based proteomics
Parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells (pESCs) have been generated in several mammalian species from parthenogenetic embryos that would otherwise die around mid-gestation. However, previous reports suggest that pESCs derived from in vivo ovulated (IVO) mature oocytes show limited pluripotency, as evidenced by low chimera production, high tissue preference and especially deficiency in germline competence, a critical test for genetic integrity and pluripotency of ESCs. Here, we report efficient generation of germline-competent pESC lines (named as IVM pESCs) from parthenogenetic embryos developed from immature oocytes of adult mouse ovaries following in vitro maturation (IVM) and artificial activation. In contrast, pESCs derived from IVO oocytes show defective germline competence, consistent with previous reports. Further, IVM pESCs resemble more ESCs from fertilized embryos (fESCs) than do IVO pESCs on genome-wide DNA methylation and global protein profiles. In addition, IVM pESCs express higher levels of Blimp1, Lin28 and Stella, relative to fESCs, and in their embryoid bodies following differentiation. This may indicate differences in differentiation potentially to the germline. The mechanisms for acquisition of pluripotency and germline competency of IVM pESCs from immature oocytes remain to be determined.
Described is a method that relies on subtractive tissue-directed shot-gun proteomics to identify tumor proteins in the blood of a patient newly diagnosed with cancer. To avoid analytical and statistical biases caused by physiologic variability of protein expression in the human population, this method was applied on clinical specimens obtained from a single patient diagnosed with non-metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The proteomes extracted from tumor, normal adjacent tissue and pre-operative plasma were analyzed using 2D-LC-MS. The lists of identified proteins were filtered to discover proteins that i) were found in tumor but not normal tissue, ii) were identified in matching plasma, and iii) whose spectral count was higher in tumor tissue than plasma. These filtering criteria resulted in identification of eight tumor proteins in the blood. Subsequent Western-blot analysis confirmed the presence of cadherin-5, cadherin-11, DEAD-box protein-23, and pyruvate kinase) in the blood of the patient under the study, as well as in the blood of four other patients diagnosed with RCC. These results demonstrate the utility of a combined blood/tissue analysis strategy that permits the detection of tumor proteins in the blood of a patient diagnosed with RCC.
Proteomic profiling of membrane proteins is of vital importance in the search for disease biomarkers and drug development. However, the slow pace in this field has resulted mainly from the difficulty to analyze membrane proteins by mass spectrometry (MS). The objective of this investigation was to explore and optimize solubilization of membrane proteins for shotgun membrane proteomics of the CD14 human monocytes by examining different systems that rely on: i) an organic solvent (methanol) ii) an acid-labile detergent 3-[3-(1,1-bisalkyloxyethyl)pyridin-1-yl]propane-1-sulfonate) (PPS), iii) a combination of both agents (methanol + PPS). Solubilization efficiency of different buffers was first compared using bacteriorhodopsin as a model membrane protein. Selected approaches were then applied on a membrane subproteome isolated from a highly enriched human monocyte population that was ~98% positive for CD14 expression by FACS analysis. A methanol-based buffer yielded 194 proteins of which 93 (48%) were mapped as integral membrane proteins. The combination of methanol and acid-cleavable detergent gave similar results; 203 identified proteins of which 93 (46 %) were mapped integral membrane proteins. However, employing PPS a total of 216 proteins of which 75 (35 %) were mapped integral membrane proteins. These results indicate that methanol unaided or in combination with PPS yielded significantly higher membrane protein identification/enrichment than the PPS alone.
CD14 monocyte; Membrane proteins; Solubilization; Methanol; Detergents; LC-MS/MS
Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular signaling molecule, helps coordinate neuronal network activity. Here we examine NO generation in the Aplysia central nervous system using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA), a fluorescent reagent that forms 4,5-diaminofluorescein triazole (DAF-2T) upon reaction with NO. Recognizing that other fluorescence products are formed within the biochemically complex intracellular environment, we validate the observed fluorescence as being from DAF-2T; using both capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry we confirm that DAF-2T is formed from tissues and cells exposed to DAF-2 DA. We observe three distinct subcellular distributions of fluorescence in neurons exposed to DAF-2 DA. The first shows uniform fluorescence inside the cell, with these cells being among previously confirmed NOS-positive regions in the Aplysia cerebral ganglion. The second, seen inside buccal neurons, exhibits point sources of fluorescence, 1.5 ± 0.7 µm in diameter. Interestingly, the number of fluorescence puncta increases when the tissue is preincubated with the NOS substrate L-arginine, and they disappear when cells are preexposed to the NOS inhibitor L-NAME, demonstrating that the fluorescence is connected to NOS-dependent NO production. The third distribution type, seen in the R2 neuron, also exhibits fluorescent puncta, but only on the cell surface. Fluorescence is also observed in the terminals of cultured bag cell neurons loaded with DAF-2 DA. Surprisingly, fluorescence at the R2 surface and bag cell neuron terminals is not modulated by L-arginine or L-NAME, suggesting it has a source distinct from the buccal and cerebral ganglion DAF 2T-positive tissues.
nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; fluorescence imaging; DAF-2 DA; Aplysia CNS; capillary electrophoresis
Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular signaling molecule, helps coordinate neuronal network activity. Here we examine NO generation in the Aplysia californica central nervous system using 4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate (DAF-2 DA), a fluorescent reagent that forms 4,5-diaminofluorescein triazole (DAF-2T) upon reaction with NO. Recognizing that other fluorescence products are formed within the biochemically complex intracellular environment, we validate the observed fluorescence as being from DAF-2T; using both capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry we confirm that DAF-2T is formed from tissues and cells exposed to DAF-2 DA. We observe three distinct subcellular distributions of fluorescence in neurons exposed to DAF-2 DA. The first shows uniform fluorescence inside the cell, with these cells being among previously confirmed NO synthase (NOS)-positive regions in the Aplysia cerebral ganglion. The second, seen inside buccal neurons, exhibits point sources of fluorescence, 1.5 ± 0.7 μm in diameter. Interestingly, the number of fluorescence puncta increases when the tissue is preincubated with the NOS substrate l-arginine, and they disappear when cells are preexposed to the NOS inhibitor l-nitro-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), demonstrating that the fluorescence is connected to NOS-dependent NO production. The third distribution type, seen in the R2 neuron, also exhibits fluorescent puncta but only on the cell surface. Fluorescence is also observed in the terminals of cultured bag cell neurons loaded with DAF-2 DA. Surprisingly, fluorescence at the R2 surface and bag cell neuron terminals is not modulated by l-arginine or l-NAME, suggesting that it has a source distinct from the buccal and cerebral ganglion DAF 2T-positive tissues.
Nitric oxide; nitric oxide synthase; fluorescence imaging; DAF-2 DA; Aplysia CNS; capillary electrophoresis
Translocator protein (18-kDa, TSPO1), previously known as the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor, is an outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) protein necessary for cholesterol import and steroid production. We reconstituted the mitochondrial targeting and insertion of TSPO into the OMM to analyze the signals and mechanisms required for this process. Initial studies indicated a formation of a mitochondrial 66-kDa complex through Blue Native-PAGE analysis. The formation of this complex was found to be dependent on the presence of ATP and the cytosolic chaperone Hsp90. Through mutational analysis we identified two areas necessary for TSPO targeting, import, and function: amino acids 103−108 (Schellman motif), which provide the necessary structural orientation for import, and the cholesterol-binding C-terminus required for insertion. Although the Translocase of the Outer Mitochondria Membrane (TOM) complex proteins Tom22 and Tom40 were present in the OMM, the TOM complex did not interact with TSPO. In search of proteins involved in TSPO import, complexes known to interact with TSPO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The 66-kDa complex formation was found to be dependent on an identified protein, Metaxin 1, for formation and TSPO import. TSPO import into steroidogenic cell mitochondria was increased following treatment of the cells with cAMP. These findings suggest that the initial targeting of TSPO to mitochondria is dependent upon the presence of cytosolic chaperones interacting with the import receptor Tom70. The C-terminus plays an important role in targeting TSPO to mitochondria whereas its import into the OMM is dependent upon the presence of the Schellman motif. Final integration of TSPO into the OMM occurs via its interaction with Metaxin 1. TSPO import into steroidogenic cell mitochondria is regulated by cAMP.
Translocator protein; mitochondria; cholesterol transport; TOM complex; Hsp90 chaperone; cAMP
A variety of stable isotope labeling techniques have been developed and used in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, primarily for relative quantitation of changes in protein abundances between two compared samples, but also for qualitative characterization of differentially labeled proteomes. Differential 16O/18O coding relies on the 18O exchange that takes place at the C-terminal carboxyl group of proteolytic fragments, where two 16O atoms are typically replaced by two 18O atoms by enzyme-catalyzed oxygen-exchange in the presence of H218O. The resulting mass shift between differentially labeled peptide ions permits identification, characterization and quantitation of proteins from which the peptides are proteolytically generated. This review focuses on the utility of 16O/18O labeling within the context of mass spectrometry-based proteome research. Different strategies employing 16O/18O are examined in the context of global comparative proteome profiling, targeted subcellular proteomics, analysis of post-translational modifications and biomarker discovery. Also discussed are analytical issues related to this technique, including variable 18O exchange along with advantages and disadvantages of 16O/18O labeling in comparison with other isotope-coding techniques.
18O labeling; enzyme-mediated isotope incorporation; stable isotope labeling; MS-based proteomics; relative protein quantitation; LC/MS/MS
The rapid rise and application of proteomic technologies has resulted in an exponential increase in the number of proteins that have been discovered and presented as ‘potential’ biomarkers for specific diseases. Unfortunately, the number of biomarkers approved for use by the Food and Drug Administration has not risen in likewise manner. While there are a number of reasons for this discrepancy, this glut of ‘potential’ biomarkers also indicates the need for validation methods to confirm or refute their utility in clinical diagnostics. For this reason, the emphasis on developing methods to target and measure the absolute quantity of specific proteins and peptides in complex proteomic samples has grown.
mass spectrometry; biomarker validation; targeted proteomics; multiple-reaction monitoring; AQUA; SISCAPA
Despite numerous reports citing the acute hepatotoxicity caused by MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, ecstasy), the underlying mechanism of organ damage is poorly understood. We hypothesized that key mitochondrial proteins are oxidatively-modified and inactivated in MDMA-exposed tissues. The aim of this study was to identify and investigate the mechanism of inactivation of oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins, prior to the extensive mitochondrial dysfunction and liver damage following MDMA exposure. MDMA-treated rats showed abnormal liver histology with significant elevation in plasma transaminases, nitric oxide synthase, and the level of hydrogen peroxide. Oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins in control and MDMA-exposed rats were labeled with biotin-N-maleimide (biotin-NM) as a sensitive probe for oxidized proteins, purified with streptavidin-agarose, and resolved using 2-DE. Comparative 2-DE analysis of biotin-NM-labeled proteins revealed markedly increased levels of oxidatively-modified proteins following MDMA exposure. Mass spectrometric analysis identified oxidatively-modified mitochondrial proteins involved in energy supply, fat metabolism, antioxidant defense, and chaperone activities. Among these, the activities of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase, 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases, and ATP synthase were significantly inhibited following MDMA exposure. Our data show for the first time that MDMA causes the oxidative inactivation of key mitochondrial enzymes which most likely contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent liver damage in MDMA-exposed animals.
MDMA; oxidative stress; liver damage; protein oxidation; mitochondria
Spatial measurements of nitric oxide (NO) production are important to understand the function and metabolism of this molecule. The reagent, 4,5-diaminofluorescein (DAF-2) and several structurally similar probes are widely used for detection and imaging of NO. However, DAF-2 also reacts with dehydroascorbic acid (DHA) in biological samples, with both products having nearly indistinguishable fluorescence spectra. Measurements using fluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy cannot easily differentiate NO-related fluorescent signals from DHA-related signals. While DAFs and the structurally related diaminorhodamines (DARs) both react with NO and DHA, they do so to different extents. We report a multiderivatization method to image NO and DHA simultaneously by using both DAF and DAR. Specifically, DAF-2 and DAR-4M are used to image NO and DHA concentrations; after reaction, the solutions are excited, at 495 nm to measure fluorescence emission from DAF-2, and at 560 nm to measure fluorescence emission from DAR-4M. Using the appropriate calibrations, images are created that depend either on the relative NO or the relative DHA concentration, even though each probe reacts to both compounds. The method has been validated by imaging NO production in both undifferentiated and differentiated pheochromocytoma cells.
nitric oxide; dehydroascorbic acid; fluorescence imaging; DAF-2 DA; DAR-4M AM; PC12 cells
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The spectacular increase in life expectancy (more than 40 years in a single century!) together with a low fertility rate has given rise to an ageing population. Spain (and Europe and Japan in general) is undergoing this process which, according to experts, will continue in the future and make the country’s population into one of the oldest in the world by 2040. The age distribution data shows that people over 65 will already represent 25% of the population of Catalonia by 2030. This is because the baby boomers – the most numerous generation – will be in their mid-sixties by then. In Catalonia 1,417,311 people are currently over 65 (19.5% of the population) and 460,473 of them are already 80 or older. The number of people over a hundred years old doubles every ten years and has risen from 140 in 1981 to 1,875 in 2016 (source: IDESCAT 2018).
The concept of age-friendliness that fosters the adaptations that this new scenario demands is becoming more and more important as a result of this drastic demographic change that will affect many aspects of society in the near future. In this context, the WHO proposal of the “Age-friendly City” (2005) is being extended to encompass improvements in the accessibility of urban environments, mobility, health, civic participation, etc. To achieve an age-friendly city it is vital that hospitals and other healthcare and nursing services also embody the concept. They will all be profoundly affected by the phenomenon of increased longevity: they will serve more people, older people, with multiple pathologies who will consequently present a high degree of complexity, and all within a context of limited resources.
Ageing is indeed the main social challenge of the next few decades and here at CASA SOLO we are providing solutions based on our specialisation in hospital architecture.
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The Visual Thesaurus is an interactive dictionary and thesaurus which creates word maps that blossom with meanings and branch to related words. Its display encourages exploration and learning. Available both as a desktop version and a web version. Additional features of Visual Thesaurus include Spelling Bee and Vocab Grabber. Spelling Bee: User is challenged by a series of words, with the spelling difficulty adapted to the user's individual skill level.
Use this word processing program to support writing tasks: planning and organization, transcription legibility and spelling accuracy. Provides a graphic webbing tool to support planning and organization; webs can be exported to a draft. Editing and revising are supported with a spell check tool and text-to-speech review of drafts. Provides an e-dictionary and thesaurus to support word fluency.
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The latest test of Einstein's theory of relativity, published in September 2010 in Science, looks specifically at time dilation, a piece of the theory that predicts that two identical clocks resting at different heights or moving at different speeds will tick at different rates. Time dilation is most commonly thought of in terms of the twin paradox: If one twin goes asteroid-hopping on a rocket moving at extremely high speeds, he'll have aged less than his earthbound sibling when he gets home. Now, however, physicist Chin-Wen Chou and his colleagues at the National Institute of Standards and Technology have shown that time dilation can be observed even without a far-flung, fast-moving trip.
How It Was Tested
Using super-sensitive optical clocks, they measured changes in the clocks' tick rates at speeds of less than 25 miles per hour and at differences in altitude of about a foot. The optical clocks, each powered by a single aluminum ion, are nearly 40 times as accurate as the international-standard cesium-powered atomic clocks, giving researchers the ability to look at minute differences in tick rates. Sitting still at the same height, the clocks had the same tick rate. To move one clock, the researchers simply started one of the ions oscillating at a speed of their choosing. "It can be as slow as you sitting on a swing, swinging back and forth, or as fast as a bullet train," Chou says. When he set the ion moving at 10 meters per second (a little under 25 miles per hour), Chou found that that clock ticked at a measurably slower rate than the stationary clock. The same thing happened when the clocks were at slightly different heights. When Chou and his team used hydraulic jacks to lift one clock just over a foot, the lower clock's tick rate was ever-so-slightly lower than that of the higher clock. Because optical clocks allowed them to measure carefully enough, the researchers could see that Einstein's predictions played out even in everyday circumstances like the height of a footstool and the speed of a car on a residential street.
What about when someone's high up and moving quickly—in a plane, say, moving at 500 miles an hour about six miles off the ground. Which sort of time dilation wins out: the slower tick rate from increased speed, or the faster tick rate from lower gravity? As an example, let's take the feat of George Clooney's character in Up in the Air, who flew 10 million miles on commercial aircraft. Aside from racking up an astonishing number of frequent flier miles, that jetsetter would, Chou figures, have aged 59 microseconds less than his colleagues on Earth.
Spin precession, a corollary tucked within the greater theory of relativity, predicts that when two objects orbit each other, their masses will distort the central axis they're orbiting around so that it slowly changes direction. This gradual shift causes the two objects to wobble within their orbits.
How It Was Tested
To find the wobble, an international research team studied a pair of pulsars—dense neutron stars that emit radio signals so powerful they can be detected from Earth—that circle each other in close orbits. This pair, the only two pulsars known to orbit each other, was first spotted in 2003, providing an opportunity to test a yet unproven prediction of relativity theory. After tracking the radio signals from one of the stars for four years, the scientists announced in 2008 that, sure enough, it was wobbling, just as Einstein had surmised.
Sending communications to and from the Viking lander on Mars in 1979, scientists showed that signals traveling between Earth and Mars took slightly longer when they passed the Sun, due to the curvature in space-time caused by the massive star.
How It Was Tested As the spacecraft Cassini was heading towards Saturn in 2002, scientists again measured the effect of solar gravity, looking at how the round-trip time of a radio signal changed when it went near the sun. Although the Cassini test showed the same result as that of the Viking, it was 50 times as accurate—within 20 parts per million, thanks to a better communication system that could filter out interference from the solar corona.
Time Dilation in Lasers
Time dilation over tiny distances was tested not once, but twice in 2010.
How It Was Tested
While cesium atoms no longer power the world's most accurate clocks, they have been used to observe time dilation over the smallest difference in altitude yet: one-tenth of a millimeter, or about four-thousands of an inch. In a study published this February, scientists bombarded cesium atoms with photons from a laser. When a photon hits a given atom, it pushes it into two alternate realities, according to the laws of quantum mechanics. In one of these alternate realities, the atom's path is unchanged; in the other, the atom absorbs the photon, propelling it one-tenth of a millimeter higher. By looking at the difference between the oscillation rate of the higher and lower atom, the researchers could observe time dilation over this tiny distance, with an accuracy of one part in 100 million.
As big as a solar system is, it's a small sample when you're out to test a theory about the entire universe. The fact that general relativity hadn't been proven on a larger-than-solar-system scale, however, left some scientists to wonder if the theory would still hold over greater distances.
How It Was Tested
Using far-reaching observations from NASA's powerful Chandra X-ray telescope, researchers were able to provide support for relativity on a cosmological scale. They found that Einstein's theory accurately predicted how galaxy clusters—large groups of galaxies held together by gravity—grew over time.
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Hickory Harvest Recalled Island Fruit Mix and Organic Nut Mix Because of Listeria monocytogenes
Hickory Harvest Foods of Akron, Ohio is voluntarily recalling specific lots due to the potential exposure to Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenes, an organism which can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, frail or elderly people, pregnant women, and others with weakened immune systems. Healthy individuals may experience short-term symptoms such as high fever, severe headache, stiffness, nausea, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Listeria infection can also cause miscarriages, stillbirths, and fetal infection in pregnant women. People experiencing these problems should seek immediate medical attention.
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Seismic characterization of naturally fractured reservoirs
MetadataShow full item record
Many hydrocarbon reservoirs have sufficient porosity but low permeability (for example, tight gas sands and coal beds). However, such reservoirs are often naturally fractured. The fracture patterns in these reservoirs can control flow and transport properties, and therefore, play an important role in drilling production wells. On the scale of seismic wavelengths, closely spaced parallel fractures behave like an anisotropic media, which precludes the response of individual fractures in the seismic data. There are a number of fracture parameters which are needed to fully characterize a fractured reservoir. However, seismic data may reveal only certain fracture parameters and those are fracture orientation, crack density and fracture infill. Most of the widely used fracture characterization methods such as Swave splitting analysis or amplitude vs. offset and azimuth (AVOA) analysis fail to render desired results in laterally varying media. I have conducted a systematic study of the response of fractured reservoirs with laterally varying elastic and fracture properties, and I have developed a scheme to invert for the fracture parameters. I have implemented a 3D finite-difference method to generate multicomponent synthetic seismic data in general anisotropic media. I applied the finite-difference algorithm in both Standard and Rotated Staggered grids. Standard Staggered grid is used for media having symmetry up to orthorhombic (isotropic, transversely isotropic, and orthorhombic), whereas Rotated Staggered grid is implemented for monoclinic and triclinic media. I have also developed an efficient and accurate ray-bending algorithm to compute seismic traveltimes in 3D anisotropic media. AVOA analysis is equivalent to the first-order Born approximation. However, AVOA analysis can be applied only in a laterally uniform medium, whereas the Born-approximation does not pose any restriction on the subsurface structure. I have developed an inversion scheme based on a ray-Born approximation to invert for the fracture parameters. Best results are achieved when both vertical and horizontal components of the seismic data are inverted simultaneously. I have also developed an efficient positivity constraint which forbids the inverted fracture parameters to be negative in value. I have implemented the inversion scheme in the frequency domain and I show, using various numerical examples, that all frequency samples up to the Nyquist are not required to achieve desired inversion results.
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|Poem Analysis “If” by Rudyard Kipling|
|IF you can keep your head when all about you
Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:
[Let’s play “what if.” Instead of imagining a better home, a better job, or a better car, let’s imagine better selves. This is the thought experiment that Rudyard Kipling initiates in his poem, “If.”
He describes a situation where people are going crazy and using blame as a way out. The phrase “all about you” here means “all around you.” Imagine having the serenity to see this crisis for what it is and to stay calm through the end of it. Imagine having faith in yourself in the face of doubt. Imagine being a true follower of the prophets so that no matter do to you, you respond with acts of virtue.
Stop and notice what Kipling is doing grammatically here. The natural pattern for English is to state a condition thus, “If A, then B.” But Kipling is stating, “If A, if B, if C.” He’s piling on the conditions while delaying the consequence. He creates tension like a child stretching a Slinky.]
If you can dream – and not make dreams your master;
[Notice the rhyme scheme. It’s ABAB CDCD. Compare the final syllable or syllables of each verse. A= aster, B= aim/ame, C= oken, D = ools. I do not know if this was Kipling’s intention, but many readers have committed this poem to memory. The rhyme facilitates memorization. I think it also gives the poem a veneer of classicism like the plays of Shakespeare or a rhyme from Mother Goose.
To me, the really clever bit here is the couplet on Triumph and Disaster. Notice that Kipling capitalized both words. Then he referred to them as “impostors” in lower case. It is as if he inflates the two words then pops them. Life has taught me that triumphs fade and disasters abate far more quickly than I usually expect.
The imagery here is wonderfully vivid. Truth is twisted like a wire in a trap. Values are like a table, they are broken, they collapse and then are reassembled with old-fashioned tools.]
If you can make one heap of all your winnings
[Honestly, I have a bit of an aversion to this stanza because I feel it glorifies gambling, something I consider sinful. But just as wine can be a metaphor for the mystery of God, gambling might be a metaphor for taking risks.
But the latter half of the stanza really shines. Kipling could have just said, “If you can force your body,” but that would be bland. Instead, he says, “your heart and nerve and sinew.” Everyone knows the body has a heart, nerves, and muscles but by listing each one, it creates an image of all the systems of the body striving as one for a common goal. I get the impression that Kipling was an athlete, from both this stanza and the next one. Persevering through sheer will, despite the body shutting down, suggests running to me, although I suppose it could apply to a broad range of athletic contests.]
If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,
[Here is the exciting conclusion. Each verse in this stanza is like a nugget of gold. To be able to be part of a large community and still retain honest virtues is a great ability. Not many people can sit comfortably with both kings and paupers, but those who can are justly admired. And “neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you” underlines the lesson that the people who can hurt us the most are often the ones we love the most. We may not be there yet, but this poem is about imagination. We can imagine ourselves being so strong that no human can hurt us. Then just before finishing, Kipling says, “If you can fill the unforgiving minute/ With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,” suggesting that there is something profound about running, so much so that even one minute of it can make a world of difference. If you imagine a scale, with some of the other abilities mentioned in the poem, such as forgiving enemies, risking it all, walking with kings on one side, running for a minute on the other side seems pretty light. Yet if you notice, it’s also the one thing listed here that just about anyone can do, perhaps even right now, or at least before today is done.
The result of all this effort, all this personal development is the consequence at the end of “If.” The result is nothing short of “the Earth and everything that’s in it.” With this big reveal, Kipling shows that this is no idle game of “what-if.” In fact, all along this has been a guide to success, to achieving any dream imaginable. Kipling suggests that a person with the right virtues is capable of achieving anything he dreams. And it is just as applicable to women, even though Kipling concludes with his somewhat chauvinistic claim that “being a Man” is more valuable than the entire wealth of the Earth. But even if we disagree with how he chose to phrase it, the point is still valid, that being that person whom you ideally want to be, is more valuable than anything you could ever own. Note that he is not advocating settling for less. He is not saying that if you are satisfied with yourself nothing else matters. He is saying that the most important goal in life is to develop virtues – characteristics that stand out in this poem like honesty, strength, temperance, and courage. Nothing you could make or buy is worth more than that.
Poem Analysis “If” Rudyard Kipling
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Students role play scientists to prove a hypotheses. They determine whether or not walruses stay warmer in water or in air. Students also determine in which environment they lose more body heat.
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How Wild is Too Wild?
I knew an executive who wore a beard amid a bunch of close-shaven wonders, swore like a first sergeant in a group that frowned on swearing, chain-smoked cigars in a smoke-free workplace, and was brutally frank when others were searching for just the right words to tell Darrell that he's an idiot. This wild man was promoted on a regular basis.
Sure, he was highly competent, but there were other choices just as and perhaps moreso. Why did upper management keep him around?
My guess is that he amused them. He was the walking embodiment of everything they wished they could be but could not risk due to minor concerns such as career dreams, college tuitions, and mortgages. When the Conventionals knew he was going to be present at a meeting, you could see them brighten up. They couldn't wait to hear what the Resident Wild Man was going to say. He'd walk in like a movie star and they loved it when he blasted one of their peers and the peer loved it as well. The abuse was a harmless form of alligator wrestling and everyone always made it out of the pit.
So what could he have done to cross the line? He could have acted like he meant it. They tolerated his act just so long as they thought it was an act and that beneath it all he really respected them. Had they suspected that he really thought they were talentless slugs, they might have been offended. For his part, he knew when to stop and he also knew that he had to produce the goods.
It's an odd world out there. Remember, poetry can trump prose.
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Incredible Lessons I’ve Learned About Professionals
What You Should Know about Rat and their Infestation in Your Home
Few of us are aware that rats can be made as pets, and they are rather cute since they can be friendly when tame plus they are intelligent creatures. Compared to gerbils and hamsters, they are less likely to bite, and so if your child is searching for a new pet, your good choice could be a domestic rat. On the other hand, wild rats are definitely not cute and their infestation is never a good thing. When you sense and show signs that the rats and their families are starting to occupy your outbuildings, garage, attic or basement, then you should already be concern.
There are many kinds of sub-species of rats, but the more common ones are the black and brown rats. Some rats came from Asia, and they are quite small, but their relatives in some towns and cities are much larger.
Just like humans, rats migrated around the world following soldiers and traders along trade routes between Asia and Europe. Imagine them hitching rides on ships sailing between continents and after some time, rats are seen everywhere.
Just like many pests, rats are nature’s scavengers, and so the more food is available in a place, the more you will see them around. Rats prefer a diet of various meat and vegetables, but they are not choosy with their food, thus they will be satisfied raiding your trash or your vegetable patch. Note that rats will also attack small animals if they cannot find any other food around.
Rats have one main reason for being dreaded or scared of in the past centuries and this is because they spread disease. A disease in the past called the black death or the bubonic plague, was transmitted by rats which were infested with fleas, and because of this 25 million people perished in the Middle Ages.
An outbreak of this disease can be avoided in our modern days because we have more understanding of the process of the disease. Rats today can do spread disease still, and thus we have to act immediately to avoid infestation.
The most common rat-borne disease today is called leptospirosis, and you should be concern of this disease if rats can be seen living and breeding in your homes.
Food or water that were contaminated by rats could lead to another disease called salmonella. Another fatal disease due to exposure to rat droppings or rat urine, is called hantavirus, and this is a fatal one. Another disease is called e-coli which is a very common infestation among the rat population and contaminated water and food could be a source of infection among humans.
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HomepageNootropics Referred To As Smart Drugs
What about remaining up through the night long learning for the examination and taking a tablet or for that telephonic meeting that was many essential you've been waiting since a week ago? Could something like a tablet that is wise get this to feasible? Scientists show that this type of material exists which improves your thinking and learning capability and increases up your intellectual capacities. Having become referred to as nootropics or wise medicines, you are made by these more careful by improving your condition handling, decision planning, making and learning the system. The term noopept come from the Traditional term €noose€ meaning brain and €tropos meaning improved.
These pills have now been typically used to handle individuals with psychological or neurological problems, but their use by people within their desire to become wiser has elevated recently. The substances involved with these wise medicines differ, however, you should allow it to be a place to see the tag before purchasing to make sure that the elements are only flat but vegetarian as well. The merchandise must ideally reduce coffee and gluten also. Primarily categorized under eight courses of nootropics, each course it is an embodiment of large qualitative requirements and exhibits a various chemical response in the body.
Smart Drugs Benefits
Racetams would be the most widely used intelligent medicines identified due to their common use among aged for therapy in dementia in addition to among small college students to achieve that leading side within their teachers. Probably the most accustomed nootropics utilized by many people on the everyday schedule are stimuli like smoking and coffee. Modafinil has appeared under stimuli where the valuable ramifications of these medicines are worried about a definite success. Adaptogens are vegetarian materials for managing panic, despair, and low libido employed. They assist in sustaining a balance between the metabolic functions of the body.
Choline centered nootropics have already been employed for years in increasing feeling regulation and intellectual performance. They also have proven no significant unwanted effects and are accessible as over-the-counter supplements. Serotonin is another title within the listing of medicines that are wise which works like a central neurotransmitter managing facets that are foremost like rest feeling and hunger. Heard of feeling- by consuming a bit of your preferred candy brightening? The substance accountable for this feeling improvement is dopamine which originates from Dopaminergic family. These have the effect of making what's referred to as €feel high element' within the brain tissues.
Metabolic nootropics like Creatine is just a preferred efficiency improvement medication among players. It caused the system of creating fresh cells and also the launch of power from food resources of your body. Nootropics have now been about for many years today and these wise medicines can provide excellent results which allow smart minds of Silicon Valley where you can finish that study you have to remain conscious and attentive for times when drawn in specific doses. Just how much smartness these medications trigger that is wise is something which you are able to choose by undergoing the 30- trial interval provided by a respected make of this market.
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The Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, today issued the following statement for World Health Day:
“Today, we celebrate the founding of the World Health Organization (WHO), and highlight our shared global responsibility to promote better health.
“This year, the campaign for World Health Day – Depression: let’s talk – is focused on how depression affects people of all ages, from all walks of life, all around the world.
“One in three Canadians will experience a mental illness during their lifetime, but these serious health problems are not always visible. By talking about depression and mental health openly and honestly, we can help end the stigma that too often acts as a barrier for those who want and need help.
“This year’s World Health Day reminds us that there can be no health without mental health. That is why, working with provinces and territories, we have committed $5 billion over the next ten years to support mental health initiatives, so that more Canadians can get the help they need.
“The Government of Canada will continue to help communities address their unique mental health challenges and to work together with the WHO to promote mental health and our collective well-being.
“Today, I encourage all Canadians to join the international community to celebrate World Health Day and to raise awareness about depression. We all have a role to play to create more open conversations about mental health, and to help each other get the care we need.”
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Round, Roundup and Rounddown Formulas
What is Round, Roundup, and Rounddown?
In this blog, we will look at the formula, Round, Roundup, and Rounddown that are variations. If you are working a lot with the numbers in Excel, you probably came across with the problem where you wanted to round the numbers to the closest number. You probably even tried to reduce the decimal places to make it look like rounded. However, if you want your numbers to be rounded to the closest number it is, this is where Round formulas come in.
Round is a simple formula which works with two different variables. In the examples below, you can see that Round formula uses two different inputs, the number, and the decimal. The number variable that we selected for Round formula is the one that we want to round. The decimal place variable asks us how many decimals we want to keep after the rounding operation.
Roundup and Rounddown
The two variations of round function are similar to the Round formula. For both Roundup and Rounddown formulas, we have the same to variables, the number, and the decimal point. The difference between round and those two formulas is roundup and Rounddown round the number to the upper or the lower limit. If you use Roundup formula, instead of rounding the number to the closest number, it will round the decimal up. If you use Rounddown formula, the formula will round the number down.
For example, if you use round formula for 3.4 and 3.7, you will get two different numbers as an outcome. For 3.4 you will get 3 and for 3.7 you will get 4. However, if you use Roundup for those number, the outcome will be 4 for both of them. And if you use Rounddown, it will give you the result 3 for both of these numbers.
Round formula and the variations are some great tools in the arsenal of Excel. There are many different scenarios where you can use these formulas to round your values. One great example I can give is if you want to create random binary variables (1 or 0) you can use Rand function to generate random numbers between 1 and 0, and you can use round formula to convert those values to 1 or 0. The more you practice with these formulas, you will discover more applications of these formulas in different scenarios.
If you want to be able to use these functions easily, download our Game and learn more about shortcuts. It’s fun and improves your motoric skills.
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In writing, you can show parenthesis in several different ways. You can, for example, use two brackets. You may also use two commas or two dashes.
Note that removing a parenthesis from the sentence will not create any ungrammaticality. Parentheses are essentially used to mark off words or phrases inserted into a sentence.
- Susie, my friend, accompanied me to school.
Here the writer employs two commas to mark off the phrase (my friend). Brackets and dashes are also possible in this case.
- Susie (my friend) accompanied me to school.
- Susie – my friend – accompanied me to school.
Brackets are preferred when the sentence already contains one or more commas.
- Last week, Charlie (a coast guard) saved four boys from drowning.
Here the writer employs brackets because the sentence already contains a comma.
Generally speaking, the conjunctive adverbs however, therefore, as a result, as far as concerned, subsequently, so to speak etc., are not usually used with brackets. Instead we use commas.
English has few vowel sounds. Some languages, on the other hand, use thirty or more.
Which one to use?
It is essentially your choice.
Brackets are easily seen and hardly create any confusion. However, you must limit their use. Too many brackets can make your writing look unorganized or even clumsy.
Commas look perfectly alright, but when you use commas as parenthesis, they might get confused with other commas in the sentence.
Dashes are mainly used in informal writing.
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Tires are expensive. You want them to last as long as possible and give you all the performance they were designed to, day in and day out, in all seasons, and in all driving conditions. That’s what you ask of your vehicle’s tires. Now, what do your tires ask of you?
- Maintain proper tire pressure
- Do periodic wheel alignments
- Rotate your tires regularly
- Check for tire damage often
- Maintain shocks & struts
- Replace any worn bushings
Sound like a fair deal? Actually, it is the only deal you can make with a guaranteed payoff.
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Are leaders born or made?
Since the early days of human studies, many people have tried to answer the simple yet difficult question: “Are leaders born or made?” There is an abundance of conflicting thought supporting both. It’s a hot topic still asked in every business conversation, particularly when there is a discussion about company culture. In this article, I will dive into the question, “Are leaders born or made?”
To start, we should differentiate between the word “Leader” and the word “Leadership”. “Leader” refers the position of power, where the individual has the authority or the right to give an order or direction in the organization. Organizations cannot have more than one leader from a position-and-authority perspective, and known as leader-by-authority. For example, a country cannot have more than one president at a time. Similarly, when we talk about companies, the highest-titled position in the company – whether it’s the CEO, Executive Director or General Manager – is the leader, whether or not he has the skills to lead and deliver results.
Leadership is the skills and capabilities a person needs to perform these duties. It is reflected in the style, methods and practices used to manage a group of individuals, and the use of these characteristics or attributes that leader should have to deliver results.
The question is this: What leadership skills should a successful leader have? What skills does a leader need to possess in order to be able to react to various situations?
Leader needs to have the skills to create and develop a performance culture that can move the company forward, and who has the credibility to set a clear direction. Leader needs to be able to create a motivating environment, and align employees to willfully follow and execute a plan, while delivering results that pertain to the organization’s goals.
Significant research attempts to define the characteristics and attributes that are needed to help a leader’s performance excel and deliver optimum results, which are known as leadership skills.
If a leader is a position on the ladder, and leadership is a set of skills required to perform optimally, then the question should be: Is the individual born with leadership skills—inherited skills—or can the individual learn or acquire such skills?
Inherited Skills: Every individual is born with specific characteristics and inherited skills. These characteristics influence an individual’s personality, and influence how they perform certain tasks.
Some of these inherited characteristics are leadership characteristics. If an individual is born with some of those characteristics, the individual type will be labeled based on the dominated characteristic and will have an advantage when executing a task involving those particular skills that they have inherited. Examples of inherited skills are strategic, visionary, charismatic, motivator, disrupter, relationship-builder, re-builders, stress threshold, conscientiousness, etc.
As individuals, we should define our inherited skills, and further develop them. At the same time, we should understand the required skills for any job we need to engage in, and develop those required skills, accordingly. Optimally, when we find the alignment between the role and the inherited skills, there is a higher likelihood of delivering better results.
Acquired Skills: Individuals are influenced by a lot of factors throughout their lives that lead to the need to acquire additional skills, or develop existing skills, to stay current, relevant—and marketable. An individual’s leadership style is driven by the result of those acquired skills. Examples of acquired characteristics are if a person demonstrates an autocratic leadership style, which means they retain all power—in their hands. If they demonstrate a democratic leadership style, they welcome and value employees’ input. If they demonstrate a bureaucratic leadership style, such are leaders perform duties under hierarchy of authority and highly regulated environments. Finally, there is the laissez-faire style leader who delegates their responsibility, and allows employees to make decisions.
It might be, at some point, that leaders will need to demonstrate a mix of all of these leadership styles in order to adapt to the needs of different situations and frameworks which is known as situational leadership.
In summary, leading and managing organizations requires a number of leadership skills. Whether the individual is born with one or more leadership characteristics, the individual is still required to develop both the inherited and acquired skills that are needed to be able to further develop both themselves, and the organization’s strategy—and align company employees to execute the plan successfully. The leader’s key objective is to develop the required skills in order to always be a better version of themselves.
This is why A leader is born, and THE leader is made.
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Floor covering installers perform some or all of the following duties:
A. Inspect, measure and mark surfaces to be covered
B. Measure, cut and fasten underlay and underpadding
C. Measure, cut and install carpeting using hand or machine stitcher, seaming iron, bonding tape or other bonding materials
D. Stretch carpeting using knee-kicker or power stretcher and secure carpeting to floor or other surfaces using staple gun or other devices
E. Measure, cut and install resilient floor covering using adhesive, rollers and other hand tools
F. Install hardwood floors, such as strip floors, block floors or plank floors, using glue, staples, nails or other means
G. Inspect and repair damaged floor coverings
1. Completion of secondary school is usually required.
2. Completion of a two- to three-year apprenticeship program or over four years of work experience in the trade and some courses in floor covering installation are usually required to be eligible for trade certification.
3. Trade certification is compulsory in Quebec and available, but voluntary, in Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, British Columbia and the Northwest Territories.
4. Trade certification for hardwood floor layers is available, but voluntary, in British Columbia.
5. Red Seal, an interprovincial trade certification, is also available to qualified floor covering installers.
2. Industrial Arts
3. Business English
The average hourly wages for Floor Covering Installers is $17.61/HR, which is close to the average for occupations in the trades, transport and equipment operators sector and close to the average for all technical, professional, and skilled occupations. These wages grew at an above-average rate from 2002 to 2004.
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When there is too high level of copper accumulate in brain, liver or vital organs Wilson's disease occurs. It is an inherited disorder and its also degeneration of hepatolenticular. Copper is very important for building of collagen, healthy nerves, bones and melanin (skin pigment). Produced through food copper is used enough but any extra amount of copper gets to be a threat for liver. Wilson’s disease makes copper stay in, instead of being eliminated and accumulated which makes a life-threatening state. It is also important for Wilson's disease to be diagnosed in early stage.
Symptoms of Wilson’s disease are often invisible and are not different from any other liver disease, the condition may be similar to hepatitis and symptoms get to develop through time. Only combination of symptoms and results of tests can make proper diagnosis. This is what is necessary to do in order to discover Wilson’s disease on time:
a) - Examination of Eyes A high-intensity light source and an ophthalmologist examine the eyes for Kayser-Fleischer rings. It is the condition caused by deposits of too much copper in the eyes.
b) - Blood & Urine Tests. Blood tests are done to monitor the function of liver and the amount of copper in blood and level of a protein that carry copper in blood while urine tests measures copper in urine for 24-hour.
c) - Brain Scans If Wilson's disease is influence on brain, there are tests for brain. Tests I am talking about are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computerized tomography (CT).
d) - Testing a Liver TissueLiver biopsy includes a thin needle pierced through skin into a liver. Needle draws out a sample of liver tissue, on which laboratory tests are checking for extra copper in the body.
e) - Genetic TestingDNA mutation analysis, a blood tests identify genetic mutations for Wilson's disease. If the Wilson's disease runs in family, doctor may prescribe begin treatment on time, before debilitating symptoms start to show up and Wilson's disease starts to develop.
Complications due to a Wilson's disease are possible. Liver failure and cracked central nervous system or spinal cord may be common and life-threatening, if it is not treated on time. The complications include: hepatitis, anemia, injury, liver cirrhosis, jaundice, dysfunction of spleen, fatty liver, liver tissues failure, psychological complications, central nervous system complications, loss of will, loss of ability to function, loss of ability to communicate with people, muscle atrophy, more bone fractures, more infections, deformity of joint contractures and side effects of treat Wilson medications.
And these are just light complications. Of course due to a seriousness of Wilson disease there are other far more serious complications such as:
- Kidney problems Wilson's disease destroys kidneys, and light symptoms may be kidney stones or aminoaciduria - lot of amino acids in urine.
- Cirrhosis of LiverExcess copper does damage liver and scar tissue appears and liver function badly.
- Persistent Neurological ProblemsA progress of Wilson's disease creates neurological problems but no matter of treatment there may be constant neurological difficulty.
- Liver failureAcute liver failure causes liver failure and may happen slowly, in the worse cases a liver transplant is necessary.
- Liver cancerWilson's disease may cause liver cancer.
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Seaman Asahel Knapp, (born Dec. 16, 1833, Schroon Lake, N.Y., U.S.—died April 1, 1911, Washington, D.C.), American agriculturist who originated the method in which an expert demonstrates, farm by farm, new agricultural discoveries and technologies.
Knapp graduated (1856) from Union College, Schenectady, N.Y., and taught school for several years. In 1866 he moved to Iowa, where he was by turns a farmer, livestock breeder, banker, professor (from 1879) and president (1884–86) of Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm at Ames. In 1882 he helped draft a bill that was a precursor of the Hatch Act of 1887, which provided for the dissemination of practical and scientific agricultural information and allocated money to each state to establish agricultural experimental stations.
In 1886 Knapp moved to Louisiana, where he guided the establishment of rice as a staple crop. During the boll weevil invasion of Texas (1904), Knapp, as a representative of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), supervised a demonstration that proved the effectiveness of good farming techniques in weevil control. Thus he originated the program of the Farmers Cooperative Demonstration Work of the USDA, in which representatives of the department, usually known as county agents, worked with farmers to familiarize them with the findings of agricultural scientists. This system greatly improved the productivity of American agriculture in the 20th century.
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New research in mathematics education deals with the complexity of the mathematics classroom. The classroom teaching situation constitutes a pertinent unit of analysis for research into the ternary didactic relationship which binds teachers, students and mathematical knowledge. The classroom is considered as a complex didactic system, which offers the researcher an opportunity to gauge the boundaries of the freedom that is left with regard to choices about the knowledge to be taught and the ways of organizing the students learning, while giveing rise to the study of interrelations between three main elements of the teaching process the: mathematical content to be taught and learned, management of the various time dimensions, and activity of the teacher who prepares and manages the class, to the benefit of the students' knowledge and the teachers' own experience. This volume, reprinted from Educational Studies in Mathematics, Volume 59, focuses on classroom situations as a unit of analysis, the work of the teacher, and is strongly anchored in original theoretical frameworks. The contributions are formulated from the perspective of one or more theoretical frameworks but they are tackled by means of empirical investigations.
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Get ready for World of Wonder! A mode where you will be lost in a mystical and magical world is waiting for you.
This mod is focused on adding biomes with a more mystical and magical ability! The biomes added with this mod are as follows:
- This rare biome has giant dandelions! The stems can be used as wood. Also, dandelion feathers and dandelion leaves can only be found here.
- Dandelion-lion, located in the same biome, is renewable. It can also be used by cutting to provide a source of dandelion fluff.
- Dandelions can be tamed just like wolves. They also fight alongside you! Small flowers should be used for domestication, large flowers for breeding, and bone meal for healing.
- To enter the love mode, the lions need the flowers surrounding them. When two lions are mated, a sprout is formed in the soil. It matures after about 2 days. Thus, the baby becomes a Dandelion lion. Sprouts can also be picked up and relocated by the player.
- If you want to grow your own giant dandelion, you must make Flower Meal using some of the resources found in the fields.
- The dandelion hat is used to slow your fall. It can be created to take advantage of the parachuting properties of dandelion seeds. However, it is not very durable!
- If quark is installed, ladders, bookcases, chests and vertical boards can be used from dandelion stalks.
How to Install World of Wonder Mods
- Download and Install Minecraft Forge
- Download Minecraft World of Wonder Mods
- Double-click on the file downloaded from Forge to run the installer.
- Unzip the downloaded file from the mod.
- Paste the downloaded file the folder .minecraft/mods
- Run Minecraft. Enjoy.
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🌎🎉 The Unstoppable Party of Billions: Celebrating World Population Day!
Every year on July 11, the world takes a collective breath and says, “Wow, there are a lot of us!” World Population Day is all about raising awareness on global population issues. Did you know this annual UN event was triggered by the world population hitting five billion on July 11, 1987? And the numbers keep on climbing! So, what’s the significance, you ask? Well, my dear readers, let’s delve into this cosmic social gathering and find out! 🚀🎈
Now, remember, I’m just here for some edgy reporting. I’m not doling out advice or giving recommendations, but merely shedding light on this worldwide bash. Let’s get this party started! 🎉🌍
World Population Day is like a gentle nudge reminding us of pressing issues such as family planning, gender equality, poverty, maternal health, and human rights. Established in 1989, it’s like our yearly alarm clock ⏰, reminding us that these concerns aren’t just buzzwords – they’re essential conversations impacting billions of people. And it all started with Dr. K.C.Zachariah, who popped the five billionth balloon when he worked as a Senior Demographer at the World Bank. 🎈👨🔬
Do you ever stop to think about the sheer scale of humanity? Like, really picture it? We’re not just talking about your neighborhood or even your country. We’re talking about the ENTIRE WORLD. Every 14 months, we’re adding another 100 million people to the guest list. From 7,400,000,000 attendees in February 2016, we hit 7,500,000,000 in April 2017, and by 2019 we were 7,700,000,000 strong! 💪🌏
Just last year, UNFPA joined forces with Kenya and Denmark to kick things up a notch and refocus efforts on these global goals. Each World Population Day, advocates worldwide rally leaders, policymakers, grassroots organizers, institutions, and basically anyone with a heartbeat, to make reproductive health and rights a reality for all. Quite a call to action, wouldn’t you say? 📣🌐
So, as we anticipate the next World Population Day, here’s something to ponder. Are we all just numbers, or can we make each digit count towards these pressing global concerns? 😏🤔
I’ll leave you with this, our annual World Population Day is not just about counting heads, it’s about making each head count. But how can we, as individuals, contribute to these global goals in our everyday lives? How can you make your existence count on this planet filled with billions? 🌎👥🤔
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Object recognition allows robots and AI programs to pick out and identify objects from inputs like video and still camera images. Methods used for object identification include 3D models, component identification, edge detection and analysis of appearances from different angles.
Object recognition is at the convergence points of robotics, machine vision, neural networks and AI. Google and Microsoft are among the companies working in the area -- Google’s driverless car and Microsoft’s Kinect system both use object recognition.
Robots that understand their environments can perform more complex tasks better. Major advances of object recognition stand to revolutionize AI and robotics:
- MIT has created neural networks, based on our understanding of how the brain works, that allow software to identify objects almost as quickly as primates do.
- Gathered visual data from cloud robotics can allow multiple robots to learn tasks associated with object recognition faster. Robots can also reference massive databases of known objects and that knowledge can be shared among all connected robots.
- Scientists at Brigham Young University have developed an object recognition algorithm that can learn to identify objects on its own. The Evolution-Constructed Features algorithm, as it’s called, can make decisions about what characteristics of an object are relevant to its identification.
Concerns about the potential of object recognition include fears that advertisers and other interested entities will use the technology to mine the increasing number of images posted online and gather from them the personal information of individuals.
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Creative activity and creativity
Designed to understand the essence of creative activity, how and why it is needed to be done, describes the stages of the creative process, creative capabilities, problems and consequences of creativity
For a person to realize his personal destination, it is necessary for him to think of and create something new and unique - a masterpiece, opus. To do this, he must engage himself in cognitive, practical and creative activities.
Cognitive activity - is the activity of the system, during the execution of which it gains knowledge about itself and the environment.
Practical activity - is the activity of the system, during the execution of which it acquires abilities based on existing knowledge and exerts an influence on itself and the environment to change its own state or the state of other systems.
Creative activity - is the activity of the system, during the execution of which it uses personal abilities to create new and useful systems, improve the existing ones or destroy the harmful ones.
The main difference between creative activity and practical activity is the uniqueness of the result. It is difficult to predict the consequences of creative activity and almost impossible to get the same result, even if we repeat the same process with the same initial conditions.
In the process of creative activity, imagination is used to combine existing knowledge and ideas to get a new, unique result.
This obtained result allows one to solve a specific problem and achieve the set goal. Therefore, this result has an additional significance, something that is absent in the results of practical activity, which actually creates copies.
By engaging in creative activity, man changes the environment as well as himself. He gets new opportunities that allow him to exert even more beneficial influence and develop even more.
Creative activity is necessary in any subject area, in any profession. In all areas, there are unresolved problems and a huge potential for development.
In order to maintain the creative process, a person must be in good physical condition. One cannot consume junk food, alcohol, smoking etc. And indulge as much as possible in sports. This provides the intellect with the necessary nutrients and protects it from any harmful influence.
The main tool for performing creative activity is the special creative thinking - creativity.
Creativity - a set of capabilities of the system that allow generating principally new, original, unconventional ideas and use the previously unused tools for solving problems and achieving goals.
It is characterized by elevated intellectual activity for harnessing the capabilities of the consciousness, fore-consciousness and sub-consciousness with the goal of finding more efficient ways to solve the original problem.
In daily life, creativity manifests in the form of a hint – the capability to boldly, non-trivially and wit fully find a way out of a desperate, sometimes critical situation using extremely limited and non-specialized tools and resources.
Creativity allows being more sensitive to the problems, lack of knowledge or contradictory nature of knowledge. This allows one to determine the direction in which it is necessary to develop for gaining the opportunity to resolve known issues and achieve specific goals.
Every person has creativity, just like talent, right from the moment of birth. One should not think that only special people, who work in the largest scientific and inventive, advertising and similar companies, have it. There certainly are such people but they occupy their positions because they consciously, actively and continuously develop their creativity. Everyone is capable to do so, the main thing is - to have the intention of developing creativity.
But in the process of upbringing, getting education and interaction with other people, man begins to think stereotypically, as it usually is in his environment. This is the main reason that a person ceases to engage in creative activity, and begins to only emulate and copy already existing ideas.
Such an activity is useless for the super-system because it does not create any additional worth for it. Such people become useless, they do not get the resources to achieve personal goals and in the end, become neglected history.
To avoid such a situation, a person needs continuous development of creativity and execution of everything possible to realize the destination. It is necessary to force oneself to generate a non-standard, original idea in any suitable situation, and to realize it.
Creativity is very widely used and developed in a variety of intellectual games, when one needs to find an original solution to the given problem. In such games, the intellect begins to "play" the various options based on personal experience.
Because the main component responsible for generating original ideas is the imagination, therefore for the development of creativity, one can use training for the development of imagination.
Creativity is a set of capabilities. They allow one to clearly understand how creativity appears and what is necessary for its development.
These capabilities include:
Fluency - the capability to generate a lot of ideas in a set time. It allows one to find out several ways of solving problems and determine the most suitable ones.
Originality - is the capability to generate new, innovative, original ideas, which differ from the known or the obvious ones. The better this capability is developed, the sooner psychological inertia is overcome, which limits the thinking to standard templates and assures of the unreality and futility of original ideas.
Flexibility - the capability to use different ways to generate original ideas and quickly switch between the methods and ideas.
Openness - the capability to perceive new information from outside for a long time while solving a problem, instead of using the available experience and to not adhere to standard stereotypes.
Receptivity - the capability to find contradictions in a usual situation, unusual details, uncertainty. It allows one to find the unusual in the usual, the simple in the complex.
Imagery - the capability to generate ideas in the form of single, solid mental images.
Abstractness - is the capability to generate common, complex ideas based on private, simple elements. It allows one to compile and build a single image of the problem on the basis of simple, unrelated knowledge and ideas.
Detail - is the capability to scrutinize the problem till the moment of complete understanding of each of its element. It allows one to break the problem into parts, analyze it for as long until the basic nature of the problem and its tiniest elements become clear.
Verbal - the process of breaking a single imaginative idea into separate words and the highlighting of significant parts. It helps to clarify the structure of the problem and the relationship between its elements, and share this information with others for collaborative problem-solving.
Stress Tolerance - the capability to act and to generate ideas in a new, unusual, previously unknown environment.
Determining these capabilities within oneself and their conscious development allows to significantly improving the originality and usefulness of the generated ideas. This provides for an increase in success and accelerates the process of realizing the destination.
The creative process and its stages
Creativity has a certain creative process that is repeated each time in getting a unique result.
The essence of creativity is to use personal talent and imagination to solve problems, achieve goals and realize the destination. The result of the creative process is a new and unique element that improves its creator or the environment and provides new opportunities.
The creative process consists of the following stages:
One formulates the problem and the intention to solve it appears. Consciousness is filled with knowledge from all the available sources (memory, books, magazines, Internet ...). Hypothesis and assumptions are put forward. In a short period of time one tries to solve the problem based on the existing ability of consciousness.
If the opportunity proves to be not enough, then the temporary diversion to another problem or affair is performed. At this time, problem-solving moves for processing from the consciousness to the sub-consciousness. The subconscious processes commence, invisible to the man, and perform the automatic generation of new ideas to obtain an acceptable solution.
After generating the ideas that may allow one to solve the problem, it is transferred from the sub-consciousness to consciousness – inspiration appears. This usually happens suddenly for the consciousness and in totally random situations.
After getting the idea, the consciousness evaluates it for its possible use in problem-solving. To do this, it performs the analysis and comparison of the ideas to its own experiences, and determines whether it can be realized in the current environmental conditions.
If contradictions are not found, then the decision to realize the idea is made. A plan for its realization is made and the actual actions are performed. The result is a tool, method or technology that addresses the real problem.
After the realization of ideas and application of the results, it is verified whether the problem is resolved or not. The proof or disproof of the hypotheses and assumptions are performed. If the problem persists, then the process starts again. If the problem is resolved, then one proceeds to the solution of the next problem.
Subconscious stage of the creative process
A special place in the creative process is occupied by the stage of processing the problem. Its uniqueness lies in the fact that problem-solving is performed unnoticed by the special ability of man -the sub-consciousness.
As described in the method Generation of useful ideas, the sub-consciousness receives information simultaneously about all the objects of the environment. Processing of this information takes place in parallel and seamlessly.
The sub-conscious process can be compared to a chemical reaction:
- The molecules are in some space
- Their arbitrary displacement and collisions take place
- As a result of collisions, the colliding molecules can combine and new molecules can be made
- Or the molecules can, on the contrary, break into separate parts, if the internal bonds were weak
Here, the original molecules - are the knowledge that man possesses. The space in which the molecules are moving - is sub-consciousness. The compounding of molecules - is the combination and synthesis of knowledge by the sub-consciousness. The output of the compounding - is new ideas, which are also used during synthesis.
When the consciousness tries to solve the problem, it restores the existing knowledge from the memory and this knowledge can help solve this problem. If this knowledge is not enough, knowledge is transferred to fore-consciousness, where they are combined. But in the fore-consciousness, only the knowledge that has been transferred from the consciousness can be used. If the combining of all this knowledge does not give ideas to solve problems, they are passed on to the sub-consciousness.
The sub-consciousness connects to the consciousness of the super-system – super-consciousness, which has a lot of additional knowledge and ideas, unknown to the system. Then, in the sub-consciousness, knowledge and ideas transferred from the fore-consciousness and the super-consciousness are combined and synthesized.
The generated ideas are not transmitted directly to the consciousness; their “power” is checked. This means that when they are combined with other knowledge and ideas, a check for contradictions is performed and the stability of relationships between knowledge is verified. If the contradictions are not found and the internal connections are stable, such an idea is identified as a useful combination of consciousness and passed for evaluation, realization and verification.
If the consciousness assesses the idea as unnecessary or useless for solving the problem in the current environment with the available capabilities, it is returned to the sub-consciousness in order to be re-combined.
And if the evaluation of the idea was positive, the decision to realize it is taken. Then the subconscious process to address the problem stops.
At some point a person can feel a subconscious process. He "sees" how the mixing of knowledge and ideas takes place and new ideas are created. This occurs when a person is in a relaxed atmosphere that is free of active consciousness, for example, before or after a nap.
It is in such conditions that combination takes place at maximum rate and the idea is quickly transferred to the consciousness. When consciousness, on the contrary, lies in increased activity and performs work unrelated to creative thinking, then ideas are generated very slowly.
Therefore, people in a state of creative thinking are called "thoughtful." They seem to be disconnected from the real world and go into the private world of ideas. If a person performs any parallel activities, such as walking down the street or collecting things, he can seem to act like a clumsy and absent-minded man.
Implications of the implementation of creative activity
The use of creativity in practice can increase the risk of causing harm. This is because of the lack of experience in using new, untested ideas and tools to solve a specific problem or achieve a goal. However, with experience and development of creativity, one comes to understand which original ideas are useful and which are harmful.
Some people who have developed creativity unconsciously feel insecure, uncomfortable due to their non-standard creative thinking. It is important to explain to such people that they are very useful, and send them in the right direction. Besides the development of creativity, they should also develop self-confidence.
With the development of creativity, there is a belief that any, even the most absurd and unrealistic idea, will help to achieve a specific goal. This belief is one of the motives, which drive the realization of revolutionary ideas and creation of new, huge systems that solve global problems. As Henry Ford said, "You can believe that you can. You can believe that you cannot. In both cases, you're right."
Many successful people say that 30-50% of the success of their projects and companies is brought by creative, original ideas generated by them, or by specially employed professionals with a well-developed creativity. Similarly, they note a vicious circle - creativity brings new successes, and they, in turn, are a source of creativity and inspiration. This suggests that man and creativity are a single entity that cannot exist without each other.
Therefore, constantly spend your personal time in developing creative activity and creative capabilities. This will always have a beneficial effect on the success. Do not stop engaging in creative activities, because it is - the main tool in the realization of destination.
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Motor vehicle crashes take place for many reasons, but if you become involved in a speeding accident, the likelihood of facing devastating consequences is especially high. At high speeds, victims have a higher chance of suffering more serious injuries, and many speed-related accidents result in the loss of life.
Sadly, drivers continue to ignore traffic safety guidelines and go too fast. When a speeding driver causes victims to face hardships in their lives, they must answer for their actions.
Risks connected with speeding
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration covers some of the reasons why speed-related accidents take place. Sometimes, drivers speed because they have road rage, while others feel anonymous behind the wheel. Running late for work or a crucial meeting causes some drivers to speed, while others have no regard for traffic safety guidelines.
When you encounter a speeding driver
If you encounter a speeding driver on the road, you should take preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of becoming involved in a traffic crash. Since they are more likely to lose control of their vehicle, give them more space. If you are driving in the left-hand lane and they intend to pass, switch lanes carefully and allow them to pass you. Try to move your vehicle out of their way if they are following too closely or driving aggressively.
Unfortunately, drivers cannot always avoid an accident when they come across a speeding driver on the road. For example, a speeding driver could lose control and cross into another lane abruptly or slam into a vehicle head-on. Make sure you hold a speeding driver accountable if they cause an accident.
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The Global User Directory was brought to Windows inand release . Now, like Linux and macOS before it, Windows builds have a central location where saves, settings, screenshots, themes, etc are kept. All builds will have the same settings and saves, and updating from one revision to another will be much easier.
On Linux and macOS, the Global User Directory's location can be changed with the command:
/path/to/dolphin/build/dolphin-emu -u /path/to/user/directory
To make a build use a local user directory, create a text file named "portable" next to the executable files of the build. With the extension it should be named "portable.txt". Dolphin will check if that file exists in the same directory, then it will not use the global user directory, instead it will create and use the local user directory in the same directory.
This will work on Windows and Linux (as of). macOS and Android are not supported for this method.
The Global User Directory system can be disabled entirely with a registry key. The key is global, so it is a "once and for all" change.
When done editing the Windows Registry, and before launching Dolphin, be sure to move the \User\ folder along with Dolphin executable files (or check if it's placed correctly). Otherwise, Dolphin will create a new one instead.
These registry keys can be created and removed with .reg files to make the process easier.
To create the LocalUserConfig registry key, open notepad, paste the following in it and save it as a .reg file:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Dolphin Emulator] "LocalUserConfig"="1"
To remove the LocalUserConfig registry key and revert back to the Global User Directory system, open notepad, paste the following in it and save it as a .reg file:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00 [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Dolphin Emulator] "LocalUserConfig"=-
The first key will set all Dolphin builds to use a Local User Directory, whereas the second will remove the Local User config and return to the Global User Directory system.
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The second sentence, "The dust of the earth falls on the world itself," unites the the falling of the dust as an actual experience with the idea of it as a universal principle, true for all places at all times. It has a dual purpose. Its first role is like that of a conclusion to a piece of writing, perhaps, where the writer (me?) is trying to sum up some phenomenon that he has experienced.
In this case, it would be as if he had plucked a line from a poem or a piece of literature. This is a distinct possibility, though I have no conscious recollection of doing so. As I said, the sentence somehow popped into my head. We will continue this detective game later.
Here, again, we come back to the possibility of metaphor.
The other implication of the sentence is that it is some sort of universal decry, a principle of the world's dust, always to fall upon itself, in the past, in the future. But what of now? If we are to unite its optioned metaphorical function, as a line of a poem grasped at to describe some phenomenon, with the implied universalism, then we get something very strange indeed. We get the certainty of the world's dust falling upon itself, but only with the possibility of it falling in the past and in the future. To put it another way, it has only the possibility of falling in the past or the future because it cannot be falling as such in the present. That is the nature of metaphor; never actual, but almost actual.
What we find is a present devoid of this falling dust. We find a present with a certain sense that this event happens; that this event happens always; that it happened; that it will happen again. But the vague universalism of the metaphor imbues it with uncertainty. The question then becomes, "It may be happening now, it may have happened, and it may happen again, but will it be the same every time it happens?"
Metaphor robs the truth, robs those stone bare fact, robs non-speech and non-language, robs silence from its own silence, robs the silence of the world from itself. It must do, to function as metaphor.
Where does it put this silence, if we are to take the idea of stealing or robbing seriously? Where does it hide it? Within itself, perhaps, behind its own back, maybe.
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From Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
- You may be looking for Fullmetal Alchemist and not even know it!
“Abandon all hope, ye who read this article.”
“What the fuck are you doing in my office?”
“I'm on the highway to hell!”
Durante degli Alighieri, mononymously referred to as Dante (1265–1321), is the greatest Italian of all times after the inventor of Pizza, Signor Anonimo, and the one who first added Pepperoni on it, Signor Silvio Berlusconi. Inspired by his father, the famous explorer Marco Polo, Dante explored the far east looking for new types of Pasta, but ended up in Hell. His travel diary was later found and published as The Divine Comedy. Thankfully, he was found 5 days later, and when he died, he went to Heaven.
edit His life
At the middle of his life's way, he was in a dark forest. He was attacked by a panther, a lion, and a shewolf. He faced them easily, using his Dolce Stil Novo (Sweet New Style), a deadly Italian lyrical style that closely resembles Vogon Poetry. But then, he was attacked by a Grue. Luckily, his master Virgil was there to defend him using his 5 foot wide chode, the only known effective weapon against a Grue. Dante was so thankful that he promised Virgil he would follow him into hell, Virgil's last known residence. After a long trip full of adventure, feeling like a new man, he wrote La Vita Nuova (The New Life), his last poetry book. The book was dedicated to his beloved Beatrice. A few years later, Beatrice left him and decided to dedicate the rest of her eternal death to contemplate the Holy Rose. Angry Dante published the Divine Comedy as a vendetta, telling the world all the shameful things she used to do in hell back then. This action was severely punished by the ghibellini political faction, who conquered Florence from the guelfi, kicked Dante out, killed the pope, and declared Zork as the emperor of Italy. After that, Dante collaborated with Ludovico de Medici, for the writing of The Prince, an instruction book that explained to Machiavelli how to conquer Italy. And thanks for asking, but no, the American singer Prince has nothing to do with this.
edit The Divine Comedy
The Divine Comedy used to be divided into three parts, Inferno, Purgatory and Heaven. When the book was first published, it quickly became a huge success: everyone wanted to get news from their dead relatives and friends. However, nobody expected to find any known person in heaven or even in the purgatory, so the first two chapters vanished, just as Aristotle's book on Comedy and Umberto Eco's "The Name of the Rose". Readers were disappointed to discover that Hell only contained ancient philosophers, mythological creatures and corrupt popes. Nonetheless, they kept reading Hell for the enjoyable descriptions of ironic punishments and cruel tortures.
Readers were also surprised to see that the ninth circle of Hell was a freezing cold home for traitors, and not the burning love nest of Satan and Saddam, as pictured by Southpark's movie (Though, this would explain why in every Shabby Demonic Horror Film, the temperature plunges when the Devil is about to appear) . The only loving couple of the book, are Paolo and Francesca, two lame Italians, unheard of, who do not deserve to appear in an American movie not related to the mafia.
At the beginning of the twenty first century, many Creationists tried to find the lost chapter of Heaven, and so have scientific proof that Heaven isn't ruled by the Flying Spaghetti Monster. In spite of the million dollar reward that awaits the discoverer, the chapter remains lost.
edit Ironic Punishments
This are some of the most representative ironic punishments in Dante's Hell:
- Uncyclopedians being forced to vandalize their own user pages with gay porn.
- Steve Ballmer being forced to develop Linux, work for Google and bury himself.
- Ford drivers being forced to crash into themselves, binge on gasoline, and roll over repeatedly
- Stan Lee being forced to scrub floors at DC Comics' headquarters.
- Tom Cruise being attacked by jumping, sentient couches as well as members of Anonymous.
- Bill Clinton being forced to author a dictionary where the only entry is the word "Is" repeated 4000 times.
- Andy Warhol being forced to paint a portrait of his hairpiece in 30 different colors, side-by-side.
- David Icke being forced to write a book that doesn't mention anything about reptilian humanoids, the Babylonian Brotherhood, the Illuminati, zionists, the Luciferic Consciousness, the Global Elite, mind-control or the Draco constellation.
- Don Imus being called a "mullet-headed ho" by a group of liberal, black radio talk show hosts
- Al Gore being forced to attempt to stop global warming in Hell.
- Bill Gates being forced to declare chap 11 after a competitor stole and published the source code for Windows
- Hipster douchebags being forced to order coffee using only one word - "coffee."
- David Lynch being forced to record all the above into a surrealist mystery film that actually makes sense.
- Steve Jobs being forced to design a computer that actually functions coherently and does not have a horde of snobs around it.
- Fred Phelps being forced to swallow the cum of all sodomites till the end of time. However, he kept on enjoying this despite swallowing all the undiluted man cheese of Barney the Dinosaur, so he was promptly booted back on to Earth, to the delight of masochists everywhere.
- Conservatives being forced to accept colored people.
- Snooki must spend eternity WITHOUT spray tans.
- Bill Maher listening to Rush Limbaugh while having his brain eaten by liberals.
- Rush Limbaugh denied food for eternity while having to listen to Bill Maher.
- Michael Moore having to spend all of eternity living in Hell's Wall Street on the ninth circle and listen to the endless yelling of demons who also beat him until he becomes nothing but shreds and them forms back into himself and then the process continues edlessly. he also can't eat food, and is forced to look at a hot dog that will always be a constant distance away from him, even when he tries to grab it-- it moves away from him.
- James Cameron forced to watch Avatar in 2-D, without any of the special effects that were added in post-production, on loop, without leaving an uncomfortable movie theater seat after drinking an extra-large Coca-Cola. This way, the terrible dialogue, uninteresting plot, and criminal acting grate on his soul. The soul regenerates during the ending credits each time, so he can continually take the abuse. Also, he is forced to watch the film with Arnold Schwarzenegger, who keeps telling Cameron how much he loves "Aba-dah."
- Similarly, Quentin Tarantino is forced to watch all of his films censored and re-edited so that the scenes are shown in chronological order and the plots actually have a semblance of reality.
- Dante himself DID go to hell, however, he dragged his girlfriend Beatrice and his buddy Virgil with him and enjoyed himself in a three-way that lasted 500 years until Satan just gave up and evicted them.
edit Related articles
- Seven Deadly Sins
- Miguel de Cervantes
- Faery Kingdom
- 7 Spheres of Hell
- The Divine Comedy
- 13th Century
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