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This is, after all, your last chance to persuade your readers to your point of view, to impress yourself upon them as a writer and thinker. And the impression you create in your conclusion will shape the impression that stays with your readers after they've finished the essay. </span><p><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> The end of an essay should therefore convey a sense of completeness and closure as well as a sense of the lingering possibilities of the topic, its larger meaning, its implications: the final paragraph should close the discussion without closing it off. </span><p><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small; color:#4682b4"> <strong> <em> To establish a sense of closure, you might do one or more of the following: </em> </strong> </span><ul><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude by linking the last paragraph to the first, perhaps by reiterating a word or phrase you used at the beginning. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude with a sentence composed mainly of one-syllable words. Simple language can help create an effect of understated drama. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude with a sentence that's compound or parallel in structure; such sentences can establish a sense of balance or order that may feel just right at the end of a complex discussion. </span></ul><p><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small; color:#4682b4"> <strong> <em> To close the discussion without closing it off, you might do one or more of the following: </em> </strong> </span><ul><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude with a quotation from or reference to a primary or secondary source, one that amplifies your main point or puts it in a different perspective. A quotation from, say, the novel or poem you're writing about can add texture and specificity to your discussion; a critic or scholar can help confirm or complicate your final point. For example, you might conclude an essay on the idea of home in James Joyce's short story collection,  <em> Dubliners </em> , with information about Joyce's own complex feelings towards Dublin, his home. Or you might end with a biographer's statement about Joyce's attitude toward Dublin, which could illuminate his characters' responses to the city. Just be cautious, especially about using secondary material: make sure that you get the last word. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude by setting your discussion into a different, perhaps larger, context. For example, you might end an essay on nineteenth-century muckraking journalism by linking it to a current news magazine program like <em>  60 Minutes </em> . </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude by redefining one of the key terms of your argument. For example, an essay on Marx's treatment of the conflict between wage labor and capital might begin with Marx's claim that the "capitalist economy is . . . a gigantic enterprise of <em> dehumanization </em> "; the essay might end by suggesting that Marxist analysis is itself dehumanizing because it construes everything in economic -- rather than moral or ethical-- terms. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Conclude by considering the implications of your argument (or analysis or discussion). What does your argument imply, or involve, or suggest? For example, an essay on the novel  <em> Ambiguous Adventure </em> , by the Senegalese writer Cheikh Hamidou Kane, might open with the idea that the protagonist's development suggests Kane's belief in the need to integrate Western materialism and Sufi spirituality in modern Senegal. The conclusion might make the new but related point that the novel on the whole suggests that such an integration is (or isn't) possible. </span></ul><p><p><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small; color:#4682b4"> <em> <strong> Finally, some advice on how not to end an essay: </strong> </em> </span><ul><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Don't simply summarize your essay. A brief summary of your argument may be useful, especially if your essay is long--more than ten pages or so. But shorter essays tend not to require a restatement of your main ideas. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Avoid phrases like "in conclusion," "to conclude," "in summary," and "to sum up." These phrases can be useful--even welcome--in oral presentations. But readers can see, by the tell-tale compression of the pages, when an essay is about to end. You'll irritate your audience if you belabor the obvious. </span><li><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> Resist the urge to apologize. If you've immersed yourself in your subject, you now know a good deal more about it than you can possibly include in a five- or ten- or 20-page essay. As a result, by the time you've finished writing, you may be having some doubts about what you've produced. (And if you haven't immersed yourself in your subject, you may be feeling even more doubtful about your essay as you approach the conclusion.) Repress those doubts. Don't undercut your authority by saying things like, "this is just one approach to the subject; there may be other, better approaches. . ." </span></ul><p><span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; font-size:small"> <strong> Copyright 1998, Pat Bellanca, for the Writing Center at Harvard University </strong> </span></div></div></div></div></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="region region-sidebar-second sidebar"><div class="region-inner clearfix"><div class="block block-boxes block-boxes-os_boxes_sectionnav section-nav no-title"delta=os_pages_section_nav id=block-boxes-os-pages-section-nav module=boxes><div class="block-inner clearfix"><div class="block-content content"ng-non-bindable><div class=boxes-box id=boxes-box-os_pages_section_nav><div class=boxes-box-content><ul class="menu clearfix"><li class="first last expanded active-trail active-trail menu-depth-1 menu-item-36551"><a class="active-trail active"href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/resources> Writing Resources </a> <ul class="menu clearfix"><li class="first expanded active-trail active-trail menu-depth-2 menu-item-36556"><a class="active-trail active"href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/strategies-essay-writing> Strategies for Essay Writing </a> <ul class="menu clearfix"><li class="first leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36561"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-read-assignment> How to Read an Assignment </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36566"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/moving-assignment-topic> Moving from Assignment to Topic </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36571"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-do-close-reading> How to Do a Close Reading </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36576"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/overview-academic-essay> Overview of the Academic Essay </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36581"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/essay-structure> Essay Structure </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36586"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/developing-thesis> Developing A Thesis </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-36591"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/beginning-academic-essay> Beginning the Academic Essay </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37761"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/outlining> Outlining </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37766"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/counter-argument> Counterargument </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37771"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/summary> Summary </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37776"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/topic-sentences-and-signposting> Topic Sentences and Signposting </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37781"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/transitioning-beware-velcro> Transitioning: Beware of Velcro </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37786"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/how-write-comparative-analysis> How to Write a Comparative Analysis </a><li class="leaf active-trail active-trail menu-depth-3 menu-item-37791"><a class="active-trail active active"href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/ending-essay-conclusions> Ending the Essay: Conclusions </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37796"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/revising-draft> Revising the Draft </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37801"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/editing-essay-part-one> Editing the Essay, Part One </a><li class="leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37806"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/editing-essay-part-two> Editing the Essay, Part Two </a><li class="last leaf menu-depth-3 menu-item-37811"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/tips-grammar-punctuation-and-style> Tips on Grammar, Punctuation and Style </a></ul><li class="last leaf menu-depth-2 menu-item-36666"><a href=https://writingcenter.fas.harvard.edu/pages/brief-guides-writing-disciplines> Brief Guides to Writing in the Disciplines </a></ul></ul></div></div></div></div></div><section class="block block-boxes block-boxes-os_boxes_html"delta=1369249665 id=block-boxes-1369249665 module=boxes><div class="block-inner clearfix"><h2 class=block-title ng-non-bindable>Quick Links</h2><div class="block-content content"ng-non-bindable><div class=boxes-box id=boxes-box-1369249665><div class=boxes-box-content><h2><u> <span style="font-family:'trebuchet ms', geneva; 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