<html version="-//w3c//dtd html 4.01 transitional//en"><body lang=en>﻿ <meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8"http-equiv=Content-Type><meta content=width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0 name=viewport><link href=http://common.sensagent.eu/online-2010/css/all.2013-05.wide.css rel=stylesheet><link href=http://common.sensagent.eu/online-2010/css/wiki.css rel=stylesheet><link href=http://common.sensagent.eu/online-2010/css/print.css media=print rel=stylesheet><script src=http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.10.1/jquery.min.js></script><script src=http://common.sensagent.eu/_static/js/jquery.cookie.js></script><title>
   Computer Networking : definition of Computer Networking and synonyms of Computer Networking (English)
  </title><meta content="Definitions of Computer Networking, synonyms, antonyms, derivatives of Computer Networking, analogical dictionary of Computer Networking (English)"name=description><meta content=all name=robots><link href="http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"rel=canonical><link href="http://m.sensagent.com/en/definition-synonym/define.xhtml?w=Computer Networking&sl=en&tl1=en"media=handheld rel=alternate><link href="http://dictionnaire.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"hreflang=fr rel=alternate type=text/html><link href="http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"hreflang=en rel=alternate type=text/html><link href="http://diccionario.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"hreflang=es rel=alternate type=text/html><link href="http://dicionario.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"hreflang=pt rel=alternate type=text/html><link href="http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Computer Networking/en-en/"hreflang=x-default rel=alternate type=text/html><meta content=en name=language><meta content=en http-equiv=content-Language><meta content="Yann Picand, Dominique Dutoit"name=author><meta content="sensagent - 2005-2015"name=copyright><meta content="60 days"name=revisit-after><meta content=sensagent name=publisher><meta content=general name=rating><meta content=dictionary name=category><meta content=01012005 name=Date-Creation-ddmmyyyy><style>#C_DAT_menu .item {line-height:22px;}</style><script>function popUp(URL) { day = new Date(); id = day.getTime(); eval("page" + id + " = window.open(URL, '" + id + "', 'toolbar=0,scrollbars=1,location=0,statusbar=0,menubar=0,resizable=1,width=628,left = 62,top = 62');");}
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src=http://common.sensagent.eu/online-2010/images/fleche.gd.bleu.3.gif> <a href=#anchorWiki> definition </a> of Wikipedia<div id=INSIDE1><p class=AlertPubInside>   Advertizing ▼<div id=INSIDE1><script>setGoogleAdInside({'k':'BAN','ad_slot':'5134909729'});</script></div></div><a id=anchorWiki style=font-size:1px;line-height:1px;margin:0px;padding:0px;> </a><p class=title>Wikipedia<div class=wikip lang=en><div><div id=globalWrapper><div id=column-content><div id=content><a id=top name=top> </a><h1 class=firstHeading id=firstHeading>Computer networking</h1><div id=bodyContent><h3 id=siteSub>From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3><div id=jump-to-nav>Jump to: <a href=#column-one> navigation </a> , <a href=#searchInput> search </a></div><div class="thumb tright"><div class=thumbinner style=width:182px;><div class=thumbcaption><a title="Network card"class=mw-redirect href=/Network_card/en-en/> Network cards </a> such as this one can transmit and receive data at high rates over various types of network cables. This card is a 'Combo' card which supports three cabling standards.</div></div></div><div class=dablink>This article is about computer networking, the discipline of engineering computer networks. For the article on computer networks, see <a title="Computer network"href=/Computer_network/en-en/> Computer network </a> .</div><div class=dablink>"Datacom" redirects here. For other uses, see <a title="Datacom (disambiguation)"href=/Datacom_(disambiguation)/en-en/> Datacom (disambiguation) </a> .</div><p><b> Computer networking </b> is the <a href=/Engineering/en-en/ title=Engineering> engineering </a> <a href=/Discipline/en-en/ title=Discipline> discipline </a> concerned with communication between <a title="Computer system"class=mw-redirect href=/Computer_system/en-en/> computer systems </a> or <a title="Peripheral device"class=mw-redirect href=/Peripheral_device/en-en/> devices </a> . Networking, <a class=mw-redirect href=/Routers/en-en/ title=Routers> routers </a> , <a title="Routing protocols"class=mw-redirect href=/Routing_protocols/en-en/> routing protocols </a> , and networking over the public <a href=/Internet/en-en/ title=Internet> Internet </a> have their specifications defined in documents called <a title="Request for Comments"href=/Request_for_Comments/en-en/> RFCs </a> . <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-0> <a href=#cite_note-0> <span> [ </span> 1 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of <a class=mw-redirect href=/Telecommunications/en-en/ title=Telecommunications> telecommunications </a> , <a title="Computer science"href=/Computer_science/en-en/> computer science </a> , <a title="Information technology"href=/Information_technology/en-en/> information technology </a> and/or <a title="Computer engineering"href=/Computer_engineering/en-en/> computer engineering </a> .Computer networks rely heavily upon the theoretical and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.There are three types of networks:1.Internet.2.Intranet.3.Extranet.A computer network is any set of computers or devices connected to each other with the ability to exchange data. <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-1> <a href=#cite_note-1> <span> [ </span> 2 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> Examples of different networks are:<ul><li><a title="Local area network"href=/Local_area_network/en-en/> Local area network </a> (LAN), which is usually a small network constrained to a small geographic area. An example of a LAN would be a computer network within a building.<li><a title="Metropolitan area network"href=/Metropolitan_area_network/en-en/> Metropolitan area network </a> (MAN), which is used for medium size area. examples for a city or a state.<li><a title="Wide area network"href=/Wide_area_network/en-en/> Wide area network </a> (WAN) that is usually a larger network that covers a large geographic area.<li><a title="Wireless network"href=/Wireless_network/en-en/> Wireless LANs and WANs </a> (WLAN & WWAN) are the wireless equivalent of the LAN and WAN.</ul><p>All networks are interconnected to allow communication with a variety of different kinds of media, including <a title="Twisted pair"href=/Twisted_pair/en-en/> twisted-pair </a> copper wire cable, <a title="Coaxial cable"href=/Coaxial_cable/en-en/> coaxial cable </a> , <a title="Fiber-optic communication"href=/Fiber-optic_communication/en-en/> optical fiber </a> , <a title="Power line communication"href=/Power_line_communication/en-en/> power lines </a> and various wireless technologies. <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-2> <a href=#cite_note-2> <span> [ </span> 3 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> The devices can be separated by a few meters (e.g. via <a href=/Bluetooth/en-en/ title=Bluetooth> Bluetooth </a> ) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the interconnections of the <a href=/Internet/en-en/ title=Internet> Internet </a> <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-3> <a href=#cite_note-3> <span> [ </span> 4 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> ).<table class=toc id=toc summary=Contents><tbody><tr><td><div id=toctitle><h2>Contents</h2></div> <ul><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#Views_of_networks> <span class=tocnumber> 1 </span> <span class=toctext> Views of networks </span> </a><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#History_of_Computer_Networks> <span class=tocnumber> 2 </span> <span class=toctext> History of Computer Networks </span> </a><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#Networking_methods> <span class=tocnumber> 3 </span> <span class=toctext> Networking methods </span> </a> <ul><li class=toclevel-2><a href=#Local_area_network_.28LAN.29> <span class=tocnumber> 3.1 </span> <span class=toctext> Local area network (LAN) </span> </a><li class=toclevel-2><a href=#Wide_area_network_.28WAN.29> <span class=tocnumber> 3.2 </span> <span class=toctext> Wide area network (WAN) </span> </a><li class=toclevel-2><a href=#Metropolitan_area_network_.28MAN.29> <span class=tocnumber> 3.3 </span> <span class=toctext> Metropolitan area network (MAN) </span> </a><li class=toclevel-2><a href=#Wireless_networks_.28WLAN.2C_WWAN.29> <span class=tocnumber> 3.4 </span> <span class=toctext> Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN) </span> </a></ul><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#Network_topology> <span class=tocnumber> 4 </span> <span class=toctext> Network topology </span> </a><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#See_also> <span class=tocnumber> 5 </span> <span class=toctext> See also </span> </a><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#References> <span class=tocnumber> 6 </span> <span class=toctext> References </span> </a><li class=toclevel-1><a href=#External_links> <span class=tocnumber> 7 </span> <span class=toctext> External links </span> </a></ul></table><a id=Views_of_networks name=Views_of_networks> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> Views of networks </span></h2><p>Users and network administrators often have different views of their networks. Often, users who share printers and some servers form a workgroup, which usually means they are in the same geographic location and are on the same LAN. A <a title="Community-of-interest network"class=mw-redirect href=/Community-of-interest_network/en-en/> community of interest </a> has less of a connection of being in a local area, and should be thought of as a set of arbitrarily located users who share a set of servers, and possibly also communicate via <a href=/Peer-to-peer/en-en/ title=Peer-to-peer> peer-to-peer </a> technologies.<p>Network administrators see networks from both physical and logical perspectives. The physical perspective involves geographic locations, physical cabling, and the network elements (e.g., <a href=/Router/en-en/ title=Router> routers </a> , <a title="Network bridge"class=mw-redirect href=/Network_bridge/en-en/> bridges </a> and <a title="Application-level gateway"href=/Application-level_gateway/en-en/> application layer gateways </a> that interconnect the physical media. Logical networks, called, in the TCP/IP architecture, <a href=/Subnetwork/en-en/ title=Subnetwork> subnets </a> , map onto one or more physical media. For example, a common practice in a campus of buildings is to make a set of LAN cables in each building appear to be a common subnet, using <a title="Virtual LAN"href=/Virtual_LAN/en-en/> virtual LAN (VLAN) </a> technology.<p>Both users and administrators will be aware, to varying extents, of the trust and scope characteristics of a network. Again using TCP/IP architectural terminology, an <a href=/Intranet/en-en/ title=Intranet> intranet </a> is a community of interest under private administration usually by an enterprise, and is only accessible by authorized users (e.g. employees). <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-#82;FC2547_4-0> <a href=#cite_note-RFC2547-4> <span> [ </span> 5 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> Intranets do not have to be connected to the Internet, but generally have a limited connection. An <a href=/Extranet/en-en/ title=Extranet> extranet </a> is an extension of an intranet that allows secure communications to users outside of the intranet (e.g. business partners, customers). <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-#82;FC2547_4-1> <a href=#cite_note-RFC2547-4> <span> [ </span> 5 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup><p>Informally, the Internet is the set of users, enterprises,and content providers that are interconnected by <a title="Internet Service Providers"class=mw-redirect href=/Internet_Service_Providers/en-en/> Internet Service Providers </a> (ISP). From an engineering standpoint, the <a href=/Internet/en-en/ title=Internet> Internet </a> is the set of subnets, and aggregates of subnets, which share the registered <a title="IP address"href=/IP_address/en-en/> IP address </a> space and exchange information about the reachability of those IP addresses using the <a title="Border Gateway Protocol"href=/Border_Gateway_Protocol/en-en/> Border Gateway Protocol </a> . Typically, the <a class=mw-redirect href=/Human-readable/en-en/ title=Human-readable> human-readable </a> names of servers are translated to IP addresses, transparently to users, via the directory function of the <a title="Domain Name System"href=/Domain_Name_System/en-en/> Domain Name System </a> (DNS).<p>Over the Internet, there can be <a href=/Business-to-business/en-en/ title=Business-to-business> business-to-business (B2B) </a> , <a href=/Business-to-consumer/en-en/ title=Business-to-consumer> business-to-consumer (B2C) </a> and <a title="Consumer-to-consumer electronic commerce"class=mw-redirect href=/Consumer-to-consumer_electronic_commerce/en-en/> consumer-to-consumer (C2C) </a> communications. Especially when money or sensitive information is exchanged, the communications are apt to be <b> secured </b> by some form of <a title="Communications security"href=/Communications_security/en-en/> communications security </a> mechanism. Intranets and extranets can be securely superimposed onto the Internet, without any access by general Internet users, using secure <a title="Virtual Private Network"class=mw-redirect href=/Virtual_Private_Network/en-en/> Virtual Private Network </a> (VPN) technology.<p>When used for gaming one computer will have to be the server while the others play through it.</p><a id=History_of_Computer_Networks name=History_of_Computer_Networks> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> History of Computer Networks </span></h2><p>Before the advent of computer networks that were based upon some type of <a class=mw-redirect href=/Telecommunications/en-en/ title=Telecommunications> telecommunications </a> system, communication between calculation machines and history of computer hardware early computers was performed by human users by carrying instructions between them. Many of the social behavior seen in today's Internet was demonstrably present in nineteenth-century and arguably in even earlier networks using visual signals. <i> The Victorian Internet </i><p>In September 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send instructions for a problem set from his Model at Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to his Complex Number Calculator in New York and received results back by the same means. Linking output systems like teletypes to computers was an interest at the <a title="Advanced Research Projects Agency"class=mw-redirect href=/Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency/en-en/> Advanced Research Projects Agency </a> (ARPA) when, in 1962, J.C.R. Licklider was hired and developed a working group he called the "Intergalactic Network", a precursor to the ARPANet.<p>In 1964, researchers at Dartmouth developed the <a title="Dartmouth Time Sharing System"href=/Dartmouth_Time_Sharing_System/en-en/> Dartmouth Time Sharing System </a> for distributed users of large computer systems. The same year, at <a class=mw-redirect href=/MIT/en-en/ title=MIT> MIT </a> , a research group supported by General Electric and Bell Labs used a computer DEC's to route and manage telephone connections.<p>Throughout the 1960s Leonard Kleinrock,Paul Baran and Donald Davies independently conceptualized and developed network systems which used datagrams or Packet <a title="Information technology"href=/Information_technology/en-en/> information technology </a> that could be used in a network between computer systems.<p>1965 Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area network ( <a href=/WAN/en-en/ title=WAN> WAN </a> ).<p>The first widely used PSTN switch that used true computer control was the Western Electric introduced in 1965.<p>In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, SRI (in Stanford), University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah were connected as the beginning of the ARPANet network using 50 kbit/s circuits. Commercial services using X.25 were deployed in 1972, and later used as an underlying infrastructure for expanding TCP/IP networks.<p>Computer networks, and the technologies needed to connect and communicate through and between them, continue to drive computer hardware, software, and peripherals industries. This expansion is mirrored by growth in the numbers and types of users of networks from the researcher to the home user.<p>Today, computer networks are the core of modern communication. All modern aspects of the <a title="Public Switched Telephone Network"class=mw-redirect href=/Public_Switched_Telephone_Network/en-en/> Public Switched Telephone Network </a> (PSTN) are computer-controlled, and telephony increasingly runs over the Internet Protocol, although not necessarily the public Internet. The scope of communication has increased significantly in the past decade and this boom in communications would not have been possible without the progressively advancing computer network.</p><a id=Networking_methods name=Networking_methods> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> Networking methods </span></h2><p>One way to categorize computer networks is by their geographic scope, although many real-world networks interconnect <a title="Local Area Network"class=mw-redirect href=/Local_Area_Network/en-en/> Local Area Networks </a> (LAN) via <a title="Wide Area Network"class=mw-redirect href=/Wide_Area_Network/en-en/> Wide Area Networks </a> (WAN) and wireless networks (WWAN). These three (broad) types are:</p><a id=Local_area_network_.28LAN.29 name=Local_area_network_.28LAN.29> </a><h3><span class=mw-headline> Local area network (LAN) </span></h3><p>A local area network is a network that spans a relatively small space and provides services to a small number of people.<p>A peer-to-peer or client-server method of networking may be used. A peer-to-peer network is where each client shares their resources with other workstations in the network. Examples of peer-to-peer networks are: Small office networks where resource use is minimal and a home network. A client-server network is where every client is connected to the server and each other. Client-server networks use servers in different capacities. These can be classified into two types:<dl><dd>1. Single-service servers<dd>2. Print server</dl><p>The server performs one task such as file server, while other servers can not only perform in the capacity of file servers and print servers, but also can conduct calculations and use them to provide information to clients (Web/Intranet Server). Computers may be connected in many different ways, including Ethernet cables, Wireless networks, or other types of wires such as power lines or phone lines.<p>The <a href=/ITU-T/en-en/ title=ITU-T> ITU-T </a> <a href=/G.hn/en-en/ title=G.hn> G.hn </a> standard is an example of a technology that provides high-speed (up to 1 Gbit/s) local area networking over existing home wiring ( <a title="Power line communication"href=/Power_line_communication/en-en/> power lines </a> , phone lines and <a title="Ethernet over coax"href=/Ethernet_over_coax/en-en/> coaxial cables </a> ).By :- Jitendra sir alpha plus computer Jhajha</p><a id=Wide_area_network_.28WAN.29 name=Wide_area_network_.28WAN.29> </a><h3><span class=mw-headline> Wide area network (WAN) </span></h3><p>A wide area network is a network where a wide variety of resources are deployed across a large domestic area or internationally. An example of this is a multinational business that uses a WAN to interconnect their offices in different countries. The largest and best example of a WAN is the <a href=/Internet/en-en/ title=Internet> Internet </a> , which is a network composed of many smaller networks. The Internet is considered the largest network in the world. <sup class=reference id=cite_ref-5> <a href=#cite_note-5> <span> [ </span> 6 <span> ] </span> </a> </sup> . The <a class=mw-redirect href=/PSTN/en-en/ title=PSTN> PSTN </a> (Public Switched Telephone Network) also is an extremely large network that is converging to use Internet technologies, although not necessarily through the public Internet.<p>A Wide Area Network involves communication through the use of a wide range of different technologies. These technologies include <a title="Point-to-point (telecommunications)"href=/Point-to-point_(telecommunications)/en-en/> Point-to-Point </a> WANs such as Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) and High-Level Data Link Control ( <a class=mw-redirect href=/HDLC/en-en/ title=HDLC> HDLC </a> ), <a title="Frame Relay"class=mw-redirect href=/Frame_Relay/en-en/> Frame Relay </a> , <a title="ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)"class=mw-redirect href=/ATM_(Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode)/en-en/> ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) </a> and <a href=/Sonet/en-en/ title=Sonet> Sonet </a> (Synchronous Optical Network). The difference between the WAN technologies is based on the switching capabilities they perform and the speed at which sending and receiving bits of information (data) occur.</p><a id=Metropolitan_area_network_.28MAN.29 name=Metropolitan_area_network_.28MAN.29> </a><h3><span class=mw-headline> Metropolitan area network (MAN) </span></h3><p>A metropolitan network is a network that is too large for even the largest of LAN's but is not on the scale of a WAN. It also integrates two or more LAN networks over a specific geographical area ( usually a city ) so as to increase the network and the flow of communications. The LAN's in question would usually be connected via " backbone " lines.<p>For more information on <a title="Wide area network"href=/Wide_area_network/en-en/> WANs </a> , see <a title="Frame Relay"class=mw-redirect href=/Frame_Relay/en-en/> Frame Relay </a> , <a title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode"href=/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode/en-en/> ATM </a> and <a href=/Sonet/en-en/ title=Sonet> Sonet </a> .</p><a id=Wireless_networks_.28WLAN.2C_WWAN.29 name=Wireless_networks_.28WLAN.2C_WWAN.29> </a><h3><span class=mw-headline> Wireless networks (WLAN, WWAN) </span></h3><p>A wireless network is basically the same as a LAN or a WAN but there are no wires between hosts and servers. The data is transferred over sets of radio transceivers. These types of networks are beneficial when it is too costly or inconvenient to run the necessary cables. For more information, see <a title="Wireless LAN"href=/Wireless_LAN/en-en/> Wireless LAN </a> and <a title="Wireless wide area network"class=mw-redirect href=/Wireless_wide_area_network/en-en/> Wireless wide area network </a> . The media access protocols for LANs come from the <a class=mw-redirect href=/IEEE/en-en/ title=IEEE> IEEE </a> .<p>The most common <a title="IEEE 802.11"href=/IEEE_802.11/en-en/> IEEE 802.11 </a> WLANs cover, depending on antennas, ranges from hundreds of meters to a few kilometers. For larger areas, either <a title="Communications satellites"class=mw-redirect href=/Communications_satellites/en-en/> communications satellites </a> of various types, <a title="Cellular network"href=/Cellular_network/en-en/> cellular </a> radio, or wireless local loop ( <a title="IEEE 802.16"href=/IEEE_802.16/en-en/> IEEE 802.16 </a> ) all have advantages and disadvantages. Depending on the type of mobility needed, the relevant standards may come from the <a class=mw-redirect href=/IETF/en-en/ title=IETF> IETF </a> or the <a class=mw-redirect href=/ITU/en-en/ title=ITU> ITU </a> .</p><a id=Network_topology name=Network_topology> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> Network topology </span></h2><p>The <a title="Network topology"href=/Network_topology/en-en/> network topology </a> defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected, physically and logically. A network topology describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.<p>Network topology has two types:<ul><li>Physical<li>logical</ul><p>Commonly used topologies include:<ul><li>Bus<li>Star<li>Tree (hierarchical)<li>Linear<li>Ring<li>Mesh <ul><li>partially connected<li>fully connected (sometimes known as <i> fully redundant </i> )</ul></ul><p>The network topologies mentioned above are only a general representation of the kinds of topologies used in computer network and are considered basic topologies.<p>As a matter of fact networking is defined by the standard of <a title="Open Systems Interconnection"href=/Open_Systems_Interconnection/en-en/> OSI </a> (Open Systems Interconnection) reference for communications. The OSI model consists of seven layers. Each layer has its own function. The OSI model layers are Application, Presentation, Session, Transport, Network, Data Link, and Physical. The upper layers (Application, Presentation, Session) of the OSI model concentrate on the application while the lower layers (transport, network, data link, and physical) focus on signal flow of data from origin to destination. The Application layer defines the medium that communications software and any applications need to communicate to other computers. Layer 6 which is the presentation layer focuses on defining data formats such as text, jpeg, gif, and binary. An example of this layer would be displaying a picture that was received in an e-mail. The 5th Layer is the session layer which establishes how to start, control, and end links or conversations. The transport layer includes protocols that allow it to provide functions in many different areas such as: error recovery, segmentation, and reassembly. The network layers primary job is the end to end delivery of data packets. To do this, the network layer relies on logical addressing so that the origin and destination point can both be recognized. An example of this would be, ip running in a router’s job is to examine the destination address, compare the address to the ip routing table, separate the packet into smaller chunks for transporting purposes, and then deliver the packet to the correct receiver. Layer 2 is the data link layer, which sets the standards for data being delivered across a link or medium. The 1st layer is the physical layer which deals with the physical characteristics of the transmission of data such as the network card and network cable type. An easy way to remember the layers of OSI is to remember All People Seem To Need Data Processing (Layers 7 to 1).</p><a id=See_also name=See_also> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> See also </span></h2><table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small"style="border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"><tbody><tr><td class=mbox-image><td class=mbox-text><i> <b> Book:Computer Networking </b> </i><tr><td class=mbox-text colspan=2><small> Books are collections of articles which can be downloaded or ordered in print. </small></table><ul><li><a title="Data transmission"href=/Data_transmission/en-en/> Data transmission </a><li><a title="Digital communications"class=mw-redirect href=/Digital_communications/en-en/> Digital communications </a><li><a title="Communication network"href=/Communication_network/en-en/> Communication network </a><li><a title="Network architecture"href=/Network_architecture/en-en/> Network architecture </a><li><a title="Network simulation"href=/Network_simulation/en-en/> Network simulation </a></ul><a id=References name=References> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> References </span></h2><div class=references-small><ol class=references><li id=cite_note-0><b> <a href=#cite_ref-0> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external text"href=ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/bcp/bcp9.txt rel=nofollow title=ftp://ftp.rfc-editor.org/in-notes/bcp/bcp9.txt> The Internet Standards Process -- Revision 3 </a> , <a class=external href=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2026 title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2026> RFC 2026 </a> , [[rushawn o wright]], October 1996.<li id=cite_note-1><b> <a href=#cite_ref-1> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_computer_network.html rel=nofollow title=http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_computer_network.html> http://www.atis.org/tg2k/_computer_network.html </a> Computer network definition<li id=cite_note-2><b> <a href=#cite_ref-2> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://www.bellevuelinux.org/network.html rel=nofollow title=http://www.bellevuelinux.org/network.html> http://www.bellevuelinux.org/network.html </a> Computer networks defined.<li id=cite_note-3><b> <a href=#cite_ref-3> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external text"href=http://www.ipnsig.org/reports/ISART9-2000.pdf rel=nofollow title=http://www.ipnsig.org/reports/ISART9-2000.pdf> Interplanetary Internet </a> , 2000 Third Annual International Symposium on Advanced Radio Technologies, A. Hooke,September 2000<li id=cite_note-#82;FC2547-4>^ <a href=#cite_ref-RFC2547_4-0> <sup> <i> <b> a </b> </i> </sup> </a> <a href=#cite_ref-RFC2547_4-1> <sup> <i> <b> b </b> </i> </sup> </a> <a class=external href=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2547 title=http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2547> RFC 2547 </a><li id=cite_note-5><b> <a href=#cite_ref-5> ^ </a> </b> <a class="external free"href=http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=internet&j=54184,00.asp rel=nofollow title=http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=internet&j=54184,00.asp> http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=internet&j=54184,00.asp </a> "internet" defined</ol></div><ul><li><a title="Andrew S. Tanenbaum"href=/Andrew_S._Tanenbaum/en-en/> Andrew S. Tanenbaum </a> , <i> Computer Networks </i> (ISBN 0-13-349945-6).<li><a href=/List_of_important_publications_in_computer_science/en-en/#Computer_networks> Important publications in computer networks </a><li><a title="Vinton G. Cerf"href=/Vinton_G._Cerf/en-en/> Vinton G. Cerf </a> <a class="external text"href=http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/cra/networks.html rel=nofollow title=http://www.cs.washington.edu/homes/lazowska/cra/networks.html> "Software: Global Infrastructure for the 21st Century" </a><li>Meyers, Mike, "Mike Meyers' Certifcation Passport: Network+" ISBN:0072253487"<li>Odom, Wendall, "CCNA Certification Guide"<li>Network Communication Architecture and Protocols: OSI Network Architecture 7 Layers Model.</ul><a id=External_links name=External_links> </a><h2><span class=mw-headline> External links </span></h2><ul><li><a class="external text"href=http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html rel=nofollow title=http://www.netfilter.org/documentation/HOWTO/networking-concepts-HOWTO.html> Easy Network Concepts </a> (Linux kernel specific)<li><a class="external text"href=http://nsgn.net/osi_reference_model/ rel=nofollow title=http://nsgn.net/osi_reference_model/> Computer Networks and Protocol </a> (Research document, 2006)<li><a class="external text"href=http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/l/blglossary.htm rel=nofollow title=http://compnetworking.about.com/od/basicnetworkingconcepts/l/blglossary.htm> Computer Networking Glossary </a><li><a class="external text"href=http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Networking// rel=nofollow title=http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Software/Networking//> Networking </a> at the <a title="Open Directory Project"href=/Open_Directory_Project/en-en/> Open Directory Project </a></ul><p></div></div></div></div></div></div><p class=title> <p style=margin-bottom:10px;><img src=http://common-en.sensagent.com/images/alexandria/data/fleche.gd.bleu.3.gif style=width:14px;height:14px;> <a href="http://translation.sensagent.com/translate/COMPUTER NETWORKING/en/multilingual.html"> All translations of Computer Networking </a></div><br></div></div></div><div id=L_><div class=logo><a class=logo href=/ style=color:#1B1B21;text-decoration:none;> sens <span class=sensA> a </span> gent </a><a name=top> </a></div><div class=titled-block><p class=title><span class=fv-sc> sens <span class=sensA> a </span> gent </span> 's content<p class=text><ul style=margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;><li>definitions<li>synonyms<li>antonyms<li>encyclopedia</ul><p></div><div class=add-block id=lsad><p class=AlertPub>   Advertising ▼<div><script>if (SENSAGENT_ADDS['dim']['w'] > 800 ) {
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