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1 Achalasia. 2  Achalasia is a condition that affects the smooth muscle portion of the esophagus, that is, the lower esophagus and the lower esophageal sphincter. 3  Specifically, the peristaltic wave disappears, and the lower sphincter does not relax.
Systemic illnesses like diabetes, anemia (low red blood cell count), kidney disease and thyroid and other hormone issues are also potential causes of muscle spasms. Diseases of the nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis or spinal cord injury, can be associated with muscle spasm. Smooth muscle can also develop spasm. When a hollow structure filled with air or fluid is squeezed by the muscle spasm, significant pain can occur since the fluid or air cannot be compressed. For example, smooth muscle in the intestinal wall can go into spasm, causing waves of pain called colic.