Used to view spending and available funding to cover new obligations. It shows. the AFP, Allotment, Commitment, Obligation, Expenses, Disbursement, Available Allotment, and available AFP for budget objects (including Fund, Fund. Center, Commitment Item, Functional Area, and Funded Program).
A landmark case representing one of the earliest examples of the use of the Supremacy Clause is that of McCulloch v. Maryland. In this case, the Supreme Court ruled that the State of Maryland had no legal right to tax the Second Bank of the United States as a Federal entity.
3 Federal Preemption >Supremacy Clause of the U.S. Constitution â establishes that the U.S. Constitution and federal law generally has precedence over state law. >Courts recognize three types: > Express Preemption â when the language of the federal statute reveals an express congressional intent to preempt state laws. > Field Preemption â when the federal scheme of regulation is so pervasive that Congress must have intended to leave no room for the state to supplement. > Conflict Preemption â when compliance with both federal and state law is impossible or when the state law acts as an obstacle to what Congress intended.