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   Fiber to the x explained
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Fiber to the x is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the ..."name=description><script>(function(i,s,o,g,r,a,m){i['GoogleAnalyticsObject']=r;i[r]=i[r]||function(){(i[r].q=i[r].q||[]).push(arguments)},i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),m=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)})(window,document,'script','https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js','ga');ga('create', 'UA-101684966-1', 'auto');ga('send', 'pageview');</script><link href=https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/cookieconsent@3/build/cookieconsent.min.css rel=stylesheet><script async src=//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({  google_ad_client: "ca-pub-5994403859070052",  enable_page_level_ads: true });</script><body><div class=Header><div class=BreadCrumb><ul><li class=First>You are here<li><a href=http://everything.explained.today> Everything </a> <a href=http://explained.today> Explained.Today </a><li><a href=../contents/list.htm> A-Z Contents </a><li><a href=../contents/list_F.htm> F </a><li><a href=../contents/list_FI.htm> FI </a><li><a href=../contents/list_FIB.htm> FIB </a><li>Fiber to the x</ul></div></div><div class=SideBar><p class=logo><img alt="Explained Today"title="The Information and Knowledge Portal"height=125px src=../images/brain.gif width=200px><form action=http://www.google.com/cse id=cse-search-box target=_blank><div><input name=cx type=hidden value=partner-pub-5994403859070052:sf3q7o-pgfc><input name=ie type=hidden value=UTF-8><input name=q size=24><input name=sa type=submit value=Search></div></form><script src=http://www.google.com/coop/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=en></script><p> <div class=HideIfFull><script async src=//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-5994403859070052 data-ad-format=auto data-ad-slot=6382878523 style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div></div><div class=HeaderBar><script async src=//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-5994403859070052 data-ad-format=auto data-ad-slot=4896110924 style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div><div class=Body><h1>Fiber to the x explained</h1><p><b> Fiber to the <i> x </i> </b> ( <b> FTTX </b> ; also spelled "fibre") or <b> fiber in the loop </b> is a generic term for any <a title="Broadband is wide bandwidth data transmission which transports multiple signals at a wide range of frequencies and Internet ..."href=../broadband/> broadband </a> network architecture using <a title="An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that ..."href=../optical_fiber/> optical fiber </a> to provide all or part of the <a title="Local loop is the physical link or circuit that connects from the demarcation point of the customer premises to the edge of ..."href=../local_loop/> local loop </a> used for <a title="The last mile is a phrase widely used in the telecommunication s, cable television and internet industries to refer to the ..."href=../last_mile/> last mile </a> <a href=../telecommunication/> telecommunication </a> s. As fiber optic cables are able to carry much more data than copper cables, especially over long distances, copper telephone networks built in the 20th century are being replaced by fiber. <sup> <a href=#Ref-1> [1] </a> </sup><p>FTTX is a generalization for several configurations of fiber deployment, arranged into two groups: FTTP/FTTH/FTTB (Fiber laid all the way to the premises/home/building) and FTTC/N (fiber laid to the cabinet/node, with copper wires completing the connection).<p>Residential areas already served by balanced pair distribution plant call for a trade-off between cost and capacity. The closer the fiber head, the higher the cost of construction and the higher the channel capacity. In places not served by metallic facilities, little cost is saved by not running fiber to the home.<p>Fiber to the <i> x </i> is the key method used to drive <b> next-generation access </b> ( <b> NGA </b> ), which describes a significant upgrade to the broadband available by making a step change in speed and quality of the service. This is typically thought of as asymmetrical with a download speed of 24 Mbit/s plus and a fast upload speed.Ofcom have defined super-fast broadband as "broadband products that provide a maximum download speed that is greater than 24 Mbit/s - this threshold is commonly considered to be the maximum speed that can be supported on current generation (copper-based) networks." <sup> <a href=#Ref-2> [2] </a> </sup><p>A similar network called a <a title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network that combines optical fiber and coaxial ..."href=../hybrid_fiber-coaxial/> hybrid fiber-coaxial </a> (HFC) network is used by <a title="Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted ..."href=../cable_television/> cable television </a> operators but is usually not synonymous with "fiber In the loop", although similar advanced services are provided by the HFC networks. <a title="Fixed wireless is the operation of wireless communication devices or systems used to connect two fixed locations with a ..."href=../Fixed_wireless/> Fixed wireless </a> and mobile wireless technologies such as <a title="Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802."href=../Wi-Fi/> Wi-Fi </a> , <a title="WiMAX is a family of wireless broadband communication standards based on the IEEE 802."href=../WiMAX/> WiMAX </a> and <a title="LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks."href=../3GPP_Long_Term_Evolution/> 3GPP Long Term Evolution </a> (LTE) are an alternative for providing <a title="Internet access is the ability of individuals and organizations to connect to the Internet using computer terminal s, ..."href=../Internet_access/> Internet access </a> .<h2>Definitions</h2><p>The telecommunications industry differentiates between several distinct FTTX configurations. The terms in most widespread use today are:<ul><li><b> FTTP </b> (fiber-to-the-premises): This term is used either as a blanket term for both FTTH and FTTB, or where the fiber network includes both homes and small businesses <ul><li><b> FTTH </b> (fiber-to-the-home): Fiber reaches the boundary of the living space, such as a box on the outside wall of a home. <a title="A passive optical network is a fiber-optic telecommunications technology for delivering broadband network access to ..."href=../Passive_optical_network/> Passive optical network </a> s and <a title="The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet is a network protocol for encapsulating Point-to-Point Protocol frames inside ..."href=../Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet/> point-to-point Ethernet </a> are architectures that are capable of delivering <a title="Triple play is a marketing term for the provisioning, over a single broadband connection, of two bandwidth -intensive ..."href=../triple_play_(telecommunications)/> triple-play </a> services over FTTH networks directly from an operator's <a title="A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises."href=../telephone_exchange/> central office </a> . <sup> <a href=#Ref-3> [3] </a> </sup> <sup> <a href=#Ref-4> [4] </a> </sup> Typically providing between 1 and 10 Gbit/s<li><b> FTTB </b> (fiber-to-the-building, -business, or -basement): Fiber reaches the boundary of the building, such as the basement in a <a title="Multifamily residential is a classification of housing where multiple separate housing units for residential inhabitants are ..."href=../multi-family_residential/> multi-dwelling unit </a> , with the final connection to the individual living space being made via alternative means, similar to the curb or pole technologies<li><b> FTTD </b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-desktop or -desk): In an office, fiber connection is installed from the main computer room to a desk or <a title="A fiber media converter is a simple networking device that makes it possible to connect two dissimilar media types such as ..."href=../fiber_media_converter/> fiber media converter </a> near the user's desk<li>(fiber-to-the-door): Fiber reaches outside the flat</ul><li><b> FTTR </b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-radio): Fiber runs to the transceivers of base stations<li>(fiber-to-the-router): Fiber connection is installed from the router to the ISP's fiber network</ul><li><b> FTTO </b> (fiber-to-the-office): Fiber connection is installed from the main computer room/core switch to a special mini-switch (called FTTO Switch) located at the user's workstation or service points. This mini-switch provides Ethernet services to end user devices via standard <a title="Twisted pair is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of ..."href=../twisted_pair/> twisted pair </a> patch cords. The switches are located decentrally all over the building, but managed from one central point<li><b> FTTF </b> can mean five different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-factory): fiber runs to factory buildings<li>(fiber-to-the-farm): fiber runs to agricultural farms<li>(fiber-to-the-feeder): a synonym of FTTN<li>(fiber-to-the-floor): fiber reaches a junction box at a floor of a building<li>(fiber-to-the-frontage): This is very similar to FTTB. In a fiber to the front yard scenario, each fiber node serves a single subscriber. This allows for multi-gigabit speeds using XG-fast technology. The fiber node may be reverse-powered by the subscriber modem <sup> <a href=#Ref-5> [5] </a> </sup></ul><li><b> FTTM </b> can mean four different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-machine): In a factory, fiber runs to machines<li>(fiber-to-the-mast): Fiber runs to wireless masts<li>(fiber-to-the-mobile): Fiber runs to base stations<li>(fiber-to-the-multi-dwelling-unit): FTTP to apartment buildings</ul><li><b> FTTT </b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-terminal): In an office, fiber runs to desktop equipment<li>(fiber-to-the-tower): Fiber reaches base stations</ul><li><b> FTTW </b> (fiber-to-the-wall or -workgroup): In an office, fiber runs to small switches near a group of users</ul><li><b> FTTA </b> can mean two different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-amplifier): Fiber runs to street cabinets<li>(fiber-to-the-antenna): Fiber runs up antenna towers</ul><li><b> FTTCS </b> (fiber-to-the-cell-site): fiber reaches the base station site<li><b> FTTE </b> / <b> FTTZ </b> ( <a title="Fiber to the telecom enclosure is a standards-compliant structured cabling system architecture that extends the optical ..."href=../fiber_to_the_telecom_enclosure/> fiber-to-the-telecom-enclosure </a> or <a title="Fiber to the telecom enclosure is a standards-compliant structured cabling system architecture that extends the optical ..."href=../fiber_to_the_telecom_enclosure/> fiber-to-the-zone </a> ): is a form of <a title="Structured cabling is building or campus cabling infrastructure that consists of a number of standardized smaller elements ..."href=../structured_cabling/> structured cabling </a> typically used in enterprise <a title="A local area network is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, ..."href=../local_area_network/> local area network </a> s, where fiber is used to link the main computer equipment room to an enclosure close to the desk or workstation. FTTE and FTTZ are not considered part of the FTTX group of technologies, despite the similarity in name. <sup> <a href=#Ref-6> [6] </a> </sup><li><b> FTTdp </b> (fiber-to-the-distribution-point): This is very similar to FTTC / FTTN but is one-step closer again moving the end of the fiber to within meters of the boundary of the customers premises in last junction possible junction box known as the "distribution point" this allows for near-gigabit speeds <sup> <a href=#Ref-7> [7] </a> </sup><li><b> FTTL </b> (fiber-to-the-loop): general term<li><b> FTTN </b> / <b> FTTLA </b> (fiber-to-the-node, -neighborhood, or -last-amplifier): Fiber is terminated in a street cabinet, possibly miles away from the customer premises, with the final connections being copper. FTTN is often an interim step toward full FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) and is typically used to deliver 'advanced' <a title="Triple play is a marketing term for the provisioning, over a single broadband connection, of two bandwidth -intensive ..."href=../triple_play_(telecommunications)/> triple-play </a> telecommunications services<li><b> FTTC </b> / <b> FTTK </b> (fiber-to-the-curb/kerb, -closet, or -cabinet): This is very similar to FTTN, but the street cabinet or pole is closer to the user's premises, typically within 1000feet, within range for high-bandwidth copper technologies such as wired <a title="Ethernet is a family of wired computer network ing technologies commonly used in local area network s, metropolitan area ..."href=../ethernet/> ethernet </a> or <a href=../IEEE_1901/> IEEE 1901 </a> <a title="Power-line communication is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to ..."href=../power_line_communication/> power line networking </a> and wireless <a title="Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802."href=../Wi-Fi/> Wi-Fi </a> technology. FTTC is occasionally ambiguously called FTTP (fiber-to-the-pole), leading to confusion with the distinct fiber-to-the-premises system. Typically providing up to 100 Mbit/s<li><b> FTTS </b> can mean three different things: <ul><li>(fiber-to-the-screen or -seat): On an airplane, fiber reaches the IFE screens<li>(fiber-to-the-street): The customer is connected using copper to the fiber passing near the building, up to 200m (700feet) away. This is a compromise between FTTB and FTTC. Typically providing up to 500 Mbit/s<li>(fiber-to-the-subscriber): This is a synonym for FTTP</ul></ul><p>To promote consistency, especially when comparing FTTH penetration rates between countries, the three FTTH Councils of Europe, North America, and Asia-Pacific agreed upon definitions for FTTH and FTTB in 2006, <sup> <a href=#Ref-8> [8] </a> </sup> with an update in 2009, <sup> <a href=#Ref-9> [9] </a> </sup> 2011 <sup> <a href=#Ref-10> [10] </a> </sup> and another in 2015. <sup> <a href=#Ref-11> [11] </a> </sup> The FTTH Councils do not have formal definitions for FTTC and FTTN.<h2>Benefits</h2><p>While fiber optic cables can carry data at high speeds over long distances, copper cables used in traditional telephone lines and <a title="Asymmetric digital subscriber line is a type of digital subscriber line technology, a data communications technology that ..."href=../ADSL/> ADSL </a> cannot. For example, the common form of <a title="Gigabit Ethernet is the term applied to transmitting Ethernet frame s at a rate of a gigabit per second."href=../Gigabit_Ethernet/> Gigabit Ethernet </a> (1Gbit/s) runs over relatively economical <a href=../category_5_cable/> category 5e </a> , <a href=../category_6_cable/> category 6 </a> or <a href=../category_6a_cable/> augmented category 6 </a> unshielded twisted-pair copper cabling but only to 100m (300feet). However, 1 Gbit/s Ethernet over fiber can easily reach tens of kilometers. Therefore, FTTP has been selected by every major communications provider in the world to carry data over long 1 Gbit/s symmetrical connections directly to consumer homes. FTTP configurations that bring fiber directly into the building can offer the highest speeds since the remaining segments can use standard Ethernet or coaxial cable.<p>Fiber is often said to be "future-proof" because the data rate of the connection is usually limited by the terminal equipment rather than the fiber, permitting substantial speed improvements by equipment upgrades before the fiber itself must be upgraded. Still, the type and length of employed fibers chosen, e.g. multimode vs. single-mode, are critical for applicability for future connections of over 1 Gbit/s.<p>With the rising popularity of <a title="High-definition video is video of higher resolution and quality than standard-definition."href=../High-definition_video/> high-definition </a> , on-demand <a title="Streaming media is multimedia that is delivered and consumed in a continuous manner from a source, with little or no ..."href=../Streaming_media/> video streaming </a> applications and devices such as <a title="YouTube is an American online video sharing and social media platform owned by Google."href=../YouTube/> YouTube </a> , <a title="Netflix is a member of the Motion Picture Association."href=../Netflix/> Netflix </a> , <a title="Roku is a brand of hardware digital media player s manufactured by American company Roku, Inc."href=../Roku/> Roku </a> , and <a href=../List_of_Facebook_features/> Facebook LIVE </a> , the demand for reliable bandwidth is crucial as more and more people begin to utilize these services. <sup> <a href=#Ref-12> [12] </a> </sup><p>FTTC (where fiber transitions to copper in a street cabinet) is generally too far from the users for standard ethernet configurations over existing copper cabling. They generally use <a title="VDSL is capable of supporting applications such as high-definition television, as well as telephone services and general ..."href=../very-high-bit-rate_digital_subscriber_line/> very-high-bit-rate digital subscriber line </a> (VDSL) at <a title="Downstream is download ing."href=../downstream_(networking)/> downstream </a> rates of 80 Mbit/s, but this falls extremely quickly when the distance exceeds 100 meters.<h2>Fiber to the premises</h2><p>Fiber to the premises (FTTP) is a form of <a title="Fiber-optic communication is a method of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of infrared ..."href=../fiber-optic_communication/> fiber-optic communication </a> delivery, in which an optical fiber is run in an optical distribution network from the central office all the way to the <a title='Premises is about", from Latin prae-missus = "placed before".'href=../premises/> premises </a> occupied by the subscriber. The term "FTTP" has become ambiguous and may also refer to FTTC where the fiber terminates at a <a title="A utility pole is a column or post used to support overhead power line s and various other public utilities, such as ..."href=../utility_pole/> utility pole </a> without reaching the premises.<p>Fiber to the premises can be categorized according to where the optical fiber ends:<ul><li>FTTH (fiber-to-the-home) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that reaches one living or working space. The fiber extends from the central office to the subscriber's living or working space. Once at the subscriber's living or working space, the signal may be conveyed throughout the space using any means, including <a title="Twisted pair is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of ..."href=../twisted_pair/> twisted pair </a> , <a title="Coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, ..."href=../coaxial_cable/> coaxial cable </a> , <a title="Wireless is the transfer of information between two or more points that do not use an electrical conductor as a medium by ..."href=../wireless/> wireless </a> , <a title="Power-line communication is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to ..."href=../power_line_communication/> power line communication </a> , or <a title="An optical fiber is a flexible, transparent fiber made by drawing glass or plastic to a diameter slightly thicker than that ..."href=../optical_fiber/> optical fiber </a> .</ul><ul><li>FTTB (fiber-to-the-building or -basement) is a form of fiber-optic communication delivery that necessarily applies only to those properties that contain multiple living or working spaces. The optical fiber terminates before actually reaching the subscribers living or working space itself, but does extend to the property containing that living or working space. The signal is conveyed the final distance using any non-optical means, including twisted pair, coaxial cable, wireless, or power line communication.</ul><p>An <a title="An apartment is a self-contained housing unit that occupies only part of a building, generally on a single story."href=../apartment/> apartment </a> building may provide an example of the distinction between FTTH and FTTB. If a fiber is run to a panel inside each subscriber's apartment unit, it is FTTH. If instead, the fiber goes only as far as the apartment building's shared <a title="An electrical room is a room or space in a building dedicated to electrical equipment."href=../electrical_room/> electrical room </a> (either only to the <a title="A storey is any level part of a building with a floor that could be used by people."href=../storey/> ground floor </a> or to each floor), it is FTTB.<h2>Fiber to the curb/cabinet/node</h2><p>Fiber to the curb/cabinet (FTTC) is a telecommunications system based on fiber-optic cables run to a platform that serves several customers. Each of these customers has a connection to this platform via <a title="Coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, ..."href=../coaxial_cable/> coaxial cable </a> or <a title="Twisted pair is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of ..."href=../twisted_pair/> twisted pair </a> . The "curb" is an abstraction and can just as easily mean a pole-mounted device or communications closet or shed. Typically any system terminating fiber within 1000feet of the customer premises equipment would be described as FTTC.<p>Fiber to the node or neighborhood (FTTN), sometimes identified with and sometimes distinguished from fiber to the cabinet (FTTC), <sup> <a href=#Ref-13> [13] </a> </sup> is a telecommunication architecture based on fiber-optic cables run to a cabinet serving a neighborhood. Customers typically connect to this cabinet using traditional <a title="Coaxial cable is a type of electrical cable consisting of an inner conductor surrounded by a concentric conducting shield, ..."href=../coaxial_cable/> coaxial cable </a> or <a title="Twisted pair is a type of wiring in which two conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for the purposes of ..."href=../twisted_pair/> twisted pair </a> wiring. The area served by the cabinet is usually less than one mile in radius and can contain several hundred customers. (If the cabinet serves an area of less than 1000feet in radius, the architecture is typically called FTTC/FTTK.) <sup> <a href=#Ref-14> [14] </a> </sup><p>FTTN allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. High-speed <a title="A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit ..."href=../communications_protocol/> communications protocol </a> s such as broadband cable access (typically <a title="DOCSIS is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-bandwidth data transfer to an ..."href=../DOCSIS/> DOCSIS </a> ) or some form of <a title="Digital subscriber line is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone line s."href=../digital_subscriber_line/> digital subscriber line </a> (DSL) are used between the cabinet and the customers. Data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.<p>Unlike FTTP, FTTN often uses existing coaxial or twisted-pair infrastructure to provide <a title="The last mile is a phrase widely used in the telecommunication s, cable television and internet industries to refer to the ..."href=../last_mile/> last mile </a> service and is thus less costly to deploy. In the long term, however, its bandwidth potential is limited relative to implementations that bring the fiber still closer to the subscriber.<p>A variant of this technique for <a title="Cable television is a system of delivering television programming to consumers via radio frequency signals transmitted ..."href=../cable_television/> cable television </a> providers is used in a <a title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network that combines optical fiber and coaxial ..."href=../hybrid_fiber-coaxial/> hybrid fiber-coaxial </a> (HFC) system. It is sometimes given the acronym <a href=../FTTLA/> FTTLA </a> (fiber-to-the-last-amplifier) when it replaces analog amplifiers up to the last one before the customer (or neighborhood of customers).<p>FTTC allows delivery of broadband services such as high-speed internet. Usually, existing wire is used with <a title="A communication protocol is a system of rules that allows two or more entities of a communications system to transmit ..."href=../communications_protocol/> communications protocol </a> s such as broadband cable access (typically <a title="DOCSIS is an international telecommunications standard that permits the addition of high-bandwidth data transfer to an ..."href=../DOCSIS/> DOCSIS </a> ) or some form of <a title="Digital subscriber line is a family of technologies that are used to transmit digital data over telephone line s."href=../digital_subscriber_line/> DSL </a> connecting the curb/cabinet and the customers. In these protocols, the data rates vary according to the exact protocol used and according to how close the customer is to the cabinet.<p>Where it is feasible to run new cable, both fiber and copper <a title="Ethernet is a family of wired computer network ing technologies commonly used in local area network s, metropolitan area ..."href=../ethernet/> ethernet </a> are capable of connecting the "curb" with a full 100Mbit/s or 1Gbit/s connection. Even using relatively cheap outdoor category 5 copper over thousands of feet, all <a title="Ethernet is a family of wired computer network ing technologies commonly used in local area network s, metropolitan area ..."href=../ethernet/> ethernet </a> protocols including <a href=../power_over_Ethernet/> power over Ethernet </a> (PoE) are supported. Most fixed wireless technologies rely on PoE, including <a title="Cambium Networks is a wireless infrastructure provider that offers fixed wireless and Wi-Fi to broadband service providers ..."href=../Motorola_Canopy/> Motorola Canopy </a> , which has low-power radios capable of running on a 12VDC power supply fed over several hundred feet of cable.<p><a title="Power-line communication is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to ..."href=../Power_line_communication/> Power line networking </a> deployments also rely on FTTC. Using the <a href=../IEEE_P1901/> IEEE P1901 </a> protocol (or its predecessor <a title="HomePlug is the family name for various power line communications specifications under the HomePlug designation, with each ..."href=../HomePlug_AV/> HomePlug AV </a> ) existing electric service cables move up to 1Gbit/s from the curb/pole/cabinet into every AC electrical outlet in the home—coverage equivalent to a robust <a title="Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802."href=../Wi-Fi/> Wi-Fi </a> implementation, with the added advantage of a single cable for power and data.<p>By avoiding new cable and its cost and liabilities, FTTC costs less to deploy. However, it also has historically had lower bandwidth potential than FTTP. In practice, the relative advantage of fiber depends on the bandwidth available for <a title="The backhaul is implemented is a mobile network."href=../backhaul_(telecommunications)/> backhaul </a> , <a title="A data cap is sometimes termed a fair access policy, fair usage policy, or usage-based billing by ISPs."href=../usage-based_billing/> usage-based billing </a> restrictions that prevent full use of last-mile capabilities, and customer premises equipment and maintenance restrictions, and the cost of running fiber that can vary widely with geography and building type.<p>In the United States and Canada, the largest deployment of FTTC was carried out by <a title="BellSouth Telecommunications is an operating company of AT&ampamp;T that serves the southeastern United States."href=../BellSouth_Telecommunications/> BellSouth Telecommunications </a> . With the acquisition of BellSouth by AT&T, deployment of FTTC will end. Future deployments will be based on either FTTN or FTTP. Existing FTTC plant may be removed and replaced with FTTP. <sup> <a href=#Ref-15> [15] </a> </sup> Verizon, meanwhile, announced in March 2010 they were winding down <a title="Verizon Fios is a bundled Internet access, telephone, and television service that operates over a fiber-optic communications ..."href=../Verizon_FiOS/> Verizon FiOS </a> expansion, concentrating on completing their network in areas that already had FiOS franchises but were not deploying to new areas, suggesting that FTTH was uneconomic beyond these areas.<p>Verizon also announced (at CES 2010) its entry into the <a title="Home automation is building automation for a home, called a smart home or smart house."href=../smart_home/> smart home </a> and <a title="An electric utility is a company in the electric power industry that engages in electricity generation and distribution of ..."href=../Electric_utility/> power utility </a> data management arenas, indicating it was considering using P1901-based FTTC or some other existing-wire approach to reach into homes, and access additional revenues from the secure <a title="The Advanced Encryption Standard is a specification for the encryption of electronic data established by the U."href=../AES-128/> AES-128 </a> bandwidth required for advanced metering infrastructure. However, the largest 1Gbit/s deployment in the United States, in <a href=../Chattanooga/> Chattanooga </a> , <a title="Tennessee is the 36th largest by area and the 16th most populous of the 50 states."href=../Tennessee/> Tennessee </a> , despite being conducted by power utility <a title="EPB was the first company in the United States to offer 1 Gbit/s high-speed internet, over 200 times faster than the ..."href=../EPB/> EPB </a> , <sup> <a href=#Ref-16> [16] </a> </sup> was FTTH rather than FTTC, reaching every subscriber in a 600-square-mile area. Monthly pricing of $350 reflected this generally high cost of deployment. However, Chattanooga EPB has reduced the monthly pricing to $70/month. <sup> <a href=#Ref-17> [17] </a> </sup><p>Historically, both telephone and cable companies avoided hybrid networks using several different modes of transport from their point of presence into customer premises. The increased competitive cost pressure, availability of three different existing wire solutions, <a href=../smart_grid/> smart grid </a> deployment requirements (as in Chattanooga), and better hybrid networking tools (with major vendors like <a title="Alcatel-Lucent was a French-American global telecommunications equipment company, headquartered in Boulogne-Billancourt, France."href=../Alcatel-Lucent/> Alcatel-Lucent </a> and <a title="Qualcomm Atheros is a developer of semiconductor chips for network communications, particularly wireless chipsets."href=../Qualcomm_Atheros/> Qualcomm Atheros </a> , and <a title="Wi-Fi is a family of wireless network protocols, based on the IEEE 802."href=../Wi-Fi/> Wi-Fi </a> solutions for <a title="Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution is a digital mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates as a ..."href=../edge_network/> edge network </a> s, <a title="IEEE 1905 is an IEEE standard which defines a network enabler for home networking supporting both wireless and wireline ..."href=../IEEE_1905/> IEEE 1905 </a> and <a title="The IEEE 802.21 is an IEEE standard published in 2008."href=../IEEE_802.21/> IEEE 802.21 </a> protocol efforts and <a title="Simple Network Management Protocol is an Internet Standard protocol for collecting and organizing information about managed ..."href=../SNMP/> SNMP </a> improvements) all make FTTC deployments more likely in areas uneconomic to serve with FTTP/FTTH. In effect FTTC serves as a halfway measure between fixed wireless and FTTH, with special advantages for <a title="A home network is a type of computer network that facilitates communication among devices within the close vicinity of a home."href=../smart_appliance/> smart appliance </a> s and <a title="An electric vehicle is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion."href=../electric_vehicles/> electric vehicles </a> that rely on <a title="Power-line communication is also used simultaneously for AC electric power transmission or electric power distribution to ..."href=../Power-line_communication/> PLC </a> use already.<h2>Deployments</h2><p><a href=../Multiple_system_operator/> Operators </a> around the world have been rolling out high-speed Internet access networks since the mid-2000s. Some used a network topology known as <a title="The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet is a network protocol for encapsulating Point-to-Point Protocol frames inside ..."href=../Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet/> Active Ethernet Point-to-Point </a> to deliver services from its central office directly into subscribers' homes. Fiber termination was handled by a <a title="A residential gateway is a small consumer-grade gateway which bridges network access between connected local area network ..."href=../residential_gateway/> residential gateway </a> provided by <a title="Advanced Digital Broadcast is a company which provides software, system and service solutions to pay-TV and ..."href=../Advanced_Digital_Broadcast/> Advanced Digital Broadcast </a> inside a subscriber's home to be shared with other <a title='Consumer electronics is used to distinguish them from " white goods " which are meant for housekeeping tasks, such as ...'href=../consumer_electronics/> consumer electronics </a> (CE) devices.<p>Since 2007, Italian access providers <a title="Fastweb is also one of the prominent companies in Italy providing FTTH connections."href=../Fastweb_(telecommunications_company)/> Fastweb </a> , <sup> <a href=#Ref-18> [18] </a> </sup> <a href=../Telecom_Italia/> Telecom Italia </a> , <a href=../Vodafone_Italy/> Vodafone </a> , and <a title="Wind Telecom was a telecommunications holding company owned by the multinational telecommunications company VimpelCom."href=../Wind_Telecom/> Wind </a> participated in an initiative called Fiber for Italy, with the aim of creating a countrywide fiber-to-the-home network in Italy. The pilot taking place in the Italian capital, Rome, has seen symmetrical bandwidth of 100 Mbit/s. <sup> <a href=#Ref-19> [19] </a> </sup> Telecom Italia, which refused to take part in the Fiber for Italy initiative, has an even more ambitious plan to bring fiber-to-the-home and fiber-to-the-business to 138 cities by 2018. <sup> <a href=#Ref-20> [20] </a> </sup><p>By the end of December 2010, the total number of fiber-to-the-home enabled homes had passed 2.5 million, with more than 348,000 subscribers. <sup> <a href=#Ref-20> [20] </a> </sup> )<p>In September 2010, the <a title="The European Commission is the executive branch of the European Union, responsible for proposing legislation, enforcing EU ..."href=../European_Commission/> European Commission </a> published a new "Recommendation for Regulated Access to NGA Networks" along with a list of measures to promote deployment of fast broadband and <a title="Fiber to the x is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the ..."href=../next_generation_access/> next generation access </a> networks. <sup> <a href=#Ref-21> [21] </a> </sup><p>Portugal Telecom plans to complete its fiber-to-the-home nationwide roll out by 2020. Currently 200 mbs down, 100mbs up costs 22 euros per month. <sup> <a href=#Ref-22> [22] </a> </sup><p>Between September 2017 and March 2019, the number of European FTTH and FTTB subscribers increased by nearly 16%. By 2025, the total number of premises passed by FTTH and FTTB infrastructure is expected to reach 187 million throughout Europe. <sup> <a href=#Ref-23> [23] </a> </sup><p><a title="Google Fiber is part of the Access division of Alphabet Inc."href=../Google_Fiber/> Google Fiber </a> provides speed of up to 1 Gbit/s. <sup> <a href=#Ref-24> [24] </a> </sup><p>Active Line Access is an evolving standard for the provision of services over FTTP networks in the United Kingdom proposed by the regulator Ofcom and developed by the Network Interoperability Consultative Committee. <sup> <a href=#Ref-25> [25] </a> </sup><h3>FTTP</h3><p>See main article: <a href=../Fiber_to_the_premises_by_country/> Fiber to the premises by country </a> .<h3>FTTS, FTTH and FTTB</h3><p>Most FTTH deployments follow one of four primary architecture types: centralized split, distributed split, star architecture, or daisy-chaining. Fiber network developers choose architectures based on a variety of factors, such as the physical geography of the local environment, number of anticipated subscribers, and labor force skill. <sup> <a href=#Ref-26> [26] </a> </sup><h3>FTTN and FTTC</h3><p>FTTN/C is seen as an interim step towards full <a title="Fiber to the x is a generic term for any broadband network architecture using optical fiber to provide all or part of the ..."href=../FTTH/> FTTH </a> and in many cases triple-play services delivered using this approach to provide up to around 100 Mbit/s have been proven to grow subscriber numbers and ARPU considerably <sup> <a href=#Ref-27> [27] </a> </sup> <sup> <a href=#Ref-28> [28] </a> </sup> <sup> <a href=#Ref-29> [29] </a> </sup> FTTN/C is currently used by a number of operators, including AT&T in the United States, Germany's <a title="Deutsche Telekom was formed in 1995, as the former state-owned monopoly Deutsche Bundespost was privatised."href=../Deutsche_Telekom/> Deutsche Telekom </a> , Greece's <a title="OTE is the largest technology company in Greece."href=../OTE/> OTE </a> , Swisscom, TIM in Italy, <a title="Proximus is the largest of Belgium 's three mobile telecommunications companies and is a part of Proximus Group."href=../Proximus/> Proximus </a> in Belgium, <a title="NBN Co is a publicly-owned corporation of the Australian Government, tasked to design, build and operate Australia's ..."href=../NBN_Co/> nbn™ </a> in <a title="Australia is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous ..."href=../Australia/> Australia </a> , and Canadian operators <a title="Telus is the incumbent local exchange carrier in British Columbia and Alberta."href=../Telus/> Telus </a> , <a title="Cogeco is an acronym for Compagnie Générale de Communication."href=../Cogeco/> Cogeco </a> and <a title="Bell Canada is a Canadian telecommunication s company headquartered at 1 Carrefour Alexander-Graham-Bell in the borough of ..."href=../Bell_Canada/> Bell Canada </a> .<h2>Optical distribution networks</h2><h3>Direct fiber</h3><p>The simplest optical distribution network architecture is direct fiber: each fiber leaving the central office goes to exactly one customer. Such networks can provide excellent bandwidth but are more costly due to the fiber and central office machinery. <sup> <a href=#Ref-30> [30] </a> </sup><p>South Africa and specifically in the city of Cape Town have one of the largest direct fiber networks in the world. Cape Town has been on the forefront of telecommunication and connectivity for many years, with a large amount of fiber in the ground and many competitive offerings. Their argument for direct fiber is that multiple operators can patch into the network easily, and troubleshooting made simple. <sup> <a href=#Ref-31> [31] </a> </sup><p>Direct fiber is generally favored by new entrants and competitive operators. A benefit is that no layer 2 networking technologies are excluded, whether <a title="A passive optical network is a fiber-optic telecommunications technology for delivering broadband network access to ..."href=../passive_optical_network/> passive optical network </a> (PON), active optical network (AON), or other. Any form of regulatory remedy is possible using this topology. <sup> <a href=#Ref-32> [32] </a> </sup><h3>Shared fiber</h3><p>More commonly, each fiber leaving the central office is actually shared by many customers. It is not until such a fiber gets relatively close to the customers that it is split into individual customer-specific fibers. AONs and PONs both achieve this split.<h3>Active optical network</h3><p>AONs rely on electrically powered network equipment to distribute the signal, such as a <a title="A network switch is networking hardware that connects devices on a computer network by using packet switching to receive and ..."href=../network_switch/> switch </a> or <a title="A router is a networking device that forwards data packet s between computer network s."href=../router_(computing)/> router </a> . Normally, signals need an optical-electrical-optical transformation in the AON. Each signal leaving the central office is directed only to the customer for whom it is intended.<p>Incoming signals from the customers avoid <a title="A collision is the situation that occurs when two or more demands are made simultaneously on equipment that can handle only ..."href=../collision_(telecommunications)/> colliding </a> at the intersection because the powered equipment there provides buffering. Active Ethernet (a type of <a title="Ethernet in the first mile is their first mile, although from the access network 's point of view it is known as the last mile."href=../ethernet_in_the_first_mile/> ethernet in the first mile </a> ) is a common AON, which uses optical ethernet switches to distribute the signal, incorporating the customers' premises and the central office into a large switched <a title="Ethernet is a family of wired computer network ing technologies commonly used in local area network s, metropolitan area ..."href=../ethernet/> ethernet </a> network.<p>Such networks are identical to ethernet computer networks used in businesses and academic institutions, except that their purpose is to connect homes and buildings to a central office rather than to connect computers and printers within a location. Each switching cabinet can handle up to 1,000 customers, although 400–500 is more typical.<p>This neighborhood equipment performs layer 2 switching or layer 3 switching and routing, offloading full layer 3 <a title="Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across multiple networks."href=../routing/> routing </a> to the carrier's central office. The <a title="Ethernet in the first mile is their first mile, although from the access network 's point of view it is known as the last mile."href=../IEEE_802.3ah/> IEEE 802.3ah </a> standard enables service providers to deliver up to 1000 Mbit/s, <a title="A duplex is a point-to-point system composed of two or more connected parties or devices that can communicate with one ..."href=../duplex_(telecommunications)/> full-duplex </a> , over one <a title="Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber designed to carry only a single mode of light - the transverse mode."href=../single-mode_optical_fiber/> single-mode optical fiber </a> FTTP, depending on the provider.<h3>Passive optical network</h3><p>See main article: <a title="A passive optical network is a fiber-optic telecommunications technology for delivering broadband network access to ..."href=../Passive_optical_network/> Passive optical network </a> . A passive optical network (PON) is a point-to-multipoint FTTP network architecture in which unpowered optical splitters are used to enable a single optical fiber to serve up to 128 customers. A PON reduces the fiber and central office equipment required compared with point-to-point architecture.<p>The downstream signal coming from the central office is broadcast to each customer premises sharing a fiber. <a title="Encryption is the process of encoding information."href=../Encryption/> Encryption </a> is used to prevent eavesdropping. Upstream signals are combined using a multiple-access protocol, usually <a title="Time-division multiple access is a channel access method for shared-medium networks."href=../time-division_multiple_access/> time-division multiple access </a> (TDMA).<h3>Ethernet point-to-point</h3><p><a title="The Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet is a network protocol for encapsulating Point-to-Point Protocol frames inside ..."href=../Point-to-Point_Protocol_over_Ethernet/> Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet </a> (PPPoE) is a common way of delivering <a title="Triple play is a marketing term for the provisioning, over a single broadband connection, of two bandwidth -intensive ..."href=../Triple_play_(telecommunications)/> triple- </a> and <a title="Quadruple play is a marketing term combining the triple play service of broadband Internet access, television and telephone ..."href=../Quadruple_play/> quad-play </a> (voice, video, data, and mobile) services over both fiber and <a title="Hybrid fiber-coaxial is a telecommunications industry term for a broadband network that combines optical fiber and coaxial ..."href=../hybrid_fiber-coaxial/> hybrid fiber-coaxial </a> (HFC) networks. Active PPPoE uses dedicated fiber from an operator's <a title="A telephone exchange is a telecommunications system used in the public switched telephone network or in large enterprises."href=../telephone_exchange/> central office </a> all the way to the subscribers' homes, while hybrid networks (often FTTN) use it to transport data via fiber to an intermediate point to ensure sufficiently high <a title="Throughput is the rate of production or the rate at which something is processed."href=../throughput/> throughput </a> speeds over <a title="The last mile is a phrase widely used in the telecommunication s, cable television and internet industries to refer to the ..."href=../last_mile/> last-mile </a> copper connections.<p>This approach has become increasingly popular in recent years with telecoms service providers in both North America (AT&T, <a title="Telus is the incumbent local exchange carrier in British Columbia and Alberta."href=../Telus/> Telus </a> , for example) and Europe's <a title="Fastweb is also one of the prominent companies in Italy providing FTTH connections."href=../Fastweb_(telecommunications_company)/> Fastweb </a> , <a href=../Telecom_Italia/> Telecom Italia </a> , <a title="A1 Telekom Austria Group is a provider of a range of fixed-line, broadband Internet, multimedia services, data, and IT ..."href=../Telekom_Austria/> Telekom Austria </a> and <a title="Deutsche Telekom was formed in 1995, as the former state-owned monopoly Deutsche Bundespost was privatised."href=../Deutsche_Telekom/> Deutsche Telekom </a> , for example. <a title="Google is an American multinational technology company that specializes in Internet-related services and products, which ..."href=../Google/> Google </a> has also looked into this approach, amongst others, as a way to deliver multiple services over open-access networks in the United States. <sup> <a href=#Ref-33> [33] </a> </sup><h3>Electrical network</h3><p>Once on private property, the signal is typically converted into an electrical format.<p>The optical network terminal (ONT, an <a title="The ITU-T is one of the three Sectors of the International Telecommunication Union."href=../ITU-T/> ITU-T </a> term) or unit (ONU, an identical <a title="The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers is a professional association for electronic engineering and ..."href=../IEEE/> IEEE </a> term) converts the optical signal into an electrical signal using <a title="A thin film is a layer of material ranging from fractions of a nanometer to several micrometer s in thickness."href=../thin_film/> thin film </a> filter technology. These units require electrical power for their operation, so some providers connect them to backup batteries in case of power outages to ensure emergency access to telecommunications. The <a title="An optical line termination is a device which serves as the service provider endpoint of a passive optical network."href=../optical_line_termination/> optical line termination </a> s "range" the optical network terminals or units in order to provide <a title="Time-division multiple access is a channel access method for shared-medium networks."href=../Time-division_multiple_access/> TDMA </a> time slot assignments for upstream communication.<p>For FTTH and for some forms of FTTB, it is common for the building's existing ethernet, phone, and cable TV systems to connect directly to the optical network terminal or unit. If all three systems cannot directly reach the unit, it is possible to combine signals and transport them over a common medium such as Ethernet. Once closer to the end user, equipment such as a <a title="A router is a networking device that forwards data packet s between computer network s."href=../router_(computing)/> router </a> or <a href=../network_interface_controller/> network interface controller </a> can separate the signals and convert them into the appropriate protocol.<p>For FTTC and FTTN, the combined internet, video and telephone signal travels to the building over existing telephone or cable wiring until it reaches the end-user's living space, where a VDSL or DOCSIS modem converts data and video signals into ethernet protocol, which is sent over the end-user's <a href=../category_5_cable/> category 5 cable </a> .<h2>See also</h2><ul><li><a href=../National_broadband_plans_from_around_the_world/> National broadband plans from around the world </a></ul><h2>External links</h2><ul><li><a href=http://www.ftthcouncilap.org/ rel=nofollow> Fiber to the Home Council: Asia-Pacific </a><li><a href=http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/ rel=nofollow> Fibre to the Home Council: Europe </a><li><a href=http://www.ftthcouncil.org/ rel=nofollow> Fiber to the Home Council: North America </a><li><a href=http://www.ftthcouncil.org/p/cm/ld/fid=39 rel=nofollow> Fiber to the Home Council: Latin America Chapter </a></ul><h2>Notes and References</h2><ol><li><a name=Ref-1> </a> “How Fiber Optics Work”. https://computer.howstuffworks.com/fiber-optic4.htm. How Stuff Works. Retrieved 2 June 2020.<li><a name=Ref-2> </a> Web site: 2010-06-01. <a href=https://www.ofcom.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/33605/Review-of-the-wholesale-local-access-market-.pdf rel=nofollow> Review of the wholesale local access market </a> . live. 2021-06-18. <a href=../Ofcom/> Ofcom.org.uk </a> .<li><a name=Ref-3> </a> Web site: 2010-11-17. Poulus. Tim. <a href=https://www.telecompaper.com/research/ftth-networking-active-ethernet-versus-passive-optical-networking-and-point-to-point-vs-point-to-multipoint--768981 rel=nofollow> FTTH networking: Active Ethernet versus Passive Optical Networking and point-to-point vs. point-to-multipoint </a> . Telecompaper. subscription. live. 2013-07-12.<li><a name=Ref-4> </a> Ed Gubbins, <a href=http://nxtcommnews.com/ethernet/news08/active-ethernet-pon rel=nofollow> "Active Ethernet grows in PON's shadow" </a> , <i> NXTcomm Daily News </i> , Penton Media, 13 May 2008. Retrieved 12 July 2013<li><a name=Ref-5> </a> XG-fast: the 5th generation broadband . IEEE Communications Magazine . 53 . 12 . 83–88 . IEEE Xplore. 10.1109/MCOM.2015.7355589 . 2015 . Coomans . Werner . Moraes . Rodrigo B. . Hooghe . Koen . Duque . Alex . Galaro . Joe . Timmers . Michael . Van Wijngaarden . Adriaan J. . Guenach . Mamoun . Maes . Jochen . 33169617 .<li><a name=Ref-6> </a> Robert Reid, <a href=http://cim.pennnet.com/Articles/Article_Display.cfm?Section=ARCHI&ARTICLE_ID=283326&VERSION_NUM=2&p=27 rel=nofollow> "All multimode fiber is not created equal" </a> , Cabling Installation & Maintenance, PennWell Corporation, February 2007, retrieved 12 July 2013<li><a name=Ref-7> </a> News: Heath . Nick. <a href=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/european-technology/could-ultrafast-broadband-over-copper-speed-the-rollout-of-gigabit-internet rel=nofollow> Could ultrafast broadband over copper speed the rollout of gigabit internet? </a> . TechRepublic. September 26, 2014.<li><a name=Ref-8> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.ftthcouncil.org/sites/default/files/FTTH_definitions.pdf rel=nofollow> FTTH Council – Definition of Terms </a> . August 11, 2006 . FTTH Council . September 1, 2011 .<li><a name=Ref-9> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.ftthcouncilmena.org/documents/FTTHdefinitions/FTTH-Definitions-Revision_January_2009.pdf rel=nofollow> FTTH Council – Definition of Terms </a> . January 9, 2009 . FTTH Council . June 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150603182526/http://www.ftthcouncilmena.org/documents/FTTHdefinitions/FTTH-Definitions-Revision_January_2009.pdf . 2015-06-03 . dead .<li><a name=Ref-10> </a> Web site: <a href=http://ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Definition_of_Terms-Revision_2011-Final.pdf rel=nofollow> FTTH Council – Definition of Terms </a> . September 2011 . FTTH Council . June 27, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20131008080350/http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Definition_of_Terms-Revision_2011-Final.pdf . October 8, 2013 .<li><a name=Ref-11> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Definition_of_Terms-Revision_2015-Final.pdf rel=nofollow> FTTH Council – Definition of Terms </a> . February 2016 . FTTH Council . June 22, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150622164420/http://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/Publications/FTTH_Definition_of_Terms-Revision_2015-Final.pdf . June 22, 2015 . dead . mdy-all .<li><a name=Ref-12> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.ofsoptics.com/fttx-cable-solution.html rel=nofollow> FTTx </a> . OFS Optics. 2017-07-17.<li><a name=Ref-13> </a> da Silva, Henrique (March 2005), <a href=http://www.co.it.pt/seminarios/webcasting/itcbr_09_03_05.pdf rel=nofollow> "Optical Access Networks" </a> , Instituto de Telecomunicações, 9 March 2005, slide 10. Retrieved on 2007-03-25.<li><a name=Ref-14> </a> McCullough, Don (August 2005), <a href=http://www.lightwaveonline.com/about-us/lightwave-issue-archives/issue/flexibility-is-key-to-successful-fiber-to-the-premises-deployments-53914857.html rel=nofollow> "Flexibility is key to successful fiber to the premises deployments" </a> , <i> Lightwave </i> <b> 22 </b> (8). Retrieved on 2010-01-27.<li><a name=Ref-15> </a> Ed Gubbins, <a href=http://telephonyonline.com/home/news/att_fttc_fttp_122107/ rel=nofollow> "Analyst: AT&T may replace some FTTC with FTTP" </a> , <i> Connected Planet </i> , Penton Media, Inc., 21 December 2007<li><a name=Ref-16> </a> <a href=http://epb.net rel=nofollow> http://epb.net </a> EPB<li><a name=Ref-17> </a> <a href=http://epbfi.com rel=nofollow> http://epbfi.com </a> EPBFI<li><a name=Ref-18> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.wik.org/fileadmin/Konferenzbeitraege/2009/Challenges_for_FTTB_H_in_Europe/S2_3_Pietralunga_Fastweb_WIK_FTTH_Conference2009.pdf rel=nofollow> Fastweb FTTH: A 10-years success story </a> . Enrico Pietralunga . . 23 March 2009 . Konferenzbeitraege Berlin presentation . 3 May 2012 .<li><a name=Ref-19> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.connections.rdm.com/en/connections/topstories/optimal-configuration-fastweb-is-faster.aspx rel=nofollow> FTTH with the Optical Distribution Frame </a> . Connections . Reichle & De-Massari AG . 17 March 2011 . 3 May 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120328112000/http://www.connections.rdm.com/en/connections/topstories/optimal-configuration-fastweb-is-faster.aspx . 2012-03-28 . dead .<li><a name=Ref-20> </a> Web site: <a href=http://www.fiercetelecom.com/story/italy-ftth-reaches-348000-subscriber-mark/2011-01-17 rel=nofollow> Italy: FTTH reaches 348,000 subscriber mark </a> . Sean Buckley . 17 January 2011 . Fierce Telecom . 3 May 2012 .<li><a name=Ref-21> </a> Web site: <a href=http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/cf/itemdetail.cfm?item_id=6070 rel=nofollow> Digital Agenda: Commission outlines measures to deliver fast and ultra-fast broadband in Europe </a> . 20 September 2010. Europe's Information Society. 3 May 2012.<li><a name=Ref-22> </a> Web site: <a href=https://www.meo.pt/pacotes/mais-pacotes/fibra/net-voz rel=nofollow> https://www.meo.pt/pacotes/mais-pacotes/fibra/net-voz </a> .<li><a name=Ref-23> </a> "Press Release". Fibre to the Home Council Europe. https://www.ftthcouncil.eu/documents/PressReleases/2019/PR%20Market%20Panorama%20-%2014-03-2019%20V3.pdf. Retrieved 2 June, 2020<li><a name=Ref-24> </a> Web site: <a href=https://support.google.com/fiber/answer/2657118 rel=nofollow> Service plans and pricing </a> . Fiber Help . March 25, 2017.<li><a name=Ref-25> </a> News: <a href=http://www.computing.co.uk/ctg/news/1858016/vlan-standard-extend-broadband-reach-poorest rel=nofollow> VLAN standard could extend broadband reach to poorest </a> . . 26 March 2010 .<li><a name=Ref-26> </a> Web site: <a href=https://blog.ospinsight.com/choosing-the-right-ftth-architecture-for-your-network rel=nofollow> Choosing The Right FTTH Architecture For Your Network </a> . OSPInsight . 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Retrieved 12 July 2013.<li><a name=Ref-33> </a> Stephen Hardy, <a href=http://www.lightwaveonline.com/fttx/featured-articles/Is-Active-Ethernet-best-FTTH-option-for-Google-85219312.html rel=nofollow> "Is Active Ethernet best FTTH option for Google?" </a> , <i> Lightwave </i> , PennWell Corporation, 24 February 2010</ol><div class=Footer><div class=robots-noindex><p>This article is licensed under the <a href=http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html rel=nofollow> GNU Free Documentation License </a> . 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