Improperly canned or home-prepared foods are common sources of the toxin that can result in foodborne botulism. Wound botulism results from contamination of a wound with toxin-producing C botulinum. Foodborne botulism and wound botulism occur predominantly in adults and are the focus of this article.C botulinum is an anaerobic gram-positive rod that survives in soil and marine sediment by forming spores.mproperly canned or home-prepared foods are common sources of the toxin that can result in foodborne botulism. Wound botulism results from contamination of a wound with toxin-producing C botulinum. Foodborne botulism and wound botulism occur predominantly in adults and are the focus of this article.
Scientists can not find the exact age of fossils. They use radioactive measures estimates of sedimentation and index fossils to date other fossils. The closest scientists can come to an exact date for a fossil is Carbon 14 dating. However since Carbon 14 has a half life of about 5,600 years Carbon 14 dating can only be used to date very recent fossils.
Although the half-life of carbon-14 makes it unreliable for dating fossils over about 50,000 years old, there are other isotopes scientists use to date older artifacts. These isotopes have longer half-lives and so are found in greater abundance in older fossils. formula used in carbon dating is: t = [ln (Nf/No) / (-0.693)] * t1/2. where ln (Nf/No) = the natural logarithm of the percent carbon-14 in the sample compared to the percent carbon-14 in living tissue, and t1/2 = the half-life of carbon-14 = 5,700 years.