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THE SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEI AND THE PINEAL GLAND. Most human bodily functions and behaviours are not âsteady-stateâ. Instead, they fluctuate in 24-hour cycles, such as the sleeping and waking cycle and the cycles for body temperature, hunger, and the secretion of various hormones.
The pineal gland is a neuroendocrine organ located in the midline of the brain. Melatonin, thought to be the output hormone of the pineal gland, plays a central role in the co-ordination of circadian rhythms and the circadian system. Circadian rhythms are centrally co-ordinated and physiological, psychological and behavioural processes, which in humans follow approximately a 24- to 25-hour alternating cycle. In humans, circadian rhythms are genetically programmed to synchronise with night and day.