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   Nervous System
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--></style> <meta content="Charles Harrison"name=Author> < xml>< w:worddocument>< w:zoom>    <div style="margin-left: 40px;"><h3><big style="font-weight: bold;"> <big> Nervous System </big> </big></h3></div> <div class=Section1><div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">Components</h3><p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"class=MsoNormal>Central Nervous System (CNS) - Completely within the dorsal body cavity<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";'> o <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>         </span> </span> Brain<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";'> o <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>         </span> </span> Spinal Cord<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"class=MsoNormal>Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";'> o <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>         </span> </span> Afferent Nervous System<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.5866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> Sensory receptors<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.5866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> Sensory neurons (traveling toward CNS)<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";'> o <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>         </span> </span> Efferent Nervous System<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.5866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> Motor neurons<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.5866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> <a href=#ANS> Autonomic Nervous System </a> (ANS) - innervates smooth and cardiac muscle and glandular epithelium<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 2.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> Sympathetic Nervous System<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 2.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Wingdings;"> § <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>          </span> </span> Parasympathetic Nervous System<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in; margin-left: 1.0866in;"class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size: 10pt; font-family: "Courier New";'> o <span style='font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal; font-stretch: normal; font-size-adjust: none;'>         </span> </span> <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/cranial.html> Cranial Nerves </a><div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">Glial Cells (Neuroglia)</h3><p style="margin-right: 1in; margin-left: 1in;"class=MsoNormal>Approximately 90% of the cells in the brain are not neurons but glial cells. These important cells serve several functions and, as listed below, there are different forms of these cells.<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"class=MsoNormal> <div align=center><table style="width: 80%; margin-left: 0.5in;"border=0 cellpadding=0 cellspacing=15 width=80%><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Astrocytes </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>individual cells have several filamentous extensions that interconnect neurons, vessels, and other glial cells; viewed by some as a form of structural support</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Oligodendrocytes </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>like astroycytes, these cells have extensions but far fewer; they ensheath or myelinate the axons of many neurons in the CNS giving rise to the white matter of the brain; myelination speeds transmission of impulses</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Microglia </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>smallest of the glial cells; capable of phagocytosis; considered the "clean up" cell; extensions are normally absent</p></table></div><div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">Neurons & Nerves</h3><p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 1.5in;"class=MsoNormal>Refer to your text and lecture notes for a diagram of each neuron types. This area outlines the important components and characteristics. A reference diagram is essential.<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"class=MsoNormal> <div align=center><table style="border: 1.5pt outset ; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 80%; margin-left: 0.5in;"bgcolor=#ffffcc border=1 cellpadding=0 width=80%><tbody><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Multipolar Neuron </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>This is the most common type of neuron. A cell body with a single nucleus normally possesses several dendrites and one or more axon cylinders.</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 33%;"valign=top width=33%><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Bipolar Neurons </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>This neurons has a cell body with one dendrite and one axon branch. It is typically found in the ear and eye and is strictly sensory.</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; width: 40%;"valign=top width=40%><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Unipolar Neurons </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Sensory neuron with a single process or extension that divides in a T manner forming peripheral and central pathways; associated with sensory receptors (touch, pressure, etc)</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Dendrite </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Extension of the neuron that transmits impulses to the cell body; often branched extensively.</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Axon  </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Process of the neuron that carries impulses away from the cell body; also called the axon cylinder; a multipolar neuron may possess more than one axon</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Myelin Sheath </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Fatty, insulating sheath that surrounds the axons of many neurons and nerve fibers; in the CNS this sheath is composed of layers of oligodendrocytes, while in the PNS it is composed of Schwann cells</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Teliodendrion </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Branched terminus of the axon ending at a synapse or myoneural junction; also called an <strong> axon branch </strong> .</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Synapse </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>Junction between the end of a teliodendrion and a dendrite; it includes the <strong> synaptic cleft </strong> , a microscopic gap between the two structures</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Synaptic Vesicle </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft or myoneural junction; contain either a form of acetylcholine or epinephrine</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Myoneural Juntion </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>also called a neuromuscular junction; the meeting of a teliodendrion with a muscle fiber</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Schwann Cells </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>cells of the PNS that myelinate axon cylinders</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Node of Ranvier </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>locations along the axon cylinder immediately between adjacent Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes (of the myelin sheath)</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Ganglion </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>group of neural cell bodies in the PNS</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Nucleus </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>not to be confused with a cell nucleus, this refers to a group of neural cell bodies within the CNS</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Sensory Nerve </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>nerve fiber composed of many neurons, all of which are sensory; part of the afferent nervous system</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Motor nerve </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>nerve fiber composed of many neurons, all of which are motor; part of the efferent nervous system</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Mixed Nerve </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>a nerve composed of both sensory and motor neurons; this is the most common nerve type</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Chain Ganglia </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt;"><p class=MsoNormal>ganglia running parallel and just lateral to each side of the thoracic spinal cord; associated with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system</p></table></div><div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">Transmission</h3><p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"class=MsoNormal>Stimuli are received by the dendrites and generate an impulse that travels toward the neural cell body and the <strong> axon hillock </strong> . Depending on the type of neuron, input may come from one or more dendrites. If the axon hillock is sufficiently depolarized, an impulse is sent along the axon cylinder. This is an <strong> all-or-nothing response </strong> inasmuch as no impulse will be generated unless depolarization at the axon hillock is sufficiently intense.<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">Once an impulse travels along the axon cylinder it reaches the axon branches (teliodenrion if there is only one) and finally the synapse. At the synapse, synaptic vesicles are released which traverse the synaptic cleft to reach the next dendrite or a muscle. Synaptic vesicles may contain acetylcholine or a form of epinephrine. These substances are degraded upon crossing the synaptic cleft.<div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"class=MsoNormal><br>  <p class=MsoNormal><a name=Crainal_Nerves> </a> <br>  <div align=center><table style="border: 1.5pt outset ;"border=1 cellpadding=0><tbody><tr><td style="border: medium none ; padding: 1.5pt;"colspan=4><p style="text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><strong> <span style="font-size: 18pt;"> Cranial Nerves </span> </strong></p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Nerve </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Name </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Sensory Function </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Motor Function </strong></p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>I</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Olfactory</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>smell</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>II</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Optic</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>vision</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>III</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Oculomotor</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>eye movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>IV</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Trochlear</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>eye movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>V</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Trigeminal</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>general sensation of head and face</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>chewing</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>VI</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Abducens</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>eye movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>VII</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Facial</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>taste</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>facial movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>VIII</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Vestibulocochlear</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>hearing and balance</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>IX</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Glossopharyngeal</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>taste</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>swallowing</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>X</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Vagus</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>taste</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>heart rate, breathing, digestive function</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>XI</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Accessory</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>head movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>XII</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>Hypoglossal</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>-</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>tongue movement</p></table></div><p class=MsoNormal> <div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=100%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"><a name=ANS> </a> Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)</h3><p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"class=MsoNormal>This subdivision of the peripheral nervous system innervates the smooth and cardiac muscles and glandular epithelium. It is controlled by the hypothalamus and is composed of two opposing fractions: the <strong> Sympathetic Nervous System </strong> and the <strong> Parasympathetic Nervous System </strong> . While it is only a generalization, the sympathetic system usually primes the body for action (the so-called "fight or flight syndrome") and the parasympathetic system dominates in less stressful situations.<p style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;">The autonomic pathways travel from the brain or spinal cord to the site of innervation via two connecting neurons. The first of these neurons is called the <strong> pre-ganglionic neuron </strong> and the second is the <strong> post-ganglionic neuron </strong> . The junction between the two is a synapse while the junction between the post-synaptic neuron and muscle is a <strong> myoneural junction </strong> (also referred to as a <strong> neuro-muscular </strong> junction).<p class=MsoNormal> <div align=center><table style="border: 1.5pt outset ; width: 90%;"border=1 cellpadding=0><tbody><tr><td style="border: medium none ; padding: 1.5pt;"colspan=2><p style="text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><strong> Comparison of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems </strong></p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p style="text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><strong> Sympathetic System </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p style="text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><strong> Parasympathetic System </strong></p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>Thoraco-Lumbar System: nerves originate from spinal cord in thoracic and lumbar regions</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>Craino-Sacral System: nerves originate from brain and sacrum</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"width=50%><p class=MsoNormal>Generally excites and prepares for "fight-or-flight". Both systems are active at all times.</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; width: 50%; vertical-align: top;"width=50%><p class=MsoNormal>Dominates in less tense situations. Both systems are active at all times.</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>Pre-ganglionic neuron is short and terminates in chain ganglia; post-ganglionic neuron is comparatively long</p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>Pre-ganglionic neuron is comparatively long and may terminate in a ganglion near the organ innervated</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>System is <strong> adrenergic; </strong> synaptic vesicles at ganglia contain acetylcholine; <br> neuro-muscular junction vesicles contain nor-epinepherine <br></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial; vertical-align: top;"><p class=MsoNormal>System is entirely <strong> cholinergic </strong> ; synaptic vesicles within the ganglia and at the neuro-muscular junctions all contain acetylcholine</p></table></div><div style="text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=90%></div><h3 style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in;"><a name=brain> </a> The Brain</h3><p class=MsoNormal> <div align=center><table style="border: 1.5pt outset ; width: 90%;"border=1 cellpadding=0 width=90%><tbody><tr><td style="border: medium none ; padding: 1.5pt;"colspan=2><h3 style="text-align: center;"align=center>Selected Structures and Functions</h3><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Cerebrum </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>controls reasoning and thinking; responsible for conscious movement</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Pineal Body </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>endocrine gland secreting melatonin; prepares the body for sleep</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Corpora Quadrigemina </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>control some reflex responses, such as the response to sound</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Thalamus </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>relay area for sensory impulses passing to the cerebral cortex</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Hypothalamus </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>controls the ANS, regulation of body temperature, water balance, thirst, and fat and carbohydrate metabolism</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Corpus Callosum </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>major commissure connecting the cerebral hemispheres</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Lateral Ventricle </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>fluid-filled chamber protecting the brain from trauma</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Olfactory Lobe </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>sense of smell</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Pons </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>consists primarily of motor and sensory fiber tracts between the brain and lower CNS centers</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Medulla Oblongata </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>contains autonomic centers involved in the control of heart rate, respiratory rhythm, blood pressure, swallowing and vomiting</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Spinal Cord </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>tracts of CNS fibers within the spinal column</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Fourth Ventricle </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>chamber within the cerebellum that protects the area from trauma</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"valign=top><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Cerebellum </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>unconscious coordination of skeletal muscle activity and control of balance and equilibrium</p><tr><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal><strong> Pituitary Gland </strong></p><td style="padding: 1.5pt; background: rgb(255, 255, 204) none repeat scroll 0% 50%; -moz-background-clip: initial; -moz-background-origin: initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: initial;"><p class=MsoNormal>"master" endocrine gland; see description under Endocrine System</p></table></div><p class=MsoNormal> <div style="margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: center;"align=center class=MsoNormal><hr align=center color=gray noshade=noshade size=5 width=90%></div><p style="margin-left: 1in;"class=MsoNormal><br><div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Additional Material on Nerves - Good Preparation for Physiology <br> <br> </span>        <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous1u.doc> Part 1 - Unabridged </a>     <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous1.doc> Abbreviated </a><br>        <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous2u.doc> Part 2 - Unabridged </a>     <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous2.doc> Abbreviated </a><br>        <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous3u.doc> Part 3 - Unabridged </a>     <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous3.doc> Abbreviated </a><br>        <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous4u.doc> Part 4 - Unabridged </a>     <a href=http://www.saddleback.edu/faculty/charrison/nervous4.doc> Abbreviated </a><br><br><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> </span></div><p style="margin-left: 0.5866in;"class=MsoNormal> </div> </o:documentproperties>