Humans cannot synthesize astaxanthin in the body, nor does it appear to act as a pro-vitamin for Vitamin A (retinol) in mammals under normal conditions although it appears that in states of Vitamin A deficiency astaxanthin (in rats) can be forced into a provitamin role.
Annual Running Cost (Â£) = Cost per mile x Average mileage /100. The Renault Clio takes about 40 litres to fill up and travels 400 miles on a full tank, giving it a respectable MPG of 45. This equates to around 10.5p/mile assuming that the Price of Petrol is around 105p per litlre. For a Renault Clio.
This also means that you can buy a full tank of electrons for the DMCev for about $2.25 (at 7cents per kWh of home electricity costs). At $2.25 for about 100 miles of driving the DMCev cost about 2 cents per mile to drive. When compared to the gasoline engine version DMC at 20mpg you are comparing a per mile fuel cost of 15 cents per mile (at $3 per gallon gas) to 2 cents for DMCev use. This means the DMCev is 8 times more efficient than the gas engine version in terms of cost.