Used to view spending and available funding to cover new obligations. It shows. the AFP, Allotment, Commitment, Obligation, Expenses, Disbursement, Available Allotment, and available AFP for budget objects (including Fund, Fund. Center, Commitment Item, Functional Area, and Funded Program).
A landmark case representing one of the earliest examples of the use of the Supremacy Clause is that of McCulloch v. Maryland. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Maryland had no legal right to tax the Second Bank of the United States as a Federal entity.
Constitutional Issues. The federal courts are authorized by Article III of the U.S. Constitution. Article III provides that: The judical power of the United States is vested in the federal court system. The highest court in the federal court system is the Supreme Court. Congress may create other inferior courts that are below the Supreme Court. Supreme Court Justices and other federal judges hold lifetime appointments, unless removed from office.