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Fundamental </a> » <span> <a href=https://ecomputernotes.com/./fundamental/input-output-and-memory> Memory </a> » <strong aria-current=page class=breadcrumb_last> Input and Output Devices of Computer </strong> </span> </span> </span> </span></div><div class=pagination-next><a href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-a-dot-matrix-printer rel=next> Next → </a></div><div class=pagination-previous><a href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-pits-and-lands-in-cds rel=prev> ← Prev </a></div><article class="post-63 post type-post status-publish format-standard category-input-output-and-memory tag-bar-code-reader tag-computer-input-device tag-digital-camera tag-input-and-output-devices tag-input-devices tag-input-devices-of-computers tag-keyboard tag-light-pen tag-mouse tag-optical-character-rader tag-output-devices-of-computer tag-plotter tag-scanner tag-track-ball tag-voice-input-systems entry"><header class=entry-header><h1 class=entry-title>Input and Output Devices of Computer</h1><p class=entry-meta>By Dinesh Thakur</header><div class=entry-content><div class="code-block code-block-1"style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;"><script async src=https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-4339819269747791 data-ad-format=auto data-ad-slot=3225260889 data-full-width-responsive=true style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> The devices which are used to input the data and the programs in the <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=1 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-computer> computer </a> are known as “ <strong> Input Devices </strong> “. or  Input device can read data and convert them to a form that a <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=1 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-computer> computer </a> can use.  <strong> Output Device </strong> can produce the final product of machine processing into a form usable by humans. It provides man to machine communication. Some of the I/O devices are explained below: </span> <span id=more-63> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (1) <strong> Keyboard </strong> : Keyboard is used in the input phase of a computer-based <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=46 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/information-technology/what-do-you-mean-by-data-and-information> information </a> system. Keyboard is most common input device is used today. The data and instructions are input by typing on the keyboard. The message typed on the keyboard reaches the <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=63 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/memory title=memory> memory </a> unit of a computer. It’s connected to a computer via a cable. Apart from alphabet and numeral keys, it has other function keys for performing different functions. <br> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (2) <strong> Mouse </strong> : It’s a pointing device. The mouse is rolled over the mouse pad, which in turn controls the movement of the cursor in the screen. We can click, double click or drag the mouse. Most of the mouse’s have a ball beneath them, which rotates when the mouse in moved. The ball has 2 wheels of the sides, which in turn mousse with the movement of the ball. The sensor notifies the speed of its movements to the computer, which in turn moves the cursor/pointer on the screen. <br> </span><div class="code-block code-block-2"style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;"><script async src=https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-4339819269747791 data-ad-format=auto data-ad-slot=9022726556 data-full-width-responsive=true style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (3) <strong> Scanner </strong> : Scanners are used to enter <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=46 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/information-technology/what-do-you-mean-by-data-and-information> information </a> directly in to the computers <a data-internallinksmanager029f6b8e52c=63 href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/memory title=memory> memory </a> . This device works like a Xerox machine. The scanner converts any type of printed or written information including photographs into digital pulses, which can be manipulated by the computer. <br> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (4) <strong> Track Ball </strong> : Track ball is similar to the upside- down design of the mouse. The user moves the ball directly, while the device itself remains stationary. The user spins the ball in various directions to effect the screen movements. <br> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (5) <strong> Light Pen </strong> : This is an input device which is used to draw lines or figures on a computer screen. It’s touched to the CRT screen where it can detect raster on the screen as it passes. </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (6) <strong> Optical Character Rader </strong> : It’s a device which detects alpha numeric characters printed or written on a paper. The text which is to be scanned is illuminated by a low frequency light source. The light is absorbed by the dark areas but reflected from the bright areas. The reflected light is received by the photocells. <br> </span><div class="code-block code-block-3"style="margin: 8px 0; clear: both;"><script async src=https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-4339819269747791 data-ad-format=auto data-ad-slot=6943796037 data-full-width-responsive=true style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (7) <strong> Bar Code Reader </strong> : This device reads bar codes and coverts them into electric pulses to be processed by a computer. A bar code is nothing but data coded in form of light and dark bars. <br> </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (8) <strong> Voice Input Systems </strong> : This devices converts spoken words to M/C language form. A micro phone is used to convert human speech into electric signals. The signal pattern is then transmitted to a computer when it’s compared to a dictionary of patterns that have been previously placed in a storage unit of computer. When a close match is found, the word is recognized. </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (9) <strong> Plotter </strong> : Plotter is an O/P device that is used to produce graphical O/P on papers. It uses single color or multi color pens to draw pictures as blue print etc. </span><p style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; color: #000000;"> (10) <strong> Digital Camera </strong> : It converts graphics directly into digital form. It looks like an ordinary camera, but no film is used therein, instead a CCD (changed coupled Divide) Electronic chip in used. When light falls, on the chip though the lens, it converts light waves into electrical waves. </span><div class=yarpp-related><h4>You’ll also like:</h4><ol><li><a title="Console Input-Output in C#"href=https://ecomputernotes.com/csharp/csharp-libraries/console-input-output rel=bookmark> Console Input-Output in C# </a><li><a title="Input/Output Operator in C++"href=https://ecomputernotes.com/cpp/introduction-to-oop/input-output-operator-in-cpp rel=bookmark> Input/Output Operator in C++ </a><li><a title="Input Output Statements in c++"href=https://ecomputernotes.com/cpp/introduction-to-oop/input-output-statements rel=bookmark> Input Output Statements in c++ </a><li><a title="What is BIOS (basic input/output system)?"href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/introduction-to-computer/what-is-bios-basic-input-output-system rel=bookmark> What is BIOS (basic input/output system)? </a><li><a title="C Program input/output of an array with the help of a for loop"href=https://ecomputernotes.com/what-is-c/array/input-output-of-an-array-with-the-help-of-a-for-loop rel=bookmark> C Program input/output of an array with the help of a for loop </a></ol></div><div class="code-block code-block-5"style="margin: 8px auto; text-align: center; display: block; clear: both;"><script async src=//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js></script><ins class=adsbygoogle data-ad-client=ca-pub-4339819269747791 data-ad-format=autorelaxed data-ad-slot=4315065361 style=display:block> </ins><script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script></div><div class="pagination-next alignright"><a href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-a-dot-matrix-printer rel=next> Next → </a></div><div class="pagination-previous alignleft"><a href=https://ecomputernotes.com/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-pits-and-lands-in-cds rel=prev> ← Prev </a></div></div><footer class=entry-footer></footer></article><div class="after-entry widget-area"><section class="widget widget_black_studio_tinymce"id=black-studio-tinymce-45><div class=widget-wrap><div class=textwidget><div align=center class=wp_searchbox_top><div class=gcse-search></div></div></div></div></section><section class="widget widget_black_studio_tinymce"id=black-studio-tinymce-40><div class=widget-wrap><div class=textwidget><div style="text-align: center; font: 18px arial;"><sup> Like/Subscribe us for latest updates </sup><a class=list-group-item href=https://www.facebook.com/ysurfing> <i class="fab fa-facebook-square"style="font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 40px; color: #3b5998;"aria-hidden=true> </i>   </a><a class=list-group-item href=https://www.youtube.com/DineshThakurG> <i class="fab fa-youtube-square"style="font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 40px; color: #ff0000;"aria-hidden=true> </i>   </a><a class=list-group-item href=https://twitter.com/ecomputernotes> <i class="fab fa-twitter-square"style="font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 40px; color: #00acee;"aria-hidden=true> </i>   </a><a class=list-group-item href=https://www.linkedin.com/in/ecomputernotes> <i class="fa fa-linkedin-square"style="font-family: FontAwesome; font-size: 40px; color: #0e76a8;"aria-hidden=true> </i>   </a></div><hr></div></div></section><section class="widget widget_black_studio_tinymce"id=black-studio-tinymce-37><div class=widget-wrap><div class=textwidget><div style="color: #fff; padding: 0.3cm; position: relative; line-height: 25px; text-align: justify;"><div style="color: black; font-weight: bold;">About Dinesh Thakur</div><img alt="Dinesh Thakur"src="/images/Dinesh Thakur.jpg"style="border-radius: 50%;"title="Dinesh Thakur"align=left height=60 width=60> Dinesh Thakur holds an B.C.A, MCDBA, MCSD certifications. 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screen-reader-text">Computer Memory</h2><div id=black-studio-tinymce-3><div class=textwidget><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Computer Memory</h3><div class=Muibarleft><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/memory> Computer - Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Types of Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/types-of-memory> Computer - Types of Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - RAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/ram> Computer - RAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Types of RAM"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-the-different-types-of-ram-explain-in-detail> Computer - Types of RAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - ROM"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/explain-read-only-memory-what-are-the-types-of-rom> Computer - ROM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - RAM Vs ROM"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/difference-between-ram-and-rom> Computer - RAM Vs ROM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Associative Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/associative-memory> Computer - Associative Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - SemiConductor Memory"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-semiconductor-memory> Computer - SemiConductor Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Primary Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/primary-memory> Computer - Primary Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Auxiliary Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/auxiliary-memory> Computer - Auxiliary Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Flash Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/explain-flash-memory> Computer - Flash Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - EPROM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/eprom> Computer - EPROM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Secondary Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/secondary-memory> Computer - Secondary Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Sequential Access Memory"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-sequential-access-memory-sam> Computer - Sequential Access Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - EEPROM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/eeprom> Computer - EEPROM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Bubble Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-bubble-memory> Computer - Bubble Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - DDRAM Vs FPMDRAM"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/distinguish-between-ddram-and-fpmdram> Computer - DDRAM Vs FPMDRAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - SDRAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/sdram> Computer - SDRAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - DRAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/dram> Computer - DRAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - VRAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/vram> Computer - VRAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - ECC Memory"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/error-correcting-memory> Computer - ECC Memory </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - PC RAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/pc-ram> Computer - PC RAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - NVRAM"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/nvram> Computer - NVRAM </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Register"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-registers-function-performed-by-registers-types-of-registers> Computer - Register </a></ul></ul><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Computer Devices</h3><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Input/Output Devices"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/list-various-input-and-output-devices> Computer - Input/Output Devices </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Printer"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-a-printer-and-what-are-the-different-types-of-printers> Computer - Printer </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Laser Printer"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/laser-printer> Computer - Laser Printer </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Hard Drive"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-harddisk-hdd> Computer - Hard Drive </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Dot-Matrix Printer"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-a-dot-matrix-printer> Computer - Dot-Matrix Printer </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Impact and Non-Impact"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-are-impact-and-non-impact-printers> Computer - Impact and Non-Impact </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Storage Devices"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/explain-secondary-storage-devices> Computer - Storage Devices </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Primary Storage"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-primary-storage> Computer - Primary Storage </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Types of Storage"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/storage-options-and-their-pros-cons> Computer - Types of Storage </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Line Printer"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-line-printertype-of-line-printer> Computer - Line Printer </a></ul></ul><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Other Terms</h3><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li style="list-style-type: none;"><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Interrupt"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-interrupt-types-of-interrupts> Computer - Interrupt </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - classify Storage Devices"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/how-can-you-classify-storage-devices-what-are-its-different-types-elaborate> Computer - Classify Storage Devices </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - CISC and RISC"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-cisc-and-risc-explain-risc-in-detail> Computer - CISC and RISC </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Access Method"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-access-method-explain-different-type-of-access-methods> Computer - Access Method </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Memory Mapping"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/memory-mapping> Computer - Memory Mapping </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - OMR"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-optical-mark-recognition-omr> Computer - OMR </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Access Time"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/accesstime> Computer - Access Time </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Types of integrity"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/types-of-integrity> Computer - Types of integrity </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Buffer"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/buffer> Computer - Buffer </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Associative Cache"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/associative-cache> Computer - Associative Cache </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - RAM Parity"data- data-placement=right href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/how-does-memory-chip-parity-protect-me-from-memory-errors> Computer - RAM Parity </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Disk Cache"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/disk-cache> Computer - Disk Cache </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Disk Controller"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/disk-controller> Computer - Disk Controller </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Cycle Time"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/cycle-time> Computer - Cycle Time </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - IDE"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/ide> Computer - IDE </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - RAM Disk"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/ram-disk> Computer - RAM Disk </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Cartridge Hard Disk"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/cartridge-hard-disk> Computer - Cartridge Hard Disk </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - DPI"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/dots-per-inch> Computer - DPI </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Fatal Error"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/fatal-error> Computer - Fatal Error </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Install HDD/SSD"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/install-an-hdd-or-ssd> Computer - Install HDD/SSD </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - Input Technologies"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/most-important-touch-based-input-technologies> Computer - Input Technologies </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer - OCR"data- data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/input-output-and-memory/what-is-optical-character-recognition-ocr> Computer - OCR </a></ul></ul><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Binary Number</h3><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - EBCDIC"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/what-is-ebcdic> CO - EBCDIC </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - ASCII Code"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/ascii-code> CO - ASCII Code </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - Bit"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/bit> CO - Bit </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - ASCII"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/explain-ascii-unicode-and-gray-code> CO - ASCII </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - BCD Numbers"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/what-are-bcd-numbers> CO - BCD Numbers </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - Binary Numbers"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/binary-numbers> CO - Binary Numbers </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - Byte"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/byte> CO - Byte </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - Bits and Bytes"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/bits-and-bytes> CO - Bits and Bytes </a><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="CO - Machine Code"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip href=/fundamental/number-system/machine-code> CO - Machine Code </a></ul><h3 class="widgettitle widget-title">Other Links</h3><ul style="list-style-type: none;"><li><a style="text-decoration: none;"title="Computer Memory - PDF Version"data-placement=right data-toggle=tooltip 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