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   Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) - SOFTWARE TESTING Fundamentals
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href=http://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/software-testing-certifications/> Software Testing Certifications </a></ul></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class=header-menu-sidebar-overlay></div></div></header><main class=neve-main id=content role=main><div class="container single-post-container"><div class=row><article class="nv-single-post-wrap col post-311 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-basics"id=post-311><div class=entry-header><div class=nv-title-meta-wrap><h1 class="title entry-title">Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC)</h1><ul class=nv-meta-list></ul></div></div><div class=nv-thumb-wrap><img class="skip-lazy wp-post-image"sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"srcset="https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/sdlc.jpg 900w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/sdlc-300x150.jpg 300w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/sdlc-768x384.jpg 768w"alt=SDLC height=450 src=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/sdlc.jpg width=900></div><div class="nv-content-wrap entry-content"><p><strong> SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE [SDLC] </strong> or Software Development Process, defines the stages / phases in the building of software.<p><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> ISTQB Definition </span><ul><li><b> software development lifecycle (SDLC) </b> : The activities performed at each stage in software development, and how they relate to one another logically and chronologically.<li><strong> software lifecycle: </strong> The period of time that begins when a software product is conceived and ends when the software is no longer available for use. The software lifecycle typically includes a concept phase, requirements phase, design phase, implementation phase, test phase, installation and checkout phase, operation and maintenance phase, and sometimes, retirement phase. Note these phases may overlap or be performed iteratively.</ul><div class="ez-toc-v2_0_17 counter-hierarchy counter-decimal ez-toc-grey"id=ez-toc-container><div class=ez-toc-title-container><p class=ez-toc-title>Table of Contents</p><span class=ez-toc-title-toggle> <a class="ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle"style="display: none;"> <i class="ez-toc-glyphicon ez-toc-icon-toggle"> </i> </a> </span></div><nav><ul class="ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1"><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1"href=#Models title=Models> Models </a> <ul class=ez-toc-list-level-3><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-3><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2"title="Sequential Development Models"href=#Sequential_Development_Models> Sequential Development Models </a> <ul class=ez-toc-list-level-4><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-4><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3"title="Waterfall Model"href=#Waterfall_Model> Waterfall Model </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4"href=#V-Model title=V-Model> V-Model </a></ul><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-3"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5"title="Iterative and Incremental Development Models"href=#Iterative_and_Incremental_Development_Models> Iterative and Incremental Development Models </a> <ul class=ez-toc-list-level-4><li class=ez-toc-heading-level-4><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6"title="Rational Unified Process"href=#Rational_Unified_Process> Rational Unified Process </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7"href=#Scrum title=Scrum> Scrum </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-8"href=#Kanban title=Kanban> Kanban </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-9"href=#Spiral title=Spiral> Spiral </a></ul></ul><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-10"title="Model Selection"href=#Model_Selection> Model Selection </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-11"title="SDLC Activities in Summary"href=#SDLC_Activities_in_Summary> SDLC Activities in Summary </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-12"title="SDLC Activities in Detail "href=#SDLC_Activities_in_Detail> SDLC Activities in Detail </a><li class="ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2"><a class="ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-13"href=#Notes title=Notes> Notes </a></ul></nav></div><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Models> </span> Models <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h2><p>There are numerous software development life cycle models in the world but they can be broadly categorized into two:<h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Sequential_Development_Models> </span> Sequential Development Models <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h3><p>Sequential development models, which is a relatively traditional approach, advocate the development of software sequentially through a number of well defined phases. This means development activities are linear and a phase in the development process begins only after the previous phase is complete. Software is delivered with complete set of features but this typically takes months or years for delivery. [Imagine the building contractor delivering your whole house after a year, and you never got a chance to look at it before that.]<p>Examples of Sequential Development Models include:<h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Waterfall_Model> </span> Waterfall Model <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>Development phases cascade, like a waterfall, one after the other over time: Requirements >> Design >> Implementation >> Verification >> Maintenance.<p><img alt="Waterfall Model"class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2509 lazyload"data-sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"data-srcset="https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model.jpg 900w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model-300x150.jpg 300w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model-768x384.jpg 768w"data-src=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model.jpg height=450 src=data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw== width=900> <noscript><img alt="Waterfall Model"class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2509"sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"srcset="https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model.jpg 900w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model-300x150.jpg 300w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model-768x384.jpg 768w"height=450 src=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/waterfall-model.jpg width=900></noscript><p>Testing is done only after coding of the entire software is complete.<h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=V-Model> </span> V-Model <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>V-Model is an extension of the Waterfall model where the development phases, instead of moving down in a linear way, are bent upwards after the coding phase, to form the typical V shape: Requirements Design >> System Design >> Architecture Design >> Module Design >> Coding >> Unit Test >> Integration Test >> System Test >> Acceptance Test.<p><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2510 lazyload"data-sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"data-srcset="https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model.jpg 900w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model-300x150.jpg 300w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model-768x384.jpg 768w"alt data-src=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model.jpg height=450 src=data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw== width=900> <noscript><img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-2510"sizes="(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px"srcset="https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model.jpg 900w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model-300x150.jpg 300w, https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model-768x384.jpg 768w"alt height=450 src=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/v-model.jpg width=900></noscript><p>Separate testing is associated with each of the project definition phases.<h3><span class=ez-toc-section id=Iterative_and_Incremental_Development_Models> </span> Iterative and Incremental Development Models <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h3><p>Iterative development advocates the development and delivery of software in a series of cycles, often of a fixed duration. [Imagine the building contractor delivering pieces of your house every month.]<p>Incremental development advocates the development and delivery of software incrementally, one piece at a time. [Imagine the building contractor delivering your house one room at a time.]<p>Testing is conducted in each increment or iteration.<p>Though Agile software development has higher values, it normally adopts the iterative and incremental method to achieve those values.<p>Examples of Iterative and Incremental Development Models include: <h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Rational_Unified_Process> </span> Rational Unified Process <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>Each iteration is relatively long (a couple of months), and the feature increments are correspondingly large. [Imagine your building contractor delivering you a room every three months.]<h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Scrum> </span> Scrum <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>Each iteration is relatively short but fixed (a few days or a few weeks), and the feature increments are correspondingly small. [Imagine your building contractor delivering you something every two weeks: a door, a window, a wall, a room.]<h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Kanban> </span> Kanban <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>Iterations are either fixed-length or not and the features increments can be a single feature or a group of features. [Imagine your building contractor delivering you a door after a week and a room after a month.]<h4><span class=ez-toc-section id=Spiral> </span> Spiral <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h4><p>Iterations are exploratory and the feature increments experimental with the developed features being either implemented, adapted or scrapped. [Imagine your building contractor delivering you a plastic house prior to a concrete house.]<h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Model_Selection> </span> Model Selection <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h2><p>Software development life cycle model to be used for a particular project can be selected (and adapted) based on the following:<ul><li>Business priorities<li>Product characteristics and risks<li>Project goals and risks<li>Team characteristics</ul><p>In complex projects, different models may be adopted for each segment of the project. For example, V-Model may be used for developing the back-end while Scrum may be using for developing the front-end.<h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=SDLC_Activities_in_Summary> </span> SDLC Activities in Summary <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h2><p>Whatever the model or however the model defines them, SDLC in general comprises of all or some of the following phases / activities/ tasks:<ul><li>Project Planning<li>Requirements Development<li>Estimation<li>Scheduling<li>Design<li>Coding<li>Test Build / Deployment<li>Unit Testing<li>Integration Testing<li>User Documentation<li>System Testing<li>Acceptance Testing<li>Production Build / Deployment<li>Release<li>Maintenance</ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=SDLC_Activities_in_Detail> </span> SDLC Activities in Detail <strong> <br> </strong> <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h2><ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Project Planning </span> <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Requirements Development  </span> [Business Requirements and Software/Product Requirements] <ul><li>Develop<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Estimation  </span> [Size / Effort / Cost] <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Project Planning></ul></ul><ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Scheduling </span> <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Project Planning></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Designing  </span> [High-Level Design and Detail Design] <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Requirements Development></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Coding </span> <ul><li>Code<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Commit<li>Recode [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Commit</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Test Builds Preparation/Deployment </span> <ul><li>Build/Deployment Plan <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline</ul><li>Build/Deploy</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Unit Testing </span> <ul><li>Test Plan <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline</ul><li>Test Cases/Scripts <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Execute<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline >> Execute</ul></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Integration Testing </span> <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for unit testing></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> User Documentation </span> <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Baseline<li>Revise [if necessary] >> Review >> Rework >> Baseline</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> System Testing </span> <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Unit Testing></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Acceptance Testing </span> [ Internal Acceptance Test and External Acceptance Test] <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Unit Testing></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Production Build/Deployment </span> <ul><li>&LTsame as the activities/tasks mentioned for Test Build/Deployment></ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Release </span> <ul><li>Prepare<li>Review<li>Rework<li>Release</ul><li><span style="text-decoration: underline;"> Maintenance </span> <ul><li>Recode [Enhance software / Fix bugs]<li>Retest<li>Redeploy<li>Rerelease</ul></ul><h2><span class=ez-toc-section id=Notes> </span> Notes <span class=ez-toc-section-end> </span></h2><ul><li>The activites mentioned here are NOT set in stone and each phase does not necessarily have to be implemented in the order listed.<li>Though SDLC uses the term ‘Development’, it does not focus just on the coding tasks done by developers but incorporates the tasks of all stakeholders, including Testers.</ul><p>There are still other activities / tasks, like Configuration Management, involved in the proper development of software which have not been specifically mentioned above. No matter what, it is essential that you clearly understand the software development life cycle <em> your </em> project is following. One issue that is widespread in many projects is that software testers are involved much later in the life cycle, due to which they lack the visibility and authority they need to ensure the highest level of quality in software.<p><p id=post-modified-info>Last Updated on September 10, 2020 by <a class=last-modified-author href=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com target=_blank> STF </a></div><div class=nv-post-navigation><div class=previous><a href=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/testing-vs-debugging/ rel=prev> <span class=nav-direction> previous </span> <span> Testing vs Debugging </span> </a></div><div class=next><a href=https://softwaretestingfundamentals.com/software-testing-life-cycle/ rel=next> <span class=nav-direction> next </span> <span> Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) </span> </a></div></div></article><div class="nv-sidebar-wrap col-sm-12 nv-right blog-sidebar"><aside id=secondary role=complementary><div class="widget widget_search"id=search-2><form 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