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Davidic line - wikipedia Davidic line This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) House of David Parent house Tribe of Judah Country Israel Judah Founder David of Judah Final ruler Zedekiah of Judah Titles King of Israel King of Judah Religion Christianity Judaism Estate ( s ) Israel The Davidic line refers to the tracing of lineage to King David through the texts in the Hebrew Bible , in the New Testament , and through the following centuries . Contents 1 History 1.1 Judean monarchy 1.2 The Exilarchate 1.3 During the Hasmonean and Herodian periods 1.4 Middle Ages 2 Jewish interpretations 3 Christian interpretations 3.1 David the Prince 4 House of David in Islam 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Judean monarchy ( edit ) Rulers of Judah Saul David Solomon Rehoboam Abijah Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah J ( eh ) oash Amaziah Uzziah / Azariah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah / Jehoiachin Zedekiah According to the Tanakh , upon being chosen and becoming king , one was customarily anointed with holy oil poured on one 's head . In David 's case , this was done by the prophet Samuel . David and Goliath by Caravaggio Solomon and the Queen of Sheba Initially , David was king over the Tribe of Judah only and ruled from Hebron , but after seven and a half years , the other Israelite tribes , who found themselves leaderless after the death of Ish - bosheth chose him to be their king as well All subsequent kings in both the ancient first united Kingdom of Israel and the later Kingdom of Judah claimed direct descent from King David to validate their claim to the throne in order to rule over the Israelite tribes . After the death of David 's son , King Solomon , the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line , refusing to accept Solomon 's son , Rehoboam , and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel . This kingdom was conquered by Assyria in the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status . The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history as The Ten Lost Tribes or intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later , while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known as Samaritans during the classic era and to modern times . The Exilarchate ( edit ) Main article : Exilarchate Following the conquest of Judah by Babylon and the exile of its population , the Babylonian Exilarchate was established . The highest official of Babylonian Jewry was the exilarch ( Reish Galuta , `` Head of the Diaspora '' ) . Those who held the position traced their ancestry to the House of David in the male line . The position holder was regarded as a king - in - waiting , residing in Babylon and later in Achaeminid Persia during the classic era . Zerubbabel of the Davidic line is mentioned as one of the leaders of the Jewish community in the 5th century BCE , holding the title of Achaeminid Governor of Yehud Medinata . During the Hasmonean and herodian periods ( edit ) The Hasmoneans , also known as the Maccabees , were a priestly group ( kohanim ) from the Tribe of Levi . They established their own monarchy in Judea following their revolt against the Hellenistic Seleucid dynasty . The Hasmoneans were not considered connected to the Davidic line nor to the Tribe of Judah . The Levites had always been excluded from the Israelite monarchy , so when the Maccabees assumed the throne in order to rededicate the defiled Second Temple , a cardinal rule was broken . According to scholars within Orthodox Judaism , this is considered to have contributed to their downfall and the eventual downfall of Judea ; internal strife allowing for Roman occupation and the violent installation of Herod the Great as client king over the Roman province of Judea ; and the subsequent destruction of the Second Temple by the future Emperor Titus . During the Hasmonean period the Davidic line was largely excluded from the royal house in Judea , but some members have risen to prominence as religious and communal leaders . One of the most notable of those was Hillel the Elder , who moved to Judea from his birth place in Babylon . His great grandson Simeon ben Gamliel became one of the Jewish leaders during the Great Revolt . Middle Ages ( edit ) Main article : Exilarchate The Exilarchate institution in Sasanian Persia was briefly abolished as a result of revolt by the Mar - Zutra II ( the 30th Exilarch ) in the late 5th century , with his son Mar - Zutra III being denied of the office and relocating to Tiberias - then within the Byzantine Empire . Mar Ahunai lived in the period succeeding Mar Zutra II , but for almost fifty years after the failed revolt he did not dare to appear in public , and it is not known whether even then ( c. 550 ) he really acted as Exilarch . The names of Kafnai and his son Haninai , who were Exilarchs in the second half of the 6th century , have been preserved . The Exilarchate in Mesopotamia was officially restored after the Arab conquest in the 7th century and continued to function during the early Caliphates . Haninai 's posthumous son Bostanai was the first of the Exilarchs under Arabic rule . Exilarchs continued to be appointed until the 11th century , with some members of the Davidic line dispersing across the Islamic world . Natronai ben Habibai for instance was a rival Exilarch candidate of Judah Zakkai , but was defeated and sent to the West in banishment ; this Natronai was a great scholar and according to tradition while in Spain complied the entire Talmud of his memory . There are conflicting accounts of the fate of the Exlarch family in the 11th century - according to one version Hezekiah , who was the last Exilarch and also the last Gaon , was imprisoned and tortured to death . Two of his sons fled to Islamic Spain , where they found refuge with Joseph , the son and successor of Samuel ha - Nagid . However , Jewish Quarterly Review mentions that Hezekiah was liberated from prison , and became head of the academy , and is mentioned as such by a contemporary in 1046 . An unsuccessful attempt of David ben Daniel of the Davidic line to establish an Exilarchate in Fatimid Egypt failed and ended with his downfall in 1094 . Descendants of the house of exilarchs were living in various places long after the office became extinct . A descendant of Hezekiah , Hiyya al - Daudi , Gaon of Andalucia , died in 1154 in Castile according to Abraham ibn Daud . Several families , as late as the 14th century , traced their descent back to Josiah , the brother of David ben Zakkai who had been banished to Chorasan ( see the genealogies in ( Lazarus 1890 ) pp. 180 et seq . ) . The descendants of the Karaite Exilarchs have been referred to above . A number of Jewish families in the Iberian peninsula and within Mesopotamia continued to preserve the tradition of descent from Exilarchs in later Middle Ages , including the families of Abravanel , Benveniste , Hajj Yachya and Ben - David . One tradition also traces the ancestry of Judah Loew ben Bezalel to Babylonian Exilarchs ( during the era of the geonim ) and therefore also from the Davidic dynasty , which is however disputed . Jewish interpretations ( edit ) In Jewish eschatology , the term mashiach , or `` Messiah '' , came to refer to a future Jewish King from the Davidic line , who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age . The Messiah is often referred to as `` King Messiah '' , or , in Hebrew , מלך משיח ( melekh mashiach ) , and , in Aramaic , malka meshiḥa . Orthodox views have generally held that the Messiah will be descended from his father through the line of King David , and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel , usher in an era of peace , build the Third Temple , father a male heir , re-institute the Sanhedrin , and so on . Jewish tradition alludes to two redeemers , both of whom are called mashiach and are involved in ushering in the Messianic age : Mashiach ben David ; and Mashiach ben Yosef . In general , the term Messiah unqualified refers to Mashiach ben David ( Messiah , son of David ) . Christian interpretations ( edit ) In Christian interpretation the `` Davidic covenant '' of a Davidic line in 2 Samuel 7 is understood in various ways , traditionally referring to the genealogies of Christ in the New Testament . One Christian interpretation of the Davidic line counts the line continuing to Jesus of Nazareth via adoption of Joseph of Nazareth , according to the family tree of the kings of Judah in Gospel of Matthew chapter 1 : 1 - 16 ( the later part of which is not recorded in the Hebrew Bible ) , and also in Gospel of Luke 3 : 23 - 38 . Also Saint Mary , the Virgin ( Matthew 2 : 11 and 1 : 23 , Luke 1 : 27 and then Lc 1 : 34 - 38 , Acts 1 : 14 ) Mother of Jesus Christ God , was in other case connected to the Davidic line ( Psalm 132 : 11 and Gospel of Luke 1 : 32 ; and by Elizabeth , descendant of Aaron in Luke 1 : 5 , and relative of Mary in Luke 1 : 36 ) . Another Christian interpretation emphasizes the minor , non-royal , line of David through Solomon 's brother Nathan as recorded in Gospel of Luke chapter 3 ( entirely undocumented in the Hebrew Bible ) , which is often understood to be the family tree of Mary 's father . A widely spread traditional Christian interpretation relates the non-continuation of the main Davidic line from Solomon as related the godlessness of Jehoiachin in the early 500s BC , where Jeremiah cursed the main branch of the Solomonic line , saying that no descendant of `` ( Je ) Coniah '' would ever again reign on the throne of Israel ( Jer. 22 : 30 ) . This same `` curse '' is also considered by some Christian commentators as the reason that Zerubbabel , the rightful Solomonic king during the time of Nehemiah , was not given a kingship under the Persian empire . David the prince ( edit ) In Mormon eschatology , Latter - Day Saints express in the belief of a Davidic prophet by the name of David who would come in the last days to prepare for the Second Coming of the Lord including the building of the Third Jewish Temple . House of David in islam ( edit ) The Quran mentioned the house of David once ( Work , O family of David , in gratitude . And few of My servants are grateful . ) and mentioned David 16 times . According to some Islamic sources , some of Jewish settlers in Arabia were from the Davidic line , Mohammad - Baqer Majlesi recorded : `` A Jewish man from the Davidic line entered Medina and found the people in deep sorrow . He enquired the people , ' What is wrong ? ' Some of the people replied : Prophet Mohamed passed away '' . See also ( edit ) Exilarch Nasi Genealogy of Jesus Jewish eschatology Babylonian Captivity Origin of the Bagratid dynasties Claim of the biblical descent of the Bagrationi dynasty Solomonic dynasty Abravanel Family Benveniste Family Kebra Nagast History of ancient Israel and Judah LMLK seal Kings of Israel and Judah Tel Dan Stele , the earliest mention of the House of David outside the Hebrew Scriptures Messiah Christ Jesus Principles of Faith : The Messianic Age Tree of life ( biblical ) British Israelism Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ also referred to as the House of David ) ( known in Hebrew as Malkhut Beit David ( מלכות בית דוד ‬ ) -- `` Kingdom of the House of David '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Who 's Who in the Jewish Bible , David Mandel , Jewish Publication Society , 1 Jan 2010 , pg 85 Jump up ^ Max A Margolis and Alexander Marx , A History of the Jewish People ( 1927 ) , p. 235 . Jump up ^ Wilhelm Bacher , Jacob Zallel Lauterbach , Simeon II . ( Ben Gamaliel I . ) , Jewish Encyclopedia ( 1 ) . N.b. : the Jewish Encyclopedia speaks of `` his grandfather Hillel '' , but he sequence was Hillel the Elder - Simeon ben Hillel - Gamaliel the Elder - Simeon ben Gamliel , thus great - grandson is correct . Jump up ^ Jewish Quarterly Review , hereafter `` J.Q.R. '' , xv. 80 . Jump up ^ See The Maharal of Prague 's Descent from King David , by Chaim Freedman , published in Avotaynu Vol 22 No 1 , Spring 2006 ^ Jump up to : Schochet , Jacob Immanuel . `` Moshiach ben Yossef '' . Tutorial . Moshiach.com . Archived from the original on 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Blidstein , Prof. Dr. Gerald J. `` Messiah in Rabbinic Thought '' . MESSIAH . Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Telushkin , Joseph ( 1991 ) . `` The Messiah '' . William Morrow and Co . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Flusser , David . `` Second Temple Period '' . Messiah . Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group . Retrieved 2 December 2012 . Jump up ^ See Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan : `` '' The Real Messiah A Jewish Response to Missionaries `` '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ The Jewish expression I do n't know any men , referred to the virginity of a woman , and translated with the Greek verb ginōskō , is also present with the same meaning in : Matthew 1 : 25 ; Genesis 4 : 1 , 17 ; 19 : 8 ; 1 Samuel 1 : 19 ; Giudici 11 : 39 ; 21 : 12 ) . Jump up ^ H. Wayne House Israel : Land and the People 1998 114 `` And yet , Judah has also been without a king of the Solomonic line since the Babylonian exile . Because of Jeremiah 's curse on Jehoiachin ( Coniah ) in the early 500s BC ( Jer. 22 : 30 ) , the high priests of Israel , while serving as the ... '' Jump up ^ Warren W. Wiersbe - The Wiersbe Bible Commentary : The Complete Old Testament - 2007 p1497 `` Zerubbabel was the grandson of King Jehoiachin ( Jeconiah , Matt . 1 : 12 ; Coniah , Jer. 22 : 24 , 28 ) , and therefore of the royal line of David . But instead of wearing a crown and sitting on a throne , Zerubbabel was the humble governor of a ... '' Jump up ^ ' David , Prophetic Figure of Last Days ' Jump up ^ Quran 34 : 13 Jump up ^ Mohammad - Baqer Majlesi , Bihār al - Anwār , Dar Al - Rida Publication , Beirut , ( 1983 ) , volume 30 page 99 Sources The Holy Bible : 1611 Edition ' ( Thos . Nelson , 1993 ) External links ( edit ) Jewish Encyclopedia.com : `` Exilarchs '' A genealogy of the Exilarchs : `` From Judah to Bustanai '' Rabbinic Sources and Seder Olam Zuta : `` Seder Olam Zuta '' & `` Rav - SIG '' Davidic Dynasty , an organization that seeks to trace descent from King David : `` Davidic Dynasty '' Rulers of Israel and Judah Davidic line Kings of Israel and Judah Kings of Judah Hasmonean and Herodian rulers Tribes of Israel The Twelve Spies Abimelech United monarchy Saul Ish - bosheth David Solomon Israel ( northern kingdom ) Jeroboam I Nadab Baasha Elah Zimri Tibni Omri Ahab Ahaziah Jehoram Jehu Jehoahaz Jehoash Jeroboam II Zechariah Shallum Menahem Pekahiah Pekah Hoshea Judah ( southern kingdom ) Rehoboam Abijam Asa Jehoshaphat Jehoram Ahaziah Athaliah Jehoash Amaziah Uzziah Jotham Ahaz Hezekiah Manasseh Amon Josiah Jehoahaz Jehoiakim Jeconiah Zedekiah Hasmonean dynasty Simon Thassi John Hyrcanus Aristobulus I Alexander Jannaeus Salome Alexandra Hyrcanus II Aristobulus II Antigonus II Mattathias Herodian dynasty Herod the Great Archelaus Antipas Philip the Tetrarch Salome I Agrippa Herod of Chalcis Agrippa II Jewish - Roman Wars Ananus ben Ananus Joseph ben Gurion Simon Bar Giora Simon bar Kokhba Samaritan Revolts Julianus ben Sabar See also List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel Italics indicate a disputed reign or non-royal title Solomon Family and reputed relations David Queen of Sheba Pharaoh 's daughter Naamah Rehoboam Menelik I Occurrences Solomon 's Temple Judgment of Solomon Solomon 's Pools Solomon 's shamir Solomon in Islam Reputed works Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Book of Wisdom Odes of Solomon Key of Solomon Lesser Key of Solomon Magical Treatise of Solomon Psalms of Solomon Testament of Solomon Prayer of Solomon Related articles Solomonic column Seal of Solomon Solomon 's knot United Monarchy Davidic line Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davidic_line&oldid=859585829 '' Categories : Kings of ancient Israel Kings of ancient Judah Ancient royal families Jewish royalty David Jewish dynasties Jesus Jewish messianism Christian messianism Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles needing additional references from January 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles that may contain original research from January 2018 All articles that may contain original research Articles containing Hebrew - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית Kiswahili Nederlands Português Русский اردو 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2018 , at 00 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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who was the second ruler of the davidic monarchy

After the death of David 's son , King Solomon , the ten northern tribes of the Kingdom of Israel rejected the Davidic line , refusing to accept Solomon 's son , Rehoboam , and instead chose as king Jeroboam and formed the northern Kingdom of Israel . This kingdom was conquered by Assyria in the 8th century BCE which exiled much of the Northern Kingdom population and ended its sovereign status . The bulk population of the Northern Kingdom of Israel was forced to relocate to Mesopotamia and mostly disappeared from history as The Ten Lost Tribes or intermixed with exiled Judean populations two centuries later , while the remaining Israelite peoples in Samaria highlands have become known as Samaritans during the classic era and to modern times .

Steptoe and Son - wikipedia Steptoe and Son Steptoe and Son Corbett ( left ) and Brambell ( right ) as Harold and Albert . Created by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson Starring Harry H. Corbett Wilfrid Brambell Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 8 No. of episodes 57 ( list of episodes ) Production Running time 30 -- 45 minutes Distributor BBC Worldwide 2entertain ABC ( Australia , home video ) Release Original network BBC 1 Picture format 405 - line Black - and - white ( 1962 -- 65 ) 625 - line Black - and - white ( 1970 ) 625 - line PAL ( 1970 -- 74 ) 1080i HDTV ( 2016 ) Audio format Monaural Surround sound 5.1 ( 2016 ) Original release Original run : 4 January 1962 ( 1962 - 01 - 04 ) -- 26 December 1974 Special : 15 September 2016 Chronology Related shows Steptoe and Son ( 1972 ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again ( 1973 ) When Steptoe Met Son ( 2002 ) The Curse of Steptoe ( 2008 ) Steptoe and Son is a British sitcom written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson about a father - and - son rag - and - bone business . They live at Oil Drum Lane , a fictional street in Shepherd 's Bush , London . Four series were broadcast by the BBC from 1962 -- 65 , followed by a second run from 1970 - 74 . The theme tune , `` Old Ned '' , was composed by Ron Grainer . The series was voted 15th in a 2004 poll by the BBC to find Britain 's Best Sitcom . It was remade in the United States as Sanford and Son , in Sweden as Albert & Herbert , in the Netherlands as Stiefbeen en zoon and in Portugal as Camilo & Filho . In 1972 , a film adaptation of the series , Steptoe and Son , was released in cinemas , followed by a sequel Steptoe and Son Ride Again in 1973 . The series focused on the inter-generational conflict of father and son . Albert Steptoe , a `` dirty old man '' , is an elderly rag - and - bone man , set in his grimy and grasping ways . By contrast , his 37 - year - old son Harold is filled with social aspirations , not to say pretensions . The show contained elements of drama and tragedy , as Harold was continually prevented from achieving his ambitions . To this end , the show was unusual at the time for casting actors rather than comedians in its lead roles , although both actors were drawn into more comedic roles as a consequence . In 2000 , the show was ranked # 44 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute Contents 1 Background 2 Characters 3 Situation 4 Production 5 Episodes 6 Sketch appearances 7 Adverts 8 Audio 9 Books 10 Other countries 11 Spin - offs 11.1 Films 11.2 When Steptoe Met Son 11.3 Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane 11.4 The Curse of Steptoe 11.5 Steptoe and Son 11.6 Steptoe and Son by Kneehigh 12 DVD releases 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Background ( edit ) The show had its roots in a 1962 episode of Galton & Simpson 's Comedy Playhouse . Galton and Simpson 's association with comedian Tony Hancock , for whom they had written Hancock 's Half Hour , had ended and they had agreed to a proposal from the BBC to write a series of 10 comedy shows . The fourth in the series , `` The Offer '' , was born both out of writer 's block and budgetary constraints . Earlier shows in the series had cost more than expected , so the writers decided to write a two - hander set in one room . The idea of two brothers was considered but father and son worked best . Ronald Fraser was second choice for Harold , which would have produced a totally different character . Galton and Simpson were not aiming to make a pilot for a series , having worked for seven years with Hancock . However , Tom Sloan , the BBC 's head of comedy , told them during rehearsals that `` The Offer '' was a definite series pilot : he saw that the Steptoe idea had potential , as did the audience of that edition of Comedy Playhouse . Galton and Simpson were reportedly overwhelmed by this reaction , and the first of what became eight series was commissioned , the first four of which were transmitted between 1962 and 1965 . The last four series were broadcast between 1970 and 1974 , in colour . At the peak of the series ' popularity , it received viewing figures of some 28,000,000 viewers per episode . In addition , the early 1970s saw two feature films , two 46 - minute Christmas specials . In 2005 , the play Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane , written by Ray Galton and John Antrobus , brought the storyline to a close . The series was one of the first UK situation comedy programmes to employ actors rather than comedians in the principal roles . Galton and Simpson had decided that they wanted to try to write for performers who `` did n't count their laughs '' . The series ' title music , `` Old Ned '' , won its composer Ron Grainer his second successive Ivor Novello award . The series had no standard set of opening titles but the opening sequences would often feature the Steptoe 's horse , Hercules . `` Steptoe and Son '' is the Steptoes ' trading name , but as established in the first episode , the `` Son '' is not Harold as initially believed , but Albert . The name dates from when he and his mother -- Mrs. Steptoe -- worked the rounds . The first series has the pair as very rough looking and often dirty and wearing ragged clothes , but they quickly `` tidied up '' for later series . Outside filming of the Steptoe 's yard took place at a car breakers ' yard in Norland Gardens , London W11 , then changing to Stable Way , Latimer Road , for the later series . Both sites have subsequently been redeveloped with no evidence now remaining of the iconic entrance gates through which the horse and cart were frequently driven . Characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Steptoe and Son characters Situation ( edit ) The episodes often revolve around ( sometimes violent ) disagreements between the two men , Harold 's attempts to bed women and momentary interest over things found on his round . As in many of the best examples of British comedy , much of the humour derives from the pathos of the protagonists ' situation , especially Harold 's continually thwarted ( usually by the elder Steptoe ) attempts to `` better himself '' and the unresolvable love / hate relationship that exists between the pair . Albert almost always comes out on top , and routinely and effortlessly proves himself easily superior to his son whenever they compete , e.g. in their frequent game - playing , such as snooker played into the night and pouring rain in 1970 and the Scrabble and badminton games in the 1972 series . Harold takes them desperately seriously and sees them as symbols of his desire to improve himself , but his efforts come to nothing every time . His father 's success is partly down to superior talent but is aided by cynical gamesmanship and undermining of his son 's confidence . In addition , Albert habitually has better judgement than his son , who blunders into all sorts of con tricks and blind alleys as a result of his unrealistic , straw - clutching ideas . Occasionally the tables are turned , but overall the old man is the winner , albeit in a graceless fashion . Harold is infuriated by these persistent frustrations and defeats , even going to the extent in `` Divided We Stand '' ( 1972 ) of partitioning the house in two so that he does not have to share with his selfish , uncultured and negative father . Predictably , his plan ends in failure and ultimately he can see no way out . However , for all the bitterness there is an essential bond between the pair . Deep down , Albert seems to love his son and his behaviour is perhaps a selfish but misguided way of holding on to him so he does not have to face life alone . When the crunch comes , Harold sticks by his father . This protective bond is much in evidence in `` The Seven Steptoerai '' ( 1974 ) when they are menaced by a local gangster running a protection racket . Typically though , it is Albert who gets them ingeniously out of a very hazardous predicament . The 1974 Christmas special ended the run and seems Harold once again is on the bad end of poor planning , when he books a Christmas holiday abroad , but then finds his passport is out of date . His father must go alone , and Harold , tearfully it seems , waves him off to enjoy a potential good time without him . Harold trudges away , only to jump in a car with a woman to drive off on his own holiday , revealing that he had engineered the whole situation from the beginning . A victory , but only a temporary one , the viewers know that once their holidays end they will return to the familiar status quo once more . Production ( edit ) Both of the main actors used voices considerably different from their own . Brambell , despite being Irish , spoke with a received pronunciation English accent , as did Corbett . Brambell was aged 49 when he accepted the role of Albert , only 13 years older than Corbett . For his portrayal , he acquired a second set of `` rotten '' dentures to accentuate his character 's poor attitude to hygiene . During its production in the 1960s and 1970s , Steptoe and Son marked itself out as radical compared to most UK sitcoms . This was an age when the predominant sources of laughter in British comedy were farce , coincidence , slapstick and innuendo . However Steptoe and Son brought greater social realism . Its characters were not only working class but demonstrably poor . The earthy language and slang used were in marked contrast to the refined voices heard on most television of the time : e.g. , in `` Back in Fashion '' , Harold warns Albert that when the models arrive , `` if you feels like a D'Oyly Carte ( rhyming slang for ' fart ' ) , you goes outside . '' Social issues and debates were routinely portrayed , woven into the humour . The programme did not abandon the more traditional sources of comedy but used them in small doses . The characters , and their intense and difficult relationship , displayed deeper qualities of writing and performance than comedy fans were used to . The pilot episode and the first four series which aired from 1962 -- 1965 were recorded in the BBC Lime Grove Studios in London . When the show returned in 1970 after a four - year hiatus , the programme was made in the BBC Television Centre studios in west London , as from 1970 the show was recorded in colour . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Steptoe and Son episodes Steptoe and Son is rare among 1960s BBC television programmes in that every episode has survived , despite the mass wiping of BBC archive holdings between 1972 and 1978 . However , all the instalments from the first 1970 series and all but two from the second that were originally made in colour only survive in the form of black and white domestic videotape recordings . Copies were made from the master tapes for the writers by an engineer at the BBC using a Shibaden SV - 700 half - inch reel - to - reel b / w video recorder -- a forerunner of the video cassette recorder . In 2008 , the first reel of ab / w telerecording of the Series 5 episode `` A Winter 's Tale '' ( lasting approximately 15 minutes ) was returned to the BBC ; this is the only telerecording of a colour Steptoe and Son episode known to still exist . The original 2 '' Quad videotapes of all the episodes of the original 1962 -- 65 series were wiped in the late - 1960s . However , these episodes mostly survive on film transfers of the original videotapes as 16mm black and white telerecordings . The exception being `` My Old Man 's a Tory '' which only exists as an optical transfer made from a domestic 405 line reel to reel videotape obtained from Galton and Simpson . The BBC has released 10 DVDs of the series -- each of the eight series , and two compilations entitled `` The Very Best of Steptoe and Son '' volumes 1 and 2 . Two Christmas specials are also available on DVD , as are two feature films : Steptoe and Son and Steptoe and Son Ride Again . A boxed set of Series 1 -- 8 and the two Christmas specials was released on Region 2 DVD by 2entertain on 29 October 2007 . Also , 52 episodes were remade for BBC Radio , initially on the Light Programme in 1966 -- 67 and later Radio 2 from 1971 to 1976 . A special one - off remake of the `` A Winter 's Tale '' episode aired on BBC Four on 14 September 2016 , as part of the BBC 's Lost Sitcom season recreating lost episodes of classic sitcoms . Sketch appearances ( edit ) In 1962 , Brambell and Corbett appeared as Steptoe and Son in a short sketch written by Galton and Simpson on the BBC 's annual Christmas Night with the Stars programme , broadcast on 25 December 1962 . There are no known recordings . In 1963 , they appeared on the ITV Royal Variety Performance in a sketch written by Galton and Simpson featuring Steptoe and Son totting outside Buckingham Palace , the telerecording of the live show , broadcast on 10 November 1963 , still exists . The audio of the sketch was also released on a 7 - inch single . On 31st December 1963 the BBC broadcast an edition of It 's a Square World which featured a cameo by Wilfrid Brambell as Albert Steptoe witnessing the launch of BBC TV Centre into space . The sketch was included as an extra on the special edition DVD release of Doctor Who : The Aztecs In 1966 , they appeared on the BBC series The Ken Dodd Show in another live on stage sketch written by Galton and Simpson featuring Steptoe and Son on Blackpool beach , with Ken Dodd in the last two minutes as a strange golf professional . A telerecording of the show , broadcast on 24 July 1966 , survives . In 1967 , they appeared in character in a short filmed sequence for the BBC 's annual Christmas Night with the Stars programme . The black and white film sequence featuring Steptoe and Son , broadcast on 25 December 1967 , still exists . In 1978 , they recorded a Radio 2 sketch , referred to by fans as `` Scotch on the Rocks '' , produced especially for a show titled Good Luck Scotland . This was again written by Galton and Simpson and had a basic premise of Albert wishing to go to Argentina to watch the Scottish football team play in the 1978 World Cup as the `` Good Luck Scotland '' title of the programme referred to Scotland 's chances of winning the World Cup that year . Adverts ( edit ) In 1977 , Brambell and Corbett appeared in character for two television ads for Ajax cleaning products , recorded during their tour of Australia . In 1981 , their final ever appearance together was in a UK advert for Kenco Coffee . Audio ( edit ) A number of LPs and EPs featuring TV soundtracks have been released . Books ( edit ) To tie - in with the original series , two novelisations were written by Gale Pedrick : Steptoe and Son . Hodder & Stoughton. 1964 . Steptoe and Son at the Palace . Hodder & Stoughton. 1966 . In 2002 BBC Books published Steptoe and Son by Galton , Simpson and Rosswhich comprehensively covered the television series , the radio series , films , Royal Variety Shows , commercials and the Sanford & Son spin - off . Other countries ( edit ) United States : In 1965 Joseph E. Levine produced a pilot based on The Offer for the American market with Galton and Simpson . Starring Lee Tracy as Albert and Aldo Ray as Harold , it was unscreened , and did not lead to a series . The pilot was released on DVD in the UK in 2018 . The concept was later re-worked as Sanford and Son , a top - rated series that ran for five years ( 1972 -- 77 ) on the NBC network . Sweden ; Sten - Åke Cederhök and Tomas von Brömssen starred in Albert & Herbert . The pair lived at Skolgatan 15 , an address in a working - class neighbourhood of Haga , Gothenburg . The Netherlands ; Stiefbeen en Zoon ( re-translation ; Stepbone and Son ) ran for thirty three episodes . It was awarded the 1964 Golden Televizier Ring . Norway ; The 1975 Norwegian film , Skraphandlerne , starred Leif Juster and Tom Tellefsen . The names of the characters were Albert and Herbert , the names of the characters in the Swedish remake . Portugal ; Camilo & Filho Lda. , starring famous Portuguese comedian Camilo de Oliveira , with Nuno Melo as his son . Spin - offs ( edit ) Films ( edit ) In 1972 a film version was released of the show proving highly popular . This first film , also called Steptoe and Son focuses on Harold getting married but still not being able to get away from his father . Due to popular demand another film , Steptoe and Son Ride Again , was released in 1973 . When Steptoe Met Son ( edit ) Main article : When Steptoe Met Son When Steptoe Met Son was a 2002 Channel 4 documentary about the personal lives of Wilfrid Brambell and Harry H. Corbett . It aired on 20 August 2002 . The programme reveals how Brambell and Corbett were highly dissimilar to their on - screen characters . Corbett felt he had a promising career as a serious actor , but was trapped by his role as Harold and forced to keep returning to the series after typecasting limited his choice of work . Brambell , meanwhile , was a homosexual , something that in the 1960s was still frowned upon and , until the Sexual Offences Act 1967 , illegal and was thus driven underground . The documentary went on to describe an ill - fated final tour of Australia , during which the already strained relationship between Corbett and Brambell finally broke down for good . Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane ( edit ) Poster advertising the play Main article : Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane In October 2005 , Ray Galton and John Antrobus premiered their play , Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane , at the Theatre Royal , York . It then went on tour across the country . It was set in the present day and related the events leading to Harold killing his father and their eventual meeting 30 years later , Albert then appearing as a ghost . By the end , it is clearly established that this is very much a conclusion to the Steptoe saga . It was not the first time this idea had been considered . When Wilfrid Brambell left the UK after the third series to pursue an eventually unsuccessful Broadway musical career , Galton and Simpson toyed with the concept of ' killing off ' Albert in order to continue the show without having to await Brambell 's return . The character would have been replaced with Harold 's illegitimate son , Arthur ( a part thought to be intended for actor David Hemmings ) . This idea was detested by Corbett , who thought it ridiculous , although the 2008 drama The Curse of Steptoe depicts Corbett as being delighted with the concept , since assuming the role of father would allow Harold 's character some development and growth , which he felt was long overdue . The Curse of Steptoe ( edit ) Main article : The Curse of Steptoe The Curse of Steptoe is a television play which was first broadcast on 19 March 2008 on BBC Four as part of a season of dramas about television personalities . It stars Jason Isaacs as Harry H. Corbett and Phil Davis as Wilfrid Brambell . The drama is based upon the actors ' on - and - off - screen relationship during the making of the BBC sitcom Steptoe and Son , and is based on interviews with colleagues , friends and family of the actors , and the Steptoe writers , Ray Galton and Alan Simpson . The screenplay was written by Brian Fillis , also responsible for the similarly themed 2006 drama Fear of Fanny , which is about television personality Fanny Cradock off - screen . The 66 - minute film is directed by Michael Samuels and produced by Ben Bickerton . Both When Steptoe Met Son and The Curse of Steptoe were considered inaccurate by writers Galton and Simpson and Corbett 's family . Steptoe and Son ( edit ) Jack Lane and Michael Simmonds as the iconic duo In March 2011 the Engine Shed Theatre Company performed three episodes of the iconic series live on stage at the Capitol Theatre , Horsham . Jack Lane played Albert Steptoe and Michael Simmonds played Harold . The three episodes performed by the company were : Men Of Letters , Robbery With Violence and Seance in a Wet Rag and Bone Yard . Engine Shed went on to adapt and perform the two Christmas Specials later that year . Many of the original TV episodes of Steptoe and Son have now been officially adapted to the stage by the original writers Ray Galton and Alan Simpson , with David Pibworth and are available for production on www.classiccomedyscripts.co.uk Steptoe and Son by Kneehigh ( edit ) Performed in 2012 and 2013 by Kneehigh Theatre , Steptoe and Son was adapted from four of the show 's original scripts . The production was designed to highlight the Beckettian nature of Albert and Harold 's situation , focusing on themes of over-reliance and being trapped within social class . The production toured the UK and received positive reviews from the Financial Times and three stars from The Guardian 's Lynn Gardner . DVD releases ( edit ) The first series with all six episodes was released in 2004 followed by the second series in 2005 and the third , fourth and fifth in 2006 . Series 6 , 7 and 8 were released in 2007 alongside the Christmas specials . The two Steptoe films were released in 2006 . The complete boxed set containing all eight series and two Christmas specials was released in October 2007 . In October 2011 the boxset was re released with new packaging . In Australia , Season 1 was released in 2004 , Season 2 and Season 3 in 2006 , Season 4 and Season 5 in 2007 , Season 6 and Season 7 in 2008 and Season 8 in 2009 . DVD Title Disc No . Year Ep . No . DVD release Notes Region 2 Region 4 Complete Series 1 1962 6 13 September 2004 10 November 2004 Includes the pilot Complete Series 2 1963 7 8 August 2005 2 March 2006 -- Complete Series 3 1964 7 13 February 2006 6 July 2006 -- Complete Series 4 1965 7 15 May 2006 7 March 2007 -- Complete Series 5 1970 7 24 July 2006 1 August 2007 -- Complete Series 6 1970 8 8 January 2007 5 March 2008 -- Complete Series 7 1972 7 26 March 2007 7 August 2008 -- Complete Series 8 6 14 May 2007 3 March 2009 -- The Christmas Specials 1973 -- 74 29 October 2007 6 November 2008 Includes the 1973 and 1974 specials Complete Series 1 -- 8 13 1962 -- 74 57 29 October 2007 1 October 2009 Includes the pilot and the 1973 and 1974 specials See also ( edit ) List of films based on British sitcoms References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ron Grainer : Biography '' . www.rongrainer.org.uk . Archived from the original on 27 October 2014 . Retrieved 20 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Best comedy series '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 24 September 2007 . Jump up ^ Stevens , Christopher ( 30 December 2011 ) . `` Steptoe And Son 50th anniversary : How the finest sitcom of them all began '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe and Son '' . Archived from the original on 26 June 2013 . Retrieved 4 January 2009 . Jump up ^ John Hannington ( 27 April 2016 ) . `` Answers to Correspondents '' . Daily Mail . London : ANL Ltd : 56 . Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Lime Grove -- History of the BBC '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Television Centre : A nostalgic wander through the sets , studios '' . independent.co.uk. 24 September 2014 . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BBC TV from AP -- Lime Grove demolition '' . bbctv-ap.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` history of television studios in London '' . tvstudiohistory.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe and Son , Lost Sitcoms -- BBC Four '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 28 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lost Sitcoms '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` ajax cleaner , Steptoe and Son - Television Advertisement '' . YouTube . ianvcrbits . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` STEPTOE AND SON KENCO COFFEE TV ADVERT 1981 ANGLIA TV HD 1080P HARRY H CORBETT WILFRED BRAMB '' . YouTube . IainLucey1972 . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe and Son '' . Discogs . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ Galton , R. ; Simpson , A. ; Ross , R. ( 2002 ) . Steptoe and Son . London : BBC Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 563 - 48833 - 0 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Gibson , Owen ( 10 July 2006 ) . `` British comedy remakes that aim to bring a smile to the US '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 29 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Albert & Herbert '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ `` Han är Fleksnes och Albert & Herberts pappa '' . NWT . Jump up ^ `` Stiefbeen en Zoon '' . IMDB . Retrieved 25 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Beeld en Geluid Wiki https://wiki.beeldengeluid.nl/index.php/Stiefbeen_en_zoonn . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Skraphandlerne '' . IMDB.com . Retrieved 15 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camilo & Filho Lda '' . IMDB . Jump up ^ Barrie , David ( 19 August 2002 ) . `` The tortured world of Steptoe and Son '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Billington , Michael ( 23 February 2006 ) . `` Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Four unveils new drama season '' . BBC Press Office . 28 November 2007 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Scriptwriters reject the ' Curse of Comedy ' '' . The Times . 8 March 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2011 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Simon Mayo Programme , BBC Radio 5 Live , 15 January 2009 . Jump up ^ Edge , Simon ( 26 July 2007 ) . `` The shame of Steptoe '' . The Daily Express . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` An important message from the Corbett family '' . steptoe-and-son.com . Jump up ^ `` Steptoe drama is slammed '' . The Daily Express . 25 March 2008 . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Official Site '' . kneehigh.co.uk. 30 July 2014 . Retrieved 30 July 2014 . External links ( edit ) Steptoe and Son on IMDb Steptoe and Son Appreciation Society Steptoe and Son Collectors Archive Steptoe and Son at Laughterlog Steptoe and Son at BBC Programmes Steptoe and Son at BBC Online Steptoe and Son at BFI Screenonline Steptoe and Son at British Comedy Guide Steptoe and Son Episodes List of Steptoe and Son episodes Films Steptoe and Son ( film ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again Related Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane When Steptoe Met Son The Curse of Steptoe Remakes Sanford and Son Albert & Herbert Galton and Simpson Ray Galton Alan Simpson Sitcoms Hancock 's Half Hour ( 1954 - 60 ) Citizen James ( 1960 ) Hancock ( 1961 ) Comedy Playhouse Series 1 ( 1961 - 62 ) Series 2 ( 1963 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1962 - 74 ) The Galton and Simpson Comedy ( 1969 ) Clochemerle ( 1972 ) Casanova ' 73 ( 1973 ) The Galton and Simpson Playhouse ( 1977 ) Paul Merton in Galton and Simpson 's ... ( 1996 -- 97 ) Films The Rebel ( 1961 ) The Wrong Arm of the Law ( 1963 ) The Bargee ( 1964 ) The Spy with a Cold Nose ( 1966 ) Loot ( 1970 ) The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ( 1971 ) Up the Chastity Belt ( 1971 ) Steptoe and Son ( 1972 ) Steptoe and Son Ride Again ( 1973 ) Galton with others Spooner 's Patch ( 1979 - 82 ) Get Well Soon ( 1997 ) Steptoe and Son in Murder at Oil Drum Lane ( 2005 ) Related articles Associated London Scripts Sanford and Son ( 1972 - 77 ) Fleksnes Fataliteter ( 1972 - 2002 ) The Last Fleksnes ( 1974 ) Albert & Herbert ( 1974 - 82 ) Skyll inte på mig ! ( 1978 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steptoe_and_Son&oldid=865439806 '' Categories : 1962 British television programme debuts 1974 British television programme endings 1960s British sitcoms 1970s British sitcoms BBC Radio comedy programmes BBC television sitcoms Black - and - white British television programmes Comedy Playhouse English - language television programs Fictional English people Fictional junk dealers Steptoe and Son Television duos Television programs adapted into films Television programs adapted into novels Television programs adapted into plays Television programs adapted into radio programs Television series about widowhood Television series created by Ray Galton Television series created by Alan Simpson Television shows set in London Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages containing links to subscription - only content Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Use dmy dates from May 2014 EngvarB from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Norsk Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 23 October 2018 , at 23 : 52 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

name of the horse in steptoe and son

The series ' title music , `` Old Ned '' , won its composer Ron Grainer his second successive Ivor Novello award . The series had no standard set of opening titles but the opening sequences would often feature the Steptoe 's horse , Hercules . `` Steptoe and Son '' is the Steptoes ' trading name , but as established in the first episode , the `` Son '' is not Harold as initially believed , but Albert . The name dates from when he and his mother -- Mrs. Steptoe -- worked the rounds . The first series has the pair as very rough looking and often dirty and wearing ragged clothes , but they quickly `` tidied up '' for later series .

British Chambers of Commerce - wikipedia British Chambers of Commerce Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) British Chambers of Commerce Foreign Secretary William Hague speaking at the British Chambers of Commerce in London , 14 March 2013 . Picture courtesy British Chambers of Commerce Abbreviation BCC Formation 1860 Legal status Not - for - profit organisation Purpose Chambers of commerce in the UK , and UK business Location 65 Petty France , Westminster , SW1H 9EU Region served Global Membership 92,000 Director - General Adam Marshall Affiliations Business Link Website British Chambers of Commerce The British Chambers of Commerce ( BCC ) is the national representative body of 52 Accredited Chambers of Commerce across the UK , representing 75,000 businesses , which employ over 5m people . Members range from growth - oriented start - ups to local and regional subsidiaries of multinational companies , in all commercial and industrial sectors , and from all over the UK . Its office is in London on Petty France , near the Ministry of Justice ( former Home Office ) , and off Buckingham Gate ( A323 ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Director General 2 Chamber Awards 3 Annual conference 4 Quarterly economic survey 5 International trade 6 Business and education 6.1 North East 6.2 South East 6.3 South West 6.4 North West 6.5 West Midlands 6.6 East Midlands 6.7 East of England 6.8 Yorkshire and the Humber 6.9 Wales 6.10 Northern Ireland 6.11 Scotland 7 See also 8 References 9 External links 9.1 Video clips Director general ( edit ) Adam Marshall has been Director General of the British Chambers of Commerce ( BCC ) since October 2016 . Previously , Adam served as the BCC 's Executive Director for Policy and External Affairs ( July 2009 -- March 2016 ) , and as Acting Director General ( March -- October 2016 ) Prior to joining BCC , Adam helped start up the Centre for Cities , built commercial links between industry and universities , and worked in the broadcast media . He holds a BA from Yale University and MPhil and PhD degrees from the University of Cambridge . Adam is a national of the United Kingdom and the USA . Chamber Awards ( edit ) The Chamber Awards were launched by the British Chambers of Commerce ( BCC ) in 2004 to recognise and celebrate business excellence through the successes and achievements of its Accredited Chambers of Commerce and their members . As part of recognising the significant contribution that a person under 30 can make to the success of a business , the Chamber created a new category and announced the first ' Young person in Business ' award winner in November 2014 , Oliver Bryssau of Origin Broadband . Annual conference ( edit ) The BCC Annual Conference is a yearly one - day event . It is an opportunity for senior politicians , business leaders and thought - leaders to connect over some of the most prominent issues affecting the economy and society . Speakers usually include high - profile cabinet ministers and company CEOs , which in the past have included the Rt Hon George Osborne MP , Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Rt Hon Jeremy Corbyn MP , Leader of the Opposition The Annual Conference 2018 is being held on 8 March 2018 at QEII Conference Centre Quarterly Economic survey ( edit ) The British Chambers of Commerce ( QES ) is the largest and most representative independent business survey of its kind in the UK . The survey has been in existence since 1989 and the survey results are widely reported in the national media . International trade ( edit ) Export Britain is the online resource by the British Chambers of Commerce which showcases opportunities in key international markets , and links UK exporters to support available from British Chambers and business groups both in the UK and around the world . The BCC currently works with accredited or BCC - assessed international Chambers around the world , details of which can found in their International Directory . These overseas Chambers aim to promote trade between the U.K and their home countries by linking businesses , providing in - country expertise and sharing useful resources . As part of the Export Britain campaign , the BCC hosts an annual International Trade Conference , bringing together exporting businesses , Chamber staff / members and overseas Chambers for a day of networking , panel debates and workshops . The aim of the event , branded in 2016 as ' Global Business Network Live ' is to provide exporters with the knowledge , expertise and contacts they need to succeed . Workshops consisted of practical exporting advice on a range of subjects including export finance , trade events and managing currency fluctuations . Region specific sessions were also run by representatives from overseas chambers . Notable speakers at the 2016 event included Lord Price ( Minister of State at the Department of International Trade ) and Sarah Wood ( Co-founder and CEO , Unruly ) among others . Business and Education ( edit ) The BCC campaign ' Bridging the Gap ' is a positive call to action to help businesses find the talent they need , and boost the career prospects of young people . The campaign aims to increase collaboration between education providers and businesses , support young people to gain exposure to business and influence government education and skills policy to ensure young people develop the skills , experience and attitude to make a successful transition into work . The 52 Accredited Chambers of Commerce have a growing number of education providers in membership , including 1,700 schools and colleges . Chambers across the country help them connect with their local business community . This campaign is carried out through the Young Chambers , who provide a range of effective ways to connect businesses and schools , tapping into the knowledge , skills and experience of local firms There are currently 18 Chambers offering the Young Chamber membership offer . The BCC hosts an annual ' Business and Education Summit ' in London to promote the values of the bridging the gap campaign and share insights from organisations around the country . The one - day event is an inspirational and interactive forum which provides the opportunity for delegates to make new connections and engage with latest best practice through expert speakers , panel debates and informative breakout sessions . The 52 accredited Chambers are : North East ( edit ) North East Chamber of Commerce South East ( edit ) Thames Valley Chamber of Commerce London Chamber of Commerce and Industry Hampshire Chamber of Commerce Sussex Chamber of Commerce Surrey Chambers of Commerce Kent Invicta Chamber of Commerce Milton Keynes Chamber of Commerce Isle of Wight Chamber of Commerce Channel Chamber of Commerce South West ( edit ) Business West Chambers of Commerce Somerset Chamber of Commerce & Industry Ltd Dorset Chamber of Commerce & Industry Cornwall Chamber of Commerce North West ( edit ) St Helens Chamber North & Western Lancashire Chamber of Commerce Liverpool Chamber of Commerce & Industry Greater Manchester Chamber of Commerce Cumbria Chamber of Commerce & Industry Lancashire Chamber of Commerce & Industry Wirral Chamber of Commerce West Cheshire & North Wales Chamber of Commerce South Cheshire Cahmber of Commerce West Midlands ( edit ) Greater Birmingham Chambers of Commerce Shropshire Chamber of Commerce North Staffordshire Chamber of Commerce & Industry Herefordshire & Worcestershire Chamber of Commerce Coventry & Warwickshire Chamber of Commerce Black Country Chamber of Commerce ( web page ) East Midlands ( edit ) East Midlands Chamber ( Derbyshire , Nottinghamshire , Leicestershire ) Lincolnshire Chamber of Commerce Northamptonshire Chamnber of Commerce East of England ( edit ) Bedfordshire Chamber of Commerce Suffolk Chamber of Commerce Norfolk Chamber of Commerce Essex Chamber of Commerce Hertfordshire Chamber of Commerce & Industry Cambridgeshire Chamber of Commerce & Industry Yorkshire and the Humber ( edit ) Barnsley & Rotherham Chamber of Commerce Mid Yorkshire Chamber of Commerce Hull & Humber Chamber of Commerce Doncaster Chamber of Commerce & Enterprise West & North Yorkshire Chamber of Commerce ( Formed in March 2014 with the merger of Bradford Chamber and Leeds , York & North Yorkshire Chamber ) Wales ( edit ) South Wales Chamber of Commerce West Cheshire & North Wales Chamber of Commerce Northern Ireland ( edit ) Northern Ireland Chamber of Commerce Scotland ( edit ) Renfrewshire Chamber of Commerce Fife Chamber of Commerce & Enterprise Glasgow Chamber of Commerce Edinburgh Chamber of Commerce Aberdeen & Grampian Chamber of Commerce Ayrshire Chamber of Commerce Inverness Chamber of Commerce ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Confederation of British Industry Federation of Small Businesses References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.britishchambers.org.uk/about-the-bcc/ Jump up ^ `` About the BCC '' . British Chambers of Commerce . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chamber Awards '' . Chamber Awards . 2015 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` BCC Annual Conference 2017 '' . British Chambers of Commerce . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BCC Annual Conference 2017 '' . BCC Annual Conference 2017 . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey Archived 7 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine . BCC. 2014 . Retrieved on 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20150222045501/http://exportbritain.org.uk/about-us.html . Archived from the original on 22 February 2015 . Retrieved 15 January 2015 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Bridging the gap between education and business '' . Business and Education . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Young Chamber '' . Business and Education . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Business and Education Summit '' . Business and Education . British Chambers of Commerce . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . External links ( edit ) British Chambers of Commerce Quarterly Economic Survey Scottish Chambers of Commerce Chamber Awards Twitter Business and Education Global Business Network Live YouTube Channel Export Britain CEE Business portal Documents and clippings about British Chambers of Commerce in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) . Video clips ( edit ) Interview with David Frost Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=British_Chambers_of_Commerce&oldid=821632449 '' Categories : Foreign trade of the United Kingdom Chambers of commerce in the United Kingdom Organisations based in Coventry Organisations based in the City of Westminster Organizations established in 1860 1860 establishments in the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use dmy dates from March 2017 Use British English from March 2017 Articles needing additional references from July 2015 All articles needing additional references All self - contradictory articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 18 : 03 . About Wikipedia

what does the british chamber of commerce do

The British Chambers of Commerce ( BCC ) is the national representative body of 52 Accredited Chambers of Commerce across the UK , representing 75,000 businesses , which employ over 5m people . Members range from growth - oriented start - ups to local and regional subsidiaries of multinational companies , in all commercial and industrial sectors , and from all over the UK . Its office is in London on Petty France , near the Ministry of Justice ( former Home Office ) , and off Buckingham Gate ( A323 ) .

Lockheed Martin F - 22 Raptor - wikipedia Lockheed Martin F - 22 Raptor Jump to : navigation , search `` F - 22 '' redirects here . For other uses , see F22 ( disambiguation ) . F - 22 Raptor An F - 22 flies over Andrews Air Force Base in 2008 . Role Stealth air superiority fighter National origin United States Manufacturer Lockheed Martin Aeronautics Boeing Defense , Space & Security First flight 7 September 1997 Introduction 15 December 2005 Status In service Primary user United States Air Force Produced 1996 -- 2011 Number built 195 ( 8 test and 187 operational aircraft ) Program cost US $66.7 billion as of 2011 Unit cost US $150 million ( flyaway cost for FY2009 ) Developed from Lockheed YF - 22 Developed into Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA Lockheed Martin FB - 22 The Lockheed Martin F - 22 Raptor is a fifth - generation , single - seat , twin - engine , all - weather stealth tactical fighter aircraft developed for the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . The result of the USAF 's Advanced Tactical Fighter program , the aircraft was designed primarily as an air superiority fighter , but also has ground attack , electronic warfare , and signal intelligence capabilities . The prime contractor , Lockheed Martin , built most of the F - 22 's airframe and weapons systems and conducted final assembly , while Boeing provided the wings , aft fuselage , avionics integration , and training systems . The aircraft was variously designated F - 22 and F / A-22 before it formally entered service in December 2005 as the F - 22A . After a protracted development and despite operational issues , the USAF considers the F - 22 critical to its tactical air power , and says that the aircraft is unmatched by any known or projected fighter . The Raptor 's combination of stealth , aerodynamic performance , and situational awareness gives the aircraft unprecedented air combat capabilities . The high cost of the aircraft , a lack of clear air - to - air missions due to delays in Russian and Chinese fighter programs , a ban on exports , and development of the more versatile F - 35 led to the end of F - 22 production . A final procurement tally of 187 operational production aircraft was established in 2009 , and the last F - 22 was delivered to the USAF in 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 1.1 Origins 1.2 Production and procurement 1.3 Ban on exports 1.4 Production termination 1.5 Upgrades 2 Design 2.1 Overview 2.2 Avionics 2.3 Cockpit 2.4 Armament 2.5 Stealth 3 Operational history 3.1 Designation and testing 3.2 Introduction into service 3.3 Deployments 3.4 Maintenance and training 3.5 Operational problems 4 Variants 4.1 Derivatives 5 Operators 6 Accidents 7 Aircraft on display 8 Specifications ( F - 22A ) 9 Notable appearances in media 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Notes 11.2 Citations 11.3 Bibliography 12 External links Development ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Main articles : Advanced Tactical Fighter and Lockheed YF - 22 ATF SPO Patch , 1990 In 1981 , the U.S. Air Force developed a requirement for an Advanced Tactical Fighter ( ATF ) as a new air superiority fighter to replace the F - 15 Eagle and F - 16 Fighting Falcon . Code named `` Senior Sky '' , this program was influenced by the emerging worldwide threats , including development and proliferation of Soviet Su - 27 `` Flanker '' - and MiG - 29 `` Fulcrum '' - class fighter aircraft . It would take advantage of the new technologies in fighter design on the horizon , including composite materials , lightweight alloys , advanced flight control systems , more powerful propulsion systems , and stealth technology . The request for proposals ( RFP ) was issued in July 1986 and two contractor teams , Lockheed / Boeing / General Dynamics and Northrop / McDonnell Douglas , were selected on 31 October 1986 to undertake a 50 - month demonstration phase , culminating in the flight test of two technology demonstrator prototypes , the YF - 22 and the YF - 23 . The program was managed by the Advanced Tactical Fighter Systems Program Office ( ATF SPO ) located at Wright - Patterson Air Force Base . Each design team produced two prototype air vehicles , one for each of the two engine options . The Lockheed - led team employed thrust vectoring nozzles on YF - 22 for enhanced maneuverability in dogfights . The ATF 's increasing weight and cost drove out certain requirements during development . Side - looking radars were deleted , and the dedicated infra - red search and track ( IRST ) system was downgraded from multi-color to single color and then deleted as well . However , space and cooling provisions were retained to allow for future addition of these components . The ejection seat requirement was downgraded from a fresh design to the existing McDonnell Douglas ACES II . After the flight test demonstration and validation of the prototypes , on 23 April 1991 , Secretary of the USAF Donald Rice announced the YF - 22 as the winner of the ATF competition . The YF - 23 design was considered stealthier and faster , while the YF - 22 was more maneuverable . The aviation press speculated that the YF - 22 was also more adaptable to the U.S. Navy 's Navalized Advanced Tactical Fighter ( NATF ) , but by 1992 , the Navy had abandoned NATF . Production and procurement ( edit ) Manufacturers of the F - 22 Prime contractor Lockheed Martin Aeronautics manufactured the majority of the airframe and performed final assembly at Dobbins Air Reserve Base in Marietta , Georgia ; program partner Boeing Defense , Space & Security provided additional airframe components as well as avionics integration and training systems . F - 22 production was split up over many subcontractors across 46 states to increase Congressional support , though this production split may have contributed to increased costs and delays . Many capabilities were deferred to post-service upgrades , reducing the initial cost but increasing total program cost . Production supported over 1,000 subcontractors and suppliers and up to 95,000 jobs . The F - 22 had several design changes from the YF - 22 . The swept - back angle of the leading edge was decreased from 48 ° to 42 ° , while the vertical stabilizers were shifted rearward and decreased in area by 20 % . To improve pilot visibility , the canopy was moved forward 7 inches ( 18 cm ) , and the engine intakes moved rearward 14 inches ( 36 cm ) . The shapes of the wing and stabilator trailing edges were refined to improve aerodynamics , strength , and stealth characteristics . Increasing weight during development caused slight reductions in range and aerodynamic performance . The first F - 22 , an engineering and manufacturing development ( EMD ) aircraft named Raptor 4001 , was unveiled at Marietta , Georgia , on 9 April 1997 , and first flew on 7 September 1997 . In 2006 , the Raptor 's development team , composed of over 1,000 contractors and the USAF , won the Collier Trophy , American aviation 's most prestigious award . The F - 22 was in production for 15 years , at a rate of roughly two per month during peak production . The USAF originally envisioned ordering 750 ATFs at a cost of $26.2 billion , with production beginning in 1994 . The 1990 Major Aircraft Review led by Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney reduced this to 648 aircraft beginning in 1996 . By 1997 , funding instability had further cut the total to 339 , which was again reduced to 277 F - 22s by 2003 . In 2004 , the Department of Defense ( DoD ) further reduced this to 183 operational aircraft , despite the USAF 's preference for 381 . In 2006 , a multi-year procurement plan was implemented to save $15 billion but raise each aircraft 's cost . That year the program 's total cost was projected to be $62 billion for 183 F - 22s distributed to seven combat squadrons . In 2007 , Lockheed Martin received a $7.3 billion contract to increase the order to 183 production F - 22s and extend manufacturing through 2011 . In April 2006 , the Government Accountability Office ( GAO ) assessed the F - 22 's cost to be $361 million per aircraft , with $28 billion invested in development and testing ; the Unit Procurement Cost was estimated at $178 million in 2006 , based on a production run of 181 aircraft . It was estimated by the end of production , $34 billion will have been spent on procurement , resulting in a total program cost of $62 billion , around $339 million per aircraft . The incremental cost for an additional F - 22 was estimated at about $138 million in 2009 . The GAO stated the estimated cost was $412 million per aircraft in 2012 . Ban on exports ( edit ) Two F - 22s during flight testing , the upper one being the first EMD F - 22 , Raptor 4001 The F - 22 can not be exported under American federal law to protect its stealth technology and other high - tech features . Customers for U.S. fighters are acquiring earlier designs such as the F - 15 Eagle and F - 16 Fighting Falcon or the newer F - 35 Lightning II , which contains technology from the F - 22 but was designed to be cheaper , more flexible , and available for export . In September 2006 , Congress upheld the ban on foreign F - 22 sales . Despite the ban , the 2010 defense authorization bill included provisions requiring the DoD to prepare a report on the costs and feasibility for an F - 22 export variant , and another report on the effect of F - 22 export sales on U.S. aerospace industry . Some Australian politicians and defense commentators proposed that Australia should attempt to purchase F - 22s instead of the planned F - 35s , citing the F - 22 's known capabilities and F - 35 's delays and developmental uncertainties . However , the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) determined that the F - 22 was unable to perform the F - 35 's strike and close air support roles . The Japanese government also showed interest in the F - 22 for its Replacement - Fighter program . The Japan Air Self - Defense Force ( JASDF ) would reportedly require fewer fighters for its mission if it obtained the F - 22 , thus reducing engineering and staffing costs . However , in 2009 it was reported that acquiring the F - 22 would require increases to the defense budget beyond the historical 1 percent of GDP . With the end of F - 22 production , Japan chose the F - 35 in December 2011 . Israel also expressed interest , but eventually chose the F - 35 because of the F - 22 's price and unavailability . Production termination ( edit ) Throughout the 2000s , the need for F - 22s was debated due to rising costs and the lack of relevant adversaries . In 2006 , Comptroller General of the United States David Walker found that `` the DoD has not demonstrated the need '' for more investment in the F - 22 , and further opposition to the program was expressed by Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld , Deputy Secretary of Defense Gordon R. England , Senator John McCain , and Chairman of U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services Senator John Warner . The F - 22 program lost influential supporters in 2008 after the forced resignations of Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force General T. Michael Moseley . Nevertheless , in 2008 , Congress passed a defense spending bill funding the F - 22 's continued production and the Pentagon released $50 million of the $140 million for four additional aircraft , raising the total orders for production aircraft to 187 and leaving the program in the hands of the next administration . Two F - 22As in close trail formation In November 2008 , Secretary of Defense Robert Gates stated that the Raptor was not relevant in post-Cold War conflicts such as in Iraq and Afghanistan , and in April 2009 , under the new Obama Administration , he called for ending F - 22 production in fiscal year ( FY ) 2011 , leaving the USAF with 187 production aircraft . In July , General James Cartwright , Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , stated to the Senate Committee on Armed Services his reasons for supporting termination of F - 22 production . They included shifting resources to the multirole F - 35 to allow proliferation of fifth - generation fighters for three service branches and preserving the F / A-18 production line to maintain the military 's electronic warfare ( EW ) capabilities in the Boeing EA - 18G Growler . Issues with the F - 22 's reliability and availability also raised concerns . After President Obama threatened to veto further production , the Senate voted in July 2009 in favor of ending production and the House subsequently agreed to abide by the 187 production aircraft cap . Gates stated that the decision was taken in light of the F - 35 's capabilities , and in 2010 , he set the F - 22 requirement to 187 aircraft by lowering the number of major regional conflict preparations from two to one . In 2010 , USAF initiated a study to determine the costs of retaining F - 22 tooling for a future Service Life Extension Program ( SLEP ) . A RAND Corporation paper from this study estimated that restarting production and building an additional 75 F - 22s would cost $17 billion , resulting in $227 million per aircraft , or $54 million higher than the flyaway cost . Lockheed Martin stated that restarting the production line itself would cost about $200 million . Production tooling will be documented in illustrated electronic manuals stored at the Sierra Army Depot . Retained tooling will produce additional components ; due to the limited production run there are no reserve aircraft , leading to considerable care during maintenance . Later attempts to retrieve this tooling found that the containers were empty . The Pentagon can not continue with business as usual when it comes to the F - 22 or any other program in excess of our needs . Secretary of Defense Robert Gates , speaking on the cancellation . Russian and Chinese fighter developments have fueled concern , and in 2009 , General John Corley , head of Air Combat Command , stated that a fleet of 187 F - 22s would be inadequate , but Secretary Gates dismissed this concern . In 2011 , Gates explained that Chinese fifth - generation fighter developments had been accounted for when the number of F - 22s was set , and that the U.S. would have a considerable advantage in stealth aircraft in 2025 , even with F - 35 delays . In December 2011 , the 195th and final F - 22 was completed out of 8 test ( `` EMD '' -- Engineering , Manufacturing and Development ) and 187 operational aircraft produced ; the aircraft was delivered to the USAF on 2 May 2012 . In April 2016 , the HASC Tactical Air and Land Forces Subcommittee proposed legislation that would direct the Air Force `` to conduct a comprehensive assessment and study of the costs associated with resuming production of F - 22 aircraft . '' Defense Secretary Robert Gates had production halted at 187 F - 22s ( at a cost of $67 billion ) to direct funds for ongoing irregular warfare operations in Iraq and Afghanistan . Since then , lawmakers and the Pentagon noted that air warfare systems of Russia and China were catching up to U.S. air superiority capabilities . Previous estimates of restarting production placed figures at around $2 billion , including $300 -- 500 million in non-recurring start - up costs , with an estimated unit cost of $233 million for a production run of 75 aircraft over five years . Lockheed has proposed upgrading the 36 early training - model Block 20 Raptors into combat - coded Block 30 / 35 versions as a way to increase numbers available for deployment . On 9 June 2017 , the Air Force submitted their report to Congress stating they had no plans to restart the F - 22 production line due to economic and operational issues ; it estimated it would cost approximately $50 billion to procure 194 additional F - 22s , at a cost of $206 -- $216 million per aircraft , including approximately $9.9 billion for non-recurring start - up costs and $40.4 billion for aircraft procurement costs . Upgrades ( edit ) The first combat - capable Block 3.0 aircraft first flew in 2001 . Increment 2 , the first F - 22 upgrade program , was implemented in 2005 and enables the aircraft to employ Joint Direct Attack Munitions ( JDAM ) . Increment 3.1 provides improved ground - attack capability through synthetic aperture radar mapping and radio emitter direction finding , electronic attack and the GBU - 39 Small Diameter Bomb ( SDB ) ; testing began in 2009 and the first upgraded aircraft was delivered in 2012 . Increment 3.2 is a two - part upgrade process ; 3.2 A focuses on electronic warfare , communications and identification , while 3.2 B will allow the F - 22 to fully exploit the AIM - 9X and AIM - 120D missiles . The subsequent Increment 3.3 may include the adoption of an open avionics platform and air traffic control updates . Upgrades due in 2015 will allow the F - 22 to employ the AIM - 9X and have full Link 16 reception and transmission capability . The F - 22 fleet is planned to have 36 Block 20 training and 149 Block 30 / 35 combat aircraft by 2016 . The Increment 3.2 B upgrade planned for 2018 will include a new stores management system to show the correct symbols for the AIM - 9X Sidewinder and AIM - 120D AMRAAM with improved control of them . In 2017 , the USAF is defining requirements for next - generation sensors for the F - 22 , which involves designing new hardware and antennas . Subsequent upgrades are also focusing on an open avionics platform to enable faster future upgrades . To enable two - way communication with other platforms , the F - 22 can use the Battlefield Airborne Communications Node ( BACN ) as a gateway . The originally planned MADL integration was cut due to the lack of system maturity . In 2014 Lockheed Martin and Northrop Grumman were competing to connect the F - 22 with other platforms while maintaining stealth . Other upgrades being developed include infra - red search and track functionality for the AN / AAR - 56 Missile Launch Detector ( MLD ) and integration of a helmet - mounted cuing system ( HMCS ) to enable off - boresight missile launches by 2020 . Until the F - 22 gains a helmet mounted system it will use the AIM - 9X 's helmetless high off - boresight ( HHOBS ) capabilities . In March 2010 , the USAF accelerated software portions of 3.2 to be completed in FY 2013 . In January 2011 , the USAF opened the Raptor enhancement , development and integration ( REDI ) contract to bidders , with a $16 billion budget . In November 2011 , Lockheed Martin 's upgrade contract ceiling was raised to $7.4 billion . Nearly $2 billion was allocated for structural repairs and to achieve fleet availability rate of 70.6 % by 2015 . However , only 63 % was achieved . Some F - 35 technology , such as more durable stealth coatings , have been applied to the F - 22 . By 2012 , the update schedule had slipped seven years due to instability in requirements and funding . In 2014 the USAF moved to cut upgrade funding . In 2012 , the F - 22 was upgraded with a backup oxygen system , software upgrades and oxygen sensors to address the frequent oxygen deprivation issues and normalize operations . In 2013 , the faulty flight vest valves were replaced and altitude restrictions lifted ; distance restrictions will be lifted once a backup oxygen system is installed . In April 2014 , the USAF stated in Congressional testimony that installation of automatic backup oxygen systems on the F - 22 fleet would be completed within twelve months . The F - 22 was designed for a lifespan of 30 years and 8,000 flight hours , with a $100 million `` structures retrofit program '' . Investigations are being made for upgrades to extend their useful lives further . In the long term , the F - 22 is expected to be superseded by a sixth - generation jet fighter to be fielded in the 2030s . Design ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) F - 22 flying with its F119 - PW - 100 engines on full afterburner during testing The F - 22 Raptor is a fifth - generation fighter that is considered fourth generation in stealth aircraft technology by the USAF . It is the first operational aircraft to combine supercruise , supermaneuverability , stealth , and sensor fusion in a single weapons platform . The Raptor has clipped delta wings with a reverse sweep on the rear , four empennage surfaces , and a retractable tricycle landing gear . Flight control surfaces include leading - edge flaps , flaperons , ailerons , rudders on the canted vertical stabilizers , and all - moving horizontal tails ; these surfaces also serve as speed brakes . The aircraft 's dual Pratt & Whitney F119 - PW - 100 afterburning turbofan engines are closely spaced and incorporate 2D pitch - axis thrust vectoring nozzles with a range of ± 20 degrees ; each engine has maximum thrust in the 35,000 lbf ( 156 kN ) class . The F - 22 's thrust - to - weight ratio in typical combat configuration is nearly at unity in maximum military power and 1.25 in full afterburner . Maximum speed without external stores is estimated to be Mach 1.82 during supercruise and greater than Mach 2 with afterburners . The F - 22 is among only a few aircraft that can supercruise , or sustain supersonic flight without using fuel - inefficient afterburners ; it can intercept targets which subsonic aircraft would lack the speed to pursue and an afterburner - dependent aircraft would lack the fuel to reach . The Raptor 's high operating altitude is also a significant tactical advantage over prior fighters . The use of internal weapons bays permits the aircraft to maintain comparatively higher performance over most other combat - configured fighters due to a lack of aerodynamic drag from external stores . The F - 22 's structure contains a significant amount of high - strength materials to withstand stress and heat of sustained supersonic flight . Respectively , titanium alloys and composites comprise 39 % and 24 % of the aircraft 's structural weight . Play media Video of an F - 22 flight demonstration The F - 22 is highly maneuverable at both supersonic and subsonic speeds . Computerized flight control system and full - authority digital engine control ( FADEC ) make the aircraft highly departure resistant and controllable . The Raptor 's relaxed stability and powerful thrust - vectoring engines enable the aircraft to turn tightly and perform very high alpha ( angle of attack ) maneuvers such as the Herbst maneuver ( J - turn ) and Pugachev 's Cobra . The aircraft is also capable of maintaining over 60 ° alpha while having some roll control . The Raptor 's aerodynamic performance , sensor fusion , and stealth work together for increased effectiveness . Altitude , speed , and advanced active and passive sensors allow the aircraft to spot targets at considerable ranges and increase weapons range ; altitude and speed also complement stealth 's ability to increase the aircraft 's survivability against ground defenses such as surface - to - air missiles . Avionics ( edit ) Key avionics include BAE Systems EI&S AN / ALR - 94 radar warning receiver ( RWR ) , Lockheed Martin AN / AAR - 56 infrared and ultraviolet Missile Launch Detector ( MLD ) and Northrop Grumman AN / APG - 77 active electronically scanned array ( AESA ) radar . The MLD features six sensors to provide full spherical infrared coverage . The RWR is a passive radar detector with more than 30 antennas blended into the wings and fuselage for all - round coverage . Tom Burbage , former F - 22 program head at Lockheed Martin , described it as `` the most technically complex piece of equipment on the aircraft . '' The range of the RWR ( 250 + nmi ) exceeds the radar 's , and can cue radar emissions to be confined to a narrow beam ( down to 2 ° by 2 ° in azimuth and elevation ) to increase stealth . Depending on the detected threat , the defensive systems can prompt the pilot to release countermeasures such as flares or chaff . According to Bill Sweetman , experts had said the ALR - 94 can be used as a passive detection system capable of searching targets and providing enough information for a radar lock on . The AN / APG - 77 AESA radar The AN / APG - 77 radar features a low - observable , active - aperture , electronically scanned array that can track multiple targets under any weather conditions . Radar emissions can also be focused to overload enemy sensors as an electronic - attack capability . The radar changes frequencies more than 1,000 times per second to lower interception probability and has an estimated range of 125 -- 150 mi ( 201 -- 241 km ) , against a 11 sq ft ( 1 m ) target . F - 22s from Lot 5 and on are equipped with the AN / APG - 77v1 , which provides full air - to - ground functionality ( high - resolution synthetic aperture radar mapping , ground moving target indication and track ( GMTI / GMTT ) , automatic cueing and recognition , combat identification , and many other advanced features ) . The APG - 77v1 with newer GaAs modules provides a range of 250 mi ( 400 km ) or more ; this is believed to be possible due to the use of more narrow beams . Radar information is processed by two Raytheon Common Integrated Processor ( CIP ) s , each capable of processing up to 10.5 billion instructions per second . In a process known as sensor fusion , data from the radar , other sensors , and external systems is filtered and combined by the CIP into a common view , reducing pilot workload . However , upgrading the aircraft 's avionics was reportedly very challenging due to their highly integrated nature . The F - 22 's ability to operate close to the battlefield gives the aircraft threat detection and identification capability comparative with the RC - 135 Rivet Joint , and the ability to function as a `` mini-AWACS '' , though the radar is less powerful than those of dedicated platforms . The F - 22 can designate targets for allies , and determine whether two friendly aircraft are targeting the same aircraft . This radar system can sometimes identify targets `` many times quicker than the AWACS '' . The IEEE 1394 B bus developed for the F - 22 was derived from the commercial IEEE 1394 `` FireWire '' bus system . In 2007 , the F - 22 's radar was tested as a wireless data transceiver , transmitting data at 548 megabits per second and receiving at gigabit speed , far faster than the Link 16 system . The F - 22 's software has some 1.7 million lines of code , the majority involving processing radar data . Former Secretary of the USAF Michael Wynne blamed the use of the DoD 's Ada for cost overruns and delays on many military projects , including the F - 22 . Cyberattacks on subcontractors have reportedly raised doubts about the security of the F - 22 's systems and combat - effectiveness . In 2009 , former Navy Secretary John Lehman considered the F - 22 to be safe from cyberattack , citing the age of its IBM software . Cockpit ( edit ) Cockpit of the F - 22 , showing instruments , head up display and throttle top ( lower left ) The F - 22 has a glass cockpit with all - digital flight instruments . The monochrome head - up display offers a wide field of view and serves as a primary flight instrument ; information is also displayed upon six color liquid - crystal display ( LCD ) panels . The primary flight controls are a force - sensitive side - stick controller and a pair of throttles . The USAF initially wanted to implement direct voice input ( DVI ) controls , but this was judged to be too technically risky and was abandoned . The canopy 's dimensions are approximately 140 inches long , 45 inches wide , and 27 inches tall ( 355 cm x 115 cm x 69 cm ) and weighs 360 pounds . The F - 22 has integrated radio functionality , the signal processing systems are virtualized rather than as a separate hardware module . There have been several reports on the F - 22 's inability to communicate with other aircraft , and funding cuts have affected the integration of the Multifunction Advanced Data Link ( MADL ) . Voice communication is possible , but not data transfer . The integrated control panel ( ICP ) is a keypad system for entering communications , navigation , and autopilot data . Two 3 in × 4 in ( 7.6 cm × 10.2 cm ) up - front displays located around the ICP are used to display integrated caution advisory / warning data , communications , navigation and identification ( CNI ) data and also serve as the stand - by flight instrumentation group and fuel quantity indicator . The stand - by flight group displays an artificial horizon , for basic instrument meteorological conditions . The 8 in × 8 in ( 20 cm × 20 cm ) primary multi-function display ( PMFD ) is located under the ICP , and is used for navigation and situation assessment . Three 6.25 in × 6.25 in ( 15.9 cm × 15.9 cm ) secondary multi-function displays are located around the PMFD for tactical information and stores management . The ejection seat is a version of the ACES II ( Advanced Concept Ejection Seat ) commonly used in USAF aircraft , with a center - mounted ejection control . The F - 22 has a complex life support system , which includes the on - board oxygen generation system ( OBOGS ) , protective pilot garments , and a breathing regulator / anti-g ( BRAG ) valve controlling flow and pressure to the pilot 's mask and garments . The pilot garments were developed under the Advanced Technology Anti-G Suit ( ATAGS ) project and are to protect against chemical / biological hazards and cold - water immersion , counter g - forces and low pressure at high altitudes , and provide thermal relief . Suspicions regarding the performance of the OBOGS and life support equipment have been raised by several mishaps , including a fatal crash . Armament ( edit ) AIM - 120 AMRAAM ( right ) fitted in the main weapons bay of an F - 22 Front fuselage detail of an F - 22 The Raptor has three internal weapons bays : a large bay on the bottom of the fuselage , and two smaller bays on the sides of the fuselage , aft of the engine intakes . The main bay can accommodate six LAU - 142 / A launchers for beyond - visual - range missiles and each side bay has an LAU - 141 / A launcher for short - range missiles . Four of the launchers in the main bay can be replaced with two bomb racks that can each carry one 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) or four 250 lb ( 110 kg ) bombs . Carrying armaments internally maintains the aircraft 's stealth and minimizes additional drag . Missile launches require the bay doors to be open for less than a second , during which hydraulic arms push missiles clear of the aircraft ; this is to reduce vulnerability to detection and to deploy missiles during high speed flight . The F - 22 can also carry air - to - surface weapons such as bombs with Joint Direct Attack Munition ( JDAM ) guidance and the Small Diameter Bomb , but can not self - designate for laser - guided weapons . Internal air - to - surface ordnance is limited to 2,000 lb ( 910 kg ) . An internally mounted M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon is embedded in the aircraft 's right wing root with the muzzle covered by a retractable door to maintain stealth . The radar projection of the cannon fire 's path is displayed on the pilot 's head - up display . F - 22 with external weapons pylons The F - 22 's high cruise speed and altitude increase the effective ranges of its munitions , with the aircraft having 50 % greater employment range for the AIM - 120 AMRAAM than prior platforms . While specifics are classified , it is expected that JDAMs employed by F - 22s will have twice or more the effective range of legacy platforms . In testing , an F - 22 dropped a GBU - 32 JDAM from 50,000 feet ( 15,000 m ) while cruising at Mach 1.5 , striking a moving target 24 miles ( 39 km ) away . While the F - 22 typically carries weapons internally , the wings include four hardpoints , each rated to handle 5,000 lb ( 2,300 kg ) . Each hardpoint can accommodate a pylon that can carry a detachable 600 - gallon ( 2,270 L ) external fuel tank or a launcher holding two air - to - air missiles ; the two inboard hardpoints are `` plumbed '' for external fuel tanks . The use of external stores degrades the aircraft 's stealth and kinematic performance ; after releasing stores the external attachments can be jettisoned to restore those characteristics . A stealthy ordnance pod and pylon was being developed to carry additional weapons in the mid-2000s . Stealth ( edit ) For stealth , the F - 22 carries weapons in internal bays . The doors for the center and side bays are open ; the six LAU - 142 / A AMRAAM Vertical Eject Launchers ( AVEL ) are visible . The F - 22 was designed to be highly difficult to detect and track by radar . Measures to reduce radar cross-section include airframe shaping such as alignment of edges , fixed - geometry serpentine inlets that prevent line - of - sight of the engine faces from any exterior view , use of radar - absorbent material ( RAM ) , and attention to detail such as hinges and pilot helmets that could provide a radar return . The F - 22 was also designed to have decreased radio emissions , infrared signature and acoustic signature as well as reduced visibility to the naked eye . The aircraft 's flat thrust - vectoring nozzle reduces infrared emissions to mitigate the threat of infrared homing ( `` heat seeking '' ) surface - to - air or air - to - air missiles . Additional measures to reduce the infrared signature include special paint and active cooling of leading edges to manage the heat buildup from supersonic flight . Compared to previous stealth designs like the F - 117 , the F - 22 is less reliant on radar - absorbent materials , which are maintenance - intensive and susceptible to adverse weather conditions . Unlike the B - 2 , which requires climate - controlled hangars , the F - 22 can undergo repairs on the flight line or in a normal hangar . The F - 22 features a Signature Assessment System which delivers warnings when the radar signature is degraded and necessitates repair . While the F - 22 's exact radar cross-section ( RCS ) is classified , in 2009 Lockheed Martin released information indicating that from certain angles the aircraft has an RCS of 0.0001 m2 or − 40 dBsm -- equivalent to the radar reflection of a `` steel marble '' . Effectively maintaining the stealth features can decrease the F - 22 's mission capable rate to 62 -- 70 % . The effectiveness of the stealth characteristics is difficult to gauge . The RCS value is a restrictive measurement of the aircraft 's frontal or side area from the perspective of a static radar . When an aircraft maneuvers it exposes a completely different set of angles and surface area , potentially increasing radar observability . Furthermore , the F - 22 's stealth contouring and radar absorbent materials are chiefly effective against high - frequency radars , usually found on other aircraft . The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low - frequency radars such as weather radars and early - warning radars are more likely to detect the F - 22 due to its physical size . However , such radars are also conspicuous , susceptible to clutter , and have low precision . Additionally , while faint or fleeting radar contacts make defenders aware that a stealth aircraft is present , reliably vectoring interception to attack the aircraft is much more challenging . According to the USAF an F - 22 surprised an Iranian F - 4 Phantom II that was attempting to intercept an American UAV , despite Iran 's claim of having military VHF radar coverage over the Persian Gulf . Operational History ( edit ) Designation and testing ( edit ) An F - 22 refuels from a KC - 135 during testing ; the attachment on the back top is for a spin recovery chute The YF - 22 was originally given the unofficial name `` Lightning II '' , after the World War II Lockheed P - 38 Lightning fighter , which persisted until the mid-1990s , when the USAF officially named the aircraft `` Raptor '' . The name `` Lightning II '' was later given to the F - 35 . The aircraft was also briefly dubbed `` SuperStar '' and `` Rapier '' . In September 2002 , USAF changed the Raptor 's designation to F / A-22 , mimicking the Navy 's McDonnell Douglas F / A-18 Hornet and intended to highlight a planned ground - attack capability amid debate over the aircraft 's role and relevance . The F - 22 designation was reinstated in December 2005 , when the aircraft entered service . Flight testing of the F - 22 began in 1997 with Raptor 4001 , the first EMD jet , and eight more F - 22s would participate in the EMD and flight test program . Raptor 4001 was retired from flight testing in 2000 and subsequently sent to Wright - Patterson Air Force Base for survivability testing , including live fire testing and battle damage repair training . Other EMD F - 22s have been used for testing upgrades and as maintenance trainers . The first production F - 22 was delivered to Nellis AFB , Nevada , in January 2003 . In May 2006 , a released report documented a problem with the F - 22 's forward titanium boom , caused by defective heat - treating . This made the boom on roughly the first 80 F - 22s less ductile than specified and potentially shortened the part 's life . Modifications and inspections were implemented to the booms to restore life expectancy . In August 2008 , an unmodified F - 22 of the 411th Flight Test Squadron performed the first ever air - to - air refueling of an aircraft using synthetic jet fuel as part of a wider USAF effort to qualify aircraft to use the fuel , a 50 / 50 mix of JP - 8 and a Fischer -- Tropsch process - produced , natural gas - based fuel . In 2011 , an F - 22 flew supersonic on a 50 % mixture of biofuel derived from camelina . Introduction into service ( edit ) An F - 22 fires an AIM - 120 AMRAAM In December 2005 , the USAF announced that the F - 22 had achieved Initial Operational Capability ( IOC ) . During Exercise Northern Edge in Alaska in June 2006 , in simulated combat exercises 12 F - 22s of the 94th FS downed 108 adversaries with no losses . In the exercises , the Raptor - led Blue Force amassed 241 kills against two losses in air - to - air combat , with neither loss being an F - 22 . During Red Flag 07 - 1 in February 2007 , 14 F - 22s of the 94th FS supported Blue Force strikes and undertook close air support sorties . Against superior numbers of Red Force Aggressor F - 15s and F - 16s , 6 -- 8 F - 22s maintained air dominance throughout . No sorties were missed because of maintenance or other failures ; a single F - 22 was judged lost against the defeated opposing force . F - 22s also provided airborne electronic surveillance . The Raptor achieved Full Operational Capability ( FOC ) in December 2007 , when General John Corley of Air Combat Command ( ACC ) officially declared the F - 22s of the integrated active duty 1st Fighter Wing and Virginia Air National Guard 192d Fighter Wing fully operational . This was followed by an Operational Readiness Inspection ( ORI ) of the integrated wing in April 2008 , in which it was rated `` excellent '' in all categories , with a simulated kill - ratio of 221 -- 0 . Deployments ( edit ) An F - 22 from Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , intercepting a Russian Tupolev Tu - 95 near American airspace F - 22 fighter units have been frequently deployed to Kadena Air Base in Okinawa , Japan . In February 2007 , on the aircraft 's first overseas deployment to Kadena Air Base , six F - 22s of 27th Fighter Squadron flying from Hickam AFB , Hawaii , experienced multiple software - related system failures while crossing the International Date Line ( 180th meridian of longitude ) . The aircraft returned to Hawaii by following tanker aircraft . Within 48 hours , the error was resolved and the journey resumed . In early 2013 , F - 22s were involved in U.S. - South Korean military drills . In November 2007 , F - 22s of 90th Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , performed their first NORAD interception of two Russian Tu - 95MS `` Bear - H '' bombers . Since then , F - 22s have also escorted probing Tu - 160 `` Blackjack '' bombers . The first pair of F - 22s assigned to the 49th Fighter Wing became operational at Holloman AFB , New Mexico , in June 2008 . In 2014 , Holloman F - 22s and their support personnel were reassigned to the reactivated 95th Fighter Squadron at Tyndall AFB . Defense Secretary Gates initially refused to deploy F - 22s to the Middle East in 2007 ; the type made its first deployment in the region at Al Dhafra Air Base in the UAE in 2009 . In April 2012 , F - 22s have been rotating into Al Dhafra , less than 200 miles from Iran ; the Iranian defense minister referred to the deployment as a security threat . In March 2013 , the USAF announced that an F - 22 had intercepted an Iranian F - 4 Phantom II that approached within 16 miles of an MQ - 1 Predator flying off the Iranian coastline . 2005 : An F - 22 of the 43d Fighter Squadron flies alongside an F - 15 Eagle of the 27th Fighter Squadron . In June 2014 , F - 22s from the 199th Fighter Squadron of the Hawaii Air National Guard were deployed to Malaysia to participate in the Cope Taufan 2014 exercise conducted by the USAF Pacific Air Forces and Royal Malaysian Air Force . On 22 September 2014 , F - 22s performed the type 's first combat sorties during the American - led intervention in Syria ; aircraft dropped 1,000 - pound GPS - guided bombs on Islamic State targets near Tishrin Dam . By January 2015 , the F - 22 accounted for three percent of Air Force sorties during Operation Inherent Resolve . General Mike Hostage of ACC said that the aircraft performed `` flawlessly '' during this deployment . Between September 2014 and July 2015 , F - 22s flew 204 sorties over Syria , dropping 270 bombs at some 60 locations . On 23 June 2015 , a pair of F - 22s performed the aircraft 's first close air support ( CAS ) mission after receiving a short - notice request for airstrikes in close proximity to friendly forces . These strike notwithstanding , the F - 22 's main role in the operation was gathering intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance . An F - 22 refueling prior to combat operations in Syria , September 2014 In late 2014 , the USAF was testing a rapid deployment concept involving four F - 22s and one C - 17 for support , first proposed in 2008 by two F - 22 pilots . The goal was for the type to be able to set up and engage in combat within 24 hours . Four F - 22s were deployed to Spangdahlem Air Base in Germany in August and Lask Air Base in Poland and Amari Air Base in Estonia in September 2015 to train with NATO allies . On 19 August 2016 , two F - 22s intercepted two Syrian Su - 24 strike aircraft over Hasakah , Syria , following SyAAF attacks on U.S. - backed Kurdish forces in and around the city . In November 2017 , F - 22s operating alongside B - 52s bombed opium production and storage facilities in Taliban - controlled regions of Afghanistan in the Raptor 's first usage in the country . F - 22s participated in the U.S. strikes on pro-government forces in eastern Syria on 7 February 2018 . Maintenance and training ( edit ) F - 22 aircraft were available for missions 62 % of the time on average in 2004 and 70 % in 2009 . The rate was at 63 % in 2015 . Early on , the F - 22 required more than 30 hours of maintenance per flight hour and a total cost per flight hour of $44,000 ; by 2008 it was reduced to 18.1 , and 10.5 by 2009 ; lower than the Pentagon 's requirement of 12 maintenance hours per flight hour . When introduced , the F - 22 had a Mean Time Between Maintenance ( MTBM ) of 1.7 hours , short of the required 3.0 ; in 2012 this rose to 3.2 hours . By 2013 , the cost per flight hour was $68,362 , over three times as much as the F - 16 . In 2014 , the F - 22 fleet required 43 maintenance man - hours per flight hour . Each aircraft requires a month - long packaged maintenance plan ( PMP ) every 300 flight hours . The stealth system , including its radar absorbing metallic skin , account for almost one third of maintenance . The canopy was redesigned after the original design lasted an average of 331 hours instead of the required 800 hours . F - 22 depot maintenance is performed at Ogden Air Logistics Complex at Hill AFB , Utah . In January 2007 , the F - 22 reportedly maintained 97 % sortie rate , flying 102 out of 105 tasked sorties while amassing a 144 - to - zero kill ratio during `` Northern Edge '' air - to - air exercises in Alaska . According to Lieutenant Colonel Wade Tolliver , squadron commander of the 27th Fighter Squadron , the stealth coatings of the F - 22 are more robust than those used in earlier stealth aircraft , being less sensitive to weather and wear and tear . However , rain caused `` shorts and failures in sophisticated electrical components '' when F - 22s were posted to Guam . To reduce operating costs and lengthen the F - 22 's service life , some pilot training sorties are performed using flight simulators , while the T - 38 Talon is used for adversary training . DoD budget cuts led to F - 22 demonstration flights being halted in 2013 before resuming in 2014 . In 2012 , it was reported that the F - 22 's maintenance demands have increased as the fleet aged , the stealth coatings being particularly demanding . Operational problems ( edit ) Operational problems have been experienced and some have caused fleet - wide groundings . Critically , pilots have experienced a decreased mental status , including losing consciousness . There were reports of instances of pilots found to have a decreased level of alertness or memory loss after landing . F - 22 pilots have experienced lingering respiratory problems and a chronic cough ; other symptoms include irritability , emotional lability and neurological changes . A number of possible causes were investigated , including possible exposure to noxious chemical agents from the respiratory tubing , pressure suit malfunction , side effects from oxygen delivery at greater - than - atmospheric concentrations , and oxygen supply disruptions . Other problems include minor mechanical problems and navigational software failures . The fleet was grounded for four months in 2011 before resuming flight , but reports of oxygen issues persisted . In 2005 , the Raptor Aeromedical Working Group , a USAF expert panel , recommended several changes to deal with the oxygen supply issues . In October 2011 , Lockheed Martin was awarded a $24 M contract to investigate the breathing difficulties . In July 2012 , the Pentagon concluded that a pressure valve on flight vests worn during high - altitude flights and a carbon air filter were likely sources of at least some hypoxia - like symptoms . Long - distance flights were resumed , but were limited to lower altitudes until corrections had been made . The carbon filters were changed to a different model to reduce lung exposure to carbon particulates . The breathing regulator / anti-g ( BRAG ) valve , used to inflate the pilot 's vest during high G maneuvers , was found to be defective , inflating the vest at unintended intervals and restricting the pilot 's breathing . The on - board oxygen generating system ( OBOGS ) also unexpectedly reduced oxygen levels during high - G maneuvers . In late 2012 , Lockheed Martin was awarded contracts to install a supplemental automatic oxygen backup system , in addition to the primary and manual backup . Changes recommended by the Raptor Aeromedical Working Group in 2005 received further consideration in 2012 ; the USAF reportedly considered installing EEG brain wave monitors on the pilot 's helmets for inflight monitoring . New backup oxygen generators and filters have been installed on the aircraft . The coughing symptoms have been attributed to acceleration atelectasis ( `` collapse or closure of a lung resulting in reduced or absent gas exchange '' ) , which may be exacerbated by the F - 22 's high performance . The presence of toxins and particles in some ground crew was deemed to be unrelated . On 4 April 2013 , the distance and altitude flight restrictions were lifted after the F - 22 Combined Test Force and 412th Aerospace Medicine Squadron determined that breathing restrictions on the pilot were responsible as opposed to an issue with the oxygen provided . Variants ( edit ) YF - 22A -- pre-production technology demonstrator for ATF demonstration / validation phase ; two were built . F - 22A -- single - seat production version , was designated F / A-22A in early 2000s . F - 22B -- planned two - seat variant , canceled in 1996 to save development costs . Naval F - 22 variant -- a planned carrier - borne variant of the F - 22 with variable - sweep wings for the U.S. Navy 's Navy Advanced Tactical Fighter ( NATF ) program to replace the F - 14 Tomcat . Program was canceled in 1993 . Former Secretary of the Air Force Donald Rice called the possibility of the naval variant the deciding factor for his choice of the YF - 22 over the YF - 23 . Derivatives ( edit ) The FB - 22 was a proposed medium - range bomber for the USAF . The FB - 22 was projected to carry up to 30 Small Diameter Bombs to about twice the range of the F - 22A , while maintaining the F - 22 's stealth and supersonic speed . However , the FB - 22 in its planned form appears to have been canceled with the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review and subsequent developments , in lieu of a larger subsonic bomber with a much greater range . The X-44 MANTA , or multi-axis , no - tail aircraft , was a planned experimental aircraft based on the F - 22 with enhanced thrust vectoring controls and no aerodynamic surface backup . The aircraft was to be solely controlled by thrust vectoring , without featuring any rudders , ailerons , or elevators . Funding for this program was halted in 2000 . Operators ( edit ) F - 22 from Tyndall AFB , Florida , cruising over the Florida Panhandle An F - 22 landing at Holloman AFB , New Mexico An F - 22 , based at Elmendorf AFB , Alaska , over mountain terrain F - 22 with drop tanks in transit to Kadena Air Base , Japan , from Langley AFB , Virginia United States United States Air Force The U.S. Air Force is the only operator of the F - 22 . It ordered 8 test and 187 operational production aircraft . In November 2012 , it had 184 production aircraft in inventory . Air Combat Command 1st Fighter Wing -- Langley Air Force Base , Virginia 27th Fighter Squadron -- The first combat F - 22 squadron . Began conversion in December 2005 . 94th Fighter Squadron 53d Wing -- Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida 422d Test and Evaluation Squadron ( Nellis Air Force Base , Nevada ) 57th Wing -- Nellis AFB , Nevada 433d Weapons Squadron 325th Fighter Wing -- Tyndall AFB , Florida 43d Fighter Squadron -- First squadron to operate the F - 22 and continues to serve as the Formal Training Unit . 95th Fighter Squadron Air Force Materiel Command 412th Test Wing -- Edwards Air Force Base , California 411th Flight Test Squadron Pacific Air Forces 3d Wing -- Elmendorf Air Force Base , Alaska 90th Fighter Squadron 525th Fighter Squadron 15th Wing -- Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii 19th Fighter Squadron -- Active Associate squadron to the 199th Fighter Squadron ( Hawaii Air National Guard ) . Air National Guard 192d Fighter Wing ( Associate ) -- Langley AFB , Virginia 149th Fighter Squadron 154th Wing -- Hickam Air Force Base , Hawaii 199th Fighter Squadron 325th Fighter Wing Associate Unit ( also known as Florida Air National Guard Headquarters Detachment 1 ) -- Tyndall AFB , Florida Associate ANG unit to 325th Fighter Wing ( Air Combat Command ) Air Force Reserve Command 44th Fighter Group ( Associate ) -- Tyndall AFB , Florida 301st Fighter Squadron 477th Fighter Group ( Associate ) -- Elmendorf AFB , Alaska 302d Fighter Squadron Accidents ( edit ) In April 1992 , the second YF - 22 crashed while landing at Edwards AFB . The test pilot , Tom Morgenfeld , escaped without injury . The cause of the crash was found to be a flight control software error that failed to prevent a pilot - induced oscillation . The first F - 22 crash occurred during takeoff at Nellis AFB on 20 December 2004 , in which the pilot ejected safely before impact . The investigation revealed that a brief interruption in power during an engine shutdown prior to flight caused a flight - control system malfunction ; consequently the aircraft design was corrected to avoid the problem . Following a brief grounding , F - 22 operations resumed after a review . On 25 March 2009 , an EMD ( Engineering , Manufacturing and Development ) F - 22 crashed 35 miles ( 56 km ) northeast of Edwards AFB during a test flight , resulting in the death of Lockheed Martin test pilot David P. Cooley . An Air Force Materiel Command investigation found that Cooley momentarily lost consciousness during a high - G maneuver , then ejected when he found himself too low to recover . Cooley was killed during ejection by blunt - force trauma from windblast due to the aircraft 's speed . The investigation found no design issues . Wreckage of a crashed F - 22 near Tyndall Air Force Base , Florida , November 2012 On 16 November 2010 , an F - 22 from Elmendorf Air Force Base crashed , killing the pilot , Captain Jeffrey Haney . F - 22s were restricted to flying below 25,000 feet , then grounded during the investigation . The crash was attributed to a bleed air system malfunction after an engine overheat condition was detected , shutting down the Environmental Control System ( ECS ) and OBOGS . The accident review board ruled Haney was to blame , as he did not react properly and did not engage the emergency oxygen system . Haney 's widow sued Lockheed Martin , claiming equipment defects . She later reached a settlement A design flaw with the oxygen system was described in a 2000 document . After the ruling , the engagement handle of the emergency oxygen system was redesigned ; the system should engage automatically if OBOGS shuts down due to engine failure . On 11 February 2013 , the DoD 's Inspector General released a report stating that the USAF had erred in blaming Haney , and that facts did not sufficiently support conclusions ; the USAF stated that it stood by the ruling . During a training mission , an F - 22 crashed to the east of Tyndall AFB , on 15 November 2012 . The pilot ejected safely and no injuries were reported on the ground . The investigation determined that a `` chafed '' electrical wire ignited the fluid in a hydraulic line , causing a fire that damaged the flight controls . Aircraft on display ( edit ) EMD F - 22A 91 - 4003 is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force . Specifications ( F - 22A ) ( edit ) F - 22 Raptor schematic USAF poster of key F - 22 features and armament F - 22 's underside with main bay doors open Data from USAF , F - 22 Raptor Team web site , manufacturers ' data , Aviation Week , and Journal of Electronic Defense , General characteristics Crew : 1 Length : 62 ft 1 in ( 18.92 m ) Wingspan : 44 ft 6 in ( 13.56 m ) Height : 16 ft 8 in ( 5.08 m ) Wing area : 840 ft2 ( 78.04 m2 ) Airfoil : NACA 64A ? 05.92 root , NACA 64A ? 04.29 tip Empty weight : 43,340 lb ( 19,700 kg ) Loaded weight : 64,840 lb ( 29,410 kg ) Max . takeoff weight : 83,500 lb ( 38,000 kg ) Fuel capacity : 18,000 lb ( 8,200 kg ) internally , or 26,000 lb ( 12,000 kg ) with two external fuel tanks Powerplant : 2 × Pratt & Whitney F119 - PW - 100 turbofans with thrust vectoring in pitch - axis Dry thrust : 26,000 lb ( 116 kN ) each Thrust with afterburner : > 35,000 lb ( > 156 kN ) each Performance Maximum speed : At altitude : Mach 2.25 ( 1,500 mph , 2,410 km / h ) ( estimated ) Supercruise : Mach 1.82 ( 1,220 mph , 1,960 km / h ) Range : > 1,600 nmi ( 1,840 mi , 2,960 km ) with 2 external fuel tanks Combat radius : 460 nmi ( with 100 nmi in supercruise ) clean ( 529 mi , 852 km ) Ferry range : 1,740 nmi ( 2,000 mi , 3,220 km ) Service ceiling : > 65,000 ft ( 20,000 m ) Wing loading : 77.2 lb / ft2 ( 377 kg / m2 ) Thrust / weight : 1.08 Maximum design g - load : + 9.0 / − 3.0 g Armament Guns : 1 × 20 mm ( 0.787 in ) M61A2 Vulcan 6 - barrel rotary cannon in right wing root , 480 rounds Air - to - air mission loadout : 6 × AIM - 120 AMRAAM 2 × AIM - 9 Sidewinder Air - to - ground mission loadout : 2 × 1,000 lb ( 450 kg ) JDAM or 8 × 250 lb ( 110 kg ) GBU - 39 Small Diameter Bombs 2 × AIM - 120 AMRAAM 2 × AIM - 9 Sidewinder Hardpoints : 4 × under - wing pylon stations can be fitted to carry 600 U.S. gallon ( 2,270 L ) drop tanks or weapons , each with a capacity of 5,000 lb ( 2,270 kg ) . Avionics AN / APG - 77 radar or AN / APG - 77v1 : 125 -- 150 miles ( 201 -- 241 km ) against 1 m ( 11 sq ft ) targets ( estimated range ) for AN / APG - 77 and 400 km or more against 1 m ( 11 sq ft ) targets ( estimated range ) for AN / APG - 77v1 with GaAs modules , while using more narrow beams AN / AAR - 56 Missile Launch Detector ( MLD ) AN / ALR - 94 radar warning receiver ( RWR ) : 250 nmi ( 463 km ) or more detection range MJU - 39 / 40 flares for protection against IR missiles Notable appearances in media ( edit ) Main article : F - 22 Raptor in fiction See also ( edit ) United States Air Force portal Aviation portal Related development Lockheed YF - 22 Lockheed Martin FB - 22 Lockheed Martin X-44 MANTA Aircraft of comparable role , configuration and era Lockheed Martin F - 35 Lightning II Chengdu J - 20 Sukhoi Su - 57 Related lists List of fighter aircraft List of Lockheed aircraft List of active United States military aircraft List of megaprojects , Aerospace References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Referring to statements made by the Secretary of Defense Robert Gates : `` The secretary once again highlighted his ambitious next - year request for the more - versatile F - 35s . '' Jump up ^ This capability was demonstrated in 2005 when General John P. Jumper exceeded Mach 1.7 in the F - 22 without afterburners . Jump up ^ `` ... noting that Raptors are ready for a mission around 62 percent of the time , if its low - observable requirements are met ( DAILY , 20 November ) . Reliability goes up above 70 percent for missions with lower stealth demands . '' Jump up ^ The F - 22 was `` lost '' when a victim exited the area , regenerated and immediately re-engaged ; the pilot had erroneously assumed it was still `` dead '' . Jump up ^ Actual thrust is in the 37,000 -- 39,000 lbf ( 164.6 -- 173.5 kN ) range Jump up ^ Combat radius details : 590 nmi subsonic clean , 850 nmi subsonic with 2 × 600 US gal tanks , 750 nmi ( with 100 nmi in supercruise ) with 2 × 600 US gal tanks . Figures include − 6 % routing factor , combat and 2 × GBU - 32 + 2 × AIM - 9 + 2 × AIM - 120 . Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chronology of the F - 22 Program . '' Archived 7 March 2008 at the Wayback Machine . F - 22 Team , 4 November 2012 . Retrieved : 23 July 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Butler , Amy . `` Last Raptor Rolls Off Lockheed Martin Line . '' Aviation Week , 27 December 2011 . Retrieved : 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Parsons , Gary . `` Final F - 22 Delivered '' Combat Aircraft Monthly , 3 May 2012 . Retrieved : 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Analysis of the Fiscal Year 2012 Pentagon Spending Request . '' Cost of war , 15 February 2011 . Retrieved : 31 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` FY 2011 Budget Estimates '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Air Force . February 2010 . pp. 1 -- 15 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 March 2012 . Jump up ^ Reed , John . `` Official : Fighters should be used for spying . '' Air Force Times , 20 December 2009 . Retrieved : 9 May 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` F - 22 Raptor fact sheet . '' U.S. Air Force , March 2009 . Retrieved : 23 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Pace 1999 , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Aronstein and Hirschberg 1998 , p. 254 . 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Lockheed and Lockheed Martin aircraft and spacecraft Transports Constellation family Constellation L - 049 L - 649 L - 749 L - 1049 L - 1249 Starliner C - 69 C - 121 EC - 121 R6V XB - 30 Hercules family C - 130 C - 130J AC - 130 DC - 130 HC - 130 EC - 130 EC - 130H KC - 130 LC - 130 MC - 130 WC - 130 L - 100 Model 10 Electra family Model 10 Electra Junior Lodestar Hudson Super Electra Ventura L - 188 Electra family L - 188 P - 3 EP - 3 CP - 140 P - 7 Other types Air Express Altair C - 5 C - 141 Excalibur JetStar Orion Saturn Sirius TriStar RAF Vega Fighter - bombers Lightning family P - 38 XP - 49 XP - 58 Shooting Star family F - 80 F - 94 T - 33 T2V Starfighter famiily XF - 104 F - 104 NF - 104A CL - 1200 Raptor family YF - 22 F - 22 FB - 22 X-44 Other types A-4AR A-9 F - 16 F - 35 F - 117 XFM - 2 XF - 90 YP - 24 Reconnaissance Blackbird family A-12 SR - 71 Blackbird YF - 12 D - 21 Maritime patrol P - 2 Neptune S - 3 Viking Other manned U-2 YO - 3 TR - X SR - 72 Other UAVs Aequare AQM - 60 Desert Hawk Desert Hawk III Fury MQM - 105 Polecat RQ - 3 RQ - 170 Helicopters CL - 475 XH - 51 AH - 56 Cheyenne VH - 71 Kestrel Experimental Have Blue L - 133 L - 301 QueSST Senior Peg Senior Prom Star Clipper XC - 35 X-7 X-17 X-24C X-26B X-33 X-35 X-55 X-56 XFV XV - 4 Light aircraft Big Dipper Explorer L - 402 Little Dipper Missiles Agena High Virgo Perseus Ping - Pong Polaris Poseidon Trident I Trident II Boeing military aircraft Fighters / attack aircraft : PW - 9 / FB F2B F3B F4B XF6B P - 29 / XF7B XF8B P - 12 P - 26 818 F - 15E F - 22 AV - 8B F - 15SE F / A-18E / F EA - 18G Bombers YB - 9 XB - 15 B - 17 Y1B - 20 B - 29 XB - 38 XB - 39 YB - 40 XB - 44 B - 47 B - 50 B - 52 B - 54 XB - 55 XB - 56 XB - 59 B - 1 Piston - engined transports C - 73 C - 75 C - 97 C - 98 C - 108 Jet transports C - 135 C - 137 CC - 137 YC - 14 C - 17 C - 22 VC - 25 C - 32 C - 40 Tanker - transports KB - 29 KB - 50 KC - 97 KC - 135 KC - 137 KC - 10 KC - 46 KC - 767 Trainers PT - 13 PT - 17 PT - 18 PT - 27 XAT - 15 T - 43 T - 45 T-X Patrol and surveillance XPB XPBB XP3B P - 8 EC - 135 EC - 18 E-3 E-4 E-6 E-8 E-10 E-767 737 AEW&C Reconnaissance NC - 135 OC - 135B RC - 135 WC - 135 Drones / UAVs CQM - 121 MQ - 18 X-50 ScanEagle Experimental / prototypes X-20 X-32 X-36 X-37 X-40 X-45 / Phantom Ray X-50 X-51 X-53 YAL - 1 Phantom Eye Bird of Prey United States tri-service fighter aircraft designations post-1962 F - 1C / F - 1E F - 2 F - 3 F - 4 F - 5 F - 6 F - 7 F - 8 F - 9 F - 10 F - 11 YF - 12 F - 13 F - 14 F - 15 / E F - 16 YF - 17 F / A-18 / E / F F - 19 F - 20 F - 21 YF - 22 / F - 22 YF - 23 F - 24 to F - 34 F - 35 Not assigned See also : `` F - 19 '' F - 117 Pre-1962 list GND : 7554232 - 8 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor&oldid=839701180 '' Categories : Lockheed Martin aircraft United States fighter aircraft 1990 -- 1999 Twinjets Stealth aircraft Mid-wing aircraft Aircraft first flown in 1997 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from March 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Good articles Use dmy dates from October 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 59 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 May 2018 , at 03 : 43 . 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what is the top speed of the f22

Maximum speed : At altitude : Mach 2.25 ( 1,500 mph , 2,410 km / h ) ( estimated ) Supercruise : Mach 1.82 ( 1,220 mph , 1,960 km / h )

Monday 's Child - wikipedia Monday 's Child Jump to : navigation , search For the 1967 Argentine film , see Monday 's Child ( film ) . `` Monday 's Child '' As published in St. Nicholas Magazine , 1873 Nursery rhyme Published 1838 ( first printed source ) Songwriter ( s ) unknown `` Monday 's Child '' is one of many fortune - telling songs , popular as nursery rhymes for children . It is supposed to tell a child 's character or future based on the day of birth and to help young children remember the seven days of the week . As with all nursery rhymes , there are many versions . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 19526 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Lyrics 2 Origins 3 Music 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Lyrics ( edit ) Common modern versions include : Monday 's child is fair of face Tuesday 's child is full of grace Wednesday 's child is full of woe Thursday 's child has far to go , Friday 's child is loving and giving , Saturday 's child works hard for a living , And the child that is born on the Sabbath day Is bonny and blithe , and good and gay . Origins ( edit ) This rhyme was first recorded in A.E. Bray 's Traditions of Devonshire ( Volume II , pp. 287 -- 288 ) in 1838 and was collected by James Orchard Halliwell in the mid-nineteenth century . The tradition of fortune telling by days of birth is much older . Thomas Nashe recalled stories told to `` yong folks '' in Suffolk in the 1570s which included `` tell ( ing ) what luck eurie one should have by the day of the weeke he was borne on '' . Nashe thus provides evidence for fortune telling rhymes of this type circulating in Suffolk in the 1570s . There was considerable variation and debate about the exact attributes of each day and even over the days . Halliwell had ' Christmas Day ' instead of the Sabbath . Despite modern versions in which `` Wednesday 's child is full of woe , '' an early incarnation of this rhyme appeared in a multi-part fictional story in a chapter appearing in Harper 's Weekly on September 17 , 1887 , in which `` Friday 's child is full of woe '' , perhaps reflecting traditional superstitions associated with bad luck on Friday -- as many Christians associated Friday with the Crucifixion . In addition to Wednesday 's and Friday 's children 's role reversal , the fates of Thursday 's and Saturday 's children were also exchanged and Sunday 's child is `` happy and wise '' instead of `` blithe and good '' . Music ( edit ) The lyrics were set by John Rutter for choir a cappella in the collection Five Childhood Lyrics , first performed in 1973 . In 1982 , songwriter Lindsey Buckingham quoted the first two lines in the song `` Eyes Of The World '' , on Fleetwood Mac 's Mirage album . Vermillion Lies released `` Wednesday 's Child '' off their 2008 album `` What 's In The Box ? '' . The song features a slightly modified version of the entire poem and is sung from the perspective of a woeful child born on a Wednesday . In popular Culture ( edit ) This section indiscriminately collects miscellaneous information . Please compress this material to remove any irrelevant or unimportant information . ( March 2017 ) Enchanted is the first novel in The Woodcutter Sisters series by Alethea Kontis about sisters named for the day of the week , mothered by Seven Woodcutter . The first concerns Sunday , who is `` bonny and blithe and good and gay '' . The sisters ' roles and personalities are based on the rhyme , though some as Sunday notes . The second novel , Hero , features Saturday as the protagonist . In The Wild Wild West episode `` The Night of Miguelito 's Revenge '' ( 1968 ) , Dr. Loveless abducts seven individuals who match the characters in the poem , on the day each character is mentioned . Prior Walter refers to the poem in Tony Kushner 's play Angels in America ( 1985 -- 86 ) ( Act III Scene 1 ) . Jazz Calendar is a ballet by Frederick Ashton to music by Richard Rodney Bennett , and design by Derek Jarman , premiered by the Royal Ballet in January 1968 , whose seven movements are based on the rhyme . Monday 's Child Monday 's Child ( 2004 ) and Tuesday 's Child ( 2005 ) are novels written by Louise Bagshawe . `` Monday 's child has learned to tie his bootlace '' is a line from the song `` Lady Madonna '' ( 1968 ) by The Beatles . Tuesday 's Child `` Tuesday 's Child '' is a song on the second album ( 1988 ) by Contemporary Christian musician Steven Curtis Chapman . `` Tuesday 's Child '' is the second episode of season 6 of the ITV series `` Vera '' In the third generation ( Series 5 and 6 ) of British series , Skins main character Grace Violet Blood owned a Tumblr account under the url `` Tuesday 's Child '' , a reference to being full of Grace . Wednesday 's Child `` Wednesday 's Child '' is an episode of Salem in Season 3 . Wednesday 's Child ( 1956 ) is a short story by William Tenn ( pen name of Philip Klass ) published in Fantastic Universe in 1956 . Wednesday 's Child ( 1992 ) is a novel by Peter Robinson filmed for television as an episode of DCI Banks ( 2014 ) . Wednesday 's Child ( 2011 ) is a short story by Ken Bruen , nominated for the 2011 CWA Short Story Dagger . `` Wednesday 's Child '' is the name of an electronic music group . Wednesday 's Child is a play in the umbrella series Kraft Television Theatre ( season 1 , episode 15 ) , broadcast on January 21 , 1954 . `` Wednesday 's Child '' is an episode in season 1 of the US version of Prime Suspect . `` Wednesday 's Child '' is an episode in season 15 of Law & Order : SVU . The news team of a TV station in Norfolk , Virginia ( WAVY - TV ) had an ongoing feature called `` Wednesday 's Child . '' Each story would feature a child experiencing health or family or financial woes . Salt Lake TV station KSL has a similar ongoing feature , a cooperative effort between KSL and Adoption Exchange , highlighting foster children looking for permanent homes . John Barry 's main theme for the film The Quiller Memorandum ( 1966 ) is called `` Wednesday 's Child '' ( sung by Matt Monro ) . The Raiders ' 1970 album `` Collage '' contains the track `` Wednesday 's Child '' , the lyrics of which are another variation of the `` Monday 's Child '' nursery rhyme , with the song ending with the lines `` Wednesday 's child is full of woe . Woe I know , I am Wednesday 's Child '' . ' Wednesday 's Child ' is the name of a story arc of David Hopkins ' webcomic Jack . Grim and macabre Wednesday Addams of the Addams Family was named for the nursery rhyme . British folk metal pioneers Skyclad included `` Wednesday 's Child '' as one of two main characters described in their song `` The Widdershins Jig '' ( along with `` Wise man 's son '' ) , on their 1991 debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth . `` Wednesday 's Child '' is a song by Emiliana Torrini which appears on her 1999 album Love in the Time of Science . `` Wednesday 's Child '' is the 11 episode in season 3 of First Wave TV series during which `` Crazy '' Eddie recites the poem . `` Wednesday 's Child '' was the title of Episode 1 & 2 of the third series of Inspector Banks featuring Stephen Tompkinson , broadcast in February 2014 . Thursday 's Child The Velvet Underground includes the lyric `` Thursday 's Child '' on the track `` All Tomorrow 's Parties '' on The Velvet Underground and Nico `` Thursday 's child has far to go '' is referred to by Zoe in the Night Town episode of James Joyces 's Ulysses ( 1922 ) . Stephen Dedalus ( and Joyce himself ) were born on a Thursday . `` Thursday 's Child '' is a song by Tanita Tikaram from her album The Sweet Keeper , also released as a single . `` Thursday 's Child Has Far To Go '' is a travel blog by Nicola Ruth Slawson . Thursday 's Child ( 1956 ) is one of Eartha Kitt 's three autobiographies ( Kitt was actually born on Monday 17th January 1927 ) . Thursday 's Child ( 1970 ) is a novel by Noel Streatfeild . Thursday 's Child ( 2000 ) is a novel by Sonya Hartnett . Thursday 's Child ( 2013 ) is a novel by Monique Martin . `` Thursday 's Child '' is an episode in the fifth season of the series Road to Avonlea , in which Great Aunt Eliza recites part of this poem in relation to Cecily . `` Thursday 's Child '' is an episode of Murder , She Wrote in season 7 . Thursday 's Child is mentioned in The Tree , a 2010 Australian / French film starring Charlotte Gainsbourg . Thursday 's Child Adoption Agency based in Bloomfield , Connecticut with special segments offered by local news teams in several large metropolitan media markets including CN , FL , MN , MO , and TX . `` Thursday 's Children '' is a 1954 documentary of a school for the deaf , directed by Lindsay Anderson . The Chameleons ' 1983 album Script of the Bridge contains the track Thursday 's Child . Isobel Campbell included a song called `` Thursday 's Child '' on her album Milkwhite Sheets ( 2006 ) . David Bowie included a song called `` Thursday 's Child '' on his 1999 album Hours ( Bowie sings `` Only for you I do n't regret , That I was Thursday 's Child '' but was actually born on Wednesday 8th January 1947 . He later revealed it was a reference to the aforementioned Eartha Kitt autoboigraphy ) . Friday 's Child Van Morrison wrote a song entitled `` Friday 's Child '' ( 1971 ) while with the band Them . Nancy Sinatra had a hit in 1966 with `` Friday 's Child , '' written by Lee Hazlewood . Spandau Ballet used the line `` Fridays Child is full of soul '' in their 1986 hit Through The Barricades . Friday 's Child ( 1944 ) is a novel by Georgette Heyer . `` Friday 's Child '' ( 1967 ) is an episode of the original Star Trek television series . Will Young released an album named Friday 's Child ( 2003 ) . The title track has a variant of the rhyme as its chorus . Friday 's Girl ( 2005 ) is a novel by Charlotte Bingham . Arguably the two principal women in the novel are loving and giving . Saturday 's Child `` Old Mama Saturday ( ' Saturday 's Child Must Work for a Living ' ) '' ( 1995 ) by Marie Ponsot , featured in the 1995 volume of the annual Best American Poetry , vol. 8 ( New York : Collier Books , 1995 ) , refers to the rhyme in its title . `` Saturday 's Children '' is a 1940 Warner Brothers movie based on a play written by Maxwell Anderson and directed by Vincent Sherman , starring John Garfield , Anne Shirley and Claude Rains . David Gates , later of Bread , composed a song called `` Saturday 's Child '' that was included on the 1960s ' American pop rock band The Monkees ' eponymous first album ( 1966 ) . Sunday 's Child `` Sunday 's Child '' is the titular song on the album `` Phil Keaggy and Sunday 's Child '' by Contemporary Christian musician Phil Keaggy . `` Sunday 's Child '' is featured in the lyrics of the song `` All That Money Wants '' by The Psychedelic Furs . See also ( edit ) Dashing Away with the Smoothing Iron , a traditional English folk song written in the 19th century about a housewife carrying out one part of her linen chores each day of the week Solomon Grundy , an English nursery rhyme mentioning the days of the week Ashanti birthday names , e.g. Dwodwo ( Monday 's child ) traditional Gold Coast Akan language naming convention , common amongst West African diaspora References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Iona Opie and Peter Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , pp. 364 - 5 . Jump up ^ Traditions , Legends , Superstitions , and Sketches of Devonshire : On the Borders of the Tamar and the Tavy , Illustrative of Its Manners , Customs , History , Antiquities , Scenery , and Natural History , in a Series of Letters to Robert Southey , Esq. 2 . J. Murray . 1838 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ A. Fox , Oral and Literate Culture in England , 1500 -- 1700 ( Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press , 2000 ) , p. 182 . Jump up ^ ' Children 's charms and Oracles ' New York folklore quarterly ( 1952 ) , p. 46 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Kraft Television Theatre : Wednesday 's Child on the Internet Movie Database Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Thursdays Child Episode 61 ( Season 5 , Episode 9 ) , originally aired on CBC : February 27 , 1994 '' . avonleaguide.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Mik Foggin . `` The Chameleons - '' . thechameleons.com . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0020365/reference External links ( edit ) Day of the week calculator from Ancestor Search Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monday%27s_Child&oldid=839331673 '' Categories : English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Year of song unknown Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2014 All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from October 2014 Articles with trivia sections from March 2017 All articles with trivia sections Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Nederlands Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 2 May 2018 , at 19 : 03 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the child who was born on the sabbath day

Monday 's child is fair of face Tuesday 's child is full of grace Wednesday 's child is full of woe Thursday 's child has far to go , Friday 's child is loving and giving , Saturday 's child works hard for a living , And the child that is born on the Sabbath day Is bonny and blithe , and good and gay .

Las Vegas Strip - wikipedia Las Vegas Strip `` Vegas Strip '' and `` The Strip '' redirect here . For the TV series , see Vegas Strip ( TV series ) . For other uses , see The Strip ( disambiguation ) . Las Vegas Strip The Strip South Las Vegas Boulevard Clockwise from top : Las Vegas Boulevard , MGM Grand Las Vegas , New York - New York , The Venetian Las Vegas , Caesars Palace , Bally 's Las Vegas & Paris Las Vegas , Bellagio Length 4.2 mi ( 6.8 km ) 36 ° 07 ′ 11 '' N 115 ° 10 ′ 21 '' W  /  36.119684 ° N 115.172599 ° W  / 36.119684 ; - 115.172599 South end Russell Road North end Sahara Avenue The Las Vegas Strip is a stretch of South Las Vegas Boulevard in Clark County , Nevada that is known for its concentration of resort hotels and casinos . The Strip is approximately 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) in length , located immediately south of the Las Vegas city limits in the unincorporated towns of Paradise and Winchester . However , the Strip is often referred to as being in Las Vegas . Many of the largest hotel , casino , and resort properties in the world are located on the Strip . The boulevard 's cityscape is highlighted by its use of contemporary architecture , lights , and a wide variety of attractions . Its hotels , casinos , restaurants , residential high - rises , entertainment offerings , and skyline have established the Strip as one of the most popular and iconic tourist destinations in the world . Most of the Strip has also been designated as an All - American Road and is considered a scenic route at night . Contents ( hide ) 1 Boundaries 2 History 2.1 Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) 2.2 Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) 2.3 Future developments 3 Transportation 3.1 Pedestrian traffic 4 Attractions on the Strip 4.1 Golf 4.2 Amusement parks and rides 4.3 Shopping 4.4 Entertainment 4.5 Venues 5 Locations of major landmarks 5.1 Current landmarks 5.2 Former hotel / casino locations 6 Demolished or closed Strip casinos and hotels 7 Gallery 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Boundaries ( edit ) Looking north , 2013 Looking south Historically , the casinos that were not in Downtown Las Vegas along Fremont Street were limited to outside the city limits on Las Vegas Boulevard . In 1959 , the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign was constructed exactly 4.5 miles ( 7.2 km ) outside the city limits . The sign is today located in the median just south of Russell Road , across from the now - demolished Klondike Hotel & Casino , about 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) south of the southernmost entrance to Mandalay Bay ( the southernmost casino ) . In the strictest sense , `` the Strip '' refers only to the stretch of Las Vegas Boulevard that is roughly between Sahara Avenue and Russell Road , a distance of 4.2 miles ( 6.8 km ) . However , the term is often used to refer not only to the road but also to the various casinos and resorts that line the road , and even to properties that are not on the road but are in proximity to it . Phrases such as Strip Area , Resort Corridor or Resort District are sometimes used to indicate a larger geographical area , including properties 1 mile ( 1.6 km ) or more away from Las Vegas Boulevard , such as the Hard Rock , Rio , Palms , and Hooters casinos . A long - standing definition considers the Strip 's northern terminus as the SLS , though travel guides typically extend it to include the Stratosphere 0.4 miles ( 0.64 km ) to the north . Mandalay Bay , located just north of Russell Road , is the southernmost resort considered to be on the Strip ( the Klondike was the southernmost until 2006 , when it was closed , although it was not included in the Strip on some definitions and travel guides ) . Because of the number and size of the resorts , the resort corridor can be quite wide . Interstate 15 runs roughly parallel and 0.5 to 0.8 miles ( 0.80 to 1.29 km ) to the west of Las Vegas Boulevard for the entire length of the Strip . Paradise Road runs to the east in a similar fashion , and ends at St. Louis Avenue . The eastern side of the Strip is bounded by McCarran International Airport south of Tropicana Avenue . North of this point , the resort corridor can be considered to extend as far east as Paradise Road , although some consider Koval Lane as a less inclusive boundary . Interstate 15 is sometimes considered the western edge of the resort corridor from Interstate 215 to Spring Mountain Road . North of this point , Industrial Road serves as the western edge . Newer hotels and resorts such as South Point , Grandview Resort , and M Resort are on Las Vegas Boulevard South as distant as 8 miles south of the `` Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas '' sign . Marketing for these casinos usually states that they are on southern Las Vegas Boulevard and not `` Strip '' properties . Southern half of Las Vegas Strip at night with CityCenter construction on the bottom right , 2007 Las Vegas Strip from the south east , 2012 History ( edit ) Early years ( 1930s -- 1990s ) ( edit ) The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino / resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas . The Strip in the 1940s . Pictured is the gas station of the Hotel Last Frontier , the second hotel on the Strip . Las Vegas Boulevard South was previously called Arrowhead Highway , or Los Angeles Highway . The Strip was named by Los Angeles police officer and businessman Guy McAfee , after his hometown 's Sunset Strip . Caesars Palace was established in 1966 . In 1968 , Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President . Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara 's top executives . The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel , which was under construction . Opening in 1969 , the International Hotel , with 1,512 rooms , began the era of mega-resorts . The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today . The first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino , also a Kerkorian property , opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms . At the time , this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms . The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow , for instance , had 3,200 rooms ; however , most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft ( roughly 1 / 4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort ) . On November 21 , 1980 , the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems , killing 87 people . It reopened eight months later . In 1986 , Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing , and it was renamed Bally 's . The Wet ' n Wild water park opened in 1985 and was located on the south side of the Sahara hotel . It closed at the end of the 2004 season and was later demolished . The opening of The Mirage in 1989 set a new level to the Las Vegas experience , as smaller hotels and casinos made way for the larger mega-resorts . The Rio and the Excalibur opened in 1990 . These huge facilities offer entertainment and dining options , as well as gambling and lodging . This change affected the smaller , well - known and now historic hotels and casinos , like The Dunes , The Sands , the Stardust , and the Sahara . The lights along the Strip have been dimmed in a sign of respect to six performers and one other major Las Vegas figure upon their deaths . They are Elvis Presley ( 1977 ) , Sammy Davis Jr. ( 1990 ) , Dean Martin ( 1995 ) , George Burns ( 1996 ) , Frank Sinatra ( 1998 ) , former UNLV basketball head coach Jerry Tarkanian ( 2015 ) , and Don Rickles ( 2017 ) . The Strip lights were dimmed later in 2017 as a memorial to victims of a mass shooting at a concert held adjacent to the Strip . In 2005 , Clark County renamed a section of Industrial Road ( south of Twain Avenue ) as Dean Martin Drive , also as a tribute to the famous Rat Pack singer , actor , and frequent Las Vegas entertainer . In an effort to attract families , resorts offered more attractions geared toward youth , but had limited success . The ( current ) MGM Grand opened in 1993 with MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park , but the park closed in 2000 due to lack of interest . Similarly , in 2003 Treasure Island closed its own video arcade and abandoned the previous pirate theme , adopting the new ti name . In addition to the large hotels , casinos and resorts , the Strip is home to a few smaller casinos and other attractions , such as M&M World , Adventuredome and the Fashion Show Mall . Starting in the mid-1990s , the Strip became a popular New Year 's Eve celebration destination . Recent years ( 2000 -- present ) ( edit ) Four - segment panorama of The Cosmopolitan , Bellagio , and Caesars Palace ( left to right ) from the Las Vegas Strip , across from the Bellagio fountains . Gondolas outside of The Venetian . With the opening of Bellagio , Venetian , Palazzo , Wynn and Encore resorts , the strip trended towards the luxurious high end segment through most of the 2000s , while some older resorts added major expansions and renovations , including some de-theming of the earlier themed hotels . High end dining , specialty retail , spas and nightclubs increasingly became options for visitors in addition to gambling at most Strip resorts . There was also a trend towards expensive residential condo units on the strip . In 2004 , MGM Mirage announced plans for CityCenter , a 66 - acre ( 27 ha ) , $7 billion multi-use project on the site of the Boardwalk hotel and adjoining land . It consists of hotel , casino , condo , retail , art , business and other uses on the site . City Center is currently the largest such complex in the world . Construction began in April 2006 , with most elements of the project opened in late 2009 . Also in 2006 , the Las Vegas Strip lost its longtime status as the world 's highest - grossing gambling center , falling to second place behind Macau . In 2012 , the High Roller Ferris wheel and a retail district called The LINQ Promenade broke ground , in an attempt to diversify attractions beyond that of casino resorts . Renovations and rebrandings such as The Cromwell Las Vegas and the SLS Las Vegas continued to transform The Strip in 2014 . The Las Vegas Festival Grounds opened in 2015 . In 2016 , the T - Mobile Arena , The Park , the Lucky Dragon Hotel and Casino , and the Park Theatre opened . Smaller changes and developments are taking place as well . On October 1 , 2017 , a mass shooting occurred on the Strip at the Route 91 Harvest country music festival , adjacent to the Mandalay Bay hotel . This incident became the deadliest mass shooting in modern United States history . Future developments ( edit ) CityCenter Las Vegas The Monte Carlo Resort and Casino is undergoing a two - year , $450 million makeover into the Park MGM to be completed by end of 2018 . Phase one of Wynn Paradise Park with a 1,500 room hotel tower , lagoon and beach amenities is expected to be completed by early 2019 . The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino has been bought and will be redeveloped as the Virgin Hotels Las Vegas by late fall 2019 . Construction of the All Net Resort and Arena is expected to be completed by spring 2020 . Genting Group bought the site of the Stardust in 2013 with plans to build and open Resorts World Las Vegas in 2020 . Las Vegas Sands and Madison Square Garden Company plan to build the MSG Sphere Las Vegas behind The Palazzo and The Venetian by late 2020 . The Drew Las Vegas will be turned into a 4,000 room resort and casino by late 2020 . Wynn Resorts bought the site of the New Frontier in December 2017 and announced plans for a 2,000 + room resort tentatively named Wynn West . Between Q2 2018 and summer 2021 , $140 M will be invested in upgrading the Stratosphere . The unfinished Skyvue ferris wheel is for sale , as is the land of the former La Concha Motel . Transportation ( edit ) The Las Vegas Monorail . RTC Transit ( previously Citizens Area Transit , or CAT ) provides bus service on the Strip with double decker buses known as The Deuce . The Deuce runs between Mandalay Bay at the southern end of the Strip ( and to the Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign and South Strip Transfer Terminal after midnight ) to the Bonneville Transit Center ( BTC ) and the Fremont Street Experience in Downtown Las Vegas , with stops near every casino . RTC also operates an express bus called the Strip and Downtown Express ( SDX ) . This route connects the Strip to the Las Vegas Convention Center and Downtown Las Vegas to the north , with stops at selected hotels and shopping attractions ( Las Vegas Premium Outlets North & South ) . While not on the Strip itself , the Las Vegas Monorail runs on the east side of the Strip corridor from Tropicana Avenue to Sahara Avenue . Several free trams operate on the west side of the Strip : Mandalay Bay Tram connecting the Mandalay Bay , Luxor , and Excalibur Aria Express connecting Park MGM , Crystals ( also stop for Aria ) , and Bellagio Between Treasure Island and The Mirage Prior to CAT bus service beginning operations in 1992 , mass transit on the Strip was provided by a private transit company , Las Vegas Transit . The Strip route was their only profitable route and supported the whole bus system . The Deuce bus ( CAT Enviro500 ) Aria Express Mandalay Bay Tram Pedestrian traffic ( edit ) The Strip traffic during the day , looking north from the MGM Grand . The strip has a number of pedestrian footbridges . Concerning pedestrian safety and to help alleviate traffic congestion at popular intersections , several pedestrian footbridges were erected in 1990s . Some feature designs that match the theme of the nearby resorts . The Tropicana -- Las Vegas Boulevard footbridges were the first to be installed , and based on the success of this project additional footbridges have been built on Las Vegas Boulevard at the Flamingo Road intersection connecting Bellagio , Caesars Palace , Bally 's , and The Cromwell ; between The Mirage / Treasure Island and The Venetian , and at the Las Vegas Boulevard - Spring Mountain and Sands Avenue intersection connecting the Wynn with the Fashion Show Mall , The Palazzo and Treasure Island . The latest to be completed connects Planet Hollywood , CityCenter and The Cosmopolitan at the Harmon Avenue intersection . According to the Las Vegas Convention and Visitors Authority 's annual Las Vegas Visitor Profile Study , only 36 % of people said they walked around the Strip , a figure that is a drop from 2013 ( 52 % ) . Attractions on the Strip ( edit ) Golf ( edit ) Wynn Golf and Country Club In 2000 , Bali Hai Golf Club opened just south of Mandalay Bay and the Strip . As land values on the Strip have increased over the years , the resort - affiliated golf courses been removed to make way for building projects . The Tropicana Country Club closed in 1990 and the Dunes golf course in the mid-90s . Steve Wynn , founder of previously owned Mirage Resorts , purchased the Desert Inn and golf course for his new company Wynn Resorts and redeveloped the course as the Wynn Golf Club . This course closed in 2017 . The Aladdin also had a nine - hole golf course in the 1960 's . In 2016 , a TopGolf opened near the Strip . Amusement parks and rides ( edit ) The strip is home to many amusement parks and rides . These include : Big Shot X-Scream SkyJump Las Vegas Adventuredome The Roller Coaster High Roller Shopping ( edit ) The Forum Shops at Caesar 's Palace Bonanza Gift Shop is billed as the `` World 's Largest Gift Shop '' , with over 40,000 square feet ( 3,700 m ) of shopping space . The Shoppes at The Palazzo feature luxury stores including the only Barneys New York department store in Las Vegas . Fashion Show Mall is adjacent to Treasure Island and opposite Wynn Las Vegas . Grand Canal Shoppes is a luxury mall connected to The Venetian with canals , gondolas and singing gondoliers . The LINQ Promenade is an open - air retail , dining , and entertainment district located between The Linq and Flamingo resorts that began a soft open in January 2014 . It leads from a Strip - side entrance to the High Roller . Miracle Mile Shops is part of the Planet Hollywood hotel . The Forum Shops at Caesars is a luxury mall connected to Caesars Palace , with more than 160 shops and 11 restaurants . Crystals at CityCenter is a luxury high - fashion mall at CityCenter . Harmon Corner is a three - story retail center located next to Planet Hollywood with shops and restaurants . Showcase Mall is next to MGM Grand , and displays a 100 - foot Coca - Cola bottle . The Park , a short east - west street between the Park MGM and New York - New York resorts is a park - like boulevard lined with retail shops and restaurants , leading to T - Mobile Arena . Entertainment ( edit ) Nevada National Guard assist with New Year 's Eve security The Las Vegas Strip is well known for its lounges , showrooms , theaters and nightclubs ; most of the attractions and shows on the Strip are located on the hotel casino properties . Some of the more popular free attractions visible from the Strip include the water fountains at Bellagio , the volcano at The Mirage , and the Fall of Atlantis and Festival Fountain at Caesars Palace . There are several Cirque du Soleil shows , such as Kà at the MGM Grand , O at Bellagio , Mystère at Treasure Island , Zumanity ( for ages 18 and older ) at New York - New York , Criss Angel Mindfreak at the Luxor , and Michael Jackson : One at Mandalay Bay . Many notable artists have performed in Las Vegas , including Elvis Presley , Frank Sinatra , Judy Garland , Wayne Newton , Liza Minnelli , Dean Martin , Sammy Davis Jr. and Liberace , and in more recent years Celine Dion , Britney Spears , Barry Manilow , Cher , Elton John , Bette Midler , Donny and Marie Osmond , Garth Brooks , Jennifer Lopez , Reba McEntire , Mariah Carey , Shania Twain , Criss Angel , and Olivia Newton - John have had residencies in the various resorts on the Strip . The only movie theatre directly on the Strip was the 10 - screen Regal Showcase Theatre in the Showcase Mall . The theater opened in 1997 and was operated by Regal Entertainment Group , until its closure in 2018 . Venues ( edit ) The Strip is home to many entertainment venues . Most of the resorts have a showroom , nightclub and / or live music venue on the property and a few have large multipurpose arenas . Major venues include : All Net Resort and Arena ( planned ) The Colosseum at Caesars Palace Las Vegas Festival Grounds Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena MSG Sphere Las Vegas ( planned ) T - Mobile Arena Zappos Theater Locations of major landmarks ( edit ) Current landmarks ( edit ) For a full list of hotels on the Strip , see List of Las Vegas Strip hotels . North towards Fremont Street ↑ Stratosphere Las Vegas Boulevard Aztec Inn Lucky Dragon , Allure , Bonanza Gift Shop Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue Festival Grounds SLS Hilton Grand Vacations All Net ( construction ) Sky Circus Circus Drew ( construction ) , Turnberry Slots - A-Fun LV Convention Center ( expansion ) Resorts World ( construction ) Guardian Angel Cathedral Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Trump , Wynn West ( proposed ) Encore Fashion Show Mall Wynn , Wynn Paradise Park ( construction ) Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Treasure Island Palazzo , Sands Expo Venetian , MSG Sphere Las Vegas ( proposed ) Mirage Casino Royale Harrah 's Linq , High Roller Flamingo Caesars Palace Cromwell , Westin Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Bellagio Bally 's Paris Cosmopolitan Planet Hollywood , Elara Harmon Corner Harmon Avenue Harmon Avenue CityCenter ( Aria , Vdara , Mandarin Oriental ) Grand Chateau , Signature Park MGM Showcase Mall T - Mobile Arena , New York - New York MGM Grand Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Excalibur Tropicana , Hooters Luxor Las Vegas Village Delano , Mandalay Bay Skyvue ( abandoned ) Russell Road Little Church of the West ↓ Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign South towards Interstate 215 Former hotel / casino locations ( edit ) North towards Fremont Street ↑ Vegas World / Million Dollar Casino Las Vegas Boulevard Jackpot Casino / Money Tree Casino Holy Cow / Foxy 's Firehouse Sahara Avenue Sahara Avenue El Rancho Vegas Sahara / Club Bingo Wet ' n Wild Thunderbird / Silverbird / El Rancho , Algiers Hotel Riviera Westward Ho La Concha Motel Silver City / Riata Stardust / Royal Nevada Desert Inn Road Desert Inn Road Silver Slipper / Golden Slipper New Frontier / Last Frontier / Frontier Desert Inn Spring Mountain Road Sands Avenue Sands Castaways Nob Hill Casino Holiday Casino , Holiday Inn Flamingo Capri / Imperial Palace / Quad O'Sheas Casino Barbary Coast / Bill 's Flamingo Road Flamingo Road Dunes MGM Grand Aladdin / Tally Ho / King 's Crown Boardwalk Monte Carlo Harmon Avenue Marina Tropicana Avenue Tropicana Avenue Hacienda Russell Road Glass Pool Inn Klondike / Kona Kai ↓ South towards Interstate 215 Demolished or Closed Strip casinos and hotels ( edit ) Aladdin Hotel & Casino : Opened in 1963 as the Tally Ho , became the King 's Crown in 1965 , the Aladdin in 1966 , and was demolished in 1998 , and reopened in 2000 . In 2007 , the Aladdin was renamed Planet Hollywood . Big Red 's Casino : Opened in 1981 and closed in 1982 . Property developed for CBS Sports World Casino in 1997 . Changed name to Sports World Casino after CBS threatened to sue . Closed in 2001 , now a shopping center . Barbary Coast Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2007 , now The Cromwell . Boardwalk Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 6 , 2006 , demolished May 9 , 2006 to make way for CityCenter . Castaways Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1957 as the San Souci Hotel and became the Castaways in 1963 and was demolished in 1987 . Now The Mirage . Desert Inn : Closed on August 28 , 2000 , demolished in 2004 , now Wynn Las Vegas and Encore Las Vegas ; Desert Inn golf course was retained and improved . Dunes Hotel and Casino : Closed on January 26 , 1993 , demolished in 1993 , now Bellagio . The Dunes golf course is now occupied by parts of Park MGM , New York - New York , CityCenter , Cosmopolitan , and T - Mobile Arena . El Rancho ( formerly Thunderbird / Silverbird ) : Closed in 1992 and demolished in 2000 . Now the unfinished The Drew Las Vegas . El Rancho Vegas : Burned down in 1960 . The Hilton Grand Vacations Club timeshare now exists on the south edge of the site where the resort once stood ; the remainder is now the Las Vegas Festival Grounds . Hacienda : Closed in 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now Mandalay Bay . Until 2015 , a separate Hacienda operated outside Boulder City , formerly the Gold Strike Inn . Holiday Casino : Opened in 1973 and closed in 1992 . Now Harrah 's Las Vegas . Holy Cow Casino and Brewery : First micro brewery in Las Vegas . Closed in 2002 , property currently vacant . Imperial Palace Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1959 as the Flamingo Capri and became the Imperial Palace in 1979 and The Quad in 2012 . Now The Linq . Jackpot Casino : Closed in 1977 , now part of Bonanza Gift Shop Klondike Hotel & Casino : Closed in 2006 , demolished in 2008 . Little Caesars Casino : Opened in 1970 and closed in 1994 . Paris Las Vegas now occupies the area . MGM Grand Hotel and Casino : Closed in 1986 and now Bally 's Las Vegas . Money Tree Casino : Closed in 1979 , now Bonanza Gift Shop . Marina Hotel and Casino : Closed , adapted into MGM Grand , now the West Wing of the MGM Grand . New Frontier : Closed July 16 , 2007 , demolished November 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Alon Las Vegas . Nob Hill Casino : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1990 . Now Best Western + Casino Royale Riviera Hotel and Casino : Opened in 1955 ; Closed in May 2015 to make way for the Las Vegas Global Business District . Sahara Hotel and Casino : Closed on May 16 , 2011 . Reopened August 23 , 2014 as SLS Las Vegas . Sands Hotel and Casino : Closed on June 30 , 1996 , demolished in 1996 , now The Venetian . Silver City Casino : Closed in 1999 , now the Silver City Plaza Shopping Center . Silver Slipper Casino : Opened in 1950 and closed and demolished in 1988 . It became the parking lot for the New Frontier until its closure and demolition in 2007 . Stardust Resort & Casino : Closed on November 1 , 2006 , demolished on March 13 , 2007 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Vegas World : Opened in 1979 and closed in 1995 . Now the Stratosphere Las Vegas Westward Ho Hotel and Casino : Closed in 2005 , demolished in 2006 . Currently being redeveloped as Resorts World Las Vegas . Gallery ( edit ) The iconic Welcome to Las Vegas sign was built in 1959 . The Strip in 2009 . A view of the southern end of the Strip . Looking northward from Tropicana Avenue . View of the Strip from the Eiffel Tower of the Paris Las Vegas . Photo taken May 21 , 2010 , a view of the Strip from the Renaissance Hotel . View of Monte Carlo Resort and Casino with City Center in the background The Bellagio Fountains as seen from the hotel The Cosmopolitan The Las Vegas High Roller is the tallest Ferris wheel in the world Wynn Las Vegas See also ( edit ) Las Vegas portal List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Downtown ( Nevada gaming area ) West Las Vegas References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Google ( June 17 , 2010 ) . `` Overview of the Las Vegas Strip '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Scott A. ( 2007 ) . `` Theming as a Sensory Phenomenon : Discovering the Senses on the Las Vegas Strip '' . In Scott A. Lukas . The Themed Space : Locating Culture , Nation , and Self . Lexington Books . pp. 75 -- 95 . ISBN 0 - 7391 - 2142 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Transportation Deputy Secretary Downey Announces New All - American Roads , National Scenic Byways in 20 States '' ( Press release ) . Federal Highway Administration . June 15 , 2000 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Strip Named All - American Road '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2006 . Retrieved June 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Scenic Byways '' . Scenicnevada.org . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Alia , K. ( 14 August 2015 ) . `` Las Vegas Escorts , Strippers , Erotic Massages '' . Hustling.net . Adult Classifieds . Retrieved 27 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Joe Schoenmann ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Vegas not alone in wanting in on . vegas '' . Las Vegas Sun . Jump up ^ `` County Turns 100 July 1 , Dubbed ' Centennial Day ' '' ( Press release ) . Clark County , Nevada . June 23 , 2009 . Retrieved February 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Newton , Michael ( 2009 ) . Mr. Mob : The Life and Crimes of Moe Dalitz . McFarland . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 9780786453627 . Jump up ^ Rothman , Hal ( 2003 ) . Neon metropolis : how Las Vegas started the twenty - first century . Routledge . p. 16 . ISBN 9780415926133 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas : An Unconventional History '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved June 7 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lights to Dim On Vegas Strip in Memory of Entertainer With AM - Sammy Davis Jr '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UNLV honors Jerry Tarkanian '' . ESPN . Associated Press . February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Strip Lights Dimmed In Fitting Tribute To Rickles '' . Norm. Vegas . Retrieved April 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Apgar , Blake ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` Watch the Las Vegas Strip marquees go dark '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Treasure Island Show Symbolizes New Era for Strip Resort '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on August 8 , 2008 . Retrieved June 4 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Barboza , David ( January 24 , 2007 ) . `` Asian Rival Moves Past Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Vegas4Visitors -- Coming Soon '' . Vegas4visitors.com . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hernandez , Dan ; McCarthy , Tom ; McGowan , Michael ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) . `` Mandalay Bay attack : at least 50 killed in America 's deadliest mass shooting '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 03 . Jump up ^ Velotta , Richard N. ( June 3 , 2016 ) . `` Monte Carlo will transform to Park MGM in $450 M makeover '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Work on Steve Wynn 's Paradise Park to begin late ' 17 or early ' 18 '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tore , Ozgur . `` Virgin Hotels purchases Hard Rock Las Vegas '' . FTNnews . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` County OKs expanded plans for arena on Las Vegas Strip '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2017 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Redesign pushes Resorts World Las Vegas opening date to 2020 '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Next Las Vegas arena a 360 - foot - tall sphere '' . LasVegasSun.com. 2018 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Fontainebleau on Las Vegas Strip has new name and opening date '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2018 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Wynn to move quickly to build new Las Vegas Strip hotel '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2018 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Entertainment to invest $140 M in Stratosphere '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . 2018 - 03 - 15 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Site of stalled SkyVue observation wheel for sale on the south Strip '' . VegasInc.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Half - price sale : Vacant land on north Strip -- $16 M an acre '' . September 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Garcia , Oskar ( March 11 , 2011 ) . `` Frugal travel : Vegas offers fun at low stakes '' . San Jose Mercury News . Associated Press . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nordahl , Darrin ( 2002 ) . The Architecture of Mobility : Enhancing the Urban Experience Along the Las Vegas Strip . University of California , Berkeley . Jump up ^ Moran , Craig ( August 2 , 2010 ) . `` Money - losing golf club may become industrial park '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0EAEA859D997D928?p=AWNB Jump up ^ https://www.hippostcard.com/listing/las-vegas-nevadamilton-prells-aladdin-hotelgolf-course-country-club1969-pc/16538908 Jump up ^ `` Topgolf will develop multimillion - dollar , three - level center in Overland Park '' . Bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hubble Smith ( September 30 , 2011 ) . `` Portion of Showcase mall sold for $93.5 million '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved July 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` New York - New York , Monte Carlo To Be Transformed Into Park - Like District '' . VegasChatter. April 18 , 2013 . Retrieved February 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Nightclubs '' . Las Vegas Nightclubs . Retrieved May 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Glusac , Elaine ( September 14 , 2007 ) . `` The Unlikely All - Ages Appeal of Las Vegas '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Greatest Headliners in Las Vegas History '' . Las Vegas Weekly . Jump up ^ `` Showcase Theater '' . Fandango.com . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Millward , Wade Tyler ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` Las Vegas Strip 's only movie theater closes '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Geer , Carri ( May 25 , 1998 ) . `` CBS Broadcasting , casino settle in trademark dispute '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Las Vegas Little Caesar 's Casino Chips including the Sports Book Chips '' . Oldvegaschips.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2016 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Las Vegas Strip . Schmid , H. ( 2009 ) , Economy of Fascination : Dubai and Las Vegas as Themed Urban Landscapes , Stuttgart ; Berlin : E. Schweizerbart Science Publishers , ISBN 978 - 3 - 443 - 37014 - 5 . External links ( edit ) Route map : Google KML file ( edit help ) Display on Google Maps Template : Attached KML / Las Vegas Strip KML is from Wikidata Las Vegas Strip South end Welcome to Fabulous Las Vegas sign West side casinos Aria Bellagio Caesars Palace Circus Circus Cosmopolitan Excalibur Lucky Dragon Luxor Mandalay Bay The Mirage New York - New York Park MGM Resorts World ( proposed ) Slots - A-Fun Stratosphere Treasure Island East side casinos Bally 's Casino Royale Cromwell Encore Flamingo The Drew ( under construction ) Harrah 's The Linq MGM Grand O'Sheas Palazzo Paris Planet Hollywood SLS Tropicana Venetian Wynn Former casinos Boardwalk Castaways Desert Inn Dunes El Rancho El Rancho Vegas Hacienda Klondike Marina New Frontier Riviera Sahara Sands Silver City Silver Slipper Stardust Thunderbird Westward Ho Shopping Crystals Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops Grand Canal Shoppes Harmon Corner Miracle Mile Shops Showcase Mall Attractions Adventuredome High Roller Mandalay Bay Events Center MGM Grand Garden Arena The Roller Coaster Shark Reef at Mandalay Bay Skyvue T - Mobile Arena Transportation Aria Express The Deuce Las Vegas Monorail Mandalay Bay Tram RTC Transit McCarran Airport Related List of Las Vegas Strip hotels Paradise , Nevada Winchester , Nevada 2017 Las Vegas shooting Strip Gaming Area Las Vegas Valley Las Vegas -- Paradise , NV MSA State of Nevada Transportation Airports McCarran International Airport North Las Vegas Airport Henderson Executive Airport Las Vegas Monorail RTC Transit Amtrak station ( defunct ) Arts and museums 18b The Las Vegas Arts District Southern Nevada Zoological - Botanical Park Symphony Park Smith Center for the Performing Arts Huntridge Theater Lance Burton Theatre Las Vegas Little Theater Smith Center for the Performing Arts The AXIS Museums in Clark County , Nevada Active Boulder City / Hoover Dam Museum Burlesque Hall of Fame Clark County Museum Discovery Children 's Museum Erotic Heritage Museum Howard W. Cannon Aviation Museum Imperial Palace Auto Collection Las Vegas Gambling Museum Las Vegas Historical Society Las Vegas Natural History Museum Lost City Museum Madame Tussauds Marjorie Barrick Museum of Art Mob Museum National Atomic Testing Museum Neon Museum Nevada State Museum Nevada Southern Railroad Museum Old Las Vegas Mormon Fort State Historic Park Pinball Hall of Fame Shelby Museum Southern Nevada Museum of Fine Art Thunderbirds Museum Previous Elvis - A-Rama Museum Guinness World of Records Guggenheim Hermitage Museum History of the Future Museum Hollywood Movie Museum Las Vegas Art Museum Liberace Museum Star Trek : The Experience Sports T - Mobile Arena Sam Boyd Stadium Cashman Field Thomas & Mack Center Darling Tennis Center Bettye Wilson Soccer Complex Las Vegas Motor Speedway Las Vegas Stadium Las Vegas Ballpark Mandalay Bay Events Center All Net Resort and Arena City National Arena MSG Sphere Las Vegas Government Las Vegas City Hall Clark County Government Center Lloyd D. George Federal Courthouse Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Communities Cities Henderson Las Vegas North Las Vegas Census - designated places Blue Diamond Enterprise Paradise Spring Valley Summerlin South Sunrise Manor Whitney Winchester Neighborhoods Aliante Anthem / Anthem Country Club Chinatown Downtown Las Vegas Green Valley Lake Las Vegas Las Vegas Country Club MacDonald Highlands Mountain 's Edge Paradise Palms Queensridge / One Queensridge Place Seven Hills Southern Highlands Summerlin Summerlin South The Lakes The Ridges West Las Vegas Research and education University of Nevada , Las Vegas University of Nevada Medical School Nevada State College National University Touro University Nevada College of Southern Nevada Roseman University of Health Sciences Parks and public spaces Acacia Demonstration Gardens Clark County Shooting Complex Clark County Wetlands Park Floyd Lamb Park at Tule Springs Lake Mead National Recreation Area Springs Preserve Mount Charleston Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area Spring Mountains National Recreation Area Sunset Park Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument Valley of Fire State Park Area shopping Bonanza Gift Shop The Boulevard Mall The Shops at Crystals Downtown Summerlin Galleria at Sunset Grand Canal Shoppes Fantastic Indoor Swap Meet Fashion Outlets of Las Vegas Fashion Show Mall The Forum Shops at Caesars Las Vegas Premium Outlets North Meadows Mall Miracle Mile Shops Stratosphere Tower Shops Studio Walk at MGM Grand Downtown Summerlin The Shoppes at the Palazzo Tivoli Village Town Square Other Architecture History Timeline Landmarks Skyscrapers Las Vegas Strip WikiProject Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Las_Vegas_Strip&oldid=850032466 '' Categories : All - American Roads Landmarks in Nevada Las Vegas Strip Nevada Scenic Byways Paradise , Nevada Streets in the Las Vegas Valley U.S. Route 91 Shopping districts and streets in the United States Entertainment districts in the United States Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from December 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2008 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles using KML from Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt 中文 18 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018 , at 03 : 39 ( UTC ) . 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what was the name of the first casino in las vegas

The first casino to be built on Highway 91 was the Pair - o - Dice Club in 1931 , but the first resort on what is currently the Strip was the El Rancho Vegas , opening on April 3 , 1941 , with 63 rooms . That casino / resort stood for almost 20 years before being destroyed by a fire in 1960 . Its success spawned a second hotel on what would become the Strip , the Hotel Last Frontier in 1942 . Organized crime figures such as New York 's Bugsy Siegel took interest in the growing gaming center leading to other resorts such as the Flamingo , which opened in 1946 , and the Desert Inn , which opened in 1950 . The funding for many projects was provided through the American National Insurance Company , which was based in the then notorious gambling empire of Galveston , Texas .

Stocks - Wikipedia Stocks Jump to : navigation , search For people of this name , see Stocks ( surname ) . For other uses , see Stock ( disambiguation ) . `` Village stocks '' redirects here . For the humorous Wikipedia feature , see Wikipedia : Village stocks . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Black slaves in stocks in Brazil circa 1830 . Stocks are restraining devices that were used as a form of corporal punishment and public humiliation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Form and application 2 Modern usage 2.1 United States 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 Colombia 3 Examples 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Form and application ( edit ) The stocks , pillory , and pranger each consist of large wooden boards with hinges ; however , the stocks are distinguished by restraining one 's feet . The stocks consist of placing boards around the ankles and wrists , whereas in the pillory the boards are fixed to a pole and placed around the arms and neck , forcing the punished to stand . Some consider the stocks an example of torture and cruel and unusual punishment . Victims may be insulted , kicked , tickled , spat on , or subjected to other inhumane acts . In the Bible , the treatment of Paul and Silas , disciples of Jesus , was detailed in the Acts of the Apostles : `` Having received such a charge , he put them into the inner prison and fastened their feet in the stocks . '' The Old Testament 's book of Job also describes the stocks , referring to God : He puts my feet in the stocks , he watches all my paths . The stocks were employed by civil and military authorities from medieval to early modern times including Colonial America . Public punishment in the stocks was a common occurrence from around 1500 until at least 1748 . The stocks were especially popular among the early American Puritans , who frequently employed the stocks for punishing the `` lower class '' . In the American colonies , the stocks were also used , not only for punishment , but as a means of restraining individuals awaiting trial . The offender would be exposed to whatever treatment those who passed by could imagine . This could include tickling of the feet . As noted by the New York Times in an article dated November 13 , 1887 , `` Gone , too , are the parish stocks , in which offenders against public morality formerly sat imprisoned , with their legs held fast beneath a heavy wooden yoke , while sundry small but fiendish boys improved the occasion by deliberately pulling off their shoes and tickling the soles of their defenseless feet . '' Village stocks in Bramhall , England . England 's Statute of Labourers 1351 prescribed the use of the stocks for `` unruly artisans '' and required that every town and village erect a set of stocks . Sources indicate that the stocks were used in England for over 500 years and have never been formally abolished . Finger pillories often went by the name of `` finger stocks '' . Public stocks were typically positioned in the most public place available , as public humiliation was a critical aspect of such punishment . Typically , a person condemned to the stocks was subjected to a variety of abuses , ranging from having refuse thrown at them , tickling to paddling , whipping of the unprotected feet ( bastinado ) . Their last recorded use in the United Kingdom was in 1872 at either Adpar , Newcastle Emlyn , west Wales or Newbury , Berkshire , England ( 11 June ) . In Toronto , Ontario , Canada , court records from 1811 required the building of a set of stocks for punishment . The Spanish conquistadores introduced stocks as a popular form of punishment and humiliation against those who impeded the consolidation of their settlements in the new world . They were still used in the 19th century in Latin America to punish indigenous miners in many countries for rebelling against their bosses . Modern usage ( edit ) United States ( edit ) American courts normally punish offenders by sentencing them to incarceration in jail or prison or to probation , which may include community service . In United States v. Gementera , ( 2004 ) the defendant was convicted of mail theft and sentenced , among other measures , to stand in front of a post office for eight hours wearing a sandwich board that read : `` I stole mail . This is my punishment . '' The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit upheld this sentence , finding that the district court did not impose it solely for the purpose of humiliation , but also to serve the criminal - justice goals of deterrence and rehabilitation . The Ninth Circuit further found that the alternative sentence did not violate the Eighth Amendment 's ban on cruel and unusual punishment because it was `` within the limits of civilized standards '' and was not coupled with a lengthy prison sentence . In 1989 the Arkansas town of Dermott passed a curfew law punishable by up to thirty days in jail for the offender and up to two days in the stocks for the offender 's parents . The city almost immediately removed the stockade punishment because , among other things , the city did not have a stockade and had allocated no funds to build one . United Kingdom ( edit ) The British town of Thame made international headlines in 2016 when it took up a proposal to build stocks in the town . Introduced by Councillor David Bretherton , the stocks would be used for hire and for charitable events . As noted by Bretherton , `` Perhaps for charity we could do something like that , get people in the stocks and have others donate money for the time they last while having their feet tickled . '' Bretherton noted that the stocks were still legal in England . It is not believed that the stocks would be used for actual punishment purposes . Currently , further study of the topic is ongoing . Colombia ( edit ) In Colombia in 2012 , married thirty - four - year - old Alfreda Blanco Basilio and her eighteen - year - old lover Luis Martinez were placed in stocks by the Sampues tribe in Colombia due to Basilio 's adultery . Basilio spent 72 hours barefoot in the stocks for her offense . The Stocks at Belstone in Dartmoor , a Grade II listed monument . Examples ( edit ) Stocks in Keevil , Wiltshire Stocks in the church yard of St Mary 's church , Honley An excellent example of stocks can be seen in Dromore , County Down , in Northern Ireland . They are occasionally preserved in churches though as wooden devices they are naturally subject to rotting and decay . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Stocks ( restraints ) . Stock ( cage ) Shrew 's fiddle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bible , Acts 16 : 24 . This most likely occurred around the year 57 . Jump up ^ Job 13 : 27 . Biblical scholars are unable to agree on when Job lived . But , it is most likely that he lived somewhere between 2350 and 1400 B.C. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Earle , Alice Morse . `` Curious Punishments of Bygone Days , '' ( 1896 ) , available in digitized form through the Gutenberg project . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Cox , James A. , `` Colonial Crimes and Punishments '' , CW Journal , Spring 2003 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Pillory , Stocks and Whipping Post , Colonial Williamsburg , VA - Punishment and Disciplinary Devices on Waymarking.com '' . www.waymarking.com . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ David Ker 's New York Times article , `` England in Old Times '' ( page 11 of New York Times , November 13 , 1887 ) Jump up ^ `` Stocks '' . www.medieval-life-and-times.info . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ John May , Reference Wales ( 1994 ) Jump up ^ Unknown , Sheffield Daily Telegraph ( Friday 14 June 1872 ) Jump up ^ `` Crime & Punishment in Colonial Upper Canada Toronto '' . www.russianbooks.org . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to : United States v. Gementera , 379 F. 3d 596 , 598 -- 99 , 606 , 608 ( 9th Cir. 2004 ) . Jump up ^ `` New Ordinance in Arkansas Town Threatens Parents with Stockades '' . Observer - Reporter . Washington , PA . Associated Press . 13 August 1989 . p . A4 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas City Revises Stockade Ordinance '' . Associated Press . 22 August 1989 . Retrieved 1 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Town council makes bid to reinstate medieval punishment '' . The Oxford Times . Retrieved 18 March 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.thametowncouncil.gov.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/14.-Report-Town-Stocks.pdf Jump up ^ Brian Andrews on NTN24 and RCN , `` Couple having an affair put in stocks by Indian tribe in Columbia '' External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Stocks . Photos of village stocks in the UK on geograph.org.uk Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stocks&oldid=832894071 '' Categories : Medieval instruments of torture Modern instruments of torture Physical punishments Physical restraint European instruments of torture Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from July 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bikol Central Brezhoneg Català Dansk Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська 7 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the thing called that you put your head and arms in

The stocks consist of placing boards around the ankles and wrists , whereas in the pillory the boards are fixed to a pole and placed around the arms and neck , forcing the punished to stand .

Oxbow lake - wikipedia Oxbow lake This is the current revision of this page , as edited by Bobamnertiopsis ( talk contribs ) at 02 : 44 , 20 August 2017 ( cite journal x2 ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 02 : 44 , 20 August 2017 by Bobamnertiopsis ( talk contribs ) ( cite journal x2 ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This picture of the Nowitna River , Alaska shows two oxbow lakes -- a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer , more curved one at the middle - right . Furthermore , it can be clearly seen how a third oxbow lake is in the making . The isthmus or bank in the centre of the most prominent meander is very narrow - much narrower than the width of the river . Eventually the two sections of river on either side of the isthmus will break through and create a new , straighter course . A new river bank then starts to accumulate , sealing off the meander and leaving another oxbow lake . An oxbow lake is a U shaped body of water that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off , creating a free - standing body of water . This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape , resembling the bow pin of an oxbow . In Australia , an oxbow lake is known as a billabong , from the indigenous language Wiradjuri . In south Texas , oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas . The word `` oxbow '' can also refer to a U-shaped bend in a river or stream , whether or not it is cut off from the main stream . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geology 2 Artificial oxbow lakes 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Geology ( edit ) An oxbow lake forms when a river creates a meander , due to the river 's eroding the bank through hydraulic action , abrasion and erosion . After a long period of time , the meander becomes very curved , and eventually the neck of the meander becomes narrower and the river cuts through the neck during a flood , cutting off the meander and forming an oxbow lake . The swirls and curves of the previous courses of the Songhua River in northeast China can easily be seen in this satellite photo When a river reaches a low - lying plain , often in its final course to the sea or a lake , it meanders widely . In the vicinity of a river bend , deposition occurs on the convex bank ( the bank with the smaller radius ) . In contrast , both lateral erosion and undercutting occur on the cut bank or concave bank ( the bank with the greater radius . ) Continuous deposition on the convex bank and erosion of the concave bank of a meandering river cause the formation of a very pronounced meander with two concave banks getting closer . The narrow neck of land between the two neighboring concave banks is finally cut through , either by lateral erosion of the two concave banks or by the strong currents of a flood . When this happens , a new straighter river channel is created and an abandoned meander loop , called a cutoff , is formed . When deposition finally seals off the cutoff from the river channel , an oxbow lake is formed . This process can occur over a time scale from a few years to several decades and may sometimes become essentially static . Gathering of erosion products near the concave bank and transporting them to the convex bank is the work of the secondary flow across the floor of the river in the vicinity of a river bend . The process of deposition of silt , sand and gravel on the convex bank is clearly illustrated in point bars . River flood plains that contain rivers with a highly sinuous platform are populated by longer oxbow lakes than those with low sinuosity . This is because rivers with high sinuosity have larger meanders , and greater opportunity for longer lakes to form . Rivers with lower sinuosity are characterized by fewer cutoffs and shorter oxbow lakes due to the shorter distance of their meanders . The effect of the secondary flow can be demonstrated using a circular bowl . Partly fill the bowl with water and sprinkle dense particles such as sand or rice into the bowl . Set the water into circular motion with one hand or a spoon . The dense particles quickly sweep into a neat pile in the center of the bowl . This is the mechanism that leads to the formation of point bars and contributes to the formation of oxbow lakes . The primary flow of water in the bowl is circular and the streamlines are concentric with the side of the bowl . However , the secondary flow of the boundary layer across the floor of the bowl is inward toward the center . The primary flow might be expected to fling the dense particles to the perimeter of the bowl , but instead the secondary flow sweeps the particles toward the center . The curved path of a river around a bend makes the water 's surface slightly higher on the outside of the bend than on the inside . As a result , at any elevation within the river , water pressure is slightly greater near the outside of the bend than on the inside . A pressure gradient toward the convex bank provides the centripetal force necessary for each parcel of water to follow its curved path . The boundary layer that flows along the river floor does not move fast enough to balance the pressure gradient laterally across the river . It responds to this pressure gradient , and its velocity is partly downstream and partly across the river toward the convex bank . As it flows along the floor of the river , it sweeps loose material toward the convex bank . This flow of the boundary layer is significantly different from the speed and direction of the primary flow of the river , and is part of the river 's secondary flow . Early stages of formation of coastal plain oxbow lake in the Gower Peninsula of southwest Wales A Horseshoe or oxbow lake near Hughes , Arkansas . The bulges in the border reflect changes in the course of the river ; when the river shifted its course and cut off the former channel , the border remained unchanged . When a fluid follows a curved path , such as around a circular bowl , around a bend in a river or in a tropical cyclone , the flow is described as vortex flow : the fastest speed occurs where the radius is smallest , and the slowest speed occurs where the radius is greatest . The higher fluid pressure and slower speed where the radius is greater , and the lower pressure and faster speed where the radius is smaller , are all consistent with Bernoulli 's principle . Notable examples Bole and Burton Round in West Burton , Nottinghamshire , England are a good example of previous lakes in a close proximity to one another . Carter Lake , Iowa was created after severe flooding in 1877 led to the river shifting approximately 1.25 mi to the southeast . Cuckmere Haven in Sussex , England contains a widely meandering river with many oxbow lakes , often referred to in physical geography textbooks . Half Moon Lake in downtown Eau Claire , Wisconsin was formed due to a shift in the course of the Chippewa River , which now flows immediately to the south . Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary , India contains rare and endangered migratory birds and is one of Asia 's largest oxbow lakes . The Oxbow , a 2.5 - mile ( 4.0 km ) bend in the Connecticut River , is disconnected at one end . There are many oxbow lakes alongside the Mississippi River and its tributaries . The largest oxbow lake in North America , Lake Chicot ( located near Lake Village , Arkansas ) , was originally part of the Mississippi River , as was Horseshoe Lake , the namesake for the town of Horseshoe Lake , Arkansas . Reelfoot Lake in west Tennessee is another notable oxbow lake ; it was formed when the Mississippi River took a new channel following the 1811 -- 12 New Madrid earthquakes . Artificial oxbow lakes ( edit ) Oxbow lakes may be formed when a river channel is straightened artificially to improve navigation or for flood alleviation . This occurred notably on the upper Rhine in Germany in the nineteenth century . An example of an entirely artificial waterway with oxbows is the Oxford Canal in England . When originally constructed , it had a very meandering course , following the contours of the land , but the northern part of the canal was straightened out between 1829 and 1834 , reducing its length from approximately 91 to 77.5 miles ( 146 to 125 km ) and creating a number of oxbow - shaped sections isolated from the new course . See also ( edit ) Wetlands portal Bayou Fallacy regarding formation of point bars Resaca ( channel ) Secondary flow around river bends References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` Oxbow '' . Oxford English Dictionary . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Oxbow '' . Merriam -- Webster . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Hickin , Edward J ( 2002 ) . `` Meandering Channels '' . In Middleton , Gerard V. Encyclopedia of Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks . New York : Springer . p. 432 . ISBN 1 - 4020 - 0872 - 4 . Jump up ^ Constantine , J.A. ; Dunne , T. ( 2008 ) . `` Meander cutoff and the controls on the production of oxbow lakes '' . Geology. 36 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 26 . doi : 10.1130 / G24130A. 1 . Jump up ^ Bowker , Kent A. ( 1988 ) . `` Albert Einstein and Meandering Rivers '' . Earth Science History . 1 ( 1 ) . Retrieved 2016 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ Chant , R.J. ( 2002 ) . `` Secondary circulation in a region of flow curvature : Relationship with tidal forcing and river discharge '' . Journal of Geophysical Research . 107 ( C9 ) : 14 -- 1 -- 14 -- 11 . doi : 10.1029 / 2001JC001082 . Jump up ^ Zinke , Alexander ( December 17 , 2000 ) . `` The New Management of Rivers and Wetlands in Central Europe '' . Zinke Environmental Consulting . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ Boughey , Joseph ( 1994 ) . Hadfield 's British Canals . Sutton Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7509 - 1840 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Oxbow lakes . NASA Remote Sensing Tutorial : Fluvial / Deltaic / Coastal Landforms Ox Bow Lake Formation , As Seen By the Google Earth Time Machine ( show ) River morphology Large - scale features Drainage basin Drainage system ( geomorphology ) Estuary Strahler number ( stream order ) River valley River delta River sinuosity Alluvial rivers Anabranch Avulsion ( river ) Bar ( river morphology ) Braided river Channel pattern Cut bank Floodplain Meander Meander cutoff Mouth bar Oxbow lake Point bar Riffle Rapids Riparian zone River bifurcation River channel migration River mouth Slip - off slope Stream pool Thalweg Bedrock river Canyon Knickpoint Plunge pool Bedforms Ait Antidune Dune Current ripple Regional processes Aggradation Base level Degradation ( geology ) Erosion and tectonics River rejuvenation Mechanics Deposition ( geology ) Water erosion Exner equation Hack 's law Helicoidal flow Playfair 's law Sediment transport Category Portal ( show ) Wetlands Acrotelm A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia Aquatic ecosystem Aquatic plants Atchafalaya Basin Backswamp Bayou Beach meadow Blackwater river Blanket bog Bog Bog garden Brackish marsh Callows Carr Cataract bog Ciénega Clean Water Act Coastal bog Coniferous swamp Constructed wetland Delta Waterfowl Foundation Dambo Drainage basin Ducks Unlimited Estuary Fen Flark Flood - meadow Flooded grasslands and savannas Freshwater marsh Freshwater swamp forest Grass valley Guelta Halosere Hydrosere Igapó Ings Interdunal wetland Intertidal wetland Karst Kermi bog Kettle Lagg Mangrove Marsh Marsh gas Mere Mire Misse Moorland Muck Mudflat Muskeg Oasis Palsa bog Paludification Palustrine wetland Plateau bog Pocosin Polygonal bog Pond Peat swamp forest Poor fen Pothole Ramsar Convention Raised bog Reed bed Rich fen Riparian zone River delta Salt marsh Salt pannes and pools Shrub swamp Slough String bog Swamp Telmatology Tidal marsh Upland bog Wet meadow Wetlands International Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Will - o ' - the - wisp Várzea forest Vernal pool Whitewater river Yaéré Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oxbow_lake&oldid=796330626 '' Categories : Fluvial landforms Lakes by type Oxbow lakes Rivers Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia In other projects Wikimedia Commons Azərbaycanca Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Íslenska Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Саха тыла Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 August 2017 , at 02 : 44 . 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a cutoff meander can become an oxbow lake

An oxbow lake is a U shaped body of water that forms when a wide meander from the main stem of a river is cut off , creating a free - standing body of water . This landform is so named for its distinctive curved shape , resembling the bow pin of an oxbow . In Australia , an oxbow lake is known as a billabong , from the indigenous language Wiradjuri . In south Texas , oxbows left by the Rio Grande are called resacas .

Voltron : Legendary Defender - wikipedia Voltron : Legendary Defender Jump to : navigation , search Voltron : Legendary Defender Genre Action / Adventure Comedy - drama Mecha Science fantasy Based on Beast King GoLion by Toei Animation Voltron : Defender of the Universe by World Events Productions Voices of Josh Keaton Steven Yeun Jeremy Shada Bex Taylor - Klaus Tyler Labine Kimberly Brooks Rhys Darby Neil Kaplan Cree Summer A.J. Locascio Opening theme Alex Geringas Composer ( s ) Brad Breeck Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 45 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Joaquim Dos Santos Lauren Montgomery Ted Koplar Bob Koplar Yoo Jae Myung Producer ( s ) Choi Goun Kim Young Hyun Kim Seul Ki Lee Soo Kyung Running time 23 minutes 69 minutes ( The Rise of Voltron ) Production company ( s ) Studio Mir ( animation ) World Events Productions DreamWorks Animation Television Distributor Netflix Streaming Services NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network Netflix Audio format Dolby Digital 5.1 Original release June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by Voltron Voltron : Fleet of Doom Voltron : The Third Dimension Voltron Force External links Website Voltron : Legendary Defender is an animated web television series produced by American companies DreamWorks Animation and World Events Productions and animated by South Korean Studio Mir . It is a reboot of Japanese anime series Beast King GoLion and the Voltron franchise , and its animation is a mix of anime - influenced traditional animation for characters and background and CGI for Voltron action sequences . Voltron : Legendary Defender is set in a science fiction universe where planetary energy called `` quintessence '' can be used to power vehicles and magic . The series follows the adventures of the Paladins of Voltron who must learn to work together to form the giant robot Voltron and use it to defeat the evil Galra Empire . The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union and Latin America . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consists of six episodes . The sixth season will premiere on June 15 , 2018 and will consist of seven episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures , and other toys . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 3 Production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 5.1 Awards and nominations 6 Comics 6.1 Volume 1 ( 2016 ) 6.2 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) 6.3 Volume 3 ( 2018 ) 7 International broadcast 8 Home media 9 Promotion and merchandising 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) For millennia , the evil Galra Empire has plagued the universe by destroying other civilizations and enslaving various races . The only known threat strong enough against the empire 's power and plans is the legendary `` Defender of the Universe '' Voltron , a 100 - meter tall robot warrior composed of five lion mechas whose pilots are known as the Paladins . At the crux of the war that ended with the destruction of planet Altea , Voltron was separated by King Alfor of Altea in order to protect Voltron from falling into the Galran Emperor Zarkon 's possession . King Alfor bonded the five lion 's energies to his daughter Allura 's life force and sent them across the universe to different locations until the time for the next generation of Paladins to appear and pilot Voltron arrived . Princess Allura , her retainer Coran , and the Altean Castle of Lions were hidden on planet Arus along with the Black Lion . In the present , the Galra Empire 's path of conquest and search for Voltron has led them to Earth 's solar system . A group of space pilots -- Shiro , Keith , Lance , Pidge , and Hunk -- discover the Blue Lion and immediately get swept up into the Galran War . They meet Princess Allura , become Paladins , and reunite the five lions to form Voltron to combat Emperor Zarkon 's nefarious schemes , with the hopes of ultimately defeating the entire Galra Empire . Cast and characters ( edit ) See also : List of Voltron characters Main ( edit ) Josh Keaton as Takashi `` Shiro '' Shirogane - The Black Paladin , the pilot of the Black Lion and Guardian Spirit of Sky . The Leader of the Defenders of the Universe , Shiro was captured by the Galra Empire a year before the start of the series during which he was given a weaponized prosthetic right arm . A natural , decisive leader , Shiro is calm and always in control . At the end of season two , Shiro reclaims his personal bayard weapon from Zarkon that enables them to defeat him , but Shiro mysteriously vanishes afterwards . In season three , it is revealed he was teleported to a Galra ship , as he ended up on one before escaping and was eventually found by the team . After finding that the Black Lion no longer accepts him as its true paladin , he continues to aid the team by providing guidance and support to them from the Castle of the Lions . At the start of season four , Shiro manages to re-establish his bond with the Black Lion when Keith was absent during an intense battle . In season five , he has become an unwitting mole of Haggar , who controls his eyes to keep an eye on Lotor . Steven Yeun as Keith - The Red Paladin , the pilot of the Red Lion and Guardian Spirit of Fire . Formerly a cadet at Galaxy Garrison academy before being expelled , Keith is an orphan and a lone wolf as a result . Sullen and temperamental , Keith spends his free time honing his skills for battle . In season two , Keith discovers he has Galra blood , apparently from his maternal side of the family . The revelation comes from a knife which associated him with a secret rebel group of the Galra called the `` Blade of Marmora , '' but also ends up straining Allura 's trust in him for a while . Due to Shiro 's absence , Keith takes over as the head of Voltron as the new pilot of the Black Lion in season three . At the start of season four , Keith officially steps down as the leader of Voltron , handing the position back to Shiro so that he can continue to work with the Blade of Marmora . At the end of season five , Keith is reunited with the Galra who is his mother . Jeremy Shada as Lance - The Blue Paladin , the pilot of the Blue Lion and Guardian Spirit of Water . Lance was the fighter pilot of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . Cocky and confident , Lance is the comic relief of the Defenders and likes to think of himself as a ladies ' man as well as the sharpshooter . Lance has maintained a one - sided rivalry with Keith from when the two were at the Galaxy Garrison together , but the two have shown to be an effective team . Lance takes over piloting the Red Lion in season three . Bex Taylor - Klaus as Katie `` Pidge '' Holt - The Green Paladin , the pilot of the Green Lion and Guardian Spirit of Forest . Katie disguised herself as a boy named Pidge Gunderson to get into Galaxy Garrison academy to find out what happened to her father and brother who disappeared whilst on the same mission which Shiro was captured on . A technical genius , Pidge is the smartest member of the team able to create specialist modifications for the Green Lion such as a cloaking device ( which only lasts thirty seconds ) and she re-purposed a Galran drone to work for her , naming it Rover , who later sacrifice itself to protect her . During her time as a Paladin , she eventually rescues her family and while her brother , Matt keeps fighting for the alliance , her father returns to Earth to warn the Galaxy Garrison about the war against the Galra . Tyler Labine as Hunk - The Yellow Paladin , the pilot of the Yellow Lion and Guardian Spirit of Land . Hunk was the engineer of his team at Galaxy Garrison academy . A gentle giant with an equally large appetite , Hunk is the heart of the team , lifting them up and making peace between them . After witnessing first hand the devastation and misery that Zarkon 's conquest of the universe has brought upon the people of various worlds , Hunk is determined to free those enslaved . Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura - Crown Princess of Altea , the daughter of King Alfor , Allura is the last known female Altean . Pilot and keeper of the Castle of Lions , a structure that is both a castle and a spaceship , Allura granted the Defenders their titles and sent them on their mission to defeat Zarkon and liberate the universe . Allura wishes more than anything to finish her father 's work in stopping Zarkon . In season three , she becomes the new pilot of the Blue Lion as the Pink Paladin . As an Altean , Allura 's abilities include the chameleon - like ability to blend in with other species and magical abilities related to quintessence . She has a telepathic bond with some Altean mice that had ended up in the same cryo - pod that she was hibernating inside of . Rhys Darby as Coran - The Royal advisor to Princess Allura 's family and the last known male Altean . Energetic and excitable , Coran serves Allura dutifully whilst being fiercely protective of her . He tends to ramble on and on about his past , particularly about his supposedly daring feats or past experiences . Despite his odd and quirky character , he is a reliable and steadfast ally to his princess and the Paladins . Neil Kaplan as Emperor Zarkon - The Emperor of the ruthless Galra Empire , and the ruler of most of the known universe after spending the last ten thousand years conquering it . He desires the Lions of Voltron , not only because they represent the biggest threat to his campaign , but because he is later revealed to be the former Black Paladin . As such , he views the Lions as his own property rather than seeing himself as a former chosen one to pilot the Black Lion . He is powerful enough to go toe - to - toe directly with the Lions themselves . At the end of season two , Zarkon faces Voltron and the Paladins in an experimental mecha armor and is defeated but left in critical condition , unconscious and requiring life - support . By the end of season three , his history is fully revealed and Haggar successfully reawakens him and he starts a manhunt for Lotor . In season five , Lotor seems to have killed him in a duel to the death , and he is declared dead by the empire . Cree Summer as Witch Haggar - Zarkon 's primary advisor , and leader of the Druids , dark mystics who fanatically serve the Galra Empire . Haggar is both a dangerous sorceress and a mad scientist . She combines her unnatural magic with abominable science to arm Galra soldiers with powerful weapons , create terrible monsters ( dubbed `` Ro - beasts '' in the second season ) to fight Voltron , and leech all manner of living things , including entire planets , of the mystical energy known as Quintessence for the Galra to use in their conquest of the universe . In battle , her magical abilities allow her to teleport , cast illusions , fog the minds of others with hallucinations , and use her hands to project energy blasts and shields . Haggar is revealed to be Altean in the second - season finale , and after Zarkon 's defeat , orders the remaining Galran commanders to summon their lord 's son , Prince Lotor . By the end of season three , she is revealed to be Honerva , an Altean alchemist and wife to Zarkon before both of them were corrupted by dark creatures , that are linked to Voltron 's origins , ten thousand years ago . Haggar seemed to have lost her memory of her former life , only recently discovering this knowledge with her magic and using it to gradually recover the rest of her memories , learning that Prince Lotor is her own son . A.J. Locascio as Prince Lotor - The son of Zarkon and Honerva ( Witch Haggar ) and heir to the Galra Empire , who assumes control of the Galra following his father 's defeat . Lotor follows a different philosophy than other Galra , believing that strength comes from bringing in worthy followers from the worlds they conquer rather than expending further resources to keep them subjugated . He has a personal all - female strike team consisting of individuals who are , like himself , only half - Galra . During his leadership of the Galra , he ignores matters that he deems a waste of time . It is eventually revealed that he has been working on his own plans to obtain Quintessence , and as a result , Zarkon declares him an outlaw . At the end of season 4 , he provides assistance to the Paladins , saving them from an ambush by Haggar and offers an alliance with them . In season 5 , Lotor defeats his father in a fight to the death and assumes control of the Empire , while forming an alliance with the Paladins and dealing with insurgents who question his authority . Production ( edit ) On January 5 , 2016 , Netflix and DreamWorks Animation announced a new original animated Voltron series to debut in 2016 as an expansion of their existing multi-year agreement . Voltron is one of several series planned for initial development and debut in 2016 , including Guillermo del Toro 's animated Trollhunters . Lauren Montgomery and Joaquim Dos Santos , both known for their work on the Avatar : The Last Airbender and its sequel The Legend of Korra , served as showrunners while fellow crew member Tim Hedrick served as head writer . On March 25 , 2016 , at WonderCon it was announced that the voice cast would consist of Steven Yeun as Keith , Jeremy Shada as Lance , Bex Taylor - Klaus as Pidge , Josh Keaton as Shiro , Tyler Labine as Hunk , Kimberly Brooks as Princess Allura ; and Rhys Darby as Coran and Neil Kaplan as King Zarkon . Cree Summer later confirmed that she would be voicing Witch Haggar . It was announced at San Diego Comic - Con that season two will premiere on Netflix in late 2016 . A few months later , at New York Comic Con , it was announced that the second season will premiere on January 20 , 2017 . The second season saw a special premiere at the New York Comic Con in October 7 , 2016 , where an episode was shown at the Voltron panel . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes . The fourth season premiered on October 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The series was revealed at WonderCon 2017 to have a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The sixth season is set to release June 15 , 2018 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Voltron : Legendary Defender episodes Season Episodes Originally released First aired 13 June 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) 13 January 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 20 ) 7 August 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 04 ) 6 October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) 5 6 March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) 6 7 June 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 15 ) Reception ( edit ) Voltron : Legendary Defender has received critical acclaim . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating for the first season , based on 11 reviews , with Critic Consensus being that `` Voltron : Legendary Defender honors its source material with beautifully expressive animation and impactful action . '' Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Nominee Status Ref . 2017 44th Annie Awards Best / Animated TV Broadcast Production For Children 's Audience Episode : `` Return of the Gladiator '' Nominated Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated IGN 's Best of 2016 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 6th Annual BTVA Awards BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a New Television Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Won Best Male Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Jeremy Shada ( Lance ) Nominated Best Female Lead Vocal Performance in a Television Series Kimberly Brooks ( Allura ) Won Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won BTVA People 's Choice Award for Best Male Vocal Performance in a Television Series in a Supporting Role Neil Kaplan ( Emperor Zarkon ) Won IGN 's Best of 2017 Awards Best Animated Series Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated 2018 Kidscreen Awards Best Animated Series , Teens and Tweens Voltron : Legendary Defender Nominated Comics ( edit ) Three comic series detailing events happening in between seasons were announced in January 2016 . Taking story ideas that were deemed too outlandish and too epic to be contained in a 23 - minute episode from the animated series , these comic series bridges the time lapse between seasons . Volume 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) The first miniseries consisted of 5 issues , published by Lion Forge Comics . It was written by show head writer Tim Hedrick and Mitch Iverson , and illustrated by Digital Art Chefs . A special cover variant of issue # 1 was available at San Diego Comic - Con in 2016 , with a limited release of 250 copies . Issue # 2 was released on August 2 , 2016 , followed by issue # 3 on October 5 , 2016 , issue # 4 on November 9 , 2016 , and issue # 5 on November 20 , 2016 . The whole series will be collected in a graphic novel and was initially scheduled for a December 2016 release , but got pushed back to January 3 , 2017 , then was finally released January 25 , 2017 , according to Lion Forge . The second series will be announced after the release of the graphic novel . A motion comic of issue 1 with full voice acting by the series cast was released on June 15 , 2017 , at the DreamWorksTV YouTube channel . Issue Release Date Writer ( s ) Artist ( s ) Collection ISBN # 1 July 13 , 2016 Tim Hedrick Mitch Iverson Digital Art Chefs Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 RELEASED JANUARY 25 , 2017 9781941302217 # 2 August 24 , 2016 # 3 October 5 , 2016 # 4 November 9 , 2016 # 5 November 30 , 2016 Volume 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) During the Voltron : Legendary Defender panel at WonderCon 2017 , it was announced that the second series of five issues would debut in May 2017 . The date was pushed back to late June due to production delays. , however the date was pushed back on October 4 , 2017 where was published where lssue 2 and 3 was published on the same day , November 1 , 2017 and issue 4 was published on November 15 , 2017 , lssue 5 was published on December 13 , 2017 , the Vol. 2 Trade Paperback was published on January 31 , 2018 . Volume 3 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Volume 3 will be published on March 7 , 2018 with Issue # 1 International broadcast ( edit ) Country Channel United Kingdom Netflix Google Play Pop Italy K2 Germany Netflix Super RTL Philippines Netflix TV5 Asia DreamWorks Channel Canada Family Chrgd Netflix Australia Netflix ABC Me Hungary Minimax Home media ( edit ) A DVD collection of all episodes from seasons one and two will be released on DVD on June 12 , 2018 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . It is also scheduled for DVD releases in the UK , Italy , and Germany . Promotion and merchandising ( edit ) To promote the series in between the release of season 1 and 2 , a Robeast fanart contest was announced via social media on October 18 , 2016 . The winner was announced on December 27 , 2016 on social media under the username `` Zilla B '' . A virtual - reality video game based on the series , known as Voltron VR Chronicles , was released for Steam , Oculus and PlayStation 4 via PlayStation Network . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender '' . Netflix Media Center . Retrieved June 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Voltron Online Netflix '' . www.netflix.com . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Serrao , Nivea ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` Voltron : Legendary Defender announces season 2 release date '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Kelley , Shamus ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` Voltron Season 3 Confirmed '' . Den of Geek ! . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' Season 5 Release Date Revealed '' . TV Shows . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` New Trailer for `` Voltron Legendary Defender '' Season 5 , Streaming Starting March 2 , 2018 `` . Toonzone . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` ' Voltron ' Season 6 Release Date Confirmed ! '' . Collider . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 1 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Playmates Voltron Legendary Defender 14 '' Electronic Voltron `` . Voltron.com . Retrieved June 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix and DreamWorks Animation Expand Global Relationship '' . Netflix Media Center . January 5 , 2016 . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barder , Ollie ( January 6 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix And DreamWorks Are Working On An Animated Reboot Of ' Voltron ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` DreamWorks and Netflix reveal Voltron : Legendary Defender animated series showrunners '' . Nerd Reactor . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nicholson , By . `` WonderCon : Netflix 's Voltron Animated Series - Release Date Set , Voice Cast Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cree Summer will voice Haggar the Witch '' . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Jevon ( July 24 , 2016 ) . `` ' Voltron : Legendary Defender ' gets a second season on Netflix '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lesnick , Silas . `` DreamWorks Animation and Netflix Head to New York Comic - Con '' . comingsoon.net . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Season 4 '' . Dreamworks . July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Rotten Tomatoes '' . Rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick ( November 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Leads Annie Awards Nominations '' . Deadline . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2017 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . February 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2016 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 BTVA Voice Acting Awards '' . Behind The Voice Actors . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Best Animated Series - Best of 2017 Awards - IGN '' . IGN . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` And the 2018 Kidscreen Awards go to ... '' . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : `` Voltron Legendary Defender Graphic Novel initial date '' . Dreamworks . Retrieved July 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic SDCC Cover Variant '' . Comicsalliance.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2016 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 2 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 3 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 4 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Issue # 5 Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . Retrieved December 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Trade Paper Back Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Volume 1 Trade Paperback Release Date '' . Lionforge . January 25 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( MOTION COMIC ) Shakedown at the Fripping Bulgogian DREAMWORKS VOLTRON LEGENDARY DEFENDER ( Motion comic ) . DreamWorksTV . June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 2 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 3 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 4 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender # 5 '' . LionForge.com . Lion Forge Comics . Retrieved 30 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender -- Comic Series 2 Announcement '' . Lionforge. April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved April 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron Legendary Defender Comic Series 2 new Release Date '' . Lionforge Comics . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Voltron : Legendary Defender - ' Seasons 1 & 2 ' of the Current Show are Soaring to DVD Soon ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com. April 5 , 2018 . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Robeast contest announcement '' . Voltron.com . December 27 , 2016 . Retrieved December 31 , 2016 . 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when does season 4 of voltron come out

The first season premiered on Netflix on June 10 , 2016 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The series has a 78 - episode commitment from Netflix . It has been released globally in United States , Canada , United Kingdom , Australia , New Zealand , Ireland , France , Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Scandinavia , Benelux Union and Latin America . The second season premiered on Netflix on January 20 , 2017 , and consisted of 13 episodes . The third season premiered on Netflix on August 4 , 2017 , and consisted of 7 episodes while the fourth season premiered on October 13 , 2017 , and consisted of 6 episodes . The fifth season premiered on March 2 , 2018 , and consists of six episodes . The sixth season will premiere on June 15 , 2018 and will consist of seven episodes . The series ' success has spawned several comics , action figures , and other toys .

Dan Bailey ( American football ) - wikipedia Dan Bailey ( American football ) American football player Dan Bailey Bailey with the Cowboys in 2015 No. 5 -- Minnesota Vikings Position : Placekicker Born : ( 1988 - 01 - 26 ) January 26 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 195 lb ( 88 kg ) Career information High school : Southwest Covenant School ( Yukon , Oklahoma ) College : Oklahoma State Undrafted : 2011 Career history Dallas Cowboys ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2018 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2015 ) PFWA All - Rookie Team ( 2011 ) Lou Groza Award ( 2010 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 7 , 2018 Field goals made : 197 Field goals attempted : 225 Field goal % : 87.6 Longest field goal : 56 Touchbacks : 308 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR Dan Bailey ( born January 26 , 1988 ) is an American football placekicker for the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League ( NFL ) . Bailey grew up in the Oklahoma City area and played college football at Oklahoma State University . Following the 2011 NFL Draft , Bailey signed with the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent . He spent seven years in Dallas , where he became the franchise 's all - time leader in field goals made and the second most - accurate kicker in NFL history . Contents 1 Early years 2 College career 3 Professional career 3.1 Dallas Cowboys 3.1. 1 2011 season 3.1. 2 2012 season 3.1. 3 2013 season 3.1. 4 2014 season 3.1. 5 2015 season 3.1. 6 2016 season 3.1. 7 2017 season 3.1. 8 2018 season 3.2 Minnesota Vikings 3.3 Career statistics 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Early years ( edit ) Born in Oklahoma City , Bailey grew up in Mustang , Oklahoma , and attended Southwest Covenant School where he was an all - state , all - conference kicker and a first - team all - city punter ( as selected by The Oklahoman ) , while playing eight - man football . As a senior , Bailey had 51 touchbacks in 61 kickoffs . He holds the high school state records for longest field goal ( 50 - yards ) , most field goals in a season ( seven ) and career ( 14 ) . He was also an individual state champion golfer. Bailey graduated from Southwest Covenant as valedictorian of the class of 2007 . College career ( edit ) Dan Bailey ( No. 95 ) at the Alamo Bowl in 2010 Bailey originally accepted to walk on at University of Arkansas , in order to receive an academic scholarship that would cover his tuition . After losing the competition for the starting kicker job , he was approached by head coach Houston Nutt and told that he would have to pay his own way , so he would n't count toward the team 's scholarship limit . Forced to leave the school , he spent one year out of college before walking on at Oklahoma State University . As a true freshman in 2007 , Bailey made 20 - of - 20 extra point kicks but only two - of - four field goals . Bailey made field goals from 27 and 28 - yards and missed two attempts beyond 40 - yards . Until the 2008 Holiday Bowl , Bailey made 10 consecutive field goals in his second year ( 2008 ) . With a 78.9 % field goal conversion rate ( 15 - for - 19 ) on the season , he was second in the Big 12 Conference in field goal percentage . He made a career - long 45 - yarder in the 2008 Holiday Bowl , a 42 - 31 loss to Oregon . Bailey made 46 - of - 46 extra point attempts and 13 - of - 18 field goals in 2009 as a junior . In the October 17 game , a 33 - 17 win over Missouri , he made 4 - of - 4 field goals , including a career - long 51 - yarder . In 2010 , Bailey made 24 - of - 28 field goals and 65 - of - 66 extra points . He won the Lou Groza Award for the nation 's top kicker following the season . He earned the Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year award . Oklahoma State won the December 2010 Alamo Bowl 36 - 10 over Arizona , and Bailey made three of three field goals in that game : from 40 , 50 , and 44 - yards . Professional career ( edit ) Dallas Cowboys ( edit ) 2011 season ( edit ) Bailey was signed by the Dallas Cowboys as an undrafted free agent following the 2011 NFL Draft on July 25 . At one point during training camp , he had to compete with three other place kickers that included David Buehler , Shayne Graham and Dave Rayner . He was named the team 's kicker at the end of the preseason , with Buehler remaining on the roster as the kickoff specialist . In the second game of the regular season against the San Francisco 49ers after missing a chip shot attempt in the first quarter , he made a 48 - yard field goal to send the game into overtime , and the eventual game winner from 19 yards . In Week 3 , an 18 -- 16 win over the Washington Redskins , he tied a rookie record by converting six field goals ( accounting for all of Dallas ' points ) . This was the first time since 2001 that the Cowboys won a game without scoring a touchdown and the sixth in club history . He became the third rookie in NFL history to make six field goals in a game . Garo Yepremian made six - of - eight November 13 , 1966 , for the Detroit Lions , and Jeff Reed made all six on December 1 , 2002 , for the Pittsburgh Steelers . This performance earned him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week honors . Bailey would go on to complete one of the best kicking seasons in franchise and league history by a rookie , making 32 - of - 37 ( 86.5 % ) field goals , second - highest kicking percentage for a rookie , setting a Cowboys rookie record for most field goals made in a season ( 32 ) and in a game ( 6 ) , tied Chris Boniol for the second-most consecutive field goals made ( 26 ) in club history and was named to the Pro Football Writers Association All - Rookie team . On November 20 ( Week 11 ) , Bailey kicked his second game - winning field goal , a 39 - yard kick in overtime to help the Cowboys beat the Redskins 27 - 24 . Bailey missed a potential game - winning 49 - yard field goal during the December 4 ( Week 13 ) game against the Arizona Cardinals . With the game tied at 13 with 6 seconds left in the fourth quarter , Cowboys head coach Jason Garrett called a time - out before the snap , but Bailey 's kick was good . Following the time - out , Bailey kicked the field goal short and to the left , leaving many Cowboys fans frustrated , convinced Garrett had just iced his own kicker . In overtime , the Cardinals won 19 - 13 on a touchdown by LaRod Stephens - Howling . On December 11 ( Week 14 ) , however , in a game against the New York Giants with the Cowboys trailing 37 - 34 , Bailey 's first attempt at a game - tying 47 - yard field goal was interrupted when Giants coach Tom Coughlin called a time - out , effectively icing the kicker. Bailey 's first kicked ball did go through the uprights . However , Giants defensive end Jason Pierre - Paul blocked Bailey 's kick after the Giants timeout . 2012 season ( edit ) Bailey converted three field goals with distances of 32 , 26 , and 22 - yards in Week 3 ( September 23 ) , a 16 - 10 win over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers . His last field goal in the game put Dallas up 16 - 7 , a two - possession lead with 2 : 47 left . Dallas lost the Week 6 ( October 14 ) game 31 - 29 to the Baltimore Ravens after Bailey missed a last - second 51 - yard field goal . With 32 seconds left , Tony Romo completed a four - yard touchdown pass to Dez Bryant , but because the following two - point conversion failed , Bailey had to make an onside kick . Dallas recovered the kick , but his 51 - yard field goal attempt sailed wide right with six seconds remaining . The following game ( Week 7 , October 21 ) against the Carolina Panthers , Bailey kicked 28 and 38 - yard field goals within the final four minutes in Dallas ' 19 - 14 victory . In the Week 11 ( November 18 ) 23 - 20 overtime win over the Cleveland Browns , he made the game tying 32 - yard field goal with two seconds left in regulation and the winning 38 - yard field goal in overtime . After trailing the Cincinnati Bengals 19 - 10 with 6 : 35 left , Dallas beat Cincinnati 20 - 19 in Week 14 ( December 9 ) . The fourth quarter comeback consisted of a touchdown pass from Tony Romo and a last - second 40 - yard field goal by Bailey . In the Week 15 game on December 16 against the Pittsburgh Steelers , Bailey hit a game - winning 21 - yard field goal following a 36 - yard interception return by Brandon Carr . In overtime , the Cowboys won 27 - 24 . This win kept the Cowboys ' postseason hopes alive . In the final two weeks of the 2012 season , Bailey kicked a field goal in each game , both resulting in losses . The Cowboys would miss the playoffs . 2013 season ( edit ) Bailey moved into third place in franchise history with 77 career field goals , after making two against the Minnesota Vikings . He also set the franchise record for most field goals over 50 - yards for a single - season ( 6 ) and a career ( 11 ) . 2014 season ( edit ) On January 23 , Bailey and the Cowboys agreed on a new seven - year contract . His new contract was reported to be worth $ 22.5 million with a $4 million signing bonus and a total of $6.6 million in guaranteed money . On September 21 , he set a franchise record with his 28th consecutive field goal , making a 40 - yard attempt in the third quarter against the St. Louis Rams . On October 5 , he missed a potential game - winning 53 - yard field goal against the Houston Texans at the end of regulation , breaking a franchise record streak of 30 consecutive makes dating back to the previous season . He later kicked the game - winning 49 - yard field goal in overtime . On October 12 , Bailey became the most - accurate kicker in NFL history with a 48 - yard made field goal in the first quarter of the Cowboy 's 30 - 23 eventual win over the Seattle Seahawks . 2015 season ( edit ) Bailey moved into second place in franchise history with 182 career extra points , passing Mike Clark after making three against the New York Giants in the season opener . On December 7 , he made four of four field goals , including a game - winning 54 - yard field goal with seconds remaining , to lift the Cowboys to a 19 - 16 win over the Washington Redskins on Monday Night Football . This performance earned him his second NFC Special Teams Player of the Week award . Bailey was selected to his first career Pro Bowl in December , after making a career - high 93.8 % of his field goal attempts , including being perfect ( 19 - for - 19 ) from 39 - yards or closer . After the NFL decided to move back the extra point distance from the two - yard line to the 15 - yard line , he responded by making a perfect mark of 25 - of - 25 . 2016 season ( edit ) In the 2016 season opener , Bailey made four field goals against the New York Giants . He connected on field goals of 54 and 56 - yards . On October 16 , he made three field goals against the Green Bay Packers . He recorded his 23rd career game with three or more field goals made , which is the most in team history . On December 18 , he kicked six field goals against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , making four and missing two . His misses were the second time he has missed two attempts in a game in his career ( last time was 2011 ) . 2017 season ( edit ) Bailey recorded his 28th career game of three or more made field goals by converting all four attempts in the season - opening 19 - 3 victory over the New York Giants on NBC Sunday Night Football . The following week , he tied his career long with a 56 - yard field goal in a 42 -- 17 loss to the Denver Broncos . Week 3 , versus the Arizona Cardinals , marked just the 10th game in Bailey 's career in which he did not attempt a field goal . In week 7 , he injured his right groin against the San Francisco 49ers . He returned to play on the Thanksgiving game against the San Diego Chargers , but would struggle in the following weeks . Against the New York Giants he missed two field goals and one extra point in a 30 -- 10 win . Against the Seattle Seahawks , in a game the Cowboys needed to win to keep their playoff aspirations alive , he made a 51 - yard field goal after hitting the left upright and missed 2 additional field goals , which could have helped the team stay closer in an ultimately season - ending 21 - 12 loss . In the season finale against the Philadelphia Eagles , he missed one extra point and one field goal in a 6 - 0 win . Before his injury , Bailey had been the most accurate kicker in NFL history among players with at least 100 attempts , but fell behind Justin Tucker . 2018 season ( edit ) Although Bailey was coming off his worst season , he was released by the Cowboys in a surprise move on September 1 , after the team decided to keep Canadian Football League journeyman Brett Maher who although had a solid preseason ( including a 57 - yard field goal ) , had never kicked in an NFL regular - season game . Bailey had made his only attempt in the preseason ( a 35 - yard field goal ) . The team saved $3.4 million against the salary cap with the move . He leaves the Cowboys as the second most accurate kicker in NFL history ( 88.2 % ) and with the club record for career field goals ( 186 ) . Minnesota Vikings ( edit ) On September 17 , 2018 , the Minnesota Vikings signed Bailey to replace rookie Daniel Carlson after Carlson missed three field goals in a Week 2 game against the Green Bay Packers . Career statistics ( edit ) Regular Season Statistics Overall Field Goals 20 - 29 Yards 30 - 39 Yards 40 - 49 Yards 50 + Yards PATs Year Team Blk Lng FGM FGA Pct FGM FGA Pct FGM FGA Pct FGM FGA Pct FGM FGA Pct XPM XPA Pct 2011 DAL 16 51 32 37 86.5 8 9 88.9 11 11 100.0 10 12 83.3 50.0 39 39 100.0 2012 DAL 16 0 51 29 31 93.5 5 5 100.0 13 13 100.0 7 7 100.0 5 60.0 37 37 100.0 2013 DAL 16 0 53 28 30 93.3 100.0 8 9 88.9 10 10 100.0 6 7 85.7 47 47 100.0 2014 DAL 16 56 25 29 86.2 6 6 100.0 6 7 85.7 8 9 88.9 5 7 71.4 56 56 100.0 2015 DAL 16 0 54 30 32 93.8 9 9 100.0 10 10 100.0 6 7 85.7 5 6 83.3 25 25 100.0 2016 DAL 16 0 56 27 32 84.4 9 9 100.0 8 8 100.0 7 9 77.8 6 50.0 46 46 100.0 2017 DAL 12 0 56 15 20 75.0 75.0 5 80.0 5 80.0 5 60.0 26 28 92.9 Career 108 56 186 211 88.2 42 44 95.5 60 63 95.2 52 59 88.1 27 40 67.5 276 278 99.3 See also ( edit ) List of NCAA major college football yearly scoring leaders References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Career Kicking & Punting Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Field Goal % Career Leaders Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Ex Cowboys kicker Bailey has offers from four other NFL teams '' . 247sports.com . September 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dan Bailey '' . Oklahoma State Cowboys . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma State kicker back in groove '' . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2016 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 10 things to know about Dan Bailey , including taking a record from Barry Sanders '' . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` No. 16 Oklahoma State snaps four - game home skid to Missouri '' . ESPN . Associated Press . October 17 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Ubben , David ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` Dan Bailey wins the Lou Groza Award '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved December 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Bailey Is Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year '' . Oklahoma State Cowboys . November 30 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Blackmon helps Cowboys win school - record 11th game of season '' . ESPN . Associated Press . December 29 , 2010 . Archived from the original on December 30 , 2016 . Retrieved January 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys begin the free agency period '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2017 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archer : Rookie kicker calmly makes history '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Bailey '' . Dallas Cowboys . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2016 . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys hand Washington Redskins sixth - straight loss as Dan Bailey boots 39 - yard field goal in OT '' . Daily News . New York . November 20 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2011 . Retrieved November 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Watkins , Calvin ( November 20 , 2011 ) . `` Jerry Jones : `` I was very nervous '' `` . ESPN . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Cardinals cool off Cowboys in OT after Dan Bailey misses FG in 4th '' . Associated Press . December 4 , 2011 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ( December 12 , 2011 ) . `` Eli , JPP keep Giants ' playoff hopes alive '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved August 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Buccaneers 10 at Dallas Cowboys 16 '' . pro football reference . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys run for 227 yards , most ever against Ravens , but still ca n't escape Baltimore with win '' . Dallas Morning News . October 15 , 2012 . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2016 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Carolina Panthers -- October 21st , 2012 Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys outlast Browns for overtime victory '' . National Football League . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2012 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Reedy , Joe ( August 10 , 2018 ) . `` Grieving Cowboys beat Bengals with last - second FG '' . New York Post . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved December 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cowboys top Steelers in overtime , move into first - place tie in NFC East '' . USA Today . December 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 2 , 2018 . Retrieved January 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Spotrac.com . `` Dan Bailey '' . Spotrac.com . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas at Washington December 7 , 2015 National Football League Yahoo ! Sports '' . Yahoo Sports . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Bailey named NFC special teams player of the week '' . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2016 . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Dan Bailey , the NFL 's all - time most accurate kicker , finally gets his due '' . star - telegram . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New York Giants at Dallas Cowboys -- September 10th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at Arizona Cardinals -- September 25th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hensley , Jamison ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` Justin Tucker earned historic distinction in ' 17 despite Pro Bowl , All - Pro snub '' . ESPN . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2018 . Retrieved August 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( September 2 , 2018 ) . `` Eatman : Wait , There Was a Kicking Competition ? '' . Dallascowboys.com . Jump up ^ Helman , David ( September 1 , 2018 ) . `` Bailey Not Only Surprise Cut As Cowboys Trim To 53 '' . DallasCowboys.com . Jump up ^ `` Vikings Sign K Dan Bailey and Waive WR Stacy Coley '' . Vikings.com . September 18 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dan Bailey ( American football ) . Oklahoma State Cowboys bio Lou Groza Award winners 1992 : Allison 1993 : Davis 1994 : McLaughlin 1995 : Reeder 1996 : Primanti 1997 : Gramatica 1998 : Janikowski 1999 : Janikowski 2000 : Ruffin 2001 : Marler 2002 : Kaeding 2003 : Nichols 2004 : Nugent 2005 : Serna 2006 : Carmody 2007 : Weber 2008 : Gano 2009 : Forbath 2010 : Bailey 2011 : Bullock 2012 : Santos 2013 : Aguayo 2014 : Craddock 2015 : Fairbairn 2016 : Gonzalez 2017 : Gay Big 12 Player of the Year winners Offensive 1996 Davis 1997 Ri . Williams 1998 Ri . Williams 1999 Applewhite 2000 Heupel 2001 Crouch 2002 C. Brown 2003 White 2004 White 2005 Young 2006 Taylor 2007 Daniel 2008 Bradford 2009 McCoy 2010 Blackmon 2011 Griffin 2012 C. Klein 2013 Petty 2014 Boykin 2015 Mayfield 2016 Westbrook 2017 Mayfield Defensive 1996 Wistrom 1997 Wistrom 1998 Nguyen 1999 Simoneau 2000 Hampton and Calmus 2001 Ro . Williams 2002 Newman 2003 Lehman 2004 Johnson 2005 Reid and Slay 2006 R. Alexander and Ross 2007 Dizon and Lofton 2008 Orakpo 2009 Suh 2010 Amukamara 2011 A. Klein and F. Alexander 2012 A. Brown 2013 Jeffcoat and Verrett 2014 Dawson 2015 Billings and Ogbah 2016 Willis 2017 Okoronkwo and Jefferson Special Teams 2005 Crosby 2006 Sepulveda 2007 Herford 2008 Bryant 2009 Banks 2010 Bailey 2011 Sharp 2012 Sharp and Austin 2013 Lockett 2014 Lockett 2015 Burns 2016 Dickson 2017 Dickson Minnesota Vikings current roster Active roster 1 Kyle Sloter 3 Trevor Siemian 5 Dan Bailey 6 Matt Wile 8 Kirk Cousins 11 Laquon Treadwell 14 Stefon Diggs 15 Brandon Zylstra 17 Aldrick Robinson 19 Adam Thielen 20 Mackensie Alexander 22 Harrison Smith 23 George Iloka 24 Holton Hill 25 Latavius Murray 26 Trae Waynes 27 Jayron Kearse 29 Xavier Rhodes 30 C.J. Ham 32 Roc Thomas 33 Dalvin Cook 34 Andrew Sendejo 35 Marcus Sherels 40 Kentrell Brothers 41 Anthony Harris 42 Ben Gedeon 44 Mike Boone 47 Kevin McDermott 50 Eric Wilson 54 Eric Kendricks 55 Anthony Barr 57 Devante Downs 61 Brett Jones 63 Danny Isidora 65 Pat Elflein 69 Rashod Hill 71 Riley Reiff 72 Storm Norton 74 Mike Remmers 75 Brian O'Neill 79 Tom Compton 82 Kyle Rudolph 83 Tyler Conklin 89 David Morgan II 90 Tashawn Bower 91 Stephen Weatherly 92 Jalyn Holmes 93 Sheldon Richardson 94 Jaleel Johnson 96 Tom Johnson 97 Everson Griffen 98 Linval Joseph 99 Danielle Hunter Reserve lists 21 Mike Hughes ( IR ) 31 Mack Brown ( IR ) 36 Craig James 48 Johnny Stanton ( IR ) 51 Hercules Mata'afa ( IR ) 61 Ade Aruna ( IR ) 62 Nick Easton ( IR ) 64 Josh Andrews ( IR ) 68 Cedrick Lang ( IR ) 76 Aviante Collins ( IR ) 87 Josiah Price ( IR ) Practice squad 12 Chad Beebe 36 Craig James 43 Reshard Cliett 66 Curtis Cothran 67 Cornelius Edison 78 Adam Bisnowaty 78 Jonathan Wynn ( Inj . ) 83 Cole Hikutini 85 Jeff Badet -- Landon Turner AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dan_Bailey_(American_football)&oldid=865573821 '' Categories : 1988 births Living people People from Mustang , Oklahoma Sportspeople from Oklahoma City Players of American football from Oklahoma American football placekickers Oklahoma State Cowboys football players Dallas Cowboys players Minnesota Vikings players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2018 Articles with short description Minnesota Vikings currentteam parameter articles Infobox NFL biography articles missing alt text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 October 2018 , at 19 : 13 ( UTC ) . 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how many field goals has dan bailey made in his career

Dan Bailey Bailey with the Cowboys in 2015 No. 5 -- Minnesota Vikings Position : Placekicker Born : ( 1988 - 01 - 26 ) January 26 , 1988 ( age 30 ) Oklahoma City , Oklahoma Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 195 lb ( 88 kg ) Career information High school : Southwest Covenant School ( Yukon , Oklahoma ) College : Oklahoma State Undrafted : 2011 Career history Dallas Cowboys ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Minnesota Vikings ( 2018 -- present ) Roster status : Active Career highlights and awards Pro Bowl ( 2015 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2015 ) PFWA All - Rookie Team ( 2011 ) Lou Groza Award ( 2010 ) Career NFL statistics as of Week 7 , 2018 Field goals made : 197 Field goals attempted : 225 Field goal % : 87.6 Longest field goal : 56 Touchbacks : 308 Player stats at NFL.com Player stats at PFR

Libra ( constellation ) - wikipedia Libra ( constellation ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the constellation . For other uses , see Libra ( disambiguation ) . Libra Constellation List of stars in Libra Abbreviation Lib Genitive Librae Pronunciation / ˈliːbrə / , genitive / ˈliːbriː / Symbolism the balance Right ascension 15 Declination − 15 Quadrant SQ3 Area 538 sq. deg . ( 29th ) Main stars 4 , 6 Bayer / Flamsteed stars 46 Stars with planets Stars brighter than 3.00 Stars within 10.00 pc ( 32.62 ly ) 5 Brightest star Zubeneschamali ( β Lib ) ( 2.61 ) Messier objects 0 Meteor showers May Librids Bordering constellations Serpens Caput Virgo Hydra Centaurus ( corner ) Lupus Scorpius Ophiuchus Visible at latitudes between + 65 ° and − 90 ° . Best visible at 21 : 00 ( 9 p.m. ) during the month of June . Libra / ˈliːbrə / is a constellation of the zodiac . Its name is Latin for weighing scales , and its symbol is ( Unicode ♎ ) . It is fairly faint , with no first magnitude stars , and lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east . Beta Librae , also known as Zubeneschamali , is the brightest star in the constellation . Three star systems are known to have planets . Contents ( hide ) 1 History and mythology 2 Characteristics 3 Features 3.1 Stars 3.2 Planetary systems 3.3 Deep - sky objects 4 Astrology 5 Namesakes 6 Notes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External links History and mythology ( edit ) Libra as depicted in Urania 's Mirror , a set of constellation cards published in London c. 1825 Libra was known in Babylonian astronomy as MUL Zibanu ( the `` scales '' or `` balance '' ) , or alternatively as the Claws of the Scorpion . The scales were held sacred to the sun god Shamash , who was also the patron of truth and justice . It was also seen as the Scorpion 's Claws in ancient Greece . Since these times , Libra has been associated with law , fairness and civility . In Arabic zubānā means `` scorpion 's claws '' , and likely similarly in other Semitic languages : this resemblance of words may be why the Scorpion 's claws became the Scales . It has also been suggested that the scales are an allusion to the fact that when the sun entered this part of the ecliptic at the autumnal equinox , the days and nights are equal . Libra 's status as the location of the equinox earned the equinox the name `` First Point of Libra '' , though this location ceased to coincide with the constellation in 730 because of the precession of the equinoxes . In ancient Egypt the three brightest stars of Libra ( α , β , and σ Librae ) formed a constellation that was viewed as a boat . Libra is a constellation not mentioned by Eudoxus or Aratus . Libra is mentioned by Manetho ( 3rd century B.C. ) and Geminus ( 1st century B.C. ) , and included by Ptolemy in his 48 asterisms . Ptolemy catalogued 17 stars , Tycho Brahe 10 , and Johannes Hevelius 20 . It only became a constellation in ancient Rome , when it began to represent the scales held by Astraea , the goddess of justice , associated with Virgo in the Greek mythology . Characteristics ( edit ) Libra is bordered by the head of Serpens to the north , Virgo to the northwest , Hydra to the southwest , the corner of Centaurus to the southwest , Lupus to the south , Scorpius to the east and Ophiuchus to the northeast . Covering 538.1 square degrees and 1.304 % of the night sky , it ranks 29th of the 88 constellations in size . The three - letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' Lib ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of 12 segments ( illustrated in infobox ) . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 14 22 08.08 and 16 02 17.23 , while the declination coordinates are between − 0.47 ° and − 30.00 ° . The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 60 ° N . Features ( edit ) Stars ( edit ) See also : List of stars in Libra The constellation Libra marked on a naked eye view . Overall , there are 83 stars within the constellation 's borders brighter than or equal to apparent magnitude 6.5 . The brightest stars in Libra form a quadrangle that distinguishes it for the unaided observer . Traditionally , Alpha and Beta Librae are considered to represent the scales ' balance beam , while Gamma and Sigma are the weighing pans . Alpha Librae , called Zubenelgenubi , is a multiple star system divisible into two stars when seen through binoculars , The primary ( Alpha Librae ) is a blue - white star of magnitude 2.7 and the secondary ( Alpha Librae ) is a white star of magnitude 5.2 and spectral type F3V that is 74.9 ± 0.7 light - years from Earth . Its traditional name means `` the southern claw '' . Zubeneschamali ( Beta Librae ) is the corresponding `` northern claw '' to Zubenelgenubi . The brightest star in Libra , it is a green - tinged star of magnitude 2.6 , 160 light - years from Earth . Gamma Librae is called Zubenelakrab , which means `` the scorpion 's claw '' , completing the suite of names referring to Libra 's archaic status . It is an orange giant of magnitude 3.9 , 152 light - years from Earth . Iota Librae is a complex multiple star , 377 light - years from Earth , with both optical and true binary components . The primary appears as a blue - white star of magnitude 4.5 ; it is a binary star indivisible in even the largest amateur instruments with a period of 23 years . The secondary , visible in small telescopes as a star of magnitude 9.4 , is a binary with two components , magnitudes 10 and 11 . There is an optical companion to Iota Librae ; 25 Librae is a star of magnitude 6.1 , 219 light - years from Earth and visible in binoculars . Mu Librae is a binary star divisible in medium - aperture amateur telescopes , 235 light - years from Earth . The primary is of magnitude 5.7 and the secondary is of magnitude 6.8 . Delta Librae is an Algol - type eclipsing variable star , 304 lightyears from Earth . It has a period of 2 days , 8 hours ; its minimum magnitude of 5.9 and its maximum magnitude is 4.9 . FX Librae , designated 48 Librae , is a shell star of magnitude 4.9 . Shell stars , like Pleione and Gamma Cassiopeiae , are blue supergiants with irregular variations caused by their abnormally high speed of rotation . This ejects gas from the star 's equator . Sigma Librae was formerly known as Gamma Scorpii despite being well inside the boundaries of Libra . It was not redesignated as Sigma Librae until 1851 by Benjamin A. Gould . Planetary systems ( edit ) Libra is home to the Gliese 581 planetary system , which consists of the star Gliese 581 , three confirmed planets , and two unconfirmed planets . Both Gliese 581d , and Gliese 581g are debatably the most promising candidates for life , although Gliese 581g 's existences has been disputed and has not been entirely confirmed or agreed on in the scientific community . Gliese 581c is considered to be the first Earth - like extrasolar planet to be found within its parent star 's habitable zone . Gliese 581e is possibly the smallest mass exoplanet orbiting a normal star found to date All of these exoplanets are of significance for establishing the likelihood of life outside of the Solar System . The family of candidate habitable planets was extended in late September 2010 to include exoplanets around red dwarf stars because of Gliese 581g , which is a tidally locked planet in the middle of the habitable zone . Weather studies show that tidally locked planets may still have the ability to support life . Deep - Sky Objects ( edit ) Libra is home to one bright globular cluster , NGC 5897 . It is a loose cluster , 50,000 light - years from Earth ; it is fairly large and has an integrated magnitude of 9 . Astrology ( edit ) Main article : Libra ( astrology ) As of 2002 , the Sun appears in the constellation Libra from October 31 to November 22 . In tropical astrology , the Sun is considered to be in the sign Libra from September 23 to October 22 , and in sidereal astrology , from October 16 to November 15 . Namesakes ( edit ) Libra ( AKA - 12 ) was a United States navy ship named after the constellation . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between 60 ° N and 89 ° N , stars within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable . Jump up ^ Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban - rural transition night skies . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Babylonian Star - lore by Gavin White , Solaria Pubs , 2008 , page 175 ^ Jump up to : Ridpath & Tirion 2001 , pp. 172 - 173 . ^ Jump up to : This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Libra '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Jump up ^ P.K. Chen , A Constellation Album : Stars and Mythology of the Night Sky , p. 64 ( 2007 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 931559 - 38 - 6 ) . Jump up ^ Priskin , Gyula . `` The Astral Myth of Osiris : the Decans of Taurus and Libra '' . ENiM 9 ( 2016 ) , 79 - 111 . Retrieved 22 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ridpath , Ian . `` Constellations : Lacerta -- Vulpecula '' . Star Tales . Self - published . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Russell , Henry Norris ( 1922 ) . `` The New International Symbols for the Constellations '' . Popular Astronomy . 30 : 469 . Bibcode : 1922PA ... 30 ... 469R . Jump up ^ `` Libra , Constellation Boundary '' . The Constellations . International Astronomical Union . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Bortle , John E. ( February 2001 ) . `` The Bortle Dark - Sky Scale '' . Sky & Telescope . Sky Publishing Corporation . Retrieved 3 April 2016 . Jump up ^ Shiga , David ( September 29 , 2010 ) , Found : first rocky exoplanet that could host life , NewScientist , retrieved September 30 , 2010 Jump up ^ Mayor ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets , XVIII . An Earth - mass planet in the GJ 581 planetary system '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy and Astrophysics . Bibcode : 2009A&A ... 507 ... 487M . arXiv : 0906.2780 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 200912172 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2009 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ SPACE.com - Major Discovery : New Planet Could Harbor Water and Life Jump up ^ http://www.astro.washington.edu/users/jrad/521.pdf Jump up ^ `` Earth - Like Planet Can Sustain Life : Discovery News '' . Discovery Channel . 2010 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 16 . Sources ( edit ) Ridpath , Ian ; Tirion , Wil ( 2001 ) , Stars and Planets Guide , Princeton University Press , ISBN 0 - 691 - 08913 - 2 Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion ( 2007 ) . Stars and Planets Guide , Collins , London . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 725120 - 9 . Princeton University Press , Princeton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 13556 - 4 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Libra ( category ) The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations : Libra Libra constellation Star Tales -- Libra Warburg Institute Iconographic Database ( over 300 medieval and early modern images of Libra ) Stars of Libra Bayer α α ( Zubenelgenubi ) β ( Zubeneschamali ) γ ( Zuben Elakrab ) δ ( Zuben Elakribi ) ε ζ ζ η θ ι ι κ λ μ ν ξ ξ ο σ ( γ Sco ) τ υ Flamsteed 5 10 11 12 16 17 18 22 23 26 28 30 33 36 37 41 42 47 48 49 50 30 Ser Variable UZ VZ EH ES FY GW GZ ( ζ ) GX HI HM HP HR IU KU HR 5390 5393 5438 5455 5499 5504 5513 5518 5521 5522 5583 5590 5620 5641 5655 5658 5669 5678 5707 5720 5749 5750 ( ζ ) 5756 5762 5765 5801 5806 5809 5810 5816 5819 5847 5856 5866 5896 5927 HD 126363 132953 134440 134758 136646 137798 140283 141569 141937 Gliese Gliese 570 ( KX ) Gliese 581 ( HO ) Other HE 1523 - 0901 2MASS 1507 - 1627 WISE 1541 - 2250 List The 88 modern constellations Andromeda Antlia Apus Aquarius Aquila Ara Aries Auriga Boötes Caelum Camelopardalis Cancer Canes Venatici Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Carina Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Chamaeleon Circinus Columba Coma Berenices Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Crux Cygnus Delphinus Dorado Draco Equuleus Eridanus Fornax Gemini Grus Hercules Horologium Hydra Hydrus Indus Lacerta Leo Leo Minor Lepus Libra Lupus Lynx Lyra Mensa Microscopium Monoceros Musca Norma Octans Ophiuchus Orion Pavo Pegasus Perseus Phoenix Pictor Pisces Piscis Austrinus Puppis Pyxis Reticulum Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Sculptor Scutum Serpens Sextans Taurus Telescopium Triangulum Triangulum Australe Tucana Ursa Major Ursa Minor Vela Virgo Volans Vulpecula Lists of constellations Constellation history The 48 constellations listed by Ptolemy after 150 AD Andromeda Aquarius Aquila Ara Argo Navis Aries Auriga Boötes Cancer Canis Major Canis Minor Capricornus Cassiopeia Centaurus Cepheus Cetus Corona Australis Corona Borealis Corvus Crater Cygnus Delphinus Draco Equuleus Eridanus Gemini Hercules Hydra Leo Lepus Libra Lupus Lyra Ophiuchus Orion Pegasus Perseus Pisces Piscis Austrinus Sagitta Sagittarius Scorpius Serpens Taurus Triangulum Ursa Major Ursa Minor Virgo The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th and 17th centuries Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c : Crux Triangulum Australe Vopel 1536 : Coma Berenices Keyser & de Houtman 1596 : Apus Chamaeleon Dorado Grus Hydrus Indus Musca Pavo Phoenix Tucana Volans Plancius 1613 : Camelopardalis Columba Monoceros Habrecht 1621 : Reticulum Hevelius 1683 : Canes Venatici Lacerta Leo Minor Lynx Scutum Sextans Vulpecula de Lacaille 1763 : Antlia Caelum Carina Circinus Fornax Horologium Mensa Microscopium Norma Octans Pictor Puppis Pyxis Sculptor Telescopium Vela Obsolete constellations ( including Ptolemy 's Argo Navis ) Anser Antinous Apes Argo Navis Asterion Cancer Minor Cerberus Chara Custos Messium Felis Frederici Honores / Gloria Frederici Gallus Globus Aerostaticus Jordanus Lilium Lochium Funis Machina Electrica Malus Mons Maenalus Musca Borealis Noctua Officina Typographica Polophylax Psalterium Georgianum / Harpa Georgii Quadrans Muralis Ramus Pomifer Robur Carolinum Sceptrum Brandenburgicum Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae Solarium Rangifer / Tarandus Taurus Poniatovii Telescopium Herschelii Testudo Tigris Triangulum Minus Turdus Solitarius Vespa Vultur cadens Vultur volans obsolete constellation names Apis Phoenicopterus Serpentarius Xiphias The Zodiac Astrological signs Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius Pisces Alternative signs Ophiuchus Cetus Western astrology House Triplicity Mode Cardinal Fixed Mutable Binary Positive Negative Related Astronomy Axial precession Constellations of the Ecliptic Ecliptic coordinate system Planets in astrology Zodiacal light Coordinates : 15 00 00 , − 15 ° 00 ′ 00 '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Libra_(constellation)&oldid=802714619 '' Categories : Libra ( constellation ) Constellations Western astrology Southern constellations Constellations listed by Ptolemy Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2002 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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where is the constellation libra located in the sky

Libra is bordered by the head of Serpens to the north , Virgo to the northwest , Hydra to the southwest , the corner of Centaurus to the southwest , Lupus to the south , Scorpius to the east and Ophiuchus to the northeast . Covering 538.1 square degrees and 1.304 % of the night sky , it ranks 29th of the 88 constellations in size . The three - letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' Lib ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of 12 segments ( illustrated in infobox ) . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 14 22 08.08 and 16 02 17.23 , while the declination coordinates are between − 0.47 ° and − 30.00 ° . The whole constellation is visible to observers south of latitude 60 ° N .

The Well - Tempered Clavier - wikipedia The Well - Tempered Clavier For the Westworld episode , see The Well - Tempered Clavier ( Westworld ) . Title page of Das Wohltemperierte Clavier , Book I ( autograph ) The Well - Tempered Clavier , BWV 846 -- 893 , is a collection of two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys , composed for solo keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach . In the German of Bach 's time Clavier ( keyboard ) was a generic name indicating a variety of keyboard instruments , most typically a harpsichord or clavichord -- but not excluding an organ either . The modern German spelling for the collection is Das wohltemperierte Klavier ( WTK ; German pronunciation : ( das ˌvoːlˌtɛmpəˈʁiːɐ̯tə klaˈviːɐ̯ ) ) . Bach gave the title Das Wohltemperirte Clavier to a book of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys , dated 1722 , composed `` for the profit and use of musical youth desirous of learning , and especially for the pastime of those already skilled in this study '' . Some 20 years later Bach compiled a second book of the same kind , which became known as The Well - Tempered Clavier , Part Two ( in German : Zweyter Theil , modern spelling : Zweiter Teil ) . Modern editions usually refer to both parts as The Well - Tempered Clavier , Book I ( WTC I ) and The Well - Tempered Clavier , Book II ( WTC II ) , respectively . The collection is generally regarded as being among the most important works in the history of classical music . Contents 1 Composition history 1.1 Precursors 1.2 Well - Tempered tuning 1.2. 1 Intended tuning 1.2. 2 Title page tuning interpretations 2 Content 2.1 Book I 2.1. 1 Title Page 2.1. 2 No. 1 : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 846 2.1. 3 No. 2 : Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 847 2.1. 4 No. 3 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ major , BWV 848 2.1. 5 No. 4 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ minor , BWV 849 2.1. 6 No. 5 : Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 850 2.1. 7 No. 6 : Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 851 2.1. 8 No. 7 : Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major , BWV 852 2.1. 9 No. 8 : Prelude in E ♭ minor and Fugue in D ♯ minor , BWV 853 2.1. 10 No. 9 : Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 854 2.1. 11 No. 10 : Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 855 2.1. 12 No. 11 : Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 856 2.1. 13 No. 12 : Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 857 2.1. 14 No. 13 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ major , BWV 858 2.1. 15 No. 14 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ minor , BWV 859 2.1. 16 No. 15 : Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 860 2.1. 17 No. 16 : Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 861 2.1. 18 No. 17 : Prelude and Fugue in A ♭ major , BWV 862 2.1. 19 No. 18 : Prelude and Fugue in G ♯ minor , BWV 863 2.1. 20 No. 19 : Prelude and Fugue in A major , BWV 864 2.1. 21 No. 20 : Prelude and Fugue in A minor , BWV 865 2.1. 22 No. 21 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ major , BWV 866 2.1. 23 No. 22 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ minor , BWV 867 2.1. 24 No. 23 : Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 868 2.1. 25 No. 24 : Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 869 2.2 Book II 2.2. 1 No. 1 : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 870 2.2. 2 No. 2 : Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 871 2.2. 3 No. 3 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ major , BWV 872 2.2. 4 No. 4 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ minor , BWV 873 2.2. 5 No. 5 : Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 874 2.2. 6 No. 6 : Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 875 2.2. 7 No. 7 : Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major , BWV 876 2.2. 8 No. 8 : Prelude and Fugue in D ♯ minor , BWV 877 2.2. 9 No. 9 : Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 878 2.2. 10 No. 10 : Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 879 2.2. 11 No. 11 : Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 880 2.2. 12 No. 12 : Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 881 2.2. 13 No. 13 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ major , BWV 882 2.2. 14 No. 14 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ minor , BWV 883 2.2. 15 No. 15 : Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 884 2.2. 16 No. 16 : Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 885 2.2. 17 No. 17 : Prelude and Fugue in A ♭ major , BWV 886 2.2. 18 No. 18 : Prelude and Fugue in G ♯ minor , BWV 887 2.2. 19 No. 19 : Prelude and Fugue in A major , BWV 888 2.2. 20 No. 20 : Prelude and Fugue in A minor , BWV 889 2.2. 21 No. 21 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ major , BWV 890 2.2. 22 No. 22 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ minor , BWV 891 2.2. 23 No. 23 : Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 892 2.2. 24 No. 24 : Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 893 3 Style 4 Reception 4.1 First prelude of Book I 4.2 Tenth prelude of Book I 5 Recordings 5.1 Audio of Book I 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Composition history ( edit ) Bach 's autograph of the 4th Fugue of Book I Bach 's autograph of Fugue No. 17 in A ♭ major from the second part of Das Wohltemperierte Clavier Each set contains twenty - four pairs of prelude and fugue . The first pair is in C major , the second in C minor , the third in C ♯ major , the fourth in C ♯ minor , and so on . The rising chromatic pattern continues until every key has been represented , finishing with a B minor fugue . The first set was compiled in 1722 during Bach 's appointment in Köthen ; the second followed 20 years later in 1742 while he was in Leipzig . Bach recycled some of the preludes and fugues from earlier sources : the 1720 Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach , for instance , contains versions of eleven of the preludes of the first book of the Well - Tempered Clavier . The C ♯ major prelude and fugue in book one was originally in C major -- Bach added a key signature of seven sharps and adjusted some accidentals to convert it to the required key . In Bach 's own time just one similar collections was published , by Johann Christian Schickhardt ( 1681 -- 1762 ) , whose Op. 30 L'alphabet de la musique , contained 24 sonatas in all keys for alto recorder or flute or violin and basso continuo . Precursors ( edit ) See also : Music written in all major and / or minor keys # Bach and his precursors Although the Well - Tempered Clavier was the first collection of fully worked keyboard pieces in all 24 keys , similar ideas had occurred earlier . Before the advent of modern tonality in the late 17th century , numerous composers produced collections of pieces in all seven modes : Johann Pachelbel 's magnificat fugues ( composed 1695 -- 1706 ) , Georg Muffat 's Apparatus Musico - organisticus of 1690 and Johann Speth 's Ars magna of 1693 for example . Furthermore , some two hundred years before Bach 's time , equal temperament was realized on plucked string instruments , such as the lute and the theorbo , resulting in several collections of pieces in all keys ( although the music was not yet tonal in the modern sense of the word ) : a cycle of 24 passamezzo -- saltarello pairs ( 1567 ) by Giacomo Gorzanis ( it ) ( c. 1520 -- c. 1577 ) 24 groups of dances , `` clearly related to 12 major and 12 minor keys '' ( 1584 ) by Vincenzo Galilei ( c. 1528 -- 1591 ) 30 preludes for 12 - course lute or theorbo by John Wilson ( 1595 -- 1674 ) One of the earliest keyboard composers to realize a collection of organ pieces in successive keys was Daniel Croner ( de ) ( 1656 -- 1740 ) , who compiled one such cycle of preludes in 1682 . His contemporary Johann Heinrich Kittel ( 1652 -- 1682 ) also composed a cycle of 12 organ preludes in successive keys . J.C.F. Fischer 's Ariadne musica neo-organoedum ( published in 1702 and reissued 1715 ) is a set of 20 prelude - fugue pairs in ten major and nine minor keys and the Phrygian mode , plus five chorale - based ricercars . Bach knew the collection and borrowed some of the themes from Fischer for the Well - Tempered Clavier . Other contemporary works include the treatise Exemplarische Organisten - Probe ( 1719 ) by Johann Mattheson ( 1681 -- 1764 ) , which included 48 figured bass exercises in all keys , Partien auf das Clavier ( 1718 ) by Christoph Graupner ( 1683 -- 1760 ) with eight suites in successive keys , and Friedrich Suppig 's Fantasia from Labyrinthus Musicus ( 1722 ) , a long and formulaic sectional composition ranging through all 24 keys which was intended for an enharmonic keyboard with 31 notes per octave and pure major thirds . Finally , a lost collection by Johann Pachelbel ( 1653 -- 1706 ) , Fugen und Praeambuln über die gewöhnlichsten Tonos figuratos ( announced 1704 ) , may have included prelude - fugue pairs in all keys or modes . It was long believed that Bach had taken the title The Well - Tempered Clavier from a similarly - named set of 24 Preludes and Fugues in all the keys , for which a manuscript dated 1689 was found in the library of the Brussels Conservatoire . It was later shown that this was the work of a composer who was not even born in 1689 : Bernhard Christian Weber ( 1 December 1712 -- 5 February 1758 ) . It was in fact written in 1745 -- 50 , and in imitation of Bach 's example . Well - Tempered tuning ( edit ) See also : Musical temperament and Musical tuning § Tuning systems Bach 's title suggests that he had written for a ( 12 - note ) well - tempered tuning system in which all keys sounded in tune ( also known as `` circular temperament '' ) . The opposing system in Bach 's day was meantone temperament in which keys with many accidentals sound out of tune . ( See also musical tuning . ) Bach would have been familiar with different tuning systems , and in particular as an organist would have played instruments tuned to a meantone system . It is sometimes assumed that by `` well - tempered '' Bach intended equal temperament , the standard modern keyboard tuning which became popular after Bach 's death , but modern scholars suggest instead a form of well temperament . There is debate whether Bach meant a range of similar temperaments , perhaps even altered slightly in practice from piece to piece , or a single specific `` well - tempered '' solution for all purposes . Intended tuning ( edit ) During much of the 20th century it was assumed that Bach wanted equal temperament , which had been described by theorists and musicians for at least a century before Bach 's birth . Internal evidence for this may be seen in the fact that in Book 1 Bach paired the E ♭ minor prelude ( 6 flats ) with its enharmonic key of D ♯ minor ( 6 sharps ) for the fugue . This represents an equation of the most tonally remote enharmonic keys where the flat and sharp arms of the circle of fifths cross each other opposite to C major . Any performance of this pair would have required both of these enharmonic keys to sound identically tuned , thus implying equal temperament in the one pair , as the entire work implies as a whole . However , research has continued into various unequal systems contemporary with Bach 's career . Accounts of Bach 's own tuning practice are few and inexact . The three most cited sources are Forkel , Bach 's first biographer ; Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg , who received information from Bach 's sons and pupils ; and Johann Kirnberger , one of those pupils . Forkel reports that Bach tuned his own harpsichords and clavichords and found other people 's tunings unsatisfactory ; his own allowed him to play in all keys and to modulate into distant keys almost without the listeners noticing it . Marpurg and Kirnberger , in the course of a heated debate , appear to agree that Bach required all the major thirds to be sharper than pure -- which is in any case virtually a prerequisite for any temperament to be good in all keys . Johann Georg Neidhardt , writing in 1724 and 1732 , described a range of unequal and near - equal temperaments ( as well as equal temperament itself ) , which can be successfully used to perform some of Bach 's music , and were later praised by some of Bach 's pupils and associates . J.S. Bach 's son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach himself published a rather vague tuning method which was close to but still not equal temperament : having only `` most of '' the fifths tempered , without saying which ones nor by how much . Since 1950 there have been many other proposals and many performances of the work in different and unequal tunings , some derived from historical sources , some by modern authors . Whatever their provenances , these schemes all promote the existence of subtly different musical characters in different keys , due to the sizes of their intervals . However , they disagree as to which key receives which character : Herbert Anton Kellner argued from the mid-1970s until his death that esoteric considerations such as the pattern of Bach 's signet ring , numerology , and more could be used to determine the correct temperament . His result is somewhat similar to Werckmeister 's most familiar `` correct '' temperament . Kellner 's temperament , with seven pure fifths and five ​ ⁄ comma fifths , has been widely adopted worldwide for the tuning of organs . It is especially effective as a moderate solution to play 17th - century music , shying away from tonalities that have more than two flats . John Barnes analyzed the Well - Tempered Clavier ' s major - key preludes statistically , observing that some major thirds are used more often than others . His results were broadly in agreement with Kellner 's and Werckmeister 's patterns . His own proposed temperament from that study is a ​ ⁄ comma variant of both Kellner ( ​ ⁄ ) and Werckmeister ( ​ ⁄ ) , with the same general pattern tempering the naturals , and concluding with a tempered fifth B -- F ♯ . Mark Lindley , a researcher of historical temperaments , has written several surveys of temperament styles in the German Baroque tradition . In his publications he has recommended and devised many patterns close to those of Neidhardt , with subtler gradations of interval size . Since a 1985 article in which he addressed some issues in the Well - Tempered Clavier , Lindley 's theories have focused more on Bach 's organ music than the harpsichord or clavichord works . Title page tuning interpretations ( edit ) Top of Bach 's title page for the 1st book of ' The Well - Tempered Clavier ' , 1722 , showing handwritten loops which some have interpreted as tuning instructions . More recently there has been a series of proposals of temperaments derived from the handwritten pattern of loops on Bach 's 1722 title page . These loops ( though truncated by a later clipping of the page ) can be seen at the top of the title page image at the beginning of the article . Andreas Sparschuh , in the course of studying German Baroque organ tunings , assigned mathematical and acoustic meaning to the loops . Each loop , he argued , represents a fifth in the sequence for tuning the keyboard , starting from A. From this Sparschuh devised a recursive tuning algorithm resembling the Collatz conjecture in mathematics , subtracting one beat per second each time Bach 's diagram has a non-empty loop . In 2006 he retracted his 1998 proposal based on A = 420 Hz , and replaced it with another at A = 410 Hz . Michael Zapf in 2001 reinterpreted the loops as indicating the rate of beating of different fifths in a given range of the keyboard in terms of seconds - per - beat , with the tuning now starting on C . John Charles Francis in 2004 performed a mathematical analysis of the loops using Mathematica under the assumption of beats per second . In 2004 , he also distributed several temperaments derived from BWV 924 . Bradley Lehman in 2004 proposed a ​ ⁄ and ​ ⁄ comma layout derived from Bach 's loops , which he published in 2005 in articles of three music journals . Reaction to this work has been both vigorous and mixed , with other writers producing further speculative schemes or variants . Daniel Jencka in 2005 proposed a variation of Lehman 's layout where one of the ​ ⁄ commas is spread over three fifths ( G ♯ -- D ♯ -- A ♯ / B ♭ ) , resulting in a ​ ⁄ comma division . Motivations for Jencka 's approach involve an analysis of the possible logic behind the figures themselves and his belief that a wide fifth ( B ♭ -- F ) found in Lehman 's interpretation is unlikely in a well - temperament from the time . Graziano Interbartolo and others in 2006 proposed a tuning system deduced from the WTK title page . Their work was also published in a book : Bach 1722 -- Il temperamento di Dio -- Le scoperte ei significati del ' Wohltemperirte Clavier ' , p. 136 -- Edizioni Bolla , Finale Ligure . Nevertheless , some musicologists say it is insufficiently proven that Bach 's looped drawing signifies anything reliable about a tuning method . Bach may have tuned differently per occasion , or per composition , throughout his career . David Schulenberg , in his book The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach , allows that Lehman 's argument is `` ingenious '' but counters that it `` lacks documentary support ( if the swirls were so important , why did Bach 's students not copy them accurately , if at all ? '' ) and concludes that the swirls can not `` be unambiguously interpreted as a code for a particular temperament '' . Luigi Swich , in his article `` Further thoughts on Bach 's 1722 temperament '' , more recently presents an alternative reading from that of Bradley Lehman and others of Johann Sebastian Bach 's tuning method as derived from the title - page calligraphic drawing . It differs in significant details , resulting in a circulating but unequal temperament using ​ ⁄ Pythagorean - comma fifths that is effective through all 24 keys and , most important , tunable by ear without an electronic tuning device . It is based on the synchronicity between the fifth F -- C and the third F -- A ( c. 3 beats per second ) and between the fifth C -- G and the third C -- E ( c. 2 beats per second ) . Such a system is reminiscent of Herbert Anton Kellner 's 1977 temperament and even more , among the others , the temperament of the 1688 Arp Schnitger organ in Norden , St Ludgeri and the temperament later described by Carlo Gervasoni in his La scuola della musica ( Piacenza , 1800 ) . Such a system with all its major thirds more or less sharp is confirmed by Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg 's report about the way a famous student of Bach 's , Johann Philipp Kirnberger , was taught to tune in his lessons with Bach . It allows all 24 keys to be played through without changing tuning nor unpleasant intervals , but with varying degrees of difference - the temperament being unequal , and the keys not all sounding the same . Compared to Werckmeister III , the other 24 keys - circulating temperament , Bach 's tuning is much more differentiated with its 8 ( instead of Werckmeister 's 4 ) different kinds of major thirds . The manuscript Bach P415 in Berlin Staatsbibliothek is the only known copy of the WTC to show this drawing which represents , a bit cryptically in Bach 's spirit , the purpose for which the masterpiece was written and its solution at the same time . Not surprisingly , since this is most probably the working copy that Johann Sebastian Bach used in his classes . Content ( edit ) Early version BWV 846a ( 1720 ) of the first prelude of the first book , as written down by Bach in his eldest son 's notebook Bach 's autograph ( 1722 ) of the first prelude of Book I See also : List of solo keyboard compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach § The Well - Tempered Clavier ( 846 -- 893 ) , and List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach § BGA14 Each Prelude is followed by a Fugue in the same key . In each book the first Prelude and Fugue is in C major , followed by a Prelude and Fugue in its parallel minor key ( C minor ) . Then all keys , each major key followed by its parallel minor key , are followed through , each time moving up a half tone : C → C ♯ → D → E ♭ → E → F → F ♯ → ... ending with ... → B ♭ → B . Book I ( edit ) The first book of the Well - Tempered Clavier was composed in the early 1720s , with Bach 's autograph dated 1722 . Apart from the early versions of several preludes included in W. F. Bach 's Klavierbüchlein ( 1720 ) there is an almost complete collection of `` Prelude and Fughetta '' versions predating the 1722 autograph , known from a later copy by an unidentified scribe . Title page ( edit ) The title page of the first book of the Well - Tempered Clavier reads : Das Wohltemperirte Clavier oder Præludia , und Fugen durch alle Tone und Semitonia , so wohl tertiam majorem oder Ut Re Mi anlangend , als auch tertiam minorem oder Re Mi Fa betreffend . Zum Nutzen und Gebrauch der Lehrbegierigen Musicalischen Jugend , als auch derer in diesem studio schon habil seyenden besonderem Zeitvertreib auffgesetzet und verfertiget von Johann Sebastian Bach . p. t : Hochfürstlich Anhalt - Cöthenischen Capel - Meistern und Directore derer Camer Musiquen . Anno 1722 . In English : The well - tempered Clavier , or Preludes and Fugues through all the tones and semitones , both as regards the tertiam majorem or Ut Re Mi ( i.e. , major ) and tertiam minorem or Re Mi Fa ( i.e. , minor ) . For the profit and use of the studious musical young , and also for the special diversion of those who are already skilful in this study , composed and made by Johann Sebastian Bach , for the time being Capellmeister and Director of the Chamber - music of the Prince of Anhalt - Cothen . In the year 1722 . No. 1 : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 846 ( edit ) Further information : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 846 Early version BWV 846a of the Prelude in Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach ( No. 14 : `` Praeludium 1 '' ) . The prelude is a seemingly simple progression of arpeggiated chords , one of the connotations of ' préluder ' as the French lutenists used it : to test the tuning . Bach used both G ♯ and A ♭ into the harmonic meandering . No. 2 : Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 847 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 847 . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 15 : Praeludium 2 . No. 3 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ major , BWV 848 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C - sharp major , BWV 848 . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 21 : Praeludium ( 8 ) . No. 4 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ minor , BWV 849 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C - sharp minor , BWV 849 . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 22 : Praeludium ( 9 ) . No. 5 : Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 850 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 850 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 17 : Praeludium 4 . No. 6 : Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 851 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 851 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 16 : Praeludium 3 . No. 7 : Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major , BWV 852 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in E-flat major , BWV 852 ( commons ) . No. 8 : Prelude in E ♭ minor and Fugue in D ♯ minor , BWV 853 ( edit ) Prelude in E-flat minor and Fugue in D - sharp minor , BWV 853 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 23 : Praeludium ( 10 ) . The fugue was transposed from D minor to D ♯ minor . No. 9 : Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 854 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 854 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 19 : Praeludium 6 . No. 10 : Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 855 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 855 . Early version BWV 855a of the Prelude in Klavierbüchlein für Wilhelm Friedemann Bach ( No. 18 : `` Praeludium 5 '' ) . No. 11 : Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 856 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 856 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 20 : Praeludium 7 . No. 12 : Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 857 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 857 ( commons ) . Prelude also in WFB Klavierbüchlein , No. 24 : Praeludium ( 11 ) . No. 13 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ major , BWV 858 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F - sharp major , BWV 858 ( commons ) . No. 14 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ minor , BWV 859 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F - sharp minor , BWV 859 ( commons ) . No. 15 : Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 860 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 860 ( commons ) . No. 16 : Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 861 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 861 . No. 17 : Prelude and Fugue in a ♭ major , BWV 862 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A-flat major , BWV 862 ( commons ) . No. 18 : Prelude and Fugue in G ♯ minor , BWV 863 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in G - sharp minor , BWV 863 ( commons ) . No. 19 : Prelude and Fugue in a major , BWV 864 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A major , BWV 864 ( commons ) . No. 20 : Prelude and Fugue in a minor , BWV 865 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A minor , BWV 865 ( commons ) . No. 21 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ major , BWV 866 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B - flat major , BWV 866 ( commons ) . No. 22 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ minor , BWV 867 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B - flat minor , BWV 867 ( commons ) . No. 23 : Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 868 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 868 ( commons ) . No. 24 : Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 869 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 869 ( commons ) . Book II ( edit ) The two major primary sources for this collection of Preludes and Fugues are the `` London Original '' ( LO ) manuscript , dated between 1739 and 1742 , with scribes including Bach , his wife Anna Magdalena and his oldest son Wilhelm Friedeman , which is the basis for Version A of WTC II , and for Version B , that is the version published by the 19th - century Bach - Gesellschaft , a 1744 copy primarily written by Johann Christoph Altnickol ( Bach 's son - in - law ) , with some corrections by Bach , and later also by Altnickol and others . No. 1 : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 870 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 870 . No. 2 : Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 871 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C minor , BWV 871 ( commons ) . No. 3 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ major , BWV 872 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue C ♯ major Played by Raymond Smullyan Problems playing this file ? See media help . Prelude and Fugue in C - sharp major , BWV 872 ( commons ) . No. 4 : Prelude and Fugue in C ♯ minor , BWV 873 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in C - sharp minor , BWV 873 . No. 5 : Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 874 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 874 ( commons ) . No. 6 : Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 875 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in D minor , BWV 875 . No. 7 : Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major , BWV 876 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in E-flat major , BWV 876 ( commons ) . No. 8 : Prelude and Fugue in D ♯ minor , BWV 877 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in D - sharp minor , BWV 877 ( commons ) . No. 9 : Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 878 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue E major Played by Randolph Hokanson Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 878 ( commons ) . No. 10 : Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 879 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in E minor , BWV 879 ( commons ) . No. 11 : Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 880 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F major , BWV 880 ( commons ) . No. 12 : Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 881 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F minor , BWV 881 . Prelude as a theme with variations . Fugue in three voices . No. 13 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ major , BWV 882 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F - sharp major , BWV 882 ( commons ) . No. 14 : Prelude and Fugue in F ♯ minor , BWV 883 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in F - sharp minor , BWV 883 ( commons ) . No. 15 : Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 884 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in G major , BWV 884 ( commons ) . No. 16 : Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 885 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in G minor , BWV 885 ( commons ) . No. 17 : Prelude and Fugue in a ♭ major , BWV 886 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A-flat major , BWV 886 ( commons ) . No. 18 : Prelude and Fugue in G ♯ minor , BWV 887 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue G ♯ minor Played by O. Yevsyukova Prelude and Fugue in G - sharp minor , BWV 887 . No. 19 : Prelude and Fugue in a major , BWV 888 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A major , BWV 888 ( commons ) . No. 20 : Prelude and Fugue in a minor , BWV 889 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in A minor , BWV 889 ( commons ) . No. 21 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ major , BWV 890 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B - flat major , BWV 890 ( commons ) . No. 22 : Prelude and Fugue in B ♭ minor , BWV 891 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue B ♭ minor Played by M. Pan'kiv Prelude and Fugue in B - flat minor , BWV 891 . No. 23 : Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 892 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue in B major , BWV 892 ( commons ) . No. 24 : Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 893 ( edit ) Prelude and Fugue B minor Played by V. Dacenko Prelude and Fugue in B minor , BWV 893 . Style ( edit ) Musically , the structural regularities of the Well - Tempered Clavier encompass an extraordinarily wide range of styles , more so than most pieces in the literature . The preludes are formally free , although many of them exhibit typical Baroque melodic forms , often coupled to an extended free coda ( e.g. Book I preludes in C minor , D major , and B ♭ major ) . The preludes are also notable for their odd or irregular numbers of measures , in terms of both the phrases and the total number of measures in a given prelude . Each fugue is marked with the number of voices , from two to five . Most are three - and four - voiced fugues , and there are only two five - voiced fugues ( BWV 849 and 867 ) , and one two - voiced fugue ( BWV 855 ) . The fugues employ a full range of contrapuntal devices ( fugal exposition , thematic inversion , stretto , etc . ) , but are generally more compact than Bach 's fugues for organ . Several attempts have been made to analyse the motivic connections between each prelude and fugue , -- most notably Wilhelm Werker and Johann Nepomuk David The most direct motivic reference appears in the B major set from Book 1 , in which the fugue subject uses the first four notes of the prelude , in the same metric position but at half speed . Reception ( edit ) Bach Gesellschaft Ausgabe Vol. 14 ( 1866 ) , p. 44 : Book I , Prelude No. 12 21st - century Open Source score edition of Book I Both books of the Well - Tempered Clavier were widely circulated in manuscript , but printed copies were not made until 1801 , by three publishers almost simultaneously in Bonn , Leipzig and Zurich . Bach 's style went out of favour in the time around his death , and most music in the early Classical period had neither contrapuntal complexity nor a great variety of keys . But , with the maturing of the Classical style in the 1770s , the Well - Tempered Clavier began to influence the course of musical history , with Haydn and Mozart studying the work closely . Mozart transcribed some of the fugues of the Well - Tempered Clavier for string ensemble : BWV 853 → K. 404a / 1 BWV 871 → K. 405 / 1 BWV 874 → K. 405 / 5 BWV 876 → K. 405 / 2 BWV 877 → K. 405 / 4 BWV 878 → K. 405 / 3 BWV 882 → K. 404a / 3 BWV 883 → K. 404a / 2 Fantasy No. 1 with Fugue , K. 394 is one of Mozart 's own compositions showing the influence the Well - Tempered Clavier had on him . Beethoven played the entire Well - Tempered Clavier by the time he was eleven , and produced an arrangement of BWV 867 , for string quintet . Hans von Bülow called The Well - Tempered Clavier the `` Old Testament '' of music ( the Beethoven Sonatas were the `` New Testament '' ) . Bach 's example inspired numerous composers of the 19th century , for instance in 1835 Chopin started composing his 24 Preludes , Op. 28 , inspired by the Well - Tempered Clavier . In the 20th century Dmitri Shostakovich wrote his 24 Preludes and Fugues , an even closer reference to Bach 's model . Mario Castelnuovo - Tedesco wrote Les Guitares bien tempérées ( The Well - Tempered Guitars ) , a set of 24 preludes and fugues for two guitars , in all 24 major and minor keys , inspired in both title and structure by Bach 's work . First Prelude of Book I ( edit ) See also : Prelude and Fugue in C major , BWV 846 § Legacy ; and Ave Maria ( Bach / Gounod ) The best - known piece from either book is the first prelude of Book I. Anna Magdalena Bach copied a short version of this prelude in her 1725 Notebook ( No. 29 ) . The accessibility of this C major prelude has made it one of the most commonly studied piano pieces for students completing their introductory training . This prelude also served as the basis for the Ave Maria of Charles Gounod . Tenth Prelude of Book I ( edit ) Further information : Prelude in E minor , BWV 855a § Siloti piano arrangement : Prelude in B minor Alexander Siloti proposed a piano arrangement of the early version of Prelude and Fugue in E minor ( BWV 855a ) , transposed into a Prelude in B minor . Recordings ( edit ) The first complete recording of the Well - Tempered Clavier was made on the piano by Edwin Fischer for EMI between 1933 and 1936 . The second was made by Wanda Landowska on harpsichord for RCA Victor in 1949 ( Book 1 ) and 1952 ( Book 2 ) . The first complete recording of the work on a clavichord was made by Ralph Kirkpatrick in 1959 ( Book 1 ) and 1967 ( Book 2 ) for Deutsche Grammophon . Helmut Walcha , better known as an organist , recorded both books between 1959 and 1961 on a harpsichord . Another noteworthy version of both books was recorded by Australian pianist Roger Woodward in 2007 in Bavaria . Daniel Chorzempa made the first recording using multiple instruments ( harpsichord , clavichord , organ , and fortepiano ) for Philips in 1982 . Artists to have recorded the collection twice include Ralph Kirkpatrick ( once on clavichord and once on harpsichord ) and Angela Hewitt , João Carlos Martins , András Schiff , Rosalyn Tureck , and Tatiana Nikolayeva ( all on piano ) . Anthony Newman has recorded it three times -- twice on harpsichord and once on piano . As of 2013 , over 150 recordings have been documented , including the above keyboard instruments as well as transcriptions for ensembles and also synthesizers . Wendy Carlos recorded the Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major and the Prelude and Fugue in C Minor ( both from Book I ) in versions for Moog synthesizer on her album Switched - On Bach ( 1968 ) . Audio of Book I ( edit ) Harpsichord performances of various parts of Book I by Martha Goldstein are in the public domain . Such harpsichord performances may , for instance , be tuned in equal temperament , or in Werckmeister temperament . In addition to Martha Goldstein , Raymond Smullyan is another well - known artist for whom several performances from Book I are in the public domain . In March 2015 , the pianist Kimiko Douglass - Ishizaka released a new and complete recording of Book 1 into the public domain . Her performances are available below , beginning with the Prelude No. 1 in C Major ( BWV 846 ) : Prel. 1 C maj . Fug. 1 C maj . Prel. 2 C min . Fug. 2 C min . Prel. 3 C ♯ maj . Fug. 3 C ♯ maj . Prel. 4 C ♯ min . Fug. 4 C ♯ min . Prel. 5 D maj . Fug. 5 D maj . Prel. 6 D min . Fug. 6 D min . Prel. 7 E ♭ maj . Fug. 7 E ♭ maj . Prel. 8 E ♭ min . Fug. 8 D ♯ min . Prel. 9 E maj . Fug. 9 E maj . Prel. 10 E min . Fug. 10 E min . Prel. 11 F maj . Fug. 11 F maj . Prel. 12 F min . Fug. 12 F min . Prel. 13 F ♯ maj . Fug. 13 F ♯ maj . Prel. 14 F ♯ min . Fug. 14 F ♯ min . Prel. 15 G maj . Fug. 15 G maj . Prel. 16 G min . Fug. 16 G min . Prel. 17 A ♭ maj . Fug. 17 A ♭ maj . Prel. 18 G ♯ min . Fug. 18 G ♯ min . Prel. 19 A maj . Fug. 19 A maj . Prel. 20 A min . Fug. 20 A min . Prel. 21 B ♭ maj . Fug. 21 B ♭ maj . Prel. 22 B ♭ min . Fug. 22 B ♭ min . Prel. 23 B maj . Fug. 23 B maj . Prel. 24 B min . Fug. 24 B min . Problems listening to the files ? See media help . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bach , Johann Sebastian ; Novack , Saul ( 1983 ) . `` The Well - Tempered Clavier : Books I and II , complete '' . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 24532 - 4 . Jump up ^ All Music Guide to Classical Music : The Definitive Guide to Classical Music . Hal Leonard Corporation . 2005 . p. 52 . ISBN 0879308656 . Jump up ^ Pippa Drummond ; David Lasocki . `` Johann Christian Schickhardt '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Arthur J. Ness . `` Giacomo Gorzanis '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Claude V. Palisca . `` Vincenzo Galilei '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Ian Spink . `` Wilson , John ( English composer , lutenist and singer ) '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The Diapason Press -- General Series : John Wilson , `` Thirty Preludes '' in all ( 24 ) keys for lute Jump up ^ John H. Baron . A 17th - Century Keyboard Tablature in Brasov , JAMS , xx ( 1967 ) , pp. 279 -- 85 . Jump up ^ Viorel Cosma . `` Daniel Croner '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ John H. Baron . `` Kittel . '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Rudolf Walter . `` Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer '' . In L. Root , Deane . Grove Music Online . Oxford Music Online . Oxford University Press . ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Karl Geiringer . The Bach Family : Seven Generations of Creative Genius , pp. 268 -- 9 . Oxford University Press , 1954 . Jump up ^ Oswald Bill , Christoph Grosspietsch . Christoph Graupner : Thematisches Verzeichnis der musikalischen Werke . Carus , 2005 . ISBN 3 - 89948 - 066 - X Jump up ^ Fredrich Suppig : Labyrinthus musicus , Calculus musicus , facsimile of the manuscripts . Tuning and Temperament Library , Volume 3 , edited by Rudolf Rasch . Diapason Press , Utrecht , 1990 . Jump up ^ Jean M. Perreault . The Thematic Catalogue of the Musical Works of Johann Pachelbel , p. 84 . Scarecrow Press , Lanham , Md. 2004 . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 4970 - 4 . Jump up ^ Grove 's Dictionary of Music and Musicians , 5th ed , 1954 , Vol . IX , p. 223 Jump up ^ The Well - Tempered Clavier -- notes , Estonian Record Productions Jump up ^ Bach , J.S. ( 2004 ) . Palmer , Willard A. , ed . J.S. Bach : The Well - Tempered Clavier . Los Angeles : Alfred Music . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 88284 - 831 - 3 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Kirnberger has more than once told me as well as others about how the famous Joh . Seb . Bach , during the time when the former was enjoying musical instruction at the hands of the latter , confided to him the tuning of his clavier , and how the master expressly required of him that he tune all the thirds sharp . '' -- Friedrich Wilhelm Marpurg , 1776 . Quoted in David , Hans T. ; Mendel , Arthur , eds . The Bach Reader ( Revised , with a Supplement ) , W.W. Norton & Company , 1966 , p. 261 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00259 - 4 Jump up ^ The Keyboard Tuning of J.S. Bach , John Charles Francis Jump up ^ LaripS.com : Johann Sebastian Bach 's tuning , Bradley Lehman , 2005 Jump up ^ The Tuning Script from Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier : A Possible ​ ⁄ PC Interpretation Archived March 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , Daniel Jencka , 2006 Jump up ^ Bach 1722 -- Il temperamento di Dio Jump up ^ David Schulenberg , The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach , Second Edition , Routledge , 2006 , p. 452 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97400 - 4 Jump up ^ David Schulenberg , The Keyboard Music of J.S. Bach , Second Edition , Routledge , 2006 , p. 18 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 97400 - 4 Jump up ^ Luigi Swich , `` Further thoughts on Bach 's 1722 temperament '' in `` Early Music '' XXXIX / 3 , August 2011 , pp. 401 -- 407 Jump up ^ Bach Digital Source 5418 at www.bachdigital.de Jump up ^ Monthly Musical Record , July 1 1887 , p. 146 Jump up ^ GB - Lbl Add . MS . 35021 at www.bachdigital.de Jump up ^ D-B Mus . ms . Bach P 430 at www.bachdigital.de Jump up ^ Leikin , Anatole . `` The Mystery of Chopin 's Préludes '' , ( Surrey : Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2015 ) p. 48 . Jump up ^ Werker , Wilhelm . Studien über die Symmetrie im Bau der Fugen und die motivische Zusammengehörigkeit der Präludien und Fugen des `` Wohlemperierten Klaviers '' von Johann Sebastian Bach ( Leipzig : Breitkopf und Härtel , 1922 ) Jump up ^ David , Johann Nepomuk . Das Wohltemperierte Klavier : Der Versuch einer Synopsis ( Göttigen : Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 1962 ) Jump up ^ Bach , J.S. Das Wohltemperierte Klavier : Teil I ( München : G. Henle Verlag , 1997 ) , pp. 110 -- 03 . Jump up ^ Kassler , Michael ( 2006 ) . `` Broderip , Wilkinson and the First English Edition of the ' 48 ' '' . The Musical Times . 147 ( Summer 2006 ) : 67 -- 76 . doi : 10.2307 / 25434385 . ISSN 0027 - 4666 . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Preludes and Fugues , K. 404a : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Jump up ^ Köchel , Ludwig Ritter von ( 1862 ) . Chronologisch - thematisches Verzeichniss sämmtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amade Mozart 's ( in German ) . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . OCLC 3309798 . Archived from the original on 12 February 2008 . , No. 405 , pp. 328 -- 329 Jump up ^ Michelle Rasmussen Jump up ^ Brown , A. Peter , The Symphonic Repertoire ( Volume 2 ) . Indiana University Press ( ISBN 025333487X ) , pp. 423 -- 432 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hess 38 '' is Beethoven 's arrangement of `` Book 1 -- Fugue No. 22 in B ♭ minor '' ( BWV 867 ) . Jump up ^ McKay , Cory . `` The Bach Reception in the 18th and 19th century '' at www.music.mcgill.ca Jump up ^ Eric Schenk ( author ) , translated from the German by Richard and Clara Winston & Winston ( eds ) ( 1959 ) , Mozart and his Times , p. 452 Jump up ^ Daniel Heartz . Mozart , Haydn and Early Beethoven : 1781 -- 1802 , p. 678 . W.W. Norton & Company , 2008 . ISBN 9780393285789 Jump up ^ Kerst ( 1904 ) , p. 101 Jump up ^ Edward Noel Green . Chromatic Completion in the Late Vocal Music of Haydn and Mozart : A Technical , Philosophic , and Historical Study , p. 273 New York University . ISBN 9780549794516 Jump up ^ Notebooks for Anna Magdalena Bach : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) at IMSLP website Jump up ^ Gramophone , `` Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier '' Jump up ^ Bach Cantatas Website , `` Well - Tempered Clavier Book I , BWV 846 -- 869 Recordings -- Part 1 '' Jump up ^ Helmut Walcha : Johann Sebastian Bach -- The Well - Tempered Clavier Books 1 & 2 at harmonies.com Jump up ^ Bach Cantatas Website , `` Well - Tempered Clavier Book I , BWV 846 -- 869 Recordings -- Part 5 '' Jump up ^ Bach Cantatas Website , `` Well - Tempered Clavier Book I , BWV 846 -- 869 Recordings -- Part 8 '' Jump up ^ The portions of Book I performed by Martha Goldstein and in the public domain include the following ( all on harpsichord ) : `` Prelude in C major '' ( BWV 846 ) , Fugue in C major ( BWV 846 ) , Prelude No. 2 in C minor ( BWV 847 ) , Fugue No. 2 in C minor ( BWV 847 ) , '' Fugue No. 4 in C ♯ minor '' ( BWV 849 ) , '' Prelude No. 5 in D major '' ( BWV 850 ) , '' Fugue No. 5 in D major '' ( BWV 850 ) , '' Prelude No. 6 in D minor '' ( BWV 851 ) , '' Fugue No. 6 in D minor '' ( BWV 851 ) , '' Prelude No. 21 in B ♭ major '' ( BWV 866 ) , and '' Fugue No. 21 in B ♭ major '' ( BWV 866 ) . Jump up ^ `` Book 1 of The Well - tempered Clavier by J.S. Bach -- Prelude in C major ( BWV 846 ) '' , performed on a French harpsichord tuned in equal temperament by Robert Schröter . Jump up ^ `` Book 1 of The Well - tempered Clavier by J.S. Bach -- Prelude in C major ( BWV 846 ) '' , performed on a French harpsichord tuned in Werckmeister temperament by Robert Schröter . Jump up ^ The portions of Book I performed by Raymond Smullyan and in the public domain include the following ( all on piano ) : `` Prelude and Fugue No. 13 in F ♯ major '' ( BWV 858 ) , `` Prelude and Fugue No. 18 in G ♯ minor '' ( BWV 863 ) , `` Prelude and Fugue No. 22 in B ♭ minor '' ( BWV 867 ) , and `` Prelude and Fugue No. 23 in B major '' ( BWV 868 ) . Jump up ^ The Open Well - Tempered Clavier Website , `` The Open Well - Tempered Clavier , Book 1 '' Sources ( edit ) Kirkpatrick , Ralph . Interpreting Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier : A Performer 's Discourse of Method ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1987 ) . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03893 - 3 . Ledbetter , David . Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier : The 48 Preludes and Fugues ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2002 ) . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09707 - 7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Well - Tempered Clavier . Interactive media ( Adobe Flash ) Exploring Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier -- Korevaar ( piano ) , Goeth ( organ ) , Parmentier ( harpsichord ) . Direct access to the fugues . Sheet music Open - source edition of the Well - Tempered Clavier , Book I available in MuseScore , MusicXML , MIDI , PDF formats , released under CC0 Well - Tempered Clavier , Book I , Book II : Scores at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Johann Sebastian Bach 's Werke . Das Wohltemperirte Clavier , Erster Theil / Zweiter Theil ( Leipzig 1851 ) : Indiana University School of Music score in GIF format Scores of some of the Preludes and Fugues of the Well - Tempered Clavier through the Mutopia Project Bach 's manuscript of Book II of the Well - Tempered Clavier : Facsimile of British Library Add MS 35021 Recordings Free piano recording of Book 1 by Kimiko Ishizaka ( Open Well - Tempered Clavier project ) Complete , free midi recordings of books I & II by John Sankey Free midi recording of book II by Prof. Yo Tomita of The Queen 's University , Belfast Complete , free midi recordings of books I and II by Alan Kennington Piano Society -- Free audio records of WTC , MP3 files , video On tuning systems All existing 18th century quotes on J.S. Bachs temperament Larips.com -- `` Bach '' tuning resources -- interpreted by Bradley Lehman Bach - and Well - Temperaments for Western Classical Music Rosetta Revisited -- Interpreted by Dominic Eckersley Descriptions and analyses J.S. Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier / In - depth Analysis and Interpretation by Siglind Bruhn . Full text of the 1993 book . Animated visualizations of the music by Tim Smith and David Korevaar Graphical motif extraction for The Well - Tempered Clavier 1 and The Well - Tempered Clavier 2 Essay by Yo Tomita about Book I of The Well - Tempered Clavier Program notes from the Los Angeles Chamber Orchestra Interpretation and analysis of JS Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier by Philip Goeth ( includes audio samples ) Lowrance , Rachel A. ( 2013 ) `` Instruction , Devotion , and Affection : Three Roles of Bach 's Well - Tempered Clavier , '' Musical Offerings : Vol. 4 : No. 1 , Article 2 . Available at : http://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/musicalofferings/vol4/iss1/2 Well Temperaments , based on the Werckmeister Definition Compositions for organ , keyboard and lute by Johann Sebastian Bach Organ Fugue in G minor , BWV 131a ( doubtful ) Sonatas , BWV 525 -- 530 Prelude and Fugue in D major , BWV 532 Fantasia and Fugue in C minor , BWV 537 Toccata and Fugue in D minor ( `` Dorian '' ) , BWV 538 Toccata and Fugue in F major , BWV 540 Fantasia and Fugue in G minor ( `` Great '' ) , BWV 542 Prelude and Fugue in A minor , BWV 543 Prelude and Fugue in E minor ( `` Wedge '' ) , BWV 548 Eight Short Preludes and Fugues , BWV 553 -- 560 ( doubtful ) Fantasia and Fugue in C minor , BWV 562 Toccata , Adagio and Fugue in C major , BWV 564 Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 Prelude ( Toccata ) and Fugue in E major , BWV 566 Fantasia ( `` Pièce d'Orgue '' ) in G major , BWV 572 Fugue in G minor ( `` Little '' ) , BWV 578 Passacaglia and Fugue in C minor , BWV 582 Concertos , BWV 592 -- 597 Orgelbüchlein , BWV 599 -- 644 Schübler Chorales , BWV 645 -- 650 Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes , BWV 651 -- 668 Chorale partita Sei gegrüßet , Jesu gütig , BWV 768 Canonic Variations on `` Vom Himmel hoch da komm ' ich her '' , BWV 769 Neumeister chorales , BWV 1090 -- 1120 Chorale fantasia Wo Gott der Herr nicht bei uns hält , BWV 1128 Keyboard Aria variata alla maniera italiana Capriccio on the departure of a beloved brother Chromatic Fantasia and Fugue Concertos English Suites French Suites Goldberg Variations ( discography , Gould recording ) Inventions and Sinfonias Italian Concerto Overture in the French style Partitas for Keyboard ( No. 4 , No. 6 ) Six Little Preludes The Well - Tempered Clavier , BWV 846 -- 893 ( I : C , BWV 846 , c , BWV 847 , C ♯ , BWV 848 , c ♯ , BWV 849 , e , BWV 855 , g , BWV 861 ; II : C , BWV 870 , c ♯ , BWV 873 , f , BWV 881 , b , BWV 893 ) Lute Suite in G minor , BWV 995 Suite in E minor , BWV 996 ( Bourrée ) Prelude , Fugue and Allegro in E ♭ major , BWV 998 Prelude in C minor , BWV 999 Fugue in G minor , BWV 1000 Mixed collections Clavier - Übung III : Prelude and Fugue in E ♭ major ( `` St. Anne '' ) , BWV 552 , Chorale preludes , BWV 669 -- 689 , Duets , BWV 802 -- 805 Concerto transcriptions , BWV 592 -- 596 and 972 -- 987 Klavierbüchlein W.F. Bach Notebook A.M. Bach Twelve Little Preludes List of compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach List of fugal works by Johann Sebastian Bach List of concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach BNF : cb139151495 ( data ) GND : 300011881 SELIBR : 226798 SUDOC : 117981524 VIAF : 383145911073927060072 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Well-Tempered_Clavier&oldid=857142288 '' Categories : The Well - Tempered Clavier Hidden categories : Pages containing links to subscription - only content Webarchive template wayback links Works with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Articles containing German - language text Interlanguage link template link number All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from May 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Italiano עברית Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pangasinan Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська 粵語 中文 25 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 20 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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a composer famous for his fugues especially the collection the well-tempered clavier

The Well - Tempered Clavier , BWV 846 -- 893 , is a collection of two sets of preludes and fugues in all 24 major and minor keys , composed for solo keyboard by Johann Sebastian Bach . In the German of Bach 's time Clavier ( keyboard ) was a generic name indicating a variety of keyboard instruments , most typically a harpsichord or clavichord -- but not excluding an organ either .

Highways England traffic officer service - Wikipedia Highways England traffic officer service Jump to : navigation , search Highways England Traffic Officer Service Abbreviation HETO Agency overview Formed 2015 Preceding agency Highways Agency Legal personality Governmental : Government agency Jurisdictional structure Operations jurisdiction * Country of England , United Kingdom Legal jurisdiction England and Wales General nature Law enforcement Local civilian police Operational structure Overviewed by Her Majesty 's Inspectorate of Constabulary / Independent Police Complaints Commission Headquarters Birmingham Officers 3,500 Footnotes * Divisional agency : Division of the country , over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction . The Highways England Traffic Officer Service ( HETOS ) is an operational unit within the Highways England in England . In April 2004 , Highways Agency Traffic Officers ( HATOs ) began working alongside police on motorways in the West Midlands . The roll - out of traffic officers was completed on 18 July 2006 and they now cover all of the motorway network within England , i.e. that which is owned or managed by Highways England , and some of the all - purpose trunk road ( APTR ) network . The introduction of the officers was aimed to reduce the 25 % of delays caused by collisions by around 5 % . On 1 April 2015 the Highways Agency became Highways England , a government - owned company . A government review in 2015 recommended two options for the future of traffic officers : a single National Infrastructure Constabulary combining the function of the Civil Nuclear Constabulary , the Ministry of Defence Police and the British Transport Police with the traffic officer service ; two separate forces : a Transport Infrastructure Constabulary , that would include the traffic officer services , and an Armed Infrastructure Constabulary . As of February 2017 these proposals have been put on hold whilst the three police forces involved explore collaborative working options . Contents ( hide ) 1 Operations 1.1 Patrols 1.2 Vehicles and equipment 1.3 Communications 1.4 Incident support units 1.5 Incidents 2 Powers 2.1 Traffic Management Act 2004 2.2 Removal and disposal of vehicles 3 Regional Control Centres 3.1 Management 3.2 Control room 4 Death on duty 5 Locations 6 Ranks and grades 7 References 8 External links Operations ( edit ) Patrols ( edit ) Normally , each patrol has a crew of two . Only team managers , their deputies or specially trained single crew officers may be single crewed - but this limits their capabilities . A pilot of single crewed Traffic Officers is ongoing and planned to be rolled out nationally , starting in September 2013 . All crew members wear high - visibility jackets , distinctive by the orange and yellow markings , along with dark blue cargo - style trousers . All staff who work on the network are required to wear steel toe cap boots and have access to other protective equipment such as high visibility waterproof trousers , gloves and safety goggles . Staff have the option to wear a white collared shirt and tie , an open necked white shirt or a navy collared polo shirt . All officers carry a portable Airwave radio . Vehicles and equipment ( edit ) A typical Highways England Traffic Officer vehicle Traffic officers patrol the motorway network using high - visibility 4x4 patrol vehicles . Such vehicles are used mainly for their ability to tow , or clear broken - down or disabled vehicles to a place of safety off the carriageway if needed . 4x4 vehicles can remain mobile in flood or snow conditions , as well as being able to carry the large amount of safety and recovery equipment ( including a basic first aid kit ) that the patrols use . Such vehicles also have the advantage of visibility -- their size makes them more visible to other motorists when stationary on the hard shoulder . All of the vehicles are liveried with yellow and black Battenburg markings ; equipped with a Sepura vehicle mounted TETRA digital radio ; hands - free mobile telephone ; have the benefit of red and amber LED lightbars and additional LED lights . All of the latest vehicles are fitted with alternating headlights ( wigwags ) and a bull horn to assist with progressing through stationary traffic on approach to an incident . When travelling on the hard shoulder , vehicles use front - and rear - facing amber lighting , and are restricted to 20 mph ( HETO procedures ) . When stationary on the hard shoulder , vehicles illuminate rear - facing amber LEDs . However , when the vehicle is working in the carriageway all the rear - facing lights ( amber and red ) are displayed to warn approaching traffic . Traffic officers , unlike police , must comply with all speed limits , including temporary mandatory limits in roadworks . These procedures differ from police procedures , whereby the police will employ rear - facing ' reds ' only when stationary on the hard shoulder . Whilst stationary on the hard shoulder and if a traffic officer feels it is necessary - because of the weather or location - they may use the red rear lights , in addition to the amber lights . This will be noted in the traffic officer 's pocket notebook as a dynamic risk assessment and also relayed to a Regional Control Centre ( RCC ) for entry on to the log . Each vehicle carries 650 kg ( 1,430 lb ) of equipment , which includes traffic cones , basic first - aid kits , warning lights , water containers , road - clearance equipment and towing / recovery gear , all contained in a heavy steel bolted - in rack system . They also have variable message signs ( VMS ) at the rear . The traffic officers use different models of 4x4 vehicles , all diesel - powered with automatic transmissions . Vehicles used for patrolling as of 2016 are : Land Rover Discovery 4 and Mitsubishi Shogun BK . When first introduced into service , the Mitsubishi Shogun was operating above the vehicle maximum plated axle weight . This continued for some time ; faced with the alternative of withdrawing the vehicle HE , with the assistance of Mitsubishi , uprated the rear springs , thereby allowing the vehicles to be operated within the manufacturer 's specification . Previous vehicles used included Mitsubishi Grandis ( for team managers ) Mitsubishi Shogun ( CK Model ) , Nissan Pathfinder , Range Rover and Toyota Land Cruiser . The Pathfinder was considered unsuitable , and was discontinued in service once the vehicles had reached the end of their lease . The vehicle stance , squat low at the rear when carrying the HE equipment , upset handling and obstructed rear vision . Previously HETO vehicles were leased on an 18 - month / 150,000 mile contract through Lloyds leasing ( which became Lex Leasing in 2009 ) . A new contract was awarded on 8 February 2010 to VT ( now Babcock ) Group for the provision and maintenance of the 207 - strong fleet . Communications ( edit ) Traffic Officers maintain contact with each other and the RCC by use of Sepura hand - held and vehicle TETRA Radios using the Airwave network , and enabling officers to co-ordinate with other Airwave users ( e.g. local Road Traffic Policing officers . Speeding past a Traffic Officer Vehicle in an obvious or dangerous manner could result in a prosecution through evidence based witness statements as each crew member will have direct access to local road police unit resources and request cctv footage be preserved ) . Each patrol vehicle is also fitted with a handsfree mobile phone . Incident support units ( edit ) Although liveried similar to the patrol vehicles , incident support units ( ISU ) are part of the managing agent contracts . They work closely with the traffic officers in dealing with incidents on the network . For example , they can carry more equipment ( in quantity terms ) , a wider range of kit and deal with certain infrastructure elements that traffic officers are not able to work on . Incidents ( edit ) Between 1 December 2007 and 30 November 2008 , traffic officers patrolled 2,025 miles ( 3,259 km ) of motorways and trunk roads across England every hour of every day , and attended over 281,000 incidents , an average of one incident every two minutes . As a result of government budget cuts in 2013 , traffic officers no longer patrol the network . They are reactive , and only attend reported incidents . Traffic officers attend incidents ranging from breakdowns and road debris to minor Road Traffic Collisions ( RTC ) releasing the police motorway patrols to concentrate on criminal activities on the network and serious RTCs . At serious RTCs , the police take control of the incident and will generally be assisted by traffic officers , making use of the RCC for setting of electronic traffic signs . A silver command will be established at the RCC to manage the incident on behalf of Highways England , controlled by a duty operations manager . Other incidents traffic officers attend include ; debris in the carriageway , spillages , animals , fires ( to support the fire service ) , pedestrians , vulnerable persons , broken - down vehicles and network defects . Powers ( edit ) In addition to a number of exemptions from the Road Traffic Act and motorway regulations such as being permitted to stop , drive and reverse on the hard shoulder , Traffic Officers derive powers from the Traffic Management Act 2004 and The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles ( Traffic Officers ) ( England ) Regulations 2008 . Under The Traffic Signs ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Regulations and General Directions 2011 , which became effective on 30 January 2012 , traffic officers are also exempt from certain requirements in the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions , as are motorists when acting under the direction of a traffic officer . Traffic Management Act 2004 ( edit ) Officers must follow the directions of a police constable , and to exercise their powers must be on duty and in uniform . For the purposes of : maintaining or improving the movement of traffic on a relevant road over which the traffic officer has jurisdiction preventing or reducing the effect of anything causing ( or which has the potential to cause ) congestion or other disruption to the movement of traffic on such a road , avoiding danger to persons or other traffic using such a road ( or preventing risks of any such danger arising ) , preventing damage to , or to anything on or near , such a road , a traffic officer may : direct a person driving or propelling a vehicle to stop the vehicle , or to make it proceed in , or keep to , a particular line of traffic , for the purposes of a traffic survey of any description which is being carried out on or in the vicinity of a road , to direct a person driving or propelling a vehicle to stop the vehicle , or to make it proceed in , or keep to , a particular line of traffic , or to proceed to a particular point on or near the road on which the vehicle is being driven or propelled ( subject to the restriction in section 35 ( 3 ) of the Road Traffic Act 1988 ( c. 52 ) ) , direct persons on foot ( or such persons and other traffic ) to stop , direct a person driving a mechanically propelled vehicle , or riding a cycle , on a road to stop the vehicle or cycle , place temporary traffic signs and cones on a road . Assaulting , resisting or wilfully obstructing an officer are offences . It is also an offence to impersonate an officer , or for officers to claim to have more powers than they do . HE traffic officers do not have any powers of detention , or to search , issue fixed penalties or report for summons for any motoring offence . Breaching a rolling road block is an offence which is likely to be prosecuted . The number of prosecutions increased as automatic number - plate recognition ( ANPR ) technology became widespread , enabling the recorded location of vehicles to be used in evidence . Drivers are obliged by the Traffic Management Act 2004 to comply with directions given by officers ; this is briefly explained in the Highway Code : Highways England Traffic Officers have powers to stop vehicles on most motorways and some ' A ' class roads , in England only . If HE traffic officers in uniform want to stop your vehicle on safety grounds ( e.g. an insecure load ) they will , where possible , attract your attention by flashing amber lights , usually from behind directing you to pull over to the side by pointing and / or using the left indicator You MUST then pull over and stop as soon as it is safe to do so . Then switch off your engine . It is an offence not to comply with their directions . -- Rule 108 , Highway Code Removal and Disposal of vehicles ( edit ) Since 2009 , traffic officers have the powers to directly arrange recovery of abandoned , broken - down or damaged vehicles . Previously this had been arranged through local police forces but , in accordance with the Association of Chief Police Officers ( ACPO ) transfer of responsibilities , Highways England gained the relevant powers in 2008 . The use of recovery powers are in accordance with strict guidance and instructions . In October 2008 FMG Support were appointed as the Highways Agency 's national vehicle recovery manager ( NVRM ) . The NVRM will act as the Highways England 's liaison with the recovery operators , who will be appointed to recovery vehicles as instructed . The powers to allow traffic officers to remove vehicles are detailed in `` The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles ( Traffic Officers ) ( England ) Regulations 2008 '' Vehicles that are in a dangerous location or causing an obstruction can be removed at any time under Section 99 of the Road Traffic Act 1984 ; in other cases motorists have two hours to make arrangements for recovery . Where they can not make suitable arrangements in this time , under Section 99 a `` statutory removal '' , subject to strict controls , can be invoked , and traffic officers may offer a `` facilitated recovery '' . The NVRM is appointed to arrange recovery of vehicles . Regional control Centres ( edit ) There are seven Regional Control Centres located across England . These RCCs function as the daily operations control rooms . Management of the on - road functions is controlled by one of three Heads of On Road managers . The seven RCCs are controlled by one senior manager . Management ( edit ) Each Region is headed up by a Regional Operations Manager ( ROM ) and a number of Operations Managers ( OM ) . Each OM has an area of responsibility which may be certain areas of the network and outstations , through to planning and control rooms . Control room ( edit ) Control centres answer the orange emergency roadside telephones on the motorway and trunk road network , liaise with breakdown organisations , allocate Traffic Officers to incidents , monitor the CCTV system , control the electronic variable - message signs on the roads and supply information to the NTCC . Some RCCs are jointly staffed by the police . Death on duty ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 25 September 2012 , Traffic Officer John Walmsley became the first HETO killed on duty . Officer Walmsley was 59 years old . At about 14 : 50 Officer Walmsley was deployed to attend a single vehicle collision on the M25 . Officer Walmsley and his colleague dragged the damaged vehicle onto the hard shoulder using their patrol vehicle and tow rope . The traffic was then released and normal traffic flow resumed but with speed advisory caution signs illuminated on the overhead matrix gantries . Whilst at the scene awaiting recovery for the crashed vehicle Officer Walmsley was observing passing vehicles whilst implementing traffic management to protect the scene , when an approaching car lost control and spun towards him . Officer Walmsley could not react in time , and the out of control car struck him causing fatal injuries . Over 400 people attended his funeral including 200 traffic officers from all over England . In 2013 a woman in her 40s pleaded guilty to causing death by careless driving and was sentenced to 150 hours community service and a 3 - year driving disqualification . On 21 February 2016 , traffic officer Adam Gibb , 51 and his crew mate were simultaneously struck by a passing vehicle whilst out of their patrol vehicle dealing with the aftermath of an earlier collision on the M6 in Cumbria . It is believed Officer Gibb died instantly whilst members of the public tended to his crew mate awaiting emergency services to attend . The crew mate , who remains unnamed , was airlifted to hospital . He has since been diagnosed with suffering life changing injuries and requires 24 / 7 care . Locations ( edit ) Region Regional Control Centres Outstations North Rob Lane , Newton - le - Willows Calder Park , Wakefield ( NW ) Rob Lane ( M6 J22 to J23 ) Lowhurst Millness Samlesbury Milnrow Knutsford ( NE ) Tingley Carville Barton Sprotbrough Central Nottingham Quinton Avonmouth ( E Mids ) Shepshed Watford Gap Felley ( W Mids ) Ansty Quinton Hilton Park Longbridge ( M40 J15 ) Strensham ( M5 J7 - 8 ) ( S West ) Almondsbury ( M5 J16 ) Stanton St Quinton ( M4 J17 ) Chelston ( M5 J26 ) Pridhamsleigh ( A38 , Buckfastleigh ) South Godstone South Mimms ( M25 J23 ) ( South East ) Easton Lane ( M3 Jct 9 ) Weatherhill ( M23 Jct 8 - 9 ) Coldharbour Dartford Heston ( and East Region ) ( East ) Whittlesford Toddington Milton Common Chieveley Heston South Mimms Ranks and grades ( edit ) Highways England ( EX - Highways Agency ) epaulettes Title Traffic Officer ( Control Centre Operator ) Traffic Officer ( On - Road ) Team Manager Operations Manager Head Of ( Functional Department ) ( Formerly Regional Operations Manager ) Grade TM1a TM1b TM2 TM3 PB8 From August 2009 Before August 2009 The numbers shown are for purposes of illustration only . Each member of staff of the Highways England Traffic Officer Service bears his or her own individual `` HA '' shoulder number . From August 2009 the colour and rank system changed following feedback from staff . The new design removed the dual colour / rank system replacing it with a simple and easy to understand design . The HE issued staff with a tie in the colour of the new epaulettes . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Civilian patrols police motorways '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . 2004 - 04 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` British Transport Police : Commons Library Briefing , 12 June 2017 '' ( PDF ) . 12 June 2017 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Update on the Infrastructure Policing Review '' . www.btpolfed.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Page not found -- News - Highways England '' . Archived from the original on 21 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Highways Agency Network Management Manual '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport , Highways Agency . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` nterim Advice Note 75 / 06 Code of Practice for Emergency Access to and Egress from the Trunk Road Network in England '' ( PDF ) . Department for Transport , Highways Agency . Retrieved 4 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A successful year for the Traffic Officer service '' . Highways Agency . 29 December 2008 . Archived from the original on 5 June 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Traffic Signs ( Amendment ) ( No. 2 ) Regulations and General Directions 2011 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Management Act 2004 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic Management Act 2004 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Management Act 2004 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Traffic Management Act 2004 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . ^ Jump up to : `` Traffic Management Act 2004 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Our Roles and Responsibilities '' . Highways Agency Traffic Officers . Highways Agency . Archived from the original on 14 January 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles ( Traffic Officers ) ( England ) Regulations 2008 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Jump up ^ http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/em/uksiem_20082367_en.pdf The Removal and Disposal of Vehicles ( Traffic Officers ) ( England ) Regulations 2008 ^ Jump up to : `` Regional Control Centres '' . Highways Agency . Archived from the original on 6 September 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Highways England officer dies on - duty after collision on the M6 '' . ITV News . 22 February 2016 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Highways Agency official website Traffic Radio Traffic England - live traffic information from the HA including delays , roadworks , roadside message signs Highways Agency YouTube channel Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highways_England_Traffic_Officer_Service&oldid=810460232 '' Categories : Law enforcement agencies Road transport in England Law enforcement occupations in the United Kingdom Emergency road services Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from October 2013 Use British English from July 2013 Pages using infobox law enforcement with automatic label pluralization Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2010 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2009 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 15 November 2017 , at 11 : 23 . 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which part of the uk do traffic officers operate

In April 2004 , Highways Agency Traffic Officers ( HATOs ) began working alongside police on motorways in the West Midlands . The roll - out of traffic officers was completed on 18 July 2006 and they now cover all of the motorway network within England , i.e. that which is owned or managed by Highways England , and some of the all - purpose trunk road ( APTR ) network . The introduction of the officers was aimed to reduce the 25 % of delays caused by collisions by around 5 % .

Purandara Dasa - wikipedia Purandara Dasa Jump to : navigation , search Purandara Dasa ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ Father of Carnatic Music Background information Native name ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ Birth name Srinivasa Nayaka ‌ ಶ್ರೀನಿವಾಸ ನಾಯಕ 1484 Kshemapura , near Tirthahalli , Shivamogga district , Karnataka Origin Kshemapura , Shivamogga , Karnataka state , India 1564 Hampi , Karnataka state , India Genres Carnatic music Occupation ( s ) Carnatic vocalist , instrumentalist Part of a series on Hindu philosophy Orthodox Samkhya Yoga Nyaya Vaisheshika Mimamsa Vedanta Advaita Vishishtadvaita Dvaita Vedanta Bhedabheda Dvaitadvaita Achintya Bheda Abheda Shuddhadvaita Heterodox Charvaka Ājīvika Buddhism Jainism Other schools ( show ) Vaishnava Smarta Shakta Īśvara Shaiva : Pratyabhijña Pashupata Siddhanta Tantra Teachers ( Acharyas ) ( show ) Nyaya Akṣapāda Gotama Jayanta Bhatta Raghunatha Siromani Mīmāṃsā Jaimini Kumārila Bhaṭṭa Prabhākara Advaita Vedanta Gaudapada Adi Shankara Vācaspati Miśra Vidyaranya Sadananda Madhusūdana Sarasvatī Vijnanabhiksu Ramakrishna Vivekananda Ramana Maharshi Siddharudha Chinmayananda Nisargadatta Vishishtadvaita Nammalvar Alvars Yamunacharya Ramanuja Vedanta Desika Pillai Lokacharya Manavala Mamunigal Dvaita Madhvacharya Jayatirtha Vyasatirtha Sripadaraja Vadirajatirtha Vijayendra Tirtha Raghavendra Swami Padmanabha Tirtha Naraharitirtha Achintya Bheda Abheda Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Jiva Goswami Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati Prabhupada Tantra Shakta Abhinavagupta Nigamananda Paramahansa Ramprasad Sen Bamakhepa Kamalakanta Bhattacharya Anandamayi Ma Others Samkhya Kapila Yoga Patanjali Vaisheshika Kanada , Prashastapada Dvaitadvaita Nimbarka Shuddhadvaita Vallabha Acharya Major texts ( show ) Sruti Smriti Vedas Rigveda Yajurveda Samaveda Atharvaveda Upanishads Principal Upanishads Minor Upanishads Other scriptures Bhagavat Gita Agama ( Hinduism ) Shastras and Sutras Brahma Sutras Samkhya Sutras Mimamsa Sutras Nyāya Sūtras Vaiśeṣika Sūtra Yoga Sutras Pramana Sutras Puranas Dharma Shastra Artha Śastra Kamasutra Tirumurai Shiva Samhita Hinduism Other Indian philosophies Part of a series on Dvaita Saints Madhvacharya Padmanabha Tirtha Narahari Tirtha Akshobhya Tirtha Jayatirtha Sripadaraja Vyasatirtha Vadiraja Tirtha Vijayendra Tirtha Sudhindra Tirtha Raghavendra Tirtha Haridasas Purandara Dasa Kanaka Dasa Vijayadasa Gopaladasa Literature List of works by Madhvacharya List of works by Jayatirtha List of works by Vijayendra Tirtha List of works by Vadiraja Tirtha Mathas Ashta Mathas of Udupi Uttaradi Matha Vyasaraja Matha Raghavendra Matha Sripadaraja Matha Holy Places Mantralayam Pajaka Udupi Tirupati Kumbakonam Nava Brindavana Hinduism portal Part of a series on Vaishnavism Supreme deity ( show ) Vishnu Krishna Rama Important deities ( show ) Dashavatara Matsya Kurma Varaha Narasimha Vamana Parasurama Rama Balarama Krishna Buddha Kalki Other Avatars Mohini Nara - Narayana Hayagriva Related Lakshmi Sita Hanuman Shesha Texts ( show ) Vedas Upanishads Bhagavad Gita Divya Prabandha Ramcharitmanas Puranas Vishnu Bhagavata Naradiya Garuda Padma Agni Sampradayas ( show ) Sri ( Vishishtadvaita ) Brahma ( Dvaita , Acintyabhedabheda ) Rudra ( Shuddhadvaita ) Nimbarka ( Dvaitadvaita ) Philosophers -- acharyas ( show ) Nammalvar Yamunacharya Ramanuja Madhva Chaitanya Vallabha Sankardev Madhavdev Nimbarka Pillai Lokacharya Prabhupada Vedanta Desika Related traditions ( show ) Bhagavatism Pancharatra Tattvavada Pushtimarg Radha Krishna ISKCON Swaminarayan Ekasarana Pranami Ramanandi Vaikhanasas Hinduism portal Purandara Dāsa ( Kannada : ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ ) ( 1484 -- 1564 ) was a Haridasa ( a devotee - servant of Lord Hari ( Vishnu ) ) , great devotee of Lord Krishna ( an incarnation of Lord Vishnu ) and a saint . He was a disciple of the celebrated Madhwa philosopher - saint Vyasatirtha , and a contemporary of yet another great Haridasa , Kanakadasa . His Guru , Vyasatirtha glorified Purandara Dasa in a song thus : Dāsarendare purandara dāsarayya . He was a composer , singer and one of the chief founding - proponents of the South Indian classical music ( Carnatic Music ) . In honor of his significant and legendary contributions to Carnatic Music , he is widely referred to as the Pitamaha ( lit , `` father '' or the `` grandfather '' ) of Carnatic Music . He is respected as an avatara ( incarnation ) of the great sage Narada ( a celestial being who is also a singer ) . Purandara Dasa was a wealthy diamond merchant from Karnataka , who gave away all his material riches to become a Haridasa , a devotional singer who made the difficult Sanskrit tenets of Srimad Bhagavatam available to everyone in simple and melodious songs , and is one of the most important music scholars of medieval India . He formulated the basic lessons of teaching Carnatic music by structuring graded exercises known as Svaravalis and Alankaras , and at the same time , he introduced the Raga Mayamalavagowla as the first scale to be learnt by beginners in the field - a practice that is being followed till date . He also composed Gitas ( simple songs ) for novice students . Purandara Dasa is noted for composing Dasa Sahithya , as a Bhakti movement vocalist , and a music scholar . His practice was emulated by his younger contemporary , Kanakadasa . Purandara Dasa 's Carnatic music compositions are mostly in Kannada , while some are in Sanskrit . He signed his compositions with the ankita ( pen name ) , `` Purandara Vittala '' ( Vittala is one of the incarnations of the Hindu god , Vishnu ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Purandara Dasa and Carnatic music 3 In contemporary music 4 Memorials , Monuments 5 Aradhana 6 In art and popular culture 6.1 Biographical Movies 7 Philosophy 8 Example Poem : Good - he became an ascetic - Hari Dasa 9 Salutations 10 Compilations of Purandara Dasa 's lyrics 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Biography ( edit ) Inscriptional evidence suggests Purandara Dasa was born in 1484 CE in Kshemapura , near Tirthahalli , Shivamogga district , Karnataka state . According to other opinions , his native town was Purandaraghatta in Karnataka , or Purandaragad near Pune , but the latter is considered a historical mistake - connecting his `` pen name '' ( his ankita ) with a location that mainly served as a military encampment in the 15th and 16th century . The only son of Varadappa Nayaka , a wealthy merchant , and Leelavati , he was named Srinivasa Nayaka , after the Lord of the Seven Hills . He received a good education in accordance with the family traditions and acquired proficiency in Kannada , Sanskrit , and sacred music . At the age of 16 was he was married to one Saraswati Bai , held by tradition to have been a pious young girl . He lost his parents at age 20 , thereby inheriting his father 's business of gemstones and pawning . He prospered and became known as Navakoti Narayana ( an abundantly rich man ; worth ninety millions ) . Popular legend narrates a miraculous incident in Srinivasa Nayaka 's life , owing to which , he was led to devote himself to the practice , propagation and inculcation of Bhakti ( devotion ) towards Lord Krishna through musical compositions . As a natural , inescapable consequence of such a transforming event , ubiquitous in the lives of several saints throughout the ages , he is believed to have relinquished his former greedy and miserly self of a wealthy , having realized the worthlessness of attachment towards worldly possessions : The Lord , in a bid to cure Srinivasa of his tenacious materialistic delusion and attachment , and thereby claim his devotion to Himself , approached Srinivasa in the guise of a poor man , with a piteous plea for money ; ostensibly , the money was direly needed to perform His ( ! ) son 's upanayana ( sacred initiation ) . Having been summarily rejected , mocked and turned out , the ' poor man ' surreptitiously repeated his plea before Srinivasa 's wife ; a generous soul of rigorous spiritual nature , she gave away one of her precious nose rings , unbeknownst to her husband ; the ' poor man ' sold the nose ring back to none other than Srinivasa himself ! The shrewd Srinavasa , privy to his wife 's openhandedness , immediately identified the nose ring as his wife 's and hurried home ; enraged and anxious to ascertain the truth of the matter , he demanded his wife to produce the nose ring before him immediately . Realizing that Srinivasa had grown wise to her secret donation , the wife decided to end her life with poison . Having completed her prayers to the Lord before her attempt , she was shocked to see a nose ring inside the poison cup - completely identical to the one she had just given away . Incredulous and rapturous , she recounted the entire episode to her husband , who was bewildered and lost . Meanwhile , a search for the ' poor man ' was of no avail ; he had as mysteriously vanished as he had appeared ! At that very propitious moment , Srinivasa 's old self - convinced of the inscrutable ways of the Lord , having witnessed the unfailing Grace that saved his pious wife , bewildered at the Power that could , in a moment , produce a gold ornament by mere Will - instantly shook off that beginningless , persistent veil in the form of ' I ' and ' mine ' , which masks the men 's vision of the Divine . At 30 years of age , he gave away all his wealth in charity , and together with his family , abandoned his house to lead the life of a mendicant - living on alms and singing the glories of the Lord . In his very first song composition , he laments his wasted life of indulgence . It begins with the words ' Ana lae kara ' in the Shuddha Saveri raga , set to Triputa tala . In the course of his wandering he met the holy sage Vyasatirtha , one of the chief exponents of Madhwa philosophy and the rajaguru of Krishnadevaraya , the emperor of Vijayanagara kingdom . According to Prof. Sambamoorthy , Srinivasa had his formal initiation at the hands of Vyasatirtha in 1525 when he was about 40 years old , with the name Purandara Dasa bestowed on him . Purandara Dasa traveled extensively through the length and breadth of the Vijayanagara empire in Karnataka , Tirupati , Pandharapura composing and rendering soul stirring songs in praise of god . He spent his last years in Hampi and also sang in Krishnadevaraya 's durbar . The mantapa ( mandap ) in which he stayed is known as Purandara Dasa Mantapa ( mandap ) in Hampi . He died on 2 January 1564 at the age of 80 . Tradition and legend holds that he composed 475,000 keerthanas ( songs ) . Further , according to this legend , his original desire was to compose 500,000 keerthanas . Being unable to do it in his present life , he requested his younger son to complete them . His son Madhwapathi told his father that he could do this in his next janma ( birth ) . It is believed that he was reborn as the famous Vijayadaasa -- birthplace is Cheekalparvi village near Maanvi town , Raichur district in Karnataka State -- and completed the remaining 25 thousand keerthanas as promised . Most his songs are in praise of Lord Narayana and other Devatas . Due to this , he is believed to be an avatar of Narada , the celestial singer and son of Goddess Saraswati . One of the trimurtis ( three icons ) of Carnatic music , Saint Thyagaraja , has paid tribute to Purandara Dasa in his geya natakam ( an opera ) Prahlada Bhakti Vijayam . Purandara Dasa and Carnatic music ( edit ) Purandara Dasa systematized the method of teaching Carnatic music which is followed to the present day . He introduced the raga Mayamalavagowla as the basic scale for music instruction and fashioned series of graded lessons such as swaravalis , janti swaras , alankaras , lakshana geetas , prabandhas , ugabhogas , daatu varase , geeta , sooladis and kritis . Another of his important contributions was the fusion of bhava , raga , and laya in his compositions . Purandara Dasa was the first composer to include comments on ordinary daily life in song compositions . He used elements of colloquial language for his lyrics . He introduced folk ragas into the mainstream , setting his lyrics to tunes / ragas of his day so that even a common man could learn and sing them . He also composed a large number of lakshya and lakshana geetas , many of which are sung to this day . His sooladis are musical masterpieces and are the standard for raga lakshana . Scholars attribute the standardization of varna mettus entirely to Purandara Dasa . The itinerant dasas who succeeded him are believed to have followed the systems he devised , as well as orally passing down his compositions . According to traditional sources his compositions number as many as four lac and seventy five thousand . But not more than 700 compositions are accessible now . Purandara Dasa was a vaggeyakara ( composer - performer ) , a lakshanakara ( musicologist ) , and the founder of musical pedagogy . For all these reasons and the enormous influence that he had on Carnatic music , musicologists call him the `` Sangeeta Pitamaha '' ( lit . grandfather ) of Carnatic music . Purandara Dasa had great influence on Hindustani music . The foremost Hindustani musician Tansen 's teacher , Swami Haridas also a Saraswat Brahmin was Purandara Dasa 's disciple . He a millionaire turned overnight into a saint and then a composer In contemporary music ( edit ) An oil painting of Purandara Dasa . Painter : Pallava Narayanan In the pure Carnatic tradition , Bidaram Krishnappa was one of the foremost singers of modern times to popularize the compositions of Purandara Dasa . Singer , Madras Lalithangi , and her illustrious daughter Padmavibushan , Sangeetha Kalanidhi Dr. M.L. Vasantha Kumari have rendered yeoman service in propagating the compositions of Purandara Dasa ; both were considered as authorities on Purandara Dasa . M.L. Vasantha Kumari was awarded an honorary doctorate by Mysore University for her contributions to Purandara Dasa 's music . Though the compositions of Purandara Dasa are originally in the ragas of Carnatic system of music , his compositions have been adopted and made equally popular in Hindustani music . Hindustani music legends such as Bhimsen Joshi , Madhav Gudi and Basavaraj Rajguru have made them more popular in recent years . Many other young and well known artists such as Anant Terdal , Pandit Ananth Kulkarni , Upendra Bhat , Puttur Narasimha Nayak , Pandit Venkatesh Kumar , Nagaraja Rao Havaldar , Ganapathi Bhatt , Vidyabhushana , Shankar Shanbhag flautists Prapanchand performing Purandara Dasa 's compositions and other dasa sahitya songs in Carnatic as well as Hindustani music concerts . Of late , Mysore Ramachandracharya is industriously propagating dasa sahitya through his concerts . Tirumala Tirupathi Devasthanams is also propagating the dasa krithis through the Dasa Sahitya Project . He also composed the first ' Lullaby ' songs in Carnatic music such as ' Thoogire Rangana ' ' Gummana Kareyadire ' etc. , which led to creation of many other similar songs later by others . Memorials , monuments ( edit ) The Purandara Mantapa , adjoining the Vijayaitthala temple at Hampi , is one of the longstanding monuments relating to Purandara Dasa . This is the place where he is said to have composed and sung in praise of Lord Vishnu . Of late , a statue of Purandara Dasa has been erected at the foothills of Tirumala ; a statue of Purandara Dasa adorns the Asthana Mandapam ( auditorium ) on the Tirumala hill . Sri Purandara Dasa Memorial Trust ( SPDMT ) formed in Bangalore in 2007 , has been actively involved in promoting and researching all aspects of the life and works of Purandara Dasa ; a 3500 sq ft concert hall , called ' Purandara Mantapa ' , has been erected on the premises of the Trust . The Indiranagar Sangeetha Sabha ( ISS ) at Indiranagar , Bangalore formed on 1986 , has dedicated an auditorium of 600 Seating Capacity called Purandara Bhavana exclusive for cultural events inaugurated by Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam , to his memory . Aradhana ( edit ) Aradhana is a religious - devotional observation , held annually , to remember and honor saintly persons on the day of their departure from this world . Purandara Dasa 's aradhana or punyadina is held on the pushya bahula amavasya of the Indian chandramana calendar ( a new moon day , generally in Feb - March ) . The musicians and art aficionados in the state of Karnataka , South India and many art and religious centers around the world observe this occasion in deep religious and musical fervor . His compositions are sung by established and upcoming artists on this day . In art and popular Culture ( edit ) Biographical movies ( edit ) Three biographical films , the language of Kannada , have been made on the life and compositions of Purandara Dasa . Purandaradasa ( 1937 ) Navakoti Narayana ( 1964 ) Sri Purandara Dasaru ( 1967 ) Film director and playwright Girish Karnad made a documentary film titled , Kanaka - Purandara ( English , 1988 ) on the two medieval Bhakti poets of Karnataka . Philosophy ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2012 ) The philosophy of Purandara Dasa is harmonious with the concept of Bhakti of Hinduism , broadly based on the Narada Bhakti Sutras and essentially synchronous with the pan-Indian Bhakti Movement . It teaches complete self - surrender and unadulterated love towards Lord Krishna , the Supreme . The philosophy of Bhakti in Purandara Dasa 's compositions stems from the essential teachings of the realistic - pluralistic Madhwa Philosophy of Vaishnavism , and has been rendered in simple Kannada . The individual soul ( jeeva ) is a pratibimba ( reflection ) of the Lord ( Ishvara ) , who is the bimba ( source ) . The jeeva owes its existence , knowledge and bliss to the Ishvara , and any sense of independence with regards to one 's actions and the results thereof is to be given up . The mind has to be turned away from transient pleasures and possessions of this world ; instead , it is to be turned towards the Lord , who alone is the abode of unadulterated , unswerving Bliss . His Keerthanas have simple lessons in this regard and impel men to lead a noble life of a Vaishnava . Casteism Purandara Dasa fought the evils of casteism through his songs . In his song aavakulavaadarenu aavanadarenu aatma bhavavariyada mele he wonders what is the use if one does not understand the spirit of humanism whatever caste or status one might be accredited to . In the same song when relating to cows of different colours and sugarcane of different shapes he emphasizes that one 's birth can not merely decide the highness or lowness of any individual . He asks will the sweetness of a crooked sugarcane be also crooked or will the milk of cows of many a colour be also of many colours . Untouchability Purandara Dasa has made some forceful expressions on untouchability which was dogging the society . His strength comes perhaps from the support of his guru Vyasathirtha with the backing of powerful king Krishnadevaraya of Vijayanagara himself . In one such song Holaya horagithane oorolagillave he opines that an individual should not be branded untouchable on the basis of his / her birth in any specific caste , however it is rather his conduct which should make him untouchable if at all he can be called so . The usage of the word untouchable is not used in the limited context of physical contact with the person , it is the worthlessness of the association with that person which is highlighted here . This is evident by the subsequent expressions in the song which says that one who does not practice self - discipline is untouchable , one who plots against his own government is untouchable , similarly one who shirks charity while having wealth is untouchable , one who poisons to eliminate his opponents is untouchable , one who does not use soft language is untouchable , one who prides over his purity of caste is untouchable and finally one who does not meditate on Purandara Vittala is untouchable . Dasa 's message is loud and clear rejecting untouchability in our society . He uses the name of Purandara Vittala to imply any God . This is evident from his other songs on various Gods and Goddesses . Similar ideas were expressed by many other poets also . Example poem : good - he became an ascetic - Hari Dasa ( edit ) Purandaradasa says how his wife made him Hari devotee and renounce all his crores of wealth and became an ascetic . ಆದದ್ದೆಲ್ಲ ಒಳಿತೆ ಆಯಿತು ರಾಗ : ಪಂತುರಾವಳಿ ; ತಾಳ : ಆದಿತಾಳ Aadaddella oLitE aayitu namma Shreedhara seve maadalu sadhana sampattayitu ; Dandige betta hidiyodakke mande maachi naachutalidde , Hendati santati saavirvaagali Dandige betta hidisidaLyya GopaaLa butti hidiyodakke . Bhupatiyante garvisutidde , Aa patnee kula saavirvaagali , GopaaLa butti hidisidaLayya ; TuLasi male haakuvudakke Arasanante naachutalidde , Sarasijaksha Purandhara ViTTala TuLasi male haakisidnayya ! Whatever happened happened for good Raga : panturavali ; Tala : Aadi . Whatever happened happened for good A way to serve the God imbibed with all wealth ! To hold the carrying - stick on my shoulder , I had bent my head with shyness , She like my better - half emerge in thousands , Who made me carry the shoulder - stick. ! To stretch my hand with begging bowl , I was abashed with pride like a king , This wife like lineage come out in thousands ! She made me to hold out the begging bowl ! To wear a Tulasi garland , I hesitated In shyness like a crowned king , Made me wear the wreath of TuLsi He , the God Vittala of Purandara - with lotus eyes -- from Dasara Padagalu collection by G.V. Shastri free from copyright For Kannada text see Talk : Purandara Dasa Salutations ( edit ) Tirupati Tirumala Devasthanam is propagating and popularising the literature of Purandara Dasa under the Dasa Sahitya Project . A statue of Purandaradasa was dedicated at the foot of Tirumala in Alipiri . Compilations of Purandara Dasa 's lyrics ( edit ) Gaja Vadana Beduve Gowri Thanaya A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Carnatic Raagam Hamsadhwani Jackson , William J. 2002 . Songs of Three Great South Indian Saints . Oxford India . ISBN 0 - 19 - 566051 - X KavyaPremi. 1996 . Purandara Daasa Haadugalu . Dharwad : Samaja Publishers . Contains ca . 225 songs ; in Kannada language . List of Songs in Kannada at WikiSource - ( 1 ) See also ( edit ) Haridasa Shri Madhvacharya Vyasathirtha Kanakadasa Annamacharya Shishunala Sharif Puttur Narasimha Nayak Dvaita Philosophy List of Carnatic composers List of Carnatic musicians List of Carnatic instrumentalists Trinity of Carnatic music Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kamath 1980 ^ Jump up to : Iyer ( 2006 ) , p93 ( Quote : `` He is considered to be the Pitamaha of Carnatic music because he codified the teaching of Carnatic music by evolving several graded steps like Sarali , Jantai and Tattu Varisai ; alankaras and geethams '' ) Jump up ^ Thielemann ( 2002 ) , p. 22 ( Quote : `` The most well known among the haridasas is Purandara Dasa ( 1480 or 84 - 1564 ) , whose significant contribution to South Indian music is honoured by referring to him as the ' father of Carnatic music ' '' ) Jump up ^ Parthasarathy , T.S. ( 1991 ) . `` Margadarsi Whom Swati Tirunal followed '' . The Journal of the Music Academy , Madras . Music Academy . 62 : 72 . ( Quote : `` The great Purandara Dasa was a ' Margadarsi ' in many ways although he is generally referred to as the ' Pitamaha ' ( grandfather ) of Carnatic music '' ) Jump up ^ R Zydenbos in Cushman S , Cavanagh C , Ramazani J , Rouzer P , The Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : Fourth Edition , p. 767 , Princeton University Press , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15491 - 6 ^ Jump up to : Bruno Nettl ; Ruth M. Stone ; James Porter ; et al. ( 1998 ) . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music : South Asia : the Indian subcontinent . p. 216 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8240 - 4946 - 1 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ M.K.V. Narayan ( 2010 ) . Lyrical Musings on Indic Culture : A Sociological Study of Songs of Sant Purandara Dasa . Readworthy . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 93 - 80009 - 31 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ramchandra Dattatraya Ranade ( 1933 ) . Mysticism in India : The Poet - Saints of Maharashtra . State University of New York Press . pp. 18 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87395 - 669 - 7 . Jump up ^ Sharma 2000 : 598 Jump up ^ Chaitanya Deva ( 1995 ) , p. 83 Jump up ^ Desai , Krishnarao and Sharma in Sharma 2000 : Appendix VII Jump up ^ Iyengar 1964 Jump up ^ The Hindu online , 2006 - 10 - 20 Jump up ^ http://thyagaraja-vaibhavam.blogspot.in/2011/07/prahlada-bhakti-vijayam-part-1-dance.html Jump up ^ Iyer 2006 : 93 Jump up ^ Purandaradasa : Fountainhead of Karnataka sangeeta i.e. , Carnatic music Jump up ^ K Paniker , Ayyapan ( 2008 ) . medieval India Literature . Sahitya Akademi . pp. 196 -- 198 . ISBN 81 - 260 - 0365 - 0 . Retrieved 8 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 30 November 2006 . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gavai 1956 Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5S8DbE6pWI Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j-V7dfBRZ9g Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article445160.ece Jump up ^ http://www.purandara.org/ Jump up ^ http://www.isangeethasabha.in/Purandara_bhavana.html Jump up ^ http://www.sumadhwaseva.com/dasaru/purandara-dasaru/ Jump up ^ Kanaka - Purandara IMDB Jump up ^ AWARDS : The multi-faceted playwright Archived 30 December 2001 at the Wayback Machine . Frontline ( magazine ) , Vol. 16 , No. 03 , Jan. 30 - Feb. 12 , 1999 . Jump up ^ http://madhwabrahmanas.blogspot.in/2010/09/essence-of-madhva-philosophy.html Jump up ^ http://bellurramki18.wordpress.com/2007/01/19/sri-purandara-dasa-1494-1564/ ^ Jump up to : M.K.V , Narayan ( 2010 ) . Lyrical Musings on Indic Culture : A Sociology Study of Songs of Sant Purandara Dasa . Read Worthy Publications Private Limited . p. 11 . ISBN 9789380009315 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ A stick on shoulder with weight on two ends . Jump up ^ Ocimum tenuiflorum plant - wearing the Garland of its leaves like an ascetic . Jump up ^ `` Dasa Sahitya Project '' . Retrieved 29 Oct 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Purandaradasa statue unveiled at Tirupati '' . Retrieved 1 Nov 2015 . The Vedanta kesari , Volume 49 , Sri Ramakrishna Math. , 1964 , p. 419 References ( edit ) Chaitanya Deva , Bigamudre ( 1995 ) . Indian Music . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 81 - 224 - 0730 - 7 . Gavai , Sheshadri. 1956 . Sangeetha kalaravinda . Bangalore : Aravinda Publications . Iyengar , Masti Venkatesha ( `` Srinavasa '' ) . 1964 . Purandara Daasa . Bangalore : Bangalore Press . Iyer , Panchapakesa. 2006 . Karnataka Sangeetha Sastra . Chennai : Zion Printers . Kamath , Suryanath. 1980 . A concise history of Karnataka from prehistoric times to the present . Bangalore : Jupiter Books . Kassebaum , Gayatri Rajapur . ' Karnatak raga ' ( 2000 ) . In Arnold , Alison . The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music . New York & London : Taylor & Francis . Sharma , B.N.K. 2000 . History of the Dvaita School of Vedanta and Its Literature . Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass . ISBN 81 - 208 - 1575 - 0 . Thielemann , Selina. 2002 . Divine Service and the Performing Arts in India . New Delhi : APH Publishing Corporation . ISBN 81 - 7648 - 333 - 8 . Dr. Vasudev Agnihotry `` Purandaradasaru mattu Shri Mad Bhagavata Ondu Toulanika Adhyayana '' Ph. D Osmania University Hyderabad , India 1984 Publisher : Samskriti Prakashana Sedam . Keertana Vidya nagar sedam 58522 dist gulbarga Karnataka External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Purandara Dasa Wikimedia Commons has media related to Purandara Dasa . The life history of Sri Purandara Dasa in Kannada language Annual Purandara Dasa and Thyagaraja Aradhana in D.C. , Maryland and Virginia Bhagyada Lakshmi Baaramma A popular Purandara Dasa composition in Sri Raagam Lyrics and translation of Purandaradasa compositions The Hindu online . 2006 - 10 - 20 . Friday Review Chennai and Tamil Nadu . Columns : An authority on Purandara Dasa ( hide ) Madhva religious figures Madhvacharya ( 1199 -- 1278 CE ) Naraharitirtha ( 1324 - 1333 CE ) Jayatirtha ( ca . 1365 -- ca . 1388 ) Sripadaraya ( Sripadaraja ) ( 1404 -- 1502 ) Vyasatirtha ( 1460 -- 1539 ) Vadirajatirtha ( 1480 - 1600 ) Vijayendra Tirtha ( 1514 - 1593 ) Purandara Dasa ( 1484 -- 1564 ) Kanaka Dasa ( 1509 -- 1609 ) Raghavendra Swami ( 1595 -- 1671 CE ) Vijaya Dasa ( 1682 -- 1755 ) Gopala Dasa ( 1721 - 1769 ) Jagannatha Dasa ( 1728 -- 1809 ) BIBSYS : 19238 BNF : cb13937607h ( data ) GND : 12050247X ISNI : 0000 0000 8087 8868 LCCN : n81139626 MusicBrainz : 0c56206c - 633e - 4784 - a74f - 4f4bca5da95a SNAC : w61t0c4r SUDOC : 136288405 VIAF : 8219623 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purandara_Dasa&oldid=838264908 '' Categories : 1484 births 1564 deaths Carnatic composers Kannada poets Indian social reformers Hindu poets Madhva religious leaders Indian Vaishnavites People from Shimoga History of Karnataka Kannada people 15th - century Indian poets Indian male poets Poets from Karnataka Hidden categories : Articles containing Kannada - language text CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . 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who is known as father of karnataka music

Purandara Dāsa ( Kannada : ಪುರಂದರ ದಾಸ ) ( 1484 -- 1564 ) was a Haridasa ( a devotee - servant of Lord Hari ( Vishnu ) ) , great devotee of Lord Krishna ( an incarnation of Lord Vishnu ) and a saint . He was a disciple of the celebrated Madhwa philosopher - saint Vyasatirtha , and a contemporary of yet another great Haridasa , Kanakadasa . His Guru , Vyasatirtha glorified Purandara Dasa in a song thus : Dāsarendare purandara dāsarayya . He was a composer , singer and one of the chief founding - proponents of the South Indian classical music ( Carnatic Music ) . In honor of his significant and legendary contributions to Carnatic Music , he is widely referred to as the Pitamaha ( lit , `` father '' or the `` grandfather '' ) of Carnatic Music . He is respected as an avatara ( incarnation ) of the great sage Narada ( a celestial being who is also a singer ) .

Critical path method - Wikipedia Critical path method This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) PERT chart for a project with five milestones ( 10 through 50 ) and six activities ( A through F ) . The project has two critical paths : activities B and C , or A , D , and F -- giving a minimum project time of 7 months with fast tracking . Activity E is sub-critical , and has a float of 1 month . The critical path method ( CPM ) , or critical path analysis ( CPA ) , is an algorithm for scheduling a set of project activities . It is commonly used in conjunction with the program evaluation and review technique ( PERT ) . Contents 1 History 2 Basic technique 2.1 Components 2.2 Visualizing critical path schedule 2.3 Crash duration 2.4 Expansion 2.5 Flexibility 3 In popular culture 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links History ( edit ) The critical path method ( CPM ) is a project modeling technique developed in the late 1950s by Morgan R. Walker of DuPont and James E. Kelley Jr. of Remington Rand . Kelley and Walker related their memories of the development of CPM in 1989 . Kelley attributed the term `` critical path '' to the developers of the Program Evaluation and Review Technique which was developed at about the same time by Booz Allen Hamilton and the U.S. Navy . The precursors of what came to be known as Critical Path were developed and put into practice by DuPont between 1940 and 1943 and contributed to the success of the Manhattan Project . Critical Path Analysis is commonly used with all forms of projects , including construction , aerospace and defense , software development , research projects , product development , engineering , and plant maintenance , among others . Any project with interdependent activities can apply this method of mathematical analysis . The first time CPM was used for major skyscraper development was in 1966 while constructing the former World Trade Center Twin Towers in New York City . Although the original CPM program and approach is no longer used , the term is generally applied to any approach used to analyze a project network logic diagram . Basic technique ( edit ) Components ( edit ) The essential technique for using CPM : is to construct a model of the project that includes the following : A list of all activities required to complete the project ( typically categorized within a work breakdown structure ) , The time ( duration ) that each activity will take to complete , The dependencies between the activities and , Logical end points such as milestones or deliverable items . Using these values , CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities to logical end points or to the end of the project , and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer . This process determines which activities are `` critical '' ( i.e. , on the longest path ) and which have `` total float '' ( i.e. , can be delayed without making the project longer ) . In project management , a critical path is the sequence of project network activities which add up to the longest overall duration , regardless if that longest duration has float or not . This determines the shortest time possible to complete the project . There can be ' total float ' ( unused time ) within the critical path . For example , if a project is testing a solar panel and task ' B ' requires ' sunrise ' , there could be a scheduling constraint on the testing activity so that it would not start until the scheduled time for sunrise . This might insert dead time ( total float ) into the schedule on the activities on that path prior to the sunrise due to needing to wait for this event . This path , with the constraint - generated total float would actually make the path longer , with total float being part of the shortest possible duration for the overall project . In other words , individual tasks on the critical path prior to the constraint might be able to be delayed without elongating the critical path ; this is the ' total float ' of that task . However , the time added to the project duration by the constraint is actually critical path drag , the amount by which the project 's duration is extended by each critical path activity and constraint . A project can have several , parallel , near critical paths ; and some or all of the tasks could have ' free float ' and / or ' total float ' . An additional parallel path through the network with the total durations shorter than the critical path is called a sub-critical or non-critical path . Activities on sub-critical paths have no drag , as they are not extending the project 's duration . CPM analysis tools allow a user to select a logical end point in a project and quickly identify its longest series of dependent activities ( its longest path ) . These tools can display the critical path ( and near critical path activities if desired ) as a cascading waterfall that flows from the project 's start ( or current status date ) to the selected logical end point . Visualizing critical path schedule ( edit ) Although the activity - on - arrow diagram ( PERT Chart ) is still used in a few places , it has generally been superseded by the activity - on - node diagram , where each activity is shown as a box or node and the arrows represent the logical relationships going from predecessor to successor as shown here in the `` Activity - on - node diagram '' . Activity - on - node diagram showing critical path schedule , along with total float and critical path drag computations In this diagram , Activities A , B , C , D , and E comprise the critical or longest path , while Activities F , G , and H are off the critical path with floats of 15 days , 5 days , and 20 days respectively . Whereas activities that are off the critical path have float and are therefore not delaying completion of the project , those on the critical path will usually have critical path drag , i.e. , they delay project completion . The drag of a critical path activity can be computed using the following formula : If a critical path activity has nothing in parallel , its drag is equal to its duration . Thus A and E have drags of 10 days and 20 days respectively . If a critical path activity has another activity in parallel , its drag is equal to whichever is less : its duration or the total float of the parallel activity with the least total float . Thus since B and C are both parallel to F ( float of 15 ) and H ( float of 20 ) , B has a duration of 20 and drag of 15 ( equal to F 's float ) , while C has a duration of only 5 days and thus drag of only 5 . Activity D , with a duration of 10 days , is parallel to G ( float of 5 ) and H ( float of 20 ) and therefore its drag is equal to 5 , the float of G . These results , including the drag computations , allow managers to prioritize activities for the effective management of project completion , and to shorten the planned critical path of a project by pruning critical path activities , by `` fast tracking '' ( i.e. , performing more activities in parallel ) , and / or by `` crashing the critical path '' ( i.e. , shortening the durations of critical path activities by adding resources ) . Critical path drag analysis has also been used to optimize schedules in processes outside of strict project - oriented contexts , such as to increase manufacturing throughput by using the technique and metrics to identify and alleviate delaying factors and thus reduce assembly lead time . Crash duration ( edit ) Crash duration is a term referring to the shortest possible time for which an activity can be scheduled . It can be achieved by shifting more resources towards the completion of that activity , resulting in decreased time spent and often a reduced quality of work , as the premium is set on speed . Crash duration is typically modeled as a linear relationship between cost and activity duration ; however , in many cases a convex function or a step function is more applicable . Expansion ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Originally , the critical path method considered only logical dependencies between terminal elements . Since then , it has been expanded to allow for the inclusion of resources related to each activity , through processes called activity - based resource assignments and resource leveling . A resource - leveled schedule may include delays due to resource bottlenecks ( i.e. , unavailability of a resource at the required time ) , and may cause a previously shorter path to become the longest or most `` resource critical '' path . A related concept is called the critical chain , which attempts to protect activity and project durations from unforeseen delays due to resource constraints . Since project schedules change on a regular basis , CPM allows continuous monitoring of the schedule , which allows the project manager to track the critical activities , and alerts the project manager to the possibility that non-critical activities may be delayed beyond their total float , thus creating a new critical path and delaying project completion . In addition , the method can easily incorporate the concepts of stochastic predictions , using the program evaluation and review technique ( PERT ) and event chain methodology . Currently , there are several software solutions available in industry that use the CPM method of scheduling ; see list of project management software . The method currently used by most project management software is based on a manual calculation approach developed by Fondahl of Stanford University . Flexibility ( edit ) A schedule generated using the critical path techniques often is not realized precisely , as estimations are used to calculate times : if one mistake is made , the results of the analysis may change . This could cause an upset in the implementation of a project if the estimates are blindly believed , and if changes are not addressed promptly . However , the structure of critical path analysis is such that the variance from the original schedule caused by any change can be measured , and its impact either ameliorated or adjusted for . Indeed , an important element of project postmortem analysis is the as built critical path ( ABCP ) , which analyzes the specific causes and impacts of changes between the planned schedule and eventual schedule as actually implemented . In popular culture ( edit ) In Odds On , the first novel by Michael Crichton , robbers use a Critical Path computer program to help plan a heist The Nome Trilogy ( part 2 `` Diggers '' ) by Terry Pratchett mentions `` the doctrine of the Critical Path '' and says that it means that `` There 's always something that you should have done first . '' See also ( edit ) Critical path drag Float Gantt chart List of project management software List of project management topics Project Project management Project planning Work breakdown structure Main path analysis References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kelley , James . Critical Path Planning . Jump up ^ Kelley , James ; Walker , Morgan . Critical - Path Planning and Scheduling. 1959 Proceedings of the Eastern Joint Computer Conference . Jump up ^ Kelley , James ; Walker , Morgan . The Origins of CPM : A Personal History . PMNETwork 3 ( 2 ) : 7 - 22 . Jump up ^ Newell , Michael ; Grashina , Marina ( 2003 ) . The Project Management Question and Answer Book . American Management Association . p. 98 . Jump up ^ Thayer , Harry ( 1996 ) . Management of the Hanford Engineer Works in World War II , How the Corps , DuPont and the Metallurgical Laboratory fast tracked the original plutonium works . ASCE Press , pp. 66 - 67 . Jump up ^ A Brief History of Scheduling : http://www.mosaicprojects.com.au/PDF_Papers/P042_History%20of%20Scheduing.pdf Jump up ^ Samuel L. Baker , Ph. D. `` Critical Path Method ( CPM ) '' Archived June 12 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . University of South Carolina , Health Services Policy and Management Courses Jump up ^ Armstrong - Wright , MICE , A.T. Critical Path Method : Introduction and Practice . Longman Group LTD , London , 1969 , pp5ff . Jump up ^ Blake William Clark Sedore , M. Sc. M.E. ( 1 ) `` Assembly lead time reduction in a semiconductor capital equipment plant through constraint based scheduling '' , M. Eng. in Manufacturing thesis , Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Department of Mechanical Engineering , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , Chris ; Tung , Au ( 2008 ) . `` 11 . Advanced Scheduling Techniques '' . Project Management for Construction . cmu.edu ( 2.2 ed . ) . Prentice Hall . ISBN 0 - 13 - 731266 - 0 . Retrieved October 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brooks , F.P. ( 1975 ) . The Mythical Man - Month . Reading , MA : Addison Wesley . Jump up ^ Hendrickson , C. ; B.N. Janson ( 1984 ) . `` A Common Network Flow Formulation for Several Civil Engineering Problems '' . Civil Engineering Systems . 4 . 1 : 195 -- 203 . Further reading ( edit ) Project Management Institute ( 2013 ) . A Guide To The Project Management Body Of Knowledge ( 5th ed . ) . Project Management Institute . ISBN 978 - 1 - 935589 - 67 - 9 . Devaux , Stephen A. ( 2014 ) . Managing Projects as Investments : Earned Value to Business Value . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4822 - 1270 - 9 . Devaux , Stephen A. ( 2015 ) . Total Project Control ( 2nd Edition ) : A Practitioner 's Guide to Managing Projects as Investments . CRC Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4987 - 0677 - 3 . Heerkens , Gary ( 2001 ) . Project Management ( The Briefcase Book Series ) . McGraw -- Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 137952 - 5 . Kerzner , Harold ( 2003 ) . Project Management : A Systems Approach to Planning , Scheduling , and Controlling ( 8th ed . ) . ISBN 0 - 471 - 22577 - 0 . Klastorin , Ted ( 2003 ) . Project Management : Tools and Trade - offs ( 3rd ed . ) . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 41384 - 4 . Lewis , James ( 2002 ) . Fundamentals of Project Management ( 2nd ed . ) . American Management Association . ISBN 0 - 8144 - 7132 - 3 . Malakooti , B ( 2013 ) . Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 58537 - 5 . Milosevic , Dragan Z. ( 2003 ) . Project Management ToolBox : Tools and Techniques for the Practicing Project Manager . Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 20822 - 8 . O'Brien , James J. ; Plotnick , Fredric L. ( 2010 ) . CPM in Construction Management , Seventh Edition . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 163664 - 3 . Trauner ; Manginelli ; Lowe ; Nagata ; Furniss ( 2009 ) . Construction Delays , 2nd Ed. : Understanding Them Clearly , Analyzing Them Correctly . Burlington , MA : Elsevier . p. 266 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85617 - 677 - 4 . Woolf , Murray B. ( 2012 ) . CPM Mechanics : The Critical Path Method of Modeling Project Execution Strategy . ICS - Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9854091 - 0 - 4 . Woolf , Murray B. ( 2007 ) . Faster Construction Projects with CPM Scheduling . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 148660 - 6 . Schedule network analysis Critical path method Scenario analysis Critical chain project management Resource leveling Schedule compression External links ( edit ) Media related to CPM diagrams at Wikimedia Commons NDL : 00576449 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Critical_path_method&oldid=854009026 '' Categories : Project management techniques Business terms Network theory Scheduling algorithms Schedule ( project management ) Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from September 2016 Use American English from September 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Articles needing additional references from April 2018 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 16 more Edit links This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 10 : 20 ( UTC ) . 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what is the critical path of a project

Using these values , CPM calculates the longest path of planned activities to logical end points or to the end of the project , and the earliest and latest that each activity can start and finish without making the project longer . This process determines which activities are `` critical '' ( i.e. , on the longest path ) and which have `` total float '' ( i.e. , can be delayed without making the project longer ) . In project management , a critical path is the sequence of project network activities which add up to the longest overall duration , regardless if that longest duration has float or not . This determines the shortest time possible to complete the project . There can be ' total float ' ( unused time ) within the critical path . For example , if a project is testing a solar panel and task ' B ' requires ' sunrise ' , there could be a scheduling constraint on the testing activity so that it would not start until the scheduled time for sunrise . This might insert dead time ( total float ) into the schedule on the activities on that path prior to the sunrise due to needing to wait for this event . This path , with the constraint - generated total float would actually make the path longer , with total float being part of the shortest possible duration for the overall project . In other words , individual tasks on the critical path prior to the constraint might be able to be delayed without elongating the critical path ; this is the ' total float ' of that task . However , the time added to the project duration by the constraint is actually critical path drag , the amount by which the project 's duration is extended by each critical path activity and constraint .

Trench warfare - wikipedia Trench warfare This article is about the development , tactics and experience of trench warfare . For a chronological history of trench warfare in France and Belgium in World War I , see Western Front ( World War I ) . Part of a series on War History ( show ) Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical Early Modern Late Modern Industrial Fourth - Gen Battlespace ( show ) Air Cyber Information Land Mountain Sea Space Weapons ( show ) Armor Artillery Biological Cavalry Chemical Conventional Cyber Electronic Infantry Nuclear Psychological Unconventional Tactics ( show ) Aerial Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counter-insurgency Cover Foxhole Guerrilla warfare Morale Siege Swarming Tactical objective Target saturation Trench warfare Operational ( show ) Blitzkrieg Deep operation Maneuver warfare Operational manoeuvre group Strategy ( show ) Attrition Counter-offensive Deception Defensive Goal Naval Offensive Grand strategy ( show ) Containment Economic warfare Limited war Military science Philosophy of war Strategic studies Total war Organization ( show ) Command and control Doctrine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment Personnel ( show ) Military recruitment Conscription Recruit training Military specialism Women in the military Children in the military Transgender people and military service Sexual harassment in the military Conscientious objection Counter recruitment Logistics ( show ) Arms industry Materiel Supply chain management Related ( show ) Asymmetric warfare Broken - Backed War Theory Court - martial Cold war Deterrence theory Horses in warfare Irregular warfare Law of war Mercenary Military campaign Military operation Network - centric warfare Operations research Principles of war Proxy war Religious war Theater Tripwire force War crime War film War game War novel Wartime sexual violence Women in war World war Colonial war Lists ( show ) Battles Military occupations Military tactics Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers German soldiers of the 11th Reserve Hussar Regiment fighting from a trench , on the Western Front , 1916 Trench warfare is a type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches , in which troops are well - protected from the enemy 's small arms fire and are substantially sheltered from artillery . The most famous use of trench warfare is the Western Front in World War I. It has become a byword for stalemate , attrition , sieges , and futility in conflict . Trench warfare occurred when a revolution in firepower was not matched by similar advances in mobility , resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage . On the Western Front in 1914 -- 1918 , both sides constructed elaborate trench and dugout systems opposing each other along a front , protected from assault by barbed wire , mines , and other obstacles . The area between opposing trench lines ( known as `` no man 's land '' ) was fully exposed to artillery fire from both sides . Attacks , even if successful , often sustained severe casualties . With the development of armoured warfare , emphasis on trench warfare has declined but still occurs wherever battle - lines become static . Contents 1 Overview 1.1 Field works 1.2 Symbol for the futility of war 2 World War I : Entrenchment 2.1 Implementation 2.2 Trench defensive systems 2.3 Trench construction 2.4 Trench geography in World War I 3 World War I : Life in the trenches 4 World War I : Death in the trenches 5 Weapons of World War I trench warfare 5.1 Infantry weapons 5.2 Wire 5.3 Machine guns 5.4 Artillery 5.5 Mortars 5.6 Helmets 5.7 Mines 5.8 Gas 5.9 Aircraft 5.10 New weapons 6 Mining 7 Trench battles 7.1 Strategy 7.2 World War I tactics 7.3 World War I communications 8 World War I -- breaking the stalemate 8.1 Infiltration tactics 8.2 Tanks 9 World War II 9.1 European Theatre 9.2 Pacific War 10 Post-1945 to modern trench warfare 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Overview ( edit ) Field works ( edit ) Lines of Torres Vedras Field works are as old as armies . Roman legions , when in the presence of an enemy , entrenched camps nightly when on the move . In the early - modern era troops used field works to block possible lines of advance . For example : Members of the Grand Alliance built the Lines of Stollhofen at the start of the War of the Spanish Succession of 1702 - 1714 . The works ran for about 15 km ( 10 mi ) from Stollhofen on the Rhine to the impenetrable woods on the hills east of Bühl . They played a pivotal role in manoeuvring that took place before the Battle of Blenheim ( 1704 ) . The French captured these lines in 1707 and demolished them . The French built the 19 - kilometre - long ( 12 mi ) Lines of Weissenburg during the War of the Spanish Succession under the orders of the Duke of Villars in 1706 . These were to remain in existence for just over 100 years and were last manned during Napoleon 's Hundred Days ( 1815 ) . By 1870 the Lines no longer existed , but the two central forts in the towns of Wissembourg and Altenstadt still possessed fortifications that proved useful defensive positions during the Battle of Wissembourg . The French built the Lines of Ne Plus Ultra ( Latin for `` no further '' ) during the winter of 1710 -- 1711 , which have been compared to the trenches of World War I. They ran from Arras to Cambrai and Valenciennes where they linked up with existing defensive lines fronted by the river Sambre . In the 1711 campaign season the Duke of Marlborough breached them through `` a magnificent piece of manoeuvring '' . During the Peninsular War , the British and Portuguese constructed the Lines of Torres Vedras in 1809 and 1810 ; these proved effective in stopping the French advance on Lisbon in 1810 . Though Napoleon Bonaparte started his military career in artillery , campaigning in the Napoleonic Wars generally emphasized movement rather than static entrenchment . But innovations in trench warfare became more prominent in the course of the 19th century . In the New Zealand Wars ( 1845 - 1872 ) the indigenous Maori developed elaborate trench and bunker systems as part of fortified areas known as pa , employing them successfully as early as the 1840s to withstand British cannon , muskets , and an experimental poison - gas mortar . These systems included firing trenches , communication trenches , tunnels , and anti-artillery bunkers . British casualty rates of up to 45 percent , such as at Gate Pa in 1844 and the Battle of Ohaeawai in 1845 , suggested that contemporary firepower was insufficient to dislodge defenders from a trench system . The Crimean War ( 1853 - 1856 ) saw `` massive trench works and trench warfare '' , even though `` the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries '' . North American armies employed field works in the American Civil War ( 1861 - 1865 ) -- most notably in the sieges of Vicksburg ( 1863 ) and Petersburg ( 1864 - 1865 ) , the latter of which saw the first use by the Union Army of the rapid - fire Gatling gun , the important precursor to modern - day machine guns . Trenches also featured in the Paraguayan War ( which started in 1864 ) , the Second Anglo - Boer War ( 1899 - 1902 ) , and the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 - 1905 ) . Trenches at the Siege of Vicksburg 1863 Fundamentally , as the range and rate of fire of rifled small - arms increased , a defender shielded from enemy fire ( in a trench , at a house window , behind a large rock , or behind other cover ) was often able to kill several approaching foes before they closed with his position . Attacks across open ground became even more dangerous after the introduction of rapid - firing artillery , exemplified by the `` French 75 '' , and high explosive fragmentation rounds . The increases in firepower had outstripped the ability of infantry ( or even cavalry ) to cover the ground between firing lines , and the ability of armour to withstand fire . It would take a revolution in mobility to change that . Trench warfare has become archetypically associated with the First World War of 1914 -- 1918 , when the Race to the Sea rapidly expanded trench use on the Western Front starting in September 1914 . By the end of October 1914 the whole front in Belgium and France had solidified into lines of trenches , which lasted until the last weeks of the war . Mass infantry assaults were futile in the face of artillery fire as well as rapid rifle and machine - gun fire . Both sides concentrated on breaking up enemy attacks and on protecting their own troops by digging deep into the ground . Trench warfare also took place on other fronts , including in Italy and at Gallipoli . The Boer trench at the Battle of Magersfontein contributed to the surprise defeat of the Highland Brigade on 11 December 1899 during the Second Boer War . Symbol for the futility of War ( edit ) Trench warfare has become a powerful symbol of the futility of war . Its image is of young men going `` over the top '' ( over the parapet of the trench , to attack the enemy trench line ) into a maelstrom of fire leading to near - certain death , typified by the first day of the Battle of the Somme ( on which the British Army suffered nearly 60,000 casualties ) or the grinding slaughter in the mud of Passchendaele . To the French , the equivalent is the attrition of the Battle of Verdun in which the French Army suffered 380,000 casualties . Trench warfare is associated with mass slaughter in appalling conditions . Many critics have argued that brave men went to their deaths because of incompetent and narrow - minded commanders who failed to adapt to the new conditions of trench warfare : class - ridden and backward - looking generals put their faith in the attack , believing superior morale and dash would overcome the weapons and moral inferiority of the defender . British public opinion often repeated the theme that their soldiers were `` lions led by donkeys '' . World War I generals are often portrayed as callously persisting in repeated hopeless attacks against trenches . There were failures such as Passchendaele , and Sir Douglas Haig has often been criticised for allowing his battles to continue long after they had lost any purpose other than attrition . Haig 's defenders counter that the attrition was necessary in order to cause attrition in the German army . The problems of trench warfare were recognised , and attempts were made to address them . These included improvements in artillery , infantry tactics , and the development of tanks . By 1918 , taking advantage of failing German morale , Allied attacks were generally more successful and suffered fewer casualties ; in the Hundred Days Offensive , there was even a return to mobile warfare . World War I : entrenchment ( edit ) Implementation ( edit ) German forward detachments guarding the entrance to a trench line in front of Arras in 1915 Trenches of the 11th Cheshire Regiment at Ovillers - la - Boisselle , on the Somme , July 1916 . One sentry keeps watch while the others sleep . Photo by Ernest Brooks . 1st Lancashire Fusiliers , in communication trench near Beaumont Hamel , Somme , 1916 . Photo by Ernest Brooks . Although technology had dramatically changed the nature of warfare by 1914 , the armies of the major combatants had not fully absorbed the implications . The French and German armies adopted different tactical doctrines : the French relied on the attack with speed and surprise , and the Germans relied on firepower , investing heavily in howitzers and machine guns . The British lacked an official tactical doctrine , with an officer corps that rejected theory in favour of pragmatism . While the armies expected to use entrenchments and cover , they did not allow for the effect of defences in depth . They required a deliberate approach to seizing positions from which fire support could be given for the next phase of the attack , rather than a rapid move to break the enemy 's line . It was assumed that artillery could still destroy entrenched troops , or at least suppress them sufficiently for friendly infantry and cavalry to manoeuvre . French Trench in northeastern France In the face of modern warfare , digging in was standard practice by the start of WWI . To attack frontally was to court crippling losses , so an outflanking operation was the preferred method of attack against an entrenched enemy . After the Battle of the Aisne in September 1914 , an extended series of attempted flanking moves , and matching extensions to the fortified defensive lines , developed into the `` race to the sea '' , by the end of which German and Allied armies had produced a matched pair of trench lines from the Swiss border in the south to the North Sea coast of Belgium . Trench warfare prevailed on the Western Front from late 1914 until the Germans launched their Spring Offensive on 21 March 1918 . After the buildup of forces in 1915 , the Western Front became a stalemated struggle between equals , to be decided by attrition . Frontal assaults , and their associated casualties , became inevitable because the continuous trench lines had no open flanks . Casualties of the defenders matched those of the attackers , as vast reserves were expended in costly counter-attacks or exposed to the attacker 's massed artillery . There were periods in which rigid trench warfare broke down , such as during the Battle of the Somme , but the lines never moved very far . The war would be won by the side that was able to commit the last reserves to the Western Front . Hot Shower - Bath establishment installed by an ingenious French engineer , November , 1914 Early World War I trenches were simple . They lacked traverses , and according to pre-war doctrine were to be packed with men fighting shoulder to shoulder . This doctrine led to heavy casualties from artillery fire . This vulnerability , and the length of the front to be defended , soon led to front line trenches being held by fewer men . The defenders augmented the trenches themselves with barbed wire strung in front to impede movement ; wiring parties went out every night to repair and improve these forward defences . The small , improvised trenches of the first few months grew deeper and more complex , gradually becoming vast areas of interlocking defensive works . They resisted both artillery bombardment and mass infantry assault . Shell - proof dugouts became a high priority . The space between the opposing trenches was referred to as `` no man 's land '' and varied in width depending on the battlefield . On the Western Front it was typically between 90 and 275 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) , though only 25 metres ( 30 yd ) on Vimy Ridge . After the German withdrawal to the Hindenburg line in March 1917 , no man 's land stretched to over a kilometre in places . At the `` Quinn 's Post '' in the cramped confines of the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli , the opposing trenches were only 15 metres ( 16 yd ) apart and the soldiers in the trenches constantly threw hand grenades at each other . On the Eastern Front and in the Middle East , the areas to be covered were so vast , and the distances from the factories supplying shells , bullets , concrete and barbed wire so great , trench warfare in the West European style often did not occur . In the Alps , trench warfare even stretched onto vertical slopes and deep into the mountains , to heights of 3,900 m ( 12,800 ft ) above sea level . The Ortler had an artillery position on its summit near the front line . The trench - line management and trench profiles had to be adapted to the rough terrain , hard rock , and harsh weather conditions . Many trench systems were constructed within glaciers such as the Adamello - Presanella group or the famous city below the ice on the Marmolada in the Dolomites . Trench defensive systems ( edit ) Very early in the war , British defensive doctrine suggested a main trench system of three parallel lines , interconnected by communications trenches . The point at which a communications trench intersected the front trench was of critical importance , and it was usually heavily fortified . The front trench was lightly garrisoned and typically only occupied in force during `` stand to '' at dawn and dusk . Between 65 and 90 m ( 70 and 100 yd ) behind the front trench was located the support ( or `` travel '' ) trench , to which the garrison would retreat when the front trench was bombarded . Between 90 and 270 metres ( 100 and 300 yd ) further to the rear was located the third reserve trench , where the reserve troops could amass for a counter-attack if the front trenches were captured . This defensive layout was soon rendered obsolete as the power of artillery grew ; however , in certain sectors of the front , the support trench was maintained as a decoy to attract the enemy bombardment away from the front and reserve lines . Fires were lit in the support line to make it appear inhabited and any damage done immediately repaired . Aerial view of opposing trench lines between Loos and Hulluch , July 1917 . German trenches at the right and bottom , British at the top - left . Temporary trenches were also built . When a major attack was planned , assembly trenches would be dug near the front trench . These were used to provide a sheltered place for the waves of attacking troops who would follow the first waves leaving from the front trench . `` Saps '' were temporary , unmanned , often dead - end utility trenches dug out into no - man 's land . They fulfilled a variety of purposes , such as connecting the front trench to a listening post close to the enemy wire or providing an advance `` jumping - off '' line for a surprise attack . When one side 's front line bulged towards the opposition , a salient was formed . The concave trench line facing the salient was called a `` re-entrant . '' Large salients were perilous for their occupants because they could be assailed from three sides . Behind the front system of trenches there were usually at least two more partially prepared trench systems , kilometres to the rear , ready to be occupied in the event of a retreat . The Germans often prepared multiple redundant trench systems ; in 1916 their Somme front featured two complete trench systems , one kilometre apart , with a third partially completed system a further kilometre behind . This duplication made a decisive breakthrough virtually impossible . In the event that a section of the first trench system was captured , a `` switch '' trench would be dug to connect the second trench system to the still - held section of the first . The Germans , who had based their knowledge on studies of the Russo - Japanese War , made something of a science out of designing and constructing defensive works . They used reinforced concrete to construct deep , shell - proof , ventilated dugouts , as well as strategic strongpoints . They were more willing than their opponents to make a strategic withdrawal to a superior prepared defensive position . They were also the first to apply the concept of `` defence in depth '' , where the front - line zone was hundreds of metres deep and contained a series of redoubts rather than a continuous trench . Each redoubt could provide supporting fire to its neighbours , and while the attackers had freedom of movement between the redoubts , they would be subjected to withering enfilade fire . The British eventually adopted a similar approach , but it was incompletely implemented when the Germans launched the 1918 Spring Offensive and proved disastrously ineffective . France , by contrast , relied on artillery and reserves , not entrenchment . The characteristic barbed wire placed before trenches , in belts 15 m ( 49 ft ) deep or more , differed , too ; the German wire was heavier gauge , and British wire cutters , designed for the thinner native product , were unable to cut it . Trench construction ( edit ) Trench construction diagram from a 1914 British infantry manual Soldiers training in trench warfare , with well - defined fire bays connected by offset traverse trenches , with zigzag communication trenches leading to the rear area A well - developed trench had to be at least 2.5 m ( 8 ft ) deep to allow men to walk upright and still be protected . Trenches were never straight but were dug in a zigzagging or stepped pattern , with all straight sections generally kept less than a dozen meters ( yards ) . Later , this evolved to have the combat trenches broken into distinct fire bays connected by traverses . While this isolated the view of friendly soldiers along their own trench , this ensured the entire trench could not be enfiladed if the enemy gained access at any one point ; or if a bomb , grenade , or shell landed in the trench , the blast could not travel far . The banked earth on the lip of the trench facing the enemy was called the parapet and had a fire step . The embanked rear lip of the trench was called the parados . The parados protected the soldier 's back from shells falling behind the trench . The sides of the trench were often revetted with sandbags , wire mesh , wooden frames and sometimes roofs . The floor of the trench was usually covered by wooden duckboards . In later designs the floor might be raised on a wooden frame to provide a drainage channel underneath . Dugouts of varying degrees of comfort would be built in the rear of the support trench . British dugouts were usually 2.5 to 5 m ( 8 to 16 ft ) deep , whereas German dugouts were typically much deeper , usually a minimum of 4 m ( 12 ft ) deep and sometimes dug three stories down , with concrete staircases to reach the upper levels . Australian light horseman using a periscope rifle , Gallipoli 1915 To allow a soldier to see out of the trench without exposing his head , a loophole could be built into the parapet . A loophole might simply be a gap in the sandbags , or it might be fitted with a steel plate . German snipers used armour - piercing bullets that allowed them to penetrate loopholes . Another means to see over the parapet was the trench periscope -- in its simplest form , just a stick with two angled pieces of mirror at the top and bottom . A number of armies made use of the periscope rifle , which enabled soldiers to snipe at the enemy without exposing themselves over the parapet , although at the cost of reduced shooting accuracy . The device is most associated with Australian and New Zealand troops at Gallipoli , where the Turks held the high ground . There were three standard ways to dig a trench : entrenching , sapping , and tunnelling . Entrenching , where a man would stand on the surface and dig downwards , was most efficient , as it allowed a large digging party to dig the full length of the trench simultaneously . However , entrenching left the diggers exposed above ground and hence could only be carried out when free of observation , such as in a rear area or at night . Sapping involved extending the trench by digging away at the end face . The diggers were not exposed , but only one or two men could work on the trench at a time . Tunnelling was like sapping except that a `` roof '' of soil was left in place while the trench line was established and then removed when the trench was ready to be occupied . The guidelines for British trench construction stated that it would take 450 men 6 hours at night to complete 250 m ( 270 yd ) of front - line trench system . Thereafter , the trench would require constant maintenance to prevent deterioration caused by weather or shelling . Breastwork `` trench '' , Armentières , 1916 The battlefield of Flanders presented numerous problems for the practice of trench warfare , especially for the Allied forces , mainly British and Canadians , who were often compelled to occupy the low ground . Heavy shelling quickly destroyed the network of ditches and water channels which had previously drained this low - lying area of Belgium . In most places , the water table was only a metre or so below the surface , meaning that any trench dug in the ground would quickly flood . Consequently , many `` trenches '' in Flanders were actually above ground and constructed from massive breastworks of sandbags filled with clay . Initially , both the parapet and parados of the trench were built in this way , but a later technique was to dispense with the parados for much of the trench line , thus exposing the rear of the trench to fire from the reserve line in case the front was breached . Trench geography in World War I ( edit ) The confined , static , and subterranean nature of trench warfare resulted in it developing its own peculiar form of geography . In the forward zone , the conventional transport infrastructure of roads and rail were replaced by the network of trenches and trench railways . The critical advantage that could be gained by holding the high ground meant that minor hills and ridges gained enormous significance . Many slight hills and valleys were so subtle as to have been nameless until the front line encroached upon them . Some hills were named for their height in metres , such as Hill 60 . A farmhouse , windmill , quarry , or copse of trees would become the focus of a determined struggle simply because it was the largest identifiable feature . However , it would not take the artillery long to obliterate it , so that thereafter it became just a name on a map . Battlefield features could be given a descriptive name ( `` Polygon Wood '' near Ypres or `` Lone Pine '' ) , a whimsical name ( `` Sausage Valley '' and `` Mash Valley '' on the Somme ) , a unit name ( `` Inniskilling Inch '' at Helles named for the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers ) or the name of a soldier ( `` Monash Valley '' at Anzac named after General John Monash ) . Prefixing a feature with `` Dead Man 's '' was also popular for obvious reasons , such as `` Dead Man 's Road '' leading in to Pozières , or `` Dead Man 's Ridge '' at Anzac . There were numerous trench networks named `` The Chessboard '' or `` The Gridiron '' because of the pattern they described . For the Australians at Mouquet Farm , the advances were so short and the terrain so featureless that they were reduced to naming their objectives as `` points '' on the map , such as `` Point 81 '' and `` Point 55 . '' Enemy trenches , which would become objectives in an attack , needed to be named as well . Many were named for some observed event such as `` German Officers ' Trench '' at Anzac or `` Ration Trench '' on the Somme . The British gave an alcoholic flavour to the German trenches in front of Ginchy : `` Beer Trench '' , `` Bitter Trench '' , `` Hop Trench '' , `` Ale Alley '' , and `` Pilsen Trench . '' Other objectives were named according to their role in the trench system , such as the `` Switch Trench '' and `` Intermediate Trench '' on the Somme . Some sections of the British trench system read like a Monopoly board , with names such as `` Park Lane '' and `` Bond Street '' . British regular divisions habitually named their trenches after units , which resulted in names such as `` Munster Alley '' ( Royal Munster Fusiliers ) , `` Black Watch Alley '' ( Black Watch Regiment ) and `` Border Barricade '' ( Border Regiment ) . The Anzacs tended to name features after soldiers ( `` Plugge 's Plateau '' , `` Walker 's Ridge '' , `` Quinn 's Post '' , `` Johnston 's Jolly '' , `` Russell 's Top '' , `` Brind 's Road '' and so forth ) . World War I : life in the trenches ( edit ) Distribution of pinard ( ration wine ) in a French trench in winter , considered important for morale `` Studying French in the Trenches '' , The Literary Digest , October 20 , 1917 . A barber in a French trench An individual unit 's time in the front - line trench was usually brief ; from as little as one day to as much as two weeks at a time before being relieved . The 31st Australian Battalion once spent 53 days in the line at Villers - Bretonneux , but such a duration was a rare exception . The 10th Battalion , CEF , averaged front line tours of six days in 1915 and 1916 . The units who manned the front line trenches the longest were the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps from Portugal stationed in Northern France ; unlike the other allies the Portuguese could n't rotate units from the front lines due to lack of reinforcements sent from Portugal , nor could they replace the depleted units that lost manpower due to the war of attrition . With this rate of casualties and no reinforcements forthcoming most of the men were denied leave and had to serve long periods in the trenches with some units spending up to six consecutive months in the front line with little to no leave during that time . On an individual level , a typical British soldier 's year could be divided as follows : 15 % front line 10 % support line 30 % reserve line 20 % rest 25 % other ( hospital , travelling , leave , training courses , etc . ) Even when in the front line , the typical battalion would only be called upon to engage in fighting a handful of times a year -- making an attack , defending against an attack or participating in a raid . The frequency of combat would increase for the units of the `` elite '' fighting divisions -- on the Allied side ; the British regular divisions , the Canadian Corps , the French XX Corps and the Anzacs . Some sectors of the front saw little activity throughout the war , making life in the trenches comparatively easy . When the I Anzac Corps first arrived in France in April 1916 after the evacuation of Gallipoli , they were sent to a relatively peaceful sector south of Armentières to `` acclimatise '' . Other sectors were in a perpetual state of violent activity . On the Western Front , Ypres was invariably hellish , especially for the British in the exposed , overlooked salient . However , quiet sectors still amassed daily casualties through sniper fire , artillery , disease , and poison gas . In the first six months of 1916 , before the launch of the Somme Offensive , the British did not engage in any significant battles on their sector of the Western Front and yet suffered 107,776 casualties . Only 1 in 2 men would return alive and unwounded from the trenches . A sector of the front would be allocated to an army corps , usually comprising three divisions . Two divisions would occupy adjacent sections of the front and the third would be in rest to the rear . This breakdown of duty would continue down through the army structure , so that within each front - line division , typically comprising three infantry brigades ( regiments for the Germans ) , two brigades would occupy the front and the third would be in reserve . Within each front - line brigade , typically comprising four battalions , two battalions would occupy the front with two in reserve . And so on for companies and platoons . The lower down the structure this division of duty proceeded , the more frequently the units would rotate from front - line duty to support or reserve . During the day , snipers and artillery observers in balloons made movement perilous , so the trenches were mostly quiet . Consequently , trenches were busiest at night , when cover of darkness allowed the movement of troops and supplies , the maintenance and expansion of the barbed wire and trench system , and reconnaissance of the enemy 's defences . Sentries in listening posts out in no man 's land would try to detect enemy patrols and working parties or indications that an attack was being prepared . Pioneered by the Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry in February 1915 , trench raids were carried out in order to capture prisoners and `` booty '' -- letters and other documents to provide intelligence about the unit occupying the opposing trenches . As the war progressed , raiding became part of the general British policy , the intention being to maintain the fighting spirit of the troops and to deny no man 's land to the Germans . As well , they were intended to compel the enemy to reinforce , which exposed his troops to artillery fire . Such dominance was achieved at a high cost when the enemy replied with his own artillery , and a post-war British analysis concluded the benefits were probably not worth the cost . Early in the war , surprise raids would be mounted , particularly by the Canadians , but increased vigilance made achieving surprise difficult as the war progressed . By 1916 , raids were carefully planned exercises in combined arms and involved close co-operation of infantry and artillery . A raid would begin with an intense artillery bombardment designed to drive off or kill the front - trench garrison and cut the barbed wire . Then the bombardment would shift to form a `` box barrage '' , or cordon , around a section of the front line to prevent a counter-attack intercepting the raid . However , the bombardment also had the effect of notifying the enemy of the location of the planned attack , thus allowing reinforcements to be called in from wider sectors . World War I : death in the trenches ( edit ) A German machine gun position just after its capture by New Zealand soldiers , with a dead German among the debris , Grevillers , 24 August 1918 , Hundred Days Offensive Stretcher bearers , Passchendaele , August 1917 Dead German soldiers lie in the rubble of a trench destroyed by mine explosion , Messines Ridge , 1917 The intensity of World War I trench warfare meant about 10 % of all fighting soldiers were killed . This compared to 5 % killed during the Second Boer War and 4.5 % killed during World War II . For British and Dominion troops serving on the Western Front , the proportion of troops killed was 12.5 % , while the total proportion of troops who became casualties ( killed or wounded ) was 56 % . Medical services were fairly primitive and antibiotics had not yet been discovered . Relatively minor injuries could prove fatal through onset of infection and gangrene . The Germans recorded that 15 % of leg wounds and 25 % of arm wounds resulted in death , mainly through infection . The Americans recorded 44 % of casualties who developed gangrene died . Fifty percent of those wounded in the head died and 99 % of those wounded in the abdomen died . Seventy five percent of wounds came from shell fire . A wound resulting from a shell fragment was usually more traumatic than a gunshot wound . A shell fragment would often introduce debris , making it more likely that the wound would become infected . These factors meant a soldier was three times more likely to die from a shell wound to the chest than from a gunshot wound . The blast from shell explosions could also kill by concussion . In addition to the physical effects of shell fire , there was the psychological damage . Men who had to endure prolonged bombardment would often suffer debilitating shell shock , a condition not well understood at the time . Although World War I was the first war in which disease caused fewer deaths than combat , sanitary conditions in the trenches were quite poor , and common infections included dysentery , typhus , and cholera . Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections . Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions , such as trench mouth and trench foot . Another common killer was exposure , since the temperature within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing . Burial of the dead was usually a luxury that neither side could easily afford . The bodies would lie in no man 's land until the front line moved , by which time the bodies were often unidentifiable . On some battlefields , such as at the Nek in Gallipoli , the bodies were not buried until after the war . On the Western Front , bodies continue to be found as fields are ploughed and building foundations dug . At various times during the war -- particularly early on -- official truces were organised so that the wounded could be recovered from no man 's land and the dead could be buried . Generally , senior commands disapproved of any slackening of the offensive for humanitarian reasons and so ordered their troops not to permit enemy stretcher - bearers to operate in no man 's land . However , this order was almost invariably ignored by the soldiers in the trenches , who knew that it was to the mutual benefit of the fighting men of both sides to allow the wounded to be retrieved . So , as soon as hostilities ceased , parties of stretcher bearers , marked with Red Cross flags , would go out to recover the wounded , sometimes swapping enemy wounded for their own . There were occasions when this unofficial cease fire was exploited to conduct a reconnaissance or to reinforce or relieve a garrison . One famous truce was the Christmas truce between British and German soldiers in the winter of 1914 on the front near Armentières . German soldiers began singing Christmas carols and soon soldiers left their trenches . The soldiers exchanged gifts and stories , and played several games of football . The commanders of the warring nations disapproved of this cease fire , and the British court - martialed several of their soldiers . Weapons of World War I trench warfare ( edit ) Infantry weapons ( edit ) British Mills bomb N ° 23 Mk II , with rod for launch by rifle Various trench weapons used by British and Canadian soldiers in WWI on display at the Canadian War Museum French soldiers with a Sauterelle bomb - throwing crossbow , c. 1915 At the start of the First World War , the standard infantry soldier 's primary weapons were the rifle and bayonet ; other weapons got less attention . Especially for the British , what hand grenades were issued tended to be few in numbers and less effective . This emphasis began to shift as soon as trench warfare began ; militaries rushed improved grenades into mass production , including rifle grenades . The hand grenade came to be one of the primary infantry weapons of trench warfare . Both sides were quick to raise specialist grenadier groups . The grenade enabled a soldier to engage the enemy without exposing himself to fire , and it did not require precise accuracy to kill or maim . Another benefit was that if a soldier could get close enough to the trenches , enemies hiding in trenches could be attacked . The Germans and Turks were well equipped with grenades from the start of the war , but the British , who had ceased using grenadiers in the 1870s and did not anticipate a siege war , entered the conflict with virtually none , so soldiers had to improvise bombs with whatever was available ( see Jam Tin Grenade ) . By late 1915 , the British Mills bomb had entered wide circulation , and by the end of the war 75 million had been used . Since the troops were often not adequately equipped for trench warfare , improvised weapons were common in the first encounters , such as short wooden clubs and metal maces , as well as trench knives and brass knuckles . According to the semi-biographical war novel All Quiet on the Western Front , many soldiers preferred to use a sharpened spade as an improvised melee weapon instead of the bayonet , as the bayonet tended to get `` stuck '' in stabbed opponents , rendering it useless in heated battle . The shorter length also made them easier to use in the confined quarters of the trenches . These tools could then be used to dig in after they had taken a trench . As the war progressed , better equipment was issued , and improvised arms were discarded . A specialised group of fighters called trench sweepers ( Nettoyeurs de Tranchées or Zigouilleurs ) evolved to fight within the trenches . They cleared surviving enemy personnel from recently overrun trenches and made clandestine raids into enemy trenches to gather intelligence . Volunteers for this dangerous work were often exempted from participation in frontal assaults over open ground and from routine work like filling sandbags , draining trenches , and repairing barbed wire in no - man 's land . When allowed to choose their own weapons , many selected grenades , knives and pistols . FN M1900 pistols were highly regarded for this work , but never available in adequate quantities . Colt Model 1903 Pocket Hammerless , Savage Model 1907 , Star Bonifacio Echeverria and Ruby pistols were widely used . Various mechanical devices were invented for throwing hand grenades into enemy trenches . The Germans used the Wurfmaschine , a spring - powered device for throwing a hand grenade about 200 m ( 220 yd ) . The French responded with the Sauterelle and the British with the Leach Trench Catapult and West Spring Gun which had varying degrees of success and accuracy . By 1916 , catapult weapons were largely replaced by rifle grenades and mortars . The Germans employed Flammenwerfer ( flamethrowers ) during the war for the first time against the French on 25 June 1915 , then against the British 30 July in Hooge . The technology was in its infancy , and use was not very common until the end of 1917 when portability and reliability were improved . It was used in more than 300 documented battles . By 1918 , it became a weapon of choice for Stoßtruppen ( Stormtroopers ) with a team of six Pioniere ( combat engineers ) per squad . Used by American soldiers in the Western front , the pump action shotgun was a formidable weapon in short range combat , enough so that Germany lodged a formal protest against their use on 14 September 1918 , stating `` every prisoner found to have in his possession such guns or ammunition belonging thereto forfeits his life '' , though this threat was apparently never carried out . The U.S. military began to issue models specially modified for combat , called `` trench guns '' , with shorter barrels , higher capacity magazines , no choke , and often heat shields around the barrel , as well as lugs for the M1917 bayonet . Anzac and some British soldiers were also known to use sawn - off shotguns in trench raids , because of their portability , effectiveness at close range , and ease of use in the confines of a trench . This practice was not officially sanctioned , and the shotguns used were invariably modified sporting guns . Wire ( edit ) French soldiers struggle to pass multiple lines of barbed wire The use of lines of barbed wire , razor wire , and other wire obstacles is effective in stalling infantry traveling across the battlefield . Although the barbs or razors might cause minor injuries , the purpose was to entangle the limbs of enemy soldiers , forcing them to stop and methodically pull or work the wire off , likely taking several seconds , or even longer . This is deadly when the wire is emplaced at points of maximum exposure to concentrated enemy firepower , in plain sight of enemy fire bays and machine guns . The combination of wire and firepower was the cause of most failed attacks in trench warfare and their very high casualties . Liddell Hart identified barbed wire and the machine gun as the elements that had to be broken to regain a mobile battlefield . A basic wire line could be created by draping several strands of barbed wire between wooden posts driven into the ground . Loose lines of wire can be more effective in entangling than tight ones , and it was common to use the coils of barbed wire as delivered only partially stretched out , called concertina wire . Placing and repairing wire in no man 's land relied on stealth , usually done at night by special wiring parties , who could also be tasked with secretly sabotaging enemy wires . The screw picket , invented by the Germans and later adopted by the Allies during the war , was quieter than driving stakes . Wire often stretched the entire length of a battlefield 's trench line , in multiple lines , sometimes covering a depth 30 metres ( 100 ft ) or more . Methods to defeat it are rudimentary . Prolonged artillery bombardment could damage them , but not reliably . The first soldier meeting the wire could jump onto the top of it , hopefully depressing it enough for those that followed to get over him ; this still took at least one soldier out of action for each line of wire . In World War I , British and Commonwealth forces relied on wire cutters , which proved unable to cope with the heavier gauge German wire . The Bangalore torpedo was adopted by many armies , and continued in use past the end of World War II . Machine guns ( edit ) Main article : Machine gun Vickers machine gun The Germans embraced the machine gun from the outset -- in 1904 , sixteen units were equipped with the ' Maschinengewehr ' -- and the machine gun crews were the elite infantry units ; these units were attached to Jaeger ( light infantry ) battalions . By 1914 , British infantry units were armed with two Vickers machine guns per battalion ; the Germans had six per battalion , and the Russians eight . It would not be until 1917 that every infantry unit of the American forces carried at least one machine gun . After 1915 , the Maschinengewehr 08 was the standard issue German machine gun ; its number `` 08 / 15 '' entered the German language as idiomatic for `` dead plain '' . At Gallipoli and in Palestine the Turks provided the infantry , but it was usually Germans who manned the machine guns . The British High Command were less enthusiastic about machine guns , supposedly considering the weapon too `` unsporting '' and encouraging defensive fighting ; and they lagged behind the Germans in adopting it . Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig is quoted as saying in 1915 , `` The machine gun is a much overrated weapon ; two per battalion is more than sufficient '' . The defensive firepower of the machine gun was exemplified during the first day of the Battle of the Somme when 60,000 British soldiers were rendered casualties , `` the great majority lost under withering machine gun fire '' . In 1915 the Machine Gun Corps was formed to train and provide sufficient heavy machine gun teams . It was the Canadians that made the best practice , pioneering area denial and indirect fire ( soon adopted by all Allied armies ) under the guidance of former French Army Reserve officer Major General Raymond Brutinel . Minutes before the attack on Vimy Ridge the Canadians thickened the artillery barrage by aiming machine guns indirectly to deliver plunging fire on the Germans . They also significantly increased the number of machine guns per battalion . To match demand , production of the Vickers machine gun was contracted to firms in the United States . By 1917 , every company in the British forces were also equipped with four Lewis light machine guns , which significantly enhanced their firepower . The heavy machine gun was a specialist weapon , and in a static trench system was employed in a scientific manner , with carefully calculated fields of fire , so that at a moment 's notice an accurate burst could be fired at the enemy 's parapet or a break in the wire . Equally it could be used as light artillery in bombarding distant trenches . Heavy machine guns required teams of up to eight men to move them , maintain them , and keep them supplied with ammunition . This made them impractical for offensive manoeuvres , contributing to the stalemate on the Western Front . One machine gun nest was theoretically able to mow down hundreds of enemies charging in the open through no man 's land . However , while WWI machine guns were able to shoot hundreds of rounds per minute in theory , they were still prone to overheating and jamming , which often necessitated firing in short bursts . However , their potential was increased significantly when emplaced behind multiple lines of barbed wire to slow any advancing enemy . Artillery ( edit ) Loading a 15 in ( 380 mm ) howitzer Artillery dominated the battlefields of trench warfare . An infantry attack was rarely successful if it advanced beyond the range of its supporting artillery . In addition to bombarding the enemy infantry in the trenches , the artillery could be used to precede infantry advances with a creeping barrage , or engage in counter-battery duels to try to destroy the enemy 's guns . Artillery mainly fired fragmentation , high - explosive , shrapnel or , later in the war , gas shells . The British experimented with firing thermite incendiary shells , to set trees and ruins alight . However , all armies experienced shell shortages during the first year or two of World War I , due to underestimating their usage in intensive combat . This knowledge had been gained by the combatant nations in the Russo - Japanese War , when daily artillery fire consumed ten times more than daily factory output , but had not been applied . Artillery pieces were of two types : infantry support guns and howitzers . Guns fired high - velocity shells over a flat trajectory and were often used to deliver fragmentation and to cut barbed wire . Howitzers lofted the shell over a high trajectory so it plunged into the ground . The largest calibers were usually howitzers . The German 420 mm ( 17 in ) howitzer weighed 20 tons and could fire a one - ton shell over 10 km ( 6.2 mi ) . A critical feature of period artillery pieces was the hydraulic recoil mechanism , which meant the gun did not need to be re-aimed after each shot , permitting a tremendous increase in rate of fire . Initially each gun would need to register its aim on a known target , in view of an observer , in order to fire with precision during a battle . The process of gun registration would often alert the enemy an attack was being planned . Towards the end of 1917 , artillery techniques were developed enabling fire to be delivered accurately without registration on the battlefield -- the gun registration was done behind the lines then the pre-registered guns were brought up to the front for a surprise attack . Mortars ( edit ) French soldiers operating a compressed - air trench mortar of 86 - millimetre calibre Mortars , which lobbed a shell in a high arc over a relatively short distance , were widely used in trench fighting for harassing the forward trenches , for cutting wire in preparation for a raid or attack , and for destroying dugouts , saps and other entrenchments . In 1914 , the British fired a total of 545 mortar shells ; in 1916 , they fired over 6,500,000 . Similarly , howitzers , which fire on a more direct arc than mortars , raised in number from over 1,000 shells in 1914 , to over 4,500,000 in 1916 . The smaller numerical difference in mortar rounds , as opposed to howitzer rounds , is presumed by many to be related to the expanded costs of manufacturing the larger and more resource intensive howitzer rounds . The main British mortar was the Stokes , a precursor of the modern mortar . It was a light mortar , simple in operation , and capable of a rapid rate of fire by virtue of the propellant cartridge being attached to the base shell . To fire the Stokes mortar , the round was simply dropped into the tube , where the percussion cartridge was detonated when it struck the firing pin at the bottom of the barrel , thus being launched . The Germans used a range of mortars . The smallest were grenade - throwers ( ' Granatenwerfer ' ) which fired the stick grenades which were commonly used . Their medium trench - mortars were called mine - throwers ( ' Minenwerfer ' ) . The heavy mortar was called the ' Ladungswerfer ' , which threw `` aerial torpedoes '' , containing a 200 lb ( 91 kg ) charge to a range of 1,000 yd ( 910 m ) . The flight of the missile was so slow and leisurely that men on the receiving end could make some attempt to seek shelter . Mortars had certain advantages over artillery such as being much more portable and the ability to fire without leaving the relative safety of trenches . Moreover , Mortar were able to fire directly into the trenches , which was hard to do with artillery . Helmets ( edit ) During the first year of the First World War , none of the combatant nations equipped their troops with steel helmets . Soldiers went into battle wearing simple cloth or leather caps that offered virtually no protection from the damage caused by modern weapons . German troops were wearing the traditional leather Pickelhaube ( spiked helmet ) , with a covering of cloth to protect the leather from the splattering of mud . Once the war entered the static phase of trench warfare , the number of lethal head wounds that troops were receiving from fragmentation increased dramatically . The French were the first to see a need for greater protection and began to introduce steel helmets in the summer of 1915 . The Adrian helmet replaced the traditional French kepi and was later adopted by the Belgian , Italian and many other armies . At about the same time the British were developing their own helmets . The French design was rejected as not strong enough and too difficult to mass - produce . The design that was eventually approved by the British was the Brodie helmet . This had a wide brim to protect the wearer from falling objects , but offered less protection to the wearer 's neck . When the Americans entered the war , this was the helmet they chose , though some units used the French Adrian helmet . The traditional German ' pickelhaube ' was replaced by the Stahlhelm or `` steel helmet '' in 1916 . Some elite Italian units used a helmet derived from ancient Roman designs . None of these standard helmets could protect the face or eyes , however . Special face - covers were designed to be used by machine gunners , and the Belgians tried out goggles made of louvres to protect the eyes . Additionally , tank crews were issued with or fashioned makeshift face masks to protect against the hot metal fragments that ricocheted around the compartment when the exterior of the tank was hit with machinegun fire . Mines ( edit ) Landmines were widely used in WWI trench and tunnel warfare to destroy or disrupt enemy 's trench lines . Gas ( edit ) Main article : Chemical weapons in World War I Australian infantry wearing gas masks , Ypres , September 1917 World War I saw large - scale use of poison gasses . At the start of the war , the gas agents used were relatively weak and delivery unreliable , but by mid-war advances in this chemical warfare reached horrifying levels . The first methods of employing gas was by releasing it from a cylinder when the wind was favourable . This was prone to miscarry if the direction of the wind was misjudged . Also , the cylinders needed to be positioned in the front trenches where they were likely to be ruptured by enemy bombardment . Later , gas was delivered directly to enemy trenches by artillery or mortar shell , reducing friendly casualties significantly . Lingering agents could still affect friendly troops that advanced to enemy trenches following its use . Early on , soldiers made improvised gas masks by urinating on a handkerchief and putting it over their nose and mouth so the urea would disable the poison . Armies rushed to issue regulation gas masks as regular equipment for front line troops . Anti-gas equipment and procedures improved significantly during the war , to the point that gas attacks had become less devastating at the war 's end . Several different gas agents were used . Tear gas was first employed in August 1914 by the French , but this could only temporarily disable the enemy . In April 1915 , chlorine gas was first used by Germany at the Second Battle of Ypres . Exposure to a large dose could kill , and those not killed could suffer permanent lung damage . But the gas was easy to detect by scent and sight . Phosgene , first used in December 1915 , was the most lethal killing gas of World War I ; it was 18 times more powerful than chlorine and much more difficult to detect . However , the most effective gas was mustard gas , introduced by Germany in July 1917 . Mustard gas was not as fatal as phosgene , but it was hard to detect and lingered on the surface of the battlefield , so could inflict casualties over a long period . Even if not inhaled , it could slowly burn the skin , but quickly burned via the eyes or any wounds , causing blindness and intense suffering . Casualties from mustard gas were unlikely to be fit to fight again , yet only 2 % of mustard gas casualties died . The added burden of long - term care of casualties from mustard gas actually increased its overall effectiveness compared to more immediately lethal gas agents . Aircraft ( edit ) The fundamental purpose of the aircraft in trench warfare was reconnaissance and artillery observation . Aerial reconnaissance was so significant in exposing movements , it has been said the trench stalemate was a product of it . The role of the fighter was to protect friendly reconnaissance aircraft and destroy those of the enemy , or at least deny them the freedom of friendly airspace . This involved achieving air superiority over the battlefield by destroying the enemy 's fighters as well . Spotter aircraft would monitor the fall of shells during registration of the artillery . Reconnaissance aircraft would map trench lines , first with hand - drawn diagrams , later with photography , monitor enemy troop movements , and locate enemy artillery batteries so that they could be destroyed with counter-battery fire . New weapons ( edit ) German soldier with MP 18 , 1918 . In 1917 and 1918 , new types of weapons were fielded . They changed the face of warfare tactics and were later employed during World War II . The French introduced the CSRG 1915 Chauchat during Spring 1916 around the concept of `` walking fire '' , employed in 1918 when 250,000 weapons were fielded . More than 80,000 of the best shooters received the semi-automatic RSC 1917 rifle , allowing them to rapid fire at waves of attacking soldiers . Firing ports were installed in the newly arrived Renault FT tanks . The French Army fielded a ground version of the Hotchkiss Canon de 37 mm used by the French Navy . It was primarily used to destroy German machine gun nests and concrete reinforced pillboxes with high explosive rounds , but an armour - piercing round was designed to defeat the German tanks , making it the first anti tank gun . A new type of machine gun was introduced in 1916 . Initially an aircraft weapon , the Bergmann LMG 15 was modified for ground use , with the later dedicated ground version being the LMG 15 n . A. It was used as an infantry weapon on all European and Middle Eastern fronts until the end of World War I. It later inspired the MG 30 and the MG 34 as well as the concept of the general - purpose machine gun . What became known as the submachine gun had its genesis in World War I , developed around the concepts of infiltration and fire and movement , specifically to clear trenches of enemy soldiers when engagements were unlikely to occur beyond a range of a few feet . The MP 18 was the first practical submachine gun used in combat . It was fielded in 1918 by the German Army as the primary weapon of the stormtroopers , assault groups that specialised in trench combat . Mining ( edit ) Main article : Mining ( military ) Explosion of a mine seen from a French position . 1916 Plan of the Y Sap mine The dry chalk of the Somme was especially suited to mining , but with the aid of pumps , it was also possible to mine in the sodden clay of Flanders . Specialist tunneling companies , usually made up of men who had been miners in civilian life , would dig tunnels under no man 's land and beneath the enemy 's trenches . These mines would then be packed with explosives and detonated , producing a large crater . The crater served two purposes : it could destroy or breach the enemy 's trench and , by virtue of the raised lip that they produced , could provide a ready - made `` trench '' closer to the enemy 's line . When a mine was detonated , both sides would race to occupy and fortify the crater . If the miners detected an enemy tunnel in progress , they would often counter-mine and try to drive a tunnel under the enemy 's tunnel in which they would detonate explosives to create a camouflet to destroy the enemy 's tunnel . Night raids were also conducted with the sole purpose of destroying the enemy 's mine workings . On occasion , mines would cross and fighting would occur underground . The mining skills could also be used to move troops unseen . On one occasion a whole British division was moved through interconnected workings and sewers without German observation . The British detonated 19 mines of varying sizes on July 1 , 1916 , the first day of the Battle of the Somme . The largest mines -- the Y Sap Mine and the Lochnagar Mine -- each containing 24 tons of explosives , were blown near La Boiselle , throwing earth 4,000 feet into the air . At 3.10 AM on June 7 , 1917 , a series of mines was detonated by the British to launch the Battle of Messines . The average mine contained 21 tons of explosive and the largest , 125 feet beneath Saint - Eloi , was twice the average at 42 tons . As remarked by General Plumer to his staff the evening before the attack : `` Gentlemen , we may not make history tomorrow , but we shall certainly change the geography . '' The craters from these and many other mines on the Western Front are still visible today . Two undetonated mines remained in the ground near Messines , with their location mislaid after the war . One blew during a thunderstorm in 1955 ; the other remains in the ground . Significant mining operations were also carried out on the Italian Front . Trench battles ( edit ) German trenches in Vimy While trenches have often been dug as defensive measures , in the pre-firearm era , they were mainly a type of hindrance for an attacker of a fortified location , such as the ditch ( or moat ) around a castle . An early example of this can be seen in the Battle of the Trench . Only with the advent of accurate firearms did the use of trenches as positions for the defender of a fortification become common . Elaborate trench and bunker systems were employed by the Māori to withstand British artillery barrages and bayonet charges during the New Zealand Wars in the 1840s . Trench systems were also employed in the Russo - Japanese War and American Civil War . The military usage evolved very quickly in the First World War , until whole systems of extensive main trenches , backup trenches ( in case the first lines were overrun ) and communication trenches had been developed , often stretching dozens of kilometres along a front without interruption , and some kilometres further back from the opponent 's lines . Strategy ( edit ) The fundamental strategy of trench warfare in World War I was to defend one 's own position strongly while trying to achieve a breakthrough into the enemy 's rear . The effect was to end up in attrition ; the process of progressively grinding down the opposition 's resources until , ultimately , they are no longer able to wage war . This did not prevent the ambitious commander from pursuing the strategy of annihilation -- the ideal of an offensive battle which produces victory in one decisive engagement . The Commander in Chief of the British forces during most of World War I , General Douglas Haig , was constantly seeking a `` breakthrough '' which could then be exploited with cavalry divisions . His major trench offensives -- the Somme in 1916 and Flanders in 1917 -- were conceived as breakthrough battles but both degenerated into costly attrition . The Germans actively pursued a strategy of attrition in the Battle of Verdun , the sole purpose of which was to `` bleed the French Army white '' . At the same time the Allies needed to mount offensives in order to draw attention away from other hard - pressed areas of the line . World War I tactics ( edit ) French troopers using periscope , 1915 The popular image of a trench assault is of a wave of soldiers , bayonets fixed , going `` over the top '' and marching in a line across no man 's land into a hail of enemy fire . This was the standard method early in the war ; it was rarely successful . More common was an attack at night from an advanced post in no man 's land , having cut the barbed wire beforehand . In 1915 , the Germans innovated with infiltration tactics where small groups of highly trained and well - equipped troops would attack vulnerable points and bypass strong points , driving deep into the rear areas . The distance they could advance was still limited by their ability to supply and communicate . The role of artillery in an infantry attack was twofold . The first aim of a bombardment was to prepare the ground for an infantry assault , killing or demoralising the enemy garrison and destroying their defences . The duration of these initial bombardments varied , from seconds to days . Artillery bombardments prior to infantry assaults were often ineffective at destroying enemy defences , only serving to provide advance notice of an attack . The British bombardment that began the Battle of the Somme lasted eight days but did little damage to either the German barbed wire or their deep dug - outs , where defenders were able to wait out the bombardment in relative safety . Once the guns stopped , the defenders had time to emerge and were usually ready for the attacking infantry . The second aim was to protect the attacking infantry by providing an impenetrable `` barrage '' or curtain of shells to prevent an enemy counter-attack . The first attempt at sophistication was the `` lifting barrage '' where the first objective of an attack was intensely bombarded for a period before the entire barrage `` lifted '' to fall on a second objective farther back . However , this usually expected too much of the infantry , and the usual outcome was that the barrage would outpace the attackers , leaving them without protection . This resulted in the use of the `` creeping barrage '' which would lift more frequently but in smaller steps , sweeping the ground ahead and moving so slowly that the attackers could usually follow closely behind it . This became the standard method of attack from late 1916 onward . The main benefit of the barrage was suppression of the enemy rather than to cause casualties or material damage . Capturing the objective was half the battle , but the battle was only won if the objective was held . The attacking force would have to advance with not only the weapons required to capture a trench but also the tools -- sandbags , picks and shovels , barbed wire -- to fortify and defend from counter-attack . A successful advance would take the attackers beyond the range of their own field artillery , making them vulnerable , and it took time to move guns up over broken ground . The Germans placed great emphasis on immediately counter-attacking to regain lost ground . This strategy cost them dearly in 1917 when the British started to limit their advances so as to be able to meet the anticipated counter-attack from a position of strength . Part of the British artillery was positioned close behind the original start line and took no part in the initial bombardment , so as to be ready to support later phases of the operation while other guns were moved up . World War I communications ( edit ) British and French soldiers lay a telegraph cable in Gallipoli , 1915 Because the battlefield of trench warfare was very deep and hazardous , communications were a major difficulty . Wireless communications were still in their infancy in World War I , so the available methods were telephone , telegraph , semaphore , signal lamps , signal flares , homing pigeons , and message runners . Though telephone was the most effective method , with telegraph a close second , their cables were vulnerable to artillery fire and were often broken early in the battle . To help compensate for this , the cables could be laid in a ladder - like pattern so that multiple redundant lines were available . Frequently , message delays caused them to be out - of - date by the time they were received . Communication with higher division , corps and army HQs incurred even longer delays , which were doubled if a reply was needed . Some messages were misdirected or lost completely . If a message sent out did not get a reply or confirmation back , the sender could not tell if the original message did not get through , or if it did but the reply did not get back , resulting in confusion worse than if no communication had been attempted . It was not uncommon for a commanding officer had to wait hours for messages over the course of a battle , making any changes of plans almost impossible . The outcome of many battles was left in the hands of the company and platoon commanders in the middle of the action , who often had less experience , had very limited additional resources or information , and very limited authority to deviate from the original orders given before the start of the battle . Unable to react to any changing battle situation , many opportunities were lost , and many hopeless attacks persisted . Only starting in 1916 , on the battlefield of Verdun , came the use of portable small radio stations that could transmit short Morse codes . Radio frequency overlap occurred with neighboring divisions until precise regulation and radio discipline developed . Also , enemy interception was common until effective codebook practices were enforced . These problems were not completely resolved until the war 's end . World War I -- breaking the stalemate ( edit ) Throughout World War I , the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare ; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on tanks . Infiltration tactics ( edit ) Main article : Infiltration tactics German Stoßtruppen ( stormtroopers ) rising from trenches to attack As far back as the 18th century , Prussian military doctrine stressed maneuver and force concentration to achieve a decisive battle ( Vernichtungsschlacht ) . The German military searched for ways to apply this in the face of trench warfare . Experiments with new tactics by Willy Rohr , a Prussian captain serving in the Vosges mountains in 1915 , got the attention of the Minister of War . These tactics carried Prussian military doctrine down to smallest units -- specially trained troops maneuvered and massed to assault positions they chose on their own . During the next 2 years the German army tried to establish special stormtrooper detachments in all its units by sending selected men to Rohr and have those men then train their comrades in their original units . Similar tactics were developed independently in other countries , such as French Army captain André Laffargue ( fr ) in 1915 , and Russian general Aleksei Brusilov in 1916 , but these failed to be adopted as any military doctrine . The German stormtrooper methods involved men rushing forward in small groups using whatever cover was available and laying down covering fire for other groups in the same unit as they moved forward . The new tactics , intended to achieve surprise by disrupting entrenched enemy positions , aimed to bypass strongpoints and to attack the weakest parts of an enemy 's line . Additionally , they acknowledged the futility of managing a grand detailed plan of operations from afar , opting instead for junior officers on the spot to exercise initiative . The Germans employed and improved infiltration tactics in a series of smaller to larger battles , each increasingly successful , leading up to the Battle of Caporetto against the Italians in 1917 , and finally the massive German Spring Offensive in 1918 against the British and French . German infiltration tactics are sometimes called `` Hutier tactics '' by others , after Oskar von Hutier , the general leading the German 18th Army , which had the farthest advance in that offensive . After a stunningly rapid advance , the offensive failed to achieve a breakthrough ; German forces stalled after outrunning their supply , artillery , and reinforcements , which could not catch up over the shell - torn ground left ruined by Allied attacks in the Battle of the Somme in 1916 . The exhausted German forces were soon pushed back in the Allied Hundred Days Offensive , and the Germans were unable to organise another major offensive before the war 's end . In post-war years , other nations did not fully appreciate these German tactical innovations amidst the overall German defeat . Tanks ( edit ) Main article : Tanks in World War I This British Mark IV tank displays a `` tadpole tail '' extension for crossing especially wide trenches . Tanks were first introduced by the British as a means to attack enemy trenches , by combining heavy firepower ( machine guns or light artillery guns ) , protection from small - arms fire ( armour ) , and battlefield mobility ( tracks ) . These tanks were designed with rhomboid - shaped tracks to easily crush barbed wire lines and cross trenches . They were first deployed in 1916 at the Battle of the Somme in limited numbers , proving unreliable and ineffective at first , as mechanical and logistical issues overshadowed implementing a coherent tank doctrine , with the additional challenge of traversing ground torn apart by years of shell fire . At the First Battle of Cambrai in 1917 , improved tanks in larger numbers demonstrated the potential of tank warfare , though German improvised anti-tank tactics , including using direct fire from field artillery , also proved effective . By 1918 , tank capabilities and tactics improved , their numbers increased and , combined with French tanks , finally helped break the stalemate . During the last 100 days of the war , Allied forces harried the Germans back using infantry supported by tanks and by close air support . By the war 's end , tanks become a significant element of warfare ; the proposed British Plan 1919 would have employed tanks a primary factor in military strategy . However , the impact of tanks in World War I was less than it could have been , due to their late introduction and the inherent issues that plague implementing revolutionary technology . Between the two world wars many nations developed their own unique tanks and divergent theories of tank tactics , including the UK , France , the Soviet Union , Czechoslovakia , Japan , the US , and Italy . Though German tank development was restricted by the terms of the treaty ending World War I , Germany successfully combined their own tanks ( plus Czech tanks from occupied Czechoslovakia ) with infiltration tactics to produce blitzkrieg during World War II . World War II ( edit ) European theatre ( edit ) A retractable turret of Ouvrage Hochwald , one of the largest fortifications of the Maginot Line , 1940 In the decade leading up to World War II , the French built the Maginot Line , based on their experience with trench warfare in World War I . The Maginot Line was an extensive state - of - the - art defensive system far superior to any previous trench system : a chain of massive constructions of concrete , iron , and steel fortresses , bunkers , retractable turrets , outposts , obstacles , and sunken artillery emplacements , linked by tunnel networks . It covered the length of the Franco - German border , and 20 -- 25 kilometres ( 12 -- 16 mi ) wide . It was supported by numerous underground barracks , shelters , ammo dumps and depots , with its own telephone network and narrow gauge railways with armoured locomotives , backed up with heavy rail artillery . French military experts placed high value on the Line , saying it would curb German aggression , as any invasion force would be halted long enough for French forces to mobilize and counterattack through Belgium . It was only partially successful ; in the Battle of France , the main German `` Blitzkrieg '' attack struck through the weakly held Ardennes forest , the gap between the end of the Maginot Line and the advancing Anglo - French mobile forces heading into Belgium . Small secondary German attacks concentrated at a few points in the Line had moderate success . The bulk of the Maginot Line was untouched , and survives today . The return of mobile warfare in World War II reduced the emphasis of trench warfare , as defenders commonly lack the time to build up such battlefield defenses before they are forced to redeploy , due to the more rapidly - changing strategic situation . But trench systems can still be effective locally , wherever mobility was limited , the front lines are static , or around known critical objectives that can not be bypassed . More quickly improvised defensive fighting positions , using `` scrapes '' or `` foxholes '' , possibly supplemented by sand bags , local materials , debris , or rubble , remain in common use . These will typically be improved and expanded by the defenders , eventually becoming full trench systems , if given enough time and resources . Soviet soldiers running through the ruins of Stalingrad , 1942 . At the Battle of Sevastopol , Red Army forces successfully held trench systems on the narrow peninsula for several months against intense German bombardment . The Western Allies in 1944 broke through the incomplete Atlantic Wall with relative ease through a combination of amphibious landings , naval gunfire , air attack , and airborne landings . Combined arms tactics where infantry , artillery , armour and aircraft cooperate closely greatly reduced the importance of trench warfare . It was , however , still a valuable method for reinforcing natural boundaries and creating a line of defence . For example , at the Battle of Stalingrad , soldiers on both sides dug trenches within the ruins . In addition , before the start of the Battle of Kursk , the Soviets constructed a system of defence more elaborate than any they built during World War I. These defences succeeded in stopping the German armoured pincers from meeting and enveloping the salient . Soldiers of the Brazilian Expeditionary Force in a trench in Montese during the Italian Campaign of World War II , 1944 . The Italian Campaign fought from 1943 until the end of the war in Europe largely consisted of the Allies storming strongly fortified German lines which stretched from one coast , over the mountains to the other coast . When the Allies broke through one line , the Germans would retreat up the peninsula to yet another freshly prepared fortified line . At the start of the Battle of Berlin , the last major assault on Germany , the Russians attacked over the river Oder against German troops dug in on the Seelow Heights , about 50 km ( 31 mi ) east of Berlin . Entrenchment allowed the Germans , who were massively outnumbered , to survive a bombardment from the largest concentration of artillery in history ; as the Red Army attempted to cross the marshy riverside terrain , they lost tens of thousands of casualties to the entrenched Germans before breaking through . Pacific War ( edit ) The Japanese used a labyrinth of underground fixed positions to slow down the Allied advances on many Pacific Islands . The Japanese built fixed fortifications on Iwo Jima , Okinawa , and Guadalcanal using a system of tunnels to interconnect their fortified positions . The Japanese had on Battle of Iwo Jima several levels of honeycombed fortifications . The Japanese caused the American advance to slow down and caused massive casualties with these underground fixed positions . The Americans eventually used flamethrowers and systematic hand - to - hand fighting to ouster . Post-1945 to modern trench warfare ( edit ) Afghan and U.S. soldiers provide security while standing behind a blast wall made from HESCO bastions at Zhari district , Kandahar Province , Afghanistan , 2012 . Trench warfare has been infrequent in recent wars . When two large armoured armies meet , the result has generally been mobile warfare of the type which developed in World War II . However , trench warfare reemerged in the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War ( Huaihai Campaign ) , the Korean War ( from July 1951 to its end ) , and at Dien Bien Phu and other later locations and engagements during the Vietnam War . During the Cold War , NATO forces routinely trained to fight through extensive works called `` Soviet - style trench systems '' , named after the Warsaw Pact 's complex systems of field fortifications , an extension of Soviet field entrenching practices for which they were famous in their Great Patriotic War ( the Eastern Front of World War II ) . Another example of trench warfare after World Wars I and II was the Iran -- Iraq War , in which both armies lacked training in combined arms operations . Tactics used included trench warfare , machine gun posts , bayonet charges , use of barbed wire across trenches and on no - man 's land , Iranian human wave attacks , and Iraq 's extensive use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas against Iranian troops . Although mainly a siege , it was not unusual to find an extensive trench system inside and outside the city of Sarajevo during the siege of 1992 -- 1996 . It was used mainly for transportation to the frontline or to avoid snipers inside the city . Any pre-existing structures were used as trenches ; the best known example is the bobsleigh course at Trebević , which was used by both Serb and Bosniak forces during the siege . Another example of trench stalemate was the Eritrean - Ethiopian War of 1998 -- 2000 . The front line in Korea and the front lines between Pakistan and India in Kashmir are two examples of demarcation lines which could become hot at any time . They consist of kilometres of trenches linking fortified strongpoints and in Korea surrounded by millions of land mines . The borders between Armenia , Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan amid the onging Nagorno - Karabakh conflict are also heavily fortified with trenches and barbed wire , with the two sides regularly trading fire . A recent example of trench warfare is the War in Donbass . To consolidate and defend their territory , government and rebel forces have dug trenches and have initiated warfare reminiscent of World War I , with troops staying in and fighting from trenches for months at a time . Since the Minsk peace agreements the front lines have not moved significantly and the two sides mostly fire mortars and sniper shots at each other . As a result both sides have dug elaborate networks of trenches and deep bunkers for protection . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Blitzkrieg Breastwork ( fortification ) Christmas truce Defensive fighting position Harry Patch Medieval warfare Mining ( military ) Mobile warfare No man 's land Sangar ( fortification ) Shell shock Siege Tunnel warfare Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Dictionary.com Cultural Dictionary '' . Retrieved 14 August 2009 . Jump up ^ Nicholas Murray , The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) ^ Jump up to : Ripley & Dana 1859 , p. 622 . ^ Jump up to : Frey & Frey 1995 , pp. 126 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Nolan , Cathal J. ( 2008 ) , Wars of the Age of Louis XIV , 1650 -- 1715 , Greenwood encyclopedias of modern world wars , ABC - CLIO , p. 253 , ISBN 9780313359200 Jump up ^ Chisholm 1911 , pp. 499 -- 500 . Jump up ^ Konstam 2011 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Cowen , James ( 1955 ) . `` Chapter 7 : The Attack on Ohaeawai '' . The New Zealand Wars : A History of the Maori Campaigns and the Pioneering Period ( 1845 -- 1864 ) . Volume I. Wellington : R.E. Owen , Government Printer . Jump up ^ `` Early Maori military engineering skills to be honoured by New Zealand Professional Engineers '' . New Zealand Department of Conservation. 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Graham , James . `` The battle for Kawiti 's Ohaeawai Pa '' . HistoryOrb.com ) . Retrieved 26 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura , eds. ( 2003 ) . Studia Orientalia. 95 . Finnish Oriental Society , Suomen Itämainen Seura . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 29 . The Crimean War did have its own innovations : massive trench works and trench warfare ( ... ) . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Keller , Ulrich ( 2013 ) ( 2001 ) . The Ultimate Spectacle : A Visual History of the Crimean War . New York : Routledge . ISBN 9781134392094 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 30 . The bravura of generals and soldiers became secondary to the competence of engineers designing trenches and artillery officers directing batteries - though the high expectations set in the concentration of fire - power proved as illusory before Sebastopol as it did 60 years later at the Somme . But again , the modernity of the trench war was not immediately apparent to the contemporaries . Jump up ^ Civil War Weapons And Equipment by Russ A. Pritchard Jnr . Jump up ^ Dyer , Gwynn . 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Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Canada 's Army , p. 82 . Jump up ^ Vanderlinden , Anthony American Rifleman ( October 2008 ) pp. 91 -- 120 Jump up ^ Gary Sheffield ( 2007 ) . War on the Western Front : In the Trenches of World War I. Osprey Publishing . p. 201 . ISBN 1846032105 . Jump up ^ Hugh Chisholm ( 1922 ) . The Encyclopædia Britannica : The New Volumes , Constituting , in Combination with the Twenty - nine Volumes of the Eleventh Edition , the Twelfth Edition of that Work , and Also Supplying a New , Distinctive , and Independent Library of Reference Dealing with Events and Developments of the Period 1910 to 1921 Inclusive , Volume 1 . Encyclopædia Britannica Company Limited . p. 470 . Jump up ^ `` Bangalore torpedo '' , in Fitzsimons , Bernard , editor , Encyclopedia of 20th Century Weapons and Warfare ( London : Phoebus Publishing Company 1977 ) , Volume 3 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Jonathan W. ( November 1 , 2002 ) . `` Weaponry : Hiram Maxim 's machine gun probably claimed more lives than any other weapon ever made '' . Military History . 19 ( 4 ) : 16 . Jump up ^ John K. Mahon and Romana Danysh ( 1972 ) . INFANTRY Part I : Regular Army . ARMY LINEAGE SERIES . United States Army Center of Military History . LOC number : 74 - 610219 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2006 - 06 - 22 . Jump up ^ Saturday , 22 August 2009 Michael Duffy ( 2009 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Weapons of War : Machine Guns '' . First World War.com . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/machineguns.htm Jump up ^ Keegan 1999 , pp. 229 -- 30 . Jump up ^ General Sir Martin Farndale , History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery . Western Front 1914 -- 18 . London : Royal Artillery Institution , 1986 Jump up ^ http://www.bbc.co.uk/guides/zggykqt Jump up ^ https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/mine_warfare Jump up ^ `` Aces : A Story of the First World War '' , written by George Pearson , historical advisors Brereton Greenhous & Philip Markham , National Film Board of Canada , 1993 . Jump up ^ Finlayson , Damien ( 2010 ) : Crumps and Camouflets : Australian Tunnelling Companies on the Western Front . Big Sky Publishing , Newport , N.S.W. , Australia . ISBN 9780980658255 Accessed 2 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Branagan , D.F. ( 2005 ) : T.W. Edgeworth David : A Life : Geologist , Adventurer , Soldier and `` Knight in the old brown hat '' , National Library of Australia , Canberra , pp. 255 -- 314 . ISBN 0642107912 Accessed 2 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Battles : The Battle of Messines , 1917 '' . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . Jump up ^ Hermann Cron : Geschichte des Deutschen Heeres im Welkriege 1914 - 1918 ; Berlin 1937 , p. 23 Jump up ^ CSI Report No. 13 : Tactical responses to concentrated artillery : Introduction Archived 2011 - 06 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . ( Combat Studies Institute , U.S. Army Command and General Staff College , Fort Leavenworth ) . Jump up ^ Hellmuth Gruss : Die deutschen Sturmbataillone im Weltkrieg . Aufbau und Verwendung. ; Berlin , 1939 Jump up ^ Perrett , Bryan ( 1983 ) . A History of Blitzkrieg . New York : Jove Books . pp. 30 -- 31 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 515 - 10234 - 5 . Jump up ^ Remson , Andrew and Anderson , Debbie . `` World War II Battle of Kursk : Mine / Countermine operations '' . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2009 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 10 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) 25 April 2000 , ( Prepared for U.S. Army Communications - Electronics Command , Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate ) Section `` The Soviet defense system and minefields '' Jump up ^ Dagne 2000 , p. 12 . Jump up ^ Rettman , Andrew ( 24 February 2017 ) . `` Armenia - Azerbaijan war : line of contact '' . EUobserver . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Laurent , Olivier . `` Go Inside the Frozen Trenches of Eastern Ukraine '' . Time . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Daniel ( 16 August 2017 ) . `` Here 's what it 's like inside the bunkers Ukrainian troops are living in every day '' . Business Insider Australia . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . References ( edit ) Bidwell , Shelford ; Graham , Dominick ( 2004 ) , Fire - power -- The British Army Weapons and Theory of War 1904 -- 1945 , Pen & Sword Books Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` Weissenburg '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . pp. 499 -- 500 . Dagne , Theodros ( 6 July 2000 ) , The Ethiopia - Eritrea conflict ( CRS report number : RL30598 ) ( PDF ) , Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division , United States Congressional Research Service , p. 12 Ellis , John ( 1977 ) , Eye - Deep in Hell -- Life in the Trenches 1914 -- 1918 , Fontana Frey , Linda ; Frey , Marsha , eds. ( 1995 ) , `` Defensive Lines '' , The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession : An Historical and Critical Dictionary ( illus . ed . ) , Greenwood , pp. 126 -- 27 , ISBN 9780313278846 , retrieved 20 August 2015 Griffith , Paddy ( 1996 ) , Battle Tactics of the Western Front -- The British Army 's Art of Attack 1916 -- 18 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 06663 - 5 Griffith , Paddy ( 2004 ) , Fortifications of the Western Front 1914 -- 18 , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84176 - 760 - 4 Keegan , John ( 1999 ) , The First World War , New York : Alfred A. Knopf , ISBN 0 - 375 - 40052 - 4 Konstam , Angus ( 2011 ) , Marlborough ( illus . ed . ) , Oxford : Osprey , ISBN 9781780962320 Murray , Nicholas . The Rocky Road to the Great War : The Evolution of Trench Warfare to 1914 ( 2013 ) Ripley , George ; Dana , Charles Anderson , eds. ( 1859 ) , `` Fortification : III Field Fortifications '' , The New American Cyclopaedia : A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge , D. Appleton & Company , p. 622 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Trench warfare . Johnson , Patrick In Depth : A century of mud and fire , BBC News , 27 June 2006 Historic films and photos showing `` Trench Warfare in World War I '' at europeanfilmgateway.eu World War I Tanks at Tanks Encyclopedia YouTube video of excavated and restored British WWI trench near Ypres Preserved Trenches Sanctuary Wood , Ypres , Belgium YouTube video of Hill 60 on the Messines Ridge , site of a huge underground explosion Fortifications Ancient Abatis Agger Broch Burgus Castellum Castra Castros Circular rampart City gate Crannog Ditch Defensive wall Dun Faussebraye Gatehouse Gord Hillfort Limes Oppidum Palisade Pincer gate Promontory fort Rampart Ringfort ( Rath ) Refuge castle Schwedenschanze Stockade Sudis Trou de loup Vallum Wagon fort ( Laager ) Vitrified fort Post-classical Advanced work Albarrana tower Alcazaba Alcázar Arrowslit Barbican Bartizan Bastion Battery tower Battlement Bent entrance Bergfried Bretèche Bridge castle Bridge tower Butter - churn tower Caltrop Castle Chamber gate Chartaque Chashi Chemin de ronde Chemise Cheval de frise Citadel Coercion castle Concentric castle Corner tower Counter-castle Curtain Drawbridge Enceinte Embrasure Flanking tower Fortified buildings ( church , house ) Ganerbenburg Gate tower Gabion Glacis Guard tower Gulyay - gorod Gusuku Half tower Hoarding Inner bailey Keep Kremlin ( Detinets ) Landesburg L - plan castle Machicolation Merlon Moat Motte - and - bailey Murder - hole Neck ditch Outer bailey Outwork Peel tower Portcullis Postern Reduit Ringwork Quadrangular castle Shell keep Shield wall Toll castle Tower castle Tower house Turret Wall tower Bailey ( or ward ) Watchtower Witch tower Yett Modern 18th century and earlier Abwurfdach Bastion Blockhouse Breastwork Canal Caponier Casemate Cavalier Counterguard Counterscarp Couvreface Coupure Covertway Crownwork Device fort Entrenchment Flèche Gorge Hornwork Lunette Orillon Ostrog Place - of - arms Polygonal fort Presidio ( Spanish America ) Punji sticks Ravelin Redan Redoubt Retrenchment Sandbag Scarp Sconce Schanze Sea fort Station Star fort Tenaille 19th century Barbed wire Barbette Border outpost Bunker Coastal artillery Gun turret Land mine Martello tower Outpost Trench warfare Sangar Wire obstacles 20th century Admiralty scaffolding Air raid shelter Anti-tank trench Barbed tape Blast shelter Blast wall Border barrier Buoy Bremer wall Concertina wire Defensive fighting position British `` hedgehog '' road block Czech hedgehog Dragon 's teeth Entry control point ( ECP ) Electric fence Fallout shelter Fire support base Flak tower Hardened aircraft shelter Hesco bastion Main Line of Resistance Pillbox Revetment Sentry gun Spider hole Submarine pen Tunnel warfare Underground hangar By topography Cave castle Hill castle Hill fort Hillside castle Hilltop castle Island castle Lowland castle Marsh castle Moated castle Promontory fort Ridge castle Rocca Rock castle Spur castle Water castle By role Coercion castle Counter-castle Ganerbenburg Hunting lodge Imperial castle Kaiserpfalz Landesburg Lustschloss Ordensburg Refuge castle Toll castle Urban castle By design Bridge castle Circular rampart Concentric castle L - plan castle Motte - and - bailey castle Quadrangular castle Ringfort Ringwork Tower castle See also : Category World War I Home fronts Theatres European Balkans Western Front Eastern Front Italian Front Middle Eastern Gallipoli Sinai and Palestine Caucasus Persia Mesopotamia South Arabia African South West East Kamerun Togoland North Asian and Pacific Tsingtao German New Guinea and Samoa At sea North Atlantic U-boat campaign Mediterranean North Sea Baltic Indian , Pacific and South Atlantic Oceans Papeete Madras Penang Cocos Coronel Falkland Islands Más a Tierra Principal participants ( people ) Entente powers Belgium Brazil China France French Empire Greece Italy Japan Montenegro Portuguese Empire Romania Russia Russian Empire Russian Republic Serbia United Kingdom British Empire United States Central Powers Germany Austria - Hungary Ottoman Empire Bulgaria Timeline Pre-War conflicts Scramble for Africa ( 1880 -- 1914 ) Russo - Japanese War ( 1905 ) First Moroccan ( Tangier ) Crisis ( 1905 -- 06 ) Agadir Crisis ( 1911 ) Italo - 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which world war 1 military tactic resulted in a prolonged stalemate

Throughout World War I , the major combatants slowly developed different ways of breaking the stalemate of trench warfare ; the Germans focused more on new tactics while the British and French focused on tanks .

BET Awards 2018 - wikipedia BET Awards 2018 2018 BET Awards Date June 24 , 2018 Location Microsoft Theater , Los Angeles , California Presented by Black Entertainment Television Hosted by Jamie Foxx Most awards Cardi B and Kendrick Lamar ( 2 each ) Most nominations DJ Khaled and Kendrick Lamar ( 6 each ) Website www.bet.com/shows/bet-awards.html Television / radio coverage Network BET BET Her VH1 ← 17th BET Awards 19th → The 18th BET Awards was held at Microsoft Theater in Los Angeles , California on June 24 , 2018 . The ceremony celebrated achievements in entertainment and honors music , sports , television , and movies released between April 1 , 2017 and March 31 , 2018 . On May 22 , 2018 , it was announced the ceremony will be hosted by Jamie Foxx . Contents 1 Performers 2 Presenters 3 Nominations 4 Special awards 5 References 6 External links Performers ( edit ) Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Main show Jay Rock `` Win '' J. Cole Daniel Caesar Wale `` Intro '' `` Friends '' Migos `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Stir Fry '' Miguel `` Come Through and Chill '' `` Sky Walker '' SiR `` War '' Nicki Minaj `` Chun - Li '' `` Rich Sex '' YG 2 Chainz Big Sean Nicki Minaj `` Big Bank '' H.E.R. Daniel Caesar `` Focus '' `` Best Part '' Marsha Ambrosius Ledisi Yolanda Adams Tribute to Anita Baker `` Caught Up in the Rapture '' `` Sweet Love '' `` You Bring Me Joy '' Meek Mill Miguel `` Stay Woke '' Ella Mai `` Boo 'd Up '' Janelle Monáe `` Django Jane '' `` I Like That '' Snoop Dogg `` What 's My Name ( Who Am I ? ) '' `` The Next Episode '' Snoop Dogg Sly Pyper Tye Tribbett `` Sunrise '' `` You '' Presenters ( edit ) The first wave of presenters were announced on June 11 , with the second wave announced on June 14 . Kevin Hart LL Cool J Yvonne Orji Jason Mitchell Chloe x Halle Bobby Brown Trevor Jackson Jacob Latimore T.I. Gabrielle Dennis Woody McClain Mike Colter Amandla Stenberg Tyler Perry Regina Hall Omari Hardwick Tika Sumpter SZA Nominations ( edit ) Album of the Year Video of the Year DAMN . -- Kendrick Lamar 4 : 44 -- Jay - Z Black Panther : The Album -- Kendrick Lamar & Various artists Ctrl -- SZA Culture II -- Migos Grateful -- DJ Khaled Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' Bruno Mars featuring Cardi B -- `` Finesse ( Remix ) '' Cardi B -- `` Bodak Yellow '' DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller -- `` Wild Thoughts '' Kendrick Lamar -- `` HUMBLE . '' Migos featuring Drake - `` Walk It Talk It '' Coca - Cola Viewers ' Choice Award Best Collaboration Cardi B -- `` Bodak Yellow '' DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller -- `` Wild Thoughts '' Drake -- `` God 's Plan '' Kendrick Lamar -- `` HUMBLE . '' Migos , Nicki Minaj , & Cardi B -- `` MotorSport '' SZA featuring Travis Scott -- `` Love Galore '' DJ Khaled featuring Rihanna & Bryson Tiller -- `` Wild Thoughts '' Bruno Mars featuring Cardi B - `` Finesse ( Remix ) '' Kendrick Lamar featuring Rihanna -- `` LOYALTY . '' Cardi B featuring 21 Savage -- `` Bartier Cardi '' DJ Khaled featuring Jay - Z , Future , & Beyoncé -- `` Top Off '' French Montana featuring Swae Lee - `` Unforgettable '' Best Female R&B / Pop Artist Best Male R&B / Pop Artist Beyoncé H.E.R. Kehlani Rihanna SZA Bruno Mars Chris Brown Daniel Caesar Khalid The Weeknd Best Female Hip Hop Artist Best Male Hip Hop Artist Cardi B Dej Loaf Nicki Minaj Rapsody Remy Ma Kendrick Lamar DJ Khaled Drake J. Cole Jay - Z Best Duo / Group Best New Artist Migos N.E.R.D Rae Sremmurd A Tribe Called Quest Chloe x Halle SZA A Boogie wit da Hoodie Daniel Caesar GoldLink H.E.R. Dr. Bobby Jones Best Gospel / Inspirational Award BET Her Award Lecrae featuring Tori Kelly -- `` I 'll Find You '' Marvin Sapp -- `` Close '' Ledisi & Kirk Franklin -- `` If You Do n't Mind '' Snoop Dogg featuring B. Slade -- `` Words Are Few '' Tasha Cobbs Leonard featuring Nicki Minaj -- `` I 'm Getting Ready '' Mary J. Blige -- `` Strength of a Woman '' Janelle Monáe -- `` Django Jane '' Remy Ma featuring Chris Brown -- `` Melanin Magic ( Pretty Brown ) '' Leikeli47 -- `` 2nd Fiddle '' Lizzo -- `` Water Me '' Chloe x Halle -- `` The Kids Are Alright '' Video Director of the Year Best Movie Ava DuVernay Benny Boom Director X Chris Brown Dave Meyers Black Panther A Wrinkle in Time Girls Trip Mudbound Detroit Best Actress Best Actor Tiffany Haddish Angela Bassett Issa Rae Taraji P. Henson Lupita Nyong'o Letitia Wright Chadwick Boseman Denzel Washington Sterling K. Brown Michael B. Jordan Daniel Kaluuya Donald Glover YoungStars Award Best International Act Yara Shahidi Caleb McLaughlin Lonnie Chavis Marsai Martin Miles Brown Ashton Tyler Davido ( Nigeria ) Stormzy ( UK ) Fally Ipupa ( DR Congo ) Cassper Nyovest ( South Africa ) Tiwa Savage ( Nigeria ) Niska ( France ) Distruction Boyz ( South Africa ) Sjava ( South Africa ) Stefflon Don ( UK ) J Hus ( UK ) Dadju ( France ) Booba ( France ) Sportswoman of the Year Sportsman of the Year Serena Williams Elana Meyers Taylor Candace Parker Skylar Diggins - Smith Venus Williams LeBron James Dwyane Wade Odell Beckham Jr . Stephen Curry Kevin Durant Special awards ( edit ) Lifetime Achievement Award : Anita Baker Humanitarian Award : Mamoudou Gassama ( French ) Ultimate Icon Award : Debra L. Lee Shine A Light Award : Brittnay Packnett References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mitchell , Gail ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jamie Foxx to Emcee the 2018 BET Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BET Networks Announces Official Nominees For The ' BET Awards ' 2018 '' ( Press release ) . New York , NY : Black Entertainment Television . May 16 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2018 . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Amatulli , Jenna ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` The 2018 BET Awards Nominations Are Here And DJ Khaled Must Be Screaming '' . HuffPost . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Official website Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BET_Awards_2018&oldid=851712118 '' Categories : BET Awards 2018 music awards 2018 awards 2018 awards in the United States Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 24 July 2018 , at 03 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

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Artist ( s ) Song ( s ) Main show Jay Rock `` Win '' J. Cole Daniel Caesar Wale `` Intro '' `` Friends '' Migos `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Stir Fry '' Miguel `` Come Through and Chill '' `` Sky Walker '' SiR `` War '' Nicki Minaj `` Chun - Li '' `` Rich Sex '' YG 2 Chainz Big Sean Nicki Minaj `` Big Bank '' H.E.R. Daniel Caesar `` Focus '' `` Best Part '' Marsha Ambrosius Ledisi Yolanda Adams Tribute to Anita Baker `` Caught Up in the Rapture '' `` Sweet Love '' `` You Bring Me Joy '' Meek Mill Miguel `` Stay Woke '' Ella Mai `` Boo 'd Up '' Janelle Monáe `` Django Jane '' `` I Like That '' Snoop Dogg `` What 's My Name ( Who Am I ? ) '' `` The Next Episode '' Snoop Dogg Sly Pyper Tye Tribbett `` Sunrise '' `` You ''

Book of Numbers - wikipedia Book of Numbers Jump to : navigation , search For the 1973 American crime film , see Book of Numbers ( film ) . Tanakh ( Judaism ) Torah ( Instruction ) ( hide ) Genesis Brʾeišyt Exodus Šemot Leviticus Wayiqra Numbers Bəmidbar Deuteronomy Devarim Nevi'im ( Prophets ) ( show ) Former Joshua Yehoshua Judges Shofetim Samuel Shemuel Kings Melakhim Latter Isaiah Yeshayahu Jeremiah Yirmeyahu Ezekiel Yekhezqel Minor Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Ketuvim ( Writings ) ( show ) Poetic Psalms Təhillîm Proverbs Mishlei Job Iyov Five Megillot ( Scrolls ) Song of Songs Shir Hashirim Ruth Rut Lamentations Eikhah Ecclesiastes Qoheleth Esther Ester Historical Daniel Daniyyel Ezra -- Nehemiah Ezra Chronicles Dibh 're Hayyamim Old Testament ( Christianity ) Pentateuch ( hide ) Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Historical ( show ) Joshua Judges Ruth 1 and 2 Samuel 1 and 2 Kings 1 and 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Wisdom ( show ) Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song of Songs Prophetic ( show ) Major prophets Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Minor prophets Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanonical ( show ) Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom of Solomon Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Orthodox Tewahedo 1 Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Bible portal The Book of Numbers ( from Greek Ἀριθμοί , Arithmoi ; Hebrew : בְּמִדְבַּר ‬ , Bəmiḏbar , `` In the desert ( of ) '' ) is the fourth book of the Hebrew Bible , and the fourth of five books of the Jewish Torah . The book has a long and complex history , but its final form is probably due to a Priestly redaction ( i.e. , editing ) of a Yahwistic source made some time in the early Persian period ( 5th century BCE ) . The name of the book comes from the two censuses taken of the Israelites . Numbers begins at Mount Sinai , where the Israelites have received their laws and covenant from God and God has taken up residence among them in the sanctuary . The task before them is to take possession of the Promised Land . The people are counted and preparations are made for resuming their march . The Israelites begin the journey , but they `` murmur '' at the hardships along the way , and about the authority of Moses and Aaron . For these acts , God destroys approximately 15,000 of them through various means . They arrive at the borders of Canaan and send spies into the land . Upon hearing the spies ' fearful report concerning the conditions in Canaan , the Israelites refuse to take possession of it . God condemns them to death in the wilderness until a new generation can grow up and carry out the task . The book ends with the new generation of Israelites in the Plain of Moab ready for the crossing of the Jordan River . Numbers is the culmination of the story of Israel 's exodus from oppression in Egypt and their journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers . As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in Genesis and played out in Exodus and Leviticus : God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great ( i.e. numerous ) nation , that they will have a special relationship with Yahweh their god , and that they shall take possession of the land of Canaan . Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness , faithfulness and trust : despite God 's presence and his priests , Israel lacks faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 2 Summary 3 Composition 4 Themes 5 Weekly Torah portions 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Citations 7.2 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links 9.1 Translations Structure ( edit ) Most commentators divide Numbers into three sections based on locale ( Mount Sinai , Kadesh - Barnea and the plains of Moab ) , linked by two travel sections ; an alternative is to see it as structured around the two generations of those condemned to die in the wilderness and the new generation who will enter Canaan , making a theological distinction between the disobedience of the first generation and the obedience of the second . Summary ( edit ) Priest , Levite , and furnishings of the Tabernacle God orders Moses , in the wilderness of Sinai , to number those able to bear arms -- of all the men `` from twenty years old and upward , '' and to appoint princes over each tribe . A total of 603,550 Israelites are found to be fit for military service . The tribe of Levi is exempted from military service and therefore not included in the census . Moses consecrates the Levites for the service of the Tabernacle in the place of the first - born sons , who hitherto had performed that service . The Levites are divided into three families , the Gershonites , the Kohathites , and the Merarites , each under a chief . The Kohathites were headed by Eleazar , son of Aaron , while the Gershonites and Merarites were headed by Aaron 's other son , Ithamar . Preparations are then made for resuming the march to the Promised Land . Various ordinances and laws are decreed . The Israelites set out from Sinai . The people murmur against God and are punished by fire ; Moses complains of their stubbornness and is ordered to choose seventy elders to assist him in the government of the people . Miriam and Aaron insult Moses at Hazeroth , which angers God ; Miriam is punished with leprosy and is shut out of camp for seven days , at the end of which the Israelites proceed to the desert of Paran on the border of Canaan . Twelve spies are sent out into Canaan and come back to report to Moses . Joshua and Caleb , two of the spies , report that the land is abundant and is `` flowing with milk and honey '' , but the other spies say that it is inhabited by giants , and the Israelites refuse to enter the land . Yahweh decrees that the Israelites will be punished for their loss of faith by having to wander in the wilderness for 40 years . Moses is ordered by God to make plates to cover the altar . The children of Israel murmur against Moses and Aaron on account of the destruction of Korah 's men and are stricken with the plague , with 14,700 perishing . Aaron and his family are declared by God to be responsible for any iniquity committed in connection with the sanctuary . The Levites are again appointed to help in the keeping of the Tabernacle . The Levites are ordered to surrender to the priests a part of the tithes taken to them . Miriam dies at Kadesh Barnea and the Israelites set out for Moab , on Canaan 's eastern border . The Israelites blame Moses for the lack of water . Moses is ordered by God to speak to a rock but initially disobeys , and is punished by the announcement that he shall not enter Canaan . The king of Edom refuses permission to pass through his land and they go around it . Aaron dies on Mount Hor . The Israelites are bitten by Fiery flying serpents for speaking against God and Moses . A brazen serpent is made to ward off these serpents . The Israelites arrive on the plains of Moab . A new census gives the total number of males from twenty years and upward as 601,730 , and the number of the Levites from the age of one month and upward as 23,000 . The land shall be divided by lot . The daughters of Zelophehad , their father having no sons , are to share in the allotment . Moses is ordered to appoint Joshua as his successor . Prescriptions for the observance of the feasts and the offerings for different occasions are enumerated . Moses orders the Israelites to massacre the people of Midian . The Reubenites and the Gadites request Moses to assign them the land east of the Jordan . Moses grants their request after they promise to help in the conquest of the land west of the Jordan . The land east of the Jordan is divided among the tribes of Reuben , Gad , and the half - tribe of Manasseh . Moses recalls the stations at which the Israelites halted during their forty years ' wanderings and instructs the Israelites to exterminate the Canaanites and destroy their idols . The boundaries of the land are spelled out ; the land is to be divided under the supervision of Eleazar , Joshua , and twelve princes , one of each tribe . Composition ( edit ) Balaam and the Angel ( illustration from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle ) The majority of modern biblical scholars believe that the Torah ( the books of Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers , and Deuteronomy ) reached its present form in the post-Exilic period ( i.e. , after c. 520 BCE ) , based on pre-existing written and oral traditions and `` contemporary geographical and demographic details but even more importantly from contemporary political realities '' . The five books are often described as being drawn from four `` sources '' - schools of writers rather than individuals - the Yahwist and the Elohist ( frequently treated as a single source ) , the Priestly source and the Deuteronomist . There is ongoing dispute over the origins of the non-Priestly source ( s ) , but it is generally agreed that the Priestly source is post-exilic . Genesis is made up of Priestly and non-Priestly material . Exodus is an anthology drawn from nearly all periods of Israel 's history . Leviticus is entirely Priestly and dates from the exilic / post-exilic period . Numbers is a Priestly redaction ( i.e. , editing ) of a non-Priestly original . Deuteronomy , now the last book of the Torah , began as the set of religious laws ( these make up the bulk of the book ) , was extended in the early part of the 6th century BCE to serve as the introduction to the Deuteronomistic history ( the books from Joshua to Kings ) , and later still was detached from that history , extended and edited again , and attached to the Torah . Themes ( edit ) A Plague Inflicted on Israel While Eating the Quail ( illustration from the 1728 Figures de la Bible ) David A. Clines , in his influential The Themes of the Pentateuch ( 1978 ) , identified the overarching theme of the five books as the partial fulfilment of a promise made by God to the patriarchs , Abraham , Isaac and Jacob . The promise has three elements : posterity ( i.e. , descendants -- Abraham is told that his descendants will be as innumerable as the stars ) , divine - human relationship ( Israel is to be God 's chosen people ) , and land ( the land of Canaan , cursed by Noah immediately after the Deluge ) . The theme of the divine - human relationship is expressed , or managed , through a series of covenants ( meaning treaties , legally binding agreements ) stretching from Genesis to Deuteronomy and beyond . The first is the covenant between God and Noah immediately after the Deluge in which God agrees never again to destroy the Earth with water . The next is between God and Abraham , and the third between God and all Israel at Mount Sinai . In this third covenant , unlike the first two , God hands down an elaborate set of laws ( scattered through Exodus , Leviticus and Numbers ) , which the Israelites are to observe ; they are also to remain faithful to Yahweh , the god of Israel , meaning , among other things , that they must put their trust in his help . The theme of descendants marks the first event in Numbers , the census of Israel 's fighting men : the huge number which results ( over 600,000 ) demonstrates the fulfillment of God 's promise to Abraham of innumerable descendants , as well as serving as God 's guarantee of victory in Canaan . As chapters 1 -- 10 progress , the theme of God 's presence with Israel comes to the fore : these chapters describe how Israel is to be organised around the Sanctuary , God 's dwelling - place in their midst , under the charge of the Levites and priests , in preparation for the conquest of the land . The Israelites then set out to conquer the land , but almost immediately they refuse to enter it , and Yahweh condemns the whole generation who left Egypt to die in the wilderness . The message is clear : failure was not due to any fault in the preparation , because Yahweh had foreseen everything , but to Israel 's sin of unfaithfulness . In the final section , the Israelites of the new generation follow Yahweh 's instructions as given through Moses and are successful in all they attempt . The last five chapters are exclusively concerned with land : instructions for the extermination of the Canaanites , the demarcation of the boundaries of the land , how the land is to be divided , holy cities for the Levites and `` cities of refuge '' , the problem of pollution of the land by blood , and regulations for inheritance when a male heir is lacking . Weekly Torah portions ( edit ) Main article : Weekly Torah portion Bemidbar , on Numbers 1 -- 4 : First census , priestly duties Naso , on Numbers 4 -- 7 : Priestly duties , the camp , unfaithfulness and the Nazirite , Tabernacle consecration Behaalotecha , on Numbers 8 -- 12 : Levites , journeying by cloud and fire , complaints , questioning of Moses Shlach , on Numbers 13 -- 15 : Mixed report of the scouts and Israel 's response , libations , bread , idol worship , fringes Korach , on Numbers 16 -- 18 : Korah 's rebellion , plague , Aaron 's staff buds , duties of the Levites Chukat , on Numbers 19 -- 21 : Red heifer , water from a rock , Miriam 's and Aaron 's deaths , victories , serpents Balak , on Numbers 22 -- 25 : Balaam 's donkey and blessing Pinechas , on Numbers 25 -- 29 : Phinehas , second census , inheritance , Moses ' successor , offerings and holidays Matot , on Numbers 30 -- 32 : Vows , Midian , dividing booty , land for Reuben , Gad , and half of Manasseh Masei , on Numbers 33 -- 36 : Stations of the Israelites ' journeys , instructions for conquest , cities for Levites See also ( edit ) Balaam Book of the Wars of the Lord Inverted nun ( only appears twice in the Book of Numbers and seven times in the Book of Psalms ) Ketef Hinnom Priestly Blessing Torah What hath God wrought ( disambiguation ) Wilderness of Sin References ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ashley 1993 , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : McDermott 2002 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Olson 1996 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Stubbs 2009 , p. 19 -- 20 . Jump up ^ Ashley 1993 , p. 2 - 3 . Jump up ^ Knierim 1995 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Enns 2012 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Finkelstein , I. , Silberman , NA. , The Bible Unearthed : Archaeology 's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Its Sacred Texts , p. 68 - 69 Jump up ^ Coogan , Brettler & Newsom 2007 , p. 6 . ^ Jump up to : Carr 2000 , p. 492 . Jump up ^ Dozeman 2000 , p. 443 . Jump up ^ Houston 2003 , p. 102 . Jump up ^ Van Seters 2004 , p. 93 . Jump up ^ Clines 1997 , p. 29 . Jump up ^ Bandstra 2004 , p. 28 - 29 . Jump up ^ Olson 1996 , p. 14 . ^ Jump up to : Ska 2006 , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Clines 1997 , p. 62 . Bibliography ( edit ) Ashley , Timothy R ( 1993 ) . The Book of Numbers . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825230 . Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : an introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . Carr , David ( 2000 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann ( 2007 ) . `` Editors ' Introduction '' . In Coogan , Michael David ; Brettler , Marc Zvi ; Newsom , Carol Ann . The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical Books . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195288803 . Dozeman , Thomas ( 2000 ) . `` Exodus , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9789053565032 . Enns , Peter ( 2012 ) . The Evolution of Adam . Baker Books . ISBN 9781587433153 . Houston , Walter J ( 2003 ) . `` Leviticus '' . In Dunn , James D.G. ; Rogerson , John William . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . Knierim , Rolf P ( 1995 ) . The task of Old Testament theology : substance , method , and cases . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802807151 . McDermott , John J ( 2002 ) . Reading the Pentateuch : a historical introduction . Pauline Press . ISBN 9780809140824 . Olson , Dennis T ( 1996 ) . Numbers . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664237363 . Plaut , Gunther . The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . Stubbs , David L ( 2009 ) . Numbers . Brazos Press . ISBN 9780664237363 . Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : a social - science commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567080882 . Further reading ( edit ) Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Treasures old and new : essays in the theology of the Pentateuch . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802826794 . Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of faith : a theological handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : texts , introductions , annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . Carr , David M. ( 2016 ) . `` The Formation of the Hebrew Bible '' . In Niditch , Susan . The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Ancient Israel . John Wiley & Sons . Dawes , Gregory W ( 2005 ) . Introduction to the Bible . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814628355 . Fretheim , Terence E ( 1998 ) . `` Numbers '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . Gilbert , Christopher ( 2009 ) . A Complete Introduction to the Bible . Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809145522 . Knierim , Rolf P ; Coats , George W ( 2005 ) . Numbers . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802822314 . Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . An Introduction to the Bible . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible today : an introduction to critical issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Numbers . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Numbers ( Bible ) Numbers - Mikraot Gedolot Haketer - online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) במדבר Bamidbar -- Numbers ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) Translations ( edit ) Jewish translations : Numbers at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) Numbers ( The Living Torah ) Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan 's translation and commentary at Ort.org Bamidbar -- Numbers ( Judaica Press ) translation ( with Rashi 's commentary ) at Chabad.org Christian translations : Numbers Online Bible at GospelHall.org ( King James Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( New Revised Standard Version ) oremus Bible Browser ( Anglicized New Revised Standard Version ) Numbers at Wikisource ( Authorized King James Version ) Numbers at drbo.org ( Douay - Rheims Version ) Bible : Numbers public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions Book of Numbers Pentateuch Preceded by Leviticus Hebrew Bible Succeeded by Deuteronomy Christian Old Testament ( hide ) Books of the Bible Principal divisions Hebrew Bible / Old Testament Protocanon Genesis Exodus Leviticus Numbers Deuteronomy Joshua Judges Ruth 1 -- 2 Samuel 1 -- 2 Kings 1 -- 2 Chronicles Ezra Nehemiah Esther Job Psalms Proverbs Ecclesiastes Song Isaiah Jeremiah Lamentations Ezekiel Daniel Hosea Joel Amos Obadiah Jonah Micah Nahum Habakkuk Zephaniah Haggai Zechariah Malachi Deuterocanon and Apocrypha Catholic Orthodox Tobit Judith Additions to Esther 1 Maccabees 2 Maccabees Wisdom Sirach Baruch / Letter of Jeremiah Additions to Daniel Susanna Song of the Three Children Bel and the Dragon Orthodox only 1 Esdras 2 Esdras Prayer of Manasseh Psalm 151 3 Maccabees 4 Maccabees Odes Tewahedo Orthodox Enoch Jubilees 1 , 2 , and 3 Meqabyan Paralipomena of Baruch Broader canon Syriac Letter of Baruch Psalms 152 -- 155 New Testament Matthew Mark Luke Acts Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Revelation Subdivisions Chapters and verses Pentateuch Wisdom Major prophets / Minor prophets Gospels Synoptic Epistles Pauline Johannine Pastoral Catholic Apocalyptic literature Development Old Testament canon New Testament canon Antilegomena Jewish canon Christian canon Manuscripts Dead Sea Scrolls Samaritan Pentateuch Septuagint Targum Diatessaron Muratorian fragment Peshitta Vetus Latina Masoretic Text New Testament manuscript categories New Testament papyri New Testament uncials See also Biblical canon Luther 's canon Authorship English Bible translations Other books referenced in the Bible Pseudepigrapha list New Testament apocrypha Studies Synod of Hippo Textual criticism Portal WikiProject Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Numbers&oldid=836829385 '' Categories : 5th - century BC books Book of Numbers Torah books Hidden categories : Articles containing Hebrew - language text Articles with LibriVox links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Afrikaans አማርኛ Aragonés Asturianu Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Kinyarwanda Kiswahili Ladino Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malagasy മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Mìng - dĕ̤ng - ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Rumantsch Runa Simi Русский Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Lingua Franca Nova 76 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 02 : 33 . 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what does the book of numbers in the bible mean

Numbers is the culmination of the story of Israel 's exodus from oppression in Egypt and their journey to take possession of the land God promised their fathers . As such it draws to a conclusion the themes introduced in Genesis and played out in Exodus and Leviticus : God has promised the Israelites that they shall become a great ( i.e. numerous ) nation , that they will have a special relationship with Yahweh their god , and that they shall take possession of the land of Canaan . Numbers also demonstrates the importance of holiness , faithfulness and trust : despite God 's presence and his priests , Israel lacks faith and the possession of the land is left to a new generation .

Mandible - wikipedia Mandible This article is about mammalian jawbone . For the mouthparts of arthropods , see Mandible ( arthropod mouthpart ) . For those specifically of insects , see Mandible ( insect mouthpart ) . `` Mandibular '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mandibular ( disambiguation ) . Mandible The mandible The human skull , with the mandible shown in purple at the bottom . Details Precursor 1st pharyngeal arch Identifiers Latin mandibula MeSH D008334 TA A02. 1.15. 001 FMA 52748 Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The mandible , lower jaw or jawbone is the largest , strongest and lowest bone in the human face . It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place . The mandible sits beneath the maxilla . It is the only movable bone of the skull ( discounting the ossicles of the middle ear ) . The bone is formed in the fetus from a fusion of the left and right mandibular prominences , and the point where these sides join , the mandibular symphysis , is still visible as a faint ridge in the midline . Like other symphyses in the body , this is a midline articulation where the bones are joined by fibrocartilage , but this articulation fuses together in early childhood . The word `` mandible '' derives from the Latin word mandibula , `` jawbone '' ( literally `` one used for chewing '' ) , from mandere `` to chew '' and - bula ( instrumental suffix ) . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Components 1.1. 1 Body 1.1. 2 Ramus 1.2 Foramina 1.3 Nerves 1.4 Variation 2 Development 2.1 Aging 3 Function 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Fracture 4.2 Forensic medicine 5 Other vertebrates 6 Society and culture 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Mandible , lateral surface , side view Components ( edit ) Mandible , medial surface , side view The mandible consists of : The body , found at the front A ramus on the left and the right , the rami rise up from the body of the mandible and meet with the body at the angle of the mandible or the gonial angle . Body ( edit ) Body and ramus of the mandible . The mandibular foramen is labeled on the right , and the mental foramen is the small unlabelled hole visible near on the left . The lingula is just above the mandibular foramen . The body of the mandible is curved , and the front part gives structure to the chin . It has two surfaces and two borders . From the outside , the mandible is marked in the midline by a faint ridge , indicating the mandibular symphysis , the line of junction of the two pieces of which the bone is composed at an early period of life . This ridge divides below and encloses a triangular eminence , the mental protuberance , the base of which is depressed in the center but raised on either side to form the mental tubercle . On either side of the symphysis , just below the incisor teeth , is a depression , the incisive fossa , which gives origin to the mentalis and a small portion of the orbicularis oris . Below the second premolar tooth , on either side , midway between the upper and lower borders of the body , is the mental foramen , for the passage of the mental vessels and nerve . Running backward and upward from each mental tubercle is a faint ridge , the oblique line , which is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus ; it affords attachment to the depressor labii inferioris and depressor anguli oris ; the platysma is attached below it . From the inside , the mandible appears concave . Near the lower part of the symphysis is a pair of laterally placed spines , termed the mental spines , which give origin to the genioglossus . Immediately below these is a second pair of spines , or more frequently a median ridge or impression , for the origin of the geniohyoid . In some cases , the mental spines are fused to form a single eminence , in others they are absent and their position is indicated merely by an irregularity of the surface . Above the mental spines , a median foramen and furrow are sometimes seen ; they mark the line of union of the halves of the bone . Below the mental spines , on either side of the middle line , is an oval depression for the attachment of the anterior belly of the digastric . Extending upward and backward on either side from the lower part of the symphysis is the mylohyoid line , which gives origin to the mylohyoid muscle ; the posterior part of this line , near the alveolar margin , gives attachment to a small part of the constrictor pharyngis superior , and to the pterygomandibular raphe . Above the anterior part of this line is a smooth triangular area against which the sublingual gland rests , and below the hinder part , an oval fossa for the submaxillary gland . Borders The superior or alveolar border , wider behind than in front , is hollowed into cavities , for the reception of the teeth ; these cavities are sixteen in number and vary in depth and size according to the teeth which they contain . To the outer lip of the superior border , on either side , the buccinator is attached as far forward as the first molar tooth . The inferior border is rounded , longer than the superior , and thicker in front than behind ; at the point where it joins the lower border of the ramus a shallow groove ; for the facial artery , may be present . Ramus ( edit ) 3D model of Mandible The ramus ( Latin : branch ) of the human mandible has four sides , two surfaces , four borders , and two processes . On the outside , the ramus is flat and marked by oblique ridges at its lower part ; it gives attachment throughout nearly the whole of its extent to the masseter muscle . On the inside at the center there is an oblique mandibular foramen , for the entrance of the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve . The margin of this opening is irregular ; it presents in front a prominent ridge , surmounted by a sharp spine , the lingula of the mandible , which gives attachment to the sphenomandibular ligament ; at its lower and back part is a notch from which the mylohyoid groove runs obliquely downward and forward , and lodges the mylohyoid vessels and nerve . Behind this groove is a rough surface , for the insertion of the internal pterygoid muscle . The mandibular canal runs obliquely downward and forward in the ramus , and then horizontally forward in the body , where it is placed under the alveoli and communicates with them by small openings . On arriving at the incisor teeth , it turns back to communicate with the mental foramen , giving off two small canals which run to the cavities containing the incisor teeth . In the posterior two - thirds of the bone the canal is situated nearer the internal surface of the mandible ; and in the anterior third , nearer its external surface . It contains the inferior alveolar vessels and nerve , from which branches are distributed to the teeth . Borders The lower border of the ramus is thick , straight , and continuous with the inferior border of the body of the bone . At its junction with the posterior border is the angle of the mandible , which may be either inverted or everted and is marked by rough , oblique ridges on each side , for the attachment of the masseter laterally , and the Pterygoideus internus medially ; the stylomandibular ligament is attached to the angle between these muscles . The anterior border is thin above , thicker below , and continuous with the oblique line . The region where the lower border meets the posterior border is the angle of the mandible , often called the gonial angle . The posterior border is thick , smooth , rounded , and covered by the parotid gland . The upper border is thin , and is surmounted by two processes , the coronoid in front and the condyloid behind , separated by a deep concavity , the mandibular notch . Processes The coronoid process is a thin , triangular eminence , which is flattened from side to side and varies in shape and size . The condyloid process is thicker than the coronoid , and consists of two portions : the mandibular condyle , and the constricted portion which supports it , the neck . The mandibular notch , separating the two processes , is a deep semilunar depression and is crossed by the masseteric vessels and nerve . Foramina ( edit ) The mandible has two main holes ( foramina ) , found on both its right and left sides : The mandibular foramen , is above the mandibular angle in the middle of each ramus . The mental foramen sits on either side of the mental protuberance ( chin ) on the body of mandible , usually inferior to the apices of the mandibular first and second premolars . As mandibular growth proceeds in young children , the mental foramen alters in direction of its opening from anterior to posterosuperior . The mental foramen allows the entrance of the mental nerve and blood vessels into the mandibular canal . Nerves ( edit ) A panoramic radiographic reveals the mandible , including the heads and necks of the mandibular condyles , the coronoid processes of the mandible , as well as the nasal antrum and the maxillary sinuses . The Inferior alveolar nerve , a branch of the mandibular nerve , ( a major division of the trigeminal nerve ) , enters the mandibular foramen and runs forward in the mandibular canal , supplying sensation to the teeth . At the mental foramen , the nerve divides into two terminal branches : incisive and mental nerves . The incisive nerve runs forward in the mandible and supplies the anterior teeth . The mental nerve exits the mental foramen and supplies sensation to the lower lip . Variation ( edit ) Males generally have squarer , stronger , and larger mandibles than females . The mental protuberance is more pronounced in males but can be visualized and palpated in females . Rarely , a bifid inferior alveolar nerve may be present , in which case a second mandibular foramen , more inferiorly placed , exists and can be detected by noting a doubled mandibular canal on a radiograph . Development ( edit ) The mandible forms as a bone ( ossifies ) over time from a left and right piece of cartilage called Meckel 's cartilages . These cartilages form the cartilaginous bar of the mandibular arch . Near the head , they are connected with the ear capsules , and they meet at the lower end at the mandibular symphysis , a fusion point between the two bones , by mesodermal tissue . They run forward immediately below the condyles and then , bending downward , lie in a groove near the lower border of the bone ; in front of the canine tooth they incline upward to the symphysis . From the proximal end of each cartilage the malleus and incus , two of the bones of the middle ear , are developed ; the next succeeding portion , as far as the lingula , is replaced by fibrous tissue , which persists to form the sphenomandibular ligament . Between the lingula and the canine tooth the cartilage disappears , while the portion of it below and behind the incisor teeth becomes ossified and incorporated with this part of the mandible . About the sixth week of fetal life , intramembranous ossification takes place in the membrane covering the outer surface of the ventral end of Meckel 's cartilage , and each half of the bone is formed from a single center which appears , near the mental foramen . By the tenth week , the portion of Meckel 's cartilage which lies below and behind the incisor teeth is surrounded and invaded by the dermal bone ( also known as the membrane bone ) . Somewhat later , accessory nuclei of cartilage make their appearance : a wedge - shaped nucleus in the condyloid process and extending downward through the ramus ; a small strip along the anterior border of the coronoid process ; smaller nuclei in the front part of both alveolar walls and along the front of the lower border of the bone . These accessory nuclei possess no separate ossific centers but are invaded by the surrounding dermal bone and undergo absorption . The inner alveolar border , usually described as arising from a separate ossific center ( splenial center ) , is formed in the human mandible by an ingrowth from the main mass of the bone . At birth the bone consists of two parts , united by a fibrous symphysis , in which ossification takes place during the first year . Figure 3 : Mandible of human embryo 24 mm . long . Outer aspect . Figure 4 : Mandible of human embryo 24 mm . long . Inner aspect . Figure 5 : Mandible of human embryo 95 mm . long . Outer aspect . Nuclei of cartilage stippled . Figure 5 : Mandible of human embryo 95 mm . long . Inner aspect . Nuclei of cartilage stippled . Aging ( edit ) At birth , the body of the bone is a mere shell , containing the sockets of the two incisor , the canine , and the two deciduous molar teeth , imperfectly partitioned off from one another . The mandibular canal is of large size and runs near the lower border of the bone ; the mental foramen opens beneath the socket of the first deciduous molar tooth . The angle is obtuse ( 175 ° ) , and the condyloid portion is nearly in line with the body . The coronoid process is of comparatively large size , and projects above the level of the condyle . After birth , the two segments of the bone become joined at the symphysis , from below upward , in the first year ; but a trace of separation may be visible in the beginning of the second year , near the alveolar margin . The body becomes elongated in its whole length , but more especially behind the mental foramen , to provide space for the three additional teeth developed in this part . The depth of the body increases owing to increased growth of the alveolar part , to afford room for the roots of the teeth , and by thickening of the subdental portion which enables the jaw to withstand the powerful action of the masticatory muscles ; but , the alveolar portion is the deeper of the two , and , consequently , the chief part of the body lies above the oblique line . The mandibular canal , after the second dentition , is situated just above the level of the mylohyoid line ; and the mental foramen occupies the position usual to it in the adult . The angle becomes less obtuse , owing to the separation of the jaws by the teeth ; about the fourth year it is 140 ° . In the adult , the alveolar and subdental portions of the body are usually of equal depth . The mental foramen opens midway between the upper and lower borders of the bone , and the mandibular canal runs nearly parallel with the mylohyoid line . The ramus is almost vertical in direction , the angle measuring from 110 ° to 120 ° , also the adult condyle is higher than the coronoid process and the sigmoid notch becomes deeper . In old age , the bone can become greatly reduced in volume where there is a loss of teeth , and consequent resorption of the alveolar processes and interalveolar septa . Consequently , the chief part of the bone is below the oblique line . The mandibular canal , with the mental foramen opening from it , is closer to the alveolar border . The ramus is oblique in direction , the angle measures about 140 ° , and the neck of the condyle is more or less bent backward . Changes in the mandible with age At birth . In childhood . In the adult . In old age . Function ( edit ) The Pterygoidei ; the zygomatic arch and a portion of the ramus of the mandible have been removed This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( March 2017 ) It forms the lower jaw and holds the lower teeth in place . The mandible articulates with the left and right temporal bones at the temporomandibular joints . Condyloid process , superior ( upper ) and posterior projection from the ramus , which makes the temporomandibular joint with the temporal bone Coronoid process , superior and anterior projection from the ramus . This provides attachment to the temporalis muscle Teeth sit in the upper part of the body of the mandible . The frontmost part of teeth is more narrow and holds front teeth . The back part holds wider and flatter teeth primarily for chewing food . These teeth also often have wide and sometimes deep grooves on the surfaces Clinical significance ( edit ) Fracture ( edit ) Main article : Mandibular fracture Frequency by location One fifth of facial injuries involve a mandibular fracture . Mandibular fractures are often accompanied by a ' twin fracture ' on the opposite side . There is no universally accepted treatment protocol , as there is no consensus on the choice of techniques in a particular anatomical shape of mandibular fracture clinic . A common treatment involves attachment of metal plates to the fracture to assist in healing . Causes of mandibular fractures Cause Percentage Motor vehicle accident 40 % Assault 10 % Fall 10 % Sport 5 % Other 5 % The mandible may be dislocated anteriorly ( to the front ) and inferiorly ( downwards ) but very rarely posteriorly ( backwards ) . The mandibular alveolar process can become resorbed when completely edentulous in the mandibular arch ( occasionally noted also in partially edentulous cases ) . This resorption can occur to such an extent that the mental foramen is virtually on the superior border of the mandible , instead of opening on the anterior surface , changing its relative position . However , the more inferior body of the mandible is not affected and remains thick and rounded . With age and tooth loss , the alveolar process is absorbed so that the mandibular canal becomes nearer the superior border . Sometimes with excessive alveolar process absorption , the mandibular canal disappears entirely and leaves the inferior alveolar nerve without its bony protection , although it is still covered by soft tissue . Forensic medicine ( edit ) When remains of humans are found , the mandible is one of the common findings , sometimes the only bone found . Skilled experts can estimate the age of the human upon death because the mandible changes over a person 's life . Other vertebrates ( edit ) Sperm whale mandible In lobe - finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods , the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw . In such animals , it is referred to as the dentary bone , and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw . It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones , while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it . The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone , while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper . Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone . As the name implies , the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary , but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones , and sometimes on the prearticular as well . This complex primitive pattern has , however , been simplified to various degrees in the great majority of vertebrates , as bones have either fused or vanished entirely . In teleosts , only the dentary , articular , and angular bones remain , while in living amphibians , the dentary is accompanied only by the prearticular , and , in salamanders , one of the coronoids . The lower jaw of reptiles has only a single coronoid and splenial , but retains all the other primitive bones except the prearticular and the periosteum . While , in birds , these various bones have fused into a single structure , in mammals most of them have disappeared , leaving an enlarged dentary as the only remaining bone in the lower jaw -- the mandible . As a result of this , the primitive jaw articulation , between the articular and quadrate bones , has been lost , and replaced with an entirely new articulation between the mandible and the temporal bone . An intermediate stage can be seen in some therapsids , in which both points of articulation are present . Aside from the dentary , only few other bones of the primitive lower jaw remain in mammals ; the former articular and quadrate bones survive as the malleus and the incus of the middle ear . Finally , the cartilaginous fish , such as sharks , do not have any of the bones found in the lower jaw of other vertebrates . Instead , their lower jaw is composed of a cartilagenous structure homologous with the Meckel 's cartilage of other groups . This also remains a significant element of the jaw in some primitive bony fish , such as sturgeons . Society and culture ( edit ) In the Book of Judges , Samson used a donkey 's jawbone to kill a thousand Philistines . Additional images ( edit ) Lateral view Gray181. png The surgical treatment of mandibular angle fracture . See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Human anatomy , mandible . This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Bone terminology Oral and maxillofacial surgery Simian shelf Terms for anatomical location References ( edit ) This article incorporates text in the public domain from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Jump up ^ hednk - 023 -- Embryo Images at University of North Carolina Jump up ^ Gray 's Anatomy -- The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice , 40th Edition , p. 530 Jump up ^ Tortora , G ; Derrickson , B. Principles of anatomy & physiology ( 13th . ed . ) . Wiley . p. 226 . ISBN 9780470646083 . ^ Jump up to : Illustrated Anatomy of the Head and Neck , Fehrenbach and Herring , Elsevier , 2012 , p. 59 ^ Jump up to : Marius Pricop , Horațiu Urechescu , Adrian Sîrbu ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Fracture of the mandibular coronoid process -- case report and review of the literature '' . Rev. chir . oro - maxilo - fac . implantol. ( in Romanian ) . 3 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 4 . ISSN 2069 - 3850 . 58 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( webpage has a translation button ) Jump up ^ Levin L , Zadik Y , Peleg K , Bigman G , Givon A , Lin S ( August 2008 ) . `` Incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries during the Second Lebanon War among Israeli soldiers and civilians '' . J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 66 ( 8 ) : 1630 -- 63 . doi : 10.1016 / j. joms. 2007.11. 028 . PMID 18634951 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 16 . Jump up ^ Tiberiu Niță , Vasilios Panagopoulos , Laurențiu Munteanu , Alexandru Roman ( Mar 2012 ) . `` Customised osteosynthesis with miniplates in anatomo - clinical forms of mandible fractures '' . Rev. chir . oro - maxilo - fac . implantol. ( in Romanian ) . 3 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 15 . ISSN 2069 - 3850 . 59 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ( webpage has a translation button ) ^ Jump up to : Romer , Alfred Sherwood ; Parsons , Thomas S. ( 1977 ) . The Vertebrate Body . Philadelphia , PA : Holt - Saunders International . pp. 244 -- 47 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 910284 - X . Jump up ^ Judges 15 : 16 on BibleHub . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mandible . The facial skeleton of the skull Maxilla Surfaces Anterior : fossae ( Incisive fossa , Canine fossa ) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal : Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital : Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal : Greater palatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process ( Agger nasi , Anterior lacrimal crest ) Alveolar process Palatine process ( Incisive foramen , Incisive canals , Foramina of Scarpa , Incisive bone , Anterior nasal spine ) Other Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process ( Zygomatico - orbital ) Temporal process ( Zygomaticotemporal ) Lateral process ( Zygomaticofacial ) Palatine Fossae Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate ( Posterior nasal spine ) Perpendicular plate ( Greater palatine canal , Sphenopalatine foramen ) Hard palate Processes Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal Mandible Body external surface ( Chin , Mandibular prominence , Mandibular symphysis , Lingual foramen , Mental protuberance , Mental foramen , Mandibular incisive canal ) internal surface ( Mental spine , Mylohyoid line , Sublingual fovea , Submandibular fovea ) Alveolar part Ramus Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea Nose Nasal bone Internasal suture Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha Ethmoidal process Maxillary process Vomer Wing Other Lacrimal Posterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal groove Lacrimal hamulus Prognathism Retromolar space Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs Anatomy portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mandible&oldid=866423168 '' Categories : Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray 's Anatomy ( 1918 ) Vertebrate anatomy Parts of a bird beak Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) Articles containing Latin - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles to be expanded from March 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego Հայերեն Ido ქართული Македонски Bahasa Melayu Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский සිංහල Simple English Українська Tiếng Việt 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 06 : 48 ( UTC ) . 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where does the mandible articulate with the skull

In lobe - finned fishes and the early fossil tetrapods , the bone homologous to the mandible of mammals is merely the largest of several bones in the lower jaw . In such animals , it is referred to as the dentary bone , and forms the body of the outer surface of the jaw . It is bordered below by a number of splenial bones , while the angle of the jaw is formed by a lower angular bone and a suprangular bone just above it . The inner surface of the jaw is lined by a prearticular bone , while the articular bone forms the articulation with the skull proper . Finally a set of three narrow coronoid bones lie above the prearticular bone . As the name implies , the majority of the teeth are attached to the dentary , but there are commonly also teeth on the coronoid bones , and sometimes on the prearticular as well .

Mexican Open ( tennis ) - wikipedia Mexican Open ( tennis ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 189.216. 191.33 ( talk ) at 06 : 50 , 6 June 2017 ( → ‎ WTA points and prize money ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 06 : 50 , 6 June 2017 by 189.216. 191.33 ( talk ) ( → ‎ WTA points and prize money ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Abierto Mexicano Telcel p / b HSBC Tournament information Tour ATP World Tour WTA Tour Founded 1993 ( men ) , 2001 ( women ) Location Acapulco , Mexico Venue Fairmont Acapulco Princess Category ATP World Tour 500 WTA International Surface Clay ( Outdoor ) ( 1993 -- 2013 ) Hard ( Outdoor ) ( 2014 -- present ) Draw 32S / 16Q / 16D ( men ) 32S / 32Q / 16D ( women ) Prize money US $ 1,212,750 ( men ) US $ 235,000 ( women ) Website Official website Current champions ( 2017 ) Men 's singles Sam Querrey Women 's singles Lesia Tsurenko Men 's doubles Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Women 's doubles Darija Jurak Anastasia Rodionova The Mexican Open , ( currently sponsored by Telcel and HSBC and called the Abierto Mexicano Telcel presented by HSBC ) , is a joint professional tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts , and held annually in late February at the Fairmont Acapulco Princess in Acapulco , Mexico . It was played on outdoor red clay courts until 2013 . The change to hard courts was introduced in 2014 . The Mexican Open is part of the ATP World Tour 500 series on the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) World Tour , and of the WTA International tournaments on the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) Tour . The tournament was introduced on the ATP Tour in 1993 , and began on the WTA Tour in 2001 . It was held in Mexico City from 1993 to 1998 , and once more in 2000 , before being relocated to Acapulco in 2001 . It 's the closing leg of the four - ATP tournament Golden Swing . Starting in 2014 , the Mexican Open 's surface changed from clay to hard courts , serving as a lead - up to the first ATP World Tour Masters 1000 event of the season in Indian Wells , United States . Contents ( hide ) 1 Past finals 1.1 Men 's singles 1.2 Women 's singles 1.3 Men 's doubles 1.4 Women 's doubles 2 ATP points and prize money 3 WTA points and prize money 4 References 5 External links Past finals ( edit ) In the men 's singles , David Ferrer ( 2010 -- 2012 , 2015 ) and Thomas Muster ( 1993 -- 1996 ) hold the record for most overall titles ( four ) , and Muster has the record for most consecutive wins ( four ) . On the women 's side , Amanda Coetzer ( 2001 , 2003 ) , Flavia Pennetta ( 2005 , 2008 ) , Venus Williams ( 2009 -- 10 ) and Sara Errani ( 2012 -- 13 ) co-hold the record for most singles titles ( two ) , Williams and Errani being the only players to score two straight wins in Mexico . In the men 's doubles , Donald Johnson ( 1996 , 2000 -- 01 ) has won the most titles ( three ) , and co-holds with Michal Mertiňák ( 2008 -- 09 ) and David Marrero ( 2012 -- 13 ) the record for most back - to - back titles ( two ) . In the women 's doubles , María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2001 , 2008 -- 09 ) is the one holding the most titles ( three ) and shares with Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2008 -- 09 ) the record for most consecutive wins ( two ) . Men 's singles ( edit ) Thomas Muster ( 1993 -- 96 ) holds the records for most overall and consecutive titles ( four ) in Mexico . Year Champion Runner - up Score 1993 Thomas Muster Carlos Costa 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1994 Thomas Muster Roberto Jabali 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 1995 Thomas Muster Fernando Meligeni 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 1996 Thomas Muster Jiří Novák 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 1997 Francisco Clavet Joan Albert Viloca 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 1998 Jiří Novák Xavier Malisse 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 1999 Not held 2000 Juan Ignacio Chela Mariano Puerta 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2001 Gustavo Kuerten Galo Blanco 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2002 Carlos Moyà Fernando Meligeni 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2003 Agustín Calleri Mariano Zabaleta 7 -- 5 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2004 Carlos Moyà Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2005 Rafael Nadal Álbert Montañés 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 0 2006 Luis Horna Juan Ignacio Chela 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2007 Juan Ignacio Chela Carlos Moyà 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2008 Nicolás Almagro David Nalbandian 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 6 2009 Nicolás Almagro Gaël Monfils 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 4 2010 David Ferrer Juan Carlos Ferrero 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2011 David Ferrer Nicolás Almagro 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 2 2012 David Ferrer Fernando Verdasco 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2013 Rafael Nadal David Ferrer 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 ↓ Changed from Clay to Hard Court ↓ 2014 Grigor Dimitrov Kevin Anderson 7 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2015 David Ferrer Kei Nishikori 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 2016 Dominic Thiem Bernard Tomic 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2017 Sam Querrey Rafael Nadal 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 Women 's singles ( edit ) Two - time champion Flavia Pennetta ( 2005 , 2008 ) also holds the record for most finals in Mexico with seven ( runner - up finishes in 2004 , 2006 -- 07 , 2009 , 2012 ) . Year Champion Runner - up Score 2001 Amanda Coetzer Elena Dementieva 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2002 Katarina Srebotnik Paola Suárez 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2003 Amanda Coetzer ( 2 ) Mariana Díaz Oliva 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2004 Iveta Benešová Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 Flavia Pennetta Ľudmila Cervanová 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2006 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 2007 Émilie Loit Flavia Pennetta 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2008 Flavia Pennetta ( 2 ) Alizé Cornet 6 -- 0 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 2009 Venus Williams Flavia Pennetta 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 2 2010 Venus Williams ( 2 ) Polona Hercog 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2011 Gisela Dulko Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2012 Sara Errani Flavia Pennetta 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 0 2013 Sara Errani ( 2 ) Carla Suárez Navarro 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 ↓ Changed from Clay to Hard Court ↓ 2014 Dominika Cibulková Christina McHale 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2015 Timea Bacsinszky Caroline Garcia 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 0 2016 Sloane Stephens Dominika Cibulková 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 2017 Lesia Tsurenko Kristina Mladenovic 6 -- 1 , 7 -- 5 Men 's doubles ( edit ) Michal Mertiňák ( 2008 -- 09 ) holds , with Donald Johnson ( 2000 -- 01 ) and David Marrero ( 2012 -- 13 ) , the men 's doubles record for most consecutive titles ( two ) . Year Champions Runners - up Score 1993 Leonardo Lavalle Jaime Oncins Horacio de la Peña Jorge Lozano 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 1994 Francisco Montana Bryan Shelton Luke Jensen Murphy Jensen 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 1995 Javier Frana Leonardo Lavalle Marc - Kevin Goellner Diego Nargiso 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 1996 Donald Johnson Francisco Montana Nicolás Pereira Emilio Sánchez 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 1997 Nicolás Lapentti Daniel Orsanic Luis Herrera Mariano Sánchez 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 1998 Jiří Novák David Rikl Daniel Orsanic David Roditi 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 1999 Not held 2000 Byron Black Donald Johnson Gastón Etlis Martín Rodríguez 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 2001 Donald Johnson Gustavo Kuerten David Adams Martín García 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 2002 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Martin Damm David Rikl 6 -- 1 , 3 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 2 ) 2003 Mark Knowles Daniel Nestor David Ferrer Fernando Vicente 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2004 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan Juan Ignacio Chela Nicolás Massú 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 3 2005 David Ferrer Santiago Ventura Jiří Vaněk Tomáš Zíb 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 4 2006 František Čermák Leoš Friedl Potito Starace Filippo Volandri 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 2007 Potito Starace Martín Vassallo Argüello Lukáš Dlouhý Pavel Vízner 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 2 2008 Oliver Marach Michal Mertiňák Agustín Calleri Luis Horna 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 7 ) 2009 František Čermák Michal Mertiňák Łukasz Kubot Oliver Marach 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , ( 10 -- 7 ) 2010 Łukasz Kubot Oliver Marach Fabio Fognini Potito Starace 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 0 2011 Victor Hănescu Horia Tecău Marcelo Melo Bruno Soares 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2012 David Marrero Fernando Verdasco Marcel Granollers Marc López 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 2013 Łukasz Kubot David Marrero Simone Bolelli Fabio Fognini 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 2 2014 Kevin Anderson Matthew Ebden Feliciano López Max Mirnyi 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2015 Ivan Dodig Marcelo Melo Mariusz Fyrstenberg Santiago González 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , ( 10 -- 3 ) 2016 Treat Huey Max Mirnyi Philipp Petzschner Alexander Peya 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 2017 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares John Isner Feliciano López 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 Women 's doubles ( edit ) María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2001 , 2008 -- 09 ) is the only women 's doubles three - time champion in Acapulco . Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2008 -- 09 ) shares with Martínez Sánchez the record for back - to - back titles ( two ) . Year Champions Runners - up Score 2001 María José Martínez Sánchez Anabel Medina Garrigues Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 2002 Virginia Ruano Pascual Paola Suárez Tina Križan Katarina Srebotnik 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 1 2003 Émilie Loit Åsa Svensson Petra Mandula Patricia Wartusch 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 2004 Lisa McShea Milagros Sequera Olga Blahotová Gabriela Navrátilová 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 2005 Alina Jidkova Tatiana Perebiynis Rosa María Andrés Rodríguez Conchita Martínez Granados 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 2006 Anna - Lena Grönefeld Meghann Shaughnessy Shinobu Asagoe Émilie Loit 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 2007 Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja Émilie Loit Nicole Pratt 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 3 2008 Nuria Llagostera Vives María José Martínez Sánchez ( 2 ) Iveta Benešová Petra Cetkovská 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 4 2009 Nuria Llagostera Vives ( 2 ) María José Martínez Sánchez ( 3 ) Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 2010 Polona Hercog Barbora Záhlavová - Strýcová Sara Errani Roberta Vinci 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 2 ) 2011 Mariya Koryttseva Ioana Raluca Olaru Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , ( 10 -- 4 ) 2012 Sara Errani Roberta Vinci Lourdes Domínguez Lino Arantxa Parra Santonja 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 1 2013 Lourdes Domínguez Lino ( 2 ) Arantxa Parra Santonja ( 2 ) Catalina Castaño Mariana Duque Mariño 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 2014 Kristina Mladenovic Galina Voskoboeva Petra Cetkovská Iveta Melzer 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , ( 10 -- 5 ) 2015 Lara Arruabarrena María Teresa Torró Flor Andrea Hlaváčková Lucie Hradecká 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , ( 13 -- 11 ) 2016 Anabel Medina Garrigues ( 2 ) Arantxa Parra Santonja ( 3 ) Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 6 -- 0 , 6 -- 4 2017 Darija Jurak Anastasia Rodionova Mariana Duque Mariño Verónica Cepede Royg 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 ATP points and prize money ( edit ) For the 2015 edition the distribution of points and prize money was as follows : Singles Round ATP Points Prize Money Winner 500 US $300,000 Finalist 300 US $126,000 Semifinalists 180 US $55,500 Quarter - finalists 90 US $25,750 Round of 16 45 US $12,250 Round of 32 0 US $6,400 WTA points and prize money ( edit ) For the 2015 edition the distribution of points and prize money was as follows : Singles Round WTA Points Prize Money Winner 280 US $43,000 Finalist 200 US $19,000 Semifinalists 130 US $10,200 Quarter - finalists 70 US $5,340 Round of 16 30 US $2,950 Round of 32 1 US $1,725 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` atpworldtour.com Acapulco tournament profile '' . atpworldtour.com . ATP Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` wtatennis.com Acapulco tournament profile '' . wtatennis.com . WTA Tour , Inc . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 15 . External links ( edit ) Official website Awards and achievements Preceded by Dubai ATP International Series Gold Tournament of the Year 2007 Succeeded by Dubai Preceded by Bali ( Tier III -- IV -- V ) Pattaya Favorite WTA International Tournament 2009 2011 Succeeded by Pattaya TBD ( show ) Acapulco tournaments 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 NH 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 ( show ) ATP World Tour 500 series ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Rotterdam Acapulco Dubai Barcelona Hamburg Washington Beijing Tokyo Basel 2014 -- current Rio de Janeiro 2015 -- current London / Queen 's Club Halle Vienna Past tournaments 2009 -- 2013 Memphis 2009 -- 2014 Valencia ( show ) WTA International tournaments ( 2009 -- current ) 2009 -- current Auckland Hobart Acapulco Monterrey Kuala Lumpur Bogotá Rabat Strasbourg ' s - Hertogenbosch Båstad Istanbul Quebec City Guangzhou Seoul Tashkent Linz Tokyo Luxembourg 2011 -- current Washington DC 2013 -- current Shenzhen Nuremberg 2014 -- current Hong Kong Bucharest Tianjin 2015 -- current Nottingham Prague 2016 -- current Mallorca Nanchang Taipei Gstaad Defunct Bad Gastein Baku Barcelona Birmingham Brisbane Copenhagen Dallas Florianópolis Katowice Marbella Memphis Palermo Pattaya Ponte Vedra Beach Portorož Oeiras Rio de Janeiro Sofia ( show ) Previous tournament categories ( 1969 -- 2008 ) ( show ) ATP International Series Gold ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Rotterdam Memphis Mexico City / Acapulco Barcelona Kitzbühel Tokyo Vienna 2000 -- 2001 / 2003 -- 2008 Stuttgart 2000 London 2000 -- 2002 Washington Indianapolis 2001 -- 2008 Dubai ( show ) ATP International Series ( 2000 -- 2008 ) 2000 -- 2008 Adelaide Doha Chennai Sydney Auckland Santiago / Viña del Mar Delray Beach Marseille San Jose Scottsdale / Las Vegas Estoril Majorca / Valencia Orlando / Houston Munich Casablanca St. Pölten / Pörtschach Halle London ' s - Hertogenbosch Nottingham Gstaad Newport Båstad Amsterdam / Amersfoort Umag Los Angeles Long Island / New Haven Bucharest Stockholm Moscow St. Petersburg Lyon Basel 2000 Dubai San Marino Brighton Toulouse 2000 -- 2001 Bogotá Atlanta 2000 -- 2001 / 2003 -- 2007 Shanghai / Ho Chi Minh City / Mumbai 2000 -- 2002 Hong Kong Tashkent 2000 -- 2003 Copenhagen 2000 -- 2006 Palermo 2001 -- 2005 Milan 2001 -- 2008 Buenos Aires Sopot / Warsaw Costa do Sauípe 2002 Stuttgart 2003 -- 2008 Indianapolis Washington Bangkok Metz 2004 -- 2008 Beijing 2006 -- 2008 Zagreb ( show ) WTA Tier III Tournaments ( 1990 -- 2008 ) 1990 Houston 1990 Tampa 1990 Newport 1990 -- 1991 San Diego 1990 -- 1992 San Antonio 1990 - 1992 Sydney 1990 - 1992 Leipzig 1991 -- 1992 Barcelona 1992 -- 1994 Lucerne 1992 - 1994 Osaka 1993 / 2007 -- 2008 Budapest 1993 Kitzbühel 1993 -- 1994 Schenectady 1993 - 1994 Brisbane 1993 -- 1997 Linz 1993 -- 2008 Oklahoma City / Memphis 1993 -- 2008 Strasbourg 1993 -- 2008 Tokyo Outdoor 1993 -- 2008 Birmingham 1993 -- 2008 Quebec City 1994 -- 1996 Moscow ( Ladies Open ) 1995 San Juan 1995 / 2000 -- 2003 Zagreb / Bol 1995 -- 1996 Jakarta 1995 -- 1998 / 2002 Warsaw 1996 Moscow ( Kremlin Cup ) 1996 -- 2004 / 2008 Luxembourg City 1996 -- 2008 ' s - Hertogenbosch 1997 -- 2003 Madrid 1997 -- 2008 Gold Coast 1998 Prague 1998 Boston 1999 Cairo 1999 -- 2004 Sopot 1999 -- 2008 Kuala Lumpur / Bali 2000 -- 2004 Vienna 2001 Canberra 2001 -- 2003 Doha 2001 -- 2008 Bogotá 2001 - 2008 Acapulco 2004 -- 2006 Hasselt 2004 -- 2008 Cincinnati 2004 -- 2008 Guangzhou 2005 -- 2007 Bangkok 2005 -- 2007 Kolkata 2005 -- 2008 Istanbul 2006 -- 2007 Bangalore 2007 -- 2008 Bad Gastein 2008 Viña del Mar Coordinates : 16 ° 47 ′ 16 '' N 99 ° 48 ′ 42 '' W  /  16.78778 ° N 99.81167 ° W  / 16.78778 ; - 99.81167 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mexican_Open_(tennis)&oldid=784056750 '' Categories : Mexican Open ( tennis ) Clay court tennis tournaments WTA Tour Recurring sporting events established in 1993 ATP World Tour 500 series Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2012 All articles needing additional references Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox tennis tournament with location field Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia العربية Български Bosanski Català Čeština Español Français Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 June 2017 , at 06 : 50 . 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who has won the 2017 atp mexico open hard court tennis tournament

Abierto Mexicano Telcel p / b HSBC Tournament information Tour ATP World Tour WTA Tour Founded 1993 ( men ) , 2001 ( women ) Location Acapulco , Mexico Venue Fairmont Acapulco Princess Category ATP World Tour 500 WTA International Surface Clay ( Outdoor ) ( 1993 -- 2013 ) Hard ( Outdoor ) ( 2014 -- present ) Draw 32S / 16Q / 16D ( men ) 32S / 32Q / 16D ( women ) Prize money US $ 1,212,750 ( men ) US $ 235,000 ( women ) Website Official website Current champions ( 2017 ) Men 's singles Sam Querrey Women 's singles Lesia Tsurenko Men 's doubles Jamie Murray Bruno Soares Women 's doubles Darija Jurak Anastasia Rodionova

Italy national football team - wikipedia Italy national football team Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the men 's team . For the women 's team , see Italy women 's national football team . Italy Nickname ( s ) Gli Azzurri ( The Blues ) Association Italian Football Federation ( Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio -- FIGC ) Confederation UEFA ( Europe ) Head coach Luigi Di Biagio ( caretaker ) Captain vacant Most caps Gianluigi Buffon ( 175 ) Top scorer Luigi Riva ( 35 ) Home stadium Various FIFA code ITA First colours Second colours FIFA ranking Current 14 ( 15 February 2018 ) Highest 1 ( November 1993 , February 2007 , April -- June 2007 , September 2007 ) Lowest 17 ( July 2015 , October 2015 , September 2017 ) Elo ranking Current 10 ( 18 February 2018 ) Highest 1 ( June 1934 -- March 1940 , December 1940 -- November 1945 , July -- August 2006 ) Lowest 21 ( November 1959 ) First international Italy 6 -- 2 France ( Milan , Italy ; 15 May 1910 ) Biggest win Italy 9 -- 0 United States ( Brentford , England ; 2 August 1948 ) Biggest defeat Hungary 7 -- 1 Italy ( Budapest , Hungary ; 6 April 1924 ) World Cup Appearances 18 ( first in 1934 ) Best result Champions , 1934 , 1938 , 1982 and 2006 European Championship Appearances 9 ( first in 1968 ) Best result Champions , 1968 Confederations Cup Appearances 2 ( first in 2009 ) Best result Third place , 2013 Medal record ( show ) Olympic Games 1928 Amsterdam Team 1936 Berlin Team 2004 Athens Team The Italy national football team ( Italian : Nazionale di calcio dell'Italia ) represents Italy in association football and is controlled by the Italian Football Federation ( FIGC ) , the governing body for football in Italy . Italy is one of the most successful national teams in the history of the World Cup , having won four titles ( 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 ) and appearing in two finals ( 1970 , 1994 ) , reaching a third place ( 1990 ) and a fourth place ( 1978 ) . In 1938 , they became the first team to defend their previous World Cup tournament victory and due to the outbreak of World War II retained the title for a record 16 years . They have also won a European Championship ( 1968 ) , as well as appearing in two other finals ( 2000 , 2012 ) , one Olympic football tournament ( 1936 ) and two Central European International Cups . Italy 's highest finish at the FIFA Confederations Cup was in 2013 , when the squad achieved a third - place finish . The national football team is known as Gli Azzurri from the traditional colour of Italian national teams and athletes representing Italy . In its first two matches , the Italian national team wore white shirts with shorts from the club of each player ; the azure shirts were introduced in the third match ; ( azzurro , in Italian ) comes from the `` Azzurro Savoia '' ( Savoy Blue ) , the colour traditionally linked to the royal dynasty which unified Italy in 1861 , and maintained in the official standard of the Italian President . The primary training ground is at the FIGC headquarters in Coverciano , Florence , and the team plays their home matches at various stadiums throughout Italy . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1910 -- 1938 : Origins and first two World Cups 1.2 1946 -- 1966 : Post-World War II 1.3 1968 -- 1976 : European champions and World Cup runners - up 1.4 1978 -- 1986 : The third World Cup generation 1.5 1988 -- 2000 : World Cup and European Championship runners - up 1.6 2000 -- 2004 : Trapattoni Era 1.7 2006 : Fourth World Cup title 1.8 2006 -- 2010 : Post World Cup and Lippi 's second term 1.9 2010 -- 2014 : European Championship runners - up 1.10 2014 -- 2016 : Euro 2016 campaign 1.11 2016 -- present : Failure to qualify for 2018 FIFA World Cup and rebuild 2 Coaching staff 3 Players 3.1 Current squad 3.2 Recent call - ups 3.3 Previous squads 4 Recent results and forthcoming fixtures 4.1 2017 4.2 2018 5 Records 5.1 Most capped players 5.2 Top goalscorers 5.3 Captains 5.4 Hat - tricks 6 Head to head records 7 Kit history 8 Competitive record 8.1 FIFA World Cup 8.2 UEFA European Championship 8.3 FIFA Confederations Cup 8.4 UEFA Nations League 9 Honours 9.1 Trophies 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article : History of the Italy national football team 1910 -- 1938 : origins and first two World Cups ( edit ) The squad celebrating its first FIFA World Cup in 1934 . Giuseppe Meazza played from 1930 to 1939 in the national team . The team 's first match was held in Milan on 15 May 1910 . Italy defeated France by a score of 6 -- 2 , with Italy 's first goal scored by Pietro Lana . Some turmoil kept the players of Pro Vercelli , who were the best team in the league , out of the game . At the end of the match , the players received some cigarette packets thrown by the 4,000 spectators as a prize . The Italian team played with a ( 2 -- 3 -- 5 ) system and consisted of : De Simoni ; Varisco , Calì ; Trerè , Fossati , Capello ; Debernardi , Rizzi , Cevenini I , Lana , Boiocchi . First captain of the team was Francesco Calì . The first success in an official tournament came with the bronze medal in 1928 Summer Olympics , held in Amsterdam . After losing the semi-final against Uruguay , an 11 -- 3 victory against Egypt secured third place in the competition . In the 1927 -- 30 and 1933 -- 35 Central European International Cup , Italy achieved the first place out of five Central European teams , topping the group with 11 points in both editions of the tournament . After declining to participate in the first World Cup ( 1930 , in Uruguay ) the Italian national team won two consecutive editions of the tournament in 1934 and 1938 , under the direction of coach Vittorio Pozzo and the performance of Giuseppe Meazza , who is considered one of the best Italian football players of all time by some . Other stars of that era included Luis Monti , Giovanni Ferrari , Giuseppe Ruffino and Virginio Rosetta . The hosts , Azzurri , defeated Czechoslovakia 2 -- 1 in extra time in Rome , with goals by Raimundo Orsi and Angelo Schiavio to achieve their first World cup title in 1934 . They achieved their second title in a 4 -- 2 defeat of Hungary , with two goals by Gino Colaussi and two goals by Silvio Piola in the World Cup that followed . 1946 -- 1966 : post-world War II ( edit ) In 1949 , 10 of the 11 players in the team 's initial line - up were killed in the Superga air disaster that affected Torino , winners of the previous five Serie A titles . Italy did not advance further than the first round of the 1950 World Cup , as they were weakened severely due to the air disaster . The team had travelled by boat rather than by plane , fearing another accident . In the World Cup finals of 1954 and 1962 , Italy failed to progress past the first round , and did not qualify for the 1958 World Cup . Italy did not take part in the first edition of the European Championship in 1960 ( then known as the European Nations Cup ) , and was knocked out by the Soviet Union in the round of 16 of the 1964 European Championship . Their participation in the 1966 World Cup was ended by a 0 -- 1 defeat at the hands of North Korea . Despite being the tournament favourites , the Azzurri , whose 1966 squad included Gianni Rivera and Giacomo Bulgarelli , were eliminated in the first round by the semi-professional North Koreans . The Italian team was bitterly condemned upon their return home , while North Korean scorer Pak Doo - ik was celebrated as the David who killed Goliath . 1968 -- 1976 : European champions and World Cup runners - up ( edit ) In 1968 , the Azzurri won their first major competition since the 1938 World Cup , beating Yugoslavia in Rome for the European Championship title . The match holds the distinction of being the only European Championship or World Cup final to go to a replay . After extra time the final ended in a 1 -- 1 draw , and in the days before penalty shootouts , the rules required the match to be replayed a few days later . Italy won the replay 2 -- 0 ( with goals from Luigi Riva and Pietro Anastasi ) to take the trophy . In the 1970 World Cup , exploiting the performances of European champions ' players like Giacinto Facchetti , Gianni Rivera and Luigi Riva and with a new center - forward Roberto Boninsegna , the team were able to come back to a World Cup final match after 32 years . They reached this result after one of the most famous matches in football history : Italy vs. West Germany 4 -- 3 , which is known as the `` Game of the Century '' . They were defeated by Brazil in the final . The cycle of international successes ended in the 1974 World Cup , when the team was eliminated by Grzegorz Lato 's Polish team in the first round . 1978 -- 1986 : the third World Cup generation ( edit ) Italy 's line up , before the match against France in a group stage game at the 1978 FIFA World Cup at Estadio José María Minella ( Mar del Plata , Argentina -- 2 June 1978 ) In the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina , a new generation of Italian players , the most famous being Paolo Rossi , came to the international stage . Italy were the only team in the tournament to beat the eventual champions and host team Argentina . Second - round games against West Germany ( 0 -- 0 ) , Austria ( 1 -- 0 ) and Netherlands ( 1 -- 2 ) led Italy to the third - place final , where the team was defeated by Brazil 2 -- 1 . In the match that eliminated Italy from the tournament against the Netherlands , Italian goalkeeper Dino Zoff was beaten by a long - distance shot from Arie Haan , and Zoff was criticized for the defeat . Italy hosted the 1980 UEFA European Football Championship , the first edition to be held between eight teams instead of four , automatically qualifying for the finals as hosts . After two draws with Spain and Belgium and a narrow 1 -- 0 win over England , Italy were beaten by Czechoslovakia in the third - place match on penalties 9 -- 8 after Fulvio Collovati missed his kick . Italy 's starting line - up , before the match against Argentina in a group stage game at the 1982 FIFA World Cup . One of the widely remembered pictures of the 1982 FIFA World Cup , Italian President Sandro Pertini playing scopone with Dino Zoff , Franco Causio and coach Bearzot . After a scandal in Serie A where some National team players such as Paolo Rossi were prosecuted and suspended for match fixing and illegal betting . The Azzurri qualified for the second round of the 1982 World Cup after three uninspiring draws against Poland , Peru and Cameroon . Having been loudly criticized , the Italian team decided on a press black - out from then on , with only coach Enzo Bearzot and captain Dino Zoff appointed to speak to the press . Italy 's regrouped in the second round group , a group of death with Argentina and Brazil . In the opener , Italy prevailed 2 -- 1 over Argentina , with Italy 's goals , both left - footed strikes , were scored by Marco Tardelli and Antonio Cabrini . After Brazil defeated Argentina 3 -- 1 , Italy needed to win in order to advance to the semi-finals . Twice Italy went in the lead with Paolo Rossi 's goals , and twice Brazil came back . When Falcão scored to make it 2 -- 2 , Brazil would have been through on goal difference , but in the 74th minute Rossi scored the winning goal , for a hat - trick , in a crowded penalty area to send Italy to the semifinals after one of the greatest games in World Cup history . Italy then progressed to the semi final where they defeated Poland with two goals from Rossi . In the final , Italy met West Germany , who had advanced by a penalty shootout victory against France . The first half ended scoreless , after Antonio Cabrini missed a penalty awarded for a Hans - Peter Briegel foul on Bruno Conti . In the second half Paolo Rossi again scored the first goal , and while the Germans were pushing forward in search of an equaliser , Marco Tardelli and substitute Alessandro Altobelli finalised two contropiede counterattacks to make it 3 -- 0 . Paul Breitner scored home West Germany 's consolation goal seven minutes from the end . Tardelli 's cry , `` Gol ! Gol ! '' was one of the defining images of Italy 's 1982 World Cup triumph . Paolo Rossi won the Golden Boot with six goals as well as the Golden Ball Award for the best player of the tournament , and 40 - year - old captain - goalkeeper Dino Zoff became the oldest player to win the World Cup . However , Italy failed to qualify for the 1984 European Championship . Italy then entered as reigning champions in the 1986 World Cup but were eliminated by reigning European Champions , France , in the round of 16 . 1988 -- 2000 : World Cup and European Championship runners - up ( edit ) 1986 also led to Bearzot 's departure , with Azeglio Vicini appointed in his place . New coach conceded a chance to young players , such as Ciro Ferrara and Gianluca Vialli : Sampdoria striker scored goals that gave Italy 1988 European Championship pass . He was also shown like Altobelli 's possibly successor , having his same goal attitude . Both forwards stroke the target in Germany , where Soviet Union defeated azzurri in semi-finals . Italy hosted the World Cup for the second time in 1990 . The Italian attack featured talented forwards Salvatore Schillaci and a young Roberto Baggio . Despite being favourites to win , playing nearly all of their matches in Rome and not conceding a goal in their first five matches , Italy lost in the semi-final to defending champion Argentina in Naples , losing 4 -- 3 on penalty kicks following a 1 -- 1 draw after extra time , Schillaci 's first half opener having been equalised in the second half by Claudio Caniggia 's header for Argentina . Aldo Serena missed the final penalty kick ( with Roberto Donadoni also having his penalty saved by goalkeeper Sergio Goycochea ) . Italy went on to defeat England 2 -- 1 in the third place match in Bari , with Schillaci scoring the winning goal on a penalty to become the tournament 's top scorer with six goals . Italy then failed to qualify for the 1992 European Championship . At the 1994 World Cup in the United States , Italy lost the opening match against Ireland 0 -- 1 at the Giants Stadium near New York City . After a 1 -- 0 win against Norway in New York City and a 1 -- 1 draw with Mexico at the RFK Stadium in Washington , D.C. , Italy advanced from Group E based on goals scored among the four teams tied on points . During their round of 16 match at the Foxboro Stadium near Boston , Italy was down 0 -- 1 late against Nigeria , but Baggio rescued Italy with an equaliser in the 88th minute and a penalty in extra time to take the win . Baggio scored another late goal against Spain at their quarter - final match in Boston to seal a 2 -- 1 win and two goals against Bulgaria in their semi-final match in New York City for another 2 -- 1 win . In the final , which took place in Los Angeles 's Rose Bowl stadium 2,700 miles ( 4,320 km ) and three time zones away from the Atlantic Northeast part of the United States where they had played all their previous matches , Italy , who had 24 hours less rest than Brazil , played 120 minutes of scoreless football , taking the match to a penalty shootout . Italy lost the subsequent shootout 3 -- 2 after Baggio , who had been playing with the aid of a pain - killer injection and a heavily bandaged hamstring , missed the final penalty kick of the match , shooting over the crossbar . Italy ( right ) lineup ahead of the UEFA Euro 2000 Final against France Italy did not progress beyond the group stage at the finals of Euro 1996 . Having defeated Russia 2 -- 1 but losing to the Czech Republic by the same score , Italy required a win to be sure of progressing . Gianfranco Zola failed to convert a decisive penalty in a 0 -- 0 draw against Germany , who eventually won the tournament . Then , during the qualifying campaign for the 1998 FIFA World Cup , the Azzurri beat England at Wembley Stadium for the second time , with Zola scoring the only goal . In the final tournament , Italy found themselves in another critical shootout for the third World Cup in a row . The Italian side , where Alessandro Del Piero and Baggio renewed the controversial staffetta ( `` relay '' ) between Mazzola and Rivera from 1970 , held the eventual World Champions and host team France to a 0 -- 0 draw after extra time in the quarter - finals , but lost 4 -- 3 in the shootout . With two goals scored in this tournament , Baggio is still the only Italian player to have scored in three different FIFA World Cup editions . In the Euro 2000 , another shootout decided Italy 's fate but this time in their favour when defeating the co-hosts the Netherlands in the semi final . Italian goalkeeper Francesco Toldo saved one penalty during the match and two in the shootout , while the Dutch players missed one other penalty during the match and one during the shootout with a rate of one penalty scored out of six attempts . Emerging star Francesco Totti scored his penalty with a cucchiaio ( `` spoon '' ) chip . Italy finished the tournament as runners - up , losing the final 2 -- 1 against France ( to a golden goal in extra time ) after conceding les Bleus equalising goal just 30 seconds before the expected end of injury time ( 93rd minute ) . After the defeat , coach Dino Zoff resigned in protest after being criticized by Milan club president and politician Silvio Berlusconi . 2000 -- 2004 : Trapattoni era ( edit ) In the 2002 World Cup , a 2 -- 0 victory against Ecuador with two Christian Vieri goals was followed by a series of controversial matches . During the match against Croatia , two goals were disallowed resulting in a 2 -- 1 defeat for Italy . Despite two goals being ruled for borderline offsides , a late headed goal from Alessandro Del Piero helped Italy to a 1 -- 1 draw with Mexico proving enough to advance to the knockout stages . However , co-host country South Korea eliminated Italy in the round of 16 by a score of 2 -- 1 . The game was highly controversial with members of the Italian team , most notably striker Francesco Totti and coach Giovanni Trapattoni , suggesting a conspiracy to eliminate Italy from the competition . Trapattoni even obliquely accused FIFA of ordering the official to ensure a Korean victory so that one of the two host nations would remain in the tournament . The most contentious decisions by the game referee Byron Moreno were an early penalty awarded to South Korea ( saved by Buffon ) , a golden goal by Damiano Tommasi ruled offside , and the sending off of Totti after being presented with a second yellow card for an alleged dive in the penalty area . FIFA President Sepp Blatter stated that the linesmen had been a `` disaster '' and admitted that Italy suffered from bad offside calls during the group matches , but he denied conspiracy allegations . While questioning Totti 's sending off by Moreno , Blatter refused to blame Italy 's loss entirely on the referees , stating : `` Italy 's elimination is not only down to referees and linesmen who made human not premeditated errors ... Italy made mistakes both in defense and in attack . '' A three - way five point tie in the group stage of the 2004 European Championship left Italy as the `` odd man out '' , as they failed to qualify for the quarter finals after finishing behind Denmark and Sweden on the basis of number of goals scored in matches among the tied teams . Italy 's winning goal scored during stoppage time giving them a 2 -- 1 victory over Bulgaria by Antonio Cassano proved futile , ending the team 's tournament . 2006 : fourth World Cup title ( edit ) Within the crowd in the Circus Maximus in Rome , after the Italian team scored against France . Italian President Napolitano congratulates coach Lippi and captain Cannavaro after the final match against France . Berlin , 9 July 2006 . The summer of 2004 marked the choice , by FIGC , to appoint Marcello Lippi for Italy 's bench . He made his debut in an upset 2 -- 0 defeat in Iceland but then managed to qualify for 2006 World Cup . Italy 's campaign in the tournament hosted by Germany was accompanied by open pessimism due to the controversy caused by the 2006 Serie A scandal , however these negative predictions were then refuted , as the Azzurri eventually won their fourth World Cup . Italy won their opening game against Ghana 2 -- 0 , with goals from Andrea Pirlo ( 40th minute ) and substitute Vincenzo Iaquinta ( 83rd minute ) . The team performance was judged the best among the opening games by FIFA President Sepp Blatter . The second match was a less convincing 1 -- 1 draw with United States , with Alberto Gilardino 's diving header equalized by a Cristian Zaccardo own goal . After the equaliser , midfielder Daniele De Rossi and the United States 's Pablo Mastroeni and Eddie Pope were sent off , leaving only nine men on the field for nearly the entirety of the second half , but the score remained unchanged despite a controversial decision when Gennaro Gattuso 's shot was deflected in but disallowed because of an offside ruling . The same happened at the other end when U.S. winger DaMarcus Beasley 's goal was not given due to teammate Brian McBride being ruled offside . De Rossi was suspended for four matches for elbowing McBride in the face and would only return for the final match . Italy finished first in Group E with a 2 -- 0 win against the Czech Republic , with goals from defender Marco Materazzi ( 26th minute ) and striker Filippo Inzaghi ( 87th minute ) , advancing to the Round of 16 in the knockout stages , where they faced Australia . In this match , Materazzi was controversially sent off early in the second half ( 53rd minute ) after an attempted two - footed tackle on Australian midfielder Marco Bresciano . In stoppage time a controversial penalty kick was awarded to the Azzurri when referee Luis Medina Cantalejo ruled that Lucas Neill fouled Fabio Grosso . Francesco Totti converted into an upper corner of the goal past Mark Schwarzer for a 1 -- 0 win . In the quarterfinals Italy beat Ukraine 3 -- 0 . Gianluca Zambrotta opened the scoring early ( in the sixth minute ) with a left - footed shot from outside the penalty area after a quick exchange with Totti created enough space . Luca Toni added two more goals in the second half ( 59th and 69th minute ) , as Ukraine pressed forward but were not able to score , hitting the crossbar and requiring several saves from Gianluigi Buffon and a goal - line clearance from Zambrotta . Afterwards , manager Marcello Lippi dedicated the victory to former Italian international Gianluca Pessotto , who was in the hospital recovering from an apparent suicide attempt . In the semi-finals , Italy beat hosts Germany 2 -- 0 with the two goals coming in the last two minutes of extra time . After a back - and - forth half - hour of extra time during which Alberto Gilardino and Gianluca Zambrotta struck the post and the crossbar respectively , Fabio Grosso scored in the 119th minute after a disguised Andrea Pirlo pass found him open in the penalty area for a bending left - footed shot into the far corner past German goalkeeper Jens Lehmann 's dive . Substitute striker Alessandro Del Piero then sealed the victory by scoring with the last kick of the game at the end of a swift counterattack by Cannavaro , Totti and Gilardino . The Azzurri won their fourth World Cup , defeating their long - time rivals France in Berlin , on 9 July , 5 -- 3 on penalty kicks after a 1 -- 1 draw at the end of extra time in the final . French captain Zinedine Zidane opened the scoring in the seventh minute with a chipped penalty kick , awarded for a controversial foul by Materazzi on Florent Malouda . Twelve minutes later , a header by Materazzi from a corner kick by Pirlo brought Italy even . In the second half , a potential winning goal by Toni was disallowed for a very close offside call by linesman Luc La Rossa . In the 110th minute , Zidane ( playing in the last match of his career ) was sent off by referee Horacio Elizondo for headbutting Materazzi in the chest after a verbal exchange ; Italy then won the penalty shootout 5 -- 3 ; the crucial penalty miss being David Trezeguet 's , the same player who scored the golden goal for France in the Euro 2000 . Trezeguet 's attempt hit the crossbar , then shot down after its impact , and just stayed ahead of the line . Ten different players scored for Italy in the tournament , and five goals out of twelve were scored by substitutes , while four goals were scored by defenders . Seven players -- Gianluigi Buffon , Fabio Cannavaro , Gianluca Zambrotta , Andrea Pirlo , Gennaro Gattuso , Francesco Totti and Luca Toni -- were named to the 23 - man tournament All Star Team . Buffon also won the Lev Yashin Award , given to the best goalkeeper of the tournament ; he conceded only two goals in the tournament 's seven matches , the first an own goal by Zaccardo and the second from Zidane 's penalty kick in the final , and remained unbeaten for 460 consecutive minutes . In honour of Italy winning the FIFA World Cup for a fourth time , all members of the World Cup - winning squad were awarded the Italian Order of Merit of Cavaliere Ufficiale . 2006 -- 2010 : post World Cup and Lippi 's second term ( edit ) After the Italian triumph in the World Cup , 1994 World Cup star Roberto Donadoni was announced the new coach of the Azzurri . He replaced Marcello Lippi , who had announced his resignation before the World Cup 's start . Italy played in the 2008 UEFA European Football Championship qualifying Group B , along with France . Italy won the group , with France being the runner - up . On 14 February 2007 , FIFA ranked Italy first in the FIFA World Rankings , with a total of 1,488 points , 37 points ahead of second ranked Argentina . This moved them up one from their previous rank , second . The Azzurri had not received such an honour since 1993 . In Euro 2008 , the Azzurri lost 0 -- 3 to the Netherlands . The following game against Romania ended 1 -- 1 , with a goal by Christian Panucci that came only one minute after Romania 's Adrian Mutu capitalized on a mistake by Gianluca Zambrotta to give Romania the lead . The result was preserved by Gianluigi Buffon who saved a penalty kick from Mutu in the 80th minute . The final group game against France , a rematch of the 2006 World Cup Final , was a 2 -- 0 Italy win . Andrea Pirlo scored from the penalty spot after a foul and red card for France defender Éric Abidal , and later a free kick by Daniele De Rossi took a deflection resulting Italy 's second goal . Romania , entering the day a point ahead of the Italians in Group C , lost to the Netherlands 2 -- 0 , allowing Italy to pass into the quarter finals against eventual champions Spain , where they lost 2 -- 4 on penalties after a 0 -- 0 draw after 120 minutes . Within a week after the game , Roberto Donadoni 's contract was terminated and Marcello Lippi was rehired as coach . By virtue of winning the World Cup , Italy qualified for the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup , held in South Africa in June 2009 . They won their opening match 3 -- 1 against the United States , but subsequent defeats to Egypt ( 0 -- 1 ) and Brazil ( 0 -- 3 ) meant that they only finished third in the group on goals scored , and were eliminated . The national football team of Italy qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup after playing home games at Stadio Friuli , Stadio Via del Mare , Stadio San Nicola , Stadio Olimpico di Torino and Stadio Ennio Tardini . In October 2009 , they achieved qualification after drawing with the Republic of Ireland 2 -- 2 . On 4 December 2009 , the draw for the World Cup was made : Italy would be in Group F alongside three underdog teams : Paraguay , New Zealand and Slovakia . At the 2010 World Cup in South Africa , reigning champions Italy were unexpectedly eliminated in the first round , finishing last place in their group . After being held to 1 -- 1 draws by Paraguay and New Zealand , they suffered a 3 -- 2 loss to Slovakia . It was the first time Italy failed to win a single game at a World Cup finals tournament , and in doing so became the third nation to be eliminated in the first round while holding the World Cup crown , the first one being Brazil in 1966 and the second France in 2002 . Spain would become the fourth at the 2014 World Cup . Coincidentally , France who had been Italy 's adversaries and the losing finalist in the 2006 World Cup , were also eliminated without winning a game in the first round in South Africa , making it the first time ever that neither finalist of the previous edition were able to reach the second round . 2010 -- 2014 : European Championship runners - up ( edit ) The national football team of Italy before the UEFA Euro 2012 Final , Olympic Stadium , Kiev , 1 July 2012 . Marcello Lippi stepped down after Italy 's World Cup campaign and was replaced by Cesare Prandelli , although Lippi 's successor had already been announced before the tournament . Italy began their campaign with Prandelli with a disappointing 0 -- 1 loss to the Ivory Coast in a friendly match . Then , during a Euro 2012 qualifier , Italy came back from behind to defeat Estonia 2 -- 1 . In the next Euro qualifier , Italy dominated the Faroe Islands 5 -- 0 . Italy then tied 0 -- 0 with Northern Ireland . Five days later , Italy played Serbia ; however , Serbian fans in Stadio Luigi Ferraris began to riot , throwing flares and shooting fireworks onto the pitch , subsequently causing the abandonment of the game . Upon UEFA Disciplinary Review , Italy was awarded a 3 -- 0 victory that propelled them to the top of their group . In their first match of 2011 , Italy drew 1 -- 1 a friendly with Germany at Dortmund , in the same stadium where they beat Germany 2 -- 0 to advance to the final of the 2006 World Cup . In March 2011 , Italy won 1 -- 0 over Slovenia to again secure its spot at the top of the qualification table . They then defeated Ukraine 2 -- 0 in a friendly , despite being reduced to ten men for the late stages of the match . With their 3 -- 0 defeat of Estonia in another Euro 2012 qualifier , Prandelli 's Italy secured the table lead and also achieved 9 undefeated games in a row since their initial debacle . The streak was ended on 7 June 2011 by Trapattoni 's current charges , the Republic of Ireland , with Italy losing 0 -- 2 in a friendly in Liège . At the beginning of the second season under coach Prandelli , on 10 August 2011 , Italy defeated the reigning world champions Spain for 2 -- 1 in a friendly match played in Bari 's Stadio San Nicola , but lost in a friendly to the United States , 1 -- 0 , on home soil on 29 February 2012 . Italy started their Euro 2012 campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw to current reigning European and world champions Spain . Following this they met Croatia and were also held to a 1 -- 1 draw . They finished second in their group behind Spain by beating the Republic of Ireland 2 -- 0 , which earned them a quarter final match against the winners of group D , England . After a mostly one - sided affair in which Italy failed to take their chances , they managed to best England on penalty kicks , even though they were down early in the shootout . A save by goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon put them ahead after a chip shot from Andrea Pirlo . Prandelli 's side won the shootout 4 -- 2 . In their next game , the first semi-final of the competition , they faced Germany team who were tipped by many to be the next European champions . However , two first - half goals by Mario Balotelli saw Germany sent home , and the Italians went through to the finals to face the title defenders Spain . In the final , however , they were unable to repeat their earlier performance against Spain , falling 4 -- 0 to lose the championship . Prandelli 's men were further undone by the string of injuries which left them playing with ten men for the last half - hour , as substitute Thiago Motta was forced to go off after all three substitutions had been made . During the 2013 Confederations Cup in Brazil , Italy started in a group with Mexico , Japan and Brazil . After beating Mexico 2 -- 1 and Japan 4 -- 3 , Italy eventually lost their final group game against tournament hosts Brazil 4 -- 2 . Italy then faced Spain in the semi-finals , in a rematch of the Euro 2012 final . Italy lost 7 -- 6 ( 0 -- 0 after extra time ) in a penalty shoot - out after Leonardo Bonucci failed to score his kick . Prandelli was praised for his tactics against the current World Cup and European champions . Italy was then able to win the match for the third place by defeating Uruguay with the penalty score of 5 -- 4 ( 2 -- 2 after extra time ) . Italy was drawn in UEFA Group B for the 2014 World Cup qualification campaign . They won the qualifying group without losing a match . Despite this successful run they were not seeded in pot 1 for the final seeding . In December 2013 , Italy was drawn in Group D against Costa Rica , England and Uruguay . In its first match , Italy defeated England 2 -- 1 . However , in the second group stage match , underdogs Costa Rica beat the Italians 1 -- 0 . In Italy 's last group match , they were knocked out by Uruguay 1 -- 0 , due in part to two controversial calls from referee Marco Antonio Rodríguez ( Mexico ) : in the 59th minute , midfielder Claudio Marchisio was sent off for a questionable tackle . Later in the 80th minute , with the teams knotted at 0 -- 0 which would have sent Italy to the next round , Uruguayan striker Luis Suárez bit defender Giorgio Chiellini on the shoulder but was not sent off . Uruguay went on to score moments later in the 81st minute with a Diego Godín header from a corner kick , winning the game 1 -- 0 and eliminating Italy . This marked Italy 's second consecutive failure to reach the round of 16 at the World Cup finals . Shortly after this loss , coach Cesare Prandelli resigned . 2014 -- 2016 : Euro 2016 campaign ( edit ) The successful former Juventus manager Antonio Conte was selected to replace Cesare Prandelli as coach after the 2014 World Cup . Conte 's debut as manager was against 2014 World Cup semi-finalists the Netherlands , in which Italy won 2 -- 0 . Italy 's first defeat under Conte came ten games in to his empowerment from a 1 -- 0 international friendly loss against Portugal on 16 June 2015 . On 10 October 2015 , Italy qualified for Euro 2016 , courtesy of a 3 -- 1 win over Azerbaijan ; the result meant that Italy had managed to go 50 games unbeaten in European qualifiers . Three days later , with a 2 -- 1 win over Norway , Italy topped their Euro 2016 qualifying group with 24 points ; four points clear of second placed Croatia . However , with a similar fate to the 2014 World Cup group stage draw , Italy were not top seeded into the first pot . This had Italy see a draw with Belgium , Sweden and the Republic of Ireland in Group E . On 4 April 2016 , it was announced that Antonio Conte would step down as Italy coach after Euro 2016 to become head coach of English club Chelsea at the start of the 2016 -- 17 Premier League season . The 23 - man squad saw notable absences with Andrea Pirlo and Sebastian Giovinco controversially left out and Claudio Marchisio and Marco Verratti omitted due to injury . Italy opened Euro 2016 with a 2 -- 0 victory over Belgium on 13 June . Italy qualified for the round of 16 with one game to spare on 17 June with a lone goal by Éder for the victory against Sweden ; the first time they won the second group game in a major international tournament since Euro 2000 . Italy also finished top of the group for the first time in a major tournament since the 2006 World Cup . Italy defeated reigning European champions Spain 2 -- 0 in the round of 16 match on 27 June . Italy then faced off against the reigning World champions , rivals Germany , in the quarter - finals . Mesut Özil opened the scoring in the 65th minute for Germany , before Leonardo Bonucci converted a penalty in the 78th minute for Italy . The score remained 1 -- 1 after extra time and Germany beat Italy 6 -- 5 in the ensuing penalty shoot - out . It was the first time Germany overcame Italy in a major tournament . 2016 -- present : failure to qualify for 2018 FIFA World Cup and rebuild ( edit ) After Conte 's departure , Gian Piero Ventura took over as manager for the team , on 18 July 2016 , signing a two - year contract . His first match at the helm was a friendly against France , held at the Stadio San Nicola on 1 September , which ended in a 3 -- 1 loss . Four days later , he won his first competitive match in charge of Italy , the team 's opening 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel at Haifa , which ended in a 3 -- 1 victory for Italy . Italy finished in Group G in second place behind Spain , and advanced to the play - off against Sweden . After a 1 -- 0 aggregate loss to Sweden , Italy failed to qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup for the first time since 1958 . Immediately following the match , veterans Giorgio Chiellini , Andrea Barzagli , Daniele De Rossi and captain Gianluigi Buffon all declared their retirement from the national team . On November 15 , 2017 , Ventura was dismissed as head coach and on 20 November 2017 , Carlo Tavecchio , resigned as president of the Italian Football Federation . Coaching staff ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy national football team managers During the earliest days of Italian nation football , it was common for a Technical Commission to be appointed . The Commission took the role that a standard coach would currently play . Ever since 1967 , the national team has been controlled by the coaches only . For this reason , the coach of the Italian national team is still called Technical Commissioner ( Commissario tecnico or CT , the use of this denomination has since then expanded into other team sports in Italy ) . Technical Commission ( 1910 -- 1912 ) Vittorio Pozzo ( 1912 ) Technical Commission ( 1912 -- 1924 ) Vittorio Pozzo ( 1924 ) Technical Commission ( 1924 -- 1925 ) Augusto Rangone ( 1925 -- 1928 ) -- Central European International Cup Champions 1927 -- 30 , Third Place Summer Olympics 1928 Carlo Carcano ( 1928 -- 1929 ) Vittorio Pozzo ( 1929 -- 1948 ) -- Central European International Cup Champions 1927 -- 30 , Central European International Cup Champions 1933 -- 35 , World Champions 1934 , First Place Summer Olympics 1936 , World Champions 1938 , Runners - Up Central European International Cup 1931 -- 32 , Central European International Cup 1936 -- 38 Ferruccio Novo ( 1949 -- 1950 ) -- as Technical Commission Chairman Technical Commission ( 1951 ) Carlino Beretta ( 1952 -- 1953 ) Technical Commission ( 1953 -- 1959 ) Giuseppe Viani ( 1960 ) Giovanni Ferrari ( 1960 -- 1961 ) Technical Commission ( 1962 ) Edmondo Fabbri ( 1962 -- 1966 ) Technical Commission ( 1966 -- 1967 ) Ferruccio Valcareggi ( 1967 -- 1974 ) -- European Champions 1968 , Runners - Up World Cup 1970 Fulvio Bernardini ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Enzo Bearzot ( 1975 -- 1986 ) -- World Champions 1982 , 4th Place World Cup 1978 , 4th Place European Championship 1980 Azeglio Vicini ( 1986 -- 1991 ) -- Semifinalist European Championship 1988 , Third Place World Cup 1990 Arrigo Sacchi ( 1991 -- 1996 ) -- Runners - Up World Cup 1994 Cesare Maldini ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Dino Zoff ( 1998 -- 2000 ) -- Runners - Up European Championship 2000 Giovanni Trapattoni ( 2000 -- 2004 ) Marcello Lippi ( 2004 -- 2006 ) -- World Champions 2006 Roberto Donadoni ( 2006 -- 2008 ) Marcello Lippi ( 2008 -- 2010 ) Cesare Prandelli ( 2010 -- 2014 ) -- Runners - Up European Championship 2012 , Third Place Confederations Cup 2013 Antonio Conte ( 2014 -- 2016 ) Gian Piero Ventura ( 2016 -- 2017 ) Luigi Di Biagio ( 2018 -- ) ( caretaker ) Players ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy international footballers Current squad ( edit ) The following players were called up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification play - off matches against Sweden on 10 November 2017 and 13 November 2017 . Caps and goals as of 13 November 2017 , after the match against Sweden . 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club 1GK Gianluigi Buffon ( captain ) ( 1978 - 01 - 28 ) 28 January 1978 ( age 40 ) 175 0 Juventus 12 1GK Gianluigi Donnarumma ( 1999 - 02 - 25 ) 25 February 1999 ( age 19 ) 0 Milan 14 1GK Mattia Perin ( 1992 - 10 - 11 ) 11 October 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Genoa 2DF Daniele Rugani ( 1994 - 07 - 26 ) 26 July 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 Juventus 2DF Giorgio Chiellini ( 1984 - 08 - 14 ) 14 August 1984 ( age 33 ) 96 8 Juventus 2DF Matteo Darmian ( 1989 - 12 - 02 ) 2 December 1989 ( age 28 ) 36 Manchester United 13 2DF Davide Astori ( 1987 - 01 - 07 ) 7 January 1987 ( age 31 ) 14 Fiorentina 15 2DF Andrea Barzagli ( 1981 - 05 - 08 ) 8 May 1981 ( age 36 ) 73 0 Juventus 19 2DF Leonardo Bonucci ( 1987 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1987 ( age 30 ) 75 5 Milan 21 2DF Davide Zappacosta ( 1992 - 06 - 11 ) 11 June 1992 ( age 25 ) 7 0 Chelsea 2DF Leonardo Spinazzola ( 1993 - 03 - 25 ) 25 March 1993 ( age 24 ) 5 0 Atalanta 2DF Danilo D'Ambrosio ( 1988 - 09 - 09 ) 9 September 1988 ( age 29 ) 0 Internazionale 5 3MF Roberto Gagliardini ( 1994 - 04 - 07 ) 7 April 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 Internazionale 6 3MF Antonio Candreva ( 1987 - 02 - 28 ) 28 February 1987 ( age 31 ) 52 7 Internazionale 7 3MF Jorginho ( 1991 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Napoli 8 3MF Alessandro Florenzi ( 1991 - 03 - 11 ) 11 March 1991 ( age 26 ) 25 Roma 10 3MF Lorenzo Insigne ( 1991 - 06 - 04 ) 4 June 1991 ( age 26 ) 21 Napoli 16 3MF Daniele De Rossi ( 1983 - 07 - 24 ) 24 July 1983 ( age 34 ) 117 21 Roma 18 3MF Marco Parolo ( 1985 - 01 - 25 ) 25 January 1985 ( age 33 ) 34 0 Lazio 20 3MF Federico Bernardeschi ( 1994 - 02 - 16 ) 16 February 1994 ( age 24 ) 13 Juventus 22 3MF Stephan El Shaarawy ( 1992 - 10 - 27 ) 27 October 1992 ( age 25 ) 23 Roma 3MF Marco Verratti ( 1992 - 11 - 05 ) 5 November 1992 ( age 25 ) 24 Paris Saint - Germain 9 4FW Andrea Belotti ( 1993 - 12 - 20 ) 20 December 1993 ( age 24 ) 13 Torino 11 4FW Ciro Immobile ( 1990 - 02 - 20 ) 20 February 1990 ( age 28 ) 30 7 Lazio 17 4FW Éder ( 1986 - 11 - 15 ) 15 November 1986 ( age 31 ) 26 6 Internazionale 23 4FW Manolo Gabbiadini ( 1991 - 11 - 26 ) 26 November 1991 ( age 26 ) 11 Southampton 4FW Simone Zaza ( 1991 - 06 - 25 ) 25 June 1991 ( age 26 ) 16 Valencia Recent call - ups ( edit ) The following players have also been called up to the Italy squad within the last 12 months . Players that have retired from the national team and are not available for selection anymore are not displayed . Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Caps Goals Club Latest call - up GK Simone Scuffet ( 1996 - 05 - 31 ) 31 May 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Udinese v. Liechtenstein , 11 June 2017 GK Alex Meret ( 1997 - 03 - 22 ) 22 March 1997 ( age 20 ) 0 0 SPAL v. Netherlands , 28 March 2017 DF Andrea Conti ( 1994 - 03 - 02 ) 2 March 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 Milan v. Israel , 5 September 2017 DF Alessio Romagnoli ( 1995 - 01 - 12 ) 12 January 1995 ( age 23 ) 5 0 Milan v. Uruguay , 7 June 2017 DF Emerson Palmieri ( 1994 - 08 - 03 ) 3 August 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Chelsea v. Uruguay , 7 June 2017 DF Mattia Caldara ( 1994 - 05 - 05 ) 5 May 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Atalanta v. Uruguay , 7 June 2017 DF Alex Ferrari ( 1994 - 07 - 01 ) 1 July 1994 ( age 23 ) 0 0 Verona v. Uruguay , 7 June 2017 DF Mattia De Sciglio ( 1992 - 10 - 20 ) 20 October 1992 ( age 25 ) 31 0 Juventus v. Netherlands , 28 March 2017 MF Simone Verdi ( 1992 - 07 - 12 ) 12 July 1992 ( age 25 ) 0 Bologna v. Albania , 9 October 2017 MF Bryan Cristante ( 1995 - 03 - 03 ) 3 March 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Atalanta v. Albania , 9 October 2017 MF Nicolò Barella ( 1997 - 02 - 07 ) 7 February 1997 ( age 21 ) 0 0 Cagliari v. Albania , 9 October 2017 MF Lorenzo Pellegrini ( 1996 - 06 - 19 ) 19 June 1996 ( age 21 ) 0 Roma v. Macedonia , 6 October 2017 MF Riccardo Montolivo ( 1985 - 01 - 18 ) 18 January 1985 ( age 33 ) 66 Milan v. Israel , 5 September 2017 MF Claudio Marchisio ( 1986 - 01 - 19 ) 19 January 1986 ( age 32 ) 55 5 Juventus v. Uruguay , 7 June 2017 FW Roberto Inglese ( 1991 - 11 - 12 ) 12 November 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 0 Chievo v. Albania , 9 October 2017 FW Nicola Sansone ( 1991 - 09 - 10 ) 10 September 1991 ( age 26 ) 0 Villarreal v. Netherlands , 28 March 2017 FW Andrea Petagna ( 1995 - 06 - 30 ) 30 June 1995 ( age 22 ) 0 Atalanta v. Netherlands , 28 March 2017 Previous squads ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy national football team World Cup and European Championship squads World Cup 1934 FIFA World Cup squad 1938 FIFA World Cup squad 1950 FIFA World Cup squad 1954 FIFA World Cup squad 1962 FIFA World Cup squad 1966 FIFA World Cup squad 1970 FIFA World Cup squad 1974 FIFA World Cup squad 1978 FIFA World Cup squad 1982 FIFA World Cup squad 1986 FIFA World Cup squad 1990 FIFA World Cup squad 1994 FIFA World Cup squad 1998 FIFA World Cup squad 2002 FIFA World Cup squad 2006 FIFA World Cup squad 2010 FIFA World Cup squad 2014 FIFA World Cup squad European Championship UEFA Euro 1968 squad UEFA Euro 1980 squad UEFA Euro 1988 squad UEFA Euro 1996 squad UEFA Euro 2000 squad UEFA Euro 2004 squad UEFA Euro 2008 squad UEFA Euro 2012 squad UEFA Euro 2016 squad Confederations Cup 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup squad Recent results and forthcoming fixtures ( edit ) Main article : Italy national football team results ( 2010 -- 29 ) Win Draw Loss 2017 ( edit ) Italy v Albania 24 March 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Italy 2 -- 0 Albania ( show ) Palermo , Italy 20 : 45 CET ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) De Rossi 12 ' ( pen . ) Immobile 71 ' Report Stadium : Stadio Renzo Barbera Attendance : 33,136 Referee : Slavko Vinčić ( Slovenia ) Netherlands v Italy 28 March 2017 Friendly Netherlands 1 -- 2 Italy ( show ) Amsterdam , Netherlands 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Romagnoli 10 ' ( o.g. ) Report Éder 11 ' Bonucci 32 ' Stadium : Amsterdam Arena Attendance : 42,000 Referee : Jonas Eriksson ( Sweden ) Italy v Uruguay 7 June 2017 Friendly Italy 3 -- 0 Uruguay ( show ) Nice , France 21 : 00 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Giménez 7 ' ( o.g. ) Éder 82 ' De Rossi 90 + 3 ' ( pen . ) Report Stadium : Allianz Riviera Attendance : 15,000 Referee : Clément Turpin ( France ) Italy v Liechtenstein 11 June 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Italy 5 -- 0 Liechtenstein ( show ) Udine , Italy 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Insigne 35 ' Belotti 52 ' Éder 75 ' Bernardeschi 83 ' Gabbiadini 90 + 1 ' Report Stadium : Stadio Friuli Attendance : 20,514 Referee : Kevin Clancy ( Scotland ) Spain v Italy 2 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Spain 3 -- 0 Italy ( show ) Madrid , Spain 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Isco 13 ' , 40 ' Morata 77 ' Report Stadium : Santiago Bernabéu Stadium Attendance : 73,628 Referee : Björn Kuipers ( Netherlands ) Italy v Israel 5 September 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Italy 1 -- 0 Israel ( show ) Reggio Emilia , Italy 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Immobile 53 ' Report Stadium : Mapei Stadium -- Città del Tricolore Attendance : 15,507 Referee : Benoît Bastien ( France ) Italy v Macedonia 6 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Italy 1 -- 1 Macedonia ( show ) Turin , Italy 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Chiellini 40 ' Report Trajkovski 77 ' Stadium : Stadio Olimpico Grande Torino Attendance : 23,000 Referee : Tiago Martins ( Portugal ) Albania v Italy 9 October 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Albania 0 -- 1 Italy ( show ) Shkodër , Albania 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Report Candreva 73 ' Stadium : Loro Boriçi Stadium Attendance : 16,000 Referee : Svein Oddvar Moen ( Norway ) Sweden v Italy 10 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Sweden 1 -- 0 Italy ( show ) Solna , Sweden 20 : 45 CET ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) Johansson 61 ' Report Stadium : Friends Arena Referee : Cüneyt Çakır ( Turkey ) Italy v Sweden 13 November 2017 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification Italy 0 -- 0 ( 0 -- 1 agg . ) Sweden ( show ) Milan , Italy 20 : 45 CET ( UTC + 01 : 00 ) Report Stadium : San Siro Attendance : 72,696 Referee : Antonio Mateu Lahoz ( Spain ) 2018 ( edit ) Argentina v Italy 23 March 2018 Friendly Argentina Italy ( show ) Manchester , England Stadium : Ethiad Stadium England v Italy 27 March 2018 Friendly England Italy ( show ) London , England 21 : 00 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : Wembley Stadium France v Italy 1 June 2018 Friendly France Italy ( show ) Nice , France 21 : 00 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : Allianz Riviera Italy v Netherlands 4 June 2018 Friendly Italy Netherlands ( show ) Turin , Italy 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : Allianz Stadium Italy v Poland 7 September 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League Italy Poland ( show ) TDB , Italy 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : TDB Portugal v Italy 10 September 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League Portugal Italy ( show ) TDB , Portugal 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : TDB Poland v Italy 14 October 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League Poland Italy ( show ) TDB , Poland 20 : 45 CEST ( UTC + 02 : 00 ) Stadium : TDB Italy v Portugal 17 November 2018 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League Italy Portugal ( show ) TDB , Italy 20 : 45 WET ( UTC ± 00 : 00 ) Stadium : TDB Records ( edit ) Main article : Italy national football team records Most capped players ( edit ) Gianluigi Buffon is the most capped player in the history of Italy with 175 caps . As of 13 November 2017 , the players with the most appearances for Italy are : # Player Period Caps Goals Gianluigi Buffon 1997 -- 2017 175 0 Fabio Cannavaro 1997 -- 2010 136 Paolo Maldini 1988 -- 2002 126 7 Daniele De Rossi 2004 -- 2017 117 21 5 Andrea Pirlo 2002 -- 2015 116 13 6 Dino Zoff 1968 -- 1983 112 0 7 Gianluca Zambrotta 1999 -- 2010 98 8 Giorgio Chiellini 2004 -- 2017 96 8 9 Giacinto Facchetti 1963 -- 1977 94 10 Alessandro Del Piero 1995 -- 2008 91 27 Players in bold are still active in the national football team . Top goalscorers ( edit ) Luigi Riva is the top scorer in the history of Italy with 35 goals . As of 13 November 2017 , the players with the most goals for Italy are : # Player Period Goals Caps Average Luigi Riva ( list ) 1965 -- 1974 35 42 0.83 Giuseppe Meazza 1930 -- 1939 33 53 0.62 Silvio Piola 1935 -- 1952 30 34 0.88 Roberto Baggio 1988 -- 2004 27 56 0.48 Alessandro Del Piero 1995 -- 2008 27 91 0.30 6 Adolfo Baloncieri 1920 -- 1930 25 47 0.53 Filippo Inzaghi 1997 -- 2007 25 57 0.44 Alessandro Altobelli 1980 -- 1988 25 61 0.41 9 Christian Vieri 1997 -- 2005 23 49 0.47 Francesco Graziani 1975 -- 1983 23 64 0.36 Players in bold are still active in the national football team . Captains ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy national football team captains List of captaincy periods of the various captains throughout the years . 1910 Francesco Calì 1911 -- 1914 Giuseppe Milano 1914 -- 1915 Virgilio Fossati 1920 -- 1925 Renzo De Vecchi 1925 -- 1927 Luigi Cevenini 1927 -- 1930 Adolfo Baloncieri 1931 -- 1934 Umberto Caligaris 1934 Gianpiero Combi 1935 -- 1936 Luigi Allemandi 1937 -- 1939 Giuseppe Meazza 1940 -- 1947 Silvio Piola 1947 -- 1949 Valentino Mazzola 1949 -- 1950 Riccardo Carapellese 1951 -- 1952 Carlo Annovazzi 1952 -- 1960 Giampiero Boniperti 1961 -- 1962 Lorenzo Buffon 1962 -- 1963 Cesare Maldini 1963 -- 1966 Sandro Salvadore 1966 -- 1977 Giacinto Facchetti 1977 -- 1983 Dino Zoff 1983 -- 1985 Marco Tardelli 1985 -- 1986 Gaetano Scirea 1986 -- 1987 Antonio Cabrini 1988 -- 1991 Giuseppe Bergomi 1991 -- 1994 Franco Baresi 1994 -- 2002 Paolo Maldini 2002 -- 2010 Fabio Cannavaro 2010 -- 2017 Gianluigi Buffon Hat - tricks ( edit ) Main article : List of Italy national football team hat - tricks Head to head records ( edit ) For head to head records against other countries , see Italy national football team head to head . Kit history ( edit ) For Italy 's kit history , see Italy national football team kit history . Competitive record ( edit ) For the all - time record , see Italy national football team all - time record . Champions Runners - up Third Place Fourth Place FIFA World Cup ( edit ) Main article : Italy at the FIFA World Cup FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Champions 1st 5 0 12 0 0 0 1938 Champions 1st 0 0 11 5 Qualified as defending champions 1950 Group Stage 7th 0 Qualified as defending champions 1954 10th 0 6 7 0 0 7 1958 Did Not Qualify 0 5 5 1962 Group Stage 9th 0 0 10 1966 9th 0 6 17 1970 Runners - up 2nd 6 10 8 0 10 Group Stage 10th 5 6 0 12 0 1978 Fourth Place 4th 7 9 6 6 5 0 18 1982 Champions 1st 7 0 12 6 8 5 12 5 1986 Round of 16 12th 5 6 Qualified as defending champions 1990 Third Place 3rd 7 6 0 10 Qualified as hosts 1994 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 5 10 7 22 7 1998 Quarter Final 5th 5 0 8 10 6 0 13 2002 Round of 16 15th 5 5 8 6 0 16 2006 Champions 1st 7 5 0 12 10 7 17 8 Group Stage 26th 0 5 10 7 0 18 7 2014 22nd 0 10 6 0 19 9 2018 Did Not Qualify 12 7 21 9 2022 TBD Total 4 Titles 18 / 21 83 45 21 17 128 77 109 74 26 9 221 69 * Denotes draws include knockout matches decided on penalty shoot - out . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil . ( show ) Italy 's World Cup record First Match Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Win Italy 7 -- 1 United States ( 27 May 1934 ; Rome , Italy ) Biggest Defeat Switzerland 4 -- 1 Italy ( 23 June 1954 ; Basel , Switzerland ) Brazil 4 -- 1 Italy ( 21 June 1970 ; Mexico City , Mexico ) Best Result Champions at the 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , and 2006 World Cups Worst Result Group Stage at the 1950 , 1954 , 1962 , 1966 , 1974 , 2010 and 2014 World Cups UEFA European Championship ( edit ) Main article : Italy at the UEFA European Championship UEFA European Championship record UEFA European Championship Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1960 Did Not Enter 1964 Did Not Qualify 8 1968 Champions 1st 0 8 6 21 6 1972 Did Not Qualify 6 13 6 1976 6 1980 Fourth Place 4th 0 Qualified as hosts 1984 Did Not Qualify 8 6 12 1988 Semi Final 3rd 8 6 16 1992 Did Not Qualify 8 12 5 Group Stage 10th 10 7 20 6 2000 Runners - up 2nd 6 9 8 13 5 Group Stage 9th 0 8 5 17 2008 Quarter Final 8th 12 9 22 9 2012 Runners - up 2nd 6 6 7 10 8 0 20 2016 Quarter Final 5th 5 6 10 7 0 16 7 2020 TBD Total 1 Title 9 / 15 38 16 16 6 39 27 106 64 30 14 187 72 * Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shoot - out . * * Gold background colour indicates that the tournament was won . * * * Red border colour indicates tournament was held on home soil . ( show ) Italy 's European Championship record First Match Italy 0 -- 0 Soviet Union ( 5 June 1968 ; Napoli , Italy ) Biggest Win 8 games at 2 -- 0 Biggest Defeat Spain 4 -- 0 Italy ( 1 July 2012 ; Kiev , Ukraine ) Best Result Champions at the UEFA Euro 1968 Worst Result Group Stage at the UEFA Euro 1996 and UEFA Euro 2004 FIFA Confederations Cup ( edit ) FIFA Confederations Cup record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Squad 1992 No European team participated 1995 Did Not Qualify 1997 1999 2001 2003 Did Not Enter 2005 Did Not Qualify 2009 Group Stage 5th 0 5 Squad 2013 Third Place 3rd 5 10 10 Squad 2017 Did Not Qualify Total Third Place 2 / 10 8 13 15 - * Draws include knockout matches decided by penalty shoot - out . ( show ) Italy 's Confederations Cup record First Match Italy 3 -- 1 United States ( 15 June 2009 ; Pretoria , South Africa ) Biggest Win Italy 3 -- 1 United States ( 15 June 2009 ; Pretoria , South Africa ) Biggest Defeat Brazil 3 -- 0 Italy ( 21 June 2009 ; Pretoria , South Africa ) Best Result Third Place at the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Worst Result Group Stage at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup UEFA Nations League ( edit ) UEFA Nations League record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA 2018 -- 19 ( A ) Honours ( edit ) This is a list of honours for the senior Italian national team FIFA World Cup Winner ( 4 ) : 1934 , 1938 , 1982 , 2006 Runner - up ( 2 ) : 1970 , 1994 Third place ( 1 ) : 1990 Fourth place ( 1 ) : 1978 UEFA European Championship Winner ( 1 ) : 1968 Runner - up ( 2 ) : 2000 , 2012 Fourth place ( 1 ) : 1980 Semi-finals ( 1 ) : 1988 FIFA Confederations Cup Third place ( 1 ) : 2013 Olympic football tournament Gold Medal ( 1 ) : 1936 Bronze Medal ( 2 ) : 1928 , 2004 Unofficial trophies : Central European International Cup Winner ( 2 ) : 1927 -- 30 , 1933 -- 35 Runner - up ( 2 ) : 1931 -- 32 , 1936 -- 38 Trophies ( edit ) Competition 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total World Cup 7 Olympic Games 0 European Championship Confederations Cup 0 0 Central European International Cup 0 Total 8 6 5 19 See also ( edit ) Association football portal Italy portal Italy women 's national football team Italy national under - 21 football team Italy national under - 20 football team Italy national under - 19 football team Italy national under - 17 football team Italy national beach soccer team Italy national futsal team Serie A Football in Italy Sport in Italy List of cultural icons of Italy Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This edition of the tournament was interrupted due to the annexation of Austria to Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938 . Jump up ^ During UEFA Euro 2008 , Alessandro Del Piero was named the Italian national team 's acting captain , as Cannavaro was injured and unable to take part in the competition , however Gianluigi Buffon was often played as captain as Del Piero was frequently deployed as a substitute . Jump up ^ Gianluigi Buffon served as second acting captain in UEFA Euro 2008 after Alessandro Del Piero was named the team 's acting captain , as Cannavaro was injured and unable to take part in the competition , however Del Piero was frequently deployed as a substitute . Although Buffon was officially named Italy 's new captain in 2010 , following Fabio Cannavaro 's retirement subsequent to the 2010 FIFA World Cup , Andrea Pirlo was named the Italian national team 's acting captain after the tournament ( while Daniele De Rossi was named the team 's second acting captain ) , as Buffon was ruled out until the end of the year due to injury , and only made his first appearance as Italy 's official captain on 9 February 2011 , in a 1 -- 1 friendly away draw against Germany . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Album della stagione '' ( in Italian ) . MagliaRossonera.it . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pietro Lana '' ( in Italian ) . MagliaRossonera.it . Retrieved 15 June 2010 . 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Jump up ^ `` Jorginho , Florenzi and Zaza return to the squad as 27 are called up for Sweden play - off '' . FIGC - Federazione Italiana Giuoco Calcio . Jump up ^ Roberto Di Maggio ; José Luis Pierrend ( 8 April 2016 ) . `` Italy -- Record International Players : Appearances for Italy National Team '' . RSSSF . Retrieved 3 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Classifica marcatori '' ( Goalscoring standings ) . FIGC.it ( in Italian ) . FIGC . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Capitani '' ( Captains ) . FIGC.it ( in Italian ) . FIGC . Retrieved 2 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Gaetano DeStefano ( 2 June 2008 ) . `` Italia , è già dopo Cannavaro Arriva Gamberini , chi gioca ? '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Maurizio Nicita ( 12 June 2008 ) . `` Buffon , niente fascia Il capitano è Del Piero '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport . Retrieved 22 July 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Paolo Menicucci ( 10 June 2008 ) . `` L'Italia parte male , l'Olanda cala il tris '' ( Italy start badly , Holland score three ) ( in Italian ) . UEFA . Retrieved 4 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andrea Santoni ( 27 June 2010 ) . `` Buffon , annuncio choc : Mi opero e torno nel 2011 '' ( in Italian ) . Il Corriere dello Sport . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Riccardo Pratesi ( 6 August 2010 ) . `` Prandelli cambia l'Italia Amauri , Cassano e Balotelli '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pirlo , ricetta Nazionale `` Ritroviamo la qualità '' '' ( in Italian ) . La Gazzetta dello Sport. 1 September 2010 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Motta , Giovinco and Matri news . Among the 23 players Buffon 's return '' . FIGC. 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Il gol di Rossi salva l'Italia : 1 -- 1 '' ( in Italian ) . Mediaset. 10 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ Micaela Del Monte ( 29 March 2012 ) . `` Capitani Azzurri : Gianluigi Buffon ( 2008 -- Oggi ) '' ( in Italian ) . TuttoNazionali.com . Retrieved 23 July 2016 . Jump up ^ As UEFA Euro 2000 Runners - up External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Italy national association football team . Official website by FIGC Direct link by FIGC Italy at UEFA Italy at FIFA Italy national football team General Italian Football Federation History Coaches Captains Kit history Venues Home venues Statistics All - time record Records and statistics Head to head World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Results 1910 -- 1929 1930 -- 1949 1950 -- 1969 1970 -- 89 1990 -- 2009 2010 -- 2029 Unofficial matches Players All - time players World Cup and European Championship squads Other categories World Cups Summary 1934 1938 1950 1954 1962 1966 1970 1978 1982 1986 1990 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 European Championships Summary 1968 1972 1980 1988 2000 2008 2012 2016 Other tournaments FIFA Confederations Cup The Olympics Central European International Cup Mundialito U.S. Cup 1976 U.S.A. Bicentennial Cup Tournament 1985 Ciudad de México Cup Tournament Culture Rivalry with Brazil Rivalry with France Rivalry with Germany Rivalry with Spain Noted matches Nazio - Juve Blocco - Juve Catenaccio Zona mista Other FIGC teams B team C team Olympic team U23 team U21 team U20 team U19 team U18 team U17 team U16 team U15 team Women Futsal Beach soccer Titles Achievements Preceded by 1930 Uruguay World Champions 1934 ( First title ) 1938 ( Second title ) Succeeded by 1950 Uruguay Preceded by 1978 Argentina World Champions 1982 ( Third title ) Succeeded by 1986 Argentina Preceded by 2002 Brazil World Champions 2006 ( Fourth title ) Succeeded by 2010 Spain Preceded by 1964 Spain European Champions 1968 ( First title ) Succeeded by 1972 West Germany Awards Preceded by Renault F1 Team Laureus World Team of the Year 2007 Succeeded by South African Rugby Union Team FIFA World Cup winners 1930 : Uruguay 1934 : Italy 1938 : Italy 1950 : Uruguay 1954 : West Germany 1958 : Brazil 1962 : Brazil 1966 : England 1970 : Brazil 1974 : West Germany 1978 : Argentina 1982 : Italy 1986 : Argentina 1990 : West Germany 1994 : Brazil 1998 : France 2002 : Brazil 2006 : Italy 2010 : Spain 2014 : Germany UEFA European Championship winners 1960 : Soviet Union 1964 : Spain 1968 : Italy 1972 : West Germany 1976 : Czechoslovakia 1980 : West Germany 1984 : France 1988 : Netherlands 1992 : Denmark 1996 : Germany 2000 : France 2004 : Greece 2008 : Spain 2012 : Spain 2016 : Portugal Men 's Football Mediterranean Games winners 1951 : Greece 1955 : Egypt 1959 : Italy 1963 : Italy 1967 : Italy 1967 : France 1971 : Yugoslavia 1975 : Algeria 1979 : Yugoslavia 1983 : Morocco 1987 : Syria 1991 : Greece 1993 : Turkey 1997 : Italy 2001 : Tunisia 2005 : Spain 2009 : Spain 2013 : Morocco 2018 : TBA 2021 : TBA Laureus World Sports Award for Team of the Year winners 2000 : Manchester United F.C. 2001 : France national football team 2002 : Australia national cricket team 2003 : Brazil national football team 2004 : England national rugby union team 2005 : Greece national football team 2006 : Renault F1 2007 : Italy national football team 2008 : South Africa national rugby union team 2009 : Chinese Olympic team 2010 : Brawn GP 2011 : Spain national football team 2012 : FC Barcelona 2013 : European Ryder Cup team 2014 : Bayern Munich 2015 : Germany national football team 2016 : New Zealand national rugby union team 2017 : Chicago Cubs 2018 : Mercedes F1 Italy squads Italy FIFA World Cup squads Italy squad -- 1934 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) GK Cavanna GK Combi ( c ) GK Masetti DF Allemandi DF Caligaris DF Monzeglio DF Rosetta MF Bertolini MF Castellazzi MF Ferraris MF Monti MF Pizziolo MF Varglien FW Arcari FW Borel FW Demaria FW Ferrari FW Guaita FW Guarisi FW Meazza FW Orsi FW Schiavio Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1938 FIFA World Cup winners ( 2nd title ) GK Ceresoli GK Masetti GK Olivieri DF Foni DF Monzeglio DF Rava MF Andreolo MF Chizzo MF Donati MF Genta MF Locatelli MF Olmi MF Perazzolo MF Serantoni FW Bertoni FW Biavati FW Colaussi FW Ferrari FW Ferraris FW Meazza ( c ) FW Pasinati FW Piola Coach : Pozzo Italy squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup GK Casari GK Moro GK Sentimenti DF Annovazzi DF Blason DF Fattori DF Furiassi DF Giovannini MF Magli MF Mari MF Parola MF Remondini MF Tognon FW Amadei FW Boniperti FW Campatelli FW Cappello FW Caprile FW Carapellese ( c ) FW Lorenzi FW Muccinelli FW Pandolfini Coach : Novo Italy squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup 1 Ghezzi 2 Vincenzi 3 Giacomazzi 4 Neri 5 Tognon 6 Nesti 7 Muccinelli 8 Pandolfini 9 Galli 10 Cappello 11 Lorenzi 12 Viola 13 Magnini 14 Cervato 15 Mari 16 Ferrario 17 Segato 18 Pivatelli 19 Boniperti ( c ) 20 Gratton 21 Frignani 22 Costagliola Coach : Czeizler Italy squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 Losi 3 Radice 4 Salvadore 5 Maldini 6 Trapattoni 7 Mora 8 Maschio 9 Altafini 10 Sívori 11 Menichelli 12 Mattrel 13 Albertosi 14 Rivera 15 Sormani 16 Robotti 17 Pascutti 18 David 19 Janich 20 Tumburus 21 Ferrini 22 Bulgarelli Coach : Mazza & Ferrari Italy squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup 1 Albertosi 2 Anzolin 3 Barison 4 Bulgarelli 5 Burgnich 6 Facchetti 7 Fogli 8 Guarneri 9 Janich 10 Juliano 11 Landini 12 Leoncini 13 Lodetti 14 Mazzola 15 Meroni 16 Pascutti 17 Perani 18 Pizzaballa 19 Rivera 20 Rizzo 21 Rosato 22 Salvadore ( c ) Coach : Fabbri Italy squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Albertosi 2 Burgnich 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Poletti 5 Cera 6 Ferrante 7 Niccolai 8 Rosato 9 Puia 10 Bertini 11 Riva 12 Zoff 13 Domenghini 14 Rivera 15 Mazzola 16 De Sisti 17 Vieri 18 Juliano 19 Gori 20 Boninsegna 21 Furino 22 Prati Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1974 FIFA World Cup 1 Zoff 2 Spinosi 3 Facchetti ( c ) 4 Benetti 5 Morini 6 Burgnich 7 Mazzola 8 Capello 9 Chinaglia 10 Rivera 11 Riva 12 Albertosi 13 Sabadini 14 Bellugi 15 Wilson 16 Juliano 17 Re Cecconi 18 Causio 19 Anastasi 20 Boninsegna 21 Pulici 22 Castellini Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- 1978 FIFA World Cup Fourth Place 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Bellugi 3 Cabrini 4 Cuccureddu 5 Gentile 6 Maldera 7 Manfredonia 8 Scirea 9 Antognoni 10 Benetti 11 Pecci 12 Conti 13 P. Sala 14 Tardelli 15 Zaccarelli 16 Causio 17 C. Sala 18 Bettega 19 Graziani 20 Pulici 21 Rossi 22 Bordon Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup winners ( 3rd title ) 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi 4 Cabrini 5 Collovati 6 Gentile 7 Scirea 8 Vierchowod 9 Antognoni 10 Dossena 11 Marini 12 Bordon 13 Oriali 14 Tardelli 15 Causio 16 Conti 17 Massaro 18 Altobelli 19 Graziani 20 Rossi 21 Selvaggi 22 Galli Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup 1 Galli 2 Bergomi 3 Cabrini 4 Collovati 5 Nela 6 Scirea ( c ) 7 Tricella 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Bagni 11 Baresi 12 Tancredi 13 De Napoli 14 Di Gennaro 15 Tardelli 16 Conti 17 Vialli 18 Altobelli 19 Galderisi 20 Rossi 21 Serena 22 Zenga Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup Third Place 1 Zenga 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi ( c ) 4 De Agostini 5 Ferrara 6 Ferri 7 Maldini 8 Vierchowod 9 Ancelotti 10 Berti 11 De Napoli 12 Tacconi 13 Giannini 14 Marocchi 15 Baggio 16 Carnevale 17 Donadoni 18 Mancini 19 Schillaci 20 Serena 21 Vialli 22 Pagliuca Coach : Vicini Italy squad -- 1994 FIFA World Cup runners - up 1 Pagliuca 2 Apolloni 3 Benarrivo 4 Costacurta 5 Maldini 6 Baresi ( c ) 7 Minotti 8 Mussi 9 Tassotti 10 R. Baggio 11 Albertini 12 Marchegiani 13 D. Baggio 14 Berti 15 Conte 16 Donadoni 17 Evani 18 Casiraghi 19 Massaro 20 Signori 21 Zola 22 Bucci Coach : Sacchi Italy squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup 1 Toldo 2 Bergomi 3 P. Maldini ( c ) 4 Cannavaro 5 Costacurta 6 Nesta 7 Pessotto 8 Torricelli 9 Albertini 10 Del Piero 11 D. Baggio 12 Pagliuca 13 Cois 14 Di Biagio 15 Di Livio 16 Di Matteo 17 Moriero 18 R. Baggio 19 Inzaghi 20 Chiesa 21 Vieri 22 Buffon Coach : C. Maldini Italy squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Panucci 3 Maldini ( c ) 4 Coco 5 Cannavaro 6 Zanetti 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Inzaghi 10 Totti 11 Doni 12 Abbiati 13 Nesta 14 Di Biagio 15 Iuliano 16 Di Livio 17 Tommasi 18 Delvecchio 19 Zambrotta 20 Montella 21 Vieri 22 Toldo 23 Materazzi Coach : Trapattoni Italy squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup winners ( 4th title ) 1 Buffon 2 Zaccardo 3 Grosso 4 De Rossi 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 Barzagli 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Toni 10 Totti 11 Gilardino 12 Peruzzi 13 Nesta 14 Amelia 15 Iaquinta 16 Camoranesi 17 Barone 18 Inzaghi 19 Zambrotta 20 Perrotta 21 Pirlo 22 Oddo 23 Materazzi Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon 2 Maggio 3 Criscito 4 Chiellini 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 De Rossi 7 Pepe 8 Gattuso 9 Iaquinta 10 Di Natale 11 Gilardino 12 Marchetti 13 Bocchetti 14 De Sanctis 15 Marchisio 16 Camoranesi 17 Palombo 18 Quagliarella 19 Zambrotta 20 Pazzini 21 Pirlo 22 Montolivo 23 Bonucci Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini 4 Darmian 5 Motta 6 Candreva 7 Abate 8 Marchisio 9 Balotelli 10 Cassano 11 Cerci 12 Sirigu 13 Perin 14 Aquilani 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Immobile 18 Parolo 19 Bonucci 20 Paletta 21 Pirlo 22 Insigne 23 Verratti Coach : Prandelli Italy UEFA Euro squads Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 1968 winners ( 1st title ) 1 Albertosi 2 Anastasi 3 Anquilletti 4 Bercellino 5 Burgnich 6 Bulgarelli 7 Castano 8 De Sisti 9 Domenghini 10 Facchetti ( c ) 11 Ferrini 12 Guarneri 13 Juliano 14 Lodetti 15 Mazzola 16 Prati 17 Riva 18 Rivera 19 Rosato 20 Salvadore 21 Vieri 22 Zoff Coach : Valcareggi Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 1980 Fourth Place 1 Zoff ( c ) 2 F. Baresi 3 G. Baresi 4 Bellugi 5 Cabrini 6 Collovati 7 Gentile 8 Maldera 9 Scirea 10 Antognoni 11 Benetti 12 Bordon 13 Buriani 14 Oriali 15 Tardelli 16 Zaccarelli 17 Altobelli 18 Bettega 19 Causio 20 Graziani 21 Pruzzo 22 Galli Coach : Bearzot Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 1988 semi-finalists 1 Zenga 2 Baresi 3 Bergomi ( c ) 4 Cravero 5 Ferrara 6 Ferri 7 Francini 8 Maldini 9 Ancelotti 10 De Agostini 11 De Napoli 12 Tacconi 13 Fusi 14 Giannini 15 Romano 16 Altobelli 17 Donadoni 18 Mancini 19 Rizzitelli 20 Vialli Coach : Vicini Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 1996 1 Peruzzi 2 Apolloni 3 Maldini ( c ) 4 Carboni 5 Costacurta 6 Nesta 7 Donadoni 8 Mussi 9 Torricelli 10 Albertini 11 Baggio 12 Toldo 13 Rossitto 14 Del Piero 15 Di Livio 16 Di Matteo 17 Fuser 18 Casiraghi 19 Chiesa 20 Ravanelli 21 Zola 22 Bucci Coach : Sacchi Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 2000 runners - up 1 Abbiati 2 Ferrara 3 Maldini ( c ) 4 Albertini 5 Cannavaro 6 Negro 7 Di Livio 8 Conte 9 Inzaghi 10 Del Piero 11 Pessotto 12 Toldo 13 Nesta 14 Di Biagio 15 Iuliano 16 Ambrosini 17 Zambrotta 18 Fiore 19 Montella 20 Totti 21 Delvecchio 22 Antonioli Coach : Zoff Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 2004 1 Buffon 2 Panucci 3 Oddo 4 Zanetti 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 Ferrari 7 Del Piero 8 Gattuso 9 Vieri 10 Totti 11 Corradi 12 Toldo 13 Nesta 14 Fiore 15 Favalli 16 Camoranesi 17 Di Vaio 18 Cassano 19 Zambrotta 20 Perrotta 21 Pirlo 22 Peruzzi 23 Materazzi Coach : Trapattoni Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 2008 1 Buffon 2 Panucci 3 Grosso 4 Chiellini 5 Gamberini 6 Barzagli 7 Del Piero ( c ) 8 Gattuso 9 Toni 10 De Rossi 11 Di Natale 12 Borriello 13 Ambrosini 14 Amelia 15 Quagliarella 16 Camoranesi 17 De Sanctis 18 Cassano 19 Zambrotta 20 Perrotta 21 Pirlo 22 Aquilani 23 Materazzi Coach : Donadoni Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 2012 runners - up 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 Maggio 3 Chiellini 4 Ogbonna 5 Motta 6 Balzaretti 7 Abate 8 Marchisio 9 Balotelli 10 Cassano 11 Di Natale 12 Sirigu 13 Giaccherini 14 De Sanctis 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Borini 18 Montolivo 19 Bonucci 20 Giovinco 21 Pirlo 22 Diamanti 23 Nocerino Coach : Prandelli Italy squad -- UEFA Euro 2016 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 De Sciglio 3 Chiellini 4 Darmian 5 Ogbonna 6 Candreva 7 Zaza 8 Florenzi 9 Pellè 10 Motta 11 Immobile 12 Sirigu 13 Marchetti 14 Sturaro 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Éder 18 Parolo 19 Bonucci 20 Insigne 21 Bernardeschi 22 El Shaarawy 23 Giaccherini Coach : Conte Italy FIFA Confederations Cup squads Italy squad -- 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup 1 Buffon 2 Santon 3 Grosso 4 Chiellini 5 Cannavaro ( c ) 6 Legrottaglie 7 Pepe 8 Gattuso 9 Toni 10 De Rossi 11 Gilardino 12 De Sanctis 13 Gamberini 14 Amelia 15 Iaquinta 16 Camoranesi 17 Rossi 18 Palombo 19 Zambrotta 20 Montolivo 21 Pirlo 22 Dossena 23 Quagliarella Coach : Lippi Italy squad -- 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup Third Place 1 Buffon ( c ) 2 Maggio 3 Chiellini 4 Astori 5 De Sciglio 6 Candreva 7 Aquilani 8 Marchisio 9 Balotelli 10 Giovinco 11 Gilardino 12 Sirigu 13 Marchetti 14 El Shaarawy 15 Barzagli 16 De Rossi 17 Cerci 18 Montolivo 19 Bonucci 20 Abate 21 Pirlo 22 Giaccherini 23 Diamanti Coach : Prandelli Finalists UEFA Euro 1968 finalists Champions Italy Runners - up Yugoslavia Third place England Fourth place Soviet Union UEFA Euro 1980 finalists Champions West Germany Runners - up Belgium Third place Czechoslovakia Fourth place Italy Eliminated in the group stage Group 1 Greece Netherlands Group 2 England Spain UEFA Euro 1988 finalists Champions Netherlands Runners - up Soviet Union Eliminated in the semi-finals Italy West Germany Eliminated in the group stage Group 1 Denmark Spain Group 2 England Republic of Ireland UEFA Euro 1996 finalists Champions Germany Runners - up Czech Republic Eliminated in the semi-finals England France Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Netherlands Portugal Spain Eliminated in the group stage Group A Scotland Switzerland Group B Bulgaria Romania Group C Italy Russia Group D Denmark Turkey UEFA Euro 2000 finalists Champions France Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Netherlands Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals FR Yugoslavia Romania Spain Turkey Eliminated in the group stage Group A England Germany Group B Belgium Sweden Group C Norway Slovenia Group D Czech Republic Denmark UEFA Euro 2004 finalists Champions Greece Runners - up Portugal Eliminated in the semi-finals Czech Republic Netherlands Eliminated in the quarter - finals Denmark England France Sweden Eliminated in the group stage Group A Russia Spain Group B Croatia Switzerland Group C Bulgaria Italy Group D Germany Latvia UEFA Euro 2008 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Germany Eliminated in the semi-finals Russia Turkey Eliminated in the quarter - finals Croatia Italy Netherlands Portugal Eliminated in the group stage Group A Czech Republic Switzerland Group B Austria Poland Group C France Romania Group D Greece Sweden UEFA Euro 2012 finalists Champions Spain Runners - up Italy Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Portugal Eliminated in the quarter - finals Czech Republic England France Greece Eliminated in the group stage Group A Poland Russia Group B Denmark Netherlands Group C Croatia Republic of Ireland Group D Sweden Ukraine UEFA Euro 2016 finalists Champions Portugal Runners - up France Eliminated in the semi-finals Germany Wales Eliminated in the quarter - finals Belgium Iceland Italy Poland Eliminated in the round of 16 Croatia England Hungary Northern Ireland Republic of Ireland Slovakia Spain Switzerland Eliminated in the group stage Group A Albania Romania Group B Russia Group C Ukraine Group D Czech Republic Turkey Group E Sweden Group F Austria # invoke : navbox Template : UEFA teams Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italy_national_football_team&oldid=827430400 '' Categories : Italy national football team European national association football teams UEFA European Championship - winning countries FIFA World Cup - winning countries Laureus World Sports Awards winners Men 's national sports teams of Italy Football teams in Italy 1898 establishments in Italy Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2011 Pages where template include size is exceeded Use dmy dates from June 2017 Articles containing Italian - 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when did italy win the world cup last

FIFA World Cup record FIFA World Cup Qualification record Year Round Position Pld D * GF GA Pld GF GA 1930 Did Not Enter -- -- -- -- -- -- 1934 Champions 1st 5 0 12 0 0 0 1938 Champions 1st 0 0 11 5 Qualified as defending champions 1950 Group Stage 7th 0 Qualified as defending champions 1954 10th 0 6 7 0 0 7 1958 Did Not Qualify 0 5 5 1962 Group Stage 9th 0 0 10 1966 9th 0 6 17 1970 Runners - up 2nd 6 10 8 0 10 Group Stage 10th 5 6 0 12 0 1978 Fourth Place 4th 7 9 6 6 5 0 18 1982 Champions 1st 7 0 12 6 8 5 12 5 1986 Round of 16 12th 5 6 Qualified as defending champions 1990 Third Place 3rd 7 6 0 10 Qualified as hosts 1994 Runners - up 2nd 7 8 5 10 7 22 7 1998 Quarter Final 5th 5 0 8 10 6 0 13 2002 Round of 16 15th 5 5 8 6 0 16 2006 Champions 1st 7 5 0 12 10 7 17 8 Group Stage 26th 0 5 10 7 0 18 7 2014 22nd 0 10 6 0 19 9 2018 Did Not Qualify 12 7 21 9 2022 TBD Total 4 Titles 18 / 21 83 45 21 17 128 77 109 74 26 9 221 69

Sam Hill ( euphemism ) - wikipedia Sam Hill ( euphemism ) Jump to : navigation , search Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase , a euphemism or minced oath for `` the devil '' or `` hell '' personified ( as in , `` What in the Sam Hill is that ? '' ) . Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s ; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization , with , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , an unknown origin . Possible referents ( edit ) Candidate referents for the use date back to at least the 19th century . The following are possibilities of the term 's origin . H.L. Mencken suggested that the phrase derives from Samiel , the name of the Devil in Der Freischütz , an opera by Carl Maria von Weber that was performed in New York City in 1825 . The phrase `` Sam Hill '' can also be seen in the variant `` Samil . '' Sam Hill was a mercantile store owner who offered a vast and diverse inventory of goods . People began using the term `` what in the Sam Hill is that ? '' to describe something they found odd or unusual , just like the inventory found in Sam Hill 's store . The original Sam Hill Mercantile building still stands on Montezuma Street in Prescott , Arizona , and is listed on the register of Historic Places . An article in the New England Magazine in December 1889 entitled `` Two Centuries and a Half in Guilford , Connecticut '' mentioned that , `` Between 1727 and 1752 Mr. Sam . Hill represented Guilford in forty - three out of forty - nine sessions of the Legislature , and when he was gathered to his fathers , his son Nathaniel reigned in his stead '' and a footnote queried whether this might be the source of the `` popular Connecticut adjuration to ' Give ' em Sam Hill ' ? '' The millionaire Samuel Hill , a businessman and `` good roads '' advocate in the Pacific Northwest , became associated with the phrase in the 1920s . A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill 's Maryhill Museum of Art . The fact that `` Father of Good Roads '' Samuel Hill had n't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question . A possible origin for the phrase `` Sam Hill '' is the surveyor Samuel W. Hill ( 1819 -- 1889 ) . Hill allegedly used such foul language that his name became a euphemism for swear words . In the words of Charles Eschbach , `` Back in the 1850s the Keweenaw 's copper mining boom was underway . There were about a dozen men who pretty much ran the Keweenaw . They were mining company agents , the ' go between ' for the investors from Boston and the actual mining production people . Their names were attached to every report sent back to eastern investors . Among these company agents was a man named Samuel W. Hill . Sam was a geologist , surveyor , and mining engineer and had considerable power in the Keweenaw . '' According to author Ellis W. Courter , Samuel Hill `` was an adventurer , explorer , miner , and surveyor . He had worked with Christopher C. Douglas and Douglas Houghton on the early State survey . His judgment was respected . Although he was a rough character , he possessed a big heart and in the fall of 1847 had risked his life to help avert a threatened food shortage in the Copper Harbor district . Generally he was regarded as a hero throughout the entire Copper Country , however , he was contemptuous of all the praise that was heaped upon him . Hill also gained a reputation as being one of the most blasphemous and obscene swearers in the Keweenaw Peninsula . Although he had a colorful vocabulary and told many a good story of his early adventures , his ubiquitous use of lurid cuss words became legendary . Whenever friends or neighbors retold his colorful tales in more polite society , they had to tame his unmentionables by substituting the sinless sounding words ' Sam Hill ' . In time the expression , ' What the Sam Hill ' spread far beyond the Copper Country . Today it has become a part of the American language . Few who utter these words ever heard of Samuel Hill , or know that he was the unconscious originator of a sinless synonym for profanity . '' Another possibility involves the former adjutant general of Kentucky Samuel Ewing Hill , who was sent by the governor of Kentucky to see what was going on in reference to the Hatfields & McCoys family feud in 1887 . Between 1880 and 1891 , the feud claimed more than a dozen members of the two families , becoming headline news around the country , and compelling the governors of both Kentucky and West Virginia to call up their state militias to restore order . The governor of West Virginia once even threatened to have his militia invade Kentucky . Kentucky governor Simon Bolivar Buckner in response sent his adjutant general Sam Hill to Pike County , Kentucky to investigate the situation . Newspapers from around the country awaited word from Hill to find out `` what in the Sam Hill was going on up there '' . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Michael Quinion ( 2004 - 11 - 06 ) . `` World Wide Words : Sam Hill '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : `` Issue of August 4 , 2001 : On a popsicle stick '' . The Word Detective. 2001 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 12 . Jump up ^ Various ( 1900 ) . The New Dictionary of American Slang . Jump up ^ Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American Language ( 4th ed . ) . Alfred A. Knopf . Jump up ^ `` Hill , Sam , Hardware '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ TIME Magazine ( 1926 - 08 - 16 ) . `` Sam Hill '' . @ Time Archives . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 10 . Jump up ^ Words to the Wise : Issue 156 , page 2 from the website of the Institute for Etymological Research and Education Jump up ^ Jill Livingston , 1999 , 2011 . `` Sam Hill Sign '' . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Charles Eshbach . `` What the Sam Hill ? '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 24 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ Courter , Ellis W. ( 2005 ) . Michigan 's Copper Country ( PDF ) . Republished by the State of Michigan , Office of Geological Survey . Jump up ^ `` What in Sam Hill ... started the Hatfield and McCoy Feud ? '' . Kentucky.gov . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Hatfields and McCoys : The Moran Connection '' . moranfamilytn.blogspot.com . Retrieved 3 June 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sam_Hill_(euphemism)&oldid=795068968 '' Categories : Euphemisms Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 August 2017 , at 20 : 15 . About Wikipedia

where does the phrase sam hill come from

Sam Hill is an American English slang phrase , a euphemism or minced oath for `` the devil '' or `` hell '' personified ( as in , `` What in the Sam Hill is that ? '' ) . Etymologist Michael Quinion and others date the expression back to the late 1830s ; they and others consider the expression to have been a simple bowdlerization , with , according to the Oxford English Dictionary , an unknown origin .

National Woman Suffrage Association - wikipedia National Woman Suffrage Association Jump to : navigation , search Suffragists Katharine McCormick and Mrs. Charles Parker , holding a historical NWSA banner on April 22 , 1913 The National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) was formed on May 15 , 1869 in New York City . The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman 's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Its founders , Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women . Men were able to join the organization as members ; however , women solely controlled the leadership of the group . The NWSA worked to secure women 's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment . Contrarily , its rival , the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) , believed success could be more easily achieved through state - by - state campaigns . In 1890 the NWSA and the AWSA merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . A 1917 map from the women 's suffrage movement showing the status of the drive for suffrage in North America and urging the U.S. to match Canada 's successes . Contents ( hide ) 1 The split of the suffrage movements 2 Structure and ideology 2.1 Structure 2.2 The new constitution 2.3 Ideology 2.4 The Revolution 3 Accomplishments 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography The split of the Suffrage movements ( edit ) Although the harbingers of dissent within different factions of the woman suffrage movement may be seen in the National Woman 's Rights Convention of 1860 ( the last national convention before the outbreak of the war ) , woman 's rights activism largely ceased during the Civil War . The movement re-emerged to the national scene in 1866 to organize formally under a new name -- the American Equal Rights Association ( AERA ) -- and defined by a new platform . Confronted by the proposal of the reconstruction amendments , which introduced the word `` male '' to the United States Constitution , the AERA eventually dissolved over whether suffrage for emancipated slaves and women would be pursued simultaneously . The schism was cemented by the decision of Republican lawmakers and their former abolitionist allies that this was `` the Negro 's hour , '' leaving woman suffrage to be deferred to a more opportune moment . Following the May 1869 American Equal Rights Association convention , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony , Jacqueline Valenzuela , and Bianet Cuevas Parra established the National Woman Suffrage Association ( hereafter referred to as `` the National '' ) . Feeling misguided and deceived , Stanton and Anthony resorted to such bold action largely due to their belief that the preponderance of men composing the AERA leadership had betrayed women 's interest . In addition to a feeling of betrayal , deep differences between the factions of the movement centered on numerous issues , including how AERA funds were to be used , and , most importantly , whether the reconstruction amendments should be supported despite their failure to include women . Meeting at the Women 's Bureau in New York City , Stanton , Anthony and delegates from nineteen states of the AERA convention , appointed Elizabeth Cady Stanton as the National 's President . Other prominent activists forming the National were Lucretia Mott , Martha Coffin Wright , Ernestine Rose ( part of the Executive Committee ) , Pauline Wright Davis ( Advisory Counsel of Rhode Island ) , Reverend Olympia Brown , Matilda Joslyn Gage , Anna E. Dickinson ( Vice-President of Pennsylvania ) , Elizabeth Smith Miller and Mary Cheney Greeley among others . The women immediately turned their efforts toward passage of a Constitutional Amendment giving women the right to vote . In response , Lucy Stone , Henry Blackwell , Julia Ward Howe and Wendell Phillips among others established the American Woman Suffrage Association in September of that year in Boston . The death knell had rung upon the American Equal Rights Association . Structure and ideology ( edit ) Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton . Structure ( edit ) Unlike the American Association who held their conventions in various cities across the country , the National Association held its annual conventions in Washington D.C. with its efforts concentrated on the federal government . Although focused on national reform , the National established its headquarters in New York City , seeking to mobilize support among wage - earning women . The National Association was centralized and unitary in structure , as opposed to the more stringent delegate system of the American Association . Feeling slighted by the apostasy of men under the American Equal Rights Association , the National Association granted full membership rights for women only . Men could affiliate with the organization , however , women solely controlled its leadership . By the same token , Stanton and Anthony were willing to work with anyone , despite their view on other matters , as long as they wholeheartedly championed woman rights and suffrage . As a result , the National Association was often perceived as radical , unorthodox and aggressive . Such drastic measures included using racist appeals to win allies among Democrats . The National , however , often condemned both those Republicans and Democrats who ignored the suffrage question . The New Constitution ( edit ) In 1883 , Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the officers of the National adopted a new Constitution of the National Woman Suffrage Association . It consisted of the five following articles : The first article stated the name of the organization of the National Woman Suffrage Association . The second article emphasized the object of the organization to secure the right to vote for women of the nation on equal terms with men . The third article issued a one dollar annual membership fee . It also stated that membership fees were mandatory if a person wanted to actively participate and vote within the National . The fourth article named the officers of the National to consist of the President , a Vice-President from each of the states and territories , Corresponding and Recording Secretaries , Treasurer , an Executive Committee of five or more members located in New York City and an Advisory Counsel from each state and territory . The officers were also said to be chosen at each Annual meeting of the National Association . The fifth article addressed that all other woman suffrage societies were welcomed as auxiliaries , and their officers would be recognized as members of the national association . As stated in the fifth article , state , district and town woman 's suffrage associations were welcomed to become auxiliaries . According to the `` Plan For Organization , '' to organize as a group , a convention of the region must be called by the Vice-President of the state and the Advisory Counsel of each state where the officers would be chosen in coordination with the National 's rules . Ideology ( edit ) In founding the National Association , Stanton and Anthony regarded woman 's rights as a broad cause , in which the franchise was of primary importance . The organization , however , advocated a broad platform in supporting the individual liberties of women . As Eleanor Flexner explains , `` It ( the National ) was willing to take up the cudgels for distressed women whatever their circumstances , be they ' fallen women , ' divorce cases , or underpaid seamstresses . '' The broad focus espoused by the National Association allowed it to address a diverse array of social , economical and political issues . In advocating for a federal amendment to assure women the ballot , the National relied on a natural rights argument . The National adopted the constitutional argument put forth by Francis and Virginia Minor at the Missouri Woman Suffrage Convention in St. Louis in October 1869 . Using a constitutional interpretation that used language and directly derived from the Fourteenth Amendment , the Minors argued that women had the right to suffrage because they were citizens . Other general arguments Stanton and the National exercised included points that women were taxed without representation , governed without their consent , and tried and punished without a jury of their peers . The National brought the constitutionality of denying the franchise to the national limelight by printing Minor 's resolutions in its periodical , The Revolution . At the time of the National Association 's Washington Convention of 1870 , ten thousand copies of Minor 's resolutions were circulating around the audience , with copies placed on every member 's desk in Congress . In adopting such ideology , officers of the National Association soon began to later their speeches , resolutions and hearing before Congress . They also made diverse attempts to vote in various states across the country . The Revolution ( edit ) George Train , financier of The Revolution newsletter . During its short life , The Revolution , the weekly newsletter of the National Association , frequently urged reforms to benefit workingwomen . Supported by financier George Train , editor David Melliss and managed by Anthony , The Revolution paraded the motto : `` Men , their rights and nothing more ; women , their rights and nothing less ! '' The weekly sixteen - page paper reported news not found elsewhere , such as the organization of women typesetters , of the first women 's clubs , and of women abroad . The Revolution for a short time gave the National a forum , focus and direction . The newsletter , moreover , reflected the broad agenda of the organization . As Eleanor Flexner elaborates , for instance , The Revolution `` exhorted women to equip themselves to earn their own livelihood , to practice bodily hygiene in the matter of fresh air , dress , and exercise . '' On January 8 , 1870 -- the anniversary of the founding of The Revolution -- the American Association launched its periodical , The Woman 's Journal . Faced with rising debts , and the rising popularity of The Woman 's Journal , The Revolution succumbed in May 1870 . Accomplishments ( edit ) In the summer of 1876 , the nation celebrated its Centennial with a highly anticipated exposition in Philadelphia , the first of its kind in America . Opening headquarters in Philadelphia , the National Association sought to use the occasion to draw attention to the inequitable position of women , as well as to organize women from all over the country to exchange their knowledge and experiences . When Richard Henry Lee of Virginia , the presiding officer of the July 4th exposition , finished reading the Declaration of Independence , the ladies walked down the aisle and approached the stage where Anthony made a brief speech . Members of the National then presented the presiding officer with a Women 's Declaration of Rights . The Women 's Declaration of Rights listed the natural rights protected by the government as part of the social contract and went forth to state that the government was infringing upon those rights . In response , the authors listed nine rights for women labeled `` Articles of Impeachment . '' These articles referenced the ways in which women were oppressed and wronged and asked the government to give women the civil and political rights guaranteed to them . One year later at the National 's Convention of January 1877 , the organization continued to carry out bold reform measures . Keeping pressure on Congress , the National drafted a federal amendment calling for woman suffrage -- penned by Elizabeth Cady Stanton -- that was reintroduced to the Legislature annually until its eventual adoption in 1919 . In the same year , furthermore , Anthony led a group of women onto the floor of the United States Senate bearing suffrage petitions with ten thousand signatures . Such efforts signify the extensive efforts of the National Woman Suffrage Association to keep pressure on the federal government to promote the causes concerning women 's rights , while bringing the injustice the encountered to national prominence . In 1890 the National Association and the American Association merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) . The merger negotiations between the two organizations began in 1887 , dragged for three years , and were finally consummated at a joint convention in February 1890 where the NAWSA nominated Elizabeth Cady Stanton as its first President . See also ( edit ) List of suffragists and suffragettes List of women 's rights activists Timeline of women 's suffrage Timeline of women 's suffrage in the United States Women 's suffrage organizations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Anthony , Harper & Gage ( 1922 ) , p. 1 . ^ Jump up to : Flexner & Fitzpatrick ( 1996 ) , pp. 144 -- 146 . ^ Jump up to : Wheeler ( 1995 ) , Need page reference . ^ Jump up to : Marilley ( 1996 ) , p. 76 . ^ Jump up to : Oakley ( 1972 ) , p. 90 . ^ Jump up to : Coolidge ( 1966 ) , pp. 124 -- 125 . ^ Jump up to : Campbell ( 1989 ) , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 16 . ^ Jump up to : National Woman Suffrage Association , Constitution of the National Woman Suffrage Association . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Brown , Olympia . `` A Statement of Facts '' . S > I > , 1889 : 1 -- 8p . History of Women ( 1977 ) : Reel 947 , No. 8870 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQ1121. H5 . ^ Jump up to : National Woman Suffrage Association . Women 's Bureau , Plan of Organization . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 90 . Jump up ^ National Woman Suffrage Association ( U.S. ) , Declaration of the Rights of the Women in the United States , July 4 , 1876 . Jump up ^ Scott & Scott ( 1982 ) , p. 20 . Bibliography ( edit ) Anthony , Susan Brownwell ; Harper , Ida Husted ; Gage , Matilda Joslyn ( 1922 ) . History of Woman Suffrage : 1900 -- 1920 . New York : Little & Ives . `` Arguments of the Delegates of the National Woman Suffrage Association Before the Committee of Privileges and Election of the United States Senate . '' S.I. , 1878 : pp. 1 -- 45 History of Women ( 1977 ) : Reel 946 , No. 8827 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQ1121. H5 Brown , Olympia . `` A Statement of Facts . '' S.I. , 1889 : 1 -- 8p . History of Women ( 1977 ) Reel 947 , No. 8870 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQ1121. H5 Campbell , Karlyn Kohrs ( 1989 ) . Man Cannot Speak For Her : A Critical Study of Early Feminist Rhetoric. 1 . Westport : Praeger . ISBN 0 - 275 - 93266 - 4 . Catt , Carrie Chapman ; Shuler , Nettie Rogers ( 1926 ) . Woman Suffrage And Politics : The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement . 514pp . Detailed official history . Coolidge , Olivia E. ( 1966 ) . Women 's Rights : The Suffrage Movement in America , 1848 -- 1920 . New York : E.P. Dutton . Flexner , Eleanor ; Fitzpatrick , Ellen Frances ( 1996 ) . Century of Struggle : The Woman 's Rights Movement in the United States ( Expanded ed . ) . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 10654 - 7 . Marilley , Suzanne M. ( 1996 ) . Woman Suffrage and the Origins of Liberal Feminism in the United States , 1820 -- 1920 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 95465 - 3 . National Woman Suffrage Association . `` Constitution of the National Woman Suffrage Association . '' S.I. 1892 : 1 -- 4p . History of Women ( 1977 ) : Reel 950 , No. 9215 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQ1121. H5 . National Woman Suffrage Association ( U.S. ) . `` Declaration of the Rights of the Women in the United States . July 4 , 1876 . '' S.I. : 1 -- 4p . History of Women ( 1977 ) : Reel 949 , No. 8825 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQK9L1121. H5 . National Woman 's Suffrage Association . Women 's Bureau . `` Plan of Organization . '' New York , National Woman 's Suffrage Association , 1869 : 1 -- 4p . History of Women ( 1977 ) : Reel 946 , No. 8808 , UMCP McKeldin Library , HQ1121. H5 . Oakley , Mary Ann B. ( 1972 ) . Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Old Westbury : The Feminist Press . ISBN 0 - 912670 - 03 - 7 . Scott , Anne Firor ; Scott , Andrew MacKay ( 1982 ) . One Half the People : The Fight for Woman Suffrage . Champaign : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01005 - 1 . Wheeler , Marjorie Spruil , ed. ( 1995 ) . One Woman , One Vote : Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement . NewSage Press . ISBN 978 - 0939165261 . Suffrage Basic topics Universal suffrage Women Black Youth Resident foreigners Expatriates in country of origin Voting age Demeny voting Suffragette Compulsory voting Disfranchisement Women 's liberation movement By country Australia 1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act aboriginal women Japan Hong Kong Kuwait New Zealand Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom women Wales laws 1832 1918 1928 United States women Native Americans foreigners District of Columbia Puerto Rico amendments 15th 19th 26th 1965 Voting Rights Act Events International Woman Suffrage Alliance conferences 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th Black Friday 1 July marches 2014 protests US Seneca Falls Convention Declaration of Sentiments Rochester Convention Ohio Women 's Convention National Women 's Rights Convention 1907 Mud March Suffrage Hikes 1913 Woman Suffrage Procession Silent Sentinels Night of Terror `` Give Us the Ballot '' Selma to Montgomery marches Related Age of candidacy US Voting Rights Museum Umbrella Movement Women Suffragists Timeline of women 's suffrage US in majority - Muslim countries Women 's suffrage organizations and publications Women 's rights activists Suffragette Memorial Pankhurst Centre Pankhurst Memorial Belmont - Paul Monument International Women 's Day Justice Bell 1920 US presidential election Leser v. 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who founded the national woman's suffrage association

The National Woman Suffrage Association ( NWSA ) was formed on May 15 , 1869 in New York City . The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman 's movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution . Its founders , Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton , opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women . Men were able to join the organization as members ; however , women solely controlled the leadership of the group . The NWSA worked to secure women 's enfranchisement through a federal constitutional amendment . Contrarily , its rival , the American Woman Suffrage Association ( AWSA ) , believed success could be more easily achieved through state - by - state campaigns . In 1890 the NWSA and the AWSA merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) .

Set ( mathematics ) - wikipedia Set ( mathematics ) This article is about what mathematicians call `` intuitive '' or `` naive '' set theory . For a more detailed account , see Naive set theory . For a rigorous modern axiomatic treatment of sets , see Set theory . A set of polygons in an Euler diagram In mathematics , a set is a collection of distinct objects , considered as an object in its own right . For example , the numbers 2 , 4 , and 6 are distinct objects when considered separately , but when they are considered collectively they form a single set of size three , written ( 2 , 4 , 6 ) . The concept of a set is one of the most fundamental in mathematics . Developed at the end of the 19th century , set theory is now a ubiquitous part of mathematics , and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all of mathematics can be derived . In mathematics education , elementary topics from set theory such as Venn diagrams are taught at a young age , while more advanced concepts are taught as part of a university degree . The German word Menge , rendered as `` set '' in English , was coined by Bernard Bolzano in his work The Paradoxes of the Infinite . Contents 1 Definition 2 Describing sets 3 Membership 3.1 Subsets 3.2 Power sets 4 Cardinality 5 Special sets 6 Basic operations 6.1 Unions 6.2 Intersections 6.3 Complements 6.4 Cartesian product 7 Applications 8 Axiomatic set theory 9 Principle of inclusion and exclusion 10 De Morgan 's laws 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Definition ( edit ) Passage with a translation of the original set definition of Georg Cantor . The German word Menge for set is translated with aggregate here . A set is a well - defined collection of distinct objects . The objects that make up a set ( also known as the set 's elements or members ) can be anything : numbers , people , letters of the alphabet , other sets , and so on . Georg Cantor , one of the founders of set theory , gave the following definition of a set at the beginning of his Beiträge zur Begründung der transfiniten Mengenlehre : A set is a gathering together into a whole of definite , distinct objects of our perception ( Anschauung ) or of our thought -- which are called elements of the set . Sets are conventionally denoted with capital letters . Sets A and B are equal if and only if they have precisely the same elements . For technical reasons , Cantor 's definition turned out to be inadequate ; today , in contexts where more rigor is required , one can use axiomatic set theory , in which the notion of a `` set '' is taken as a primitive notion and the properties of sets are defined by a collection of axioms . The most basic properties are that a set can have elements , and that two sets are equal ( one and the same ) if and only if every element of each set is an element of the other ; this property is called the extensionality of sets . Describing sets ( edit ) Main article : Set notation There are two ways of describing , or specifying the members of , a set . One way is by intensional definition , using a rule or semantic description : A is the set whose members are the first four positive integers . B is the set of colors of the French flag . The second way is by extension -- that is , listing each member of the set . An extensional definition is denoted by enclosing the list of members in curly brackets : C = ( 4 , 2 , 1 , 3 ) D = ( blue , white , red ) . One often has the choice of specifying a set either intensionally or extensionally . In the examples above , for instance , A = C and B = D . In an extensional definition , a set member can be listed two or more times , for example , ( 11 , 6 , 6 ) . However , per extensionality , two definitions of sets which differ only in that one of the definitions lists members multiple times define the same set . Hence , the set ( 11 , 6 , 6 ) is identical to the set ( 11 , 6 ) . Moreover , the order in which the elements of a set are listed is irrelevant ( unlike for a sequence or tuple ) . We can illustrate these two important points with an example : ( 6 , 11 ) = ( 11 , 6 ) = ( 11 , 6 , 6 , 11 ) . For sets with many elements , the enumeration of members can be abbreviated . For instance , the set of the first thousand positive integers may be specified extensionally as ( 1 , 2 , 3 , ... , 1000 ) , where the ellipsis ( `` ... '' ) indicates that the list continues in the obvious way . The notation with braces may also be used in an intensional specification of a set . In this usage , the braces have the meaning `` the set of all ... '' . So , E = ( playing card suits ) is the set whose four members are ♠ , , ♥ , and ♣ . A more general form of this is set - builder notation , through which , for instance , the set F of the twenty smallest integers that are four less than perfect square can be denoted F = ( n − 4 : n is an integer ; and 0 ≤ n ≤ 19 ) . In this notation , the colon ( `` : '' ) means `` such that '' , and the description can be interpreted as `` F is the set of all numbers of the form n − 4 , such that n is a whole number in the range from 0 to 19 inclusive . '' Sometimes the vertical bar ( `` `` ) is used instead of the colon . Membership ( edit ) Main article : Element ( mathematics ) If B is a set and x is one of the objects of B , this is denoted x ∈ B , and is read as `` x belongs to B '' , or `` x is an element of B '' . If y is not a member of B then this is written as y ∉ B , and is read as `` y does not belong to B '' . For example , with respect to the sets A = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) , B = ( blue , white , red ) , and F = ( n − 4 : n is an integer ; and 0 ≤ n ≤ 19 ) defined above , 4 ∈ A and 12 ∈ F ; but 9 ∉ F and green ∉ B . Subsets ( edit ) Main article : Subset If every member of set A is also a member of set B , then A is said to be a subset of B , written A ⊆ B ( also pronounced A is contained in B) . Equivalently , we can write B ⊇ A , read as B is a superset of A , B includes A , or B contains A . The relationship between sets established by ⊆ is called inclusion or containment . If A is a subset of , but not equal to , B , then A is called a proper subset of B , written A ⊊ B ( A is a proper subset of B) or B ⊋ A ( B is a proper superset of A ) . The expressions A ⊂ B and B ⊃ A are used differently by different authors ; some authors use them to mean the same as A ⊆ B ( respectively B ⊇ A ) , whereas others use them to mean the same as A ⊊ B ( respectively B ⊋ A ) . A is a subset of B Examples : The set of all men is a proper subset of the set of all people . ( 1 , 3 ) ⊆ ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) . ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) ⊆ ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) . The empty set is a subset of every set and every set is a subset of itself : ∅ ⊆ A . A ⊆ A . Every set is a subset of the universal set : A ⊆ U . An obvious but useful identity , which can often be used to show that two seemingly different sets are equal : A = B if and only if A ⊆ B and B ⊆ A . A partition of a set S is a set of nonempty subsets of S such that every element x in S is in exactly one of these subsets . Power sets ( edit ) Main article : Power set The power set of a set S is the set of all subsets of S . The power set contains S itself and the empty set because these are both subsets of S. For example , the power set of the set ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) is ( ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 1 , 3 ) , ( 2 , 3 ) , ( 1 ) , ( 2 ) , ( 3 ) , ∅ ) . The power set of a set S is usually written as P ( S ) . The power set of a finite set with n elements has 2 elements . For example , the set ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) contains three elements , and the power set shown above contains 2 = 8 elements . The power set of an infinite ( either countable or uncountable ) set is always uncountable . Moreover , the power set of a set is always strictly `` bigger '' than the original set in the sense that there is no way to pair every element of S with exactly one element of P ( S ) . ( There is never an onto map or surjection from S onto P ( S ) . ) Every partition of a set S is a subset of the powerset of S . Cardinality ( edit ) Main article : Cardinality The cardinality S of a set S is `` the number of members of S . '' For example , if B = ( blue , white , red ) , then B = 3 . There is a unique set with no members , called the empty set ( or the null set ) , which is denoted by the symbol ∅ ( other notations are used ; see empty set ) . The cardinality of the empty set is zero . For example , the set of all three - sided squares has zero members and thus is the empty set . Though it may seem trivial , the empty set , like the number zero , is important in mathematics . Indeed , the existence of this set is one of the fundamental concepts of axiomatic set theory . Some sets have infinite cardinality . The set N of natural numbers , for instance , is infinite . Some infinite cardinalities are greater than others . For instance , the set of real numbers has greater cardinality than the set of natural numbers . However , it can be shown that the cardinality of ( which is to say , the number of points on ) a straight line is the same as the cardinality of any segment of that line , of the entire plane , and indeed of any finite - dimensional Euclidean space . Special sets ( edit ) There are some sets or kinds of sets that hold great mathematical importance and are referred to with such regularity that they have acquired special names and notational conventions to identify them . One of these is the empty set , denoted ( ) or ∅ . A set with exactly one element , x , is a unit set , or singleton , ( x ) . Many of these sets are represented using blackboard bold or bold typeface . Special sets of numbers include P or P , denoting the set of all primes : P = ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , 13 , 17 , ... ) . N or N ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( N ) ) , denoting the set of all natural numbers : N = ( 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , ... ) ( sometimes defined excluding 0 ) . Z or Z ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( Z ) ) , denoting the set of all integers ( whether positive , negative or zero ) : Z = ( ... , − 2 , − 1 , 0 , 1 , 2 , ... ) . Q or Q , denoting the set of all rational numbers ( that is , the set of all proper and improper fractions ) : Q = ( a / b : a , b ∈ Z , b ≠ 0 ) . For example , 1 / 4 ∈ Q and 11 / 6 ∈ Q. All integers are in this set since every integer a can be expressed as the fraction a / 1 ( Z ⊊ Q ) . R or R ( \ displaystyle \ mathbb ( R ) ) , denoting the set of all real numbers . This set includes all rational numbers , together with all irrational numbers ( that is , algebraic numbers that can not be rewritten as fractions such as √ 2 , as well as transcendental numbers such as π , e ) . C or C , denoting the set of all complex numbers : C = ( a + bi : a , b ∈ R ) . For example , 1 + 2i ∈ C . H or H , denoting the set of all quaternions : H = ( a + bi + cj + dk : a , b , c , d ∈ R ) . For example , 1 + i + 2j − k ∈ H . Positive and negative sets are denoted by a superscript - or + . For example , Q represents the set of positive rational numbers . Each of the above sets of numbers has an infinite number of elements , and each can be considered to be a proper subset of the sets listed below it . The primes are used less frequently than the others outside of number theory and related fields . Basic operations ( edit ) There are several fundamental operations for constructing new sets from given sets . Unions ( edit ) The union of A and B , denoted A ∪ B Main article : Union ( set theory ) Two sets can be `` added '' together . The union of A and B , denoted by A ∪ B , is the set of all things that are members of either A or B . Examples : ( 1 , 2 ) ∪ ( 1 , 2 ) = ( 1 , 2 ) . ( 1 , 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 3 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) . ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) ∪ ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) = ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ) Some basic properties of unions : A ∪ B = B ∪ A . A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∪ C . A ⊆ ( A ∪ B) . A ∪ A = A . A ∪ U = U . A ∪ ∅ = A . A ⊆ B if and only if A ∪ B = B . Intersections ( edit ) Main article : Intersection ( set theory ) A new set can also be constructed by determining which members two sets have `` in common '' . The intersection of A and B , denoted by A ∩ B , is the set of all things that are members of both A and B. If A ∩ B = ∅ , then A and B are said to be disjoint . The intersection of A and B , denoted A ∩ B . Examples : ( 1 , 2 ) ∩ ( 1 , 2 ) = ( 1 , 2 ) . ( 1 , 2 ) ∩ ( 2 , 3 ) = ( 2 ) . Some basic properties of intersections : A ∩ B = B ∩ A . A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C . A ∩ B ⊆ A . A ∩ A = A . A ∩ U = A . A ∩ ∅ = ∅ . A ⊆ B if and only if A ∩ B = A . Complements ( edit ) The relative complement of B in A The complement of A in U The symmetric difference of A and B Main article : Complement ( set theory ) Two sets can also be `` subtracted '' . The relative complement of B in A ( also called the set - theoretic difference of A and B ) , denoted by A \ B ( or A − B ) , is the set of all elements that are members of A but not members of B. Note that it is valid to `` subtract '' members of a set that are not in the set , such as removing the element green from the set ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) ; doing so has no effect . In certain settings all sets under discussion are considered to be subsets of a given universal set U . In such cases , U \ A is called the absolute complement or simply complement of A , and is denoted by A ′ . A ′ = U \ A Examples : ( 1 , 2 ) \ ( 1 , 2 ) = ∅ . ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ) \ ( 1 , 3 ) = ( 2 , 4 ) . If U is the set of integers , E is the set of even integers , and O is the set of odd integers , then U \ E = E ′ = O . Some basic properties of complements : A \ B ≠ B \ A for A ≠ B . A ∪ A ′ = U . A ∩ A ′ = ∅ . ( A ′ ) ′ = A . ∅ \ A = ∅ . A \ ∅ = A . A \ A = ∅ . A \ U = ∅ . A \ A ′ = A and A ′ \ A = A ′ . U ′ = ∅ and ∅ ′ = U . A \ B = A ∩ B ′ . if A ⊆ B then A \ B = ∅ . An extension of the complement is the symmetric difference , defined for sets A , B as A Δ B = ( A ∖ B ) ∪ ( B ∖ A ) . ( \ displaystyle A \ , \ Delta \ , B = ( A \ setminus B ) \ cup ( B \ setminus A ) . ) For example , the symmetric difference of ( 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ) and ( 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ) is the set ( 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 ) . The power set of any set becomes a Boolean ring with symmetric difference as the addition of the ring ( with the empty set as neutral element ) and intersection as the multiplication of the ring . Cartesian product ( edit ) Main article : Cartesian product A new set can be constructed by associating every element of one set with every element of another set . The Cartesian product of two sets A and B , denoted by A × B is the set of all ordered pairs ( a , b ) such that a is a member of A and b is a member of B . Examples : ( 1 , 2 ) × ( red , white , green ) = ( ( 1 , red ) , ( 1 , white ) , ( 1 , green ) , ( 2 , red ) , ( 2 , white ) , ( 2 , green ) ) . ( 1 , 2 ) × ( 1 , 2 ) = ( ( 1 , 1 ) , ( 1 , 2 ) , ( 2 , 1 ) , ( 2 , 2 ) ) . ( a , b , c ) × ( d , e , f ) = ( ( a , d ) , ( a , e ) , ( a , f ) , ( b , d ) , ( b , e ) , ( b , f ) , ( c , d ) , ( c , e ) , ( c , f ) ) . Some basic properties of Cartesian products : A × ∅ = ∅ . A × ( B ∪ C ) = ( A × B) ∪ ( A × C ) . ( A ∪ B) × C = ( A × C ) ∪ ( B × C ) . Let A and B be finite sets ; then the cardinality of the Cartesian product is the product of the cardinalities : A × B = B × A = A × B . Applications ( edit ) Set theory is seen as the foundation from which virtually all of mathematics can be derived . For example , structures in abstract algebra , such as groups , fields and rings , are sets closed under one or more operations . One of the main applications of naive set theory is constructing relations . A relation from a domain A to a codomain B is a subset of the Cartesian product A × B. Given this concept , we are quick to see that the set F of all ordered pairs ( x , x ) , where x is real , is quite familiar . It has a domain set R and a codomain set that is also R , because the set of all squares is subset of the set of all real numbers . If placed in functional notation , this relation becomes f ( x ) = x . The reason these two are equivalent is for any given value , y that the function is defined for , its corresponding ordered pair , ( y , y ) is a member of the set F . Axiomatic set theory ( edit ) Main article : Axiomatic set theory Although initially naive set theory , which defines a set merely as any well - defined collection , was well accepted , it soon ran into several obstacles . It was found that this definition spawned several paradoxes , most notably : Russell 's paradox -- It shows that the `` set of all sets that do not contain themselves , '' i.e. the `` set '' ( x : x is a set and x ∉ x ) does not exist . Cantor 's paradox -- It shows that `` the set of all sets '' can not exist . The reason is that the phrase well - defined is not very well - defined . It was important to free set theory of these paradoxes because nearly all of mathematics was being redefined in terms of set theory . In an attempt to avoid these paradoxes , set theory was axiomatized based on first - order logic , and thus axiomatic set theory was born . For most purposes , however , naive set theory is still useful . Principle of inclusion and exclusion ( edit ) Main article : Inclusion -- exclusion principle The inclusion - exclusion principle can be used to calculate the size of the union of sets : the size of the union is the size of the two sets , minus the size of their intersection . The inclusion -- exclusion principle is a counting technique that can be used to count the number of elements in a union of two sets , if the size of each set and the size of their intersection are known . It can be expressed symbolically as A ∪ B = A + B − A ∩ B . ( \ displaystyle A \ cup B = A + B - A \ cap B . ) A more general form of the principle can be used to find the cardinality of any finite union of sets : A 1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ∪ ... ∪ A n = ( A 1 + A 2 + A 3 + ... A n ) − ( A 1 ∩ A 2 + A 1 ∩ A 3 + ... A n − 1 ∩ A n ) + ... + ( − 1 ) n − 1 ( A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∩ ... ∩ A n ) . ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ left A_ ( 1 ) \ cup A_ ( 2 ) \ cup A_ ( 3 ) \ cup \ ldots \ cup A_ ( n ) \ right = & \ left ( \ left A_ ( 1 ) \ right + \ left A_ ( 2 ) \ right + \ left A_ ( 3 ) \ right + \ ldots \ left A_ ( n ) \ right \ right ) \ \ & ( ) - \ left ( \ left A_ ( 1 ) \ cap A_ ( 2 ) \ right + \ left A_ ( 1 ) \ cap A_ ( 3 ) \ right + \ ldots \ left A_ ( n - 1 ) \ cap A_ ( n ) \ right \ right ) \ \ & ( ) + \ ldots \ \ & ( ) + \ left ( - 1 \ right ) ^ ( n - 1 ) \ left ( \ left A_ ( 1 ) \ cap A_ ( 2 ) \ cap A_ ( 3 ) \ cap \ ldots \ cap A_ ( n ) \ right \ right ). \ end ( aligned ) ) ) De Morgan 's laws ( edit ) Augustus De Morgan stated two laws about sets . If A and B are any two sets then , ( A ∪ B ) ′ = A ′ ∩ B ′ The complement of A union B equals the complement of A intersected with the complement of B . ( A ∩ B ) ′ = A ′ ∪ B ′ The complement of A intersected with B is equal to the complement of A union to the complement of B . See also ( edit ) Logic portal Set notation Mathematical object Alternative set theory Axiomatic set theory Category of sets Class ( set theory ) Dense set Family of sets Fuzzy set Internal set Mereology Multiset Naive set theory Principia Mathematica Rough set Russell 's paradox Sequence ( mathematics ) Taxonomy Tuple Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Eine Menge , ist die Zusammenfassung bestimmter , wohlunterschiedener Objekte unserer Anschauung oder unseres Denkens -- welche Elemente der Menge genannt werden -- zu einem Ganzen . '' `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Stoll , Robert . Sets , Logic and Axiomatic Theories . W.H. Freeman and Company . p. 5 . References ( edit ) Dauben , Joseph W. , Georg Cantor : His Mathematics and Philosophy of the Infinite , Boston : Harvard University Press ( 1979 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 02447 - 9 . Halmos , Paul R. , Naive Set Theory , Princeton , N.J. : Van Nostrand ( 1960 ) ISBN 0 - 387 - 90092 - 6 . Stoll , Robert R. , Set Theory and Logic , Mineola , N.Y. : Dover Publications ( 1979 ) ISBN 0 - 486 - 63829 - 4 . Velleman , Daniel , How To Prove It : A Structured Approach , Cambridge University Press ( 2006 ) ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 67599 - 4 Mathematical logic General Formal language Formation rule Formal proof Formal semantics Well - formed formula Set Element Class Classical logic Axiom Rule of inference Relation Theorem Logical consequence Type theory Symbol Syntax Theory Systems Formal system Deductive system Axiomatic system Hilbert style systems Natural deduction Sequent calculus Traditional logic Proposition Inference Argument Validity Cogency Syllogism Square of opposition Venn diagram Propositional calculus and Boolean logic Boolean functions Propositional calculus Propositional formula Logical connectives Truth tables Many - valued logic Predicate logic First - order Quantifiers Predicate Second - order Monadic predicate calculus Naive set theory Set Empty set Element Enumeration Extensionality Finite set Infinite set Subset Power set Countable set Uncountable set Recursive set Domain Codomain Image Map Function Relation Ordered pair Set theory Foundations of mathematics Zermelo -- Fraenkel set theory Axiom of choice General set theory Kripke -- Platek set theory Von Neumann -- Bernays -- Gödel set theory Morse -- Kelley set theory Tarski -- Grothendieck set theory Model theory Model Interpretation Non-standard model Finite model theory Truth value Validity Proof theory Formal proof Deductive system Formal system Theorem Logical consequence Rule of inference Syntax Computability theory Recursion Recursive set Recursively enumerable set Decision problem Church -- Turing thesis Computable function Primitive recursive function Set theory Axioms Choice countable dependent Constructibility ( V = L ) Determinacy Extensionality Infinity Limitation of size Pairing Power set Regularity Union Martin 's axiom Axiom schema replacement specification Operations Cartesian product Complement De Morgan 's laws Disjoint union Intersection Power set Set difference Symmetric difference Union Concepts Methods Cardinality Cardinal number ( large ) Class Constructible universe Continuum hypothesis Diagonal argument Element ordered pair tuple Family Forcing One - to - one correspondence Ordinal number Transfinite induction Venn diagram Set types Countable Empty Finite ( hereditarily ) Fuzzy Infinite Recursive Subset Superset Transitive Uncountable Universal Theories Alternative Axiomatic Naive Cantor 's theorem Zermelo General Principia Mathematica New Foundations Zermelo -- Fraenkel von Neumann -- Bernays -- Gödel Morse -- Kelley Kripke -- Platek Tarski -- Grothendieck Paradoxes Problems Russell 's paradox Suslin 's problem Burali - Forti paradox Set theorists Abraham Fraenkel Bertrand Russell Ernst Zermelo Georg Cantor John von Neumann Kurt Gödel Paul Bernays Paul Cohen Richard Dedekind Thomas Jech Thoralf Skolem Willard Quine GND : 4038613 - 2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Set_(mathematics)&oldid=866126059 '' Categories : Concepts in logic Mathematical objects Set theory Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Archived copy as title Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Alemannisch አማርኛ Asturianu বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 Хальмг 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lumbaart Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Võro 文言 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 82 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 October 2018 , at 12 : 24 ( UTC ) . 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write the definition of set with suitable example

In mathematics , a set is a collection of distinct objects , considered as an object in its own right . For example , the numbers 2 , 4 , and 6 are distinct objects when considered separately , but when they are considered collectively they form a single set of size three , written ( 2 , 4 , 6 ) . The concept of a set is one of the most fundamental in mathematics . Developed at the end of the 19th century , set theory is now a ubiquitous part of mathematics , and can be used as a foundation from which nearly all of mathematics can be derived . In mathematics education , elementary topics from set theory such as Venn diagrams are taught at a young age , while more advanced concepts are taught as part of a university degree .

Mike Breen - wikipedia Mike Breen Jump to : navigation , search For other people named Michael Breen , see Michael Breen ( disambiguation ) . This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Mike Breen ( 1961 - 05 - 22 ) May 22 , 1961 ( age 56 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Education Fordham University Notable credit ( s ) Broadcaster of the Year , 1998 National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association Lead Play - by - Play , NBA on ABC and ESPN Spouse ( s ) Rosanne Children Sports commentary career Genre ( s ) Play - by - play Sports Basketball , American football Michael Breen ( born May 22 , 1961 ) is an American play - by - play sports commentator for NBA on ABC and is the lead announcer for New York Knicks games on the MSG Network . Breen also calls NBA games for ESPN and was formerly a play - by - play announcer for the New York Giants ' preseason games . Breen also called regular NFL season games for both NFL on Fox and NFL on NBC . Breen also calls the NBA Finals every year regularly on ESPN . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Personality 1.2 Basketball 1.3 Olympics 1.4 Radio 1.5 Personal life 2 References 3 External links Biography ( edit ) Personality ( edit ) Breen is known for his yelling of the word `` BANG ! '' after a clutch or big shot is made , usually during the end of a game . Basketball ( edit ) Breen , a 1979 graduate of Salesian High School and a 1983 graduate of Fordham University , and as of 2016 , he is currently in his 25th season as an NBA broadcaster , with some of those 25 taking place while Breen worked for NBC up until 2002 , the network 's last year as both an NBA and WNBA broadcaster . He is also the main voice for New York Knicks games on MSG Network . He first worked with the Knicks as a radio announcer for WFAN from 1992 -- 97 , when he was promoted to television play - by - play upon Marv Albert 's firing following his infamous sex scandal . He later became Albert 's backup upon his return in 1999 , before finally becoming the lead play - by - play upon Albert 's second dismissal in 2004 . On February 8 , 2006 , with the departure of Al Michaels from the network , ABC announced that Breen would take over as the lead broadcaster for the NBA , including the NBA Finals . His broadcasting career started doing play - by - play for the Marist College Red Foxes basketball team in 1985 . Other than his role as ABC 's main play - by - play on Sundays , Breen usually works for ESPN on Fridays , and occasionally on Wednesdays , with the rest of his schedule reserved for MSG . He has also called college basketball games for ESPN . When the Knicks made the 2011 NBA Playoffs , he did not call any of the games for MSG due to his involvement with ESPN and ABC ; he did call Games 3 ( with the MSG broadcasts handled by Kenny Albert ) and 4 for ESPN and ABC , respectively . Some of Breen 's current and past broadcast partners were employed with the Knicks at one point . The list includes former Knicks head coaches Hubie Brown and Jeff Van Gundy , former Knicks players Mark Jackson and Walt Frazier , and former Knicks radio color announcer John Andariese . In addition , he is also the voice of the NBA Live , beginning with NBA Elite 11 , alongside his usual ESPN partners Mark Jackson and Jeff Van Gundy . However , the series was canceled indefinitely . He did voice along with Van Gundy in the NBA Live series beginning with NBA Live 14 . Olympics ( edit ) Breen has announced in 5 Olympic Games during his career , 1 Winter Olympics and 4 Summer Olympics . At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta , the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , and the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Breen called basketball , handling play - by - play for both the men and the women . At the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , Breen called ski jumping . Breen served as a play - by - play announcer for NBC Sports coverage of men 's and women 's Basketball at the 2008 Summer Olympics . Radio ( edit ) Breen has been a fixture on the radio as well . He began his professional radio career as a sportscaster on WNBC radio in the early 1980s , and frequently substituted for Dave Sims as host of `` SportsNight '' on the station . From 1988 -- 2000 , Breen did the sports segment on the WFAN and nationally syndicated Imus in the Morning talk / comedy radio show . Breen became noted for his deadpan delivery of false sports news , such as in the mid-1990s reporting that in the previous night 's Mets game , `` Félix Millán went 4 - for - 4 with 3 runs scored '' ( Millán retired in 1977 ) . Personal life ( edit ) Breen resides in Long Island , New York with his wife Rosanne and their three children , Michael , Nicole , and Matt . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Mike Breen '' . MSG.com . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Breen '' . ESPN MediaZone . ESPN . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Ray Frager ( July 16 , 2008 ) . `` Medium Well : Your NBC Olympics lineup -- A blog on sports media , news and networks -- baltimoresun.com '' . Baltimore Sun . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Mike Breen Under The Radar with Mike Breen at NBA.COM Mike Breen ESPN Biography Mike Breen at the Pistons - Pacers brawl on YouTube Links to related articles Preceded by Al Michaels Play - by - play announcer , NBA Finals 2006 -- Present Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Al Michaels Lead play - by - play announcer , NBA on ABC 2006 -- present Succeeded by Incumbent ESPN Inc . 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who is the nba announcer that says bang

Breen is known for his yelling of the word `` BANG ! '' after a clutch or big shot is made , usually during the end of a game .

The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia The House of the Rising Sun Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origin and early versions 1.1 Origin 1.2 Early folk and blues releases 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement 2 The Animals ' version 2.1 Recording and releases 2.2 Reception 2.3 Charts 3 Frijid Pink version 3.1 Sales and certifications 4 Billboard Country Chart 4.1 Jody Miller version 4.2 Dolly Parton version 5 Five Finger Death Punch version 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) 6.1 Charts 7 Possible real locations 8 References 9 External links Origin and early versions ( edit ) Origin ( edit ) Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl Great God , and I for one The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . The Animals ' version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for US release Single by The Animals from the album The Animals B - side `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' Released June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) August 1964 ( USA ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded May 18 , 1964 Genre Folk rock Length 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 Label Columbia Graphophone Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Mickie Most The Animals singles chronology `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . Recording and releases ( edit ) The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version . '' Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . Reception ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . Bob Dylan said he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio and `` jumped out of his car seat '' because he liked it so much ; but he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 5 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 10 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 5 New Zealand ( Listener ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 Chart ( 1972 ) Peak position Ireland ( IRMA ) 5 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 Chart ( 1982 ) Peak position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 11 Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1964 -- September 19 , 1964 Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison UK Singles Chart number - one single July 9 , 1964 -- July 15 , 1964 Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones Frijid Pink version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) Single by Frijid Pink from the album Frijid Pink B - side `` Drivin ' Blues '' Released March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) Format 7 - inch single Genre Psychedelic rock Length 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) Label Parrot Records Songwriter ( s ) Traditional , arranged by Alan Price Producer ( s ) Michael Valvano Frijid Pink singles chronology `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 . The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . Sales and certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Billboard country chart ( edit ) The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . Jody Miller version ( edit ) In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . Dolly Parton version ( edit ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' Artwork for German release Single by Dolly Parton from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs B - side `` Workin ' Girl '' Released September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) Format 7 - inch single Recorded November 1980 Genre Country pop Length 4 : 02 Label RCA Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Producer ( s ) Mike Post Dolly Parton singles chronology `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans . Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' Single by Five Finger Death Punch from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 Released February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) Recorded November 2013 Genre Hard rock Length 4 : 07 Label Prospect Park Songwriter ( s ) Traditional Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live . Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) `` Le Pénitencier '' Single by Johnny Hallyday from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' Released October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) Format 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP Recorded September 1964 Label Philips Songwriter ( s ) Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price Producer ( s ) Lee Hallyday Johnny Hallyday singles chronology `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) Music video `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1964 ) Peak position Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) France ( singles sales ) Possible real locations ( edit ) Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories External links ( edit ) Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry The sheet music The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Bob Dylan ( album ) Side one `` You 're No Good '' `` Talkin ' New York '' `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' `` Fixin ' to Die '' `` Pretty Peggy - O '' `` Highway 51 '' Side two `` Gospel Plow '' `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' `` Freight Train Blues '' `` Song to Woody '' `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' The Animals The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon Chas Chandler Mick Gallagher Barry Jenkins Alan Price Dave Rowberry John Steel Hilton Valentine Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs Eric Burdon Barry Jenkins Danny McCulloch Zoot Money Andy Summers John Weider Studio albums The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) ( UK ) The Animals Animal Tracks Animalisms ( US ) The Animals The Animals on Tour Animal Tracks Animalization Animalism Eric Burdon and the Animals Eric Is Here ( US only ) Winds of Change The Twain Shall Meet Every One of Us ( US only ) Love Is The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted Ark Compilations The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals The Most of Animals The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 Hit singles `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` I 'm Crying '' `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' `` Bring It On Home to Me '' `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' `` It 's My Life '' `` Inside - Looking Out '' `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' `` See See Rider '' `` Help Me Girl '' `` When I Was Young '' `` Good Times '' `` San Franciscan Nights '' `` Monterey '' `` Sky Pilot '' `` The Night '' Related articles The Animals discography Eric Burdon discography Book Category Sandi Thom Albums Smile ... It Confuses People The Pink & the Lily Merchants and Thieves Singles `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' `` What If I 'm Right '' `` Lonely Girl '' `` The Devil 's Beat '' `` Saturday Night '' `` This Ol ' World '' `` Gold Dust '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Maggie McCall '' Related articles Discography RCA Records Dolly Parton Albums Singles Studio albums Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) Joshua ( 1971 ) Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) Jolene ( 1974 ) Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) Dolly ( 1975 ) All I Can Do ( 1976 ) New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) Real Love ( 1985 ) Rainbow ( 1987 ) White Limozeen ( 1989 ) Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) Something Special ( 1995 ) Treasures ( 1996 ) Hungry Again ( 1998 ) The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) For God and Country ( 2003 ) Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) Better Day ( 2011 ) Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) Compilations As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) Mine ( 1973 ) Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) Think About Love ( 1986 ) The Best There Is ( 1987 ) Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) Dolly ( 2009 ) Exclusives Precious Memories ( 1999 ) Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! Land of Blue Smoke ( 2009 ) Collaborations Just Between You And Me Just the Two of Us Always , Always Porter Wayne and Dolly Rebecca Once More Two of a Kind The Right Combination Burning the Midnight Oil Together Always We Found It Love & Music Porter ' n ' Dolly Say Forever You 'll Be Mine Porter & Dolly The Winning Hand Trio Honky Tonk Angels Trio II Songs `` Dumb Blonde '' `` Mule Skinner Blues '' `` Joshua '' `` Coat of Many Colors '' `` Touch Your Woman '' `` My Tennessee Mountain Home '' `` Jolene '' `` I Will Always Love You '' `` Love is Like a Butterfly `` The Bargain Store '' `` The Seeker '' `` We Used To '' `` All I Can Do '' `` Light of a Clear Blue Morning '' `` Here You Come Again '' `` Two Doors Down '' / `` It 's All Wrong , But It 's All Right '' `` Heartbreaker '' `` Baby I 'm Burning '' `` You 're The Only One '' `` Sweet Summer Lovin ' '' `` Starting Over Again '' `` Old Flames Ca n't Hold a Candle to You '' `` 9 to 5 '' `` But You Know I Love You '' `` The House of the Rising Sun '' `` Single Women '' `` Heartbreak Express '' `` Hard Candy Christmas '' `` Potential New Boyfriend '' `` Save the Last Dance for Me '' `` Tennessee Homesick Blues '' `` Do n't Call It Love '' `` Real Love '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Think About Love '' `` Tie Our Love ( In a Double Knot ) '' `` We Had It All '' `` The River Unbroken '' `` Why 'd You Come in Here Lookin ' Like That '' `` Yellow Roses '' `` White Limozeen '' `` Rockin ' Years '' `` Silver and Gold '' `` Eagle When She Flies '' `` Romeo '' `` Little Sparrow '' `` Better Get to Livin ' '' `` Together You and I '' Collaboration singles `` The Last Thing on My Mind '' `` Please Do n't Stop Loving Me '' `` Say Forever You 'll Be Mine '' `` To Know Him Is to Love Him '' `` Telling Me Lies '' `` Those Memories of You '' `` Wildflowers '' Guest singles `` Islands in the Stream '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` Love Is Strange '' ( w / Kenny Rogers ) `` When I Get Where I 'm Going '' ( w / Brad Paisley ) Soundtracks The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas Rhinestone Straight Talk Live albums A Real Live Dolly Heartsongs : Live from Home Live and Well Live from London An Evening With ... Dolly Live ! Christmas albums Once Upon a Christmas ( w / Kenny Rogers ) Home for Christmas Children 's albums I Believe in You Films Hollywood to Dollywood The Book Lady For the Love of Dolly Dolly Parton 's Coat of Many Colors Dolly Parton 's Christmas of Many Colors : Circle of Love Tours Halos & Horns Tour Hello , I 'm Dolly Tour The Vintage Tour An Evening with Dolly Parton Backwoods Barbie Tour Better Day World Tour Blue Smoke World Tour Pure & Simple Tour Theme parks and attractions Dollywood Dollywood 's Splash Country Dolly Parton 's Dixie Stampede Related articles Awards and nominations Stella Parton Rachel Dennison Dollywood Foundation Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton discography Just Because I 'm a Woman : Songs of Dolly Parton Book Category Five Finger Death Punch Ivan Moody Zoltan Bathory Jason Hook Chris Kael Jeremy Spencer Caleb Bingham Darrell Roberts Matt Snell Studio albums The Way of the Fist ( 2007 ) War Is the Answer ( 2009 ) American Capitalist ( 2011 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 1 ( 2013 ) The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 ( 2013 ) Got Your Six ( 2015 ) Compilation albums A Decade of Destruction ( 2017 ) Singles `` The Bleeding '' `` Never Enough '' `` Stranger than Fiction '' `` Hard to See '' `` Walk Away '' `` Dying Breed '' `` No One Gets Left Behind '' `` Bad Company '' `` Far from Home '' `` Under and Over It '' `` Back for More '' `` Remember Everything '' `` Coming Down '' `` The Pride '' `` Lift Me Up '' `` Battle Born '' `` House of the Rising Sun '' `` Wrong Side of Heaven '' `` Jekyll and Hyde '' `` Wash It All Away '' `` My Nemesis '' Related articles Discography Invidia Miriam Makeba Studio albums Miriam Makeba ( 1960 ) The Many Voices of Miriam Makeba ( 1962 ) The World of Miriam Makeba ( 1963 ) The Voice of Africa ( 1964 ) Makeba Sings ! ( 1965 ) An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) All About Miriam ( 1966 ) Pata Pata ( 1967 ) Makeba ! ( 1968 ) Keep Me in Mind ( 1970 ) A Promise ( 1974 ) Miriam Makeba & Bongi ( 1975 ) Country Girl ( 1978 ) Comme une symphonie d'amour ( 1979 ) Sangoma ( 1988 ) Welela ( 1989 ) Eyes on Tomorrow ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Song ( 1994 ) Homeland ( 2000 ) Reflections ( 2004 ) Compilations Harry Belafonte and Miriam Makeba ( 1975 ) The Queen of African Music ( 1987 ) Africa ( 1991 ) Singles `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1960 ) `` The Click Song '' / `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' ( 1963 ) `` Malaika '' / `` Malcolm X '' ( 1965 ) `` Pata Pata '' ( 1967 ) `` Mas que Nada '' ( 1967 ) `` I Shall Be Released '' / `` Iphi Ndilela ( Show Me the Way ) '' ( 1969 ) `` Soweto Blues '' ( 1988 ) `` Brand New Day '' `` Chauffeur Blues '' `` Nkosi Sikelel ' iAfrika '' People Bongi Makeba ( daughter ) Hugh Masekela ( 3rd husband ) Stokely Carmichael ( 4th husband ) Johnny Hallyday Studio albums Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime Solitudes à deux Hollywood À partir de maintenant En pièces détachées Pas facile Quelque part un aigle La Peur Hallyday 84 : Nashville en direct Rock'n'Roll Attitude Gang Cadillac Ça ne change pas un homme Rough Town Lorada Ce que je sais Sang pour sang À la vie , à la mort ! Ma vérité Le Cœur d'un homme L'Attente Singles `` T'aimer follement '' `` Souvenirs , souvenirs '' `` Itsy bitsy petit bikini '' `` Kili watch '' `` Viens danser le twist '' `` Retiens la nuit '' `` Ya ya twist '' `` Elle est terrible '' `` Tes tendres années '' `` Les Bras en croix '' ( c / w `` Quitte - moi doucement '' and `` Dis - moi oui '' on the EP ) `` Da dou ron ron '' `` Ma guitare '' `` Pour moi la vie va commencer '' `` Le Pénitencier '' `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' `` Quand revient la nuit '' `` Cheveux longs et idées courtes '' `` Noir c'est noir '' `` Si j'étais un charpentier '' `` Hey Joe '' `` Petite fille '' `` San Francisco '' `` À tout casser '' `` Cours plus vite Charlie '' `` Que je t'aime '' `` Ceux que l'amour a blessé '' `` Jésus Christ '' `` Deux amis pour un amour '' `` Essayez '' `` Oh ! Ma jolie Sarah '' `` Comme un corbeau blanc '' `` J'ai un problème '' ( with Sylvie Vartan ) `` Noël interdit '' `` Prends ma vie '' `` Je t'aime , je t'aime , je t'aime '' `` Johnny Rider '' `` La Fille de l'été dernier '' `` La Terre promise '' `` Requiem pour un fou '' `` Derrière l'amour '' ( c / w `` Joue pas de rock'n'roll pour moi '' ) `` Gabrielle '' `` Ne me quitte pas '' ( live ) `` L'Envie '' ( live ) `` Que je t'aime '' ( live ) `` Tous ensemble '' `` Marie '' `` Mon plus beau Noël '' `` Ça n'finira jamais '' Other songs `` Je n'suis pas un héros '' Films Tales of Paris D'où viens - tu Johnny ? Cherchez l'idole À tout casser The Specialist Point de chute L'aventure , c'est l'aventure L'Animal Détective Terminus The Iron Triangle Why Not Me ? The Man on the Train Crime Spree Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse Quartier V.I.P. Jean - Philippe Vengeance The Pink Panther 2 Titeuf Salaud , on t'aime Rock'n Roll Chacun sa vie et son intime conviction Family Sylvie Vartan David Hallyday Laura Smet Related articles Johnny Hallyday discography Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=820515890 '' Categories : American folk songs Music of New Orleans Songs about New Orleans Year of song unknown 1964 singles 1970 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Germany Number - one singles in Norway The Animals songs Alan Price songs B.B. King songs Bob Dylan songs Lead Belly songs Joan Baez songs Johnny Hallyday songs Peter , Paul and Mary songs Song recordings produced by Mickie Most Miriam Makeba songs Nina Simone songs Grammy Hall of Fame Award recipients Dolly Parton songs Jody Miller songs Alt - J songs Demis Roussos songs Deram Records singles Folk songs RPM Top Singles number - one singles Columbia Graphophone Company singles RCA Records Nashville singles Mercury Records singles Parrot Records singles MGM Records singles Five Finger Death Punch songs Songs about prostitutes Songwriter unknown Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Use mdy dates from October 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Certification Table Entry usages for United States Articles needing additional references from December 2017 Singlechart usages for Wallonia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lumbaart Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Sicilianu Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 02 : 58 . 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who did house of the rising sun first

The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) .

The Ellen DeGeneres show - wikipedia The Ellen DeGeneres show Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the daytime talk show . For the 1990s sitcom , see Ellen ( TV series ) . For the 2000s sitcom , see The Ellen Show . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Ellen DeGeneres Show Also known as Ellen Genre Talk show Created by Ellen DeGeneres Presented by Ellen DeGeneres Opening theme `` Let 's Have a Little Fun '' by Ellen Degeneres ( season 1 -- 12 ) `` Today 's the Day '' by P ! nk ( season 13 -- present ) Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 15 No. of episodes 2,259 ( as of September 6 , 2017 ) ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Andy Lassner Ed Glavin Ellen DeGeneres Jim Paratore ( 2003 -- 12 ) Mary Connelly Camera setup Multiple Running time 38 to 42 minutes Production company ( s ) A Very Good Production Telepictures Productions E.W. Scripps Company WAD Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television ( USA ) Release Original network Syndication Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) ( 2008 -- present ) NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2003 -- 08 ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release September 8 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 08 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Caroline Rhea Show ( 2002 -- 03 ) External links Website www.ellentv.com The Ellen DeGeneres Show ( often shortened to Ellen ) is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedienne / actress Ellen DeGeneres . Debuting on September 8 , 2003 , it is produced by Telepictures and airs in syndication , including stations owned by NBCUniversal . For its first five seasons , the show was taped in Studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . It later moved to Stage 1 on the nearby Warner Bros. lot . Since the beginning of the sixth season , Ellen has been broadcast in high definition . The show has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards as of 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment , surpassing the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which won nine . The show also won 17 People 's Choice Award . The talk show 's YouTube channel is currently charted as being in the top 20 most - subscribed YouTube channels . On January 20 , 2016 , it was announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons through 2020 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Concept 1.1 Recurring elements 1.1. 1 Segments ( including former and recurring ) 1.1. 2 Dancing 1.1. 3 Sophia Grace and Rosie 1.1. 4 DeGeneres 's mother 2 Production information 2.1 Taping location 2.2 Personnel 2.2. 1 DJ 2.3 2007 Writers Guild strike 3 Episodes 3.1 Special episodes 4 Reception 4.1 Ratings 4.2 Awards 5 References 6 External links Concept ( edit ) The program combines comedy , celebrity , musical guests , and human - interest stories . The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded . During her Twelve Days of Giveaways promotion , audience members receive roughly $1,000 worth of prizes on each of twelve episodes . Because the show has become so popular , not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio , so an offshoot space , dubbed by Tom Hanks `` The Riff Raff Room '' , was created . Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off - stage . Other non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame . Guests in this role have included intelligent children , small business owners , etc . In the show 's third season , DeGeneres began surprising fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities . Ellen DeGeneres in 2004 Recurring elements ( edit ) Several recurring sounds , gags , and catchphrases are used by DeGeneres depending on the topic of discussion or theme for a specific episode . For example , after DeGeneres says the phrase , `` Aww Snap ! '' , a sound effect of a whip cracking often is played . In her monologue , DeGeneres frequently thanks the audience 's applause by saying `` I feel the same way about you ! '' Other video segments include DeGeneres scaring people , playing pranks , taking part in faux - breaking news segments , interacting with crew members , etc . Other recurring segments include those where DeGeneres comments on Internet videos , tabloid - style photographs of celebrities , advertisements on Craigslist , or voicemails left for her on an answering machine . Some segments feature audience members more prominently , including having audience members show hidden talents , pictures of others that resemble DeGeneres , interviewing children , etc . DeGeneres frequently plays games with audience members and awards prizes based upon their performance . Games have included Pictionary - style drawing games , finding hidden objects within the studio , category , current event or pop - culture - based trivia , and various other stunt and charade - based games . DeGeneres also joked several times on the show about when a sequel to Finding Nemo , in which she famously had a lead role , will eventually release , as well as make references to the film . Eventually , the sequel , Finding Dory , was officially announced by DeGeneres . Segments ( including former and recurring ) ( edit ) The show has many recurring segments throughout the years . Some include : Oh Hair No ! is a segment that involves fans sending in funny haircuts to DeGeneres ; some of them appear on the show . Know or Go is a segment involving three audience members ( or contestants ) to answer questions based on topics such as Thanksgiving , current events , about Ellen herself , etc . If they get a question wrong , the contestant gets dropped through trap door . Clumsy Thumbsy is a segment where Ellen shows messed up auto corrects sent in by fans . Oh Puh - lice is a segment where odd police reports are shown . Ellen 's Dance Dare is a segment where viewers send videos of themselves secretly dancing behind oblivious people . Irish jigs were featured on the 2012 St. Patrick 's Day episode . Many celebrities have participated such as Emma Stone , Zac Efron , Lilly Singh , The Janoskians and Taylor Swift . Bad Paid for Tattoos Odd , usually incorrectly spelled body art is displayed . A Little Yelp From My Friends Ellen reads reviews from the website Yelp . `` What 's Wrong with These Photos ? '' Photos Silly photos sent in by viewers are featured . `` What Were They Thinking ? '' Audience Dancing Audience members are shown dancing with voices acting out the dancers ' thoughts . `` What 's Wrong with These Signs ? '' Signs Viewers send Ellen pictures of signs that are n't quite right . Tony Karaoke is a segment that features the show 's DJ , Tony , singing often wrong - but - hilarious lyrics to popular songs . Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie is a segment in which Sophia Grace & Rosie interview celebrity guests on the show , all while enjoying cookies and tea . ApPARENTly Confused is a segment where Ellen shows messages by parents who do n't understand texting and technology . In Your FACEbook is a segment where Ellen shares funny Facebook photos taken from the profile pages of audience members . Weekly Tweetly Roundup is a segment where Ellen shares funny and interesting tweets . Classic Joke Thursday is a segment where Ellen shares funny jokes / puns , usually in a conversation with the show 's DJ . This Plus That is a segment where a montage of dancing audience members is shown usually combined with humorous sound effects . Just KID - ink is a segment where Ellen shares funny drawings from kids . INSTA - grammification is a segment where Ellen shares funny and unusual pictures from the show 's Instagram page . `` Vine After Vine '' is a segment where Ellen shares funny 6 second video clips from the popular mobile app Vine . `` Grand Design '' an online segment where Ellen , with presenters and home makeover experts the `` Kitchen Cousins '' John Colaneri and Anthony Carrino would redesign a room in just 24 hours on a budget of $1,000 dollars . `` What Have YOU Been Up to on Facebook ? '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen reveals some personal and private information of the public to the audience . `` Starbucks Prank ! '' is a recurring segment in which Ellen send popular celebrities out to Starbucks to prank the cashiers . `` What The Heck Are These Kids Talking About ? '' is a former segment in which Ellen reviews rap lyrics and tries to figure out what they mean . `` Celebrity Pranks ! '' is a segment where Ellen often scares Taylor Swift ( as she falls for it the most ) and other famous celebrities . `` Chat Time With Ellen ! '' is a talk - show segment in which Ellen talks about -- or to -- people who have made viral videos . Can Andy Say That ? is a segment in which Ellen has the show 's executive producer , Andy Lassner , repeat funny phrases that are filled with double entendres and sexual innuendo . Haunted House ( the segment is actually untitled ) is an annual segment in which Ellen sends her writer , Amy Rhodes , to various haunted houses in the days leading up to Halloween . In recent years , Amy has been joined in the haunted houses by her own mother , as well as the show 's executive producer Andy Lassner . Celebrities like Ariana Grande , Taylor Swift , Eric Stonestreet and DeGeneres 's wife Portia de Rossi have also been sent to a haunted house . Average Andy is a segment where Ellen sends her executive producer Andy Lassner to learn new skills from the world 's most talented people . Throwback Thursday is a segment where every Thursday Ellen revisits funny moments from previous seasons . `` Who 's In My Bushes ? '' is a segment where a celebrity is hidden in decorative bushes in which Ellen will ask questions to that celebrity and eventually comes out when figured . However , during this segment , Ellen already knows who the celebrity is and the audience will just play along . Take That , China ! is a segment where Ellen makes jokes about impractical and often unwise American inventions . Breaking News is a segment where news anchor Devin Scillian interrupts the show and delivers unusually mundane , humorous breaking news . Why I Do n't Have Kids is a segment where Ellen shows pictures or videos sent in by viewers of crazy situations they have encountered with their kids . Epic or Fail is a segment considered to be Ellen 's favorite game where Ellen shows several stunts or tricks caught on tape , and when the videos are paused , Ellen , the audience , and even guest celebrities have to guess the ending 's outcome . Hot Hands is a game where some audience member or celebrities get on a special seat and name the celebrities which are shown on the screen as much as possible in 30 seconds . 5 Second Rule is a game where Ellen and celebrity contestants have to think on their feet and list three answers that fall into a given category in only five seconds . Heads Up ! Heads Up ! is a game that DeGeneres plays with other celebrities . The game originally has players guess the word on the physical cards held to another player 's head as time counts down . DeGeneres and Warner Bros. Entertainment developed an app version of this game . The game became a huge success after its May 2013 launch , and it immediately shot to the top of the App Store and was downloaded over 650,000 times in its first month . Totally , it has been download for more than 25 million times by July 2016 . It remains among Apple 's top - paid apps three years after launch . Dancing ( edit ) First Lady Michelle Obama and Ellen dance on the second anniversary of Let 's Move ! . Since the show 's debut , DeGeneres has segued from her opening monologue by doing a dance . The dancing proved to be extremely popular with viewers , and has since progressed to a segment where DeGeneres dances into the audience , sometimes borrowing a coat or purse from someone 's chair , and taking it with her . She has also featured a segment in which people teach her new dance moves . One of her most famous dance moves is dancing over the table , where she straddles the coffee table and dances from one end to the other . Although she does not do it every day , dancing over the table is a recurring theme . As an April Fools ' Day prank in 2009 , the show 's staff placed a wider table top over her normal table . During the show , when DeGeneres attempted to dance over it , she barely made it across , being forced on her tip - toes and using the table as leverage . On the seventh - season premiere , DeGeneres performed a dance segment with the cast of So You Think You Can Dance . In September 2009 , four major record labels sued the producers of the show for unspecified damages over the dance routine , for allegedly using songs without permission . Sophia Grace and Rosie ( edit ) Main article : Sophia Grace & Rosie Sophia Grace Brownlee ( born April 18 , 2003 ) and her cousin Rosie McClelland ( born September 7 , 2006 ) were first invited to the show after DeGeneres saw their YouTube video cover of `` Super Bass '' by Nicki Minaj , which Sophia Grace and Rosie posted on YouTube on September 19 , 2011 . The then eight - and five - year - old Essex , England natives became recurring cast members on the show , where they hosted their own segment called `` Tea Time with Sophia Grace and Rosie '' . In the segment , the duo invites and interviews guest celebrities such as Taylor Swift , Katy Perry , Hugh Grant , Julie Bowen , Harry Connick Jr. , LL Cool J , Justin Bieber , and Reese Witherspoon over to tea . Sophia Grace and Rosie won the `` Choice Webstar '' at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for this segment . They have also been correspondents during the red carpet events such as the Grammy Awards , the American Music Awards , the Billboard Music Awards , and the MTV Video Music Awards . They appeared in the third episode ( June 2013 ) and the eleventh episode ( September 2013 ) of Sam & Cat . According to her representative , Sophia Grace had been cast as Little Red Riding Hood in Walt Disney Pictures ' film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods , but she withdrew before production . Sophia Grace & Rosie starred in their own movie called Sophia Grace and Rosie 's Royal Adventure . DeGeneres 's mother ( edit ) DeGeneres 's mother , Betty , attends the show regularly and is frequently featured on camera . Production information ( edit ) Taping location ( edit ) From 2003 to early 2008 , the program was originally taped at studio 11 at NBC Studios in Burbank , California . It is now filmed in studio 1 ( named `` The Ellen Stage '' since her 2,000 th show that took place in November , 2015 ) on the Warner Bros. lot in Burbank . Personnel ( edit ) The executive producers are DeGeneres , Mary Connelly , Ed Glavin , Andy Lassner and Jim Paratore . The writing staff has included Karen Kilgariff ( former head writer ) , Karen Anderson , Margaret Smith and DeGeneres . Margaret Smith left the show to work on her own projects , including her first book , What Was I Thinking ? How Being a Stand Up Did Nothing to Prepare Me to Become a Single Mother ( Crossroad Publishing , 2008 ) . Amy Rhodes , a former writer for the program , regularly appeared on camera during various segments . DJ ( edit ) Unlike most talk shows , the show uses a disc jockey to supply music rather than a band . Originally , the role was filled by Los Angeles - based DJ Scott K , who lasted only a few weeks . He was later replaced by Tony Okungbowa , who DJed through season 3 . Due to his growing acting career , Okungbowa left the show , and a few guest DJs were brought in to try out for the position , including New Orleans 's own DJ Chris Guénard aka ' REVIVE . ' Tony was replaced by actor / DJ Jon Abrahams for the fourth - season premiere . Abrahams stayed on the show for one season , and also left as his acting career grew . Ted Stryker of KROQ , who is also co-host of Loveline with Dr. Drew , was the DJ for the fifth season . Stryker stayed for one season until Okungbowa returned . In a recent episode , DJ Pauly D from Jersey Shore deejayed when Okungbowa was promoting his CD . Starting in season 11 , several episodes include celebrity `` guest DJs '' filling the DJ position in Okungbowa 's absence . The most frequently appearing guest DJs are Stephen `` tWitch '' Boss of So You Think You Can Dance fame , and comedian Loni Love . Okungbowa made a return appearance on the show in the April 28 , 2014 episode , while Loni made a return in the June 5 , 2015 episode . 2007 writers Guild strike ( edit ) DeGeneres , a member of the Writers Guild of America , supported the 2007 writers ' strike . However , on November 9 , 2007 , DeGeneres crossed the picket line to tape more episodes of her TV show stating : `` It was explained to me that no other daytime shows have shut down . I 've got 135 employees that rely on me for a paycheck . But it 's been the hardest thing in the world driving onto this lot . '' DeGeneres decided to abstain from doing a monologue on her show ( which is typically written by WGA writers ) during the strike . Her show continued production as normal with the exception of her monologue being omitted . The WGAE issued a statement condemning DeGeneres , stating she was `` not welcome in NY . '' DeGeneres 's representatives asserted that she did not violate the WGA 's agreement , arguing that she is competing with other first - run syndicated shows like Dr. Phil and Live with Regis and Kelly during the competitive November sweeps period , and that DeGeneres must fulfill her duties as host and producer , lest her show lose its time slot or be held in breach of contract . In addition , a statement defending DeGeneres was subsequently issued by AFTRA , pointing out that DeGeneres also works under the AFTRA TV Code , which bars her from striking . The WGAE then issued a response pointing out that DeGeneres is also a Writers Guild member , and that any writing work she did on her show during the strike constituted struck work . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of The Ellen DeGeneres Show episodes Special episodes ( edit ) Several episodes have aired with a special theme or format , including a `` Backwards Show '' , entire episodes themed around Broadway productions , a Thanksgiving special taped in the Ed Sullivan Theater in New York City , and an entire episode which included Deltalina filmed on a Delta airplane . Other recurring themes feature products from sponsors DeGeneres likes ( similar to Oprah 's Favorite Things from the now ended The Oprah Winfrey Show ) , specials following awards show telecasts ( such as the Academy Awards ) , and numerous milestone episodes ( e.g. , DeGeneres 's 1,000 th , 1300th , 1500th , etc. broadcast ) . In 2017 , an episode aired commemorating the 20th anniversary of The Puppy Episode , the episode of her sitcom Ellen , in which her character Ellen Morgan came out as a lesbian . The episode titled `` Sirdeaner Walker Interview '' was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for `` Outstanding Talk Show Episode '' during the 21st GLAAD Media Awards . On January 11 , 2013 , DeGeneres announced that she was going to Australia in March with her wife , Australian actress Portia de Rossi , after having wanted to go for many years , however being unable to visit in summer ( which she preferred ) due to taping conflicts of her show . Toward the end of the episode , which featured Nicole Kidman as a guest , she announced to the audience that they will also be going on a holiday to Australia in a giveaway special . On March 3 , 2014 , DeGeneres hosted the show live , one day after her being the host of the 86th Academy Awards . This episode features this year 's Oscar winners Cate Blanchett , Jared Leto and Lupita Nyong'o as guests . On two occasions , DeGeneres was unable to host the show due to sickness . On January 24 , 2014 , guest DJ for that day Ellie Kemper filled in to be the first guest host on the show . On September 29 , 2016 , day four of the 7th Annual Cat Week , Miley Cyrus took over as host . Reception ( edit ) The show has been met with considerable success , and has won 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 . Additionally , as the show 's popularity has increased , the program has appeared in plot elements of storylines in several scripted television programs , including Joey , Six Feet Under and The Bernie Mac Show , among others . Ratings ( edit ) The show averages around 3.9 million viewers per episode , according to daytime television ratings , making it a highly viewed daytime show . It usually only trails behind Live with Kelly , and Dr. Phil in total viewers . By 2017 , the show passed Live with Kelly and only trails behind Dr. Phil . Awards ( edit ) The show has won a total of 59 Daytime Emmy Awards by 2017 , including four for Outstanding Talk Show ( 2004 , 2005 , 2006 , 2007 ) and six for Outstanding Talk Show Entertainment ( 2010 , 2011 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ) . The show first fourteen seasons surpassed the record held by The Oprah Winfrey Show , which received 47 Daytime Emmy Awards before Winfrey chose to stop submitting it for consideration in 2000 . DeGeneres herself has won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Talk Show Host four times ( 2005 , 2006 , 2007 , 2008 ) . The show has also won Emmys in numerous writing and technical categories . It won the Genesis Award for `` Best Talk Show '' in 2010 and 2012 . DeGeneres has won the People 's Choice Award for `` Favorite Daytime TV Host '' 14 times , making her the most awarded person in the People 's Choice Awards 's history . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Weiner , Natalie ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` Pink Debuts New Ellen Theme Song Ahead of Season 13 Premiere '' . Billboard . United States . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2015 . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` When It 's On -- The Ellen DeGeneres Show '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen 's Movin ' on Up ! '' . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC stations renew ' The Ellen DeGeneres Show ' through 2020 '' . Variety . Variety . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robehmed , Natalie . `` Heads Up , Up and Away : How Ellen DeGeneres ' Game Became A Hit '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ Dobuzinskis , Alex ( September 11 , 2009 ) . `` Record labels sue over use of songs on `` Ellen '' show `` . Reuters . Los Angeles . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sophia Grace Brownlee ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosie McClelland ( Bio , Sam & Cat cast and characters ) '' . DanSchneider.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Belkin , Lisa ( March 8 , 2012 ) . `` Sophia Grace And Rosie : How Do You Parent Daughters Like These ? '' . Huff Post Parents . Retrieved May 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cerasaro , Pat ( September 17 , 2013 ) . `` Sophia Grace INTO THE WOODS Exit Explained ; Dad Comments '' . Broadway World . Retrieved September 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Justin , Neal ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Television : Tears , strike aside , DeGeneres shows go on '' . Minneapolis St. Paul Star Tribune . Retrieved December 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Ellen DeGeneres Speaks Only In Exotic Birdcalls As A Gesture Of Writer Solidarity '' . Defamer . November 9 , 2007 . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE States Ellen `` Not Welcome In NY '' `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` UrgentT ! AFTRA Defends Ellen ; Rep Says She `` Has Done Nothing '' To Violate WGA `` . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( November 10 , 2007 ) . `` WGAE Replies To AFTRA About Ellen Mess '' . Deadline Hollywood Daily . Retrieved December 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` 21st Annual GLAAD Media Awards -- English Language Nominees '' . Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Horton , Sally ( January 11 , 2013 ) . `` First Oprah . Now Ellen '' . The Age . Retrieved January 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert . `` Syndicated Ratings : Oprah Still Ahead of Judge Judy ; Monk Lives On '' . ZAP2It . Retrieved November 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ellen ' Reclaims Second Place in Ratings From ' Live With Kelly & Ryan ' '' . TheWrap. 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) . `` Watch Ellen DeGeneres Win More People 's Choice Awards Than Anyone '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Official website The Ellen DeGeneres Show on IMDb The Ellen DeGeneres Show at TV.com ( archived 06 / 12 / 2007 ) Daytime television in the United States Broadcast ABC The View The Chew CBS The Talk The CW The Robert Irvine Show Univision El Gordo y la Flaca UniMás ¿ Quién Tiene la Razón ? 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12 days of giveaways ellen what is it

The program combines comedy , celebrity , musical guests , and human - interest stories . The program often features audience participation games where prizes are awarded . During her Twelve Days of Giveaways promotion , audience members receive roughly $1,000 worth of prizes on each of twelve episodes . Because the show has become so popular , not all who arrive hoping to see a taping can fit into the studio , so an offshoot space , dubbed by Tom Hanks `` The Riff Raff Room '' , was created . Persons seated here are often referenced and shown briefly on camera but watch the taping from off - stage . Other non-celebrities have been featured in an attempt by DeGeneres to give them 15 minutes of fame . Guests in this role have included intelligent children , small business owners , etc . In the show 's third season , DeGeneres began surprising fans by introducing them to their favorite celebrities .

We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank - wikipedia We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank Studio album by Modest Mouse Released March 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 03 - 20 ) Recorded 2005 -- 2006 Genre Alternative rock indie rock noise pop Length 62 : 33 Label Epic Producer Dennis Herring Modest Mouse chronology Baron von Bullshit Rides Again ( 2004 ) Baron von Bullshit Rides Again 2004 We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank ( 2007 ) No One 's First and You 're Next ( 2009 ) No One 's First and You 're Next 2009 Singles from We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank `` Dashboard '' Released : January 16 , 2007 `` Missed the Boat '' Released : May 1 , 2007 `` We 've Got Everything '' Released : October 2 , 2007 `` Little Motel '' Released : October 11 , 2007 `` People as Places as People '' Released : 2007 We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank is the fifth studio album by American alternative rock band Modest Mouse , released in 2007 . It followed their previous studio album , 2004 's Good News for People Who Love Bad News . It is the band 's only full - length with former Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr as a member . It has a strong nautical theme and was originally envisioned as a concept album about a boat crew that dies in every song . This album was certified Gold by the RIAA on June 11 , 2009 . As of February 2015 , it has sold 649,000 copies in the US . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Johnny Marr 's contribution 2 Release details 2.1 Singles 3 Reception 4 Track listing 5 Bonus material 6 Personnel 6.1 Modest Mouse 6.2 Additional Personnel 7 Chart positions 7.1 Album 7.2 Singles 8 References 9 External links Production ( edit ) The album was recorded at Sweet Tea Studio in Oxford , Mississippi with producer Dennis Herring , becoming the second consecutive Modest Mouse album to be recorded at that location and with that producer . Audible Alchemy in Portland , Oregon was also credited as a recording studio for the album . The original drummer for Modest Mouse , Jeremiah Green , also returned to the band for this album . Additionally , James Mercer of The Shins sings backup vocals on the tracks `` We 've Got Everything , '' `` Missed The Boat , '' and `` Florida . '' The album was leaked to the Internet on February 15 , 2007 , a full month before its official release on March 20 , 2007 . In its first week of release , the album debuted at No. 1 in the Billboard 200 selling 128,585 copies . The album went gold in Canada in June 2008 and sold 50,000 copies . Johnny Marr 's contribution ( edit ) In an interview , Isaac Brock said of Johnny Marr : `` He made a cautious commitment to write and record with us , and then the tighter we got , he was like , ' okay , let 's tour too . ' Then he was pretty much a member of the band -- not pretty much ; he 's a full blown member of the band . It 's really fuckin ' nice . '' According to Brock , Marr was involved in songwriting on the album , and will even tour with the band in support of it . In the interview , Brock described We Were Dead ... as a `` nautical balalaika carnival romp '' . Johnny Marr later responded to Brock 's comments by saying `` Isaac contacted me and asked if I 'd help Modest Mouse write the new album . I was intrigued and played with the band in Portland a couple of times . We hit it off and wrote three great songs straight away , something clicked , it felt right from the off . I have a new Healers album pretty much done , but we 've been having such a good time playing these new Modest Mouse songs . When people hear the record they 'll see why , we 're very good together . '' Release details ( edit ) The album was originally intended to be released in the United States and Canada on December 19 , 2006 , but in an e-mail sent to members of Modest Mouse 's mailing list on October 6 , 2006 , the album was pushed back : `` The forthcoming record We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank is set for release early next year ... '' . It was pushed back until March 20 , 2007 , and released on April 2 , 2007 in Ireland and the United Kingdom . The album was also released in Australia on March 17 and Germany on March 30 . Two CD versions of the album were released for purchase : the regular version , which comes in a standard jewel case , and the deluxe digipak version which `` includes a digipack and a 32 - page full color booklet all packaged in a deluxe slipcase '' made of canvas . The Sony Music website also offers a double gatefold ( 2 LP ) 180 - gram vinyl edition of the album . Singles ( edit ) The first single released from the album was `` Dashboard '' in January 2007 . It was first sent to members of the Modest Mouse e-mail list on January 3 and is still present on the band 's media player on their official Myspace page . The song was released to radio on January 16 , and made available at the iTunes Store on January 29 . The second single was `` Missed the Boat '' , with the video being directed by Christopher Mills ( who also directed the `` Float On '' video ) . It peaked at No. 24 . The third single is `` Little Motel '' . The video was shown on the official Modest Mouse YouTube channel on October 11 , 2007 . `` People as Places as People '' was the final single released from the album . The music video featured a woman bringing her husband , a humanoid tree , to visit her parents . Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Aggregate scores Source Rating Metacritic 78 / 100 Review scores Source Rating AllMusic The A.V. Club A − Entertainment Weekly A − The Guardian Los Angeles Times NME 7 / 10 Pitchfork 7.8 / 10 Q Rolling Stone Spin The album holds a score of 78 out of 100 from Metacritic based on `` generally favorable reviews '' . The A.V. Club gave it an A − and said , `` Easier than ever to grasp , yet still constantly , joyously vexing , We Were Dead is another terrific set from a band that could n't make something dull even if drowning were the only other option . '' Under the Radar gave it a score of nine stars out of ten and said it was `` Not just an album that revisits the dancey guitar - pop that made `` Float On '' an unlikely No. 1 hit , but sharpens and emboldens it for ( Modest Mouse 's ) most accessible album to date . '' Blender gave it four - and - a-half stars out of five and said , `` Is there another ' Float On ' ? It scarcely matters : 10 years into their career , Modest Mouse have stumbled into their best album yet . '' The Austin Chronicle gave it four stars out of five and said the album `` sounds like Modest Mouse , only better . '' Mojo also gave it four stars out of five and called it `` a winner '' . Uncut likewise gave it four stars out of five and said it `` adds a newfound sang - froid to ( the band 's ) quiet / loud approach . '' Q also gave it four stars and called it `` a fantastic voyage '' . Spin gave it a score of eight out of ten and stated , `` While Brock 's pop instincts have never been more refined , his jitteriness has never run more rampant . '' Alternative Press gave it four stars out of five and said that `` Much of ( the album ) feels like a culmination of the sound that Modest Mouse have spent the last decade or so honing . '' musicOMH also gave it four stars out of five and said of Modest Mouse , `` This is a band working at the very top of their game , and this album is a beautiful , brilliant beast . '' Billboard gave it a favorable review and stated , `` There 's more melody than usual to be found here . '' Hartford Courant also gave it a favorable review and called it `` a successful experiment ... largely because the differences between Marr and Mouse turn out to be more harmonious than anyone could have expected . '' Almost Cool gave the album a score of 7.25 out of ten and said that it was `` not as excellent as ( the band 's ) early work , but still pretty entertaining . '' Yahoo ! Music UK gave it seven stars out of ten and stated , `` The problem is , there 's simply too much record here . '' Playlouder gave it three - and - a-half stars out of five and said it `` could be Modest Mouse 's finest hour were it not a little long - the nuances are occasionally rather swamped by the effort of listening to the hour - long record through . '' Slant Magazine also gave it three - and - a-half stars out of five and called it `` a really good , if not necessarily phenomenal , rock record . '' The Boston Globe gave it a positive review and said that if the album `` is a little much to take in all at once , the sheer mass of the tunes becomes easier to manage over repeated listens . '' LAS Magazine gave the album a score of 6.8 out of ten and said , `` A disproportionate amount of the album 's tracks sound like a commercialized knockoff of previous songs , past highlights revisited after a process of radio ready distillation . '' Prefix Magazine gave it 6.5 out of ten and called the album `` exhausting '' . Other reviews are average or mixed : Now gave the album a score of three stars out of five and said , `` The album as a whole does drag on , and the songs are n't as immediately grabby as those on their last disc , but We Were Dead is more interesting and varied than Good News . '' Hot Press also gave it a score of three out of five and said it had `` some excellent moments '' . The Village Voice gave it an average review and said , `` Imagine the cheerful fatalism of `` Float On '' without the hooks , which is bizarre : Hooks would seem to be Marr 's specialty . '' Track listing ( edit ) All lyrics written by Isaac Brock ; all music composed by Modest Mouse . No . Title Length 1 . `` March into the Sea '' 3 : 30 2 . `` Dashboard '' 4 : 06 3 . `` Fire It Up '' 4 : 34 4 . `` Florida '' 2 : 57 5 . `` Parting of the Sensory '' 5 : 34 6 . `` Missed the Boat '' 4 : 24 7 . `` We 've Got Everything '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Fly Trapped in a Jar '' 4 : 29 9 . `` Education '' 3 : 56 10 . `` Little Motel '' 4 : 44 11 . `` Steam Engenius '' 4 : 26 12 . `` Spitting Venom '' 8 : 27 13 . `` People as Places as People '' 3 : 42 14 . `` Invisible '' 3 : 59 Bonus material ( edit ) A behind the scenes look into the making of the `` Dashboard '' video entitled `` A Fisherman 's Tale '' was included with iTunes Store pre-orders of the album and the Japanese limited edition 2 - disc set . A 7 '' vinyl single featuring the unreleased track `` King Rat '' with album track `` Fire It Up '' as the B - side was included with the pre-order of the album at certain retailers . U.S. Best Buy stores offered a pre-sell CD single with three tracks from the album . It was made available on March 7 , two weeks prior to the release of the album and contained the tracks `` Dashboard '' , `` Education '' , and `` Little Motel . '' The single carried no title other than that of the 3 tracks . Unlike typical promotions of pre-sell material that contain coupons for some value off the final price of the album ( this one was $1.99 - a reimbursement for the cost of the single , making it a free promotional tool ) , this CD featured only album quality tracks and no live or other unreleased tracks . Personnel ( edit ) Modest Mouse ( edit ) Isaac Brock Jeremiah Green Eric Judy Johnny Marr Tom Peloso Joe Plummer Additional Personnel ( edit ) Produced by Dennis Herring Engineered by Joe Zook & Clay Jones Assisted by Tom Queyja & Rob Cooper Recorded at Sweet Tea , Oxford , MS & Audible Alchemy , Portland , OR Additional Engineering by Kyle `` Slick '' Johnson , Reto Peter & Tom Queyja Mixed by Joe Zook & Dennis Herring Mixed at Sweet Tea , Oxford , MS , `` Little Motel '' mixed at AUS California , Studio City , CA Mastered by Howie Weinberg at Masterdisk , New York , NY Lyrics by Isaac Brock Music by Modest Mouse © 2007 Ugly Casanova ( ASCAP ) / Tschudi Music ( ASCAP ) / Crazy Gnome ( ASCAP ) / Marr Songs Ltd . ( BMI ) / Party Pants Music ( BMI ) / Robot Horse Music ( BMI ) . All Rights Reserved . Used by Permission . Clay Jones -- Shaker on `` Dashboard '' , Programming on `` Florida '' , Acoustic Guitar on `` Missed The Boat '' Dennis Herring -- Claps & Stomps on `` Parting Of The Sensory '' , Rhodes on `` Little Motel '' , Backing Vocals on `` Steam Engenius '' , Pump Organ on `` Spitting Venom '' Kyle `` Slick '' Johnson -- Programming on `` Dashboard '' , `` Fire It Up '' , `` Parting Of The Sensory '' , `` Little Motel '' & `` Invisible '' Naheed Simjee -- Backing Vocals on `` Fire it Up '' , Claps & Stomps on `` Parting Of The Sensory '' James Mercer - Backing Vocals on `` Florida '' , `` Missed the Boat '' & `` We Got Everything '' Art Direction by Isaac Brock , Christian Helms & Nahjeed Simjee Design by Christian Helms & Geoff Peyeto at The Decoder Ring Booklet Interior Illustrations by David Ellis & Casey Burns Thank You : Steve Lobdell & Mike Gillentine A&R : Kaz Utsunomiya Management : Ravenhouse Ltd . James Mercer of The Shins appears courtesy of Sub Pop Records Chart positions ( edit ) Album ( edit ) Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position U.S. Billboard 200 U.S. CMJ Radio 200 Australia Top 100 12 Estonian Album Chart 42 Irish Album Chart 22 New Zealand Top 40 26 Norway Top 40 22 UK Album Chart 47 Singles ( edit ) Single Chart ( 2007 ) Peak position `` Dashboard '' U.S. Modern Rock Tracks U.S. Billboard Hot 100 59 U.S. Hot Digital Songs 45 U.S. Pop 100 56 UK Singles Chart 111 `` Missed the Boat '' U.S. Modern Rock Tracks 24 Preceded by Luvanmusiq by Musiq Soulchild U.S. Billboard 200 number - one album April 7 , 2007 ( 2007 - 04 - 07 ) Succeeded by Let It Go by Tim McGraw References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Phillips , Amy ( 2006 - 08 - 22 ) . `` Modest Mouse Set Title , Release Date '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : Modell , Josh ( 20 March 2007 ) . `` Modest Mouse : We Were Dead Before The Ship Even Sank '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American album certifications -- Modest Mouse -- We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Album , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Releases '' . Hits Daily Double . HITS Digital Ventures . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Phillips , Amy ( 2006 - 08 - 04 ) . `` Johnny Marr Officially a Member of Modest Mouse '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Scanlon , Tom ( 2006 - 10 - 10 ) . `` The Rock Desk with Patrick MacDonald '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Maher , Dave ( 2007 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Pitchfork : News -- January 3 , 2007 '' . Pitchfork . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ http://stereogum.com/4945/modest_mouse_tops_the_charts/news/ Jump up ^ `` Johnny Marr official site '' . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jonathan ( 2007 - 01 - 26 ) . `` Modest Mouse Confirms Release Date , Track List '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` We Were Dead Before The Ship Even Sank -- Deluxe Limited Edition CD Package '' . Sonymusicstore.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` We Were Dead Before The Ship Even Sank -- Vinyl '' . Sonymusicstore.com . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Video Static : Music Video News : April 8 , 2007 - April 14 , 2007 '' . Video Static . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Reviews for We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank by Modest Mouse '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Brown , Marisa . `` We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank -- Modest Mouse '' . AllMusic . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Modell , Josh ( March 20 , 2007 ) . `` Modest Mouse : We Were Dead Before The Ship Even Sank '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( March 16 , 2007 ) . `` We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Costa , Maddy ( March 30 , 2007 ) . `` Modest Mouse , We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . The Guardian . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Nichols , Natalie ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` A shock to his ' System ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Richards , Sam ( April 4 , 2007 ) . `` Modest Mouse -- We Were Dead Before The Ship Even Sank '' . NME . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2012 . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitchum , Rob ( March 19 , 2007 ) . `` Modest Mouse : We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Modest Mouse : We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . Q ( 250 ) : 128 . May 2007 . Jump up ^ Christgau , Robert ( March 7 , 2007 ) . `` We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Raftery , Brian ( April 2007 ) . `` Into the Deep '' . Spin. 23 ( 4 ) . Retrieved July 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ The Austin Chronicle review Jump up ^ Spin review Jump up ^ musicOMH review Jump up ^ Hartford Courant review Jump up ^ Almost Cool review Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2007 . Retrieved April 30 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2007 . Retrieved May 2 , 2007 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Slant Magazine review Jump up ^ The Boston Globe review Jump up ^ LAS Magazine review Jump up ^ Prefix Magazine review Jump up ^ Now review Jump up ^ Hot Press review ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ The Village Voice review Jump up ^ `` Presell Single -- CD -- Modest Mouse '' . Best Buy . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 15 . External links ( edit ) We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank at Metacritic hide Modest Mouse Isaac Brock Jeremiah Green Tom Peloso Jim Fairchild Russell Higbee Lisa Molinaro Dann Gallucci Eric Judy Joe Plummer Johnny Marr Benjamin Weikel John Wickhart Studio albums This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About The Lonesome Crowded West The Moon & Antarctica Good News for People Who Love Bad News We Were Dead Before the Ship Even Sank Strangers to Ourselves EPs Blue Cadet - 3 , Do You Connect ? Interstate 8 The Fruit That Ate Itself Night on the Sun Everywhere and His Nasty Parlour Tricks No One 's First , and You 're Next Other albums Building Nothing Out of Something Sad Sappy Sucker Baron von Bullshit Rides Again Singles `` A Life of Arctic Sounds '' `` Other People 's Lives '' `` Never Ending Math Equation '' `` Float On '' `` Ocean Breathes Salty '' `` The World at Large '' `` Dashboard '' `` King Rat '' `` Missed the Boat '' `` We 've Got Everything '' `` Satellite Skin '' `` Lampshades on Fire '' `` The Ground Walks , with Time in a Box '' Labels Epic Records K Records Sub Pop Suicide Squeeze Records Up Records Related Discography Dirty Dozen Brass Band Seasick Steve Ugly Casanova Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=We_Were_Dead_Before_the_Ship_Even_Sank&oldid=844297575 '' Categories : 2007 albums Modest Mouse albums Epic Records albums Albums produced by Dennis Herring Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Unfit url Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from April 2011 All articles needing additional references Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Galego Italiano Norsk nynorsk Português Slovenčina Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 4 June 2018 , at 00 : 52 . 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modest mouse we were dead before the ship even sank songs

No . Title Length 1 . `` March into the Sea '' 3 : 30 2 . `` Dashboard '' 4 : 06 3 . `` Fire It Up '' 4 : 34 4 . `` Florida '' 2 : 57 5 . `` Parting of the Sensory '' 5 : 34 6 . `` Missed the Boat '' 4 : 24 7 . `` We 've Got Everything '' 3 : 40 8 . `` Fly Trapped in a Jar '' 4 : 29 9 . `` Education '' 3 : 56 10 . `` Little Motel '' 4 : 44 11 . `` Steam Engenius '' 4 : 26 12 . `` Spitting Venom '' 8 : 27 13 . `` People as Places as People '' 3 : 42 14 . `` Invisible '' 3 : 59

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus - wikipedia Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the original Chernobyl sarcophagus . For the new confinement which covers this sarcophagus since November 2016 , see Chernobyl New Safe Confinement . Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Sarcophagus Ukrainian : Укриття Чорнобильської АЕС The sarcophagus in 2006 . The tall chimney is an original part of the reactor building . Location in Ukraine Alternative names Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Object Shelter General information Status Deteriorated ; succeeded by Chernobyl New Safe Confinement Type Confinement shelter Location Covering Reactor 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant , within the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone , near Pripyat Country Ukraine Coordinates 51 ° 23 ′ 23 '' N 30 ° 05 ′ 57 '' E  /  51.389636 ° N 30.099033 ° E  / 51.389636 ; 30.099033 Coordinates : 51 ° 23 ′ 23 '' N 30 ° 05 ′ 57 '' E  /  51.389636 ° N 30.099033 ° E  / 51.389636 ; 30.099033 Construction started June 1986 Completed November 1986 Demolished To partially start in 2017 ( estimated ) The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus or Shelter Object ( Ukrainian : Об'єкт `` Укриття '' ) is a massive steel and concrete structure covering the nuclear reactor No. 4 building of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . It was designed to limit radioactive contamination of the environment following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , by encasing the most dangerous area and protecting it from climate exposure . It is located within a large restricted area known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . The original Russian name is `` Obyekt Ukrytiye '' ( Объект `` Укрытие '' ) , which means `` sheltering '' or `` covering '' , as opposed to sarcophagus . The sarcophagus locked in 200 tons of radioactive corium , 30 tons of highly contaminated dust and 16 tons of uranium and plutonium . In 1996 , it was deemed impossible to repair the inside of the sarcophagus as radiation levels were estimated to be as high as 10,000 röntgens per hour ( normal background radiation in cities is usually around 20 -- 50 microröntgens per hour , and a lethal dose is 500 röntgens over 5 hours ) . A decision to replace the sarcophagus with the New Safe Confinement was taken , and a project to reconstruct the enclosure has since been completed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Construction 2 Ongoing issues 2.1 Designed Stabilisation Steel Structure 2.2 Upper Biological Shield 3 Replacement 4 References 4.1 Notes 4.2 Further reading 5 External links Construction ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Preparatory steps for mounting the sarcophagus in 1986 The design of the sarcophagus started on May 20 , 1986 , 24 days after the disaster . Subsequent construction lasted for 206 days , from June to late November of the same year . The first task before construction started was to build a cooling slab under the reactor to prevent the hot nuclear fuel from burning a hole in the base . Coal miners were called up to dig the necessary tunnel below the reactor and by June 24 , 1986 four hundred coal miners had dug the 168 - metre ( 551 ft ) long tunnel . When the building became overly radioactive , it became impossible to directly screw down the nuts and bolts or apply any direct welding to the sarcophagus , so this work was done by robots . The seams of the sarcophagus , however , were not properly sealed . The entire construction process consisted of eight stages : clearing and concreting of territory around reactor unit 4 , erection of initial reinforced concrete protective walls around the perimeter , construction of separation walls between units 3 and 4 , cascade wall construction , covering of the turbine hall , mounting of a high - rise buttress wall , erection of supports and installation of a reactor compartment covering and finally the installation of a ventilation system . More than 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400 000 m of concrete and 7,300 tonnes of metal framework were used during the erection of the sarcophagus . The building ultimately enclosed 7005740000000000000 ♠ 740 000 m of heavily contaminated debris inside , together with contaminated soil . On October 11 , 1986 the Soviet Governmental Commission accepted a report entitled `` Conclusion on Reliability and Durability of a Covering Constructions and Radiation Safety of Chernobyl NPP Unit 4 Reactor Compartment '' . The sarcophagus has over 60 bore holes to allow observation of the interior of the core . In many places the structure was designed to have ventilation shafts to allow some convection inside . Filtration systems have been put in place so that no radioactive material will escape through these holes . Ongoing issues ( edit ) A view of the sarcophagus in 2005 The present shelter is constructed on top of the ruins of the reactor building . The two `` Mammoth Beams '' that support the roof of the shelter rest partly on the structurally unsound west wall of the reactor building that was damaged by the accident . The western end of the shelter roof is supported by a wall at a point designated axis 50 . This wall is reinforced concrete and was cracked by the accident . Designed Stabilisation steel structure ( edit ) The DSSS is a yellow steel object that has been placed next to the wrecked reactor ; it is 63 meters ( 207 ft ) tall and has a series of cantilevers that extend through the western buttress wall , and is intended to stabilize the sarcophagus . This was done because if the wall of the reactor building or the roof of the shelter were to collapse , then large amounts of radioactive dust and particles would be released directly into the atmosphere , resulting in a large new release of radioactivity into the environment . In December 2006 the `` Designed Stabilisation Steel Structure '' ( DSSS ) was extended until 50 % of the roof load ( about 400 tons ) was transferred from the axis 50 wall to the DSSS . Upper Biological shield ( edit ) A further threat to the shelter is the concrete slab that formed the `` Upper Biological Shield '' ( UBS ) , situated above the reactor prior to the accident . This concrete slab was thrown upwards by the explosion in the reactor core and now rests at approximately 15 ° from vertical . The position of the upper bioshield is considered inherently unsafe , as only debris supports it in its nearly upright position . A collapse of the bioshield would further exacerbate the dust conditions in the shelter , possibly spreading some quantity of radioactive materials out of the shelter , and could damage the shelter itself . The UBS is a circle 15 meters in diameter , weighing 1000 tons and consisting of 2000 cubes , each located above a fuel channel . The shield , called Pyatachok ( meaning `` pig 's nose '' ) before the disaster , was afterwards named Component `` E '' and nicknamed `` Elena '' ; the twisted fuel bundles still attached to it are called `` Elena 's hair . '' Replacement ( edit ) Main article : Chernobyl New Safe Confinement On December 22 , 1988 , Soviet scientists announced that the sarcophagus would only last 20 -- 30 years before requiring restorative maintenance work . In 1998 , with the help of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development , a conservation programme was completed which included securing the roof beams from collapsing . Nonetheless , the rain - induced corrosion of supporting beams still threatens the sarcophagus ' integrity . It was revealed that the water is leaking through the sarcophagus via holes in its roof , becoming radioactively contaminated , and then seeping through the reactor 's floor into the soil . A new containment device will allow the sarcophagus to be dismantled and radioactive material to be removed . The New Safe Confinement was expected to replace the existing sarcophagus in 2015 . However , delays and a € 100 million funding gap caused a yearlong delay , before being moved into place in November 2016 . References ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Chernobyl Sarcophagus '' . Chernobyl International . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : Ebel 1994 , p. 1 Jump up ^ code name given under the Soviet secrecy procedures Jump up ^ Marples 1996 , p. 30 ^ Jump up to : `` What happened in Chernobyl ? '' . Greenpeace . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 30 . Jump up ^ Объект `` Укрытие '' : Сооружение ( in Russian ) . Chernobyl.by . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : Marples & Risovanny 1996 , p. 17 Jump up ^ See BBC documentary Archived February 29 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Nuclear Engineering International , July 2007 , page 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl Glossary '' . Angelfire.com . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Decade of disaster - Google Books . Books.google.com. 2000 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 06820 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Chernobyl Tour Radiation Protection US EPA '' . Epa.gov. 2006 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Wood 2007 , p. 63 Further reading ( edit ) Ebel , Robert E. ; Center for Strategic and International Studies ( Washington , D.C. ) ( 1994 ) . Chernobyl and its aftermath : a chronology of events ( 1994 ed . ) . CSIS . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89206 - 302 - 4 . - Total pages : 43 Marples , David R. ; Risovanny , Yuri ( December 1990 ) . `` Revelations of a Chernobyl Insider '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 46 ( 10 ) : 16 -- 21 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Marples , David R. ( May 1996 ) . `` The Decade of Despair '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . 52 ( 3 ) : 64 . ISSN 0096 - 3402 . Wood , Janet ; Institution of Engineering and Technology ( 2007 ) . Nuclear power : Volume 52 of Power engineer ( 2007 ed . ) . IET . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86341 - 668 - 2 . - Total pages : 239 External links ( edit ) `` Chernobyl 25 years on : New Safe Confinement and Spent Fuel Storage Facility '' ( PDF ) . European Bank for Reconstruction & Development . 25 years of satellite imagery over Chernobyl ( hide ) Chernobyl disaster Effects Comparisons People Liquidators Samosely List of people involved Deaths due to the disaster Places Exclusion Zone Pripyat Amusement park Polissya hotel Azure Swimming Pool Avanhard Stadium Palace of Culture Energetik Jupiter Factory Yaniv Station Chernobyl Duga radar Red Forest List of populated settlements Power Plant Sarcophagus New Safe Confinement Other Slavutych Dytiatky Ukrainian National Chernobyl Museum Polesie State Radioecological Reserve ( list of settlements ) Works Cultural impact of the Chernobyl disaster Documentation and media Organisations Chernobyl Children International Chernobyl Forum Chernobyl Recovery and Development Programme Chernobyl Shelter Fund Friends of Chernobyl 's Children Bellesrad List of Chernobyl - related charities Related articles Chernobylite Chernihiv -- Ovruch railway List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant_sarcophagus&oldid=841677600 '' Categories : Chernobyl Exclusion Zone Buildings and structures completed in 1986 Energy infrastructure completed in 1986 Pripyat Buildings and structures in Kiev Oblast Nuclear safety and security Hidden categories : CS1 uses Russian - language script ( ru ) CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Ukrainian - language text Coordinates on Wikidata Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Español Italiano Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 09 : 50 . 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what was the original purpose of building chernobyl

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus or Shelter Object ( Ukrainian : Об'єкт `` Укриття '' ) is a massive steel and concrete structure covering the nuclear reactor No. 4 building of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant . It was designed to limit radioactive contamination of the environment following the 1986 Chernobyl disaster , by encasing the most dangerous area and protecting it from climate exposure . It is located within a large restricted area known as the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone . The original Russian name is `` Obyekt Ukrytiye '' ( Объект `` Укрытие '' ) , which means `` sheltering '' or `` covering '' , as opposed to sarcophagus . The sarcophagus locked in 200 tons of radioactive corium , 30 tons of highly contaminated dust and 16 tons of uranium and plutonium .

FIFA Women 's World Cup - wikipedia FIFA Women 's World Cup Jump to : navigation , search FIFA Women 's World Cup Founded 16 November 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 11 - 16 ) ( as Women 's World Championship ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 24 ( finals ) Current champions United States ( 3rd title ) Most successful team ( s ) United States ( 3 titles ) Website www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/ 2019 France The BC Place hosting a 2015 Women 's FIFA World Cup match Tournaments 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 The FIFA Women 's World Cup is an international football competition contested by the senior women 's national teams of the members of Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) , the sport 's global governing body . The competition has been held every four years since 1991 , when the inaugural tournament , then called the Women 's World Championship , was held in China . Under the tournament 's current format , national teams vie for 23 slots in a three - year qualification phase . ( The host nation 's team is automatically entered as the 24th slot . ) The tournament proper , alternatively called the World Cup Finals , is contested at venues within the host nation ( s ) over a period of about one month . The seven FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments have been won by four different national teams . The current champion is the United States , after winning their third title in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Format 2.1 Qualification 2.2 Final tournament 3 Results 4 All - time performance 5 Overall team records 6 Attendance 7 Broadcasting 8 Awards 9 Player records 9.1 Most goals 9.2 Most tournaments 9.3 Most matches 10 See also 11 References 12 External links History ( edit ) In 1988 -- 58 years after the first Men 's FIFA World Cup tournament in 1930 and approximately 17 years after the FA ban on women 's football was eliminated in 1971 -- FIFA hosted an invitational in China as a test to see if a global women 's World Cup was feasible . Twelve national teams took part in the competition -- four from UEFA , three from AFC , two from CONCACAF and one from CONMEBOL , CAF and OFC . The tournament saw European champion Norway defeat Sweden 1 -- 0 in the final to win the tournament , while Brazil clinched third place by beating the hosts in a penalty shootout . The competition was deemed a success and on 30 June FIFA approved the establishment of an official World Cup , which was to take place in 1991 again in China . Again , twelve teams competed , this time culminating in the United States beating Norway in the final 2 - 1 . In the 1999 edition , one of the most famous moments of the tournament was American defender Brandi Chastain 's victory celebration after scoring the Cup - winning penalty kick against China . She took off her jersey and waved it over her head ( as men frequently do ) , showing her muscular torso and sports bra as she celebrated . The 1999 final in the Rose Bowl in Pasadena , California had an attendance of 90,185 , a world record for a women 's sporting event . The 1999 and 2003 Women 's World Cups were both held in the United States ; in 2003 China was supposed to host it , but the tournament was moved because of SARS . As compensation , China retained its automatic qualification to the 2003 tournament as host nation , and was automatically chosen to host the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup . Germany hosted the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , as decided by vote in October 2007 . In March 2011 , FIFA awarded Canada the right to host the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup . The 2015 edition saw the field expand from 16 to 24 teams . During the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , both Formiga of Brazil and Homare Sawa of Japan made a record of appearing in six World Cups , a feat that had never been achieved before by either female or male players . Christie Rampone is the oldest player to ever play in a Women 's World Cup match , at the age of 40 years . In March 2015 , FIFA awarded France the right to host the 2019 FIFA Women 's World Cup over South Korea . The tournament will begin on 1 June 2019 and the final will be played on 30 June 2019 ; both the opening and final matches will be played at Parc Olympique Lyonnais , a venue with a capacity of 58,000 in the Lyon suburb of Décines . Format ( edit ) Qualification ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification Qualifying tournaments are held within the six FIFA continental zones ( Africa , Asia , North and Central America and Caribbean , South America , Oceania , Europe ) , and are organised by their respective confederations : Confederation of African Football ( CAF ) , Asian Football Confederation ( AFC ) , Confederation of North , Central America and Caribbean Association Football ( CONCACAF ) , South American Football Confederation CONMEBOL , Oceania Football Confederation ( OFC ) , and Union of European Football Associations UEFA ) . For each tournament , FIFA decides beforehand the number of berths awarded to each of the continental zones , based on the relative strength of the confederations ' teams . The hosts of the World Cup receive an automatic berth in the finals . Since the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , the number of finalists increased from 16 to 24 . Final tournament ( edit ) The final tournament has featured between twelve and twenty - four national teams competing over about one month in the host nation ( s ) . There are two stages : the group stage followed by the knockout stage . In the group stage , teams are drawn into groups of four teams each . Each group plays a round - robin tournament , in which each team is scheduled for three matches against other teams in the same group . The last round of matches of each group is scheduled at the same time to preserve fairness among all four teams . In the 2015 24 - team format , the two teams finishing first and second in each group and the four best teams among those ranked third qualify for the round of 16 , also called the knockout stage . Points are used to rank the teams within a group . Since 1994 , three points have been awarded for a win , one for a draw and none for a loss ( before , winners received two points ) . The ranking of each team in each group is determined as follows : Greatest number of points in group matches Greatest goal difference in group matches Greatest number of goals scored in group matches If more than one team remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined as follows : Greatest number of points in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest goal difference in head - to - head matches among those teams Greatest number of goals scored in head - to - head matches among those teams If any of the teams above remain level after applying the above criteria , their ranking will be determined by the drawing of lots The knockout stage is a single - elimination tournament in which teams play each other in one - off matches , with extra time and penalty shootouts used to decide the winner if necessary . It begins with the round of 16 . This is followed by the quarter - finals , semi-finals , the third - place match ( contested by the losing semi-finalists ) , and the final . Results ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup finals Year Host Champions Score Runners - up Third Place Score Fourth Place Teams 1991 China United States 2 -- 1 Norway Sweden 4 -- 0 Germany 12 1995 Sweden Norway 2 -- 0 Germany United States 2 -- 0 China PR 12 1999 United States United States 0 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) ( 5 -- 4 p ) China PR Brazil 0 -- 0 ( 5 -- 4 p ) Norway 16 2003 United States Germany 2 -- 1 ( a.g.g.e.t. ) Sweden United States 3 -- 1 Canada 16 2007 China Germany 2 -- 0 Brazil United States 4 -- 1 Norway 16 2011 Germany Japan 2 -- 2 ( a.e.t. ) ( 3 -- 1 p ) United States Sweden 2 -- 1 France 16 2015 Canada United States 5 -- 2 Japan England 1 -- 0 ( a.e.t. ) Germany 24 2019 France 24 2023 TBD No extra time was played . All - time performance ( edit ) Main article : National team appearances in the FIFA Women 's World Cup # Team Titles Runners - up Third - place Fourth - place Total United States 3 ( 1991 , 1999 , 2015 ) 1 ( 2011 ) 3 ( 1995 , 2003 , 2007 ) -- 7 Germany 2 ( 2003 , 2007 ) 1 ( 1995 ) -- 2 ( 1991 , 2015 ) 5 Norway 1 ( 1995 ) 1 ( 1991 ) -- 2 ( 1999 , 2007 ) Japan 1 ( 2011 ) 1 ( 2015 ) -- -- 5 Sweden -- 1 ( 2003 ) 2 ( 1991 , 2011 ) -- 6 Brazil -- 1 ( 2007 ) 1 ( 1999 ) -- 7 China PR -- 1 ( 1999 ) -- 1 ( 1995 ) 8 England -- -- 1 ( 2015 ) -- 9 Canada -- -- -- 1 ( 2003 ) France -- -- -- 1 ( 2011 ) Overall team records ( edit ) As per statistical convention in football , matches decided in extra time are counted as wins and losses , while matches decided by penalty shoot - outs are counted as draws . 3 points per win , 1 point per draw and 0 points per loss . Rank Team Part Pld GF GA GD Points United States 7 43 33 6 112 35 + 77 105 Germany 7 39 26 5 8 111 37 + 74 83 Norway 7 35 22 10 86 45 + 41 69 Sweden 7 33 18 5 10 59 42 + 17 59 5 Brazil 7 30 18 8 59 35 + 24 58 6 China PR 6 29 15 6 8 52 29 + 23 51 7 Japan 7 29 13 13 36 54 - 18 42 8 England 19 10 5 30 25 + 5 34 9 Canada 6 23 6 5 12 30 49 - 19 23 10 France 14 6 5 22 16 + 6 21 11 Australia 6 22 5 5 12 29 44 - 15 20 12 Russia 8 0 16 14 + 2 12 13 Nigeria 7 22 16 18 56 - 38 12 14 North Korea 13 8 12 20 - 8 11 15 Italy 7 11 8 + 3 10 16 Denmark 14 10 19 26 - 7 10 17 Cameroon 0 9 + 5 6 18 Colombia 7 9 - 5 5 19 Netherlands - 1 20 South Korea 7 5 5 19 - 14 21 Ghana 9 7 6 30 - 24 22 Switzerland 0 11 5 + 6 23 Thailand 0 10 - 7 24 Chinese Taipei 0 15 - 13 25 New Zealand 12 0 9 7 29 - 22 26 Mexico 9 0 6 6 30 - 24 27 Costa Rica 0 - 1 28 Spain 0 - 2 29 Equatorial Guinea 0 0 7 - 5 0 30 Ivory Coast 0 0 16 - 13 0 31 Ecuador 0 0 17 - 16 0 32 Argentina 6 0 0 6 33 - 31 0 Attendance ( edit ) Tournament Matches Attendance Ref Total Average Highest 1991 China 26 510,000 18,344 65,000 1995 Sweden 26 112,213 4,316 17,158 1999 USA 32 1,214,209 37,944 90,185 2003 USA 32 679,664 21,240 34,144 5 2007 China 32 1,190,971 37,218 55,832 6 2011 Germany 32 845,751 26,430 73,680 7 2015 Canada 52 1,353,506 26,029 54,027 Notes : The 2003 Women 's World Cup was originally scheduled for China but re-located in May 2003 to the United States after a SARS outbreak in China . The 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup set a new attendance record for all previous FIFA competitions other than the men 's FIFA World Cup . Broadcasting ( edit ) See also : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup broadcasters As of 2017 , the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final was the most watched soccer match in American history with nearly 23 million viewers until this summer where even more people watched a friendly between Manchester United and Real Madrid , more than the 2015 NBA Finals and Stanley Cup . It was also the most watched Spanish - language broadcast in tournament history . More than 750 million viewers were reported to have watched the tournament worldwide . Awards ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup awards At the end of each World Cup , awards are presented to select players and teams for accomplishments other than their final team positions in the tournament . There are currently seven awards : The Golden Ball for the best player , determined by a vote of media members ( first awarded in 1991 ) ; the Silver Ball and the Bronze Ball are awarded to the players finishing second and third in the voting respectively . The Golden Boot ( also known as the Golden Shoe ) for the top goalscorer ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The Silver Boot and the Bronze Boot have been awarded to the second and third top goalscorers respectively . If two or more players finish the tournament with the same number of goals , tiebreakers are used in the following order : Most assists . Fewest minutes played . The Golden Glove Award for the best goalkeeper , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group . First awarded in 2007 as `` Best Goalkeeper '' ; current award name adopted in 2011 . The Best Young Player Award for the best player no older than age 21 as of 1 January of the year of the final tournament , decided by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first awarded in 2011 ) . The FIFA Fair Play Award for the team with the best record of fair play , according to the points system and criteria established by the FIFA Fair Play Committee ( first awarded in 1991 ) . The All - Star Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as determined by the FIFA Technical Study Group ( first selected in 1999 ) . The Dream Team , consisting of the best players of the tournament as chosen by users of fifa.com ( first selected in 2015 ) . Another award is presented a week after the final match : The Goal of the Tournament , consisting of the tournament 's best goal , as chosen by users of fifa.com from a shortlist of 12 goals selected by FIFA 's web administrators ( first awarded in 2015 ) . One past award is no longer presented : The Most Entertaining Team Award for the team that has entertained the public the most during the World Cup , determined by a poll of the general public ( awarded in 2003 and 2007 ) . Player records ( edit ) Main article : FIFA Women 's World Cup records Most goals ( edit ) Main article : List of FIFA Women 's World Cup goalscorers Marta of Brazil is the all - time leading scorer of the World Cup . Birgit Prinz is tied for the second most goals in all tournaments , and won the title twice representing Germany . Rank Name World Cup Total ' 91 ' 95 ' 99 ' 03 ' 07 ' 11 ' 15 Marta 7 15 Birgit Prinz 7 5 0 14 Abby Wambach 6 14 Michelle Akers 10 0 12 5 Sun Wen 7 11 Bettina Wiegmann 11 7 Ann Kristin Aarønes 6 10 Heidi Mohr 7 10 9 Linda Medalen 6 9 Hege Riise 5 0 9 Christine Sinclair 9 12 Kerstin Garefrekes 8 Mia Hamm 8 Kristine Lilly 0 8 Liu Ailing 8 Marianne Pettersen 8 Célia Šašić 6 8 Homare Sawa 0 0 0 5 0 8 Formiga and Homare Sawa are the only players to appear in six Women 's World Cup editions . Most tournaments ( edit ) Main article : List of players who have appeared in multiple FIFA Women 's World Cups # Player Appearances Formiga 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Homare Sawa 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Kristine Lilly 5 ( 1991 , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Bente Nordby 5 ( 1991 * , 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 ) Birgit Prinz 5 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 ) Karina LeBlanc 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 , 2007 * , 2011 , 2015 * ) Nadine Angerer 5 ( 1999 * , 2003 * , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) Christie Rampone 5 ( 1999 , 2003 , 2007 , 2011 , 2015 ) * Did not play but was part of the squad . Most matches ( edit ) # Player Matches Kristine Lilly 30 Abby Wambach 25 Formiga 24 Julie Foudy 24 Birgit Prinz 24 Homare Sawa 24 7 Joy Fawcett 23 Mia Hamm 23 9 Bente Nordby 22 Hege Riise 22 Bettina Wiegmann 22 See also ( edit ) FIFA Women 's Club World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Women 's association football portal Association football portal Women 's Sport portal References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The History of Women 's Football '' . England Football Association . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ FIFA KOs Greece . El Mundo Deportivo , 01 / 07 / 88 Jump up ^ `` Women 's World Cup History '' . The Sports Network . Retrieved 25 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Koppel , Naomi ( 3 May 2003 ) . `` FIFA moves Women 's World Cup from China because of SARS '' . USA Today . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Molinaro , John F. ( 3 March 2011 ) . `` Canada gets 2015 Women 's World Cup of soccer '' . CBC Sports . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Japan legend Sawa makes cut for sixth World Cup '' . Reuters. 1 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` USWNT 'S Christie Rampone Is Now The Oldest Player To Appear In The Women 's World Cup '' . Huffington Post . 17 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` France to host the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2019 '' . FIFA.com. 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` LA FINALE DU MONDIAL FEMININ 2019 AU PARC OL ! '' ( Press release ) ( in French ) . Groupama Stadium . 15 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` World Champions : USA Wins 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup '' . U.S. Soccer. 5 July 2004 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA.com . Fédération Internationale de Football Association . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brazil takes third '' . SI / CNN . 10 July 1999 . Archived from the original on 28 February 2002 . Retrieved 2 July 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 '' ( PDF ) . FIFA . pp. 109 -- 110 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Women 's World Cup Germany 2011 Statistics '' . FIFA . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Key figures from the FIFA Women 's World Cup Canada 2015 TM '' . FIFA. 7 July 2015 . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Women 's World Cup Final Is Most - watched Soccer Match in U.S. History '' . U.S. Soccer. 8 July 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Hinog , Mark ( 6 July 2015 ) . `` More Americans watched the Women 's World Cup final than the NBA Finals or the Stanley Cup 24 '' . SB Nation . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Record - breaking FIFA Women 's World Cup tops 750 million TV viewers '' . FIFA. 17 December 2015 . Retrieved 27 June 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to FIFA Women 's World Cup . FIFA official site UEFA 's page on the FIFA Women 's World Cup Photos : FIFA Women 's World Cup China 2007 on Time.com RSSSF 's pages FIFA History of FIFA FIFA Anthem FIFA Congress FIFA Council FIFA Ethics Committee FIFA headquarters Football at the Summer Olympics List of football federations International Football Association Board Timeline of association football Football codes Association football Beach soccer Futsal Confederations AFC CAF CONCACAF CONMEBOL OFC UEFA Men 's tournaments FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup FIFA Club World Cup FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup Blue Stars / FIFA Youth Cup Women 's tournaments FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup FIFA Women 's Club World Cup Other tournaments FIFA eWorld Cup Presidents Robert Guérin ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Daniel Burley Woolfall ( 1906 -- 1918 ) Jules Rimet ( 1921 -- 1954 ) Rodolphe Seeldrayers ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Arthur Drewry ( 1955 -- 1961 ) Stanley Rous ( 1961 -- 1974 ) João Havelange ( 1974 -- 1998 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1998 -- 2015 ) Issa Hayatou ( 2015 -- 2016 , acting ) Gianni Infantino ( 2016 -- present ) General Secretaries Louis Muhlinghaus ( 1904 -- 1906 ) Wilhelm Hirschman ( 1906 -- 1931 ) Ivo Schricker ( 1932 -- 1951 ) Kurt Gassmann ( 1951 -- 1960 ) Helmut Käser ( 1961 -- 1981 ) Sepp Blatter ( 1981 -- 1998 ) Michel Zen - 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cross Diving Equestrian dressage Gymnastics artistic rhythmic Mountain bike racing Orienteering Paralympic summer winter Road bicycle racing men women Sailing Show jumping Speedway motorcycle Sport shooting Swimming Ten - pin bowling Track cycling Triathlon Winter sports Biathlon Skiing Alpine Cross-country Freestyle ski cross Nordic combined Ski jumping ski flying Snowboarding Ski orienteering Sledding Bobsleigh Luge Skeleton Speed skating Short track See also : Template : Main world championships World football championships Football at the Summer Olympics Football at the Youth Olympics Men National FIFA World Cup FIFA Confederations Cup FIFA U-20 World Cup FIFA U-17 World Cup Club FIFA Club World Cup ( Intercontinental Cup ) Women National FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA U-20 Women 's World Cup FIFA U-17 Women 's World Cup Club FIFA Women 's Club World Cup ( International Women 's Club Championship ) Variants FIFA Futsal World Cup FIFA Beach Soccer World Cup FIFA Interactive World Cup Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup&oldid=835844025 '' Categories : FIFA Women 's World Cup FIFA competitions for women 's national teams Recurring sporting events established in 1991 Women 's world championships World championships in association football Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 French - 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FIFA Women 's World Cup Founded 16 November 1991 ; 26 years ago ( 1991 - 11 - 16 ) ( as Women 's World Championship ) Region International ( FIFA ) Number of teams 24 ( finals ) Current champions United States ( 3rd title ) Most successful team ( s ) United States ( 3 titles ) Website www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/ 2019 France

Law & Order : Special Victims Unit - Wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit For the current season , see Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 20 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Also known as Law & Order : SVU SVU Genre Police procedural Legal drama Thriller Created by Dick Wolf Starring Christopher Meloni Mariska Hargitay Richard Belzer Dann Florek Michelle Hurd Stephanie March Ice - T BD Wong Diane Neal Tamara Tunie Adam Beach Michaela McManus Danny Pino Kelli Giddish Raúl Esparza Peter Scanavino Philip Winchester Opening theme Theme of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Composer ( s ) Mike Post Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 20 No. of episodes 440 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Wolf Ted Kotcheff ( seasons 2 -- 13 ) Peter Jankowski ( season 2 -- ) Michael Smith ( season 14 ) Julie Martin ( seasons 14 -- ) Jonathan Starch ( season 15 -- 17 ) Arthur W. Forney ( season 17 -- ) Mariska Hargitay ( season 18 -- ) Showrunners : Robert Palm ( season 1 ) David J. Burke ( season 2 ) Neal Baer ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) Warren Leight ( seasons 13 -- 17 ) Rick Eid ( season 18 ) Michael S. Chernuchin ( season 19 -- ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Films Studios USA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Universal Television ( 2002 -- 04 , 2011 -- ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Law & Order franchise External links Website Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( often abbreviated to Law & Order : SVU or just SVU ) is an American police procedural , legal , crime drama television series set in New York City , where it is also primarily produced . In the style of the original Law & Order , episodes are often `` ripped from the headlines '' or loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention . Created by Dick Wolf , the series premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 , as the second series in Wolf 's successful Law & Order franchise . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has been nominated for and won numerous awards , including the 2006 Emmy for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for Mariska Hargitay , the first , and to date only , Emmy to be received by a regular on any Law & Order series . It is the current longest running scripted non-animated U.S. primetime TV series since the cancellation of the original Law & Order on May 24 , 2010 and is the fourth - longest running scripted U.S. primetime TV series on a major broadcast network . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit originally centered almost exclusively on the detectives of the Special Victims Unit in a fictional version of the 16th Precinct of the New York City Police Department . As the series progressed , additional supporting characters were added as allies of the detectives in the New York County Manhattan District Attorney 's office ( known as advisers from the Sex Crimes Bureau ) and the Medical Examiner 's office . Certain episodes will go into detail about detectives ' personal lives and how they may or may not tie into the crimes dealt with during the show . Typical episodes follow the detectives and their colleagues as they investigate and prosecute sexually based offenses , child abuse , and crimes against the elderly . The show starred Christopher Meloni as Detective Elliot Stabler and Mariska Hargitay as Detective Olivia Benson for its first twelve seasons until the former left the cast , unable to come to an agreement on his contract . As of October 25 , 2018 , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has aired 440 original episodes . On May 9 , 2018 , NBC renewed the series for a twentieth season , which allowed it to tie the flagship Law & Order and Gunsmoke for the longest - running scripted drama in U.S. television history . The season premiered on September 27 , 2018 . Contents 1 Production 1.1 History and development 1.1. 1 Executive producers 1.2 Filming 1.3 Broadcast history 1.4 Russian adaptation 2 Casting 2.1 Salaries 3 Cast and characters 4 Series overview 5 Episodes 6 Reception 6.1 U.S. television ratings 6.2 Awards and honors 7 Broadcast and streaming 7.1 Syndication 8 International broadcast 9 References 9.1 Bibliography 10 External links Production ( edit ) History and development ( edit ) The idea for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit originated with the 1986 `` preppie murder '' case of Robert Chambers , who strangled Jennifer Levin , a woman he dated whom he later killed during what he claimed was consensual `` rough sex '' in Manhattan 's Central Park . The crime inspired Dick Wolf to write the story for the season one episode of Law & Order titled `` Kiss the Girls and Make Them Die '' . Even after writing the episode , however , the case continued to haunt Wolf , who wanted to go deeper into the psychology of crimes to examine the role of human sexuality . The original title of the show was Sex Crimes , reflecting the sexual nature of the crimes depicted on the show . Initially there was concern among the producers that , should Sex Crimes fail , identifying the new show with the Law & Order franchise could hurt the original show . Additionally , Ted Kotcheff wanted to create a new series that was not dependent upon the original series for success . Wolf felt , however , that it was important and commercially desirable to have `` Law & Order '' in the title , and he initially proposed the title of the show be Law & Order : Sex Crimes . Barry Diller , then head of Studios USA , was concerned about the title , however , and it was changed to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit to reflect the actual unit of the New York City Police Department ( NYPD ) that handles sexually based offenses that are especially heinous . The first episode , `` Payback '' , premiered on NBC on September 20 , 1999 . Executive producers ( edit ) Executive producer Neal Baer left Law & Order : SVU as showrunner at the end of season twelve , after eleven years ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) on the show , in order to sign a three - year deal with CBS Studios . Baer was replaced by former Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Warren Leight . In March 2015 , it was announced that Warren Leight signed a three - year deal with Sony Pictures Television , that will allow him to work on SVU one more season , its seventeenth . Leight joined the show in season thirteen . It was announced on March 10 , 2016 that original Law & Order veteran producer Rick Eid would take Leight 's place as showrunner starting in season 18 . Creator Dick Wolf commented to The Hollywood Reporter , `` I 'm extremely pleased that Rick had decided to rejoin the family and hope that he will be here for years to come . '' During post-production of season 18 , following the announcement that SVU was renewed for a nineteenth season , it was revealed that Rick Eid departed the series . He will be taking over another Dick Wolf / NBC series . Chicago P.D. It was announced on May 25 , 2017 that original Law & Order and Law & Order : Criminal Intent showrunner Michael S. Chernuchin would be reprising his role starting on season nineteen . Chernuchin was also co-creator and executive producing showrunner of Chicago Justice , another Wolf - related show that was canceled by NBC at the end of the 2016 -- 17 TV season . Filming ( edit ) SVU shooting on location in Central Park at night Many exterior scenes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit are filmed on location in New York City , Wolf 's hometown , throughout all five of New York City 's boroughs . As the NYPD encounters varied law enforcement challenges on a daily basis , the backdrop provides the writers a supply of ideal locations from which to choose . Fort Lee , New Jersey served as the filming location for Detective Elliot Stabler 's residence in Queens , New York . When searching for a place to film the interiors of the show , the producers found that there were no suitable studio spaces available in New York City . As a result , a space was chosen at NBC 's Central Archives building in nearby North Bergen , New Jersey , which had sat empty for some time , and featured air - conditioning , adequate parking , and 53,000 square feet ( 4,900 m ) of stage area . The Archives building was used for police station and courtroom scenes , with various other locations in Hudson County used for other scenes , such as a scene shot at the Meadowlands Parkway in Secaucus in 2010 . The production left New Jersey for New York in 2010 , however , when New Jersey Governor Chris Christie suspended the tax credits for film and television production for the Fiscal Year 2011 to close budget gaps . The show moved into the studio space at Chelsea Piers that had been occupied by the original Law & Order series until its cancellation in May 2010 . Broadcast history ( edit ) The show originally aired on Monday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET for the first nine episodes , from September 20 through November 29 , 1999 . It was then shifted to Friday nights at 10 p.m. ET on January 7 , 2000 , and remained in that time slot through the end of season four on May 16 , 2003 . Beginning with the season five premiere on September 23 , 2003 , SVU moved to Tuesday nights at 10 : 00 p.m. ET . NBC airs repeats on Saturday nights at varying times and previous episodes are shown on the USA Network on varying days in marathon blocks . With the season eleven premiere on September 23 , 2009 , the series vacated its Tuesday 10 p.m. ET slot because NBC began a prime - time weeknight Jay Leno series . The new time slot became Wednesday nights at 9 : 00 p.m. ET on NBC , with CTV still airing SVU on Tuesdays at 10 : 00 in Canada . After the 2010 Winter Olympics on March 3 , 2010 , the time slot for SVU changed again to Wednesdays at 10 p.m. ET , where it stayed until the twelfth season . In the 12th season , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. to lead in the newest Law & Order spinoff , Law & Order : LA , until it was pulled from the network in January 2011 to be retooled . SVU moved back to 10 : 00 p.m. on January 12 , 2011 , until the end of the 13th season . With season 14 , SVU moved back to 9 : 00 p.m. after a two - hour season premiere event on September 26 , 2012 . Beginning with Season 20 , SVU will air on Thursday nights at 10 PM , after NBC decided to devote their entire Wednesday primetime lineup to the Chicago Med , PD , and Fire trilogy . This will mark the first time ever that Law & Order SVU has held this timeslot on Thursday nights . Russian adaptation ( edit ) In 2007 , the Russian production company Studio 2B purchased the rights to create an adaptation of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit for Russian television . Titled Закон и порядок : отдел оперативных расследований ( Law & Order : Division of Field Investigation ) , the series stars Alisa Bogart as Major Olga Bobrova . The series follows a unit of investigators in Moscow whose job is to investigate crimes of a sexual nature . The series airs on NTV and is produced by Pavel Korchagin , Felix Kleiman , and Edward Verzbovski and directed by Dmitry Brusnikin . The screenplays are written by Sergei Kuznvetsov , Elena Karavaeshnikova , and Maya Shapovalova . Casting ( edit ) Cast of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Cast of seasons 4 -- 5 ( 2002 -- 04 ) , from left : Ice - T , Richard Belzer , Mariska Hargitay , Dann Florek , Christopher Meloni , BD Wong , Stephanie March Cast of season 9 ( 2007 -- 08 ) , from left : Diane Neal , Wong , Tamara Tunie , Meloni , Florek , Hargitay , Ice - T , Belzer , Adam Beach Cast of season 10 ( 2008 -- 09 ) from left : Michaela McManus , Wong , Tunie , Meloni , Hargitay , Florek , Belzer , Ice - T The cast of season 15 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) from left : Raúl Esparza , Florek , Danny Pino , Hargitay , Kelli Giddish , Belzer , Ice - T Casting for the lead characters of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit occurred in the spring of 1999 . Dick Wolf , along with officials from NBC and Studios USA were at the final auditions for the two leads at Rockefeller Center . The last round had been narrowed down to seven finalists . For the female lead , Detective Olivia Benson , actresses Samantha Mathis , Reiko Aylesworth , and Mariska Hargitay were being considered . For the male role , Detective Elliot Stabler , the finalists were Tim Matheson , John Slattery , Nick Chinlund , and Christopher Meloni . Hargitay and Meloni had auditioned in the final round together and , after the actors left , there was a moment of dead silence , after which Wolf blurted out , `` Oh well . There 's no doubt who we should choose -- Hargitay and Meloni . '' Wolf believed the duo had the perfect chemistry together from the first time he saw them together , and they ended up being his first choice . Garth Ancier , then head of NBC Entertainment , agreed , and the rest of the panel assembled began voicing their assent . The first actor to be cast for the show was Dann Florek . Florek had originated the character of Captain Don Cragen in the 1988 pilot for Law & Order and played the character for the first three seasons of the show until he was fired on the orders of network executives , who wanted to add female characters to the all - male primary cast . He maintained a friendly relationship with Wolf , however , and went on to direct three episodes of the original series as well as to occasionally guest star on the show . Shortly after Florek reprised his role for Exiled : A Law & Order Movie , he received a call to be on Sex Crimes . Initially reluctant , he eventually agreed to star on the show as Cragen on the assurance that he would not be asked to audition for the role . Shortly after the cancellation of Homicide : Life on the Street , Richard Belzer heard that Benjamin Bratt had left Law & Order . Belzer requested his manager to call Wolf and pitch the idea for Belzer 's character from Homicide , Detective John Munch , to become the new partner of Jerry Orbach 's character , Detective Lennie Briscoe , since they had previously teamed in three Homicide crossovers . Wolf loved the idea , but had already cast Jesse L. Martin as Briscoe 's new partner , Detective Ed Green . The idea was reconfigured , however , to have Munch on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit instead . Since the character of Munch was inspired by David Simon 's depiction of Detective Sergeant Jay Landsman and developed for Homicide by Tom Fontana and Barry Levinson , the addition of Munch to the cast required the consent of all three . The appropriate agreements were reached and , while Fontana and Levinson agreed to waive their royalty rights , contracts with Simon required that he be paid royalties for any new show in which Munch is a main character ; as a result , Simon receives royalties every time Munch appears in an episode of the show . Dean Winters was cast as Munch 's partner , Brian Cassidy , at the insistence of Belzer . Belzer looked at Winters as a sort of little brother , and told Wolf , `` Well , I 'll do this new show of yours , SVU , only if you make Dean Winters my partner . '' Wolf did make Winters Belzer 's partner , but he was contractually obligated to his other show at the time , the HBO drama Oz . Since the role on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was only initially meant to be a few episodes , Winters was forced to leave when it was time to film Oz again . Winters returned for the Season 13 finale , `` Rhodium Nights '' , reprising his role as Cassidy . He also appeared ( as Cassidy ) on the two - part Season 14 premiere `` Lost Reputation '' / `` Above Suspicion '' . He subsequently became a recurring character into season 15 . The void left by Winters 's departure was filled for the remainder of the season by Michelle Hurd as Detective Monique Jeffries , a character who Wolf promised that , despite starting out as a minor character with one scene in the pilot , would eventually develop . Hurd left the show at the beginning of season two to join the cast of Leap Years . Munch 's permanent partner came in the form of rapper - turned - actor Ice - T , who had previously worked with Wolf on New York Undercover and Exiled . Ice - T originally agreed to do only four episodes of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , but he quickly gained affection for the ensemble nature of the cast . He relocated to New York City before his four - episode contract was up and remained with the show as Munch 's permanent partner , Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola . Initially , the show focused exclusively on the policework of the detectives in the Special Victims Unit of the 16th precinct , with members of the District Attorney 's office occasionally appearing as guest roles crossing over from the original Law & Order . From season two onwards , the format was changed to be more faithful to the original Law & Order concept by including court cases . Stephanie March had little television experience before being cast on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit , nor did she watch much TV . Nevertheless , March was cast as Assistant District Attorney Alexandra Cabot at the beginning of season two but still believed that , due to the grim nature of the series , it would be short - lived . She stayed with the series for three seasons , however , and left when she believed she had reached the natural conclusion of the character 's development . She would later reprise the character as a guest appearance in season six and as a regular character on the short - lived Wolf series , Conviction , where she was promised more to do . Diane Neal had previously guest starred on Law & Order : Special Victims Unit in season three before being cast as Cabot 's replacement , Casey Novak , in season five . Neal remained with the show through the end of season nine , after which she was replaced by Michaela McManus . March returned to the show in the tenth season ( after McManus ' departure from the cast ) when Neal Baer proposed Cabot receive a character arc to revitalize the second part of the season , which would continue through season eleven . Tamara Tunie was cast as medical examiner Melinda Warner in season two after working with Wolf previously on New York Undercover , Feds , and Law & Order . Warner was initially a recurring character but became a regular character in season seven , and Tunie was added to the opening credits at that time . When initially cast as Warner , Tunie was appearing as attorney Jessica Griffin on the CBS daytime soap opera As the World Turns . From 2000 to 2007 ( and again briefly in 2009 ) , she appeared on both series simultaneously . In 2002 , she also appeared on the Fox espionage - themed drama series 24 , in the recurring role of CTU Acting Director Alberta Green . BD Wong was asked to film four episodes as Dr. George Huang , a Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler on loan to the Special Victims Unit . After his four episodes , he was asked to stay on with the show . After he starred in Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee and guest starred as Detective Chester Lake in the eighth season , Wolf felt that Adam Beach would be a good addition to the cast and asked him to be a permanent member beginning with the ninth season . Although Beach felt the role was a `` dream role '' , the character proved unpopular with fans who felt that he was designed to gradually write out either Richard Belzer or Ice - T. Feeling there were too many police characters on the show , Beach left the show after only one season . Michaela McManus was originally felt to be too young for the role of an Assistant District Attorney ( ADA ) before being cast as ADA Kim Greylek in the tenth season . McManus , months removed from a recurring role on One Tree Hill , remained with the series only half a season , however , before departing for unspecified reasons . Paula Patton joined the cast as ADA Mikka Von . She replaced Stephanie March . However , Patton dropped out after one episode to film Mission : Impossible -- Ghost Protocol , and was replaced by Melissa Sagemiller in the recurring role of ADA Gillian Hardwicke . Before the end of season twelve , Mariska Hargitay asked for a lighter workload . As a way of writing her out of certain episodes , a plan to have her character promoted to a supervisory role was discussed . At the end of season twelve , Christopher Meloni departed the cast , unable to come to terms with his contract . Warren Leight became the new showrunner during this same year and signed on before he knew that Meloni would be leaving the cast . The second major departure to be announced in 2011 was that of BD Wong . On July 17 , Wong announced on Twitter that , `` I actually do not return for season 13 , I am jumping to Awake ! It 's awesome ! '' Wong added , `` I do n't know if or when I 'll be back on SVU ! It was amazing to have such a cool job for 11 years and to be a real NY Actor . '' Wong reprised his role as Dr. Huang in season 13 's episode `` Father Dearest '' . In response to these departures , two new main actors were hired , and several changes were made to the recurring cast . In June 2011 , it was announced that Kelli Giddish and Danny Pino would join the cast as new series regulars . Weeks later , it was announced that Stephanie March and Diane Neal would be reprising their roles as ADA Alexandra Cabot and ADA Casey Novak , respectively . The launch of season 13 was marked with a retooling of the show that Warren Leight referred to as `` SVU 2.0 '' . Changes that accompanied this included Tamara Tunie 's being bumped from the main cast to a guest starring role and recurring actor Joel de la Fuente 's not appearing for the first time since 2002 . Of the latter change , Warren Leight said , `` those scenes ( which featured Fuente ) can be dry '' and hired Gilbert Gottfried as a more comedic replacement . In addition to these changes , Linus Roache became a recurring cast member in his role of Michael Cutter , whom he played on Law & Order ; on SVU former Executive ADA Cutter serves as the Bureau Chief for ADAs attached to the Special Victims Unit . In season 14 , Raúl Esparza joined the cast in a recurring capacity as ADA Rafael Barba and prior to the season 15 premiere , Esparza was promoted to a series regular . Also in season 15 , Belzer departed the cast in the fifth episode , `` Wonderland Story '' , in which Sgt . Munch retired from the NYPD and took a job in the DA 's office as an investigator . Later in the season , Captain Cragen announced his departure from the NYPD , which made newly promoted Sgt . Benson the temporary squad commander . In leaving the cast , Florek ended a 400 - episode run as Captain Cragen . In season 16 , Peter Scanavino joined the series , first in a recurring role for episodes 1 -- 3 and then was promoted to the main cast in episode 5 , with Kelli Giddish , Danny Pino , Ice - T and Raúl Esparza no longer appearing in every episode . On May 20 , 2015 , it was revealed that Danny Pino would be leaving the cast after the season 16 finale `` Surrendering Noah '' . In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester will recur in season 19 as ADA Peter Stone , his character from Chicago P.D. and Chicago Justice , who is the son of Benjamin Stone , the ADA on the original Law & Order show . It was later also announced that Brooke Shields was enlisted to assume a major recurring role starting in Season 19 of the long - running dramatic series . On February 7 , 2018 , Raúl Esparza left the series after six seasons . Salaries ( edit ) By season twelve , both Mariska Hargitay and Christopher Meloni had become among the highest - paid lead actors on a drama , with each earning nearly $400,000 per episode , a salary that TV Guide said was exceeded only by House 's Hugh Laurie . During season sixteen , Hargitay was reported to be earning $450,000 per episode , or $10,350,000 per season , In season seventeen , her salary increased to $500,000 per episode . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters Cast Character Rank / Position Seasons Notes Regular Recurring Guest Christopher Meloni Elliot Stabler Detective 1 -- 12 Mariska Hargitay Olivia Benson Detective / Sergeant / Lieutenant 1 -- Richard Belzer John Munch Detective / Sergeant / DA Investigator 1 -- 15 15 , 17 Dann Florek Donald Cragen Captain 1 -- 15 16 Michelle Hurd Monique Jeffries Detective 1 -- 2 Stephanie March Alexandra Cabot Assistant District Attorney 2 -- 5 , 11 2 , 10 , 13 6 , 19 Ice - T Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Detective / Sergeant 2 -- Tamara Tunie Melinda Warner Medical Examiner 7 -- 12 2 -- 6 , 13 -- 17 19 BD Wong George Huang FBI Special Agent 4 -- 12 2 -- 3 13 -- 15 , 17 Diane Neal Casey Novak Senior Assistant District Attorney 5 -- 9 13 12 Adam Beach Chester Lake Detective 9 8 Michaela McManus Kim Greylek Assistant District Attorney 10 Danny Pino Nick Amaro Detective 13 -- 16 Kelli Giddish Amanda Rollins Detective 13 -- Raúl Esparza Rafael Barba Assistant District Attorney 15 -- 19 14 Peter Scanavino Dominick Carisi Jr . Detective 16 -- 16 Philip Winchester Peter Stone Assistant District Attorney 19 -- 19 Positions Jump up ^ Olivia Benson was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 15 -- 17 ) Jump up ^ John Munch was previously a Detective ( seasons 1 -- 8 ) and a Sergeant ( seasons 9 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Belzer , first appeared on Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 - 99 ) Jump up ^ Captain Donald Cragen was the commanding officer of the unit until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) ; the character , played by Florek , first appeared in the first three seasons of Law & Order ( 1990 - 93 ) Jump up ^ George Huang was the unit 's forensic psychiatrist and criminal profiler until his retirement ( seasons 1 -- 15 ) Appearances Jump up ^ Christopher Meloni was first billed as `` starring '' during seasons 1 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Mariska Hargitay has been first billed as `` starring '' since season 13 ; she was previously second billed after Meloni . Jump up ^ Philip Winchester originally starred as Peter Stone on Chicago Justice , in addition to guest appearances on Chicago P.D. and Chicago Med ; the character joins SVU in the episode `` The Undiscovered Country '' . Series overview ( edit ) In the criminal justice system , sexually based offenses are considered especially heinous . In New York City , the dedicated detectives who investigate these vicious felonies are members of an elite squad known as the Special Victims Unit . These are their stories . -- Opening narration spoken by Steven Zirnkilton Based out of the New York City Police Department 's 16th precinct in Manhattan , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit delves into the dark side of the New York underworld as the detectives of a new elite force , the Special Victims Unit ( SVU for short ) , investigate and prosecute various sexually - oriented crimes including rape , pedophilia , and domestic violence . They also investigate the abuses of children , the disabled and elderly victims of non-sexual crimes who require specialist handling . All the while trying to balance the effects of the investigation on their own lives . Its stories also touch on the political and societal issues associated with gender identity , sexual preferences , and equality rights . While the victim is often murdered , this is not always the case , and victims frequently play prominent roles in episodes . The unit also works with the Manhattan District Attorney 's office as they prosecute cases and seek justice for SVU 's victims and survivors with precision and a passion to win and bring closure to the intense investigations . The series often uses stories that are `` ripped from the headlines '' or based on real crimes . Such episodes take a real crime and fictionalize it by changing some details . Originally the show focused around the detective pairings of Elliot Stabler & Olivia Benson and John Munch & Brian Cassidy . Stabler is a seasoned veteran of the unit who has seen it all and tries his best to protect his family from the horrors he sees every day . His partner Benson 's difficult past as the child of a rape victim is the reason she joined the unit . Backing them up is John Munch , and his first partner Brian Cassidy . Munch is a transfer from Baltimore 's homicide unit , who brings his acerbic wit , conspiracy theories , and street - honed investigative skills . While Cassidy is young and eager to learn from his fellow detectives . These two detective teams received support from Detectives Monique Jeffries and Ken Briscoe . When Cassidy transferred to Narcotics after thirteen episodes , Jeffries was partnered with Munch for the remaining of Season One and Briscoe was phased out . In the beginning of season two , Munch was then permanently partnered with Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola , whose unique yet sometimes vulgar sense of humor and investigative experience make him a formidable match for Munch . These detectives were supervised by veteran Captain Donald Cragen who oversaw the team from seasons 1 -- 15 . Cragen 's tough - but - supportive approach to the team 's complex cases guides the squad through the challenges they face every day . Also on the team 's payroll is FBI Special Agent Dr. George Huang and Medical Examiner Dr. Melinda Warner . As the resident psychiatrist for the Special Victims Unit , Huang helps keep the officers sane in a field that could drive ordinary people mad . He has also served as the squad 's resident criminal profiler , and his insights into the criminal mind have often helped the officers to crack the toughest perps , while Warner has become an integral part of the Manhattan Special Victims Unit , and her personal skills have contributed to the unit 's high success rate in closing cases . The Unit did not receive a full - time assistant district attorney until season two , when Alexandra Cabot was assigned to work with the detectives . After Cabot 's departure in season five , she was replaced by Casey Novak , who remained as the ADA until the end of season nine . Kim Greylek became the permanent ADA in the season ten premiere , until Cabot made a return midway through that season when Greylek departed . Cabot remained the ADA through the second half of season eleven . After Cabot 's departure , the ADA void was filled by Sonya Paxton ( Christine Lahti ) and Jo Marlowe ( Sharon Stone ) until the conclusion of season eleven . Gillian Hardwicke served as the SVU ADA during season twelve . In season thirteen , both Cabot and Novak returned as ADAs . From the beginning of season fourteen , ADA Rafael Barba had been SVU 's prosecutor , until leaving halfway through season nineteen . Chicago Justice 's Peter Stone became SVU 's ADA after Chicago Justice was canceled after only one season . In season 13 , other big changes happened when Stabler left in the season twelve finale . Detectives Nick Amaro and Amanda Rollins joined the team filling the void left by Stabler . Amaro brings empathy to his cases while dealing with a stressful home life , while Rollins ' dogged persistence and instincts help her close cases , but her secrets could derail her career . In the current seasons , the Manhattan SVU is now run by Lieutenant Olivia Benson . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has started its twentieth season . Each season has aired on NBC and consists of 19 to 25 episodes , each lasting approximately forty minutes ( sixty minutes including commercials ) . Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating 22 September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) 30 8.8 21 October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) 25 9.6 23 September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) 12 10.4 25 September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 14 10.1 5 25 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 18 8.7 6 23 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 24 ) 16 9.2 7 22 September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) 18 9.2 8 22 September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 24 7.9 9 19 September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) 22 7.6 10 22 September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) 26 6.7 11 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) N / A N / A 12 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) N / A N / A 13 23 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) N / A N / A 14 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) N / A N / A 15 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) N / A N / A 16 23 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) N / A N / A 17 23 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) N / A N / A 18 21 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) N / A N / A 19 24 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) N / A N / A 20 TBA September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) TBA TBA TBA Jump up ^ Tied with The CBS Wednesday Movie Jump up ^ Tied with 60 Minutes Jump up ^ Tied with Lost and CSI : NY Jump up ^ Tied with Brothers & Sisters , CSI : NY and Heroes Jump up ^ Tied with ER and Bones Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on Monday , September 20 , 1999 . After nine episodes , the show was moved to Friday nights , where it found its audience and following its first and second seasons became a Top 20 - overall show , overcoming the `` Friday night death slot '' phenomenon . Beginning with the season five , the show aired on Tuesdays to compete with CBS ' Judging Amy and ABC 's NYPD Blue . In its later years , Law & Order : Special Victims Unit consistently outperformed Law & Order in the Nielsen ratings for first run episodes until the latter 's cancellation in 2010 . In 2016 , a New York Times study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that SVU 's popularity was `` atypical : generally slightly more popular in rural areas and the Black Belt , but largely restricted to the eastern half of the country . It 's most popular in Albany , N.Y. ; least in Colorado and Utah '' . Note : Each U.S. network television season starts in late September and ends in late May ( with the exception of the second and tenth season ) , which coincides with the completion of May sweeps . Season Time slot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Monday 9 : 00 pm ( Episodes 1 -- 9 ) Friday 10 : 00 pm ( Episodes 10 -- 22 ) 22 September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) 18.43 May 19 , 2000 ( 2000 - 05 - 19 ) 15.11 1999 -- 2000 No. 33 12.18 Friday 10 : 00 pm 21 October 20 , 2000 ( 2000 - 10 - 20 ) 13.20 May 11 , 2001 ( 2001 - 05 - 11 ) 15.06 2000 -- 01 No. 29 13.1 23 September 28 , 2001 ( 2001 - 09 - 28 ) 15.80 May 17 , 2002 ( 2002 - 05 - 17 ) 14.27 2001 -- 02 No. 14 15.2 25 September 27 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) 15.60 May 16 , 2003 ( 2003 - 05 - 16 ) 13.70 2002 -- 03 No. 16 14.83 5 Tuesday 10 : 00 pm 25 September 23 , 2003 ( 2003 - 09 - 23 ) 13.23 May 18 , 2004 ( 2004 - 05 - 18 ) 18.36 2003 -- 04 No. 21 12.72 6 23 September 21 , 2004 ( 2004 - 09 - 21 ) 14.20 May 21 , 2005 ( 2005 - 05 - 21 ) 16.38 2004 -- 05 No. 23 13.46 7 22 September 20 , 2005 ( 2005 - 09 - 20 ) 15.32 May 16 , 2006 ( 2006 - 05 - 16 ) 12.97 2005 -- 06 No. 24 13.78 8 22 September 19 , 2006 ( 2006 - 09 - 19 ) 14.55 May 22 , 2007 ( 2007 - 05 - 22 ) 10.28 2006 -- 07 No. 38 11.94 9 19 September 25 , 2007 ( 2007 - 09 - 25 ) 12.10 May 13 , 2008 ( 2008 - 05 - 13 ) 10.83 2007 -- 08 No. 30 11.33 10 22 September 23 , 2008 ( 2008 - 09 - 23 ) 9.52 June 2 , 2009 ( 2009 - 06 - 02 ) 11.34 2008 -- 09 No. 39 10.11 11 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 24 September 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 09 - 23 ) 8.36 May 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 19 ) 8.61 2009 -- 10 No. 44 8.81 12 24 September 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 22 ) 9.68 May 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 18 ) 8.98 2010 -- 11 No. 47 8.84 13 Wednesday 10 : 00 pm 23 September 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 21 ) 7.63 May 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 23 ) 7.16 2011 -- 12 No. 67 7.59 14 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 24 September 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 26 ) 7.19 May 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 22 ) 6.66 2012 -- 13 No. 56 7.30 15 24 September 25 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 25 ) 9.58 May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 6.39 2013 -- 14 No. 46 8.18 16 23 September 24 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 24 ) 10.07 May 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 20 ) 6.96 2014 -- 15 No. 52 8.71 17 23 September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) 8.27 May 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 25 ) 7.19 2015 -- 16 No. 52 8.31 18 21 September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) 7.83 May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) 6.22 2016 -- 17 No. 48 7.39 19 24 September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 5.67 May 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 23 ) 6.12 2017 - 18 No. 39 8.57 20 Thursday 10 : 00 pm TBA September 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 27 ) 5.09 2018 - 19 Awards and honors ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Law & Order : Special Victims Unit has received many awards and award nominations . Mariska Hargitay has twice been nominated for a Golden Globe Award and won once in 2005 . The show has been nominated numerous times for the Emmy Award . Mariska Hargitay has been nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series category 8 years in a row beginning in 2004 and won the Emmy in 2006 . Christopher Meloni was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series category in 2006 . Robin Williams was nominated in the Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008 . The series was nominated in the category Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for Jane Alexander and Tracy Pollan in 2000 , Martha Plimpton in 2002 , Barbara Barrie in 2003 , Mare Winningham and Marlee Matlin in 2004 , Amanda Plummer and Angela Lansbury in 2005 , Marcia Gay Harden and Leslie Caron in 2007 , Cynthia Nixon in 2008 , Ellen Burstyn , Brenda Blethyn , and Carol Burnett in 2009 , and Ann - Margret in 2010 . The series won the award for Plummer in 2005 , Caron in 2007 , Nixon in 2008 , Burstyn in 2009 , and Margret in 2010 . Broadcast and streaming ( edit ) Law and Order SVU airs on NBC in the United States . All seasons , including the season that is currently on the air , are available to stream on Hulu ( with a subscription ) . The latest 5 episodes can be watched for free on NBC.com and the NBC app . Outside of SVOD and NBC platforms , all episodes can be found on electronic sell - through platforms such as iTunes and Amazon Video . The show airs every Thursday night , on Network Ten in Australia , with a new episode usually followed by a repeat and occasionally shows repeats on other nights . Ten 's digital channel One sometimes shows Seasons One - Three on Friday or Saturday nights , but is not currently airing these seasons at the moment . From the 29th of August 2017 , Channel Nine started airing the first season at a late night slot , which it has also done with the original Law & Order but stopped after the first episode . The first season later moved to Nine 's sister channel Gem on Sunday nights as of February 25 , 2018 at 9 : 10pm with double episodes before moving to single episodes , and later reairing them in the early hours of Monday morning . Gem is currently airing the second season . Season 19 premiered on Network Ten on October 5 , 2017 at 9 : 40pm . Syndication ( edit ) As of September 2017 , the show is rerun on fellow NBCUniversal network USA , as well as Ion Television , MyNetworkTV 's Monday evening lineup , and local stations . The show also briefly ran on Syfy in 2006 . International broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , Law & Order : SVU airs on Network Ten and Australia 's cable channel Universal Channel ( formerly aired on TV1 which ceased to broadcast in December 2013 ) . In the UK `` Law & Order : SVU '' originally aired on the Hallmark Channel ( which in 2012 became the Universal Channel ) with a terrestrial TV airing on Channel 5 in 2016 which then switched to Five USA . The UK is two and half weeks behind the US . In Brazil and rest of Latin America , Law & Order : SVU also airs on Universal Channel , with weekdays episodes from past seasons and simultaneously , two episodes after the original airing in the US . In Venezuela , the cable network `` Fox Life '' airs Law & Order : SVU starting from season 1 every Monday to Friday at 9 : 05pm . Law & Order : SVU is broadcast at 9.30 pm on Tuesdays on TV3 in New Zealand . Series 18 premiered on 11 April 2017 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Special Victims Unit : The Beginning . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The First Year . Universal Studios . 2004 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( May 24 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : Chris Meloni Exits Law & Order : SVU '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 1 , 2011 ) . `` NBC on Chris Meloni 's Law & Order : SVU Exit : We 're Not Killing Him Off '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 10 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Seidman , Robert . `` NBC Signs Kelli Giddish ( Chase ) and Danny Pino ( Cold Case ) as New Detectives for Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.spoilertv.com/2018/05/law-and-order-svu-renewed-for-20th.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 19 , 2018 ) . `` NBC Fall Premiere Dates : This Is Us , # OneChicago , XL Good Place and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 2 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , pp. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Green and Dawn ( 2009 ) , p. 187 Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( November 23 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Show - runner Neal Baer Signs Big Overall Deal With CBS TV Studios '' . Deadline Hollywood . 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Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' scoop : ' Bar ' girl Melissa Sagemiller is new ADA '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2010 . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rudolph , Ileane ( September 10 , 2010 ) . `` SVU Producer Neal Baer Explains ADA Shakeup '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 14 , 2011 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU Scoop : Hargitay Inks New Deal , Jennifer Love Hewitt May Succeed Her '' . TVLine . United States : TVLine Media , LLC ( Penske Media Corporation ) . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' cliffhanger : EP Warren Leight on what 's next for Cragen and the squad '' . Zap2It . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2012 . Retrieved June 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Fall TV Scoop : B.D. Wong Reveals His SVU Fate '' . 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Jump up ^ `` With Break - Out Performances from New and Returning Series , NBC Ties for Premiere Week 's Top Spot in 18 -- 49 '' . The Futon Critic / NBC . The Futon Critic / NBC . October 2 , 2007 . Retrieved September 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 14 , 2008 ) . `` Nielsen Ratings May 13 , 2008 : American Idol Still Crushes Field '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2007 -- 2008 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( May 28 , 2008 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved July 3 , 2009 . Archived April 13 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 24 , 2008 ) . `` Tuesday , Sept. 23 : Second Night Wins To CBS , ABC and Fox '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 3 , 2009 ) . `` Tuesday Ratings : NBC Wins Again Lead By Law & Order : SVU Finale , Obama Special '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Television Network 2008 -- 2009 Primetime Ranking Report '' . ( June 2 , 2009 ) . ABC Medianet . Retrieved August 29 , 2013 . Archived October 7 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 24 , 2009 ) . `` Wednesday broadcast finals : Modern Family down a tenth , Cougar Town up a tenth with adults 18 -- 49 '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday : Good Guys Off To Bad Start ; Idol Down '' . The Nielsen Company . TV by the Numbers . May 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2009 -- 10 Broadcast Primetime Show Average Viewership '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . June 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2010 . Retrieved August 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Wednesday Finals : ' The Middle , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Cougar Town , ' ' Undercovers ' All See Small Gains '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Happy Endings ' Adj . Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` 2010 -- 11 Season Broadcast Primetime Show Viewership Averages '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2011 . Retrieved June 1 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 22 , 2011 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The X Factor , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Revenge ' And Others Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , & ' SVU ' Adjusted Up , ' Apt 23 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( May 24 , 2012 ) . `` Complete List Of 2011 -- 12 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' American Idol , ' ' NCIS ' & ' Dancing With The Stars ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' X Factor ' , ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' Adjusted Up , ' The Neighbors ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' How To Live With Your Parents ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2013 ) . `` Complete List Of 2012 -- 13 Season TV Show Viewership : ' Sunday Night Football ' Tops , Followed By ' NCIS , ' ' The Big Bang Theory ' & ' NCIS : Los Angeles ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 26 , 2013 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Modern Family ' and ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Deadline Team , The ( May 23 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2013 -- 14 Series Rankings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law and Order : SVU ' , & ' Red Band Society ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Survivor : Reunion ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law and Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' SVU ' finale adjusts up , ' Supernatural ' finale adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 29 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Retrieved May 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday final ratings : ' Empire ' adjusts up , ' Designated Survivor ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Final 2016 - 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 26 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Star ' finales adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( September 28 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory , ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globe Wins : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` SVU Emmy Nominations '' . Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : SVU Videos , Highlights & Clips - NBC.com '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Download the NBC App for Phones , Tablets and Connected Devices ! '' . NBC . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : SVU ( Special Victims Unit ) , Season 16 on iTunes '' . iTunes . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Season 1 Episode -- Amazon Video '' . www.amazon.com . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 14 . Bibliography ( edit ) Green , Susan ; Dawn , Randee ( 2009 ) . Law & Order : Special Victims Unit : The Unofficial Companion . Dallas : BenBella Books . ISBN 1 - 933771 - 88 - 7 . OCLC 429604907 . External links ( edit ) Book : Law & Order : Special Victims Units Wikimedia Commons has media related to Law & Order : Special Victims Unit . 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Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on MyNetworkTV Law & Order franchise Series Law & Order ( 1990 -- 2010 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( 1999 -- present ) Law & Order : Criminal Intent ( 2001 -- 2011 ) Law & Order : Trial by Jury ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Law & Order : LA ( 2010 -- 2011 ) Law & Order True Crime ( 2017 -- 2018 ; on hiatus ) Adaptations Paris enquêtes criminelles ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Law & Order : UK ( 2009 -- 2014 ) Video games Law & Order : Dead on the Money Law & Order : Double or Nothing Law & Order : Justice Is Served Law & Order : Criminal Intent Law & Order : Legacies Related series Homicide : Life on the Street ( 1993 -- 1999 ) New York Undercover ( 1994 -- 1998 ) Arrest & Trial ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Deadline ( 2000 -- 2001 ) Crime & Punishment ( 2002 -- 2004 ) Conviction ( 2006 ) In Plain Sight ( 2008 -- 2012 ) Chicago franchise Films Exiled : A Law & Order Movie ( 1998 ) Homicide : The Movie ( 2000 ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Peter Stone Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Chicago franchise Television series created by Dick Wolf Gideon Oliver ( 1989 ) Christine Cromwell ( 1989 ) Nasty Boys ( 1990 ) H.E.L.P. 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Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Also known as Law & Order : SVU SVU Genre Police procedural Legal drama Thriller Created by Dick Wolf Starring Christopher Meloni Mariska Hargitay Richard Belzer Dann Florek Michelle Hurd Stephanie March Ice - T BD Wong Diane Neal Tamara Tunie Adam Beach Michaela McManus Danny Pino Kelli Giddish Raúl Esparza Peter Scanavino Philip Winchester Opening theme Theme of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Composer ( s ) Mike Post Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 20 No. of episodes 440 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Dick Wolf Ted Kotcheff ( seasons 2 -- 13 ) Peter Jankowski ( season 2 -- ) Michael Smith ( season 14 ) Julie Martin ( seasons 14 -- ) Jonathan Starch ( season 15 -- 17 ) Arthur W. Forney ( season 17 -- ) Mariska Hargitay ( season 18 -- ) Showrunners : Robert Palm ( season 1 ) David J. Burke ( season 2 ) Neal Baer ( seasons 2 -- 12 ) Warren Leight ( seasons 13 -- 17 ) Rick Eid ( season 18 ) Michael S. Chernuchin ( season 19 -- ) Camera setup Single - camera Running time 40 -- 44 minutes Production company ( s ) Wolf Films Studios USA ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Universal Television ( 2002 -- 04 , 2011 -- ) NBC Universal Television Studio ( 2004 -- 07 ) Universal Media Studios ( 2007 -- 11 ) Distributor NBCUniversal Television Distribution Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) HDTV 1080i Original release September 20 , 1999 ( 1999 - 09 - 20 ) -- present Chronology Related shows Law & Order franchise External links Website

Augusta National Golf club - wikipedia Augusta National Golf club Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta National Golf Club The 10th fairway and green in 2006 Club information Show map of the US Show map of Georgia ( U.S. state ) Show all Coordinates 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W  /  33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W  / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Coordinates : 33 ° 30 ′ N 82 ° 01 ′ W  /  33.5 ° N 82.02 ° W  / 33.5 ; - 82.02 Location Augusta , Georgia , U.S. Elevation 160 -- 310 feet ( 50 -- 95 m ) Established 1933 , 85 years ago Type Private Total holes 18 Tournaments hosted Masters Tournament ( 1934 -- present ) PGA Seniors ' Championship 1937 -- 38 Greens Bentgrass Fairways Ryegrass Website masters.com Designed by Bobby Jones and Alister MacKenzie Par 72 Length 7,435 yd ( 6,799 m ) Longest hole is # 2 575 yd ( 526 m ) Course rating 78.1 ( unofficial ) Slope rating 137 ( unofficial ) Course record 63 - Nick Price ( 1986 ) , Greg Norman ( 1996 ) Augusta National Golf Club , located in Augusta , Georgia , is one of the most famous golf clubs in the world . Founded by Bobby Jones and Clifford Roberts on the site of the former Fruitland ( later Fruitlands ) Nursery , the course was designed by Jones and Alister MacKenzie and opened for play in January 1933 . Since 1934 , it has played host to the annual Masters Tournament , one of the four major championships in professional golf , and the only major played each year at the same course . It was the top - ranked course in Golf Digest 's 2009 list of America 's 100 greatest courses and was the number ten - ranked course based on course architecture on Golfweek Magazine 's 2011 list of best classic courses in the United States . The club has drawn criticism for its exclusionary membership policies : Augusta National barred African Americans until 1990 and women until 2012 . The club , which long required all caddies to be black , barred black golfers from the Masters Tournament for 40 years until Lee Elder participated in the 1975 Tournament . Tiger Woods was the only person of color who won the tournament . In 2018 , Augusta National Golf Club was voted the number one Platinum Club of the World , Golf & Country Clubs by the election conducted by Club Leaders Forum . On April 4 , 2018 , Fred Ridley , in his first major appearance as chairman of Augusta National Golf Club , announced that the Augusta National Women 's Amateur Championship would start in 2019 . The tournament will take place a week before the 2019 Masters Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 Amen Corner 1.2 `` The Big Oak Tree '' 1.3 Eisenhower Tree 1.4 Ike 's Pond 1.5 Rae 's Creek 2 Membership 2.1 Notable members 2.2 Chairmen 2.3 2002 membership controversy 3 Green jacket 4 Caddies 5 Appearances in video games 6 References 7 External links Course ( edit ) The course was formerly a plant nursery , and each hole on the course is named after the tree or shrub with which it has become associated . Several of the holes on the first nine have been renamed , as well as hole # 11 . Hole Name Yards Par Hole Name Yards Par Tea Olive 445 10 Camellia 495 Pink Dogwood 575 5 11 White Dogwood 505 Flowering Peach 350 12 Golden Bell 155 Flowering Crab Apple 240 13 Azalea 510 5 5 Magnolia 455 14 Chinese Fir 440 6 Juniper 180 15 Firethorn 530 5 7 Pampas 450 16 Redbud 170 8 Yellow Jasmine 570 5 17 Nandina 440 9 Carolina Cherry 460 18 Holly 465 Out 3,725 36 In 3,710 36 Source : Total 7,435 72 Masters Course Tee Rating / Slope 5 6 7 8 9 Out 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 In Total Par 5 5 36 5 5 36 72 Masters 455 575 350 240 455 180 450 570 460 3735 495 505 155 510 440 530 170 440 465 3710 7445 Member 365 515 340 170 400 165 330 480 395 3160 450 400 145 455 380 475 145 370 385 3205 6365 Lengths of the course for the Masters at the start of each decade : 2010 : 7,435 yards ( 6,799 m ) 2000 : 6,985 yards ( 6,387 m ) 1990 : 6,905 yards ( 6,314 m ) 1980 : 7,040 yards ( 6,437 m ) 1970 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1960 : 6,980 yards ( 6,383 m ) 1950 : 6,900 yards ( 6,309 m ) 1940 : 6,800 yards ( 6,218 m ) Unlike most other private or public golf courses in the US , Augusta National has never been rated . During the 1990 Masters Tournament , a team of USGA raters , organized by Golf Digest , evaluated the course and gave it an unofficial rating of 76.2 . It was re-evaluated in 2009 and given an unofficial rating of 78.1 . The golf course architecture website GolfClubAtlas.com has said , `` Augusta National has gone through more changes since its inception than any of the world 's twenty or so greatest courses . To call it a MacKenzie course is false advertising as his features are essentially long gone and his routing is all that is left . '' The authors of the site also add that MacKenzie and Jones were heavily influenced by the Old Course at St Andrews , and intended that the ground game be central to the course . Almost from Augusta 's opening , Roberts sought to make changes to minimize the ground game , and effectively got free rein to do so because MacKenzie died shortly after the course 's opening and Jones went into inactivity due to World War II and then a crippling illness . The authors add , `` With the ground game gone , the course was especially vulnerable to changes in technology , and this brought on a slew of changes from at least 15 different ' architects ' . '' Golf Course Histories has an aerial comparison of the architectural changes for Augusta National Golf Club for the year 1938 versus 2013 . Among the changes to the course were several made by architect Perry Maxwell in 1937 , including an important alteration involving the current 10th hole . When Augusta National originally opened for play in January 1933 , the opening hole ( now the 10th ) was a relatively benign par 4 that played just in excess of 400 yards . From an elevated tee , the hole required little more than a short iron or wedge for the approach . Maxwell moved the green in 1937 to its present location -- on top of the hill , about 50 yards back from the old site -- and transformed it into the toughest hole in Masters Tournament history . Ben Crenshaw referred to Maxwell 's work on the 10th hole as `` one of the great strokes in golf architecture '' . For the 1999 tournament , a short rough was instated around the fairways . Referred to as the second cut , it is substantially shorter than the comparable primary rough at other courses , with an average length of 1.625 inches ( 4.13 cm ) . It is meant to reduce a player 's ability to control the ball coming out of this lie , and encourage better accuracy for driving onto the fairway . Amen Corner ( edit ) The second shot at the 11th , all of the 12th , and the first two shots at the 13th hole at Augusta are nicknamed `` Amen Corner '' . This term was first used in print by author Herbert Warren Wind in his April 21 , 1958 , Sports Illustrated article about the Masters that year . In a Golf Digest article in April 1984 , 26 years later , Wind told about its origin . He said he wanted a catchy phrase like baseball 's `` hot - corner '' or football 's `` coffin - corner '' to explain where some of the most exciting golf had taken place ( the Palmer - Venturi rules issue at twelve , over an embedded ball ruling and how it was handled , in particular ) . Thus `` Amen Corner '' was born . He said it came from the title of a jazz record he had heard in the mid-1930s by a group led by Chicago 's Mezz Mezzrow , Shouting in that Amen Corner . In a Golf Digest article in April 2008 , writer Bill Fields added some new updated information about the origin of the name . He wrote that Richard Moore , a golf and jazz historian from South Carolina , tried to purchase a copy of the old Mezzrow 78 RPM disc for an `` Amen Corner '' exhibit he was putting together for his Golf Museum at Ahmic Lake , Ontario . After extensive research , Moore found that the record never existed . As Moore put it , Wind , himself a jazz buff , must have `` unfortunately bogeyed his mind , 26 years later '' . While at Yale , he was no doubt familiar with , and meant all along , the popular version of the song ( with the correct title , `` Shoutin ' in that Amen Corner '' written by Andy Razaf ) , which was recorded by the Dorsey Brothers Orchestra , vocal by Mildred Bailey ( Brunswick label No. 6655 ) in 1935 . Moore told Fields that , being a great admirer of Wind 's work over the years , he was reluctant , for months , to come forth with his discovery that contradicted Wind 's memory . Moore 's discovery was first reported in Golf World magazine in 2007 , before Fields ' longer article in Golf Digest in 2008 . In 1958 Arnold Palmer outlasted Ken Venturi to win the tournament with heroic escapes at Amen Corner . Amen Corner also played host to Masters moments such as Byron Nelson 's birdie - eagle at 12 and 13 in 1937 , and Sam Snead 's water save at 12 in 1949 that sparked him to victory . On the flip side of fate , Jordan Spieth 's quadruple bogey on 12 during Sunday 's final round in 2016 cost him his 2 - stroke lead and ultimately the championship . `` The big Oak Tree '' ( edit ) `` The Big Oak Tree '' is on the golf course side of the clubhouse and was planted in the 1850s . Eisenhower Tree ( edit ) Main article : Eisenhower Tree Eisenhower Tree in 2011 Also known as the `` Eisenhower Pine '' , a loblolly pine was located on the 17th hole , approximately 210 yards ( 192 m ) from the Masters tee . President Dwight D. Eisenhower , an Augusta National member , hit the tree so many times that , at a 1956 club meeting , he proposed that it be cut down . Not wanting to offend the president , the club 's chairman , Clifford Roberts , immediately adjourned the meeting rather than reject the request . In February 2014 , the Eisenhower Tree was removed after suffering extensive damage during an ice storm . Ike 's Pond ( edit ) During a visit to Augusta National , then - General Eisenhower returned from a walk through the woods on the eastern part of the grounds , and informed Clifford Roberts that he had found a perfect place to build a dam if the club would like a fish pond . Ike 's Pond was built and named , and the dam is located just where Eisenhower said it should be . This is also the location that Roberts committed suicide by gunshot in 1977 . At age 83 , he had been in ill health for several months with cancer and had a debilitating stroke . Rae 's Creek ( edit ) Rae 's Creek cuts across the southeastern corner of the Augusta National property . It flows along the back of the 11th green , in front of the 12th green , and ahead of the 13th tee . This is the lowest point in elevation of the course . The Hogan and Nelson Bridges cross the creek after the 12th and 13th tee boxes , respectively . The creek was named after former property owner John Rae , who died in 1789 . Rae 's Creek runs in front of No. 12 green , has a tributary evident at No. 13 tee , and flows at the back of No. 11 green . It was Rae 's house which was the farthest fortress up the Savannah River from Fort Augusta . The house kept residents safe during Indian attacks when the fort was out of reach . Membership ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time . Membership is strictly by invitation : there is no application process . In 2004 , USA Today published a list of all the current members . Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year . Augusta invited and accepted its first African - American member , TV executive Ron Townsend , in 1990 following a controversy at Shoal Creek Golf and Country Club . Shoal Creek , an all - white golf club in Alabama , refused membership to African Americans . The club also faced demands that the PGA Championship not be held there because of racist comments by the club 's founder . In his 2012 pre-Masters press conference , Chairman Billy Payne declined to discuss the club 's then - continued refusal to admit women . He defended the club 's position by noting that in 2011 , more than 15 % of the non-tournament rounds were played by female players who were member guests or spouses of active members . However , on August 20 , 2012 , Augusta National admitted its first two female members , Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore . Notable members ( edit ) Notable current members include : Warren Buffett , CEO of Berkshire Hathaway Pete Coors , former chairman and CEO of Coors Brewing Company and Molson Coors Brewing Company , current chairman of MillerCoors Bill Gates , co-founder and chairman of Microsoft Roger Goodell , commissioner of the National Football League Pat Haden , former NFL player and former athletic director at the University of Southern California Lou Holtz , former college football coach Hugh L. McColl Jr. , former CEO of Bank of America Darla Moore , South Carolina businesswoman Sam Nunn , former United States Senator from Georgia Sam Palmisano , former CEO of IBM T. Boone Pickens , Jr. , oil tycoon Condoleezza Rice , former United States Secretary of State Henry Waite , former Chairman of HUFF Productions Simon Chirayath , British businessman James D. Robinson III , former CEO of American Express Lynn Swann , former NFL player and current athletic director at the University of Southern California Jack Welch , former CEO of General Electric Matt Rose , former CEO of BNSF Railway Jack Nicklaus , Hall of Fame golfer , six - time Masters champion , and the only Masters champion who is currently a regular member of the club Recently deceased members include : Arnold Palmer , Hall of Fame golfer and four - time Masters champion , was also a regular member when he died in September 2016 . Melvin Laird , former United States Secretary of Defense ( died November 2016 ) Robert Sumner former pastor ( died December 2016 ) Frank Broyles , former athletic director at the University of Arkansas ( died August 2017 ) Chairmen ( edit ) Clifford Roberts ( 1931 -- 1976 ) William Lane ( 1976 -- 1980 ) Hord Hardin ( 1980 -- 1991 ) Jackson T. Stephens ( 1991 -- 1998 ) Hootie Johnson ( 1998 -- 2006 ) Billy Payne ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Fred Ridley ( 2017 -- present ) In 1966 , the governing board of Augusta National passed a resolution honoring founder Bobby Jones with the position of President in Perpetuity . 2002 membership controversy ( edit ) Augusta National and its Chairman Hootie Johnson are widely known for a disagreement beginning in 2002 with Martha Burk , then chair of the Washington - based National Council of Women 's Organizations ; the dispute arose over Augusta National 's refusal to admit female members to the club . Burk said she found out about the club 's policies in a USA Today column by Christine Brennan published April 11 , 2002 . She then wrote a private letter to Johnson , saying that hosting the Masters Tournament at a male - only club constituted sexism . Johnson characterized Burk 's approach as `` offensive and coercive '' . Responding to efforts to link the issue to sexism and civil rights , Johnson maintained that the issue had to do with the rights of any private club : `` Our membership is single gender just as many other organizations and clubs all across America . These would include Junior Leagues , sororities , fraternities , Boy Scouts , Girl Scouts , and countless others . And we all have a moral and legal right to organize our clubs the way we wish . '' Burk , whose childhood nickname was also Hootie , claimed to have been `` called a man hater , anti-family , lesbian , all the usual things . '' Johnson was portrayed as a Senator Claghorn type -- `` a blustery defender of all things Southern '' . Following the discord , two club members resigned : Thomas H. Wyman , a former CEO of CBS , and John Snow , when President George W. Bush nominated him to serve as Secretary of the Treasury . Pressure on corporate sponsors led the club to broadcast the 2003 and 2004 tournaments without commercials . The controversy was discussed by the International Olympic Committee when re-examining whether golf meets Olympic criteria of a `` sport practiced without discrimination with a spirit of friendship , solidarity and fair play '' . Augusta National extended membership to Condoleezza Rice and Darla Moore on August 20 , 2012 . Green jacket ( edit ) Every member of Augusta National receives a green sport coat with the club 's logo on the left breast . The idea of the green jacket originated with club co-founder Clifford Roberts . Many believe it is because he wanted patrons visiting during the tournament to be able to readily identify members . Since Sam Snead 's victory in 1949 , the winner of each year 's Masters Tournament has received a green jacket , although he does not receive membership . The jacket is presented to the new winner by the winner of the previous tournament . If the previous champion is either unavailable or has won consecutive tournaments , then the current chairman acts as the presenter . Until 1967 , the jackets were manufactured by Brooks Brothers and since have been made by Hamilton of Cincinnati , Ohio , with the imported wool produced at the Victor Forstmann plant in Dublin , Georgia . The current Masters champion is the only owner of a green jacket permitted to remove it from the grounds of Augusta National , and only for a period of one year . Before this time limit was in place , the jacket of a few long - past Masters champions had been sold , after their deaths , to collectors . Consequently , the members of Augusta National have gone to great lengths to secure the remaining examples . Now , two jackets remain outside the grounds of Augusta National with the club 's permission . When Gary Player first won the Masters in 1961 , he brought his jacket home to South Africa . For years the board insisted that Player return the jacket but Player kept `` forgetting '' or coming up with humorous creative excuses why he did not return the jacket . After becoming something of a running joke , Augusta National 's members allowed him to keep it , where it is on display in his personal museum . The second jacket belongs to 1938 champion Henry Picard . Before the traditions surrounding one of golf 's greatest awards were well established , the jacket was removed by Picard from Augusta National . It is now currently on display in the `` Picard Lounge '' at Canterbury Golf Club in Beachwood , Ohio . Along with Snead , the nine previous winners were also awarded green jackets in 1949 , and these became known as the `` original ten '' jackets . Horton Smith 's jacket , awarded for his wins in 1934 and 1936 , sold at auction in September 2013 for over $682,000 ; the highest price ever paid for a piece of golf memorabilia. Smith died at age 55 in 1963 and it had been in the possession of his brother Ren 's stepsons for decades . Caddies ( edit ) Augusta National employs a staff of caddies to assist members , guests , and professionals . Before 1983 , staff caddies were assigned to players at the Masters , and all were black males . Club co-founder Roberts once said , `` As long as I 'm alive , all the golfers will be white and all the caddies will be black . '' Roberts comitted suicide at Augusta in 1977 and five years later in November 1982 , chairman Hord Hardin announced that players were henceforth permitted to use their regular caddies at the Masters . This decision followed an incident that occurred during the 1982 tournament . Following a Thursday rain delay , many of the caddies failed to show up at the proper time on Friday morning . As a result of the confusion , two - time champion Tom Watson and others sent scathing complaint letters to Hardin . Twelve players , including then five - time champion Jack Nicklaus , defending champion Craig Stadler , and future two - time champion Ben Crenshaw , employed club caddies in 1983 . Well into the 1970s , all four majors and some tour events required the use of the host club 's caddies ; the U.S. Open had this policy through 1975 , but by 1980 , only the Masters and the Western Open near Chicago retained the requirement . Augusta 's caddie staff continues to wear its trademark white jumpsuits year - round . Female caddies are permitted . Most of them are professional golfers ' regular caddies , such as Fanny Sunesson . Sunesson is one of the PGA Tour 's few female caddies , and has caddied for several players at the Masters , most notably three - time champion Nick Faldo , and more recently Henrik Stenson . The first female caddie at Augusta was George Archer 's daughter Elizabeth in 1983 , her 21st event carrying the bag for her father . Archer , the 1969 champion , tied for twelfth for one of his better finishes at Augusta . During the pre-tournament events in 2007 , Golf Channel 's Kelly Tilghman caddied for Arnold Palmer in the par - 3 contest . Fuzzy Zoeller 's daughter Gretchen was his caddie for his last year as a competitor in the tournament in 2009 . Tennis pro Caroline Wozniacki , ex-fiancée of Rory McIlroy , caddied for him in the par - 3 contests of 2013 and 2014 . Crenshaw won his 1984 and 1995 Masters titles with Augusta National caddie Carl Jackson . Appearances in video games ( edit ) Augusta National Golf Club is featured in the Japan - exclusive video game franchise Harukanaru Augusta , which started in 1989 . The games were produced by T&E Soft . One of its last titles Masters ' 98 : Haruka Naru Augusta was released for the Nintendo 64 . Augusta National Golf Club and the Masters Tournament are also featured in the video game Tiger Woods PGA Tour 12 : The Masters , and has subsequently featured in later iterations of the game . This is the first time that the course has been officially used in the Tiger Woods franchise . Augusta National was also previously used in the 1986 computer game Mean 18 , published by Accolade . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Masters Tournament '' ( PDF ) . GCSAA . Tournament fact sheets . April 2017 . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inside the course : Augusta National Golf Club '' . PGA Tour . April 1 , 2012 . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Knuth , Dean ( April 2010 ) . `` How Tough Is Augusta National ? '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Szurlej , Stephen ( 2009 ) . `` America 's 100 Greatest Golf Courses / 2008 - 09 : America 's 100 Greatest '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Best Classic Courses '' . Golfweek. 2011 . ^ Jump up to : McCarthy , Michael ; Brady , Erik ( September 27 , 2002 ) . `` Privacy becomes public at Augusta '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Crouse , Karen ( April 2 , 2012 ) . `` Treasure of Golf 's Sad Past , Black Caddies Vanish in Era of Riches '' . New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Platinum Golf & Country Clubs of the World 2018 - 19 -- Platinum Clubs of the World '' . clubleadersforum.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . Jump up ^ Pennington , Bill ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` Augusta National Takes an Unexpected Turn Toward Women 's Golf '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Meyers , Christopher C. ( 2015 ) . `` Fruitland Nursery : A ' Horticultural Mecca ' '' . Georgia Historical Quarterly . 99 ( 1 ) : 48 . Retrieved February 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( April 3 , 2006 ) . `` Augusta National 's natural beauty was born in nursery '' . Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved August 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Course Tour : 2012 Masters '' . PGA of America : Major Championships . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2012 . Retrieved August 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National '' . GolfClubAtlas.com . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Golf Course Histories : Augusta National Golf Club '' . GolfCourseHistories.com . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyette , John . `` Maxwell made No. 10 a monster '' . www.Augusta.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta National Gets a Little Rough Around the Edges '' . Los Angeles Times . March 12 , 1998 . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Newfort , John Paul ( April 12 , 2008 ) . `` The ' Second Cut ' at the Masters Still Draws Controversy , 10 Years On '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved April 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wind , Herbert Warren ( April 21 , 1958 ) . `` The fateful corner '' . Sports Illustrated : 48 . Archived from the original on December 13 , 2013 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( April 5 , 2008 ) , 50 years later , Palmer 's first Masters win still remains controversial , ESPN Jump up ^ The Making of the Masters , by David Owen , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Fun facts about the Masters '' . Archived from the original on June 23 , 2006 . Retrieved August 15 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Eisenhower Tree : Where is it , and how did it get its name ? '' . Golf.About.com . Jump up ^ Boyette , John ( February 16 , 2014 ) . `` Masters landmark Ike 's Tree suffers major damage , removed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Jump up ^ Pavey , Rob ( April 12 , 2009 ) . `` In 60 years , little about Ike 's Pond has changed '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Course -- Landmarks '' . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 16 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National Golf Club members list '' . USA Today . August 4 , 2004 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dicker , Ron ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Masters Tournament 2012 : How Much Does It Cost To Join Elite Augusta Golf Club ? '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://articles.latimes.com/1990-09-12/sports/sp-242_1_black-member Jump up ^ Johnson , William Oscar ( August 13 , 1990 ) . `` The Gates Open '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hiltzik , Michael ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Augusta National 's woman problem '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta Chairman Billy Payne refused to comment on female memberships '' . Golf.com. April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Augusta National admits two women , including Condoleezza Rice '' . USA Today . August 20 , 2012 . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Shipnuck , Alan ( April 6 , 2004 ) . `` Taking on The Times '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Clayton , Ward ( April 6 , 1999 ) . `` Corporate club nears final stage '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Foss , Mike ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Roger Goodell is at the Masters , wearing his green jacket '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Hummer , Steve ( April 8 , 2010 ) . `` NFL Hall of Famer Lynn Swann catches on at Augusta National '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2011 . Retrieved March 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Go Fish ESPN.com , Rick Reilly . Retrieved August 8 , 2010 Jump up ^ Dangremond , Sam ( April 12 , 2013 ) . `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' . Town & Country . Retrieved June 15 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arnold Palmer dies at 87 of complications from heart problems '' . ESPN.com . September 25 , 2016 . Retrieved September 26 , 2016 . Palmer won the Masters in 1958 , 1960 , 1962 and 1964 and is one of two champions -- along with Jack Nicklaus -- who are members of Augusta National . Jump up ^ Maisel , Ivan ( August 14 , 2017 ) . `` Frank Broyles ' Arkansas legacy lives on '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 2003 ) . `` Sports of The Times ; Hootie Is Handling the Heat on the Eve of the Masters '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Nelson , Mariah Burton ( December 2003 ) . `` Women of the Year 2003 Martha Burk '' . Ms. Magazine . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson , Doug ( November 11 , 2002 ) . `` An interview with Augusta 's Hootie Johnson '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Augusta defends male - only members policy '' . Golf Today . Jump up ^ `` GOLF ; A Private Club 's Defense '' . The New York Times . November 12 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` A Master 's Challenge '' . Quintess Charities . Jump up ^ Ostler , Scott ( April 12 , 2003 ) . `` Hat in hand , Hootie 's nemesis set for big day at Masters '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Jump up to : Blauvelt , Harry ( October 21 , 2002 ) . `` Augusta leader 's record defies image '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . All agree Johnson , who has a record of access and inclusion , is one of the most unlikely people to have gotten caught up in the firestorm over Augusta membership . Yet the former University of South Carolina football player and prominent banker is being characterized nationally as a rube . `` His whole life has been just the opposite of what he 's being portrayed , '' says U.S. Rep. Jim Clyburn , D-S. C. `` He 's always come down on the side of access and equality . He 's not a prejudiced person in any way . He is not deserving of this controversy . '' Jump up ^ Cohen , Randy ( August 18 , 2009 ) . `` Is Golf Unethical ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio firm fashions green jackets from Georgia cloth '' . February 16 , 2012 . Retrieved June 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Kindred , Dave ( August 2013 ) . `` The case of the missing green jacket '' . Golf Digest . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Harig , Bob ( September 9 , 2013 ) . `` Green jacket nets $682 K at auction '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1934 & 1936 Masters Champion Horton Smith 's Green Jacket '' . Green Jacket Auctions . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2013 . Retrieved April 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . p . C1 . Jump up ^ Grimsley , Will ( April 5 , 1973 ) . `` Caddie controversy : Aaron holds slim Masters lead '' . The Journal . Jump up ^ `` Tour caddies at Augusta ? '' . Times - News . Hendersonville , North Carolina . November 12 , 1982 . p. 14 . Jump up ^ Wade , Harless ( April 6 , 1983 ) . `` Tradition bagged at Masters '' . Spokane Chronicle . ( Dallas Morning News ) . p . C1 . ^ Jump up to : Litke , Jim ( April 8 , 2005 ) . `` One caddie carries on tradition at Augusta '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Associated Press . p . D3 . ^ Jump up to : Greenday , Joe ( April 11 , 1983 ) . `` Elizabeth Archer enjoying a first in golf at Masters '' . Boca Raton News . Knight Ridder Newspapers . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Anderson , Dave ( April 10 , 1983 ) . `` New Masters caddies collide '' . Sunday Star - News . Wilmington , NC . ( New York Times ) . p. 6D . Jump up ^ Loomis , Tom ( April 6 , 1973 ) . `` Chi Chi prefers own caddy '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . p. 30 . Jump up ^ `` Westchester winner may bypass events '' . Victoria Advocate . Victoria , Texas . Associated Press . August 26 , 1974 . p. 1B . Jump up ^ `` Touring golf pros prefer their own caddies '' . Reading Eagle . Associated Press . May 5 , 1974 . p. 76 . Jump up ^ `` Open golfers to pick own caddies in 1976 '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . November 15 , 1975 . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Break for some '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , Georgia . Associated Press . January 18 , 1976 . p. 3B . Jump up ^ `` Caddies draw golfers in Western Open play '' . Rome News - Tribune . Rome , GA . Associated Press . July 2 , 1980 . p. 8A . Jump up ^ `` Pro Archer has daughter carry bag '' . News and Courier . Charleston , South Carolina . Associated Press . August 17 , 1980 . p. 8B . Jump up ^ `` King of caddies '' . Calhoun Times Plus . Calhoun , GA . June 6 , 1995 . p. 4 . Jump up ^ `` Harukanaru Augusta ( Franchise ) - Giant Bomb '' . Giant Bomb . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ List of Harukanaru Augusta video games at GameFAQs Jump up ^ `` Tiger Woods PGA TOUR 13 Blog '' . EA . March 29 , 2012 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Pigna , Kris ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tiger Woods Takes Backseat in New Game '' . 1up.com . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Mean 18 : Hall Of Light -- The database of Amiga games '' . Hol.abime.net . November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved April 5 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Official website This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Augusta.com coverage from the Augusta Chronicle Aerial view from Google Maps Augusta , Georgia , a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary Guide to Augusta National at BBC Guide to Augusta National at Golflink 3D Course Planner at ProVisualizer Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Augusta_National_Golf_Club&oldid=837648156 '' Categories : Masters Tournament Golf clubs and courses in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Golf clubs and courses designed by Alister MacKenzie Sports venues in Augusta , Georgia Men 's organizations in the United States Sports organisations established in 1933 Sports venues completed in 1933 1933 establishments in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Coordinates on Wikidata All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from April 2018 Official website not in Wikidata Wikipedia external links cleanup from May 2017 Wikipedia spam cleanup from May 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Italiano Lietuvių Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska Türkçe 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 39 . 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how much does it cost to be an augusta member

Augusta National Golf Club has about 300 members at any given time . Membership is strictly by invitation : there is no application process . In 2004 , USA Today published a list of all the current members . Membership is believed to cost between $10,000 and $30,000 and annual dues were estimated in 2009 to be less than $10,000 per year .

Yuba River - wikipedia Yuba River Jump to : navigation , search Yuba River Henneet , Rio De Los Yubas At South Yuba River State Park Name origin : From the name of a Maidu village Country United States State California Region Nevada County Part of Feather River basin Tributaries - left Middle Yuba River , South Yuba River , Deer Creek ( Nevada County , California ) - right North Yuba River Cities North San Juan , Marysville , Yuba City Source Confluence of North and Middle Yuba River - location Near North San Juan , Yuba / Nevada county line - elevation 1,129 ft ( 344 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 22 ′ 07 '' N 121 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  39.36861 ° N 121.13639 ° W  / 39.36861 ; - 121.13639 Mouth Feather River - location Yuba City - Marysville , Yuba County - elevation 49 ft ( 15 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 07 ′ 39 '' N 121 ° 35 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.12750 ° N 121.59667 ° W  / 39.12750 ; - 121.59667 Coordinates : 39 ° 07 ′ 39 '' N 121 ° 35 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.12750 ° N 121.59667 ° W  / 39.12750 ; - 121.59667 Length 39.7 mi ( 64 km ) Basin 1,345 sq mi ( 3,484 km ) Discharge for near Marysville , about 4.2 mi ( 6.8 km ) from the mouth - average 2,334 cu ft / s ( 66 m / s ) - max 180,000 cu ft / s ( 5,097 m / s ) - min 15 cu ft / s ( 0 m / s ) Map of the Yuba River basin The Yuba River is a tributary of the Feather River in the Sierra Nevada and eastern Sacramento Valley , in the U.S. state of California . The main stem of the river is about 40 miles ( 64 km ) long , and its headwaters are split into three major forks . The Yuba River proper is formed at the confluence of the North Yuba and Middle Yuba Rivers , with the South Yuba joining a short distance downstream . Measured to the head of the North Yuba River , the Yuba River is just over 100 miles ( 160 km ) long . The river drains 1,345 square miles ( 3,480 km ) of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada mountain range as well as a small portion of the Sacramento Valley . The average runoff of the Yuba River basin is approximately 2,303,000 acre feet ( 2.841 km ) per year , providing about one - third of the flow of the Feather River , and 10 percent of the flow of the Sacramento River , which it ultimately drains into . Since the early 20th century , the river 's flow has been gradually reduced by irrigation and hydropower diversion projects . The river 's name comes from a Maidu village , spelled in early records as Yubu and applied to the river by 1844 . Some claim the name is a variant of Spanish uba or uva , referring to grapes found growing along the banks of the river . Contents ( hide ) 1 Course 1.1 North Yuba River 1.2 Middle Yuba River 1.3 South Yuba River 1.4 Yuba River 2 History 3 Dams and diversions 4 Tributaries 5 See also 6 Gallery 7 References Course ( edit ) There are three rivers , near each other : North Yuba River , Middle Yuba River , and South Yuba River . They join into one river , just above Marysville , where it bears the name of Yuba River . Most of the Yuba River 's flow is incorporated from these three main rivers , the North Yuba , Middle Yuba and South Yuba . All three rivers run westwards from the crest of the Sierra Nevada to form the main stream of the Yuba . The beginning of the main stem is defined as the confluence of the North and Middle Yuba Rivers ; the North Yuba River is longer . North Yuba River ( edit ) Main article : North Yuba River The North Yuba River , 61.1 miles ( 98.3 km ) long , rises near the eastern boundary of the Tahoe National Forest , at Yuba Pass along California State Route 49 . It flows southwest then west through a 3,000 - foot - deep ( 910 m ) canyon past the villages of Downieville ( where it receives the Downie River from the north ) and Goodyears Bar . After receiving Canyon Creek and Slate Creek , its main tributaries , it flows into the 4,800 - acre ( 1,900 ha ) New Bullards Bar Reservoir , impounded by the 645 - foot ( 197 m ) New Bullards Bar Dam . About 5 miles ( 8.0 km ) below New Bullards Bar Dam , it joins with the Middle Yuba River to form the Yuba River . Middle Yuba River ( edit ) Main article : Middle Yuba River Originating in a bowl - shaped valley in Moscove Meadow , the 55.4 - mile - long ( 89.2 km ) Middle Yuba River flows north into Jackson Meadows Reservoir , then turns west , descending steeply into a gorge , defining over almost its entire length the boundary of Sierra County in the north and Nevada County in the south . The river bends to the southwest , then west again , receiving Kanaka Creek from the right and Grizzly Creek from the left . It intersects California State Route 49 about 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) northwest of North San Juan , then a few miles after joins with the North Yuba River . South Yuba River ( edit ) Main article : South Yuba River The 65.3 - mile - long ( 105.1 km ) South Yuba River is a left - entering tributary of the Yuba River originating in the northern Sierra Nevada at Lake Angela in Nevada County about three quarters of a mile north of Donner Pass , about three miles east of the town of Soda Springs . After passing through Lake Van Norden with Upper Castle Creek ( longer than the Lake Angela stem ) entering from the right , it gathers numerous snow - fed tributaries running west through a marshy , lake - filled valley , criss - crossing Interstate 80 . The river briefly enters Placer County , then flows into Lake Spaulding , then plunges westward into a steep - sided valley . Canyon Creek enters from the right , then Poorman Creek also from the right near the town of Washington . The river continues west into the foothills , crossing under State Route 49 . Its mouth is on the east shore of upper Englebright Lake , formed by a dam across the Yuba River . Yuba River ( edit ) Satellite view of the lower Yuba River -- Yuba City / Marysville and the Feather River lie near the bottom left ; Yuba Goldfields are in the upper right center From the joining of the three rivers ; North Yuba River and Middle Yuba River , it flows southwards , then southwest , through the Sierra Nevada foothills , forming the Yuba - Nevada County border . The river widens into the main arm of Englebright Lake near French Bar , and is joined by the South Yuba within the reservoir . The Yuba leaves the Englebright Dam near Lake Wildwood , California and is then joined by Deer Creek , the stream flowing from that lake , on the left . The Yuba slows down as it flows from the mountains out into the Sacramento Valley near the Yuba Goldfields , a section of the Yuba River valley consisting of dredged sediments washed down by hydraulic mining in the 19th century . The river then turns southwest , flowing through irrigated farmland . It then skirts the south side of Marysville and reaches its destination at the Feather River between the cities of Marysville , Yuba City and Linda . History ( edit ) Large gold nugget from the Yuba River placers , weight 182 g . The Yuba River valley was originally one of the most densely populated Native American areas in California . Historians divide indigenous peoples living in the Yuba River area into several groups -- the Konkow , Maidu , Nisenan and Miwok . These groups did not function as large tribes ; rather , they were divided into hundreds of small villages , with distinct governments but similar customs . Like other indigenous people of the Sierra Nevada foothill region , their staple food were acorns , but they also hunted and gathered for other foods including abundant salmon runs in the Yuba River . In the 1850s , the California Gold Rush brought large numbers of European - American settlers into the area , followed by many Mexican , African and Chinese immigrants . These settlers brought diseases with them , to which the Native Americans had no immunity . Within a few years , these diseases wiped out most of the native population . The Yuba River and its forks were one of the richest parts of the Mother Lode , and miners poured to the region in great numbers . Although gold was first extracted by simple methods such as panning and sluicing , large - scale industrial hydraulic mining left a much greater impact . About 25 million cubic yards ( 19,400,000 m ) of hydraulic mining debris was carried down the Yuba River . This raised stream beds up to 50 ft ( 15 m ) in places , buried riverside land under sediment , and increased the risk of flooding . The practice was banned in 1884 following lawsuits from farmers who had been affected by the debris flows . Much of the debris left by the destruction of hydraulic mining remains today as the Yuba Goldfields . In addition , the extensive use of mercury in processing gold led to a contamination of a relative large area . In 2013 the contamination was still detectable and will be so for an estimated time of more than 10,000 years . In 1877 , the world 's first long - distance telephone line was strung along the South Yuba River from French Corral to French Lake ( now called Bowman Lake ) , a distance of 58 miles ( 93 km ) . Dams and diversions ( edit ) Yuba River at Parks Bar , 1991 Like the majority of California rivers , the Yuba was dammed at many points during the 20th century , and large amounts of water are withdrawn for irrigation and municipal water supply . Daguerre Point Dam was built in 1906 by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in order to trap hydraulic mining debris . After concerns about its impact on fish populations , the dam was fitted with fish ladders in 1937 . In 1922 - 24 PG&E built the original Bullards Bar Dam to produce hydroelectricity and trap debris . The concrete arch Englebright Dam was built in 1941 to trap mining debris following the re-legalization of hydraulic mining during the 1930s . However , mining never resumed on a Gold Rush scale in the Yuba River watershed . Today , Englebright serves mainly to produce hydroelectricity . New Bullards Bar Dam was built on the North Yuba River in response to the huge flood of December 1955 , which destroyed much of Yuba City . Completed in 1969 , the 645 ft ( 197 m ) high concrete arch dam is one of the tallest dams in the United States , replacing and submerging the old Bullards Bar Dam . It stores almost 1 million acre feet ( 1.2 km ) to provide flood control , irrigation and hydroelectricity . The Yuba River Development Project includes New Bullards Bar Dam and a number of supporting facilities , including a diversion dam ( Our House Dam ) and tunnel which divert the Middle Yuba River into New Bullards Bar Reservoir , to increase hydropower generation . The 340 megawatt New Colgate Powerhouse is located about 4 miles ( 6.4 km ) below New Bullards Bar Dam , and it generates over 1.3 billion kilowatt hours of energy per year . These diversions have resulted in the seasonal dewatering of the lower North Yuba River and Middle Yuba River and about four miles of the main Yuba River . The Middle Yuba River and South Yuba River are linked by the Yuba - Bear and Drum - Spaulding hydroelectric projects , which are owned by the Nevada Irrigation District and PG&E , respectively . These two interconnected projects generate a combined 1.2 billion kilowatt hours per year and with over 40 dams and reservoirs and 16 powerhouses , are considered the most complex hydroelectric scheme in the United States . Major dams include Jackson Meadows Dam and Bowman Dam ( part of Yuba - Bear ) and Lake Spaulding Dam and Fordyce Lake Dam ( part of Drum - Spaulding ) . These projects divert a portion of the Yuba River 's flow to the Bear River , a tributary of the Feather River further south . Other dams include Scotts Flat and Wildwood on Deer Creek ; and Mildred and Virginia Ranch on Dry Creek , a lower tributary of the Yuba . Tributaries ( edit ) In hierarchical order , going upstream : Dry Creek Keystone Creek New York Creek Deer Creek Squirrel Creek North Fork Deer Creek South Fork Deer Creek South Yuba River Shady Creek Humbug Creek Poorman Creek South Fork Poorman Creek Fordyce Creek North Creek Rattlesnake Creek Lower Castle Creek Upper Castle Creek Dobbins Creek Middle Yuba River Clear Creek Oregon Creek Grizzly Creek Brush Creek Grizzly Creek Indian Creek Kanaka Creek Wolf Creek East Fork Creek Pass Creek French Creek North Yuba River Willow Creek Bridger Creek Brandy Creek Mill Creek Slate Creek Canyon Creek Little Canyon Creek East Fork Canyon Creek South Fork Canyon Creek Cherokee Creek Fiddle Creek Goodyears Creek Downie River Pauley Creek Lavezzola Creek Empire Creek Sunnyside Creek Spencer Creek West Branch Downie River Haypress Creek Salmon Creek Deer Creek Lincoln Creek Dorsey Creek See also ( edit ) List of rivers of California Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuba River . Gallery ( edit ) Various views of the Yuba A view of the South Fork of the Yuba River from the North Bloomfield Road bridge A waterfall on the South Fork Yuba River in South Yuba River State Park The Bridgeport covered bridge on the South Fork Yuba River in South Yuba River State Park The South Fork of the Yuba River as it intersects with State Highway 49 USGS map of the Yuba River watershed References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Yuba River '' . Geographic Names Information System . United States Geological Survey . 1981 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : U.S. Geological Survey . National Hydrography Dataset high - resolution flowline data . The National Map , accessed March 10 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` USGS Gage # 11421000 on the Yuba River near Marysville , CA : Water - Data Report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . National Water Information System . United States Geological Survey . 2013 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` California Central Valley Unimpaired Flow Data , Fourth Edition '' ( PDF ) . California State Water Resources Control Board . May 2007 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Bright , William ( 1998 ) . 1500 California Place Names : Their Origin and Meaning . University of California Press . p. 168 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 21271 - 8 . Jump up ^ Yuba City budget ^ Jump up to : USGS Topo Maps for United States ( Map ) . Cartography by United States Geological Survey . ACME Mapper . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` California Native Americans Map '' . San Manuel Band of Mission Indians . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` California Indian Tribal Groups '' . California Indian Library Collections . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ Hanson , George Emmanuel ( 2007 ) . `` Native Races of Yuba River Valley '' . The Early History of the Yuba River Valley . Yuba County History . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Cultural History of the South Yuba River Canyon '' . South Yuba River State Park . Nevada County Gold . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Garvin , Cosmo ( 2002 - 10 - 24 ) . `` This land ai n't your land : Much of the Yuba Goldfields are supposed to be public property , but the mining industry is treating the moon - like landscape as personal property . That 's not sitting well with the locals '' . newsreview.com . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Yuba Goldfields , California '' . NASA Earth Observatory . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . 2005 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Baumgart , Don . `` Pressure Builds to End Hydraulic Gold Mining '' . California Gold Rush History . Nevada County Gold . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Singer , M.B. ; Aalto , R. ; James , L.A. ; Kilham , N.E. ; Higson , J.L. ; Ghoshal , S. ( 2013 ) . `` Enduring legacy of a toxic fan via episodic redistribution of California gold mining debris '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 110 : 18436 -- 18441 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1302295110 . PMC 3831998 . PMID 24167273 . Jump up ^ `` CHL No. 247 First Long - Distance Telephone Line '' . California Historical Landmarks . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.water.ca.gov/fishpassage/projects/daguerre.cfm Jump up ^ Childs , Jonathan R. ; Snyder , Noah P. ; Hampton , Margaret A. ( 2003 ) . `` Bathymetric and geophysical surveys of Englebright Lake , Yuba - Nevada Counties , California '' . Western Coastal & Marine Geology . U.S. Geological Survey . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` History of Flooding and Flood Control '' . Be Prepared Yuba. 2012 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Flood Aware '' ( PDF ) . Sutter Butte Flood Control Agency . 2010 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` New Bullards Bar Dam and Reservoir '' . Northern California Water Association . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ http://www.ycwa-relicensing.com/Relicensing%20Documents/Relicensing%20Documents%2001%20-%20Preliminary%20Information%20Package/3_0%20-%20General%20Description%20of%20River%20Basin.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.ycwa-relicensing.com/default.aspx Jump up ^ http://www.foothillswaternetwork.org/relicensing/index.php Jump up ^ http://www.hdrinc.com/portfolio/yuba-bear-and-drum-spaulding-hydroelectric-project-relicensings Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yuba River . ( hide ) Rivers of California 's Central Valley watershed ( north - to - south ) Sacramento River watershed Pit River McCloud River Cow Creek Cottonwood Creek Battle Creek Mill Creek Deer Creek Thomes Creek Big Chico Creek Stony Creek Butte Creek Feather River North Fork East Branch West Branch Middle Fork South Fork Yuba River Bear River American River North Fork Middle Fork South Fork Cache Creek Putah Creek San Joaquin River watershed Mokelumne River Cosumnes River Calaveras River Stanislaus River Tuolumne River Clavey River Cherry Creek Merced River Mariposa Creek Chowchilla River Fresno River Tulare Basin Kings River Kaweah River Tule River White River Poso Creek Kern River Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yuba_River&oldid=805762780 '' Categories : Yuba River Tributaries of the Feather River Rivers of the Sierra Nevada in California Geography of the Sacramento Valley Rivers of Nevada County , California Rivers of Sierra County , California Rivers of Yuba County , California Downieville , California Rivers of Northern California Rivers of the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) Hidden categories : Coordinates on Wikidata Geobox usage tracking for river type Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 17 October 2017 , at 13 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where does the yuba river start and end

Yuba River Henneet , Rio De Los Yubas At South Yuba River State Park Name origin : From the name of a Maidu village Country United States State California Region Nevada County Part of Feather River basin Tributaries - left Middle Yuba River , South Yuba River , Deer Creek ( Nevada County , California ) - right North Yuba River Cities North San Juan , Marysville , Yuba City Source Confluence of North and Middle Yuba River - location Near North San Juan , Yuba / Nevada county line - elevation 1,129 ft ( 344 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 22 ′ 07 '' N 121 ° 08 ′ 11 '' W  /  39.36861 ° N 121.13639 ° W  / 39.36861 ; - 121.13639 Mouth Feather River - location Yuba City - Marysville , Yuba County - elevation 49 ft ( 15 m ) - coordinates 39 ° 07 ′ 39 '' N 121 ° 35 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.12750 ° N 121.59667 ° W  / 39.12750 ; - 121.59667 Coordinates : 39 ° 07 ′ 39 '' N 121 ° 35 ′ 48 '' W  /  39.12750 ° N 121.59667 ° W  / 39.12750 ; - 121.59667 Length 39.7 mi ( 64 km ) Basin 1,345 sq mi ( 3,484 km ) Discharge for near Marysville , about 4.2 mi ( 6.8 km ) from the mouth - average 2,334 cu ft / s ( 66 m / s ) - max 180,000 cu ft / s ( 5,097 m / s ) - min 15 cu ft / s ( 0 m / s ) Map of the Yuba River basin

Horrid Henry : the Movie - wikipedia Horrid Henry : the Movie Jump to : navigation , search Horrid Henry : The Movie United Kingdom theatrical release poster Directed by Nick Moore Produced by Allan Niblo Rupert Preston Mike Watts Lucinda Whiteley Written by Lucinda Whiteley Based on Horrid Henry by Francesca Simon Starring Theo Stevenson Ross Maron Richard E. Grant Parminder Nagra Kimberley Walsh Mathew Horne Siobhan Hayes Dick and Dom Noel Fielding Jo Brand Anjelica Huston Music by Michael Price Lester Barnes ( uncredited ) Cinematography Sam McCurdy Edited by Simon Cozens Production company Vertigo Films Novel Entertainment Productions Prescience Aegis Film Fund UK Film Council Distributed by Vertigo Films Release date 29 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) ( United Kingdom ) Running time 93 minutes Country United Kingdom Language English Box office $10.1 million Horrid Henry : The Movie is a 2011 British 3D children 's adventure film directed by Nick Moore and produced by Allan Niblo , Rupert Preston , Mike Watts , and Lucinda Whiteley , who wrote it . In it , Henry and The Purple Hand Gang fight to prevent the closure of their school by an evil private school Headmaster . It is based on the fictional character Horrid Henry from the children 's book series by Francesca Simon . It stars Theo Stevenson , Richard E. Grant , Parminder Nagra , Kimberley Walsh , Mathew Horne , Siobhan Hayes , Dick and Dom , Noel Fielding , Jo Brand , and Anjelica Huston . It was the first British film for children to be shot in 3D . The film was officially released in cinemas on 29 July 2011 in 2D , RealD 3D , and 3D formats by Vertigo Films in the United Kingdom . Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012 . The film has an approval rating of 10 % on Rotten Tomatoes and grossed $10.1 million worldwide . Horrid Henry : The Movie was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 9 November 2012 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Release 4 Critical reception 5 Soundtrack 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Plot ( edit ) Horrid Henry uses his magnetic yoyo to steal cookies from Moody Margaret 's Secret Club . Before he can eat them , his mother tells him to do his homework . The next morning , Henry searches for his homework , only to find that after he left it on the dining room table , the other members of the household variously spilled milk on it , stepped on it , and squashed it into the couch , leaving it a mess . He leaves it behind and has his friend Brainy Brian forge a note from his mother saying his cat ate it . His teacher , Miss Battle - Axe , realizes the note is forged and that Henry did not do it himself , since Brian spelled `` homework '' correctly , something Henry is incapable of doing . With Henry in detention , his friends join him to practice for a talent contest . Miss Oddbod , the headteacher , and a pair of school inspectors walk in on their rehearsal . Vic Van Wrinkle , headteacher of the exorbitantly expensive Brick House School , has been bribing the school inspectors to put pressure on Ashton Primary , the school Henry attends , in order to justify closing the school . Van Wrinkle stands to make a fortune from the resulting influx of pupils . Horrid Henry and Moody Margret 's misbehavior prompts Miss Oddbody to fire Miss Battle - Axe and Miss Lovely for failing to enforce discipline , and the school inspectors encourage Henry 's pranks . With Ashton Primary on the brink of closing , Henry 's Great Aunt Gretta volunteers to put up the money to transfer Henry to an all - girls school ( since she thinks Henry is a girl ) and his younger brother Peter to Brick House . Miss Lovely gets a job at Brick House , where she notices the school inspectors . Peter distracts the staff and pupils by performing numerous arrangements of `` Frère Jacques '' so that Miss Lovely can spy on Van Wrinkle and the inspectors . She is caught by Van Wrinkle , but covertly passes notes about his plan to Peter . Meanwhile , Henry 's new schoolmates immediately realize he is a boy and begin hunting him . Margaret , who has also been transferred to the school , comes to Henry 's aid , and the two escape . The traumatic experience motivates them to work together to save Ashton Primary . Henry decides to win the talent contest with his ' Zero Zombies ' band , in the naive hope that this will make them famous enough that they wo n't shut the school down . After the band wins the contest , Miss Oddbod informs Henry that fame is irrelevant in this case . Henry is later invited onto TV programme ' 2 Cool 4 School ' , where he can win a cash prize , which Margaret points out that they can use to bribe the school inspectors to leave Ashton Primary alone . In the final round of the competition he is confronted with Miss Battle - Axe , who challenges him to spell `` homework '' . Recalling Miss Battle - Axe 's early admonitions and using `` Oh Henry , you horrid boy '' as a mnemonic device , he correctly spells `` homework '' with two `` o '' s for the first time . Peter and his friends try to rescue Miss Lovely , but are captured by Van Wrinkle . Miss Lovely tricks him into explaining his plan while Peter has her mobile phone call the school so that Miss Oddbod can hear . Miss Oddbod calls the police , who proceed to Van Wrinkle 's office . Vic attempts to escape but trips and falls since Peter tied his shoelaces together . Henry returns and offers the cash prize to Miss Oddbod , who declines it . At Margaret 's suggestion , the money is used for the party of a lifetime instead . Cast ( edit ) Theo Stevenson as Horrid Henry Richard E. Grant as Vic Van Wrinkle Anjelica Huston as Miss Battle - Axe Scarlett Stitt as Moody Margaret Susan Silo as Fluffy the Cat Ross Marron as Perfect Peter Mathew Horne as Dad Siobhan Hayes as Mum Rebecca Front as Mrs Oddbod Parminder Nagra as Miss Lovely Lloyd Howells as Rude Ralph Jack Sanders as Aerobic Al Reuben Lee as Brainy Brian Billy Kennedy as Weeping William Connor O'Mara as Beefy Bert Helena Barlow as Sour Susan Nikita Mistry as Gorgeous Gurinder Ela Warburton as Lazy Linda Nethra Tilakumara as Singing Soraya David Schneider as Soggy Sid Helen Lederer as Rich Aunt Ruby Noel Fielding as Ed Banger Kimberly Walsh as Prissy Polly Dick and Dom as hosts for the game show ' 2Cool4School ' Prunella Scales as Great Aunt Greta Jo Brand as Greasy Greta / Demon Dinner Lady Frank Kauer as Spotless Sam Joshua - James Thomas as Goody Goody Gordon Gabriel Werb as Tidy Ted Tyger Drew - Honey as Stuck - up Steve Tamsin Heatley as Miss Impatience Tutu , Fang the Hamster ( voice ) Philip Pope as Moody Margaret 's Dad Kia Pegg as Vicious Vicky Grant Logan as Wheely Walter Tara Strong as Tiddles the Cat Lily Demetriou Ottaway & Sasha Demetriou Ottaway as Vomiting Vera Nathaniel Pacanowski as Talent Contest Band Elizabeth Waterworth - Santo as Nitty Nora Release ( edit ) Horrid Henry : The Movie was theatrically released on 29 July 2011 in the United Kingdom by Vertigo Films . Phase 4 Films and Entertainment One released the film in theatres in the United States and Canada on 22 December 2012 . It was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 9 November 2012 . Critical reception ( edit ) The film opened at # 5 in the box office in the United Kingdom with £ 1.3 million , in a top ten led by Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2 and Captain America : The First Avenger . It was knocked down the next week to # 7 , by Super 8 and Mr. Popper 's Penguins . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 10 % of 21 critics have given the film a positive review ; the rating average is 3.6 out of 10 . Common criticisms included the unfunny , juvenile humor , stuttering plot , and unimaginative use of stereoscopy . The bright color palette was widely praised , but generally said to be wasted given the overall low quality of the movie . Leslie Felperin of Variety stated , `` Thinly scripted , even for a kidpic , but luridly colored enough to keep even nap - needing tots ( or parents ) awake , this sophomore effort by Brit helmer Nick Moore ( `` Wild Child '' ) reps something of a waste of its impressive roster of supporting - thesp talent , while its use of 3D is likewise less than imaginative . '' Derek Adams offered the film mild praise in Time Out : `` ' Horrid Henry ' is indelibly flawed and disorderly in tone but not devoid of rambunctious charm . '' What Culture named it the number 3 worst film of 2011 . When interviewed on Desert Island Discs by Kirsty Young , Horrid Henry book author Francesca Simon stated that `` I have n't seen it ( the movie ) ... I had nothing to do with it . '' Soundtrack ( edit ) Horrid Henry : The Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various artists Released January 1 , 2011 Recorded Genre Film Soundtrack , pop rock Label Universal Music TV Producer Various artists Singles from Horrid Henry : The Movie : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack `` Everybody Dance '' Released : 2011 The soundtrack was released on January 1 , 2011 , New Year 's Day , by Universal Music TV . Track Song Artists `` Too Cool for School '' ( two versions ) Theo Stevenson and Dick and Dom `` Everybody Dance '' Kimberley Walsh `` Boys and Girls '' Pixie Lott `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 5 `` ( Gonna Be a ) Rockstar '' Theo Stevenson 6 `` Beat of My Drum '' Nicola Roberts 7 `` One Time '' Justin Bieber 8 `` Shine a Light '' ( Radio Edit ) McFly ft . Taio Cruz 9 `` When I 'm King '' Emma Tate , Tamsin Heatley , Wayne Forester and Theo Stevenson 10 `` Get Down '' Twenty Twenty 11 `` Special Brew '' Bad Manners 12 `` Horrid Homework Haze '' Killer Boy Rats 13 `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( Edit ) The Black Eyed Peas 14 `` Rock Down '' Free Amigos 15 `` Ego '' The Saturdays 16 `` Underdog '' You Me at Six 17 `` Monster '' The Automatic 18 `` Dynamite '' Taio Cruz 19 `` All the Small Things '' Jedward 20 `` I 'm Horrid Henry '' Killer Boy Rats See also ( edit ) Horrid Henry Horrid Henry : Television Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` HORRID HENRY - THE MOVIE ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2011 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Horrid Henry : The Movie '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Phase4films.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Horrid Henry : The Movie 3D '' . Express & Star . 30 July 2011 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` News '' . Phase4films.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter beats Captain America '' . BBC News . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Horrid Henry : The Movie ( 2011 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 29 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Felperin , Leslie ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Review : Horrid Henry : The Movie '' . Variety . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Munroe , Shaun ( December 31 , 2011 ) . `` Worst 20 Films of 2011 '' . What Culture . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Young , Graham ( July 29 , 2011 ) . `` Film Review : Horrid Henry - The Movie 3D '' . Birmingham Mail . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Derek ( July 26 , 2011 ) . `` Horrid Henry : The Movie '' . Time Out . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ This was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 11 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Horrid Henry : Various artists : Amazon.co.uk : MP3 Downloads '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 22 . External links ( edit ) Official website Horrid Henry : The Movie on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horrid_Henry:_The_Movie&oldid=798738835 '' Categories : 2011 films English - language films 2011 3D films 2010s adventure films 2010s independent films 2010s musical comedy films Adventure comedy films British films British 3D films British adventure films British children 's adventure films British children 's comedy films British comedy films British independent films British musical comedy films Films based on children 's books Films set in schools Screwball comedy films Slapstick films Vertigo Films films Hidden categories : Use British English from May 2015 Use dmy dates from May 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 14 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did horrid henry the movie come out

Release date 29 July 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 29 ) ( United Kingdom )

Housefly - wikipedia Housefly Not to be confused with horse - fly . Housefly Conservation status Not evaluated ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Arthropoda Class : Insecta Order : Diptera Section : Schizophora Family : Muscidae Genus : Musca Species : M. domestica Binomial name Musca domestica Linnaeus , 1758 Subspecies M. d. calleva Walker , 1849 M. d. domestica Linnaeus , 1758 The housefly ( Musca domestica ) is a fly of the suborder Cyclorrhapha . It is believed to have evolved in the Cenozoic era , possibly in the Middle East , and has spread all over the world as a commensal of humans . It is the most common fly species found in houses . Adults are grey to black , with four dark , longitudinal lines on the thorax , slightly hairy bodies , and a single pair of membranous wings . They have red eyes , set farther apart in the slightly larger female . The female housefly usually mates only once and stores the sperm for later use . She lays batches of about 100 eggs on decaying organic matter such as food waste , carrion , or faeces . These soon hatch into legless white larvae , known as maggots . After 2 to 5 days of development , these metamorphose into reddish - brown pupae , about 8 mm ( 0.3 in ) long . Adult flies normally live for 2 to 4 weeks , but can hibernate during the winter . The adults feed on a variety of liquid or semiliquid substances , as well as solid materials which have been softened by their saliva . They can carry pathogens on their bodies and in their faeces , contaminate food , and contribute to the transfer of food - borne illnesses , while , in numbers , they can be physically annoying . For these reasons , they are considered pests . Houseflies have been used in the laboratory in research into ageing and sex determination . Flies appear in literature from Ancient Greek mythology and Aesop 's The Impertinent Insect onwards . Authors sometimes choose the fly to speak of the brevity of life , as in William Blake 's 1794 poem `` The Fly '' , which deals with mortality subject to uncontrollable circumstances . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution 3 Evolution and taxonomy 4 Life cycle 5 Ecology 6 Relationship with humans 6.1 As a disease vector 6.2 In warfare 6.3 In waste management 6.4 Control 6.5 In science 6.6 In literature 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Description ( edit ) Head of a female housefly with two large compound eyes and three ocelli Adult houseflies are usually 6 to 7 mm ( 0.24 to 0.28 in ) long with a wingspan of 13 to 15 mm ( 0.5 to 0.6 in ) . The females tend to be larger winged than males , while males have relatively longer legs . Females tend to vary more in size and there is geographic variation with larger individuals in higher latitudes . The head is strongly convex in front and flat and slightly conical behind . The pair of large compound eyes almost touch in the male , but are more widely separated in the female . They have three simple eyes ( ocelli ) and a pair of short antennae . Flies process visual information around seven times more quickly than humans , enabling them to identify and avoid attempts to catch or swat them , since they effectively see the human 's movements in slow motion with their higher flicker fusion rate . Mouthparts , showing the pseudotracheae , semitubular grooves ( dark parallel bands ) used for sucking up liquid food The mouthparts are specially adapted for a liquid diet ; the mandibles and maxillae are reduced and not functional , and the other mouthparts form a retractable , flexible proboscis with an enlarged , fleshy tip , the labellum . This is a sponge - like structure that is characterised by many grooves , called pseudotracheae , which suck up fluids by capillary action . It is also used to distribute saliva to soften solid foods or collect loose particles . Houseflies have chemoreceptors , organs of taste , on the tarsi of their legs , so they can identify foods such as sugars by walking over them . Flies are often seen cleaning their legs by rubbing them together , enabling the chemoreceptors to taste afresh whatever they walk on next . At the end of each leg is a pair of claws , and below them are two adhesive pads , pulvilli , enabling the fly to walk up smooth walls and ceilings using Van der Waals forces . The claws help the fly to unstick the foot for the next step . Flies walk with a common gait on horizontal and vertical surfaces with three legs in contact with the surface and three in movement . On inverted surfaces , they alter the gait to keep four feet stuck to the surface . Flies land on a ceiling by flying straight towards it ; just before landing , they make a half roll and point all six legs at the surface , absorbing the shock with the front legs and sticking a moment later with the other four , also . Wing , under 250x magnification The thorax is a shade of gray , sometimes even black , with four dark , longitudinal bands of even width on the dorsal surface . The whole body is covered with short hairs . Like other Diptera , houseflies have only one pair of wings ; what would be the hind pair is reduced to small halteres that aid in flight stability . The wings are translucent with a yellowish tinge at their base . Characteristically , the medial vein ( M1 + 2 or fourth long vein ) shows a sharp upward bend . Each wing has a lobe at the back , the calypter , covering the haltere . The abdomen is gray or yellowish with a dark stripe and irregular dark markings at the side . It has 10 segments which bear spiracles for respiration . In males , the ninth segment bears a pair of claspers for copulation , and the 10th bears anal cerci in both sexes . Micrograph of tarsus of leg , showing claws and bristles including the central one between the two pulvilli known as the empodium A variety of species around the world appear similar to the housefly , such as the lesser house fly , Fannia canicularis ; the stable fly , Stomoxys calcitrans ; and other members of the genus Musca such as M. vetustissima , the Australian bush fly and several closely related taxa that include M. primitiva , M. shanghaiensis , M. violacea , and M. varensis . The systematic identification of species may require the use of region - specific taxonomic keys and can require dissections of the male reproductive parts for confirmation . Distribution ( edit ) The housefly is probably the insect with the widest distribution in the world ; it is largely associated with humans and has accompanied them around the globe . It is present in the Arctic Circle , as well as in the tropics , where it is abundant . It is present in all populated parts of Europe , Asia , Australasia , and the Americas . Evolution and Taxonomy. ( edit ) Though the order of flies ( Diptera ) is much older , true houseflies are believed to have evolved in the beginning of the Cenozoic era . The housefly 's superfamily , Muscoidea , is most closely related to the Oestroidea ( blow flies and allies ) , and more distantly to the Hippoboscoidea ( louse flies and allies ) . They are thought to have originated in the southern Palearctic region , particularly the Middle East . Because of their close , commensal relationship with humans , they probably owe their worldwide dispersal to co-migration with humans . The housefly was first described as Musca domestica in 1758 based on the common European specimens by the Swedish botanist and zoologist Carl Linnaeus in his Systema naturae , and continues to be classified under that name . A more detailed description was given in 1776 by the Danish entomologist Johan Christian Fabricius in his Genera Insectorum . Nematocera Other Nematocera ( crane flies , mosquitos etc ) Brachycera Tabanomorpha ( horse flies , etc ) Muscomorpha Other Muscomorpha ( robber flies , etc ) Syrphoidea ( hoverflies ) Schizophora Acalyptratae ( marsh flies , etc ) Calyptratae Hippoboscoidea ( louse flies , bat flies etc ) Oestroidea ( blow flies , flesh flies , etc ) Muscoidea Fannidae , Scathophagidae , Anthomyiidae Muscidae Azellinae and allies Muscinae Stomoxyini Polletina Morellia Musca Cladogram showing higher level classification and position of Musca within the family Muscidae based on Couri and Carvalho 2003 . Life cycle ( edit ) Houseflies mating Each female housefly can lay up to 500 eggs in a lifetime , in several batches of about 75 to 150 . The eggs are white and are about 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) in length , and they are deposited by the fly in a suitable place , usually dead and decaying organic matter , such as food waste , carrion , or faeces . Within a day , larvae ( maggots ) hatch from the eggs ; they live and feed where they were laid . They are pale - whitish , 3 to 9 mm ( 0.12 to 0.35 in ) long , thinner at the mouth end , and legless . Larval development takes from two weeks , under optimal conditions , to 30 days or more in cooler conditions . The larvae avoid light ; the interiors of heaps of animal manure provide nutrient - rich sites and ideal growing conditions , warm , moist , and dark . Larva and adult , by Amedeo John Engel Terzi ( 1872 -- 1956 ) At the end of their fourth instar , the larvae crawl to a dry , cool place and transform into pupae . The pupal case is cylindrical with rounded ends , about 1.2 mm ( 0.05 in ) long , and formed from the last shed larval skin . It is yellowish at first , darkening through red and brown to nearly black as it ages . Pupae complete their development in from two to six days at 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) , but may take 20 days or more at 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) . When metamorphosis is complete , the adult fly emerges from the pupa . To do this , it uses the ptilinum , an eversible pouch on its head , to tear open the end of the pupal case . The adult housefly lives from two weeks to a month in the wild , or longer in benign laboratory conditions . Having emerged from the pupa , it ceases to grow ; a small fly is not necessarily a young fly , but is instead the result of getting insufficient food during the larval stage . Male houseflies are sexually mature after 16 hours and females after 24 . Females produce a pheromone , ( Z ) - 9 - tricosene ( muscalure ) . This cuticular hydrocarbon is not released into the air and males sense it only on contact with females ; it has found use as in pest control , for luring males to fly traps . The male initiates the mating by bumping into the female , in the air or on the ground , known as a `` strike '' . He climbs on to her thorax , and if she is receptive , a courtship period follows , in which the female vibrates her wings and the male strokes her head . The male then reverses onto her abdomen and the female pushes her ovipositor into his genital opening ; copulation , with sperm transfer , lasts for several minutes . Females normally mate only once and then reject further advances from males , while males mate multiple times . A volatile semiochemical that is deposited by females on their eggs attracts other gravid females and leads to clustered egg deposition . The larvae depend on warmth and sufficient moisture to develop ; generally , the warmer the temperature , the faster they grow . In general , fresh swine and chicken manures present the best conditions for the developing larvae , reducing the larval period and increasing the size of the pupae . Cattle , goat , and horse manures produce fewer , smaller pupae , while fully composted swine manure , with a water content under 40 % , produces none at all . Pupae can range from about 8.0 to 20 milligrams ( 0.0003 to 0.0007 ounces ) under different conditions . The lifecycle can be completed in seven to 10 days under optimal conditions , but may take up to two months in adverse circumstances . In temperate regions , 12 generations may occur per year , and in the tropics and subtropics , more than 20 . Ecology ( edit ) Housefly pupae killed by parasitoid wasp larvae : Each pupa has one hole through which a single adult wasp has emerged ; the wasp larvae fed on the housefly larvae . Houseflies play an important ecological role in breaking down and recycling organic matter . Adults are mainly carnivorous ; their primary food is animal matter , carrion , and faeces , but they also consume milk , sugary substances , and rotting fruit and vegetables . Solid foods are softened with saliva before being sucked up . They can be opportunistic blood feeders . Houseflies have a mutualistic relationship with the bacterium Klebsiella oxytoca , which can live on the surface of housefly eggs and deter fungi which compete with the fly larvae for nutrients . Adult houseflies are diurnal and rest at night . If inside a building after dark , they tend to congregate on ceilings , beams , and overhead wires , while out of doors , they crawl into foliage or long grass , or rest in shrubs and trees or on wires . In cooler climates , some houseflies hibernate in winter , choosing to do so in cracks and crevices , gaps in woodwork , and the folds of curtains . They arouse in the spring when the weather warms up , and search out a place to lay their eggs . Houseflies have many predators , including birds , reptiles , amphibians , various insects , and spiders . The eggs , larvae , and pupae have many species of stage - specific parasites and parasitoids . Some of the more important are the parasitic wasps Muscidifurax uniraptor and Spalangia cameroni ; these lay their eggs in the fly larvae tissue and their offspring complete their development before the adult flies can emerge from the pupae . Hister beetles feed on housefly larvae in manure heaps and the predatory mite Macrocheles muscae domesticae consumes housefly eggs , each mite eating 20 eggs per day . Housefly killed by the pathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae Houseflies sometimes carry phoretic ( nonparasitic ) passengers including mites such as Macrocheles muscaedomesticae , and the pseudoscorpion Lamprochernes chyzeri . The pathogenic fungus Entomophthora muscae causes a fatal disease in houseflies . After infection , the fungal hyphae grow throughout the body , killing the fly in about 5 days . Infected flies have been known to seek high temperatures that could suppress the growth of the fungus . Affected females tend to be more attractive to males , but the fungus - host interactions have not been fully understood . The housefly also acts as the alternative host to the parasitic nematode Habronema muscae that attacks horses . Relationship with humans ( edit ) Flies are a nuisance , disturbing people at leisure and at work , but they are disliked principally because of their habits of contaminating foodstuffs . They alternate between breeding and feeding in dirty places with feeding on human foods , during which process they soften the food with saliva and deposit their faeces , creating a health hazard . However , fly larvae are as nutritious as fish meal , and could be used to convert waste to feed for fish and livestock . Flies have been used in art and artefacts in many cultures . In 16th - and 17th - century European vanitas paintings , flies sometimes occur as memento mori . They may also be used for other effects as in the Flemish painting , the Master of Frankfurt ( 1496 ) . Fly amulets were popular in ancient Egypt . As a disease vector ( edit ) Housefly lapping up food from a plate Houseflies can fly for several miles from their breeding places , carrying a wide variety of organisms on their hairs , mouthparts , vomitus , and faeces . Parasites carried include cysts of protozoa , e.g. Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia and eggs of helminths , e.g. , Ascaris lumbricoides , Trichuris trichiura , Hymenolepis nana , and Enterobius vermicularis . Houseflies do not serve as a secondary host or act as a reservoir of any bacteria of medical or veterinary importance , but they do serve as mechanical vectors to over 100 pathogens , such as those causing typhoid , cholera , salmonellosis , bacillary dysentery , tuberculosis , anthrax , ophthalmia , and pyogenic cocci , making them especially problematic in hospitals and during outbreaks of certain diseases . Disease - causing organisms on the outer surface of the fly may survive for a few hours , but those in the crop or gut can be viable for several days . Usually , too few bacteria are on the external surface of the flies ( except perhaps for Shigella ) to cause infection , so the main routes to human infection are through the fly 's regurgitation and defecation . In the early 20th century , Canadian public health workers believed that the control of flies was important in controlling the spread of tuberculosis . A `` swat that fly '' contest was held for children in Montreal in 1912 . Flies were targeted in 1916 , when a polio epidemic broke out in the eastern United States . The belief that fly control was key to disease control continued , with extensive use of insecticidal spraying , well until the mid 1950s , declining only after the introduction of Salk 's vaccine . In China , Mao Zedong 's Four Pests Campaign between 1958 and 1962 exhorted the people to catch and kill flies , along with rats , mosquitoes , and sparrows . In warfare ( edit ) Further information : Entomological warfare Philadelphia Department of Health poster warning the public of fly hazards ( circa 1942 ) During the Second World War , the Japanese worked on entomological warfare techniques under Shirō Ishii . Japanese Yagi bombs developed at Pingfan consisted of two compartments , one with houseflies and another with a bacterial slurry that coated the flies prior to release . Vibrio cholerae , which causes cholera , was the bacterium of choice , and was used in China in Baoshan in 1942 , and in northern Shandong in 1943 . Baoshan had been used by the Allies and bombing produced epidemics that killed 60,000 people in the initial stages reaching a radius of 200 km , which finally took a toll of 200,000 victims . The Shandong attack killed 210,000 ; the occupying Japanese troops had been vaccinated in advance . In waste management ( edit ) The ability of housefly larvae to feed and develop in a wide range of decaying organic matter is important for recycling of nutrients in nature . This could be exploited to combat ever - increasing amounts of waste . Housefly larvae can be mass - reared in a controlled manner in animal manure , reducing the bulk of waste and minimizing environmental risks of its disposal . Harvested maggots may be used as feed for animal nutrition . Control ( edit ) Detail of a 1742 painting by Frans van der Mijn that uses a fly in a Renaissance allegory of touch theme Flies can be controlled , at least to some extent , by physical , chemical , or biological means . Physical controls include screening with small mesh or the use of vertical strips of plastic or strings of beads in doorways to prevent entry of flies into buildings . Fans to create air movement or air barriers in doorways can deter flies from entering , and food premises often use ultraviolet light traps that electrocute insects . Sticky fly papers hanging from the ceiling can also be effective . Another approach is the elimination as far as possible of potential breeding sites . Keeping garbage in lidded containers and collecting it regularly and frequently , prevents any eggs laid from developing into adults . Unhygienic rubbish tips are a prime fly - breeding site , but if garbage is covered by a layer of soil , preferably daily , this can be avoided . Insecticides can be used . Larvicides kill the developing larvae , but large quantities may need to be used to reach areas below the surface . Aerosols can be used in buildings to `` zap '' flies , but outside applications are only temporarily effective . Residual sprays on walls or resting sites have a longer - lasting effect . Many strains of housefly have become immune to the most commonly used insecticides . Several means of biological pest control have been investigated . These include the introduction of another species , the black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens ) , whose larvae compete with those of the housefly for resources . The introduction of dung beetles to churn up the surface of a manure heap and render it unsuitable for breeding is another approach . Augmentative biological control by releasing parasitoids can be used , but flies breed so fast that the natural enemies are unable to keep up . In Science ( edit ) The ease of culturing houseflies , and the relative ease of handling them when compared to the fruit fly Drosophila , have made them useful as model organism for use in laboratories . The American entomologist Vincent Dethier , in his humorous To Know A Fly ( 1962 ) , pointed out that as a laboratory animal , houseflies did not trouble anyone sensitive to animal cruelty . Houseflies have a small number of chromosomes , haploid six or diploid 12 . Because the somatic tissue of the housefly consists of long - lived postmitotic cells , it can be used as an informative model system for understanding cumulative age - related cellular alterations . Oxidative DNA damage 8 - hydroxydeoxyguanosine in houseflies was found in one study to increase with age and reduce life expectancy supporting the hypothesis that oxidative molecular damage is a causal factor in senescence ( aging ) . William Blake 's illustration of `` The Fly '' in Songs of Innocence and of Experience , 1794 The housefly is an object of biological research , partly for its variable sex - determination mechanism . Although a wide variety of sex - determination mechanisms exists in nature ( e.g. male and female heterogamy , haplodiploidy , environmental factors ) , the way sex is determined is usually fixed within a species . The housefly is , however , thought to exhibit multiple mechanisms for sex determination , such as male heterogamy ( like most insects and mammals ) , female heterogamy ( like birds ) , and maternal control over offspring sex . The exact mechanism of sex determination involved is unresolved , but sexual differentiation is controlled as in other insects by an ancient developmental switch , doublesex , which is regulated by the transformer protein in many different insects . The antimicrobial peptides produced by housefly maggots are of pharmacological interest . In the 1970s , the aircraft modeller Frank Ehling constructed miniature balsa - wood aircraft powered by live houseflies . Studies of tethered flies have helped in the understanding of insect vision , sensory perception , and flight control . In literature ( edit ) The Impertinent Insect is a group of five fables , sometimes ascribed to Aesop , concerning an insect , in one version a fly , which puffs itself up to seem important . In the Biblical fourth plague of Egypt , flies represent death and decay , while the Philistine god Beelzebub 's name may mean `` lord of the flies '' . In Greek mythology , Myiagros was a god who chased away flies during the sacrifices to Zeus and Athena ; Zeus sent a fly to bite Pegasus , causing Bellerophon to fall back to Earth when he attempted to ride the winged steed to Mount Olympus . In the traditional Navajo religion , Big Fly is an important spirit being . William Blake 's 1794 poem `` The Fly '' , part of his collection Songs of Experience , deals with the insect 's mortality , subject to uncontrollable circumstances , just like humans . Emily Dickinson 's 1855 poem `` I Heard a Fly Buzz When I Died '' speaks of flies in the context of death . In William Golding 's 1954 novel Lord of the Flies , the fly is however a symbol of the children involved . Ogden Nash 's humorous two - line 1942 poem `` God in His wisdom made the fly / And then forgot to tell us why . '' indicates the debate about the value of biodiversity , given that even those considered by humans as pests have their place in the world 's ecosystems . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Bryant , Edwin H ( 1977 ) . `` Morphometric Adaptation of the Housefly , Musca Domestica L. , in the United States '' . Evolution. 31 ( 3 ) : 580 -- 596 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1558 - 5646.1977. tb01046. x . PMID 28563484 . 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Jump up ^ West ( 1951 ) : 96 . Jump up ^ Agarwal , S. ; Sohal , R.S. ( December 1994 ) . `` DNA oxidative damage and life expectancy in houseflies '' . PNAS. 91 ( 25 ) : 12332 -- 5 . Bibcode : 1994PNAS ... 9112332A . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 91.25. 12332 . PMC 45431 . PMID 7991627 . Jump up ^ Holmes , G.E. ; Bernstein , C. ; Bernstein , H. ( September 1992 ) . `` Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging : a review '' . Mutation Research . 275 ( 3 -- 6 ) : 305 -- 15 . doi : 10.1016 / 0921 - 8734 ( 92 ) 90034 - M. PMID 1383772 . Jump up ^ Bernstein , Harris ; Payne , Claire M. ; Bernstein , Carol ; Garewal , Harinder ; Dvorak , Katerina ( 2008 ) . `` Cancer and Aging as Consequences of Unrepaired DNA Damage '' . In Kimura , Honoka ; Suzuki , Aoi . New Research on DNA Damages . New York : Nova Science Publishers . pp. 1 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60456 - 581 - 2 . Jump up ^ Dübendorfer , A. ; Hediger , M ; Burghardt , G ; Bopp , D ( 2002 ) . `` Musca domestica , a window on the evolution of sex - determining mechanisms in insects '' . International Journal of Developmental Biology . 46 ( 1 ) : 75 -- 79 . PMID 11902690 . Jump up ^ Verhulst , Eveline C. ; van de Zande , Louis ; Beukeboom , Leo W. ( August 2010 ) . `` Insect sex determination : it all evolves around transformer '' . Current Opinion in Genetics & Development . 20 ( 4 ) : 376 -- 383 . doi : 10.1016 / j. gde. 2010.05. 001 . Jump up ^ Nayduch , Dana ; Burrus , Roxanne G ( 2017 ) . `` Flourishing in Filth : House Fly -- Microbe Interactions Across Life History '' . Annals of the Entomological Society of America . 110 : 6 . doi : 10.1093 / aesa / saw083 . Jump up ^ Hanser , Kathleen ( 26 June 2009 ) . `` Insect Power '' . Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Huber , Susanne A. ; Franz , Matthias O. ; Bülthoff , Heinrich H. ( 1999 ) . `` On robots and flies : Modeling the visual orientation behavior of flies '' ( PDF ) . Robotics and Autonomous Systems . 29 ( 4 ) : 227 . doi : 10.1016 / S0921 - 8890 ( 99 ) 00055 - X . Jump up ^ `` The etymology of Beelzebul has proceeded in several directions . The variant reading Beelzebub ( Syriac translators and Jerome ) reflects a long - standing tradition of equating Beelzebul with the Philistine deity of the city of Ekron mentioned in 2 Kgs 1 : 2 , 3 , 6 , 16 . Baalzebub ( Heb ba ˓ al zĕbûb ) seems to mean `` lord of flies '' ( HALAT , 250 , but cf . LXXB baal muian theon akkarōn , `` Baal - Fly , god of Akkaron '' ; Ant 9 : 2 , 1 theon muian ). `` , Lewis , `` Beelzebul '' , in Freedman , D.N. ( 1996 ) . Vol. 1 : The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( 639 ) . New York : Doubleday . Jump up ^ Parker , Robert ( 2011 ) . On Greek Religion . Cornell University Press . pp. 105 -- 106 . ISBN 978 - 0801477355 . Jump up ^ Leland Clifton Wyman ( 1983 ) . `` Navajo Ceremonial System '' . Handbook of North American Indians ( PDF ) . Humboldt State University . p. 539 . Nearly every element in the universe may be thus personalized , and even the least of these such as tiny Chipmunk and those little insect helpers and mentors of deity and man in the myths , Big Fly ( Dǫ ' soh ) and Ripener ( Corn Beetle ) Girl ( ' Anilt ' ánii ' At ' ééd ) ( Wyman and Bailey 1964 : 29 -- 30 , 51 , 137 -- 144 ) , are as necessary for the harmonious balance of the universe as is the great Sun . Jump up ^ Leland Clifton Wyman & Flora L. Bailey ( 1964 ) . Navaho Indian Ethnoentomology . Anthropology Series . University of New Mexico Press . LCCN 64024356 . Jump up ^ `` Native American Fly Mythology '' . Native Languages of the Americas . Retrieved 8 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Miner , Paul ( 2011 ) . `` Blake 's Swedenborgian Fly '' . Notes and Queries. 58 ( 4 ) : 530 . Jump up ^ Priddy , Anna ( 2009 ) . Bloom 's How to Write about Emily Dickinson . Infobase Publishing . p. 169 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 1240 - 4 . Jump up ^ William Golding ( 2013 ) . Lord of the Flies : Text , Criticism , Giossary and Notes . Al Manhal . p. 8 . ISBN 9796500118451 . Jump up ^ Henschel , Joh R. ( 2015 ) . Toktok Talkie : Ancient Mariner to Zophosis Moralesi . Wordweaver Publishing House . p. 6 . ISBN 978 - 99945 - 82 - 04 - 4 . Ogden Nash was neither the first nor the last person to puzzle about the value of the fly , not only because flies are frequently considered a nuisance , but also because biodiversity in general is a puzzle . Nash 's question can also be interpreted as going to the heart of conservation Further reading ( edit ) West , Luther S. ( 1951 ) . The Housefly . Its natural history , medical importance , and control ( PDF ) . New York : Comstock Publishing Company . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Musca domestica . Wikispecies has information related to Musca domestica The house - fly , Musca domestica Linn . : its structure , habits , development , relation to disease and control by C. Gordon Hewitt ( 1914 ) How to control house and stable flies without using pesticides . Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 673 House fly on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site The House Fly and How to Suppress It , by L.O. Howard and F.C. Bishopp . U.S. Department of Agriculture Bulletin No. 1408 , 1928 , from Project Gutenberg . hide Insects in culture Aspects of insects in culture In the arts Insects in art Beetlewing John Hampson Insects in film Insects in literature Insects in music List of insect - inspired songs Insects on stamps In fishing Fishing bait Fly fishing Artificial fly Fly tying Maggot Mayfly Mealworm In medicine Apitherapy Apitoxin Melittin Maggot Spanish fly Cantharidin In mythology Bee Butterfly Cicada Dragonfly Praying mantis Scarab Entomophagy ( as food ) Adults Ant Cicada Cricket Grasshopper Termite Larvae Bamboo worm Mealworm Mopani worm Palm weevil Rhinoceros beetle Silkworm Waxworm Witchetty grub Other aspects Biomimicry Cricket fighting Entomological warfare Flea circus Insects in religion Jingzhe Economic entomology Beneficial insects Pest control Encarsia formosa Ladybird Parasitoid wasp Pollination Bees crops pollinated Bumblebee Honey bee western Beetles Flies Lepidoptera Products Beekeeping Bee pollen Beeswax Honey Propolis Royal jelly Other insects Carmine / Cochineal Polish Chitin Kermes Sericulture Silk Lac / Shellac Model organism Drosophila melanogaster Harmful insects Crop pests Aphid Boll weevil Colorado potato beetle Cottony cushion scale Japanese beetle Locust Phylloxera Western corn rootworm Livestock pests Botfly Horn fly Horse - fly Screwworm fly Tsetse fly Warble fly Biting / stinging Insect bites and stings Insect sting allergy Bed bug Bee sting Flea Horse - fly Louse Mosquito Wasp Wood - eating Deathwatch beetle Furniture beetle House longhorn beetle Termite Woodworm Other pests Home - stored product entomology Clothes moth Cockroach Housefly Pioneers Jan Swammerdam Alfred Russel Wallace Jean - Henri Fabre Hans Zinsser ( Rats , Lice and History ) Lafcadio Hearn ( Insect Literature ) Related Living things in culture Arthropods Birds Fish Fungi Mammals Microbes Molluscs Reptiles Plants Zoomusicology Taxon identifiers Wikidata : Q166111 Wikispecies : Musca domestica ADW : Musca_domestica ARKive : musca - domestica BioLib : 122031 BugGuide : 39559 EoL : 730039 EPPO : MUSCDO Fauna Europaea : 139171 GBIF : 1524843 iNaturalist : 120156 IRMNG : 10710381 ITIS : 150251 NBN : NBNSYS0000030722 NCBI : 7370 NZOR : a7045d3b - 97aa - 4413 - a95e - 176a9e9ef2b3 WoRMS : 987769 GND : 4183816 - 6 LCCN : sh85062571 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Housefly&oldid=850569470 '' Categories : Cosmopolitan arthropods Household pest insects Flies and humans Insect vectors of human pathogens Insects described in 1758 Insects in culture Muscidae Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list Use dmy dates from January 2018 Good articles Articles with ' species ' microformats Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies አማርኛ Asturianu Atikamekw Azərbaycanca Башҡортса Беларуская Български Català Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Deitsch Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa Interlingua ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پښتو Picard Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray 中文 62 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 17 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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what is the young one of housefly called

The female housefly usually mates only once and stores the sperm for later use . She lays batches of about 100 eggs on decaying organic matter such as food waste , carrion , or faeces . These soon hatch into legless white larvae , known as maggots . After 2 to 5 days of development , these metamorphose into reddish - brown pupae , about 8 mm ( 0.3 in ) long . Adult flies normally live for 2 to 4 weeks , but can hibernate during the winter . The adults feed on a variety of liquid or semiliquid substances , as well as solid materials which have been softened by their saliva . They can carry pathogens on their bodies and in their faeces , contaminate food , and contribute to the transfer of food - borne illnesses , while , in numbers , they can be physically annoying . For these reasons , they are considered pests .

List of Solar System objects by size - wikipedia List of Solar System objects by size Jump to : navigation , search Solar System Objects by orbit by size by discovery date Lists Gravitationally - rounded ( equilibrium ) objects Possible dwarf planets Moons ( natural satellites ) Minor planets Comets Asteroids Solar System portal Star portal This is a partial list of Solar System objects by size , arranged in descending order of mean volumetric radius , and subdivided into several size classes . These lists can also be sorted according to an object 's mass and , for the largest objects , volume , density and surface gravity , insofar as these values are available . This list contains the Sun , the planets , dwarf planets , many of the larger small Solar System bodies ( which includes the asteroids ) , all named natural satellites , and a number of smaller objects of historical or scientific interest , such as comets and near - Earth objects . The ordering may be different depending on whether one chooses radius or mass , because some objects are denser than others . For instance , Uranus is larger than Neptune but less massive , and although Ganymede and Titan are larger than Mercury , they have less than half Mercury 's mass . This means some objects in the lower tables , despite their smaller radii , may be more massive than objects in the upper tables because they have a higher density . Many trans - Neptunian objects ( TNOs ) have been discovered , and their approximate locations in this list are shown , even though there can be a large uncertainty in their measurement . Solar System objects more massive than 10 kilograms ( one yottagram ( Yg ) ) are known or expected to be approximately spherical . Astronomical bodies relax into rounded shapes ( ellipsoids ) , achieving hydrostatic equilibrium , when the gravity of their mass is sufficient to overcome the structural strength of their material . Objects made of ice become round more easily than those made of rock , and many icy objects are spheroidal at far lower sizes . The cutoff boundary for roundness is somewhere between 100 km and 200 km in radius . The larger objects in the mass range between 10 kg to 10 kg ( 1 to 1000 zettagrams ( Zg ) ) , such as Tethys , Ceres , and Mimas , have relaxed to an oblate - spheroid equilibrium due to their gravity , whereas the less massive rubble piles ( e.g. Amalthea and Janus ) are roughly rounded , but not spherical , dubbed `` irregular '' . Spheroidal bodies typically have some polar flattening due to the centrifugal force from their rotation , and can sometimes even have quite different equatorial diameters ( scalene ellipsoids such as Haumea ) . Unlike bodies such as Haumea , the irregular bodies deviate significantly from the shape of an ellipsoid . There can be difficulty in determining the diameter ( within a factor of about 2 ) for typical objects beyond Saturn . ( See 2060 Chiron as an example . ) For TNOs there is some confidence in the diameters , but for non-binary TNOs there is no real confidence in the masses / densities . Many TNOs are often just assumed to have Pluto 's density of 2.0 g / cm , but it is just as likely that they have a comet - like density of only 0.5 g / cm . For example , if a TNO is poorly assumed to have a mass of 3.59 × 10 kg based on a radius of 350 km with a density of 2 g / cm and is later discovered to only have a radius of 175 km with a density of 1 g / cm , the mass estimate would be only 2.24 × 10 kg . The sizes and masses of many of the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are fairly well known due to numerous observations and interactions of the Galileo and Cassini orbiters . But many of the moons with a radius less than ~ 100 km , such as Jupiter 's Himalia , still have unknown masses . Again , as we get further from the Sun than Saturn , things get less clear . There has not yet been an orbiter around Uranus or Neptune for long - term study of their moons . For the small outer irregular moons of Uranus , such as Sycorax , which were not discovered by the Voyager 2 flyby , even different NASA web pages , such as the National Space Science Data Center and JPL Solar System Dynamics , have somewhat contradictory size and albedo estimates depending on which research paper is being cited . Data for objects has varying reliability including uncertainties in the figures for mass and radius , and irregularities in the shape and density , with accuracy often depending on how close it is to Earth or whether it has been visited by a probe . Contents ( hide ) 1 Graphical overview 2 List of objects by radius 2.1 Larger than 400 km 2.2 From 200 to 400 km 2.3 From 100 to 200 km 2.4 From 50 to 100 km 2.5 From 20 to 50 km 2.6 From 1 to 20 km 2.7 Below 1 km 3 Surface gravity 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Graphical Overview ( edit ) Relative sizes of the fifty largest bodies in the Solar System , colored by orbital region . Values are diameters in kilometers . Relative masses of the bodies of the Solar System . Objects smaller than Saturn are not visible at this scale . Relative masses of the Solar planets . Jupiter at 71 % of the total and Saturn at 21 % dominate the system . Mercury is not visible at this scale . Relative masses of the solid bodies of the Solar System . Earth at 48 % and Venus at 39 % dominate . Bodies less massive than Pluto are not visible at this scale . Relative masses of the rounded moons of the Solar System . Mimas , Enceladus , and Miranda are too small to be visible at this scale . List of objects by radius ( edit ) Larger than 400 km ( edit ) It was once expected that any icy body larger than approximately 200 km in radius was likely to be in hydrostatic equilibrium ( HE ) . However , Rhea is the smallest body where detailed measurements have been made and are consistent with hydrostatic equilibrium , whereas Iapetus is the largest determined not to be in hydrostatic equilibrium , bracketing a radius of 750 km . For simplicity and comparative purposes , the values are manually calculated assuming a sphericity of 1 . The size of solid bodies does not include an object 's atmosphere . For example , Titan looks bigger than Ganymede , but its solid body is smaller . For the giant planets , the `` radius '' is the point at which the atmosphere reaches 1 bar of atmospheric pressure . The radius of Saturn 's main rings is 136,775 km . Body Image Radius Volume Mass Density Gravity Type Shape # ( km ) ( R ) ( 10 km ) ( V ) ( 10 kg ) ( M ) ( g / cm ) ( m / s ) ( ⊕ ) Sun 7005696342000000000 ♠ 696 342 ± 65 109.3 1,414,300,000 1,305,700 1,988,550,000 333,000 1.408 274.0 27.94 star round ( HE ) Jupiter 7004699110000000000 ♠ 69 911 ± 6 10.97 1,431,280 1,321 1,898,600 317.83 1.326 24.79 2.528 planet ( gas giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Saturn 7004582320000000000 ♠ 58 232 ± 6 ( w / o rings ) 9.140 827,130 764 568,460 95.162 0.687 10.445 1.065 planet ( gas giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Uranus 7004253620000000000 ♠ 25 362 ± 7 3.981 68,340 63.1 86,832 14.536 1.27 8.69 0.90 planet ( ice giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Neptune 7004246220000000000 ♠ 24 622 ± 19 3.865 62,540 57.7 102,430 17.147 1.638 11.15 1.137 planet ( ice giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) 5 Earth 7003637100000000000 ♠ 6371. 0 ± 0.01 1,083.21 5,973.6 5.514 9.80665 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 6 Venus 7003605180000000000 ♠ 6051. 8 ± 1.0 ( w / o gas ) 0.9499 928.43 0.857 4,868.5 0.815 5.243 8.872 0.905 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 7 Mars 7003338950000000000 ♠ 3389. 5 ± 0.2 0.5320 163.18 0.151 641.85 0.107 3.9335 ± 0.0004 3.7 0.38 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 8 Ganymede Jupiter III 7003263410000000000 ♠ 2634. 1 ± 0.3 0.4135 76.30 0.0704 148.2 0.0248 1.936 1.428 0.15 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 9 Titan Saturn VI 7003257600000000000 ♠ 2576 ± 2 ( w / o gas ) 0.4043 71.52 0.0660 134.5 0.0225 1.8798 ± 0.0044 1.354 0.14 moon of Saturn round ( HE ) 10 Mercury 7003243969999999999 ♠ 2439. 7 ± 1.0 0.3829 60.83 0.0562 330.2 0.0553 5.427 3.7 0.38 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 11 Callisto Jupiter IV 7003241030000000000 ♠ 2410. 3 ± 1.5 0.3783 58.65 0.0541 107.6 0.018 1.8344 ± 0.0034 1.23603 0.126 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 12 Io Jupiter I 7003182160000000000 ♠ 1821. 6 ± 0.5 0.2859 25.32 0.0234 89.3 0.015 3.528 ± 0.006 1.797 0.183 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 13 Moon Earth I 7003173710000000000 ♠ 1737. 1 0.2727 21.958 0.0203 73.5 0.0123 3.3464 1.625 0.166 moon of Earth round ( HE ) 14 Europa Jupiter II 7003156080000000000 ♠ 1560. 8 ± 0.5 0.2450 15.93 0.0147 48 0.008035 3.013 ± 0.005 1.316 0.134 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 15 Triton Neptune I 7003135340000000000 ♠ 1353. 4 ± 0.9 0.2124 10.38 0.0096 21.5 0.003599 2.061 0.782 0.0797 moon of Neptune round ( HE ) 16 Pluto 134340 7003118600000000000 ♠ 1186 ± 2 0.186 6.95 0.0064 13.105 0.0022 1.87 ± 0.02 0.61 0.062 dwarf planet ; plutino ; multiple round ( HE ) 17 Eris 136199 7003116300000000000 ♠ 1163 ± 6 0.1825 6.59 0.006 16.7 0.0028 2.52 ± 0.05 0.659 0.0672 dwarf planet ; SDO ; binary round ( HE ) 18 Titania Uranus III 7002788400000000000 ♠ 788.4 ± 0.6 0.1237 2.06 0.0019 3.526 0.00059 1.711 ± 0.005 0.378 0.0385 moon of Uranus round 19 2007 OR 225088 7002767000000000000 ♠ 767 + 38 − 113 0.1200 1.88 0.0017 resonant KBO ( 3 : 10 ) unknown 20 Rhea Saturn V 7002763800000000000 ♠ 763.8 ± 1.0 0.1199 1.87 0.0017 2.3166 0.00039 1.236 ± 0.005 0.26 0.027 moon of Saturn round ( HE , disputed ) 21 Oberon Uranus IV 7002761400000000000 ♠ 761.4 ± 2.6 0.1195 1.85 0.0017 3.014 0.0005 1.63 ± 0.05 0.347 0.035 moon of Uranus round 22 Iapetus Saturn VIII 7002734500000000000 ♠ 734.5 ± 2.8 0.1153 1.55 0.0014 1.9739 0.00033 1.088 ± 0.013 0.223 0.0227 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 23 Makemake 136472 7002715000000000000 ♠ 715 + 19 − 11 0.112 1.7 . 0016 2.3 ± 0.9 dwarf planet ; cubewano round 24 Haumea 136108 7002620000000000000 ♠ 620 + 34 − 29 0.097 1.3 -- 1.6 0.001 4.006 0.00067 2.55 0.44 0.045 dwarf planet ; resonant KBO ( 7 : 12 ) ; trinary round ( scalene ellipsoid ) 25 Charon Pluto I 7002606000000000000 ♠ 606 ± 3 0.0951 0.87 0.0008 1.52 0.00025 1.702 ± 0.021 0.279 0.028 moon of Pluto round 26 Umbriel Uranus II 7002584700000000000 ♠ 584.7 ± 2.8 0.0918 0.84 0.0008 1.2 0.00020 1.39 ± 0.16 0.234 0.024 moon of Uranus round 27 Ariel Uranus I 7002578900000000000 ♠ 578.9 ± 0.6 0.0909 0.81 0.0007 1.35 0.000226 1.66 ± 0.15 0.269 0.027 moon of Uranus round 28 Dione Saturn IV 7002561400000000000 ♠ 561.4 ± 0.4 0.0881 0.73 0.0007 1.096 0.000183 1.478 ± 0.003 0.232 0.0237 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 29 Quaoar 50000 7002555000000000000 ♠ 555 ± 3 0.0871 1.4 ± 0.1 0.0002 2.2 ± 0.4 0.125 0.0127 cubewano ; binary unknown 30 Tethys Saturn III 7002531100000000000 ♠ 531.1 ± 0.6 0.0834 0.624 0.0006 0.6173 0.000103 0.984 ± 0.003 0.145 0.015 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 31 Sedna 90377 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 ± 80 0.0785 sednoid ; detached object unknown 32 Ceres 7002473000000000000 ♠ 473 0.0742 0.433 0.0004 0.939 0.000157 2.17 0.29 0.030 dwarf planet ; belt asteroid round ( HE ) 33 2002 MS 307261 7002467000000000000 ♠ 467 ± 24 0.0733 cubewano unknown 34 Orcus 90482 7002458000000000000 ♠ 458 ± 13 0.0719 2.47 plutino ; binary unknown 35 Salacia 120347 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 ± 23 0.0667 0.45 ± ? 1.16 + 0.59 − 0.36 cubewano ; binary unknown 36 Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Jupiter I '' for Io ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Given as surface gravity ( 1 bar for gaseous planets ) Ranking by radius of the largest bodies in the Solar System , may not reflect the latest updates of measured radii star giant planet terrestrial planet the Moon , moon of Earth moon of Jupiter moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune moon of Pluto From 200 to 400 km ( edit ) All imaged icy moons except Proteus with radii greater than 200 km are round , although those under 400 km that have had their shapes carefully measured are not in hydrostatic equilibrium . Most asteroids are rockier and less likely to be round ; for example , 10 Hygiea is not , while 2 Pallas and 4 Vesta are borderline . Body Image Radius ( km ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Density ( g / cm ) Type Remarks -- shape Refs r M 2013 FY 27 265 -- 550 -- -- SDO large range of estimated diameters r M 2002 AW 55565 7002384000000000000 ♠ 384 + 20 − 18 -- -- other TNO , detached object -- 2003 AZ 208996 7002385000000000000 ♠ 385 -- -- plutino ; binary -- r M V774104 7002375000000000000 ♠ ~ 375 - - -- - Varda 174567 7002358000000000000 ♠ 358 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 cubewano ; binary -- 2015 RR 245 7002350000000000000 ♠ ~ 350 - - resonant KBO ( 2 : 9 ) -- - Dysnomia Eris I 7002342000000000000 ♠ 342 ± 25 -- -- moon of Eris large range of estimated diameters 100 -- 660 km M 2004 GV 90568 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 ± 40 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2005 RN 145452 7002340000000000000 ♠ 340 ± 40 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2002 UX 55637 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 ± 17 7000125000000000000 ♠ 1.25 6999820000000000000 ♠ 0.82 cubewano ; binary -- 2007 JJ 278361 7002335000000000000 ♠ 335 ± 150 -- -- cubewano -- r M Varuna 20000 7002334000000000000 ♠ 334 + 77 − 43 7000370000000000000 ♠ 3.7 6999990000000000000 ♠ 0.99 cubewano -- M Ixion 28978 7002325000000000000 ♠ 325 + 130 − 110 -- -- plutino -- r M 2007 UK 229762 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ± 40 -- -- SDO -- r M Chaos 19521 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 ± 70 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2010 KZ 39 7002300000000000000 ♠ ~ 300 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2012 VP 113 7002300000000000000 ♠ ~ 300 -- -- sednoid -- r M 2010 RF 43 7002300000000000000 ♠ ~ 300 -- -- SDO -- r M 2005 RM 145451 7002300000000000000 ♠ ~ 300 -- -- SDO -- r M 2001 UR 42301 7002300000000000000 ♠ ~ 300 -- -- SDO -- r M 2002 TC 84522 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 ± 50 -- -- resonant KBO ( 2 : 5 ) -- r M 2002 XV 93 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 ± 10 -- -- plutino -- r M 2003 UZ 455502 7002280000000000000 ♠ ~ 280 -- -- plutino -- r M 2008 ST 291 7002318000000000000 ♠ ~ 318 -- -- SDO -- r M 2010 RE 64 7002280000000000000 ♠ ~ 280 -- -- SDO -- r M 2010 FX 86 7002280000000000000 ♠ ~ 280 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2006 QH 181 7002280000000000000 ♠ ~ 280 -- -- SDO -- r M 2014 UM 472271 7002270000000000000 ♠ ~ 270 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2004 XR 190 7002270000000000000 ♠ ~ 270 -- -- SDO -- r M Vesta 7002262700000000000 ♠ 262.7 ± 0.1 7000259000000000000 ♠ 2.59 7000346000000000000 ♠ 3.46 belt asteroid formerly round ( not in hydrostatic equilibrium : frozen - in ellipsoidal shape and large impact basins ) 2003 VS 84922 7002260000000000000 ♠ 260 ± 20 -- -- plutino -- r M 2004 TY 120348 7002260000000000000 ♠ ~ 260 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2010 VK 201 7002260000000000000 ♠ ~ 260 -- -- cubewano -- r M Pallas 7002256000000000000 ♠ 256 ± 3 7000211000000000000 ♠ 2.11 ± 0.26 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3.0 ± 0.5 belt asteroid uncertain Enceladus Saturn II 7002252100000000000 ♠ 252.1 ± 0.2 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 7000161000000000000 ♠ 1.61 moon of Saturn round ( not in hydrostatic equilibrium : frozen - in ellipsoidal shape ) r M 2005 UQ 202421 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 ± 40 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2003 QX 113 7002250000000000000 ♠ ~ 250 -- -- SDO -- r M 2014 FC 69 7002250000000000000 ♠ ~ 250 -- -- -- -- r M 2002 WC 119979 7002245000000000000 ♠ 245 -- -- twotino ; binary -- r M 2010 EK 471143 7002240000000000000 ♠ 240 ± 70 -- -- SDO -- r M Miranda Uranus V 7002235800000000000 ♠ 235.8 ± 0.7 6999660000000000000 ♠ 0.66 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 moon of Uranus round r M 2005 TB 145480 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 ± 30 -- -- detached object -- r M 1999 DE 26375 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 ± 20 -- -- resonant KBO ( 2 : 5 ) -- r M 2003 FY 120132 7002230000000000000 ♠ 230 ± 10 -- -- SDO -- r M Huya 38628 7002229000000000000 ♠ 229 ± 5 -- -- plutino -- r M 2002 VR 84719 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 ± 20 -- -- plutino -- r M 2010 TJ 7002220000000000000 ♠ ~ 220 -- -- SDO -- r M 2010 VZ 445473 7002220000000000000 ♠ ~ 220 -- -- SDO -- r M 2011 FW 62 7002220000000000000 ♠ ~ 220 -- -- other TNO -- r M Hygiea 10 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 ± 4 -- -- belt asteroid irregular r M Proteus Neptune VIII 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ± 7 6999440000000000000 ♠ 0.44 7000130000000000000 ♠ ~ 1.3 moon of Neptune irregular r M 2005 QU 303775 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ± 40 -- -- SDO -- r M 2004 NT 444030 7002210000000000000 ♠ 210 ± 40 -- -- cubewano -- r M 1999 CD 469306 7002210000000000000 ♠ ~ 210 -- -- resonant KBO ( 4 : 7 ) -- r M 2004 PF 175113 7002203000000000000 ♠ 203 ± 43 -- -- plutino -- r M 2011 GM 471288 7002201000000000000 ♠ ~ 201 -- -- cubewano -- r M 1998 SN 35671 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 ± 20 -- -- cubewano -- r M 2001 QF 469372 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 ± 20 -- -- plutino -- r M 2000 YW 82075 7002200000000000000 ♠ ~ 200 -- -- SDO -- r M 1996 GQ 26181 7002200000000000000 ♠ ~ 200 -- -- SDO -- r M Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn II '' for Enceladus ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Figures from default source Johnston 's Archive -- List of Known Trans - Neptunian Objects , if otherwise not mentioned in References Legend : belt asteroid moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune Dysnomia , moon of Eris SDO -- scattered disc object cubewano -- classical Kuiper belt object plutino - trans - Neptunian object in Pluto - like orbit From 100 to 200 km ( edit ) This list contains a selection of objects estimated to be between 100 and 200 km in radius ( 200 and 400 km in diameter ) . The largest of these may lie above the boundary for hydrostatic equilibrium , but most are irregular . Most of the trans - Neptunian objects listed with a radius smaller than 200 km have `` assumed sizes based on a generic albedo of 0.09 '' since they are too far away to directly measure their sizes with existing instruments . Mass switches from 10 kg to 10 kg ( Zg ) . Main - belt asteroids have orbital elements constrained by ( 2.0 AU < a < 3.2 AU ; q > 1.666 AU ) according to JPL Solar System Dynamics ( JPLSSD ) . This list is not complete , missing many poorly known TNOs . Body Image Radius ( km ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Type Remarks -- shape Refs r M Mimas Saturn I 7002198200000000000 ♠ 198.2 ± 0.4 7001374900000000000 ♠ 37.49 ± 0.03 satellite of Saturn round ( smallest known body currently known to have an ellipsoidal shape , but not in hydrostatic equilibrium ) r M Vanth Orcus I 7002190000000000000 ♠ 190 ± 50 satellite of Orcus -- M 2010 TY 53 7002183000000000000 ♠ ~ 183 extended centaur -- r M Ilmarë Varda I 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 ± 20 satellite of Varda -- r M 1996 TL 15874 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 ± 10 SDO -- r M Nereid Neptune II 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 ± 30 satellite of Neptune -- r M 2004 XA 230965 7002170000000000000 ♠ 170 ± 60 SDO -- r M 2001 FP 82158 7002166000000000000 ♠ 166 ± 28 SDO -- r M Interamnia 704 7002163000000000000 ♠ 163 ± 1 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 belt asteroid ( F ) irregular shape r M Hiʻiaka Haumea I 7002160000000000000 ♠ 160 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 satellite of Haumea -- M S / ( 225088 ) 1 2007 OR10 I 7002160000000000000 ♠ ~ 160 satellite of 2007 OR10 -- r M 2002 KX 119951 7002159000000000000 ♠ 159 cubewano -- r M Europa 52 7002158000000000000 ♠ 158 ± 4 7001165000000000000 ♠ 16.5 belt asteroid ( C ) irregular shape r M 1995 SN 55 7002150000000000000 ♠ ~ 150 Lost -- centaur or transient TNO -- r M Davida 511 7002145000000000000 ♠ 145 ± 10 7001438000000000000 ♠ 43.8 belt asteroid ( C ) irregular shape r M Sylvia 87 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 ± 5 7001147800000000000 ♠ 14.78 belt asteroid ( outer ) ( X ) ; trinary irregular shape r M Actaea Salacia I 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 ± 10 satellite of 120347 Salacia -- r M Cybele 65 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 ± 6 7001178000000000000 ♠ 17.8 belt asteroid ( outer ) ( C ) irregular shape r M Juno 7002136000000000000 ♠ 136 ± 11 7001267000000000000 ♠ 26.7 belt asteroid ( S ) irregular shape M Hyperion Saturn VII 7002135000000000000 ♠ 135 ± 4 7000558000000000000 ♠ 5.58 satellite of Saturn irregular shape r M Eunomia 15 7002134000000000000 ♠ 134 ± 7 31.2 belt asteroid ( S ) irregular shape r M Camilla 107 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 ± 7 11.2 belt asteroid ( outer ) ( C ) ; binary irregular shape r M Euphrosyne 31 7002128000000000000 ♠ 128 ± 3 6.23 belt asteroid ( C ) irregular shape r M Psyche 16 7002127000000000000 ♠ 127 ± 2 21.9 belt asteroid ( M ) irregular shape r M 2005 RR 145453 7002126000000000000 ♠ 126 cubewano ; Haumea family -- M Sila 79360 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 + 15 − 16 11 cubewano ; binary w / Nunam double classical Kuiper belt object 79360 Sila -- Nunam M Chariklo 10199 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 ± 9 centaur has rings r M 2007 RW 309239 7002124000000000000 ♠ 124 ± 15 TNO -- quasi-satellite of Neptune -- r M Nunam 79360 7002118000000000000 ♠ 118 + 14 − 15 cubewano ; binary w / Sila double classical Kuiper belt object 79360 Sila -- Nunam M Bamberga 324 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 ± 4 10 belt asteroid ( C ) r M Patientia 451 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 ± 5 belt asteroid irregular shape r M 2001 QC 298 7002117000000000000 ♠ 117 + 11 − 12 7001118800000000000 ♠ 11.88 ± 0.14 hot classical ; binary -- M Chiron 2060 or 95P / Chiron 7002116000000000000 ♠ 116 ± 7 centaur has rings r M Thisbe 88 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 ± 6 10.5 belt asteroid ( B ) irregular shape r M Hektor 624 7002113000000000000 ♠ 113 ± 8 10 Jupiter trojan ( L ) ; binary irregular shape r M Ceto 65489 7002112000000000000 ♠ 112 ± 10 5.4 extended centaur ; binary -- r Herculina 532 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 ± 2 belt asteroid ( S ) irregular shape r M Doris 48 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 ± 4 belt asteroid irregular shape r M Eugenia 45 7002107000000000000 ♠ 107 ± 2 5.69 belt asteroid ( F ) ; trinary irregular shape r M Phoebe Saturn IX 7002106500000000000 ♠ 106.5 ± 0.7 7000828999999999999 ♠ 8.29 ± 0.01 satellite of Saturn formerly round r M Amphitrite 29 7002106000000000000 ♠ 106 ± 3 11.8 belt asteroid ( S ) irregular shape r M Bienor 54598 7002105000000000000 ♠ 105 ± 15 centaur -- r M Deucalion 53311 7002105000000000000 ♠ ~ 105 cubewano -- r M Diotima 423 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 ± 3 belt asteroid ( C ) irregular shape r M Egeria 13 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 ± 4 16.3 belt asteroid ( G ) irregular shape r M Fortuna 19 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 ± 6 12.7 belt asteroid ( G ) irregular shape r M Aurora 94 7002102000000000000 ♠ 102 ± 2 belt asteroid irregular shape r M Iris 7 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 ± 5 13.6 belt asteroid ( S ) irregular shape r M Daphne 41 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 ± 5 belt asteroid irregular shape r M Themis 24 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 ± 10 11.3 belt asteroid ( C ) ; Themis family -- r M Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn I '' for Mimas ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Reference column specifically for radius ( r ) and mass ( M ) citations Legend : Jupiter trojan moon of Saturn moon of Neptune moon of Haumea belt asteroid -- types : B C F G M S X From 50 to 100 km ( edit ) This list contains a selection of objects 50 and 100 km in radius ( 100 km to 200 km in average diameter ) . The listed objects currently include most objects in the asteroid belt and moons of the giant planets in this size range , but many newly discovered objects in the outer Solar System are missing , such as those included in the following reference . Asteroid spectral types are mostly Tholen , but some might be SMASS . Body Image Radius ( km ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Type -- remarks Alauda 702 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 ± 2 7000605000000000000 ♠ 6.05 belt asteroid ( C ) ; binary Larissa Neptune VII 7001970000000000000 ♠ 97 ± 3 moon of Neptune Ursula 375 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 ± 2 belt asteroid 2001 QC 298 I 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 + 9 − 10 satellite of 2001 QC Hermione 121 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7000538000000000000 ♠ 5.38 outer belt asteroid ( C ) ; binary Palma 372 7001960000000000000 ♠ 96 ± 2 belt asteroid Metis 9 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 7001113000000000000 ♠ 11.3 belt asteroid Nemesis 128 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 ± 3 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 belt asteroid ( C ) Hebe 6 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 7001128000000000000 ♠ 12.8 belt asteroid ( S ) Pholus 5145 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 ± 8 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 centaur Bertha 154 7001930000000000000 ♠ 93 ± 1 belt asteroid ( C ) Freia 76 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 ± 2 7000650000000000000 ♠ 6.5 outer belt asteroid ; Cybele Elektra 130 7001910000000000000 ♠ 91 ± 6 7000660000000000000 ♠ 6.6 belt asteroid ( G ) ; binary Rhadamanthus 38083 7002100500000000000 ♠ 100.5 1999 HX ; plutino ? Janus Saturn X 7001895000000000000 ♠ 89.5 ± 1.4 7000191200000000000 ♠ 1.912 moon of Saturn Aletheia 259 7001950000000000000 ♠ 95 ± 3 7000597000000000000 ♠ 5.97 belt asteroid Galatea Neptune VI 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 ± 4 7000212000000000000 ♠ 2.12 moon of Neptune Teharonhiawako 88611 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 + 16 − 18 trans - Neptunian object ; cubewano ; primary of Sawiskera Typhon 42355 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 ± 4 trans - Neptunian object ; binary Lachesis 120 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 belt asteroid Winchester 747 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 ± 3 belt asteroid Hilda 153 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7000520000000000000 ♠ 5.2 belt asteroid ; Hildas Namaka Haumea II 7001850000000000000 ♠ ~ 85 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 moon of Haumea Puck Uranus XV 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 ± 2 moon of Uranus Aegle 96 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ± 3 7000509999999999999 ♠ 5.1 belt asteroid Germania 241 7001890000000000000 ♠ 89 ± 4 7000505000000000000 ♠ 5.05 belt asteroid ( C ) Prokne 194 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 ± 3 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 belt asteroid ( C ) Stereoskopia 566 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 outer belt asteroid ; Cybele Amalthea Jupiter V 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ± 2 7000208000000000000 ♠ 2.08 ± 0.15 moon of Jupiter Agamemnon 911 7001830000000000000 ♠ 83 Jupiter trojan Kalliope 22 7001900000000000000 ♠ 90 ± 2 7000809000000000000 ♠ 8.09 belt asteroid ( M ) ; binary Borasisi 66652 7001815000000000000 ♠ 81.5 + 16 − 33 trans - Neptunian object ; cubewano ; binary Siegena 386 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 ± 4 belt asteroid ( C ) Elpis 59 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 ± 3 belt asteroid Diomedes 1437 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 ± 2 7000459999999999999 ♠ 4.6 Jupiter trojan Gyptis 444 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 ± 5 7001125000000000000 ♠ 12.5 belt asteroid ( C ) Aspasia 409 7001880000000000000 ♠ 88 ± 2 7000442000000000000 ♠ 4.42 belt asteroid ( C ) Dido 209 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 ± 5 7000428000000000000 ♠ 4.28 belt asteroid ( C ) Chicago 334 7001840000000000000 ♠ 84 ± 4 belt asteroid ( C ) Hispania 804 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 ± 2 7000994999999999999 ♠ 9.95 belt asteroid ( P ) Eunike 185 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 ± 3 7000409000000000000 ♠ 4.09 belt asteroid Juewa 139 7001810000000000000 ♠ 81 ± 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 belt asteroid S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Makemake I 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 moon of Makemake Io 85 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 belt asteroid Loreley 165 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 ± 4 7000391000000000000 ♠ 3.91 belt asteroid ( C ) Pretoria 790 7001804900000000000 ♠ 80.49 outer belt asteroid ; Cybele Ino 173 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 ± 3 belt asteroid ( C ) Altjira 148780 7002123000000000000 ♠ 123 + 19 − 70 trans - Neptunian object ; cubewano ; binary ; secondary S / 2007 ( 148780 ) 1 Eleonora 354 7001770000000000000 ♠ 77 ± 3 belt asteroid ( S ) Laetitia 39 7001769000000000000 ♠ 76.9 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 belt asteroid Irene 14 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 7000819999999999999 ♠ 8.2 belt asteroid Julia 89 7001740000000000000 ♠ 74 ± 4 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 belt asteroid ( S ) Merapi 536 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 ± 2 belt asteroid Berbericia 776 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 ± 2 belt asteroid Adeona 145 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 ± 3 7000360000000000000 ♠ 3.6 belt asteroid ; Adena Nuwa 150 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 ± 5 7000362000000000000 ♠ 3.62 belt asteroid ( C ) Despina Neptune V 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 ± 3 moon of Neptune Sycorax Uranus XVII 7001750000000000000 ♠ ~ 75 7000229999999999999 ♠ 2.3 moon of Uranus Manwë 385446 7001750000000000000 ♠ ~ 75 resonant KBO ( 4 : 7 ) Pales 49 7001749000000000000 ♠ 74.9 7000269000000000000 ♠ 2.69 belt asteroid ( C ) S / 2007 ( 148780 ) 1 Altjira I 7002111000000000000 ♠ 111 + 17 − 63 trans - Neptunian object ; cubewano ; binary Secondary of 148780 Altjira Lomia 117 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000340000000000000 ♠ 3.4 belt asteroid ( C ) Hypatia 238 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) Sibylla 168 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000342000000000000 ♠ 3.42 belt asteroid ( C ) Emma 283 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000137999999999999 ♠ 1.38 belt asteroid ; binary Nemausa 51 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Dione 106 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( G ) Meliboea 137 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000320000000000000 ♠ 3.2 belt asteroid Massalia 20 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000567000000000000 ♠ 5.67 belt asteroid Isolda 211 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000307000000000000 ♠ 3.07 belt asteroid ( C ) Äneas 1172 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 Jupiter trojan Vibilia 144 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 belt asteroid Princetonia 508 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Helio 895 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( B ) Bononia 361 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( D ) Bertholda 420 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( P ) Minerva 93 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 belt asteroid ( C ) ; trinary Patroclus 617 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 Jupiter trojan ; binary Polyxo 308 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( T ) Melpomene 18 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 belt asteroid Adorea 268 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Dembowska 349 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( R ) Comacina 489 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Hesperia 69 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000275999999999999 ♠ 2.76 belt asteroid ( M ) Alexandra 54 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Pulcova 762 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) ; binary Pabu Borasisi I 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 Secondary of 66652 Borasisi Philomela 196 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( S ) Medea 212 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000264000000000000 ♠ 2.64 belt asteroid Arethusa 95 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000260000000000000 ♠ 2.6 belt asteroid Portia Uranus XII 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 ± 4 7000170000000000000 ♠ 1.7 moon of Uranus Achilles 588 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 Jupiter trojan Wratislavia 690 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Ate 111 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) Eukrate 247 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) Erminia 705 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Papagena 471 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) Phorcys < Ceto I 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 ± 5 7000167000000000000 ♠ 1.67 Satellite of 65489 Ceto Protogeneia 147 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000250000000000000 ♠ 2.5 belt asteroid Menoetius Patroclus I 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 Secondary of 617 Patroclus Desiderata 344 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid ( C ) Lucina 146 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 belt asteroid Lumen 141 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 belt asteroid ( C ) Liguria 356 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 belt asteroid Parthenope 11 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000615000000000000 ♠ 6.15 belt asteroid Lamberta 187 7001700000000000000 ♠ ~ 70 7000237000000000000 ♠ 2.37 belt asteroid ( C ) 1992 QB 15760 54 - 84 cubewano Himalia Jupiter VI 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 ± 10 7000419000000000000 ♠ 4.19 moon of Jupiter -- Himalia group Aurelia 419 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( F ) Dynamene 200 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Flora 8 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000847000000000000 ♠ 8.47 belt asteroid ( S ) ; Flora Boliviana 712 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( X ) Zelinda 654 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Hippo 426 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Aglaja 47 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Thule 279 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( D ) Undina 92 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000210000000000000 ♠ 2.1 belt asteroid ( M ) Anchises 1173 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan Odysseus 1143 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan ( L ) Argentina 469 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ; Cybele Aemilia 159 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000139999999999999 ♠ 1.4 belt asteroid Thia 405 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Marianna 602 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Hestia 46 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000350000000000000 ♠ 3.5 -- 21 belt asteroid Kleopatra 216 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( M ) ; trinary Klymene 104 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 belt asteroid Chloris 410 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Sophrosyne 134 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 belt asteroid Gudrun 328 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000194000000000000 ♠ 1.94 belt asteroid ( S ) Deiphobus 1867 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan Leto 68 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( S ) Panopaea 70 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Sawiskera Teharonhiawako I 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 + 12 − 13 Secondary of 88611 Teharonhiawako Johanna 127 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Adelheid 276 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Iduna 176 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( G ) Xanthippe 156 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( S ) Bellona 28 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Semele 86 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Diana 78 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Myrrha 381 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Henrietta 225 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000183000000000000 ♠ 1.83 belt asteroid ( C ) ; Cybele Elfriede 618 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Artemis 105 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 belt asteroid ( C ) Terpsichore 81 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Astraea 5 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 belt asteroid Galatea 74 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000180000000000000 ♠ 1.8 belt asteroid ( C ) Ornamenta 350 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Tanete 772 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Hedwig 476 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Freda 1093 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Ophelia 171 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) ; Themis Ulla 909 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Paris 3317 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan Pompeja 203 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Makhaon 3063 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 Jupiter trojan 2006 SQ 308933 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 trans - Neptunian object Leda 38 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 belt asteroid Carlova 360 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Brixia 521 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Veritas 490 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ; Veritas family Tisiphone 466 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Kalypso 53 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Alcathous 2241 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan Charybdis 388 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( C ) Circe 34 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 belt asteroid ( C ) Epimetheus Saturn XI 7001580000000000000 ♠ 58 ± 2 6999530400000000000 ♠ 0.5304 moon of Saturn Scheila 596 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Melete 56 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 belt asteroid Antigone 129 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 belt asteroid ; nickel -- iron Victoria 12 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid ( S ) Mnemosyne 57 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Messalina 545 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 belt asteroid Teucer 2797 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan ( L ) Automedon 2920 7001600000000000000 ♠ ~ 60 Jupiter trojan ( L ) Aegina 91 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000139999999999999 ♠ 1.4 belt asteroid ( C ) Siwa 140 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000139999999999999 ♠ 1.4 belt asteroid Tauris 814 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Polyxena 595 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Athamantis 230 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Nestor 659 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 Jupiter trojan Fides 37 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 belt asteroid ( S ) Armida 514 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Thalia 23 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 belt asteroid ( S ) Mandeville 739 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( X ) Harmonia 40 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 belt asteroid ( S ) Eucharis 181 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 belt asteroid ( K ) Hermentaria 346 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Ninina 357 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Marion 506 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Corduba 365 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Atalante 36 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Luscinia 713 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Rollandia 1269 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Eva 164 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Ianthe 98 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 belt asteroid ( C ) Vanadis 240 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Eos 221 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( K ) Hohensteina 788 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Ani 791 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Troilus 1208 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 Jupiter trojan Nausikaa 192 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Ausonia 63 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 belt asteroid ( S ) Leukothea 35 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000110000000000000 ♠ 1.1 belt asteroid ( C ) Kythera 570 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Asterope 233 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( T ) Euforbo 4063 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 Jupiter trojan Antilochus 1583 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 Jupiter trojan Abastumani 1390 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Helga 522 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ; Cybele Andromache 175 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) Kolga 191 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7000108000000000000 ♠ 1.08 belt asteroid ( C ) Gerlinde 663 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Notburga 626 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid Aquitania 387 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Isis 42 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Urania 30 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn I '' for Mimas ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Legend : Jupiter trojan moon of Jupiter moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune moon of Haumea moon of Makemake belt asteroid -- types : C D F G K M P R S T X From 20 to 50 km ( edit ) This list contains a few examples because there are about 589 asteroids in the asteroid belt with a measured radius between 20 and 50 km . Many thousands of objects of this size range have yet to be discovered in the Trans - Neptunian region . The number of digits is not an endorsement of significant figures . The table switches from × 10 kg to × 10 kg ( Eg ) , and many of these mass values are assumed . ( See list of minor planets . ) Body Image Radius ( km ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Type -- notes Refs r M 21 Lutetia 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7003170000000000000 ♠ 1700 belt asteroid ( M ) r 50 Virginia 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 asteroid r M 114 Kassandra 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 belt asteroid ( T ) r M 1021 Flammario 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 asteroid r M 162 Laurentia 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid r M 401 Ottilia 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid r M Thebe Jupiter XIV 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 moon of Jupiter r M 148 Gallia 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7002980000000000000 ♠ 980 belt asteroid ( R ) r M 404 Arsinoe 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( C ) r M 27 Euterpe 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 belt asteroid ( S ) r M 773 Irmintraud 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 asteroid ( D ) r M 62 Erato 7001500000000000000 ♠ ~ 50 7002910000000000000 ♠ 910 belt asteroid ; Themis r M 26 Proserpina 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002900000000000000 ♠ 900 asteroid r M 345 Tercidina 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 belt asteroid ( C ) r M Juliet Uranus XI 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 moon of Uranus r M 58 Concordia 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 asteroid r M 229 Adelinda 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 belt asteroid ( C ) r M 379 Huenna 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002480000000000000 ♠ 480 belt asteroid ( C ) r M 103 Hera 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002790000000000000 ♠ 790 asteroid r M 17 Thetis 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7003120000000000000 ♠ 1200 asteroid r M 143 Adria 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002760000000000000 ♠ 760 belt asteroid r M 109 Felicitas 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002750000000000000 ♠ 750 asteroid r M 100 Hekate 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7003100000000000000 ♠ 1000 asteroid r M 90 Antiope A 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002410000000000000 ♠ 410 asteroid ( C ) ; binary r M 227 Philosophia 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 belt asteroid r M Prometheus Saturn XVI 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002156600000000000 ♠ 156.6 moon of Saturn r M 110 Lydia 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002670000000000000 ♠ 670 asteroid r M Elara Jupiter VII 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 moon of Jupiter ; Himalia group r M 72 Feronia 7001450000000000000 ♠ ~ 45 7002670000000000000 ♠ 670 asteroid r M Echidna Typhon I 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 ± 3 satellite of 42355 Typhon r M Thorondor Manwë I 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 satellite of Manwë r M 60558 Echeclus 174P / Echeclus 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 centaur r M S / 2000 ( 90 ) 1 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid moon of 90 Antiope r M 71 Niobe 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002610000000000000 ♠ 610 asteroid r M 102 Miriam 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M 97 Klotho 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002590000000000000 ♠ 590 asteroid r M 61 Danae 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M Thalassa Neptune IV 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 moon of Neptune r M 122 Gerda 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002570000000000000 ♠ 570 belt asteroid ( S ) r M Pandora Saturn XVII 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002135600000000000 ♠ 135.6 moon of Saturn r M 83 Beatrix 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002560000000000000 ♠ 560 belt asteroid ( X ) r M 32 Pomona 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M Belinda Uranus XIV 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 moon of Uranus r M 115 Thyra 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M Cressida Uranus IX 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 moon of Uranus r M 135 Hertha 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M 84 Klio 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002520000000000000 ♠ 520 asteroid r M 80 Sappho 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M 1001 Gaussia 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M 58534 Logos 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002270000000000000 ♠ 270 Kuiper belt object ; cubewano ; binary r M 124 Alkeste 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 7002470000000000000 ♠ 470 belt asteroid ( S ) r M 55576 Amycus 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 centaur r M 25 Phocaea 7001400000000000000 ♠ ~ 40 asteroid r M Weywot Quaoar I 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 satellite of Quaoar r M 8405 Asbolus 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 centaur r M 112 Iphigenia 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 asteroid r M Rosalind Uranus XIII 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002250000000000000 ♠ 250 moon of Uranus r M Caliban Uranus XVI 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 moon of Uranus r M 99 Dike 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002390000000000000 ♠ 390 asteroid r M 66 Maja 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 asteroid r M 116 Sirona 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 belt asteroid r M 44 Nysa 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002370000000000000 ♠ 370 belt asteroid ( E ) r M 10370 Hylonome 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 centaur r M 77 Frigga 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 asteroid r M 55 Pandora 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 asteroid r M 133 Cyrene 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002310000000000000 ♠ 310 belt asteroid ( S ) r M 79 Eurynome 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 asteroid r M Zoe Logos I 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 satellite of 58534 Logos r M Naiad Neptune III 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 moon of Neptune r M 43 Ariadne 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 asteroid r M 101 Helena 7001350000000000000 ♠ ~ 35 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 asteroid r M 108 Hecuba 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 7002390000000000000 ♠ 390 asteroid r M Desdemona Uranus X 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 moon of Uranus r M Halimede Neptune IX 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 moon of Neptune r M 52975 Cyllarus 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 centaur r M 82 Alkmene 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 asteroid r M 60 Echo 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 asteroid r M Crantor 83982 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 centaur r M Comet Hale -- Bopp C / 1995 O1 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 comet r M Pasiphae Jupiter VIII 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 moon of Jupiter r M 7066 Nessus 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 centaur r M Neso Neptune XIII 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 moon of Neptune r M 64 Angelina 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 belt asteroid ( E ) r M 67 Asia 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 asteroid r M 119 Althaea 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 7002200000000000000 ♠ 200 belt asteroid ( S ) r M 75 Eurydike 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 belt asteroid ( M ) r M 142 Polana 7001300000000000000 ♠ ~ 30 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 belt asteroid ( F ) r M 253 Mathilde 7001264000000000000 ♠ 26.4 7002103300000000000 ♠ 103.3 belt asteroid ( C ) r M 52872 Okyrhoe 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 centaur r M 2014 MU69 486958 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 KBO , cubewano , TNO r M Bianca Uranus VIII 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 moon of Uranus r M Prospero Uranus XVIII 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 moon of Uranus r M Setebos Uranus XIX 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 moon of Uranus r M 123 Brunhild 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 belt asteroid r M 4348 Poulydamas 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 asteroid ; Jupiter Trojan r M 1000 Piazzia 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 belt asteroid r M 113 Amalthea 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 belt asteroid r M Carme Jupiter XI 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7002130000000000000 ♠ 130 moon of Jupiter ; Carme group r M 138 Tolosa 7001250000000000000 ♠ ~ 25 7001990000000000000 ♠ 99 belt asteroid ( S ) r M 126 Velleda 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001940000000000000 ♠ 94 belt asteroid r M 73 Klytia 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001920000000000000 ♠ 92 asteroid r M Sao Neptune XI 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 moon of Neptune r M 125 Liberatrix 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 belt asteroid ( M ) r M Metis Jupiter XVI 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 moon of Jupiter r M 132 Aethra 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 belt asteroid ( M ) r M Ophelia Uranus VII 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001530000000000000 ♠ 53 moon of Uranus r M Laomedeia Neptune XII 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 moon of Neptune r M 118 Peitho 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 belt asteroid r M 208 Lacrimosa 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001739000000000000 ♠ 73.9 belt asteroid ( S ) Koronis r M 136 Austria 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001680000000000000 ♠ 68 belt asteroid ( M ) r M 131 Vala 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001690000000000000 ♠ 69 belt asteroid r M Cordelia Uranus VI 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 moon of Uranus r M Siarnaq Saturn XXIX 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 moon of Saturn r M Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn I '' for Mimas ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Reference column specifically for radius ( r ) and mass ( M ) citations Legend : moon of Jupiter moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune belt asteroid -- types : C D E F M R S T X From 1 to 20 km ( edit ) This list contains only a few examples of objects between 1 and 20 km in radius . Body Image Radius ( km ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Type -- notes Refs r M 167 Urda 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001667000000000000 ♠ 66.7 belt asteroid ; Koronis family ; S - type r M Sinope Jupiter IX 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001760000000000000 ♠ 76 moon of Jupiter r M Psamathe Neptune X 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001370000000000000 ♠ 37 moon of Neptune r M 29P / Schwassmann -- Wachmann 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 comet ; centaur r M Lysithea Jupiter X 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 7001630000000000000 ♠ 63 moon of Jupiter ; Himalia group r M 158 Koronis 7001200000000000000 ♠ ~ 20 belt asteroid ; Koronis family ; S - type r M Hidalgo 944 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 centaur , first to be discovered in 1920 ; historically called asteroid . M Hydra Pluto III 7001190000000000000 ♠ 19 moon of Pluto M Helene Saturn XII , Dione B 7001176000000000000 ♠ 17.6 ± 0.4 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 moon of Saturn ; Dione trojan M Nix Pluto II 7001175000000000000 ♠ 17.5 moon of Pluto M 243 Ida 7001157000000000000 ♠ 15.7 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 belt asteroid ; Koronis family ; S - type ; binary M 1655 Comas Solà 7001153000000000000 ♠ 15.3 ± 1.1 belt asteroid ; B - type M Atlas Saturn XV 7001151000000000000 ♠ 15.1 ± 0.9 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 moon of Saturn M 226 Weringia 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 belt asteroid ; S - type r M 433 Eros 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001669000000000000 ♠ 66.9 Amor / NEA r M Stephano Uranus XX 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 moon of Uranus r M Albiorix Saturn XXVI 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 moon of Saturn r M 1036 Ganymed 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001330000000000000 ♠ 33 NEA r M 1815 Beethoven 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 belt asteroid r M 31824 Elatus 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 centaur r M Perdita Uranus XXV 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 moon of Uranus r M Linus Kalliope I 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001600000000000000 ♠ 60 asteroid moon of 22 Kalliope r Ananke Jupiter XII 7001150000000000000 ♠ ~ 15 7001382000000000000 ♠ 38.2 moon of Jupiter r M Pan Saturn XVIII 7001141000000000000 ♠ 14.1 ± 1.3 7000495000000000000 ♠ 4.95 moon of Saturn Dioretsa 20461 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 ± 3 centaur ; damocloid Phobos Mars I 7001112670000000000 ♠ 11.267 7001107000000000000 ♠ 10.7 moon of Mars r M Telesto Saturn XIII or Tethys B 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Saturn Tethys trojan r M Paaliaq Saturn XX 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000819999999999999 ♠ 8.2 moon of Saturn r M Francisco Uranus XXII 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000720000000000000 ♠ 7.2 moon of Uranus r M Calypso Saturn XIV or Tethys C 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moons of Saturn ; Tethys trojan r M Leda Jupiter XIII 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 moon of Jupiter ; Himalia group r M Ferdinand Uranus XXIV 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 moon of Uranus r M Margaret Uranus XXIII 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000540000000000000 ♠ 5.4 moon of Uranus r M 149 Medusa 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 belt asteroid r M Romulus Sylvia I 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia r M Ymir Saturn XIX 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Saturn r M Trinculo Uranus XXI 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 moon of Uranus r M Cupid Uranus XXVII 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000380000000000000 ♠ 3.8 moon of Uranus r M S / 2004 N 1 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Neptune r M 2002 Euler 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000550000000000000 ♠ 5.5 belt asteroid r M Adrastea Jupiter XV 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 moon of Jupiter r M Kiviuq Saturn XXIV 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Saturn r M 2000 Herschel 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 belt asteroid r M Tarvos Saturn XXI 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Saturn r M S / 2006 ( 624 ) 1 Hektor I 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 asteroid moon of 624 Hektor r M Kerberos Pluto IV 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Pluto r M 2685 Masursky 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 5 -- 11 belt asteroid r M Styx Pluto V 7001100000000000000 ♠ ~ 10 moon of Pluto r M 951 Gaspra 7000610000000000000 ♠ 6.1 ± 0.4 2 -- 3 belt asteroid M ( 65407 ) 2002 RP120 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 7000310000000000000 ♠ 3.1 Damocloid ( retrograde ) & possible ejected SDO r M Bestla Saturn XXXIX 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 moon of Saturn r M Petit - Prince Eugenia I 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 asteroid moon of 45 Eugenia r M Deimos Mars II 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 7000148000000000000 ♠ 1.48 moon of Mars r M Ijiraq Saturn XXII 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 moon of Saturn r M S / 2002 ( 121 ) 1 Hermione I 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 7000160000000000000 ♠ 1.6 asteroid moon of 121 Hermione r M Halley 's Comet 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 comet r S / 2001 ( 107 ) 1 Camilla I 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 7000150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 asteroid moon of 107 Camilla r M Mab Uranus XXVI 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 moon of Uranus r M Erriapus Saturn XXVIII 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 moon of Saturn r M 26858 Misterrogers 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 belt asteroid r M Callirrhoe Jupiter XVII 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 moon of Jupiter r M Themisto Jupiter XVIII 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6999690000000000000 ♠ 0.69 moon of Jupiter r M Remus Sylvia II 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.2 asteroid moon of 87 Sylvia r M S / 2003 ( 379 ) 1 Huenna I 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 asteroid moon of 379 Huenna r M S / 2003 ( 130 ) 1 Elektra I 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 asteroid moon of 130 Elektra r M S / 2004 ( 45 ) 1 Eugenia II 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 asteroid moon of 45 Eugenia r M 118401 LINEAR 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6999230000000000000 ♠ 0.23 main - belt comet r M 4179 Toutatis 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 NEA r M 3200 Phaethon 7000500000000000000 ♠ ~ 5 6999140000000000000 ♠ 0.14 Apollo asteroid ; B - type r M 2P / Encke 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 comet r M C / 1996 B2 Comet Hyakutake 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 comet r M 81P / Wild Wild 2 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 comet r M Polydeuces Saturn XXXIV or Dione C 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 6998300000000000000 ♠ 0.03 moon of Saturn ; Dione trojan r M 17P / Holmes 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 comet r M 5535 Annefrank 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 belt asteroid r M 3753 Cruithne 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 6999130000000000000 ♠ 0.13 Aten asteroid & quasi-satellite of Earth r M ( 285263 ) 1998 QE2 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 NEA ; binary r M 4055 Magellan 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 Amor asteroid ; V - type r M 9969 Braille 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 Mars - crosser asteroid r M 132524 APL 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 belt asteroid r M ( 6178 ) 1986 DA 7000500000000000000 ♠ < 5 6997200000000000000 ♠ 0.002 amor asteroid ; M - type r M Comet Comas Solà 7000420000000000000 ♠ 4.2 Jupiter - family comet M Daphnis Saturn XXXV 7000390000000000000 ♠ 3.9 ± 0.8 6998840000000000000 ♠ 0.084 moon of Saturn r 9P / Tempel 7000279999999999999 ♠ 2.8 6998750000000000000 ♠ 0.075 comet M 2867 Šteins 7000265000000000000 ♠ 2.65 belt asteroid ; E-type M 19P / Borrelly 7000240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 Jupiter - family comet M Pallene Saturn XXXIII 7000222000000000000 ♠ 2.22 ± 0.07 6998429999999999999 ♠ 0.043 moon of Saturn r M Comet Churyumov -- Gerasimenko 7000190000000000000 ♠ 1.9 Jupiter - family comet r M ( 53319 ) 1999 JM 8 7000175000000000000 ♠ 1.75 Apollo asteroid ; PHA M Methone Saturn XXXII 7000145000000000000 ♠ 1.45 ± 0.03 6998190000000000000 ♠ 0.019 moon of Saturn r M Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn I '' for Mimas ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Reference column specifically for radius ( r ) and mass ( M ) citations Legend : moon of Mars moon of Jupiter moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune moon of Pluto Types : Main belt asteroids ; Comets ; NEA : Near - Earth asteroid ; Asteroid moon Below 1 km ( edit ) This list contains only a few examples of objects below 1 km in radius . In the asteroid belt alone there are estimated to be between 1.1 and 1.9 million objects with a radius above 0.5 km , many of which are in the range 0.5 -- 1.0 km . Countless more have a radius below 0.5 km . Very few objects in this size range have been explored or even imaged . The exceptions are objects that have been visited by a probe , or have passed close enough to Earth to be imaged . Radius is by mean geometric radius . Number of digits not an endorsement of significant figures . Mass scale shifts from × 10 to 10 kg , which is 10 grams ( Petagram -- Pg ) . Currently most of the objects of mass between 10 kg to 10 kg ( less than 1000 teragrams ( Tg ) ) listed here are near - Earth asteroids ( NEAs ) . ( See also List of NEAs by distance from Sun . ) 1994 WR has less mass than the Great Pyramid of Giza , 5.9 × 10 kg . For more about very small objects in the Solar System , see meteoroid , micrometeoroid , and interplanetary dust cloud . ( See also Visited / imaged bodies . ) Body Image Radius ( m ) Mass ( 10 kg ) Type -- notes Refs 1620 Geographos 7002885000000000000 ♠ 885 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 NEA Apollo M 1862 Apollo 7002850000000000000 ♠ 850 7000509999999999999 ♠ 5.1 NEA Apollo Q - type r M ( 214869 ) 2007 PA 8 7002800000000000000 ♠ ~ 800 NEA Apollo M 100000 Astronautica 7002800000000000000 ♠ ~ 800 Inner belt asteroid M Dactyl 7002700000000000000 ♠ 700 Moon of 243 Ida r M 1566 Icarus 7002700000000000000 ♠ 700 7000290000000000000 ♠ 2.9 NEA Apollo U-type r M 4769 Castalia 7002700000000000000 ♠ 700 7000130000000000000 ♠ 1.3 NEA Apollo M ( 137108 ) 1999 AN 10 7002650000000000000 ♠ 650 NEA Apollo r M ( 29075 ) 1950 DA 7002600000000000000 ♠ 600 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 NEA Apollo r M ( 66391 ) 1999 KW 4 7002600000000000000 ♠ 600 7000233000000000000 ♠ 2.33 NEA Aten Mercury - crosser r M 46P / Wirtanen 7002600000000000000 ♠ 600 Comet r M 103P / Hartley Hartley 2 7002570000000000000 ♠ 570 ± 80 6999300000000000000 ♠ 0.3 Comet r 3908 Nyx 7002520000000000000 ♠ 520 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 NEA Amor V - type r M 14827 Hypnos 7002450000000000000 ♠ 450 Comet dormant comet M 2062 Aten 7002450000000000000 ♠ 450 6999760000000000000 ♠ 0.76 NEA Aten M 2007 CA 19 7002432000000000000 ♠ 432 7000120000000000000 ♠ 1.2 NEA Apollo r M 6489 Golevka 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 NEA Apollo M 25143 Itokawa 7002346000000000000 ♠ 346 6998358000000000000 ♠ 0.0358 NEA Apollo r M Aegaeon Saturn LIII 7002330000000000000 ♠ 330 ± 60 moon of Saturn r M 2004 XP 14 7002300000000000000 ♠ 300 NEA Apollo r M ( 144898 ) 2004 VD 17 7002290000000000000 ♠ 290 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 NEA Apollo r 101955 Bennu 7002275000000000000 ♠ 275 NEA Apollo PHO ( 308635 ) 2005 YU 55 7002180000000000000 ♠ 180 NEA Apollo PHO M 4660 Nereus 7002165000000000000 ♠ 165 NEA Apollo M ( 357439 ) 2004 BL 86 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.5 NEA Apollo binary r M 99942 Apophis 7002162500000000000 ♠ 162.5 6998500000000000000 ♠ 0.05 NEA Aten PHO S / 2009 S 1 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 moon of Saturn r M 2010 TK 7 7002150000000000000 ♠ 150 Earth trojan Apollo r M 2007 TU 24 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 NEA Apollo PHO M 2002 JE 9 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 NEA Apollo PHO r M 2010 XC 15 7002100000000000000 ♠ 100 NEA Apollo PHO r M 1994 WR 12 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 6997200000000000000 ♠ 0.002 NEA Aten ( 410777 ) 2009 FD 7001650000000000000 ♠ 65 6997280000000000000 ♠ 0.0028 NEA Apollo 2008 HJ 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 6994500000000000000 ♠ 0.000 005 NEA fast rotator , LCDB , ( 43 s ) 367943 Duende 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 NEA r M 1998 KY 26 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 NEA fast rotator ( 10 min ) M Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Saturn LIII '' for Aegaeon ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Reference column specifically for radius ( r ) and mass ( M ) citations Legend : minor - planet moon moon of Saturn NEA : near - Earth asteroid ; Apollo asteroids are a group of NEAs Surface gravity ( edit ) The surface gravity at the equator of a body can in most cases be accurately calculated using Newton 's law of universal gravitation and centrifugal force . The gravitational acceleration at the equator is given by Newton 's law of universal gravitation . The formula that follows from this law is : a g = G m r 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( g ) = G ( \ frac ( m ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where a is the magnitude of the gravitational acceleration G is the gravitational constant m is the mass of the celestial body r is the equatorial radius of the celestial body ( if this varies significantly , the mean equatorial radius is used ) The magnitude of the outward acceleration due to centrifugal force is given by a c = 4 π 2 r T 2 ( \ displaystyle a_ ( c ) = 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) ( \ frac ( r ) ( T ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) where T is the rotation period of the celestial body The surface gravity at the equator is then given by g = a g − a c = G m r 2 − 4 π 2 r T 2 ( \ displaystyle g = a_ ( g ) - a_ ( c ) = ( \ frac ( Gm ) ( r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - ( \ frac ( 4 \ pi ^ ( 2 ) r ) ( T ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Notes ( edit ) Using equatorial radius and assuming body is spherical Using three radii and assuming body is spheroid * Radius is known only very approximately Radius has been determined by various methods , such as optical ( Hubble ) , thermal ( Spitzer ) , or direct imaging via spacecraft Unknown radius , generic assumed albedo of 0.09 Well studied asteroid or moon whose dimensions and mass are very well known . Asteroid sizes and masses taken from James Baer 's ( Bio ) personal website . Mass has been determined by perturbation . For asteroids , see James Baer 's personal website . Note : For many of the well - determined moons , radii were taken from the JPL Solar System Dynamics page . Radius has been determined by an occultation References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brown , M. `` The Dwarf Planets '' . Caltech . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Britt , D.T. ; Consolmagno , G.J. ; Merline , W.J. ( 2006 ) . `` Small Body Density and Porosity : New Data , New Insights '' ( PDF ) . Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVII . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . ^ Jump up to : `` Planetary Satellite Physical Parameters '' . JPL ( Solar System Dynamics ) . 2008 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 16 . Jump up ^ Williams , D.R. ( 2007 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Uranian Satellite Fact Sheet '' . NASA ( National Space Science Data Center ) . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 12 . Jump up ^ Mike Brown , How many dwarf planets are there in the outer solar system ? `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 18 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.C. ( July 2010 ) . `` Sizes , shapes , and derived properties of the saturnian satellites after the Cassini nominal mission '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 208 ( 1 ) : 395 -- 401 . Bibcode : 2010Icar ... 208 ... 395T . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2010.01. 025 . Jump up ^ `` Iapetus ' peerless equatorial ridge '' . Jump up ^ `` Uranus Fact Sheet '' . Jump up ^ Emilio , M. ; Kuhn , J.R. ; Bush , R.I. ; Scholl , I.F. ( 2012 ) . `` Measuring the Solar Radius from Space during the 2003 and 2006 Mercury Transits '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 750 ( 2 ) : 135 . Bibcode : 2012ApJ ... 750 ... 135E . arXiv : 1203.4898 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 750 / 2 / 135 . 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Bibcode : 2013ApJ ... 767L ... 7B . arXiv : 1304.1041 . doi : 10.1088 / 2041 - 8205 / 767 / 1 / L7 . ^ Jump up to : Lacerda , Pedro ; Jewitt , David ( 2006 ) . `` Densities of Solar System Objects from their Rotational Lightcurves '' . The Astronomical Journal . 133 ( 4 ) : 1393 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0612237 . doi : 10.1086 / 511772 . Jump up ^ Fornasier , S. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` TNOs are Cool : A survey of the trans - Neptunian region . VIII . Combined Herschel PACS and SPIRE observations of 9 bright targets at 70 -- 500 μm '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 555 : A15 . arXiv : 1305.0449 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201321329 . Jump up ^ Roatsch Jaumann et al. 2009 , p. 765 , Tables 24.1 -- 2 Jump up ^ `` Agenda - NASA Exploration Science Forum 2015 '' . Jump up ^ Rayman , M.D. ( 28 May 2015 ) . `` Dawn Journal , May 28 , 2015 '' . Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 23 July 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wm . 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Astronomy & Astrophysics. 562 : A85 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 562A ... 85L . arXiv : 1401.5962 . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201322251 . cited data from : Lellouch et al. , 2013 , of estimated diameter of 668 ( + 154 , − 86 ) km Jump up ^ `` 2010 KZ39 '' . IAU Minor Planet Center . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2011 - 08 - 18 . Jump up ^ Fu , R.R. ; Hager , B.H. ; Ermakov , A.I. ; Zuber , M.T. ( 2013 ) . `` Early Viscous Relaxation of Asteroid Vesta and Implications for Late Impact - Driven Despinning '' ( PDF ) . 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 44 : 2115 . Bibcode : 2013LPI ... 44.2115 F. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Asmar , S.W. ; Konopliv , A.S. ; Park , R.S. ; Bills , B.G. ; Gaskell , R. ; Raymond , C.A. ; Russell , C.T. ; Smith , D.E. ; Toplis , M.J. ; Zuber , M.T. ( 2012 ) . `` The Gravity Field of Vesta and Implications for Interior Structure '' ( PDF ) . 43rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . 43 : 2600 . Bibcode : 2012LPI ... 43.2600 A. CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Russell , C.T. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Dawn at Vesta : Testing the Protoplanetary Paradigm '' . Science . 336 ( 6082 ) : 684 -- 686 . Bibcode : 2012Sci ... 336 ... 684R . PMID 22582253 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1219381 . ^ Jump up to : Carry , B. ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Physical properties of ( 2 ) Pallas '' . Icarus . 205 ( 2 ) : 460 . arXiv : 0912.3626 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2009.08. 007 . Jump up ^ Baer , James ; Steven R. Chesley ( 2008 ) . `` Astrometric masses of 21 asteroids , and an integrated asteroid ephemeris '' ( PDF ) . Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy . 100 ( 2008 ) : 27 -- 42 . Bibcode : 2008CeMDA. 100 ... 27B . doi : 10.1007 / s10569 - 007 - 9103 - 8 . Retrieved 11 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` JPL definition of Main - belt Asteroid ( MBA ) '' . JPL Solar System Dynamics . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ragozzine , D. ; Brown , M.E. ( 2009 ) . `` Orbits and Masses of the Satellites of the Dwarf Planet Haumea ( 2003 EL61 ) '' . The Astronomical Journal . 137 ( 6 ) : 4766 -- 4776 . Bibcode : 2009AJ ... 137.4766 R. arXiv : 0903.4213 . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 6256 / 137 / 6 / 4766 . ^ Jump up to : M. Kaasalainen ( 2002 ) . `` Models of Twenty Asteroids from Photometric Data '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 159 ( 2 ) : 369 -- 395 . Bibcode : 2002Icar ... 159 ... 369K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2002.6907 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 23 . Jump up ^ Lim , L ; McConnochie , T ; Belliii , J ; Hayward , T ( 2005 ) . `` Thermal infrared ( 8 ? 13 ? m ) spectra of 29 asteroids : The Cornell Mid-Infrared Asteroid Spectroscopy ( MIDAS ) Survey '' ( PDF ) . Icarus . 173 ( 2 ) : 385 . Bibcode : 2005Icar ... 173 ... 385L . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2004.08. 005 . ^ Jump up to : J. 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Bibcode : 2007Icar ... 191 ... 286G . arXiv : 0704.1523 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2007.04. 004 . Jump up ^ JPL / NASA , 2012 Apr 26 . Cassini Finds Saturn Moon Has Planet - Like Qualities Jump up ^ Ďurech , J. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Physical models of ten asteroids from an observers ' collaboration network '' ( PDF ) . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 465 : 331 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 465 ... 331D . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20066347 . Jump up ^ `` Planetary occultations : 2001 results '' . Jump up ^ F. Marchis ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` Shape , size and multiplicity of main - belt asteroids I. Keck Adaptive Optics survey '' . Icarus . 185 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 63 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 185 ... 39M . PMC 2600456 . PMID 19081813 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.06. 001 . Jump up ^ Karkoschka , Erich ( 2001 ) . `` Voyager 's Eleventh Discovery of a Satellite of Uranus and Photometry and the First Size Measurements of Nine Satellites '' . Icarus . 151 ( 1 ) : 69 -- 77 . Bibcode : 2001Icar ... 151 ... 69K . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6597 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : 566 Stereoskopia ( 1905 QO ) '' ( 2010 - 06 - 24 last obs ) . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Carry , B. ( December 2012 ) , `` Density of asteroids '' , Planetary and Space Science , 73 , pp. 98 -- 118 , Bibcode : 2012P&SS ... 73 ... 98C , arXiv : 1203.4336 , doi : 10.1016 / j. pss. 2012.03. 009 . See Table 1 . Jump up ^ Tedesco ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey ( SIMPS ) '' . IRAS - A-FPA - 3 - RDR - IMPS - V6. 0 . Planetary Data System . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2010 . Retrieved December 29 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Porco , Carolyn C. ; et al. ( March 2003 ) . `` Cassini Imaging of Jupiter 's Atmosphere , Satellites , and Rings '' ( PDF ) . Science . 299 ( 5612 ) : 1541 -- 1547 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299.1541 P. PMID 12624258 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1079462 . Jump up ^ Emelyanov , N.V. ; Archinal , B.A. ; A'hearn , M.F. ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` The mass of Himalia from the perturbations on other satellites '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 438 ( 3 ) : L33 -- L36 . Bibcode : 2005A&A ... 438L ... 33E . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 200500143 . Jump up ^ Michalak , G. ( 2001 ) . `` Determination of asteroid masses '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 374 ( 2 ) : 703 -- 711 . Bibcode : 2001A&A ... 374 ... 703M . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20010731 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Bange , J.F ; A. Bec - Borsenberger ( 1997 ) . `` DETERMINATION OF THE MASSES OF MINOR PLANETS '' ( PDF ) : 169 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Spitale , J.N. ; et al. ( 2006 ) . `` The orbits of Saturn 's small satellites derived from combined historic and Cassini imaging observations '' . The Astronomical Journal . 132 ( 2 ) : 692 -- 710 . Bibcode : 2006AJ ... 132 ... 692S . doi : 10.1086 / 505206 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Alan . `` JPL Small - Body Database Search Engine '' . Jump up ^ Jonathan Amos -- Asteroid Lutetia has thick blanket of debris ( 4 October 2010 ) -- BBC News Archived 12 February 2011 at WebCite Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : 60558 Echeclus ( 2000 EC98 ) '' ( 2008 - 05 - 07 last obs ) . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : 944 Hidalgo ( 1920 HZ ) '' ( 2008 - 05 - 09 last obs ) . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Talbert , Tricia ( 15 July 2015 ) . `` Hydra Emerges from the Shadows '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Horizons '' . Jump up ^ Britt , D.T. ; Yeomans , D.K. ; Housen , K. ; Consolmagno , G. ( 2002 ) . `` Asteroid Density , Porosity , and Structure '' ( PDF ) . Asteroids III . Tucson : University of Arizona : 485 -- 500 . Bibcode : 2002aste. conf ... 485B . Retrieved 2008 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser 1655 Comas Sola '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 . Physical Parameter Table , diameter , 30.57 Jump up ^ F. Marchis ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` A three - dimensional solution for the orbit of the asteroidal satellite of 22 Kalliope '' . Icarus . 165 ( 1 ) : 112 -- 120 . Bibcode : 2003Icar ... 165 ... 112M . doi : 10.1016 / S0019 - 1035 ( 03 ) 00195 - 7 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . ^ Jump up to : Porco , C.C. ; et al. ( 2007 ) . `` Saturn 's Small Inner Satellites : Clues to Their Origins '' . Science . 318 ( 5856 ) : 1602 -- 1607 . Bibcode : 2007Sci ... 318.1602 P. PMID 18063794 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1143977 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Harris , Alan W. ; Delbó , Marco ; Binzel , Richard P. ; Davies , John K. ; Roberts , Julie ; Tholen , David J. ; Whiteley , Robert J. ( 1 October 2001 ) . `` Visible to Thermal - Infrared Spectrophotometry of a Possible Inactive Cometary Nucleus '' . Icarus . 153 ( 2 ) : 332 -- 337 . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2001.6687 -- via ScienceDirect . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Alan . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Alan . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Jump up ^ Veverka , J. ; Belton , M. ; Klaasen , K. ; Chapman , C. ( 1994 ) . `` Galileo 's Encounter with 951 Gaspra : Overview '' . Icarus . 107 : 2 . Bibcode : 1994Icar ... 107 ... 2V . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 1994.1002 . Jump up ^ Using the volume of an ellipsoid of 15x8x8km * an assumed rubble pile density of 0.6 g / cm yields a mass ( m = d * v ) of ~ 3.02 E + 14 kg Jump up ^ `` Comet Hyakutake Home Page ( JPL ) '' ... jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : `` List of Jupiter - Family and Halley - Family Comets '' . University of Central Florida : Physics. 28 July 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser 32P / Comas Sola '' . NASA . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` The Nucleus of Comet 9P / Tempel 1 : Shape & Geology From Two Flybys '' . Jump up ^ Keller , H. ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` E-Type Asteroid ( 2867 ) Steins as Imaged by OSIRIS on Board Rosetta '' . Science . 327 ( 5962 ) : 190 . Bibcode : 2010Sci ... 327 ... 190K . PMID 20056887 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1179559 . Jump up ^ `` 19P / Borrelly - By the Numbers - Planets - NASA Solar System Exploration '' . ^ Jump up to : Thomas , P.C. ; Burns , J.A. ; Tiscareno , M.S. ; Hedman , M.M. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Saturn 's Mysterious Arc - Embedded Moons : Recycled Fluff ? '' ( PDF ) . 44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference . p. 1598 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 21 . Jump up ^ Diane Ainsworth . `` RADAR IMAGES CAPTURE BIG , SLOWLY TUMBLING ASTEROID '' . NASA / JPL Media Relations Office . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ Tedesco , Edward ; Metcalfe , Leo ( April 4 , 2002 ) . `` New study reveals twice as many asteroids as previously believed '' ( Press release ) . European Space Agency . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ Asteroid Data Archive , Archive Planetary Science Institute Jump up ^ `` NASA Radar Images Asteroid 2007 PA8 '' . Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Alan . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Jump up ^ `` Minor Planet No . 100,000 Named for Space Age 50th Anniversary '' . Jump up ^ Alan Chamberlin . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ Lisse , C.M. ; Fernandez ; Reach ; Bauer ; A'Hearn ; Farnham ; et al. ( 2009 ) . `` Spitzer Space Telescope Observations of the Nucleus of Comet 103P / Hartley 2 '' . Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 121 ( 883 ) : 968 -- 975 . Bibcode : 2009PASP ... 121 ... 968L . JSTOR 10.1086 / 605546 . arXiv : 0906.4733 . doi : 10.1086 / 605546 . Jump up ^ Whitman , Kathryn ; Alessandro Morbidelli & Robert Jedicke ( 2006 ) . `` The Size - Frequency Distribution of Dormant Jupiter Family Comets '' . Icarus . 183 : 101 -- 114 . Bibcode : 2006Icar ... 183 ... 101W . arXiv : astro - ph / 0603106 . doi : 10.1016 / j. icarus. 2006.02. 016 . Jump up ^ `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser : 14827 Hypnos ( 1986 JK ) '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ Benner , et al. -- Radar Detection of Near - Earth Asteroids 2062 Aten , 2101 Adonis , 3103 Eger , 4544 Xanthus , and 1992 QN ( 1997 ) Archived 2016 - 03 - 03 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Alan Chamberlin . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . ^ Jump up to : Based on an assumed density of 2.6 g / cm as given at the NASA NEO impact risk page `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . Jump up ^ BBC -- Giant asteroid passes near Earth -- 9 November 2011 Jump up ^ Chamberlin , Alan . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Jump up ^ M.W. Busch ; et al. ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Shape and Spin of Near - Earth Asteroid 308635 ( 2005 YU55 ) From Radar Images and Speckle Tracking '' ( PDF ) . LPI . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Alan Chamberlin . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ ESA ( January 9 , 2013 ) . `` Herschel intercepts asteroid Apophis '' . European Space Agency ( ESA ) . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Scientists Get First Images of Earth Flyby Asteroid '' . NASA / JPL. 2008 - 01 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ NASA -- 1994 WR12 Earth Impact Risk Summary -- 2011 ^ Jump up to : 2009 FD Impact Risk Archived January 11 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : BBC News -- Record spin for newfound asteroid ( 2008 ) Archived February 12 , 2011 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Alan Chamberlin . `` JPL Small - Body Database Browser '' . Ssd.jpl.nasa.gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 02 - 12 . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 04 . Further reading ( edit ) NASA Planetary Data System ( PDS ) Asteroids with Satellites Minor Planet discovery circumstances Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey ( SIMPS ) and IRAS Minor Planet Survey ( IMPS ) SIMPS & IMPS ( V6 , additional , from here ) Asteroid Data Archive ( dead link ) Archive Planetary Science Institute External links ( edit ) Planetary fact sheets Asteroid fact sheet All ( known ) Bodies in the Solar System Larger than 200 Miles in Diameter -- in an image , put side - by - side . Size comparison of asteroids and comets visited by space probe ( Parent article of image at The Planetary Society ) Scaled Solar System montage at TPS Blog ( hide ) The Solar System The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons 1 Terrestrial ( Moon ) Other near - Earth objects 2 Martian Phobos Deimos 69 Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 62 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 27 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 14 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 5 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx 2 Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka 1 Makemakean ( S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 ) 1 Eridian ( Dysnomia ) Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - crossers Venus - crossers Venus trojans Near - Earth objects Earth - crossers Earth trojans Mars - crossers Mars trojans Asteroid belt Asteroids first discovered : Ceres Pallas Juno Vesta Families Notable asteroids Kirkwood gap Main - belt comets Jupiter trojans Jupiter - crossers Centaurs Saturn - crossers Uranus trojans Uranus - crossers Neptune trojans Cis - Neptunian objects Trans - Neptunian objects Neptune - crossers Plutoids Kuiper belt Plutinos Cubewanos Scattered disc Detached objects Sednoids Hills cloud Oort cloud Hypothetical objects Vulcan Vulcanoids Phaeton Planet V Theia Fifth giant Planets beyond Neptune Tyche Nemesis Planet Nine Exploration ( outline ) Discovery Astronomy Timeline Spaceflight Robotic spacecraft Human spaceflight Colonization List of probes Timeline Mercury Venus Moon Mars Ceres Asteroids Mining Comets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Deep space Outline of the Solar System Portals Solar System Astronomy Earth sciences Mars Jupiter Uranus Cosmology Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Pisces -- Cetus Supercluster Complex → Observable universe → Universe Each arrow ( → ) may be read as `` within '' or `` part of '' . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Solar_System_objects_by_size&oldid=807333248 '' Categories : Lists of Solar System objects Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2016 Webarchive template webcite links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская Български Boarisch Deutsch Euskara فارسی 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Latina Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Tagalog Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2017 , at 09 : 08 . 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largest moon in the solar system compared to earth

Body Image Radius Volume Mass Density Gravity Type Shape # ( km ) ( R ) ( 10 km ) ( V ) ( 10 kg ) ( M ) ( g / cm ) ( m / s ) ( ⊕ ) Sun 7005696342000000000 ♠ 696 342 ± 65 109.3 1,414,300,000 1,305,700 1,988,550,000 333,000 1.408 274.0 27.94 star round ( HE ) Jupiter 7004699110000000000 ♠ 69 911 ± 6 10.97 1,431,280 1,321 1,898,600 317.83 1.326 24.79 2.528 planet ( gas giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Saturn 7004582320000000000 ♠ 58 232 ± 6 ( w / o rings ) 9.140 827,130 764 568,460 95.162 0.687 10.445 1.065 planet ( gas giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Uranus 7004253620000000000 ♠ 25 362 ± 7 3.981 68,340 63.1 86,832 14.536 1.27 8.69 0.90 planet ( ice giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) Neptune 7004246220000000000 ♠ 24 622 ± 19 3.865 62,540 57.7 102,430 17.147 1.638 11.15 1.137 planet ( ice giant ) ; has rings round ( HE ) 5 Earth 7003637100000000000 ♠ 6371. 0 ± 0.01 1,083.21 5,973.6 5.514 9.80665 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 6 Venus 7003605180000000000 ♠ 6051. 8 ± 1.0 ( w / o gas ) 0.9499 928.43 0.857 4,868.5 0.815 5.243 8.872 0.905 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 7 Mars 7003338950000000000 ♠ 3389. 5 ± 0.2 0.5320 163.18 0.151 641.85 0.107 3.9335 ± 0.0004 3.7 0.38 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 8 Ganymede Jupiter III 7003263410000000000 ♠ 2634. 1 ± 0.3 0.4135 76.30 0.0704 148.2 0.0248 1.936 1.428 0.15 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 9 Titan Saturn VI 7003257600000000000 ♠ 2576 ± 2 ( w / o gas ) 0.4043 71.52 0.0660 134.5 0.0225 1.8798 ± 0.0044 1.354 0.14 moon of Saturn round ( HE ) 10 Mercury 7003243969999999999 ♠ 2439. 7 ± 1.0 0.3829 60.83 0.0562 330.2 0.0553 5.427 3.7 0.38 planet ( terrestrial ) round ( HE ) 11 Callisto Jupiter IV 7003241030000000000 ♠ 2410. 3 ± 1.5 0.3783 58.65 0.0541 107.6 0.018 1.8344 ± 0.0034 1.23603 0.126 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 12 Io Jupiter I 7003182160000000000 ♠ 1821. 6 ± 0.5 0.2859 25.32 0.0234 89.3 0.015 3.528 ± 0.006 1.797 0.183 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 13 Moon Earth I 7003173710000000000 ♠ 1737. 1 0.2727 21.958 0.0203 73.5 0.0123 3.3464 1.625 0.166 moon of Earth round ( HE ) 14 Europa Jupiter II 7003156080000000000 ♠ 1560. 8 ± 0.5 0.2450 15.93 0.0147 48 0.008035 3.013 ± 0.005 1.316 0.134 moon of Jupiter round ( HE ) 15 Triton Neptune I 7003135340000000000 ♠ 1353. 4 ± 0.9 0.2124 10.38 0.0096 21.5 0.003599 2.061 0.782 0.0797 moon of Neptune round ( HE ) 16 Pluto 134340 7003118600000000000 ♠ 1186 ± 2 0.186 6.95 0.0064 13.105 0.0022 1.87 ± 0.02 0.61 0.062 dwarf planet ; plutino ; multiple round ( HE ) 17 Eris 136199 7003116300000000000 ♠ 1163 ± 6 0.1825 6.59 0.006 16.7 0.0028 2.52 ± 0.05 0.659 0.0672 dwarf planet ; SDO ; binary round ( HE ) 18 Titania Uranus III 7002788400000000000 ♠ 788.4 ± 0.6 0.1237 2.06 0.0019 3.526 0.00059 1.711 ± 0.005 0.378 0.0385 moon of Uranus round 19 2007 OR 225088 7002767000000000000 ♠ 767 + 38 − 113 0.1200 1.88 0.0017 resonant KBO ( 3 : 10 ) unknown 20 Rhea Saturn V 7002763800000000000 ♠ 763.8 ± 1.0 0.1199 1.87 0.0017 2.3166 0.00039 1.236 ± 0.005 0.26 0.027 moon of Saturn round ( HE , disputed ) 21 Oberon Uranus IV 7002761400000000000 ♠ 761.4 ± 2.6 0.1195 1.85 0.0017 3.014 0.0005 1.63 ± 0.05 0.347 0.035 moon of Uranus round 22 Iapetus Saturn VIII 7002734500000000000 ♠ 734.5 ± 2.8 0.1153 1.55 0.0014 1.9739 0.00033 1.088 ± 0.013 0.223 0.0227 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 23 Makemake 136472 7002715000000000000 ♠ 715 + 19 − 11 0.112 1.7 . 0016 2.3 ± 0.9 dwarf planet ; cubewano round 24 Haumea 136108 7002620000000000000 ♠ 620 + 34 − 29 0.097 1.3 -- 1.6 0.001 4.006 0.00067 2.55 0.44 0.045 dwarf planet ; resonant KBO ( 7 : 12 ) ; trinary round ( scalene ellipsoid ) 25 Charon Pluto I 7002606000000000000 ♠ 606 ± 3 0.0951 0.87 0.0008 1.52 0.00025 1.702 ± 0.021 0.279 0.028 moon of Pluto round 26 Umbriel Uranus II 7002584700000000000 ♠ 584.7 ± 2.8 0.0918 0.84 0.0008 1.2 0.00020 1.39 ± 0.16 0.234 0.024 moon of Uranus round 27 Ariel Uranus I 7002578900000000000 ♠ 578.9 ± 0.6 0.0909 0.81 0.0007 1.35 0.000226 1.66 ± 0.15 0.269 0.027 moon of Uranus round 28 Dione Saturn IV 7002561400000000000 ♠ 561.4 ± 0.4 0.0881 0.73 0.0007 1.096 0.000183 1.478 ± 0.003 0.232 0.0237 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 29 Quaoar 50000 7002555000000000000 ♠ 555 ± 3 0.0871 1.4 ± 0.1 0.0002 2.2 ± 0.4 0.125 0.0127 cubewano ; binary unknown 30 Tethys Saturn III 7002531100000000000 ♠ 531.1 ± 0.6 0.0834 0.624 0.0006 0.6173 0.000103 0.984 ± 0.003 0.145 0.015 moon of Saturn round ( not in HE ) 31 Sedna 90377 7002500000000000000 ♠ 500 ± 80 0.0785 sednoid ; detached object unknown 32 Ceres 7002473000000000000 ♠ 473 0.0742 0.433 0.0004 0.939 0.000157 2.17 0.29 0.030 dwarf planet ; belt asteroid round ( HE ) 33 2002 MS 307261 7002467000000000000 ♠ 467 ± 24 0.0733 cubewano unknown 34 Orcus 90482 7002458000000000000 ♠ 458 ± 13 0.0719 2.47 plutino ; binary unknown 35 Salacia 120347 7002425000000000000 ♠ 425 ± 23 0.0667 0.45 ± ? 1.16 + 0.59 − 0.36 cubewano ; binary unknown 36 Notes : Name of body , including alternative names using Roman numerals to designate moons ( such as `` Jupiter I '' for Io ) , and numbers to designate minor planets Mean radius including uncertainties Given as surface gravity ( 1 bar for gaseous planets ) Ranking by radius of the largest bodies in the Solar System , may not reflect the latest updates of measured radii star giant planet terrestrial planet the Moon , moon of Earth moon of Jupiter moon of Saturn moon of Uranus moon of Neptune moon of Pluto

Cuban Missile Crisis - wikipedia Cuban Missile Crisis This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 August 2018 . `` Missile Crisis '' redirects here . For the missile crisis in Cyprus , see Cypriot S - 300 crisis . Cuban Missile Crisis Part of the Cold War Date October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ( naval blockade of Cuba ended November 20 ) Location Cuba Result Withdrawal of the Soviet Union 's nuclear missiles from Cuba Withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy Agreement with the Soviet Union that the United States would never invade Cuba without direct provocation Creation of a nuclear hotline between the United States and the Soviet Union Belligerents Soviet Union Cuba Supported by : Warsaw Pact United States Italy Turkey Supported by : NATO Commanders and leaders Nikita Khrushchev Anastas Mikoyan Rodion Malinovsky Issa Pliyev Georgy Abashvili Fidel Castro Raúl Castro Che Guevara John F. Kennedy Robert McNamara Maxwell D. Taylor Curtis LeMay George Whelan Anderson Jr . Robert F. Kennedy Amintore Fanfani Giulio Andreotti Cemal Gürsel Casualties and losses 64 Soviet citizens dead ( statistics of the MoD of the RF for 1962 -- 1964 ) 1 U-2 spy aircraft lost 1 aircraft damaged 1 killed The Cuban Missile Crisis , also known as the October Crisis of 1962 ( Spanish : Crisis de Octubre ) , the Caribbean Crisis ( Russian : Карибский кризис , tr . Karibsky krizis , IPA : ( kɐˈrjipskjɪj ˈkrjizjɪs ) ) , or the Missile Scare , was a 13 - day ( October 16 -- 28 , 1962 ) confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning American ballistic missile deployment in Italy and Turkey with consequent Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba . The confrontation is often considered the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full - scale nuclear war . In response to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961 and the presence of American Jupiter ballistic missiles in Italy and Turkey , Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev agreed to Cuba 's request to place nuclear missiles on the island to deter a future invasion . An agreement was reached during a secret meeting between Khrushchev and Fidel Castro in July 1962 , and construction of a number of missile launch facilities started later that summer . The 1962 United States elections were under way , and the White House had for months denied charges that it was ignoring dangerous Soviet missiles 90 miles ( 140 km ) from Florida . The missile preparations were confirmed when an Air Force U-2 spy plane produced clear photographic evidence of medium - range ( SS - 4 ) and intermediate - range ( R - 14 ) ballistic missile facilities . The U.S. established a naval blockade on October 22 to prevent further missiles from reaching Cuba ; Oval Office tapes during the crisis revealed that Kennedy had also put the blockade in place as an attempt to provoke Soviet - backed forces in Berlin as well . The U.S. announced that they would not permit offensive weapons to be delivered to Cuba and demanded that the weapons already in Cuba be dismantled and returned to the Soviet Union . After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well . When all offensive missiles and Ilyushin Il - 28 light bombers had been withdrawn from Cuba , the blockade was formally ended on November 21 , 1962 . The negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union pointed out the necessity of a quick , clear , and direct communication line between Washington and Moscow . As a result , the Moscow -- Washington hotline was established . A series of agreements reduced U.S. -- Soviet tensions for several years until both parties began to build their nuclear arsenal even further . Contents 1 Earlier U.S. actions 2 Balance of power 3 Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba 4 Missiles reported 4.1 Aerial images find Soviet missiles 4.2 President notified 4.3 Responses considered 5 Operational plans 6 Blockade 6.1 Speech to the nation 6.2 Crisis deepens 6.3 International response 6.4 Soviet broadcast 6.5 U.S. alert level raised 6.6 Blockade challenged 6.7 Stalemate 7 Secret negotiations 7.1 Crisis continues 7.2 Drafting response 7.3 Nuclear launch - averted 8 Crisis ends 9 Aftermath 9.1 Soviet leadership 9.2 Cuban leadership 9.3 US leadership 9.4 Human casualties 10 Later revelations 11 In popular culture 11.1 Media representations 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References 15 Further reading 15.1 Historiography 15.2 Primary sources 15.3 Lesson plans 16 External links Earlier US actions ( edit ) With the end of World War II and the start of the Cold War , the United States had grown concerned about the expansion of communism . A Latin American country openly allying with the Soviet Union was regarded by the U.S. as unacceptable . It would , for example , defy the Monroe Doctrine , a U.S. policy limiting U.S. involvement in European colonies and European affairs but holding that the Western Hemisphere was in the U.S. sphere of influence . The Kennedy administration had been publicly embarrassed by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in May 1961 , which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA - trained forces of Cuban exiles . Afterward , former President Dwight Eisenhower told Kennedy that `` the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do . '' The half - hearted invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and , as one Soviet adviser wrote , `` too young , intellectual , not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations ... too intelligent and too weak . '' U.S. covert operations against Cuba continued in 1961 with the unsuccessful Operation Mongoose . In addition , Khrushchev 's impression of Kennedy 's weaknesses was confirmed by the President 's response during the Berlin Crisis of 1961 , particularly to the building of the Berlin Wall . Speaking to Soviet officials in the aftermath of the crisis , Khrushchev asserted , `` I know for certain that Kennedy does n't have a strong background , nor , generally speaking , does he have the courage to stand up to a serious challenge . '' He also told his son Sergei that on Cuba , Kennedy `` would make a fuss , make more of a fuss , and then agree . '' In January 1962 , U.S. Army General Edward Lansdale described plans to overthrow the Cuban government in a top - secret report ( partially declassified 1989 ) , addressed to Kennedy and officials involved with Operation Mongoose . CIA agents or `` pathfinders '' from the Special Activities Division were to be infiltrated into Cuba to carry out sabotage and organization , including radio broadcasts . In February 1962 , the US launched an embargo against Cuba , and Lansdale presented a 26 - page , top - secret timetable for implementation of the overthrow of the Cuban government , mandating guerrilla operations to begin in August and September . `` Open revolt and overthrow of the Communist regime '' would occur in the first two weeks of October . Balance of power ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When Kennedy ran for president in 1960 , one of his key election issues was an alleged `` missile gap '' with the Soviets leading . In fact , the US led the Soviets by a wide margin that would only increase . In 1961 , the Soviets had only four intercontinental ballistic missiles ( R - 7 Semyorka ) . By October 1962 , they may have had a few dozen , with some intelligence estimates as high as 75 . The U.S. , on the other hand , had 170 ICBMs and was quickly building more . It also had eight George Washington - and Ethan Allen - class ballistic missile submarines , with the capability to launch 16 Polaris missiles , each with a range of 2,500 nautical miles ( 4,600 km ) . Khrushchev increased the perception of a missile gap when he loudly boasted to the world that the Soviets were building missiles `` like sausages '' but Soviet missiles ' numbers and capabilities actually were nowhere close to his assertions . The Soviet Union had medium - range ballistic missiles in quantity , about 700 of them , but they were very unreliable and inaccurate . The US had a considerable advantage in total number of nuclear warheads ( 27,000 against 3,600 ) and in the technology required for their accurate delivery . The US also led in missile defensive capabilities , naval and air power ; but the Soviets had a 2 -- 1 advantage in conventional ground forces , more pronounced in field guns and tanks , particularly in the European theater . Soviet deployment of missiles in Cuba ( edit ) In May 1961 , Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev was persuaded by the idea of countering the US 's growing lead in developing and deploying strategic missiles by placing Soviet intermediate - range nuclear missiles in Cuba , despite the misgivings of the Soviet Ambassador in Havana , Alexandr Ivanovich Alexeyev , who argued that Castro would not accept the deployment of the missiles . Khrushchev faced a strategic situation in which the US was perceived to have a `` splendid first strike '' capability that put the Soviet Union at a huge disadvantage . In 1962 , the Soviets had only 20 ICBMs capable of delivering nuclear warheads to the US from inside the Soviet Union . The poor accuracy and reliability of the missiles raised serious doubts about their effectiveness . A newer , more reliable generation of ICBMs would become operational only after 1965 . Therefore , Soviet nuclear capability in 1962 placed less emphasis on ICBMs than on medium and intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( MRBMs and IRBMs ) . The missiles could hit American allies and most of Alaska from Soviet territory but not the Contiguous United States . Graham Allison , the director of Harvard University 's Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs , points out , `` The Soviet Union could not right the nuclear imbalance by deploying new ICBMs on its own soil . In order to meet the threat it faced in 1962 , 1963 , and 1964 , it had very few options . Moving existing nuclear weapons to locations from which they could reach American targets was one . '' A second reason that Soviet missiles were deployed to Cuba was because Khrushchev wanted to bring West Berlin , controlled by the American , British and French within Communist East Germany , into the Soviet orbit . The East Germans and Soviets considered western control over a portion of Berlin a grave threat to East Germany . Khrushchev made West Berlin the central battlefield of the Cold War . Khrushchev believed that if the U.S. did nothing over the missile deployments in Cuba , he could muscle the West out of Berlin using said missiles as a deterrent to western countermeasures in Berlin . If the U.S. tried to bargain with the Soviets after it became aware of the missiles , Khrushchev could demand trading the missiles for West Berlin . Since Berlin was strategically more important than Cuba , the trade would be a win for Khrushchev , as Kennedy recognized : `` The advantage is , from Khrushchev 's point of view , he takes a great chance but there are quite some rewards to it . '' Thirdly , from the perspective of the Soviet Union and of Cuba , it seemed that the United States wanted to increase its presence in Cuba . With actions like attempting to expel Cuba from the Organization of American States , placing economic sanctions on the nation and conducting secret operations on containing communism and Cuba , it was assumed that America was trying to invade Cuba . As a result , to try and prevent this , the USSR would place missiles in Cuba and neutralize the threat . More than 100 US - built missiles having the capability to strike Moscow with nuclear warheads were deployed in Italy and Turkey in 1961 . Khrushchev was also reacting in part to the nuclear threat of obsolescent Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missiles that had been installed by the US in Turkey in April 1962 . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for Khrushchev to display and assert his strict political dominance ; this was a much - needed display after numerous individuals within the Soviet Union began to doubt Khrushchev 's power as they believed that he was appeasing the Americans . Another major reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba was to level the playing field . Before this event , America had the upper hand as they could launch from Turkey and destroy USSR before they would have a chance to react . After the transmission of nuclear missiles , Khrushchev had finally established mutually assured destruction . Mutually assured destruction means that if America decided to launch a nuclear strike against the USSR , the latter would react by launching a nuclear strike against America . Additionally , placing nuclear missiles on Cuba was a way for the USSR to show their support for Cuba and support the people in Cuba whose rights were taken away by the United States , as the latter had become their ally after the Cuban Revolution of 1959 . According to Khrushchev , the Soviet Union 's motives were `` aimed at allowing Cuba to live peacefully and develop as its people desire '' . An indirect reason why Khrushchev placed missiles on Cuba would be to try and draw the line to how far the Soviet Union can go regarding threatening the United States . Prior to this , there was no clear barrier to how the United States was willing to react , and with new president John F. Kennedy , it was unknown to the Soviet Union to what they can do to manipulate the United States . By placing missiles on Cuba , next to the doorstep of the United States , it would be clear to the extent of which the United States would react . In early 1962 , a group of Soviet military and missile construction specialists accompanied an agricultural delegation to Havana . They obtained a meeting with Cuban leader Fidel Castro . The Cuban leadership had a strong expectation that the U.S. would invade Cuba again and enthusiastically approved the idea of installing nuclear missiles in Cuba . However , according to another source , Castro objected to the missiles deployment that would have made him look like a Soviet puppet , but he was persuaded that missiles in Cuba would be an irritant to the U.S. and help the interests of the entire socialist camp . Also , the deployment would include short - range tactical weapons ( with a range of 40 km , usable only against naval vessels ) that would provide a `` nuclear umbrella '' for attacks upon the island . By May , Khrushchev and Castro agreed to place strategic nuclear missiles secretly in Cuba . Like Castro , Khrushchev felt that a U.S. invasion of Cuba was imminent and that to lose Cuba would do great harm to the communists , especially in Latin America . He said he wanted to confront the Americans `` with more than words ... the logical answer was missiles . '' The Soviets maintained their tight secrecy , writing their plans longhand , which were approved by Marshal of the Soviet Union Rodion Malinovsky on July 4 and Khrushchev on July 7 . From the very beginning , the Soviets ' operation entailed elaborate denial and deception , known as `` maskirovka '' . All the planning and preparation for transporting and deploying the missiles were carried out in the utmost secrecy , with only a very few told the exact nature of the mission . Even the troops detailed for the mission were given misdirection by being told that they were headed for a cold region and being outfitted with ski boots , fleece - lined parkas , and other winter equipment . The Soviet codename was Operation Anadyr . The Anadyr River flows into the Bering Sea , and Anadyr is also the capital of Chukotsky District and a bomber base in the far eastern region . All the measures were meant to conceal the program from both internal and external audiences . Specialists in missile construction under the guise of `` machine operators , '' `` irrigation specialists , '' and `` agricultural specialists '' arrived in July . A total of 43,000 foreign troops would ultimately be brought in . Chief Marshal of Artillery Sergei Biryuzov , Head of the Soviet Rocket Forces , led a survey team that visited Cuba . He told Khrushchev that the missiles would be concealed and camouflaged by palm trees . The Cuban leadership was further upset when in September , the U.S. Congress approved Joint Resolution 230 , which expressed Congress 's resolve to prevent the creation of an externally - supported military establishment . On the same day , the US announced a major military exercise in the Caribbean , PHIBRIGLEX - 62 , which Cuba denounced as a deliberate provocation and proof that the US planned to invade Cuba . The Soviet leadership believed , based on its perception of Kennedy 's lack of confidence during the Bay of Pigs Invasion , that he would avoid confrontation and accept the missiles as a fait accompli . On September 11 , the Soviet Union publicly warned that a US attack on Cuba or on Soviet ships that were carrying supplies to the island would mean war . The Soviets continued the Maskirovka program to conceal their actions in Cuba . They repeatedly denied that the weapons being brought into Cuba were offensive in nature . On September 7 , Soviet Ambassador to the United States Anatoly Dobrynin assured United States Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson that the Soviet Union was supplying only defensive weapons to Cuba . On September 11 , the Telegrafnoe Agentstvo Sovetskogo Soyuza ( Soviet News Agency TASS ) announced that the Soviet Union had no need or intention to introduce offensive nuclear missiles into Cuba . On October 13 , Dobrynin was questioned by former Undersecretary of State Chester Bowles about whether the Soviets planned to put offensive weapons in Cuba . He denied any such plans . On October 17 , Soviet embassy official Georgy Bolshakov brought President Kennedy a personal message from Khrushchev reassuring him that `` under no circumstances would surface - to - surface missiles be sent to Cuba . '' As early as August 1962 , the U.S. suspected the Soviets of building missile facilities in Cuba . During that month , its intelligence services gathered information about sightings by ground observers of Russian - built MiG - 21 fighters and Il - 28 light bombers . U-2 spyplanes found S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 ) surface - to - air missile sites at eight different locations . CIA director John A. McCone was suspicious . Sending antiaircraft missiles into Cuba , he reasoned , `` made sense only if Moscow intended to use them to shield a base for ballistic missiles aimed at the United States . '' On August 10 , he wrote a memo to Kennedy in which he guessed that the Soviets were preparing to introduce ballistic missiles into Cuba . With important Congressional elections scheduled for November , the crisis became enmeshed in American politics . On August 31 , Senator Kenneth Keating ( R - New York ) , who received his information from Cuban exiles in Florida , warned on the Senate floor that the Soviet Union may be constructing a missile base in Cuba . He charged the Kennedy administration of covering up a major threat to the US , thereby starting the crisis . Air Force General Curtis LeMay presented a pre-invasion bombing plan to Kennedy in September , and spy flights and minor military harassment from U.S. forces at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base were the subject of continual Cuban diplomatic complaints to the US government . Map created by American intelligence showing Surface - to - Air Missile activity in Cuba , September 5 , 1962 The first consignment of R - 12 missiles arrived on the night of September 8 , followed by a second on September 16 . The R - 12 was a medium - range ballistic missile , capable of carrying a thermonuclear warhead . It was a single - stage , road - transportable , surface - launched , storable liquid propellant fueled missile that could deliver a megaton - class nuclear weapon . The Soviets were building nine sites -- six for R - 12 medium - range missiles ( NATO designation SS - 4 Sandal ) with an effective range of 2,000 kilometres ( 1,200 mi ) and three for R - 14 intermediate - range ballistic missiles ( NATO designation SS - 5 Skean ) with a maximum range of 4,500 kilometres ( 2,800 mi ) . On October 7 , Cuban President Osvaldo Dorticós Torrado spoke at the UN General Assembly : `` If ... we are attacked , we will defend ourselves . I repeat , we have sufficient means with which to defend ourselves ; we have indeed our inevitable weapons , the weapons , which we would have preferred not to acquire , and which we do not wish to employ . '' Missiles reported ( edit ) The missiles in Cuba allowed the Soviets to target effectively most of the Continental U.S. The planned arsenal was forty launchers . The Cuban populace readily noticed the arrival and deployment of the missiles and hundreds of reports reached Miami . U.S. intelligence received countless reports , many of dubious quality or even laughable , most of which could be dismissed as describing defensive missiles . Only five reports bothered the analysts . They described large trucks passing through towns at night that were carrying very long canvas - covered cylindrical objects that could not make turns through towns without backing up and maneuvering . Defensive missiles could turn . The reports could not be satisfactorily dismissed . A U-2 reconnaissance photograph of Cuba , showing Soviet nuclear missiles , their transports and tents for fueling and maintenance . Aerial images find Soviet missiles ( edit ) The United States had been sending U-2 surveillance over Cuba since the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion . The first issue that led to a pause in reconnaissance flights took place on August 30 , when a U-2 operated by the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command flew over Sakhalin Island in the Soviet Far East by mistake . The Soviets lodged a protest and the US apologized . Nine days later , a Taiwanese - operated U-2 was lost over western China to an SA - 2 surface - to - air missile . US officials were worried that one of the Cuban or Soviet SAMs in Cuba might shoot down a CIA U-2 , initiating another international incident . In a meeting with members of the Committee on Overhead Reconnaissance ( COMOR ) on September 10 , Secretary of State Dean Rusk and National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy heavily restricted further U-2 flights over Cuban airspace . The resulting lack of coverage over the island for the next five weeks became known to historians as the `` Photo Gap . '' No significant U-2 coverage was achieved over the interior of the island . US officials attempted to use a Corona photoreconnaissance satellite to obtain coverage over reported Soviet military deployments , but imagery acquired over western Cuba by a Corona KH - 4 mission on October 1 was heavily covered by clouds and haze and failed to provide any usable intelligence . At the end of September , Navy reconnaissance aircraft photographed the Soviet ship Kasimov , with large crates on its deck the size and shape of Il - 28 jet bomber fuselages . In September 1962 , analysts from the Defense Intelligence Agency ( DIA ) noticed that Cuban surface - to - air missile sites were arranged in a pattern similar to those used by the Soviet Union to protect its ICBM bases , leading DIA to lobby for the resumption of U-2 flights over the island . Although in the past the flights had been conducted by the CIA , pressure from the Defense Department made the authority be transferred to the Air Force . Following the loss of a CIA U-2 over the Soviet Union in May 1960 , it was thought that if another U-2 were shot down , an Air Force aircraft arguably being used for a legitimate military purpose would be easier to explain than a CIA flight . When the reconnaissance missions were reauthorized on October 9 , poor weather kept the planes from flying . The U.S. first obtained U-2 photographic evidence of the missiles on October 14 , when a U-2 flight piloted by Major Richard Heyser took 928 pictures on a path selected by DIA analysts , capturing images of what turned out to be an SS - 4 construction site at San Cristóbal , Pinar del Río Province ( now in Artemisa Province ) , in western Cuba . President notified ( edit ) One of the first U-2 reconnaissance images of missile bases under construction shown to President Kennedy on the morning of October 16 , 1962 On October 15 , the CIA 's National Photographic Interpretation Center ( NPIC ) reviewed the U-2 photographs and identified objects that they interpreted as medium range ballistic missiles . This identification was made , in part , on the strength of reporting provided by Oleg Penkovsky , a double agent in the GRU working for CIA and MI6 . Although he provided no direct reports of the Soviet missile deployments to Cuba , technical and doctrinal details of Soviet missile regiments that had been provided by Penkovsky in the months and years prior to the Crisis helped NPIC analysts correctly identify the missiles on U-2 imagery . That evening , the CIA notified the Department of State and at 8 : 30 pm EDT , Bundy chose to wait until the next morning to tell the President . McNamara was briefed at midnight . The next morning , Bundy met with Kennedy and showed him the U-2 photographs and briefed him on the CIA 's analysis of the images . At 6 : 30 pm EDT , Kennedy convened a meeting of the nine members of the National Security Council and five other key advisors , in a group he formally named the Executive Committee of the National Security Council ( EXCOMM ) after the fact on October 22 by the National Security Action Memorandum 196 . Without informing the members of EXCOMM , President Kennedy tape recorded all of their proceedings , and Sheldon M. Stern , head of the Kennedy library transcribed some of them . Responses considered ( edit ) President Kennedy meets in the Oval Office with General Curtis LeMay and the reconnaissance pilots who found the missile sites in Cuba . The US had no plan in place because its intelligence had been convinced that the Soviets would never install nuclear missiles in Cuba . EXCOMM , of which Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson was a member , quickly discussed several possible courses of action : Do nothing : American vulnerability to Soviet missiles was not new . Diplomacy : Use diplomatic pressure to get the Soviet Union to remove the missiles . Secret approach : Offer Castro the choice of splitting with the Russians or being invaded . Invasion : Full force invasion of Cuba and overthrow of Castro . Air strike : Use the US Air Force to attack all known missile sites . Blockade : Use the US Navy to block any missiles from arriving in Cuba . As the article describes , both the US and the Soviet Union considered many possible outcomes of their actions and threats during the crisis ( Allison , Graham T. ; Zelikow , Philip D . ) . This game tree models how both actors would have considered their decisions . It is broken down into a simple form for basic understanding . The Joint Chiefs of Staff unanimously agreed that a full - scale attack and invasion was the only solution . They believed that the Soviets would not attempt to stop the US from conquering Cuba . Kennedy was skeptical : They , no more than we , can let these things go by without doing something . They ca n't , after all their statements , permit us to take out their missiles , kill a lot of Russians , and then do nothing . If they do n't take action in Cuba , they certainly will in Berlin . Kennedy concluded that attacking Cuba by air would signal the Soviets to presume `` a clear line '' to conquer Berlin . Kennedy also believed that US allies would think of the country as `` trigger - happy cowboys '' who lost Berlin because they could not peacefully resolve the Cuban situation . President Kennedy and Secretary of Defense McNamara in an EXCOMM meeting . The EXCOMM then discussed the effect on the strategic balance of power , both political and military . The Joint Chiefs of Staff believed that the missiles would seriously alter the military balance , but McNamara disagreed . An extra 40 , he reasoned , would make little difference to the overall strategic balance . The US already had approximately 5,000 strategic warheads , but the Soviet Union had only 300 . McNamara concluded that the Soviets having 340 would not therefore substantially alter the strategic balance . In 1990 , he reiterated that `` it made no difference ... The military balance was n't changed . I did n't believe it then , and I do n't believe it now . '' The EXCOMM agreed that the missiles would affect the political balance . Kennedy had explicitly promised the American people less than a month before the crisis that `` if Cuba should possess a capacity to carry out offensive actions against the United States ... the United States would act . '' Also , credibility among US allies and people would be damaged if the Soviet Union appeared to redress the strategic balance by placing missiles in Cuba . Kennedy explained after the crisis that `` it would have politically changed the balance of power . It would have appeared to , and appearances contribute to reality . '' President Kennedy meets with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko in the Oval Office ( October 18 , 1962 ) On October 18 , Kennedy met with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs , Andrei Gromyko , who claimed the weapons were for defensive purposes only . Not wanting to expose what he already knew and to avoid panicking the American public , Kennedy did not reveal that he was already aware of the missile buildup . By October 19 , frequent U-2 spy flights showed four operational sites . On the night of October 19 at 23 : 56 a helicopter from USS Essex CVS - 9 squadron HSS - 2 crashed into the Gulf of Mexico . Lt. Cmdr . James Robert Hughes and AM - 3 George Blythe perished . Their bodies were never recovered . On October 22 , 1962 a second helicopter crashed into the Gulf , that also was from HSS - 2 stationed on the Essex . Lost that night were Lt. Cmdr . Witkowski and Enlisted Serviceman 50 AZ Murphy . On orders from Secretary McNamara , the details of the deaths of October 19 , 1962 have never been provided to the families affected . There are numerous rumors that exist from bad storms , Soviet interference with the flight , or a one - way suicide recon mission . However , the most consistently repeated accounts from on deck witnesses indicate that the helicopter on October 19 was `` shot down . '' Operational plans ( edit ) Two Operational Plans ( OPLAN ) were considered . OPLAN 316 envisioned a full invasion of Cuba by Army and Marine units , supported by the Navy following Air Force and naval airstrikes . However , Army units in the US would have had trouble fielding mechanized and logistical assets , and the US Navy could not supply enough amphibious shipping to transport even a modest armored contingent from the Army . OPLAN 312 , primarily an Air Force and Navy carrier operation , was designed with enough flexibility to do anything from engaging individual missile sites to providing air support for OPLAN 316 's ground forces . Blockade ( edit ) A US Navy P - 2H Neptune of VP - 18 flying over a Soviet cargo ship with crated Il - 28s on deck during the Cuban Crisis . Kennedy met with members of EXCOMM and other top advisers throughout October 21 , considering two remaining options : an air strike primarily against the Cuban missile bases or a naval blockade of Cuba . A full - scale invasion was not the administration 's first option . McNamara supported the naval blockade as a strong but limited military action that left the US in control . However , the term `` blockade '' was problematic . According to international law , a blockade is an act of war , but the Kennedy administration did not think that the Soviets would be provoked to attack by a mere blockade . Additionally , legal experts at the State Department and Justice Department concluded that a declaration of war could be avoided if another legal justification , based on the Rio Treaty for defense of the Western Hemisphere , was obtained from a resolution by a two - thirds vote from the members or the Organization of American States ( OAS ) . Admiral Anderson , Chief of Naval Operations wrote a position paper that helped Kennedy to differentiate between what they termed a `` quarantine '' of offensive weapons and a blockade of all materials , claiming that a classic blockade was not the original intention . Since it would take place in international waters , Kennedy obtained the approval of the OAS for military action under the hemispheric defense provisions of the Rio Treaty : Latin American participation in the quarantine now involved two Argentine destroyers which were to report to the U.S. Commander South Atlantic ( COMSOLANT ) at Trinidad on November 9 . An Argentine submarine and a Marine battalion with lift were available if required . In addition , two Venezuelan destroyers ( Destroyers ARV D - 11 Nueva Esparta '' and `` ARV D - 21 Zulia '' ) and one submarine ( Caribe ) had reported to COMSOLANT , ready for sea by November 2 . The Government of Trinidad and Tobago offered the use of Chaguaramas Naval Base to warships of any OAS nation for the duration of the `` quarantine . '' The Dominican Republic had made available one escort ship . Colombia was reported ready to furnish units and had sent military officers to the U.S. to discuss this assistance . The Argentine Air Force informally offered three SA - 16 aircraft in addition to forces already committed to the `` quarantine '' operation . This initially was to involve a naval blockade against offensive weapons within the framework of the Organization of American States and the Rio Treaty . Such a blockade might be expanded to cover all types of goods and air transport . The action was to be backed up by surveillance of Cuba . The CNO 's scenario was followed closely in later implementing the `` quarantine . '' On October 19 , the EXCOMM formed separate working groups to examine the air strike and blockade options , and by the afternoon most support in the EXCOMM shifted to the blockade option . However , reservations about the plan continued to be voiced as late as the October 21 , the paramount concern being that once the blockade was put into effect , the Soviets would rush to complete some of the missiles . Consequently , the US could find itself bombing operational missiles if blockade failed to force Khrushchev to remove the missiles already on the island . Speech to the nation ( edit ) President Kennedy signs the Proclamation for Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba at the Oval Office on October 23 , 1962 . At 3 : 00 pm EDT on October 22 , President Kennedy formally established the Executive Committee ( EXCOMM ) with National Security Action Memorandum ( NSAM ) 196 . At 5 : 00 pm , he met with Congressional leaders who contentiously opposed a blockade and demanded a stronger response . In Moscow , Ambassador Foy D. Kohler briefed Khrushchev on the pending blockade and Kennedy 's speech to the nation . Ambassadors around the world gave notice to non-Eastern Bloc leaders . Before the speech , U.S. delegations met with Canadian Prime Minister John Diefenbaker , British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan , West German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer , French President Charles de Gaulle and Secretary - General of the Organization of American States , Jose Mora to brief them on the US intelligence and their proposed response . All were supportive of the U.S. position , except Macmillan who advocated appeasement . Shortly before his speech , Kennedy called former President Dwight Eisenhower . Kennedy 's conversation with the former President also revealed that the two were conspiring during the Cuban Missile Crisis . The two also anticipated that Khruschev would respond to the Western world in a matter that was similar to his response during the Suez Crisis and would possibly wind up trading off Berlin . Address on the Buildup of Arms in Cuba Kennedy addressing the nation on October 22 , 1962 about the buildup of arms on Cuba Problems playing this file ? See media help . Wikisource has original text related to this article : Cuban Missile Crisis On October 22 at 7 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy delivered a nationwide televised address on all of the major networks announcing the discovery of the missiles . He noted : It shall be the policy of this nation to regard any nuclear missile launched from Cuba against any nation in the Western Hemisphere as an attack by the Soviet Union on the United States , requiring a full retaliatory response upon the Soviet Union . Kennedy described the administration 's plan : To halt this offensive buildup , a strict quarantine on all offensive military equipment under shipment to Cuba is being initiated . All ships of any kind bound for Cuba , from whatever nation or port , will , if found to contain cargoes of offensive weapons , be turned back . This quarantine will be extended , if needed , to other types of cargo and carriers . We are not at this time , however , denying the necessities of life as the Soviets attempted to do in their Berlin blockade of 1948 . During the speech , a directive went out to all U.S. forces worldwide , placing them on DEFCON 3 . The heavy cruiser USS Newport News was designated flagship for the blockade , with USS Leary as Newport News 's destroyer escort . Crisis deepens ( edit ) Khrushchev 's October 24 , 1962 letter to Kennedy stating that the blockade of Cuba `` constitute ( s ) an act of aggression ... '' On October 23 , at 11 : 24 am EDT , a cable , drafted by George Wildman Ball to the U.S. Ambassador in Turkey and NATO , notified them that they were considering making an offer to withdraw what the US knew to be nearly - obsolete missiles from Italy and Turkey , in exchange for the Soviet withdrawal from Cuba . Turkish officials replied that they would `` deeply resent '' any trade involving the U.S. 's missile presence in their country . Two days later , on the morning of October 25 , American journalist Walter Lippmann proposed the same thing in his syndicated column . Castro reaffirmed Cuba 's right to self - defense and said that all of its weapons were defensive and Cuba would not allow an inspection . International response ( edit ) Three days after Kennedy 's speech , the Chinese People 's Daily announced that `` 650,000,000 Chinese men and women were standing by the Cuban people . '' In West Germany , newspapers supported the U.S. 's response by contrasting it with the weak American actions in the region during the preceding months . They also expressed some fear that the Soviets might retaliate in Berlin . In France on October 23 , the crisis made the front page of all the daily newspapers . The next day , an editorial in Le Monde expressed doubt about the authenticity of the CIA 's photographic evidence . Two days later , after a visit by a high - ranking CIA agent , the newspaper accepted the validity of the photographs . Also in France , in the October 29 issue of Le Figaro , Raymond Aron wrote in support of the American response . On October 24 , Pope John XXIII sent a message to the Soviet embassy in Rome to be transmitted to the Kremlin in which he voiced his concern for peace . In this message he stated , `` We beg all governments not to remain deaf to this cry of humanity . That they do all that is in their power to save peace . '' Soviet broadcast ( edit ) The crisis was continuing unabated , and in the evening of October 24 , the Soviet news agency TASS broadcast a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy in which Khrushchev warned that the United States 's `` outright piracy '' would lead to war . However , that was followed at 9 : 24 pm by a telegram from Khrushchev to Kennedy , which was received at 10 : 52 pm EDT . Khrushchev stated , `` if you weigh the present situation with a cool head without giving way to passion , you will understand that the Soviet Union can not afford not to decline the despotic demands of the USA '' and that the Soviet Union views the blockade as `` an act of aggression '' and their ships will be instructed to ignore it . US alert level raised ( edit ) Adlai Stevenson shows aerial photos of Cuban missiles to the United Nations , October 25 , 1962 . The US requested an emergency meeting of the United Nations Security Council on October 25 . US Ambassador to the United Nations Adlai Stevenson confronted Soviet Ambassador Valerian Zorin in an emergency meeting of the Security Council , challenging him to admit the existence of the missiles . Ambassador Zorin refused to answer . The next day at 10 : 00 pm EDT , the US raised the readiness level of SAC forces to DEFCON 2 . For the only confirmed time in US history , B - 52 bombers went on continuous airborne alert , and B - 47 medium bombers were dispersed to various military and civilian airfields and made ready to take off , fully equipped , on 15 minutes ' notice . One eighth of SAC 's 1,436 bombers were on airborne alert , and some 145 intercontinental ballistic missiles stood on ready alert , some of which targeted Cuba , and Air Defense Command ( ADC ) redeployed 161 nuclear - armed interceptors to 16 dispersal fields within nine hours , with one third maintaining 15 - minute alert status . Twenty - three nuclear - armed B - 52s were sent to orbit points within striking distance of the Soviet Union so that it would believe that the US was serious . Jack J. Catton later estimated that about 80 percent of SAC 's planes were ready for launch during the crisis ; David A. Burchinal recalled that , by contrast : the Russians were so thoroughly stood down , and we knew it . They did n't make any move . They did not increase their alert ; they did not increase any flights , or their air defense posture . They did n't do a thing , they froze in place . We were never further from nuclear war than at the time of Cuba , never further . By October 22 , Tactical Air Command ( TAC ) had 511 fighters plus supporting tankers and reconnaissance aircraft deployed to face Cuba on one - hour alert status . However , TAC and the Military Air Transport Service had problems . The concentration of aircraft in Florida strained command and support echelons , which faced critical undermanning in security , armaments , and communications ; the absence of initial authorization for war - reserve stocks of conventional munitions forced TAC to scrounge ; and the lack of airlift assets to support a major airborne drop necessitated the call - up of 24 Reserve squadrons . On October 25 at 1 : 45 am EDT , Kennedy responded to Khrushchev 's telegram by stating that the US was forced into action after receiving repeated assurances that no offensive missiles were being placed in Cuba , and when the assurances proved to be false , the deployment `` required the responses I have announced ... I hope that your government will take necessary action to permit a restoration of the earlier situation . '' A declassified map used by the U.S. Navy 's Atlantic Fleet showing the position of American and Soviet ships at the height of the crisis . Blockade challenged ( edit ) At 7 : 15 am EDT on October 25 , USS Essex and USS Gearing attempted to intercept Bucharest but failed to do so . Fairly certain that the tanker did not contain any military material , the US allowed it through the blockade . Later that day , at 5 : 43 pm , the commander of the blockade effort ordered the destroyer USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. to intercept and board the Lebanese freighter Marucla . That took place the next day , and Marucla was cleared through the blockade after its cargo was checked . At 5 : 00 pm EDT on October 25 , William Clements announced that the missiles in Cuba were still actively being worked on . That report was later verified by a CIA report that suggested there had been no slowdown at all . In response , Kennedy issued Security Action Memorandum 199 , authorizing the loading of nuclear weapons onto aircraft under the command of SACEUR , which had the duty of carrying out first air strikes on the Soviet Union . During the day , the Soviets responded to the blockade by turning back 14 ships that were presumably carrying offensive weapons . Stalemate ( edit ) The next morning , October 26 , Kennedy informed the EXCOMM that he believed only an invasion would remove the missiles from Cuba . However , he was persuaded to give the matter time and continue with both military and diplomatic pressure . He agreed and ordered the low - level flights over the island to be increased from two per day to once every two hours . He also ordered a crash program to institute a new civil government in Cuba if an invasion went ahead . At this point , the crisis was ostensibly at a stalemate . The Soviets had shown no indication that they would back down and had made several comments to the contrary . The US had no reason to believe otherwise and was in the early stages of preparing for an invasion , along with a nuclear strike on the Soviet Union if it responded militarily , which was assumed . Secret negotiations ( edit ) At 1 : 00 pm EDT on October 26 , John A. Scali of ABC News had lunch with Aleksandr Fomin , the cover name of Alexander Feklisov , the KGB station chief in Washington , at Fomin 's request . Following the instructions of the Politburo of the CPSU , Fomin noted , `` War seems about to break out . '' He asked Scali to use his contacts to talk to his `` high - level friends '' at the State Department to see if the US would be interested in a diplomatic solution . He suggested that the language of the deal would contain an assurance from the Soviet Union to remove the weapons under UN supervision and that Castro would publicly announce that he would not accept such weapons again in exchange for a public statement by the US that it would avoid invading Cuba . The US responded by asking the Brazilian government to pass a message to Castro that the US would be `` unlikely to invade '' if the missiles were removed . Mr. President , we and you ought not now to pull on the ends of the rope in which you have tied the knot of war , because the more the two of us pull , the tighter that knot will be tied . And a moment may come when that knot will be tied so tight that even he who tied it will not have the strength to untie it , and then it will be necessary to cut that knot , and what that would mean is not for me to explain to you , because you yourself understand perfectly of what terrible forces our countries dispose . Consequently , if there is no intention to tighten that knot and thereby to doom the world to the catastrophe of thermonuclear war , then let us not only relax the forces pulling on the ends of the rope , let us take measures to untie that knot . We are ready for this . -- Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy , October 26 , 1962 On October 26 at 6 : 00 pm EDT , the State Department started receiving a message that appeared to be written personally by Khrushchev . It was Saturday at 2 : 00 am in Moscow . The long letter took several minutes to arrive , and it took translators additional time to translate and transcribe it . Robert F. Kennedy described the letter as `` very long and emotional . '' Khrushchev reiterated the basic outline that had been stated to Scali earlier in the day : `` I propose : we , for our part , will declare that our ships bound for Cuba are not carrying any armaments . You will declare that the United States will not invade Cuba with its troops and will not support any other forces which might intend to invade Cuba . Then the necessity of the presence of our military specialists in Cuba will disappear . '' At 6 : 45 pm EDT , news of Fomin 's offer to Scali was finally heard and was interpreted as a `` set up '' for the arrival of Khrushchev 's letter . The letter was then considered official and accurate although it was later learned that Fomin was almost certainly operating of his own accord without official backing . Additional study of the letter was ordered and continued into the night . Crisis continues ( edit ) Direct aggression against Cuba would mean nuclear war . The Americans speak about such aggression as if they did not know or did not want to accept this fact . I have no doubt they would lose such a war . -- Che Guevara , October 1962 S - 75 Dvina with V - 750V 1D missile ( NATO SA - 2 Guideline ) on a launcher . An installation similar to this one shot down Major Anderson 's U-2 over Cuba . Castro , on the other hand , was convinced that an invasion of Cuba was soon at hand , and on October 26 , he sent a telegram to Khrushchev that appeared to call for a pre-emptive nuclear strike on the US in case of attack . However , in a 2010 interview , Castro expressed regret about his earlier stance on first use : `` After I 've seen what I 've seen , and knowing what I know now , it was n't worth it at all . '' Castro also ordered all anti-aircraft weapons in Cuba to fire on any US aircraft : the orders had been to fire only on groups of two or more . At 6 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , the CIA delivered a memo reporting that three of the four missile sites at San Cristobal and the two sites at Sagua la Grande appeared to be fully operational . It also noted that the Cuban military continued to organize for action but was under order not to initiate action unless attacked . At 9 : 00 am EDT on October 27 , Radio Moscow began broadcasting a message from Khrushchev . Contrary to the letter of the night before , the message offered a new trade : the missiles on Cuba would be removed in exchange for the removal of the Jupiter missiles from Italy and Turkey . At 10 : 00 am EDT , the executive committee met again to discuss the situation and came to the conclusion that the change in the message was because of internal debate between Khrushchev and other party officials in the Kremlin . Kennedy realized that he would be in an `` insupportable position if this becomes Khrushchev 's proposal '' because the missiles in Turkey were not militarily useful and were being removed anyway and `` It 's gon na -- to any man at the United Nations or any other rational man , it will look like a very fair trade . '' Bundy explained why Khrushchev 's public acquiescence could not be considered : `` The current threat to peace is not in Turkey , it is in Cuba . '' McNamara noted that another tanker , the Grozny , was about 600 miles ( 970 km ) out and should be intercepted . He also noted that they had not made the Soviets aware of the blockade line and suggested relaying that information to them via U Thant at the United Nations . A Lockheed U-2F , the high altitude reconnaissance type shot down over Cuba , being refueled by a Boeing KC - 135 Q. The aircraft in 1962 was painted overall gray and carried USAF military markings and national insignia . While the meeting progressed , at 11 : 03 am EDT a new message began to arrive from Khrushchev . The message stated , in part : `` You are disturbed over Cuba . You say that this disturbs you because it is ninety - nine miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America . But ... you have placed destructive missile weapons , which you call offensive , in Italy and Turkey , literally next to us ... I therefore make this proposal : We are willing to remove from Cuba the means which you regard as offensive ... Your representatives will make a declaration to the effect that the United States ... will remove its analogous means from Turkey ... and after that , persons entrusted by the United Nations Security Council could inspect on the spot the fulfillment of the pledges made . '' The executive committee continued to meet through the day . Throughout the crisis , Turkey had repeatedly stated that it would be upset if the Jupiter missiles were removed . Italy 's Prime Minister Amintore Fanfani , who was also Foreign Minister ad interim , offered to allow withdrawal of the missiles deployed in Apulia as a bargaining chip . He gave the message to one of his most trusted friends , Ettore Bernabei , the general manager of RAI - TV , to convey to Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr . Bernabei was in New York to attend an international conference on satellite TV broadcasting . Unknown to the Soviets , the US regarded the Jupiter missiles as obsolescent and already supplanted by the Polaris nuclear ballistic submarine missiles . The engine of the Lockheed U-2 shot down over Cuba on display at Museum of the Revolution in Havana . On the morning of October 27 , a U-2F ( the third CIA U-2A , modified for air - to - air refueling ) piloted by USAF Major Rudolf Anderson , departed its forward operating location at McCoy AFB , Florida . At approximately 12 : 00 pm EDT , the aircraft was struck by a S - 75 Dvina ( NATO designation SA - 2 Guideline ) surface - to - air missile launched from Cuba . The aircraft was shot down , and Anderson was killed . The stress in negotiations between the Soviets and the US intensified ; it was only later believed that the decision to fire the missile was made locally by an undetermined Soviet commander , acting on his own authority . Later that day , at about 3 : 41 pm EDT , several US Navy RF - 8A Crusader aircraft , on low - level photoreconnaissance missions , were fired upon . On October 28 , 1962 , Khrushchev told his son Sergei that the shooting down of Anderson 's U-2 was by the `` Cuban military at the direction of Raul Castro . '' At 4 : 00 pm EDT , Kennedy recalled members of EXCOMM to the White House and ordered that a message should immediately be sent to U Thant asking the Soviets to suspend work on the missiles while negotiations were carried out . During the meeting , General Maxwell Taylor delivered the news that the U-2 had been shot down . Kennedy had earlier claimed he would order an attack on such sites if fired upon , but he decided to not act unless another attack was made . Forty years later , McNamara said : We had to send a U-2 over to gain reconnaissance information on whether the Soviet missiles were becoming operational . We believed that if the U-2 was shot down that -- the Cubans did n't have capabilities to shoot it down , the Soviets did -- we believed if it was shot down , it would be shot down by a Soviet surface - to - air - missile unit , and that it would represent a decision by the Soviets to escalate the conflict . And therefore , before we sent the U-2 out , we agreed that if it was shot down we would n't meet , we 'd simply attack . It was shot down on Friday ... Fortunately , we changed our mind , we thought `` Well , it might have been an accident , we wo n't attack . '' Later we learned that Khrushchev had reasoned just as we did : we send over the U-2 , if it was shot down , he reasoned we would believe it was an intentional escalation . And therefore , he issued orders to Pliyev , the Soviet commander in Cuba , to instruct all of his batteries not to shoot down the U-2 . Ellsberg said that Robert Kennedy ( RFK ) told him in 1964 that after the U-2 was shot down and the pilot killed , he ( RFK ) told Soviet ambassador Dobrynin , `` You have drawn first blood ... ( T ) he president had decided against advice ... not to respond militarily to that attack , but he ( Dobrynin ) should know that if another plane was shot at , ... we would take out all the SAMs and antiaircraft ... And that would almost surely be followed by an invasion . '' Drafting response ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Emissaries sent by both Kennedy and Khrushchev agreed to meet at the Yenching Palace Chinese restaurant in the Cleveland Park neighborhood of Washington , DC , on Saturday evening , October 27 . Kennedy suggested to take Khrushchev 's offer to trade away the missiles . Unknown to most members of the EXCOMM , Robert Kennedy had been meeting with the Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin in Washington to discover whether the intentions were genuine . The EXCOMM was generally against the proposal because it would undermine NATO 's authority , and the Turkish government had repeatedly stated it was against any such trade . As the meeting progressed , a new plan emerged , and Kennedy was slowly persuaded . The new plan called for him to ignore the latest message and instead to return to Khrushchev 's earlier one . Kennedy was initially hesitant , feeling that Khrushchev would no longer accept the deal because a new one had been offered , but Llewellyn Thompson argued that it was still possible . White House Special Counsel and Adviser Ted Sorensen and Robert Kennedy left the meeting and returned 45 minutes later , with a draft letter to that effect . The President made several changes , had it typed , and sent it . After the EXCOMM meeting , a smaller meeting continued in the Oval Office . The group argued that the letter should be underscored with an oral message to Dobrynin that stated that if the missiles were not withdrawn , military action would be used to remove them . Rusk added one proviso that no part of the language of the deal would mention Turkey , but there would be an understanding that the missiles would be removed `` voluntarily '' in the immediate aftermath . The President agreed , and the message was sent . October 29 , 1962 EXCOMM meeting held in the White House Cabinet Room . President Kennedy , Robert McNamara and Dean Rusk . At Rusk 's request , Fomin and Scali met again . Scali asked why the two letters from Khrushchev were so different , and Fomin claimed it was because of `` poor communications . '' Scali replied that the claim was not credible and shouted that he thought it was a `` stinking double cross . '' He went on to claim that an invasion was only hours away , and Fomin stated that a response to the US message was expected from Khrushchev shortly and urged Scali to tell the State Department that no treachery was intended . Scali said that he did not think anyone would believe him , but he agreed to deliver the message . The two went their separate ways , and Scali immediately typed out a memo for the EXCOMM . Within the US establishment , it was well understood that ignoring the second offer and returning to the first put Khrushchev in a terrible position . Military preparations continued , and all active duty Air Force personnel were recalled to their bases for possible action . Robert Kennedy later recalled the mood : `` We had not abandoned all hope , but what hope there was now rested with Khrushchev 's revising his course within the next few hours . It was a hope , not an expectation . The expectation was military confrontation by Tuesday ( October 30 ) , and possibly tomorrow ( October 29 ) ... '' At 8 : 05 pm EDT , the letter drafted earlier in the day was delivered . The message read , `` As I read your letter , the key elements of your proposals -- which seem generally acceptable as I understand them -- are as follows : 1 ) You would agree to remove these weapons systems from Cuba under appropriate United Nations observation and supervision ; and undertake , with suitable safe - guards , to halt the further introduction of such weapon systems into Cuba . 2 ) We , on our part , would agree -- upon the establishment of adequate arrangements through the United Nations , to ensure the carrying out and continuation of these commitments ( a ) to remove promptly the quarantine measures now in effect and ( b ) to give assurances against the invasion of Cuba . '' The letter was also released directly to the press to ensure it could not be `` delayed . '' With the letter delivered , a deal was on the table . However , as Robert Kennedy noted , there was little expectation it would be accepted . At 9 : 00 pm EDT , the EXCOMM met again to review the actions for the following day . Plans were drawn up for air strikes on the missile sites as well as other economic targets , notably petroleum storage . McNamara stated that they had to `` have two things ready : a government for Cuba , because we 're going to need one ; and secondly , plans for how to respond to the Soviet Union in Europe , because sure as hell they 're going to do something there . '' At 12 : 12 am EDT , on October 27 , the US informed its NATO allies that `` the situation is growing shorter ... the United States may find it necessary within a very short time in its interest and that of its fellow nations in the Western Hemisphere to take whatever military action may be necessary . '' To add to the concern , at 6 : 00 am , the CIA reported that all missiles in Cuba were ready for action . A U.S. Navy HSS - 1 Seabat helicopter hovers over Soviet submarine B - 59 , forced to the surface by U.S. Naval forces in the Caribbean near Cuba ( October 28 -- 29 , 1962 ) On October 27 , Khrushchev also received a letter from Castro , what is now known as the Armageddon Letter ( dated the day before ) , which was interpreted as urging the use of nuclear force in the event of an attack on Cuba : `` I believe the imperialists ' aggressiveness is extremely dangerous and if they actually carry out the brutal act of invading Cuba in violation of international law and morality , that would be the moment to eliminate such danger forever through an act of clear legitimate defense , however harsh and terrible the solution would be , '' Castro wrote . Nuclear launch - averted ( edit ) Later that same day , what the White House later called `` Black Saturday , '' the US Navy dropped a series of `` signaling depth charges '' ( practice depth charges the size of hand grenades ) on a Soviet submarine ( B - 59 ) at the blockade line , unaware that it was armed with a nuclear - tipped torpedo with orders that allowed it to be used if the submarine was damaged by depth charges or surface fire . As the submarine was too deep to monitor any radio traffic , the captain of the B - 59 , Valentin Grigorievitch Savitsky , decided that a war might already have started and wanted to launch a nuclear torpedo . The decision to launch these required agreement from all three officers on board , but one of them , Vasili Arkhipov , objected and so the nuclear launch was narrowly averted . On the same day a U-2 spy plane made an accidental , unauthorized ninety - minute overflight of the Soviet Union 's far eastern coast . The Soviets responded by scrambling MiG fighters from Wrangel Island ; in turn , the Americans launched F - 102 fighters armed with nuclear air - to - air missiles over the Bering Sea . Crisis ends ( edit ) On Saturday , October 27 , after much deliberation between the Soviet Union and Kennedy 's cabinet , Kennedy secretly agreed to remove all missiles set in Turkey and possibly southern Italy , the former on the border of the Soviet Union , in exchange for Khrushchev removing all missiles in Cuba . There is some dispute as to whether removing the missiles from Italy was part of the secret agreement . Khrushchev wrote in his memoirs that it was , and when the crisis had ended McNamara gave the order to dismantle the missiles in both Italy and Turkey . At this point , Khrushchev knew things the US did not : First , that the shooting down of the U-2 by a Soviet missile violated direct orders from Moscow , and Cuban antiaircraft fire against other US reconnaissance aircraft also violated direct orders from Khrushchev to Castro . Second , the Soviets already had 162 nuclear warheads on Cuba that the US did not then believe were there . Third , the Soviets and Cubans on the island would almost certainly have responded to an invasion by using those nuclear weapons , even though Castro believed that every human in Cuba would likely die as a result . Khrushchev also knew but may not have considered the fact that he had submarines armed with nuclear weapons that the US Navy may not have known about . Khrushchev knew he was losing control . President Kennedy had been told in early 1961 that a nuclear war would likely kill a third of humanity , with most or all of those deaths concentrated in the US , the USSR , Europe and China ; Khrushchev may well have received similar reports from his military . With this background , when Khrushchev heard Kennedy 's threats relayed by Robert Kennedy to Soviet Ambassador Dobrynin , he immediately drafted his acceptance of Kennedy 's latest terms from his dacha without involving the Politburo , as he had previously , and had them immediately broadcast over Radio Moscow , which he believed the US would hear . In that broadcast at 9 : 00 am EST , on October 28 , Khrushchev stated that `` the Soviet government , in addition to previously issued instructions on the cessation of further work at the building sites for the weapons , has issued a new order on the dismantling of the weapons which you describe as ' offensive ' and their crating and return to the Soviet Union . '' At 10 : 00 am , October 28 , Kennedy first learned of Khrushchev 's solution to the crisis with the US removing the 15 Jupiters in Turkey and the Soviets would remove the rockets from Cuba . Khrushchev had made the offer in a public statement for the world to hear . Despite almost solid opposition from his senior advisers , Kennedy quickly embraced the Soviet offer . `` This is a pretty good play of his , '' Kennedy said , according to a tape recording that he made secretly of the Cabinet Room meeting . Kennedy had deployed the Jupiters in March of the year , causing a stream of angry outbursts from Khrushchev . `` Most people will think this is a rather even trade and we ought to take advantage of it , '' Kennedy said . Vice President Lyndon Johnson was the first to endorse the missile swap but others continued to oppose the offer . Finally , Kennedy ended the debate . `` We ca n't very well invade Cuba with all its toil and blood , '' Kennedy said , `` when we could have gotten them out by making a deal on the same missiles on Turkey . If that 's part of the record , then you do n't have a very good war . '' Kennedy immediately responded , issuing a statement calling the letter `` an important and constructive contribution to peace . '' He continued this with a formal letter : I consider my letter to you of October twenty - seventh and your reply of today as firm undertakings on the part of both our governments which should be promptly carried out ... The US will make a statement in the framework of the Security Council in reference to Cuba as follows : it will declare that the United States of America will respect the inviolability of Cuban borders , its sovereignty , that it take the pledge not to interfere in internal affairs , not to intrude themselves and not to permit our territory to be used as a bridgehead for the invasion of Cuba , and will restrain those who would plan to carry an aggression against Cuba , either from US territory or from the territory of other countries neighboring to Cuba . Kennedy 's planned statement would also contain suggestions he had received from his adviser Schlesinger Jr. in a `` Memorandum for the President '' describing the `` Post Mortem on Cuba . '' Kennedy 's Oval Office telephone conversation with Eisenhower soon after Khrushchev 's message arrived revealed that the President was planning to use the Cuban Missile Crisis to escalate tensions with Khrushchev and in the long run , Cuba as well . The President also claimed that he thought the crisis would result in direct military confrontations in Berlin by the end of the next month . He also claimed in his conversation with Eisenhower that the Soviet leader had offered to withdraw from Cuba in exchange for the withdrawal of missiles from Turkey and that while the Kennedy Administration had agreed not to invade Cuba , they were only in process of determining Khrushchev 's offer to withdraw from Turkey . When former US President Harry Truman called President Kennedy the day of Khrushchev 's offer , the President informed him that his Administration had rejected the Soviet leader 's offer to withdraw missiles from Turkey and was planning on using the Soviet setback in Cuba to escalate tensions in Berlin . Removal of Missiles in Cuba November 11 , 1962 -- NARA -- 193868 The US continued the blockade ; in the following days , aerial reconnaissance proved that the Soviets were making progress in removing the missile systems . The 42 missiles and their support equipment were loaded onto eight Soviet ships . On November 2 , 1962 , Kennedy addressed the US via radio and television broadcasts regarding the dismantlement process of the Soviet R - 12 missile bases located in the Caribbean region . The ships left Cuba on November 5 to 9 . The US made a final visual check as each of the ships passed the blockade line . Further diplomatic efforts were required to remove the Soviet IL - 28 bombers , and they were loaded on three Soviet ships on December 5 and 6 . Concurrent with the Soviet commitment on the IL - 28s , the US government announced the end of the blockade from 6 : 45 pm EST on November 20 , 1962 . At the time when the Kennedy administration thought that the Cuban Missile Crisis was resolved , nuclear tactical rockets stayed in Cuba since they were not part of the Kennedy - Khrushchev understandings and the Americans did not know about them . However , the Soviets changed their minds , fearing possible future Cuban militant steps , and on November 22 , 1962 , Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union Anastas Mikoyan told Castro that the rockets with the nuclear warheads were being removed as well . In his negotiations with the Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin , Robert Kennedy informally proposed that the Jupiter missiles in Turkey would be removed `` within a short time after this crisis was over . '' The last U.S. missiles were disassembled by April 24 , 1963 and were flown out of Turkey soon afterward . The practical effect of the Kennedy - Khrushchev Pact was that the US would not invade Cuba . It is possible that Khrushchev placed the missiles in Cuba only to get Kennedy to remove the missiles from Italy and Turkey and that the Soviets had no intention of resorting to nuclear war if they were out - gunned by the U.S. Because the withdrawal of the Jupiter missiles from NATO bases in Italy and Turkey was not made public at the time , Khrushchev appeared to have lost the conflict and become weakened . The perception was that Kennedy had won the contest between the superpowers and that Khrushchev had been humiliated . However , both Kennedy and Khrushchev took every step to avoid full conflict despite pressures from their respective governments . Khrushchev held power for another two years . Aftermath ( edit ) The nuclear - armed Jupiter intermediate - range ballistic missile . The US secretly agreed to withdraw the missiles from Italy and Turkey . Soviet leadership ( edit ) The enormity of how close the world came to thermonuclear war impelled Krushchev to propose a far - reaching easing of tensions with the US . In a letter to President Kennedy dated October 30 , 1962 , Krushchev outlined a range of bold initiatives to forestall the possibility of a further nuclear crisis , including proposing a non-aggression treaty between the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and the Warsaw Pact or even disbanding these military blocs , a treaty to cease all nuclear weapons testing and even the elimination of all nuclear weapons , resolution of the hot - button issue of Germany by both East and West formally accepting the existence of West Germany and East Germany , and US recognition of the government of mainland China . The letter invited counter-proposals and further exploration of these and other issues through peaceful negotiations . Krushschev invited Norman Cousins , the editor of a major US periodical and an anti-nuclear weapons activist , to serve as liaison with President Kennedy , and Cousins met with Krushchev for four hours in December 1962 . Kennedy 's response to Krushchev 's proposals was lukewarm but Kennedy expressed to Cousins that he felt constrained in exploring these issues due to pressure from hardliners in the US national security apparatus . The US and the USSR did shortly thereafter agree on a treaty banning atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons , known as the `` Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty '' . Further after the crisis , the U.S. and the Soviet Union created the Moscow -- Washington hotline , a direct communications link between Moscow and Washington . The purpose was to have a way that the leaders of the two Cold War countries could communicate directly to solve such a crisis . The compromise embarrassed Khrushchev and the Soviet Union because the withdrawal of US missiles from Italy and Turkey was a secret deal between Kennedy and Khrushchev . Khrushchev went to Kennedy as he thought that the crisis was getting out of hand , but the Soviets were seen as retreating from circumstances that they had started . Khrushchev 's fall from power two years later was in part because of the Soviet Politburo 's embarrassment at both Khrushchev 's eventual concessions to the US and this ineptitude in precipitating the crisis in the first place . According to Dobrynin , the top Soviet leadership took the Cuban outcome as `` a blow to its prestige bordering on humiliation . '' Cuban leadership ( edit ) Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets , as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev . Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba , such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo , were not addressed . That caused Cuban -- Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come . On the other hand , Cuba continued to be protected from invasion . US leadership ( edit ) The worldwide U.S. Forces DEFCON 3 status was returned to DEFCON 4 on November 20 , 1962 . General Curtis LeMay told the President that the resolution of the crisis was the `` greatest defeat in our history '' , however his was a minority position . He had pressed for an immediate invasion of Cuba as soon as the crisis began and still favored invading Cuba even after the Soviets had withdrawn their missiles . Twenty - five years later , LeMay still believed that `` We could have gotten not only the missiles out of Cuba , we could have gotten the Communists out of Cuba at that time . '' Critics , including Seymour Melman , and Seymour Hersh suggested that the Cuban Missile Crisis encouraged the United States ' use of military means , such as the case in the later Vietnam War . Human casualties ( edit ) U-2 pilot Anderson 's body was returned to the US and was buried with full military honors in South Carolina . He was the first recipient of the newly created Air Force Cross , which was awarded posthumously . Although Anderson was the only combatant fatality during the crisis , 11 crew members of three reconnaissance Boeing RB - 47 Stratojets of the 55th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing were also killed in crashes during the period between September 27 and November 11 , 1962 . Seven crew died when a Military Air Transport Service Boeing C - 135B Stratolifter delivering ammunition to Guantanamo Bay Naval Base stalled and crashed on approach on October 23 . Later Revelations ( edit ) Schlesinger , a historian and adviser to Kennedy , told National Public Radio in an interview on October 16 , 2002 that Castro did not want the missiles , but Khrushchev pressured Castro to accept them . Castro was not completely happy with the idea , but the Cuban National Directorate of the Revolution accepted them , both to protect Cuba against US attack and to aid the Soviet Union . Schlesinger believed that when the missiles were withdrawn , Castro was more angry with Khrushchev than with Kennedy because Khrushchev had not consulted Castro before deciding to remove them . Although Castro was infuriated by Khrushchev , he planned on striking the US with remaining missiles if an invasion of the island occurred . In early 1992 , it was confirmed that Soviet forces in Cuba had , when the crisis broke , already received tactical nuclear warheads for their artillery rockets and Il - 28 bombers . Castro stated that he would have recommended their use if the US invaded despite Cuba being destroyed . Arguably , the most dangerous moment in the crisis was not recognized until the Cuban Missile Crisis Havana conference , in October 2002 . Attended by many of the veterans of the crisis , they all learned that on October 27 , 1962 , USS Beale had tracked and dropped signaling depth charges ( the size of hand grenades ) on B - 59 , a Soviet Project 641 ( NATO designation Foxtrot ) submarine . Unknown to the US , it was armed with a 15 - kiloton nuclear torpedo . Running out of air , the Soviet submarine was surrounded by American warships and desperately needed to surface . An argument broke out among three officers aboard B - 59 , including submarine captain Valentin Savitsky , political officer Ivan Semonovich Maslennikov , and Deputy brigade commander Captain 2nd rank ( U.S. Navy Commander rank equivalent ) Vasili Arkhipov . An exhausted Savitsky became furious and ordered that the nuclear torpedo on board be made combat ready . Accounts differ about whether Arkhipov convinced Savitsky not to make the attack or whether Savitsky himself finally concluded that the only reasonable choice left open to him was to come to the surface . During the conference , McNamara stated that nuclear war had come much closer than people had thought . Thomas Blanton , director of the National Security Archive , said , `` A guy called Vasili Arkhipov saved the world . '' Fifty years after the crisis , Graham T. Allison wrote : Fifty years ago , the Cuban missile crisis brought the world to the brink of nuclear disaster . During the standoff , US President John F. Kennedy thought the chance of escalation to war was `` between 1 in 3 and even , '' and what we have learned in later decades has done nothing to lengthen those odds . We now know , for example , that in addition to nuclear - armed ballistic missiles , the Soviet Union had deployed 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba , and the local Soviet commander there could have launched these weapons without additional codes or commands from Moscow . The US air strike and invasion that were scheduled for the third week of the confrontation would likely have triggered a nuclear response against American ships and troops , and perhaps even Miami . The resulting war might have led to the deaths of over 100 million Americans and over 100 million Russians . BBC journalist Joe Matthews published the story , on October 13 , 2012 , behind the 100 tactical nuclear warheads mentioned by Graham Allison in the excerpt above . Khrushchev feared that Castro 's hurt pride and widespread Cuban indignation over the concessions he had made to Kennedy might lead to a breakdown of the agreement between the Soviet Union and the US . To prevent that , Khrushchev decided to offer to give Cuba more than 100 tactical nuclear weapons that had been shipped to Cuba along with the long - range missiles but , crucially , had escaped the notice of U.S. intelligence . Khrushchev determined that because the Americans had not listed the missiles on their list of demands , keeping them in Cuba would be in the Soviet Union 's interests . Anastas Mikoyan was tasked with the negotiations with Castro over the missile transfer deal that was designed to prevent a breakdown in the relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union . While in Havana , Mikoyan witnessed the mood swings and paranoia of Castro , who was convinced that Moscow had made the agreement with the US at the expense of Cuba 's defense . Mikoyan , on his own initiative , decided that Castro and his military not be given control of weapons with an explosive force equal to 100 Hiroshima - sized bombs under any circumstances . He defused the seemingly intractable situation , which risked re-escalating the crisis , on November 22 , 1962 . During a tense , four - hour meeting , Mikoyan convinced Castro that despite Moscow 's desire to help , it would be in breach of an unpublished Soviet law , which did not actually exist , to transfer the missiles permanently into Cuban hands and provide them with an independent nuclear deterrent . Castro was forced to give way and , much to the relief of Khrushchev and the rest of the Soviet government , the tactical nuclear weapons were crated and returned by sea to the Soviet Union during December 1962 . In popular Culture ( edit ) The American popular media , especially television , made frequent use of the events of the missile crisis and both fictional and documentary forms . Jim Willis includes the Crisis as one of the 100 `` media moments that changed America . '' Sheldon Stern finds that a half century later there are still many `` misconceptions , half - truths , and outright lies '' that have shaped media versions of what happened in the White House during those harrowing two weeks . Historian William Cohn argued in a 1976 article that television programs are typically the main source used by the American public to know about and interpret the past . According to Cold War historian Andrei Kozovoi , the Soviet media proved somewhat disorganized as it was unable to generate a coherent popular history . Khrushchev lost power and was airbrushed out of the story . Cuba was no longer portrayed as a heroic David against the American Goliath . One contradiction that pervaded the Soviet media campaign was between the pacifistic rhetoric of the peace movement that emphasizes the horrors of nuclear war and the militancy of the need to prepare Soviets for war against American aggression . Media representations ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Listed chronologically ) Thirteen Days , Robert F. Kennedy 's account of the crisis , released in 1969 ; It became the basis for numerous films and documentaries . Topaz , 1969 film by Alfred Hitchcock based on the 1967 novel by Leon Uris , set during the run - up to the crisis The Missiles of October , 1974 TV docudrama about the crisis Matinee , 1993 film starring John Goodman set during the Cuban Missile Crisis in which an independent - filmmaker decides to seize the opportunity to debut an atomic themed film . seaQuest 2032 , 1995 TV Show , ( Season 3 Episode , `` Second Chance '' ) , seaQuest inadvertently travels back to 1962 where their presence accidentally interferes with the Cuban Missile Crisis K - 19 : The Widowmaker , Docudrama about the history just before the crisis Thirteen Days ( film ) , 2000 docudrama directed by Roger Donaldson about the crisis The Fog of War , 2003 American documentary film about the life and times of former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara directed by Errol Morris , which won that years ' Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . Ur , a 2009 short novel by Stephen King , is about three men who discover through a magic Kindle that in another `` Ur '' , the Cuban Missile Crisis escalated into a nuclear war and ended that `` Ur '' . Call of Duty : Black Ops , 2010 video game , set during and after the Cuban Missile Crisis . The Kennedys ( TV miniseries ) , 2011 production chronicling the lives of the Kennedy family , including a dramatization of the crisis X-Men : First Class , 2011 superhero film set during the Cuban Missile Crisis , which depicts the crisis as being escalated by a group of mutants with the goal of establishing a mutant ruling class after the subsequent war . The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner . Daniel Ellsberg , Bloomsbury USA , New York , 2017 See also ( edit ) Cold War portal Cuba portal Soviet Union portal United States portal Bomber gap Cuba -- Soviet Union relations Leninsky Komsomol class cargo ships List of nuclear close calls Mutual assured destruction Norwegian rocket incident Nuclear disarmament Nuclear warfare Nuclear weapon Soviet Navy Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ McNamara mistakenly dates the shooting down of USAF Major Rudolf Anderson 's U-2 on October 26 . Jump up ^ In his biography , Castro did not compare his feelings for either leader at that moment but makes it clear that he was angry with Khrushchev for failing to consult with him . ( Ramonet 1978 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 55 years ago the first Soviet ballistic missiles were delivered to Cuba '' . Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation ( in Russian ) . 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 12 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Len Scott ; R. Gerald Hughes ( 2015 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis : A Critical Reappraisal . 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Retrieved April 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Buffet , Cyril ; Touze , Vincent . `` Germany , between Cuba and Berlin '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis exhibition . The Caen Mémorial . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pope John Helped settle the Cuban missile crisis '' . The Telegraph . June 4 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Outright Piracy '' . Jump up ^ Stephanie Ritter ( October 19 , 2012 ) . `` SAC during the 13 Days of the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Air Force Global Strike Command . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Jerry , ed . ( October 8 , 1997 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 18 -- 29 , 1962 '' . History and Politics Out Loud . Northwestern University . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sowa , Tom ( September 21 , 2014 ) . `` Buried treasures '' . The Spokesman Review . Spokane , WA . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyland , Vista ; Klyne D. Nowlin ( January 2012 ) . `` WW III , A Close Call '' ( PDF ) . The Intercom. 35 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 20 . ^ Jump up to : Kohn , R.H. ; Harahan , J.P. ( 1988 ) . `` U.S. Strategic Air Power , 1948 -- 1962 : Excerpts from an Interview with Generals Curtis E. LeMay , Leon W. Johnson , David A. Burchinal , and Jack J. Catton '' . International Security . 12 ( 4 ) : 78 -- 95 . doi : 10.2307 / 2538995 . JSTOR 2538995 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , K.C. `` Boarding MARUCLA : A personal account from the Executive Officer of USS Joseph P. Kennedy Jr '' . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2010 . Retrieved June 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Helms , Richard ( January 19 , 1962 ) . `` Memorandum for the Director of Central Intelligence : Meeting with the Attorney General of the United States Concerning Cuba '' ( PDF ) . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Jump up ^ Проблемы борьбы с лженаукой ( обсуждение в Президиуме РАН ) , quote : `` Документы заседания Президиума ЦК КПСС весьма лаконичны , но благодаря тому , что в архиве я нашел выписку из решения Президиума ЦК КПСС , слово в слово совпадающую с тем , что обсуждалось на встрече разведчика с журналистом , стало совершенно очевидно , кто был истинным автором плана урегулирования Карибского кризиса . '' Jump up ^ `` Chronology 1 : September 28 , 1962 to October 26 , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 . The National Security Archive . Retrieved April 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Department of State Telegram Transmitting Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , October 1962 . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . 26 October 1962 . Retrieved 9 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Brandon , Henry ( October 28 , 1962 ) . `` Attack us at your Peril , Cocky Cuba Warns US '' . The Sunday Times . London . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Jeffrey ( September 8 , 2010 ) . `` Cuban model no longer works , says Fidel Castro '' . BBC . Jump up ^ Baggins , Brian . `` Cuban History Missile Crisis '' . Marxist History : Cuba ( 1959 -- present ) . Marxists Internet Archive . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Christopher , Andrew ( March 1 , 1996 ) . For the President 's Eyes Only : Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush . Harper Perennial . p. 688 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 092178 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The Week The World Stood Still : Inside The Secret Cuban Missile Crisis '' By Sheldon M. Stern , 2012 Jump up ^ Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Jump up ^ Pocock , Chris . 50 Years of the U-2 : The Complete Illustrated History of the ' Dragon Lady ' . Atglen , Pennsylvania : Schiffer Publishing , Ltd. p. 406 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7643 - 2346 - 1 . LCCN 2005927577 . Jump up ^ `` Was Castro Out of Control In 1962 ? '' . Jump up ^ Fontova , Humberto . `` Raul Castro meets with Bill Clinton in New York ( To Thank Him ? ) '' . Jump up ^ `` An Act of Terrorism by Castro , An Abortion of Justice by Obama '' . Jump up ^ `` U-2 Pilot Maj . Rudy Anderson : The Only American Killed During the Cuban Missile Crisis -- Defense Media Network '' . Jump up ^ Robert McNamara ( 2004 ) ( 1964 ) . Interview included as special feature on Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( DVD ) . Columbia Tristar Home Entertainment . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 206 ) . Jump up ^ Frey , Jennifer ( January 14 , 2007 ) . `` At Yenching Palace , Five Decades of History to Go '' . Washington Post . Retrieved December 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , New Jersey : Princeton University Press . pp. 135 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nuclear Files : Key Issues : Nuclear Weapons : Cold War : Cuban Missile Crisis : Timline '' . www.nuclearfiles.org . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 , Volume VI , Kennedy - Khrushchev Exchanges -- Office of the Historian '' . history.state.gov . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Audio Clips '' . Jump up ^ Blight , James G. and Janet M. Lang ( 2012 ) . `` The Armageddon Letters : Kennedy , Khrushchev , Castro in the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ Taubman , William ( 2004 ) . Khrushchev : The Man and His Era . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 573 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4422 - 1679 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` The Submarines of October '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . Retrieved May 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : Press Release , 11 October 2002 , 5 : 00 pm '' . George Washington University , National Security Archive . October 11 , 2002 . Retrieved October 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Michael Dobbs , One Minute to Midnight , Vintage , Random House , 2009 . Includes photograph of B - 59 surfacing . Jump up ^ `` Chronology of Submarine Contact During the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . National Security Archive of the George Washington University . Retrieved 15 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Edward Wilson ( 2012 - 10 - 27 ) . `` Thank you Vasili Arkhipov , the man who stopped nuclear war '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( June 2008 ) . `` Why We Should Still Study the Cuban Missile Crisis '' ( PDF ) . Special Report 205 . United States Institute of Peace . Retrieved August 26 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Schoenherr , Steven ( April 10 , 2006 ) . `` The Thirteen Days , October 16 -- 28 , 1962 '' . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2008 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jim Hershberg ( Spring 1995 ) . `` Anatomy of a Controversy : Anatoly F. Dobrynin 's Meeting With Robert F. Kennedy , Saturday , 27 October 1962 '' . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Dominic D.P. Failing to Win p. 105 Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 206 - 207 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , pp. 189 - 190 ) Jump up ^ McNamara and Blight ( 2003 , p. 190 ) . Ellsberg ( 2017 , pp. 208 - 210 ) . Jump up ^ Ellsberg ( 2017 , p. 2 ) . See also Ellsberg , Daniel ; Goodman , Amy ; González , Juan ( December 6 , 2017 ) , Daniel Ellsberg Reveals He was a Nuclear War Planner , Warns of Nuclear Winter & Global Starvation , Democracy Now , retrieved December 6 , 2017 Jump up ^ The Fog of War : Lessons from the Life of Robert S. McNamara , by James G. Blight , Janet M. Lang , Rowman & Littlefield , 2005 , p. 37 , ISBN 9780742580220 Jump up ^ Crises in U.S. Foreign Policy : An International History Reader , by Michael H. Hunt , Yale University Press , 1996 , p. 287 , ISBN 9780300065978 Jump up ^ Bruce W. Nelan ( October 6 , 1997 ) . `` Armageddon 's Echoes '' . CNN . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Faria , Miguel A. ( 2002 ) . Cuba in Revolution : Escape from a Lost Paradise . Macon , GA : Hacienda Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9641077 - 3 - 1 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur Jr . `` Memorandum for the President : Post Mortem on Cuba , October 29 , 1962 -- full text Jump up ^ `` Radio and television remarks on dismantling of Soviet missile bases in Cuba , 2 November 1962 '' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Jump up ^ Glover , Jonathan ( 2000 ) . Humanity : a moral history of the twentieth century . Yale University Press . p. 464 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 08700 - 0 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Schlesinger , Arthur ( 2002 ) . Robert Kennedy and his times . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . p. 1088 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21928 - 5 . Retrieved July 2 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Garthoff , Raymond L. ( July 1988 ) . `` Did Khrushchev Bluff in Cuba ? No '' . Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists . pp. 40 -- 43 . Retrieved January 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 , citing Message from Chairman Krushchev to President Kennedy , October 30 , 1962 , in Foreign Relations of the United States , 1961 - 1963 , vol. 11 , ( Washington , DC , US Government Printing Office , 1997 ) , pages 309 - 317 Jump up ^ Stone , Oliver and Peter Kuznick , `` The Untold History of the United States '' ( Gallery Books , 2012 ) , page 313 - 14 Jump up ^ William Taubman , Khrushchev : The Man and His Era ( 2004 ) p. 579 . ^ Jump up to : Ignacio , Ramonet ( 2007 ) . Fidel Castro : My Life . Penguin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 102626 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Militaryhistory.about.com '' . Jump up ^ Melman , Seymour ( 1988 ) . The Demilitarized Society : Disarmament and Conversion . Montreal : Harvest House . Jump up ^ Hersh , Seymour ( 1978 ) . The Dark Side of Camelot . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Alwyn T. , `` Boeing 's B - 47 Stratojet '' , Specialty Press , North Branch , Minnesota , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58007 - 071 - 3 , page 178 . Jump up ^ `` Aviation Safety '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Arms Control Today '' . Arms Control Association . November 1 , 2002 . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2004 . Retrieved February 14 , 2004 . Jump up ^ Evans , Michael . `` The Submarines of October '' . nsarchive.gwu.edu . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 4358 - 3 . Jump up ^ Allison , Graham ( 2012 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis at 50 '' . Foreign Affairs . 91 ( 4 ) . Retrieved 9 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ВЗГЛЯД / `` США и Россия : кризис 1962 - го '' `` . ^ Jump up to : Matthews , Joe . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC News Magazine . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Priscilla Roberts ( 2012 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis : The Essential Reference Guide . ABC - CLIO . p. 267 . ISBN 9781610690669 . Jump up ^ Jim Willis ( 2010 ) . 100 Media Moments that Changed America . ABC - CLIO . pp. 97 -- 99 . Jump up ^ Sheldon Stern ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford University Press . p. viii . Jump up ^ Cohn , William H. ( 1976 ) . `` History for the masses : Television portrays the past '' . Journal of Popular Culture . 10 ( 2 ) : 280 -- 89 . Jump up ^ Kozovoi , Andrei ( 2014 ) . `` Dissonant Voices '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . 16 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Haruya Anami , `` ' Thirteen Days ' Thirty Years After : Robert Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited , '' Journal of American & Canadian Studies ( 1994 ) Issue 12 , pp 69 -- 88 . Further reading ( edit ) Allison , Graham ; Zelikow , Philip ( 1999 ) . Essence of Decision , Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Addison Wesley Longman . ISBN 0 - 321 - 01349 - 2 . Barrett , David M. and Max Holland ( 2012 ) . Blind Over Cuba : The Photo Gap and the Missile Crisis . College Station , TX : Texas A&M University Press , 2012 . Campus , Leonardo ( 2014 ) . I sei giorni che sconvolsero il mondo . La crisi dei missili di Cuba e le sue percezioni internazionali ( = Six Days that Shook the World . The Cuban Missile Crisis and Its International Perceptions ) . Florence : Le Monnier . ISBN 9788800745321 Chayes , Abram ( 1974 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . International crises and the role of law . London : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 825320 - 4 . Diez Acosta , Tomás ( 2002 ) . October 1962 : The `` Missile '' Crisis As Seen from Cuba . New York : Pathfinder . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87348 - 956 - 0 . Divine , Robert A. ( 1988 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : M. Wiener Pub . ISBN 978 - 0 - 910129 - 15 - 2 . Dobbs , Michael ( 2008 ) . One Minute to Midnight : Kennedy , Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War . New York : Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7891 - 2 . Feklisov , Aleksandr ; Kostin , Sergueï ( 2001 ) . The Man Behind the Rosenbergs : By the KGB Spymaster Who Was the Case Officer of Julius Rosenberg , Klaus Fuchs , and Helped Resolve the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 08 - 7 . Frankel , Max ( 2004 ) . High Noon in the Cold War : Kennedy , Khrushchev , and the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : Ballantine Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 46505 - 4 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ; Naftali , Timothy J. ( 1998 ) . One Hell of a Gamble : Khrushchev , Castro , and Kennedy , 1958 -- 1964 . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31790 - 9 . Fursenko , Aleksandr ( Summer 2006 ) . `` Night Session of the Presidium of the Central Committee , 22 -- 23 October 1962 '' . Naval War College Review . 59 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2011 . George , Alice L. ( 2003 ) . Awaiting Armageddon : How Americans Faced the Cuban Missile Crisis . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2828 - 1 . Gibson , David R. ( 2012 ) . Talk at the Brink : Deliberation and Decision during the Cuban Missile Crisis . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15131 - 1 . Gonzalez , Servando ( 2002 ) . The Nuclear Deception : Nikita Khrushchev and the Cuban Missile Crisis . Oakland , CA : Spooks Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9711391 - 5 - 2 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Khrushchev , Sergei ( October 2002 ) . `` How My Father And President Kennedy Saved The World '' . American Heritage . 53 ( 5 ) . Polmar , Norman ; Gresham , John D. ( 2006 ) . DEFCON - 2 : Standing on the Brink of Nuclear War During the Cuban Missile Crisis . Foreword by Tom Clancy . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 67022 - 3 . Pope , Ronald R. ( 1982 ) . Soviet Views on the Cuban Missile Crisis : Myth and Reality in Foreign Policy Analysis . Washington , DC : Univ . Press of America . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8191 - 2584 - 2 . Powers , Thomas , `` The Nuclear Worrier '' ( review of Daniel Ellsberg , The Doomsday Machine : Confessions of a Nuclear War Planner , New York , Bloomsbury , 2017 , ISBN 9781608196708 , 420 pp . ) , The New York Review of Books , vol . LXV , no . 1 ( January 18 , 2018 ) , pp. 13 -- 15 . Pressman , Jeremy ( 2001 ) . `` September Statements , October Missiles , November Elections : Domestic Politics , Foreign - Policy Making , and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Security Studies . 10 ( 3 ) : 80 -- 114 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410108429438 . Russell , Bertrand ( 1963 ) . Unarmed Victory . London : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 0 - 04 - 327024 - 7 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2003 ) . Averting ' the Final Failure ' : John F. Kennedy and the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis Meetings . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 4846 - 9 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2005 ) . The Week the World Stood Still : Inside the Secret Cuban Missile Crisis . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 5077 - 6 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 4 , 2011 . Stern , Sheldon M. ( 2012 ) . The Cuban Missile Crisis in American Memory : Myths versus Reality . Stanford nuclear age series . Stanford , Calif : Stanford University Press . Trahair , Richard C.S. ; Miller , Robert L. ( 2009 ) . Encyclopedia of Cold War Espionage , Spies , and Secret Operations . New York : Enigma Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 929631 - 75 - 9 . Matthews , Joe ( October 2012 ) . `` Cuban missile crisis : The other , secret one '' . BBC . Historiography ( edit ) Allison , Graham T. ( September 1969 ) . `` Conceptual Models and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . American Political Science Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 689 -- 718 . JSTOR 1954423 . Dorn , A. Walter ; Pauk , Robert ( April 2009 ) . `` Unsung Mediator : U Thant and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Diplomatic History . 33 ( 2 ) : 261 -- 292 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.2008. 00762. x . Garthoff , Raymond L. ( Spring 2004 ) . `` Foreign Intelligence and the Historiography of the Cold War '' . Journal of Cold War Studies . Project MUSE. 6 ( 2 ) : 21 -- 56 . doi : 10.1162 / 152039704773254759 . ISSN 1520 - 3972 . Gibson , David R. ( 2011 ) . `` Avoiding Catastrophe : The Interactional Production of Possibility during the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . The American Journal of Sociology. 117 ( 2 ) : 361 -- 419 . doi : 10.1086 / 661761 . JSTOR 10.1086 / 661761 . Jones , John A. ; Jones , Virginia H. ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Through the Eye of the Needle : Five Perspectives on the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Rhetoric & Public Affairs . Project MUSE. 8 ( 1 ) : 133 -- 144 . doi : 10.1353 / rap. 2005.0044 . Jones , Milo ; Silberzahn , Philppe ( 2013 ) . Constructing Cassandra , Reframing Intelligence Failure at the CIA , 1947 -- 2001 . Stanford University Press . pp. 135 -- 191 . ISBN 978 - 0804793360 . Lebow , Richard Ned ( October 1990 ) . `` Domestic Politics and the Cuban Missile Crisis : The Traditional and Revisionist Interpretations Reevaluated '' . Diplomatic History . 14 ( 4 ) : 471 -- 492 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 7709.1990. tb00103. x . Primary sources ( edit ) Chang , Laurence ; Kornbluh , Peter , eds. ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction '' . The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : A National Security Archive Documents Reader ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : New Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56584 - 474 - 2 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . JFK in History . John F. Kennedy Library . `` Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 '' . Presidential Recordings Program . Miller Center of Public Affairs , University of Virginia . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Wilson Center Digital Archive . Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . Keefer , Edward C. ; Sampson , Charles S. ; Smith , Louis J. , eds. ( 1996 ) . Cuban Missile Crisis and Aftermath . Foreign relations of the United States , 1961 -- 1963 . XI . Washington , D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 045210 - 4 . Kennedy , Robert F. ( 1969 ) . Thirteen Days : A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 31834 - 0 . May , Ernest R. ; Zelikow , Philip D. , eds. ( 2002 ) ( 1997 ) . The Kennedy Tapes : Inside the White House During the Cuban Missile Crisis ( 2nd ed . ) . New York : Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32259 - 0 . McAuliffe , Mary S. , ed . ( October 1992 ) . `` CIA Documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 '' ( PDF ) . Historical Review Program . Washington , DC : Central Intelligence Agency . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : The 40th Anniversary '' . National Security Archive : Special Exhibits . Gelman Library : The George Washington University . `` The World On the Brink : John F. Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Interactive Exhibits . John F. Kennedy Library . Gavrov , Sergei , ed . ( November 2013 ) . `` America and Russia : The Crisis of 1962 . On the 50th anniversary of the missile crisis '' . Moscow : Vzglyad ( Russia ) . Dallek , Robert . `` If We Listen to Them , None of Us Will Be Alive . '' In Camelot 's Court , 279 -- 334 . New York : HarperCollins , 2013 . Lesson plans ( edit ) `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Slideshows for Educators . Bureau of Public Affairs , U.S. Department of State . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2011 . Moser , John ; Hahn , Lori ( July 15 , 2010 ) . `` The Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 : ' The Missiles of October ' '' . EDSITEment : Lesson Plans . National Endowment for the Humanities . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Cuban Missile Crisis Cuban Missile Crisis . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' , 2012 , Harvard Kennedy School , Belfer Center 's 50th anniversary of the crisis -- commemorative website Cuban Missile Crisis : Операция Анадырь ( Operation Anadyr ) on Flickr Cuban Missile Crisis and the Fallout from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Topics . History Channel . 2011 . `` Cuban Missile Crisis '' . Nuclear Weapons History : Cold War . Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . `` Cuban Missile Crisis Bibliography '' . Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues . Cuban Missile Crisis , 1962 October 1962 : DEFCON 4 , DEFCON 3 Spartacus Educational ( UK ) : Cuban Missile Crisis Document -- Britain 's Cuban Missile Crisis No Time to Talk : The Cuban Missile Crisis The 32nd Guards Air Fighter Regiment in Cuba ( 1962 -- 1963 ) S. Isaev . The short film Symposium on Intelligence and the Cuban Missile Crisis 1962 ( 1992 ) is available for free download at the Internet Archive The Woodrow Wilson Center 's Digital Archive has a collection of primary source archival documents on the Cuban Missile Crisis . EDSITEment lesson plan Cuban Missile Crisis EDSITEment Cuban Missile Crisis Interactive Cuban Missile Crisis : Three Men Go To War Documentary produced by PBS The Armageddon Letters , a transmedia storytelling of the crisis with animated short films and other digital content The Man Who Saved the World Documentary produced by PBS Series Secrets of the Dead Cold War USA USSR ANZUS NATO Non-Aligned Movement SEATO Warsaw Pact Cold War II 1940s Morgenthau Plan Hukbalahap Rebellion Dekemvriana Percentages agreement Yalta Conference Guerrilla war in the Baltic states Forest Brothers Operation Priboi Operation Jungle Occupation of the Baltic states Cursed soldiers Operation Unthinkable Operation Downfall Potsdam Conference Gouzenko Affair Division of Korea Operation Masterdom Operation Beleaguer Operation Blacklist Forty Iran crisis of 1946 Greek Civil War Baruch Plan Corfu Channel incident Turkish Straits crisis Restatement of Policy on Germany First Indochina War Truman Doctrine Asian Relations Conference May 1947 Crises Marshall Plan Comecon 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état Tito -- Stalin Split Berlin Blockade Western betrayal Iron Curtain Eastern Bloc Western Bloc Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) Malayan Emergency Albanian Subversion 1950s Papua conflict Bamboo Curtain Korean War McCarthyism Algerian War Egyptian Revolution of 1952 1953 Iranian coup d'état Uprising of 1953 in East Germany Dirty War ( Mexico ) Bricker Amendment 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état Partition of Vietnam Vietnam War First Taiwan Strait Crisis Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) Bandung Conference Poznań 1956 protests Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Suez Crisis `` We will bury you '' Operation Gladio Arab Cold War Syrian Crisis of 1957 1958 Lebanon crisis Iraqi 14 July Revolution Sputnik crisis Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 1959 Tibetan uprising Cuban Revolution Kitchen Debate Sino - 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Soviet border conflict CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion Corrective Move 1970s Détente Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Black September in Jordan Corrective Movement ( Syria ) Cambodian Civil War Koza riot Realpolitik Ping - pong diplomacy Uganda -- Tanzania War 1971 Turkish military memorandum Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) Four Power Agreement on Berlin Bangladesh Liberation War 1972 Nixon visit to China North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 Yemenite War of 1972 Communist insurgency in Bangladesh NDF Rebellion Eritrean Civil Wars 1973 Chilean coup d'état Yom Kippur War 1973 oil crisis Carnation Revolution Spanish transition Metapolitefsi Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Rhodesian Bush War Angolan Civil War Mozambican Civil War Oromo conflict Ogaden War Ethiopian Civil War Lebanese Civil War Sino - Albanian split Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Operation Condor Dirty War ( Argentina ) 1976 Argentine coup d'état German Autumn Korean Air Lines Flight 902 Yemenite War of 1979 Grand Mosque seizure Iranian Revolution Saur Revolution New Jewel Movement 1979 Herat uprising Seven Days to the River Rhine Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union 1980s Soviet -- Afghan War 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 1980 Turkish coup d'état Peruvian conflict Casamance conflict Ugandan Bush War Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency Eritrean Civil Wars 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War Ndogboyosoi War United States invasion of Grenada Able Archer 83 Star Wars Iran -- Iraq War Somali Rebellion 1986 Black Sea incident 1988 Black Sea bumping incident South Yemen Civil War Bougainville Civil War 8888 Uprising Solidarity Soviet reaction Contras Central American crisis RYAN Korean Air Lines Flight 007 People Power Revolution Glasnost Perestroika Nagorno - 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who were the leaders of the following countries during the cuban missile crisis united states

After a long period of tense negotiations , an agreement was reached between U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Khrushchev . Publicly , the Soviets would dismantle their offensive weapons in Cuba and return them to the Soviet Union , subject to United Nations verification , in exchange for a U.S. public declaration and agreement to avoid invading Cuba again . Secretly , the United States agreed that it would dismantle all U.S. - built Jupiter MRBMs , which had been deployed in Turkey against the Soviet Union ; there has been debate on whether or not Italy was included in the agreement as well .

Marni Nixon - wikipedia Marni Nixon Jump to : navigation , search Marni Nixon Nixon at the Metropolitan Room , NYC ( 2009 ) Margaret Nixon McEathron ( 1930 - 02 - 22 ) February 22 , 1930 Altadena , California , U.S. July 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 07 - 24 ) ( aged 86 ) New York , New York Occupation Singer , actress Spouse ( s ) Ernest Gold ( m . 1950 ; div. 1969 ) Lajos Fenster ( m . 1971 ; div. 1975 ) Albert Block ( m . 1983 ; d . 2015 ) Children 3 , including Andrew Gold Website www.marninixon.org Margaret Nixon McEathron ( February 22 , 1930 -- July 24 , 2016 ) , known professionally as Marni Nixon , was an American soprano and playback singer for featured actresses in movie musicals . She was best known for dubbing the singing voices of the leading actresses in films , including The King and I , West Side Story , and My Fair Lady . Besides her voice work in films , Nixon 's varied career included some film roles of her own , television , opera , musicals on Broadway and elsewhere throughout the United States , concerts with major symphony orchestras , and recordings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early films and musicals 2.2 Later work 3 Personal life and death 4 Honors 5 Filmography 5.1 Film 5.2 Television 6 References 7 Sources 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Born in Altadena , California to Charles Nixon and Margaret Elsa ( née Wittke ) McEathron , Nixon was a child film actress who also played the violin and began singing at an early age in choruses , including performing solos with the Roger Wagner Chorale . She went on to study singing and opera with , among others , Vera Schwarz , Carl Ebert , Boris Goldovsky and Sarah Caldwell . In 1947 , having adopted the stage name Marni Nixon , she made her Hollywood Bowl solo debut in Carmina Burana with the Los Angeles Philharmonic under conductor Leopold Stokowski . Career ( edit ) Early films and musicals ( edit ) Nixon 's career in film started in 1948 when she sang the voices of the angels heard by Ingrid Bergman in Joan of Arc ( 1948 ) . The same year , she did her first dubbing work when she provided Margaret O'Brien 's singing voice in 1948 's Big City and then 1949 's The Secret Garden . She sang for Jeanne Crain in Cheaper by the Dozen ( 1950 ) and dubbed Marilyn Monroe 's high notes in `` Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend '' in Gentlemen Prefer Blondes ( 1953 ) . Also in 1953 , she sang for Ida Lupino in Jennifer . Nixon appeared on Broadway in 1954 in The Girl in Pink Tights . In 1956 , she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star 's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember . That year , she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin . In 1960 , she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on - screen chorus role in Can - Can . In 1961 's West Side Story , the studio kept her work on the film ( as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria ) a secret from the actress , and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film 's `` Tonight '' quintet . She asked the film 's producers for , but did not receive , any direct royalties from her work on the film , but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1 / 4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it . In 1962 , she also sang Wood 's high notes in Gypsy . For My Fair Lady in 1964 , she again worked with the female lead of the film , Audrey Hepburn , to perform the songs of Hepburn 's character Eliza . Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films , Time magazine called her `` The Ghostess with the Mostest '' . Nixon made guest appearances with Leonard Bernstein 's Young People 's Concerts , including in 1960 , singing `` Improvisation sur Mallarmé I '' from Pli selon pli by Pierre Boulez , and on April 9 , 1961 , in a program entitled `` Folk Music in the Concert Hall '' , singing three `` Songs of the Auvergne '' by Joseph Canteloube . Before My Fair Lady was released in theatres in 1964 , Nixon played Eliza in a revival of the musical at New York City Center . Nixon 's first onscreen appearance was as Sister Sophia in the 1965 film The Sound of Music . In the DVD commentary to the film , director Robert Wise comments that audiences were finally able to see the woman whose voice they knew so well . In 1967 , she was the singing voice of Princess Serena in a live action and animated version of Jack and the Beanstalk on NBC . Especially in the 1960s , but also earlier and later , Nixon made concert appearances , specializing in contemporary music as a soloist with the New York Philharmonic , and gave recitals at Carnegie Hall , Alice Tully Hall and Town Hall in New York City . Later work ( edit ) Nixon taught at the California Institute of the Arts in Santa Clarita from 1969 to 1971 and joined the faculty of the Music Academy of the West , Santa Barbara , in 1980 , where she taught for many years . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , she hosted a children 's television show in Seattle on KOMO - TV channel 4 called Boomerang , winning four Emmy Awards as best actress , and made numerous other television appearances on variety shows and as a guest star in prime time series . Nixon 's opera repertory included Zerbinetta in Ariadne auf Naxos , Susanna in The Marriage of Figaro , both Blonde and Konstanze in Die Entführung aus dem Serail , Violetta in La traviata , the title role in La Périchole and Philine in Mignon . Her opera credits included performances at Los Angeles Opera , Seattle Opera , San Francisco Opera and the Tanglewood Festival among others . In addition to giving recitals , she appeared as an oratorio and concert soloist with the New York Philharmonic under Leonard Bernstein , the Los Angeles Philharmonic , the Cleveland Orchestra , Toronto Symphony Orchestra , the London Symphony Orchestra and the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra among others . Nixon also toured with Liberace and Victor Borge and later in her own cabaret shows . On stage , in 1984 , she originated the role of Edna Off - Broadway in Taking My Turn , composed by Gary William Friedman , receiving a nomination for a Drama Desk Award . She also originated the role of Sadie McKibben in Opal ( 1992 ) , and she had a 1997 film role as Aunt Alice in I Think I Do . Under her own name , beginning in the 1980s , Nixon recorded songs by Jerome Kern , George Gershwin , Arnold Schönberg , Igor Stravinsky , Charles Ives , Aaron Copland , and Anton Webern . She was nominated for two Grammy Awards for Best Classical Performance , Vocal Soloist , one for her Schönberg album and one for her Copland album . In the 1998 Disney film Mulan , Nixon was the singing voice of `` Grandmother Fa '' . She then returned to the stage , touring the US as Fraulein Schneider in Cabaret in 1997 -- 1998 . She eventually sang on more than 50 soundtracks . In 1999 , she originated the role of Mrs. Wilson in the premiere of Ballymore , an opera by Richard Wargo at Skylight Opera Theatre in Milwaukee , Wisconsin , which was taped for PBS . In regional theatre and Off - Broadway , she played Nurse in Romeo and Juliet and appeared in productions of The King and I and The Sound of Music . She also continued to teach voice and judge vocal competitions . In 2000 , after nearly a half century away , she returned to Broadway as Aunt Kate in James Joyce 's The Dead . In 2001 , Nixon replaced Joan Roberts as Heidi Schiller in the Broadway revival of Stephen Sondheim 's Follies . She played Eunice Miller in 70 , Girls , 70 in a 2002 production in Los Angeles . In 2003 , she was again on Broadway as a replacement in role of Guido 's mother in the revival of Nine . Nixon appeared as Frau Direktor Kirschner in the 2009 Encores ! production of the musical Music in the Air at New York City Center . Her autobiography , I Could Have Sung All Night , was published in 2006 . She performed in the 2008 North American Tour of Cameron Mackintosh 's UK revival of My Fair Lady in the role of Mrs. Higgins . Personal life and death ( edit ) In 1950 , Nixon married the first of her three husbands , Ernest Gold , who composed the theme song to the movie Exodus . They had three children , including singer / songwriter Andrew Gold . They divorced in 1969 . She was married to Dr. Lajos `` Fritz '' Fenster from 1971 to 1975 , and to woodwind player Albert Block from 1983 to his death in 2015 . Nixon survived breast cancer in 1985 and 2000 but finally succumbed to the disease . She died on July 24 , 2016 , in New York , aged 86 . Honors ( edit ) On October 27 , 2008 , Nixon was presented with the Singer Symposium 's Distinguished Artist Award in New York City . She was also an honorary member of Sigma Alpha Iota International Women 's Music Fraternity . In 2012 , Nixon was the recipient of the George Peabody Award for Outstanding Contributions to American Music . Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1942 The Bashful Bachelor Angela Abernathy 1950 Cinderella Narrator ( vocals ) Song : `` Cinderella '' ( uncredited ) 1951 Alice in Wonderland Singing Flowers ( vocals ) Uncredited 1956 The King and I Anna Leonowens ( vocals ) 4 songs ( uncredited ) 1956 Dance with Me , Henry Vocals Song : `` Libiamo ne ' lieti calici '' 1957 An Affair to Remember Terry McKay ( vocals ) 3 songs ( uncredited ) 1961 West Side Story Maria Nunez ( vocals ) 7 songs ( uncredited ) 1964 Mary Poppins Geese ( vocals ) Uncredited 1964 My Fair Lady Eliza Doolittle ( vocals ) 10 songs ( uncredited ) 1965 The Sound of Music Sister Sophia ( vocals ) Song : `` Maria '' I Think I Do Aunt Alice 1998 Mulan Grandmother Fa ( vocals ) Song : `` Honor to Us All '' ( uncredited ) Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1967 Jack and the Beanstalk Princess Serena ( vocals ) Movie ; various songs 1969 The Mothers - In - Law Herself Episode : `` The Not - So - Grand Opera '' 1984 Taking My Turn Edna Movie Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Edna Dumas Episode : `` Redemption '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Fox , Margalit . `` Marni Nixon , the Singing Voice Behind the Screen , Dies at 86 '' , The New York Times , July 25 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ivri , Benjamin . `` Remembering Marni Nixon , the Greatest Ghost Singer '' , The Forward , July 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Savage , Mark . `` Marni Nixon : Hollywood 's ' invisible voice ' dies aged 86 '' , BBC News , July 25 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Marni Nixon , Internet Broadway Database , accessed July 26 , 2016 ^ Jump up to : Ruhlmann , William . `` About Marni Nixon '' , MTV , accessed November 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Lawson , Kyle . `` 6 / 17 - 22 : Marni Nixon in My Fair Lady '' , AZCentral.com , June 10 , 2008 , accessed December 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Prial , Frank J. `` Voice of the Many , but Rarely Herself '' , The New York Times , March 6 , 2007 , accessed December 23 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : Bargreen , Melonda . `` From shadows to spotlight : Acclaimed soprano Marni Nixon , 76 , writes her memoir '' , The Seattle Times , November 3 , 2006 , accessed July 19 , 2017 Jump up ^ Miller , Frank . 198696&name = Gypsy Gypsy , TCM.com , accessed November 24 , 2014 Jump up ^ `` Hollywood : Instant Voice '' , Time magazine , February 7 , 1964 Jump up ^ Lunden , Jeff . `` ' Ghost ' Soprano Marni Nixon , Who Voiced Blockbuster Musicals , Dies at 86 '' , NPR.org , July 25 , 2016 Jump up ^ Bernstein , Leonard . Leonard Bernstein 's Young People 's Concerts . Amadeus Press ( 1962 ) , pp. 349 -- 350 ISBN 1 - 57467 - 102 - 2 Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Musicals on DVD 8 '' , Musicals101.com , John Kenrick , 2007 , accessed November 30 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Marni Nixon Biography ( 1930 -- ) '' , Film Reference.com , accessed November 24 , 2014 ^ Jump up to : Bernheimer : `` Marni Nixon '' , Grove Music Online ^ Jump up to : `` The Singer Symposium 2008 Distinguished Artist Award '' , Singer Symposium , October 25 , 2008 , accessed February 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Taking My Turn , Lortel Archives , accessed January 28 , 20143 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Kenneth . `` Marni Nixon Warms Up in Milwaukee for Friel - Based Opera Ballymore , Jan. 29 -- Feb 14 '' Archived December 2 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , January 29 , 1999 , accessed February 20 , 2013 Jump up ^ Hernandez , Ernio . `` Voice of `` My Fair Lady '' and `` West Side Story '' Joins Nine on Broadway , Oct. 7 '' Archived December 13 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , Playbill , September 15 , 2003 , accessed December 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Brantley , Ben . `` Inside the Big , Bad City , Temptations by the Score '' , The New York Times , February 6 , 2009 Jump up ^ Zeka , Rita `` Eliza Doolittle and love of hats bring actors together '' , Toronto Star , May 24 , 2008 , accessed December 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ `` My Fair Lady ( Cast Biographies ) '' , Center Theatre Group , 2008 , accessed December 23 , 2011 Jump up ^ Leigh , Spencer . `` Andrew Gold : Musician and songwriter whose collaborators included Ronstadt , Garfunkel and Cher '' , The Independent , June 8 , 2011 , accessed July 26 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Albert Block '' , Riverside Memorial Chapel , August 17 , 2015 , accessed March 13 , 2016 Jump up ^ `` Honorary Member '' , Sai-national.org , accessed July 25 , 2016 Sources ( edit ) Nixon , Marni , with Cole , Stephen . I Could Have Sung All Night : My Story . New York , Billboard Books . 2006 ; ISBN 0 - 8230 - 8365 - 9 . Martin Bernheimer : `` Marni Nixon '' , Grove Music Online ed . L. Macy ; accessed September 22 , 2008 ( see here ( subscription access ) ) External links ( edit ) Official website Marni Nixon on IMDb Marni Nixon at the Internet Broadway Database Works by Marni Nixon at Open Library Marni Nixon at the Internet Off - Broadway Database Extensive Nixon biography and photos Interview with Marni Nixon by Bruce Duffie , June 10 , 1987 Nixon singing with Leonard Bernstein on television in 1961 VIAF : 34649765 LCCN : n83070039 ISNI : 0000 0000 8113 8386 GND : 132869810 BNF : cb139566546 ( data ) MusicBrainz : 4bc4aee5 - 3f5f - 4af9 - bce1 - d89064ce2bcc IATH : w6vj8d1j Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marni_Nixon&oldid=798905302 '' Categories : 1930 births 2016 deaths American musical theatre actresses American operatic sopranos California Institute of the Arts faculty Music Academy of the West faculty People from Altadena , California Actresses from California Deaths from breast cancer Deaths from cancer in New York ( state ) Singers from California Sigma Alpha Iota Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with IBDb links Open Library ID not in Wikidata Articles with Open Library links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Cymraeg Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 14 : 03 . 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who sang for deborah kerr in the king and i

In 1956 , she worked closely with Deborah Kerr to supply the star 's singing voice for the film version of Rodgers and Hammerstein 's The King and I and the next year she again worked with Kerr to dub her voice in An Affair to Remember . That year , she also sang for Sophia Loren in Boy on a Dolphin . In 1960 , she dubbed Janet Leigh 's voice in Pepe and had an on - screen chorus role in Can - Can . In 1961 's West Side Story , the studio kept her work on the film ( as the singing voice of Natalie Wood 's Maria ) a secret from the actress , and Nixon also dubbed Rita Moreno 's singing in the film 's `` Tonight '' quintet . She asked the film 's producers for , but did not receive , any direct royalties from her work on the film , but Leonard Bernstein contractually gave her 1 / 4 of one percent of his personal royalties from it . In 1962 , she also sang Wood 's high notes in Gypsy . For My Fair Lady in 1964 , she again worked with the female lead of the film , Audrey Hepburn , to perform the songs of Hepburn 's character Eliza . Because of her uncredited dubbing work in these films , Time magazine called her `` The Ghostess with the Mostest '' .

Mumbai - Wikipedia Mumbai Jump to : navigation , search `` Bombay '' redirects here . For оther uses , see Bombay ( disambiguation ) . For other uses , see Mumbai ( disambiguation ) . Mumbai Bombay Megacity Mumbai Marathi transcription ( s ) Top to bottom : Cuffe Parade skyline , the Gateway of India ( L ) , Taj Mahal Palace Hotel ( R ) , Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Bandra -- Worli Sea Link . Nickname ( s ) : Bambai , Mumbai city , City of Seven Islands , City of Dreams , Gateway to India , Hollywood of India Mumbai Location of Mumbai in Maharashtra , India Mumbai Mumbai ( India ) Show map of Maharashtra Show map of India Show all Coordinates : 18 ° 58 ′ 30 '' N 72 ° 49 ′ 33 '' E  /  18.97500 ° N 72.82583 ° E  / 18.97500 ; 72.82583 Coordinates : 18 ° 58 ′ 30 '' N 72 ° 49 ′ 33 '' E  /  18.97500 ° N 72.82583 ° E  / 18.97500 ; 72.82583 Country India State Maharashtra District Mumbai City Mumbai Suburban First settled 1507 Named for Mumbadevi Government Type Mayor -- Council Body MCGM Mayor Vishwanath Mahadeshwar ( Shiv Sena ) Municipal commissioner Ajoy Mehta Area Megacity 603 km ( 233 sq mi ) Metro 4,355 km ( 1,681.5 sq mi ) Elevation 14 m ( 46 ft ) Population ( 2011 ) Megacity 12,442,373 Rank 1st Density 21,000 / km ( 53,000 / sq mi ) Metro 18,414,288 20,748,395 ( Extended UA ) Metro Rank 1st Demonym ( s ) Mumbaikar Time zone IST ( UTC + 5 : 30 ) PIN code ( s ) 400 001 to 400 107 Area code ( s ) + 91 - 22 Vehicle registration MH - 01 ( South ) , MH - 02 ( West ) , MH - 03 ( Central ) , MH - 47 ( North ) GDP / PPP $368 billion ( Metro area , 2015 ) Official language Marathi Website www.mcgm.gov.in Mumbai ( / mʊmˈbaɪ / ; also known as Bombay , the official name until 1995 ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.4 million as of 2011 . Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , it is the second most populous metropolitan area in India , with a population of 21.3 million as of 2016 . Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour . In 2008 , Mumbai was named an alpha world city . It is also the wealthiest city in India , and has the highest number of millionaires and billionaires among all cities in India . The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies of the Koli people . For centuries , the islands were under the control of successive indigenous empires before being ceded to the Portuguese Empire and subsequently to the East India Company when in 1661 Charles II of England married Catherine of Braganza and as part of her dowry Charles received the ports of Tangier and Seven Islands of Bombay . During the mid-18th century , Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project , which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea . Along with construction of major roads and railways , the reclamation project , completed in 1845 , transformed Bombay into a major seaport on the Arabian Sea . Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development . During the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement . Upon India 's independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State . In 1960 , following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement , a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital . Mumbai is the financial , commercial and entertainment capital of India . It is also one of the world 's top ten centres of commerce in terms of global financial flow , generating 6.16 % of India 's GDP and accounting for 25 % of industrial output , 70 % of maritime trade in India ( Mumbai Port Trust and JNPT ) , and 70 % of capital transactions to India 's economy . The city houses important financial institutions such as the Reserve Bank of India , the Bombay Stock Exchange , the National Stock Exchange of India , the SEBI and the corporate headquarters of numerous Indian companies and multinational corporations . It is also home to some of India 's premier scientific and nuclear institutes like Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Nuclear Power Corporation of India , Indian Rare Earths , Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Atomic Energy Regulatory Board , Atomic Energy Commission of India , and the Department of Atomic Energy . The city also houses India 's Hindi ( Bollywood ) and Marathi cinema industries . Mumbai 's business opportunities , as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living , attract migrants from all over India , making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Portuguese and British rule 2.3 Independent India 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 4 Economy 5 Civic administration 6 Politics 7 Transport 7.1 Public transport 7.1. 1 Rail 7.1. 2 Bus 7.1. 3 Water 7.2 Road 7.3 Air 7.4 Sea 8 Utility services 9 Architecture 10 Demographics 10.1 Ethnic groups and religions 10.2 Language 11 Culture 12 Media 13 Education 13.1 Schools 13.2 Higher education 14 Sports 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 External links Etymology The name Mumbai is derived from Mumbā or Mahā - Ambā -- the name of the patron goddess ( kuladevata ) Mumbadevi of the native Agri , Koli and Somvanshi communities -- and ā'ī meaning `` mother '' in the Marathi language , which is the mother tongue of the Koli people and the official language of Maharashtra . The Mumba Devi Temple , from whom the city of Mumbai may derive its name The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja ; these are sometimes still used . In 1508 , Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name `` Bombaim '' in his Lendas da Índia ( `` Legends of India '' ) . This name possibly originated as the Galician - Portuguese phrase bom baim , meaning `` good little bay '' , and Bombaim is still commonly used in Portuguese . In 1516 , Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana - Maiambu : Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi . Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include : Mombayn ( 1525 ) , Bombay ( 1538 ) , Bombain ( 1552 ) , Bombaym ( 1552 ) , Monbaym ( 1554 ) , Mombaim ( 1563 ) , Mombaym ( 1644 ) , Bambaye ( 1666 ) , Bombaiim ( 1666 ) , Bombeye ( 1676 ) , Boon Bay ( 1690 ) , and Bon Bahia . After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century , the Portuguese name was anglicised as Bombay . Ali Muhammad Khan , imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province , in the Mirat - i Ahmedi ( 1762 ) referred to the city as Manbai . The French traveller Louis Rousselet who visited in 1863 and 1868 tells us in his book L'Inde des Rajahs ( Pub. 1877 in Paris ) : `` Etymologists have wrongly derived this name from the Portuguese Bôa Bahia , or ( French : `` bonne bai '' , English : `` good bay '' ) , not knowing that the tutelar goddess of this island has been , from remote antiquity , Bomba , or Mamba Dévi , and that she still ... , possesses a temple `` . By the late 20th century , the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in Marathi , Konkani , Gujarati , Kannada and Sindhi , and as Bambai in Hindi . The Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995 . This came at the insistence of the Marathi nationalist Shiv Sena party , which had just won the Maharashtra state elections , and mirrored similar name changes across the country and particularly in Maharashtra . According to Slate magazine , `` they argued that ' Bombay ' was a corrupted English version of ' Mumbai ' and an unwanted legacy of British colonial rule . '' Slate also said `` The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region . '' While the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and by Indians from other regions , mention of the city by a name other than Mumbai has been controversial , resulting in emotional outbursts sometimes of a violently political nature . A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in Marathi , in which the suffix kar means resident of . The term had been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai . History Main articles : History of Mumbai and Timeline of Mumbai Early History Kanheri Caves served as a centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient times Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands : Isle of Bombay , Parel , Mazagaon , Mahim , Colaba , Worli , and Old Woman 's Island ( also known as Little Colaba ) . It is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited . Pleistocene sediments found along the coastal areas around Kandivali in northern Mumbai suggest that the islands were inhabited since the South Asian Stone Age . Perhaps at the beginning of the Common Era , or possibly earlier , they came to be occupied by the Koli fishing community . In the third century BCE , the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire , during its expansion in the south , ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha . The Kanheri Caves in Borivali were excavated in the mid-third century BCE , and served as an important centre of Buddhism in Western India during ancient Times . The city then was known as Heptanesia ( Ancient Greek : A Cluster of Seven Islands ) to the Greek geographer Ptolemy in 150 CE . The Mahakali Caves in Andheri were built between the 1st century BCE and the 6th century . Between the second century BCE and ninth century CE , the islands came under the control of successive indigenous dynasties : Satavahanas , Western Satraps , Abhira , Vakataka , Kalachuris , Konkan Mauryas , Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas , before being ruled by the Shilaharas from 810 to 1260 . Some of the oldest edifices in the city built during this period are the Jogeshwari Caves ( between 520 and 525 ) , Elephanta Caves ( between the sixth to seventh century ) , Walkeshwar Temple ( 10th century ) , and Banganga Tank ( 12th century ) . The Haji Ali Dargah was built in 1431 , when Mumbai was under the rule of the Gujarat Sultanate King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century and established his capital in Mahikawati ( present day Mahim ) . The Pathare Prabhus , among the earliest known settlers of the city , were brought to Mahikawati from Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev . The Delhi Sultanate annexed the islands in 1347 -- 48 and controlled it until 1407 . During this time , the islands were administered by the Muslim Governors of Gujarat , who were appointed by the Delhi Sultanate . The islands were later governed by the independent Gujarat Sultanate , which was established in 1407 . The Sultanate 's patronage led to the construction of many mosques , prominent being the Haji Ali Dargah in Worli , built in honour of the Muslim saint Haji Ali in 1431 . From 1429 to 1431 , the islands were a source of contention between the Gujarat Sultanate and the Bahmani Sultanate of Deccan . In 1493 , Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated . Portuguese and British rule Main articles : History of Bombay under Portuguese rule ( 1534 -- 1661 ) and History of Bombay under British rule The Madh Fort built by the Portuguese , was one of the most important forts in Salsette . The Mughal Empire , founded in 1526 , was the dominant power in the Indian subcontinent during the mid-16th century . Growing apprehensive of the power of the Mughal emperor Humayun , Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat was obliged to sign the Treaty of Bassein with the Portuguese Empire on 23 December 1534 . According to the treaty , the Seven Islands of Bombay , the nearby strategic town of Bassein and its dependencies were offered to the Portuguese . The territories were later surrendered on 25 October 1535 . The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their Roman Catholic religious orders in Bombay . They called the islands by various names , which finally took the written form Bombaim . The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime . The Portuguese Franciscans and Jesuits built several churches in the city , prominent being the St. Michael 's Church at Mahim ( 1534 ) , St. John the Baptist Church at Andheri ( 1579 ) , St. Andrew 's Church at Bandra ( 1580 ) , and Gloria Church at Byculla ( 1632 ) . The Portuguese also built several fortifications around the city like the Bombay Castle , Castella de Aguada ( Castelo da Aguada or Bandra Fort ) , and Madh Fort . The English were in constant struggle with the Portuguese vying for hegemony over Bombay , as they recognised its strategic natural harbour and its natural isolation from land - attacks . By the middle of the 17th century the growing power of the Dutch Empire forced the English to acquire a station in western India . On 11 May 1661 , the marriage treaty of Charles II of England and Catherine of Braganza , daughter of King John IV of Portugal , placed the islands in possession of the English Empire , as part of Catherine 's dowry to Charles . However , Salsette , Bassein , Mazagaon , Parel , Worli , Sion , Dharavi , and Wadala still remained under Portuguese possession . From 1665 to 1666 , the English managed to acquire Mahim , Sion , Dharavi , and Wadala . Two views of the English fort in Bombay , c. 1665 In accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668 , England leased these islands to the English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £ 10 per annum . The population quickly rose from 10,000 in 1661 , to 60,000 in 1675 . The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan , the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire , in October 1672 , Rickloffe van Goen , the Governor - General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673 , and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673 . In 1687 , the English East India Company transferred its headquarters from Surat to Bombay . The city eventually became the headquarters of the Bombay Presidency . Following the transfer , Bombay was placed at the head of all the company 's establishments in India . Towards the end of the 17th century , the islands again suffered incursions from Yakut Khan in 1689 -- 90 . The Portuguese presence ended in Bombay when the Marathas under Peshwa Baji Rao I captured Salsette in 1737 , and Bassein in 1739 . By the middle of the 18th century , Bombay began to grow into a major trading town , and received a huge influx of migrants from across India . Later , the British occupied Salsette on 28 December 1774 . With the Treaty of Surat ( 1775 ) , the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein , resulting in the First Anglo - Maratha War . The British were able to secure Salsette from the Marathas without violence through the Treaty of Purandar ( 1776 ) , and later through the Treaty of Salbai ( 1782 ) , signed to settle the outcome of the First Anglo - Maratha War . Ships in Bombay Harbour ( c. 1731 ) . Bombay emerged as a significant trading town during the mid-18th century . From 1782 onwards , the city was reshaped with large - scale civil engineering projects aimed at merging all the seven islands of Bombay into a single amalgamated mass by way of a causeway called the Hornby Vellard , which was completed by 1784 . In 1817 , the British East India Company under Mountstuart Elphinstone defeated Baji Rao II , the last of the Maratha Peshwa in the Battle of Khadki . Following his defeat , almost the whole of the Deccan came under British suzerainty , and was incorporated into the Bombay Presidency . The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers . By 1845 , the seven islands coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard project via large scale land reclamation . On 16 April 1853 , India 's first passenger railway line was established , connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thana ( now Thane ) . During the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) , the city became the world 's chief cotton - trading market , resulting in a boom in the economy that subsequently enhanced the city 's stature . The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 transformed Bombay into one of the largest seaports on the Arabian Sea . In September 1896 , Bombay was hit by a bubonic plague epidemic where the death toll was estimated at 1,900 people per week . About 850,000 people fled Bombay and the textile industry was adversely affected . As the capital of the Bombay Presidency , the city witnessed the Indian independence movement , with the Quit India Movement in 1942 and The Royal Indian Navy Mutiny in 1946 being its most notable events . Independent India Main article : History of Bombay in Independent India Municipal Corporation Building , Bombay in 1950 -- Victoria Terminus partly visible on far right . After India 's independence in 1947 , the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State . The area of Bombay State increased , after several erstwhile princely states that joined the Indian union were integrated into the state . Subsequently , the city became the capital of Bombay State . In April 1950 , Municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form the Greater Bombay Municipal Corporation . The Samyukta Maharashtra movement to create a separate Maharashtra state including Bombay was at its height in the 1950s . In the Lok Sabha discussions in 1955 , the Congress party demanded that the city be constituted as an autonomous city - state . The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra -- Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report . Bombay Citizens ' Committee , an advocacy group of leading Gujarati industrialists lobbied for Bombay 's independent status . Following protests during the movement in which 105 people lost their lives in clashes with the police , Bombay State was reorganised on linguistic lines on 1 May 1960 . Gujarati - speaking areas of Bombay State were partitioned into the state of Gujarat . Maharashtra State with Bombay as its capital was formed with the merger of Marathi - speaking areas of Bombay State , eight districts from Central Provinces and Berar , five districts from Hyderabad State , and numerous princely states enclosed between them . As a memorial to the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement , Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk ( Martyr 's Square ) , and a memorial was erected . The Hutatma Chowk memorial , built to honour the martyrs of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement ( Flora Fountain is on its left in the background . ) The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs . In the late 1960s , Nariman Point and Cuffe Parade were reclaimed and developed . The Bombay Metropolitan Region Development Authority ( BMRDA ) was established on 26 January 1975 by the Government of Maharashtra as an apex body for planning and co-ordination of development activities in the Bombay metropolitan region . In August 1979 , a sister township of New Bombay was founded by the City and Industrial Development Corporation ( CIDCO ) across the Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay 's population . The textile industry in Bombay largely disappeared after the widespread 1982 Great Bombay Textile Strike , in which nearly 250,000 workers in more than 50 textile mills went on strike . Mumbai 's defunct cotton mills have since become the focus of intense redevelopment . The Jawaharlal Nehru Port , which currently handles 55 -- 60 % of India 's containerised cargo , was commissioned on 26 May 1989 across the creek at Nhava Sheva with a view to de-congest Bombay Harbour and to serve as a hub port for the city . The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay . On 1 October 1990 , the Greater Bombay district was bifurcated to form two revenue districts namely , Bombay City and Bombay Suburban , though they continued to be administered by same Municipal Administration . From 1990 to 2010 , there has been an increase in violence in the hitherto largely peaceful city . Following the demolition of the Babri Masjid in Ayodhya , the city was rocked by the Hindu - Muslim riots of 1992 -- 93 in which more than 1,000 people were killed . On 12 March 1993 , a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several city landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay underworld resulted in 257 deaths and over 700 injuries . In 2006 , 209 people were killed and over 700 injured when seven bombs exploded on the city 's commuter trains . In 2008 , a series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173 deaths , 308 injuries , and severe damage to several heritage landmarks and prestigious hotels . The blasts that occurred at the Opera House , Zaveri Bazaar , and Dadar on 13 July 2011 were the latest in the series of terrorist attacks in Mumbai . Mumbai is the commercial capital of India and has evolved into a global financial hub . For several decades it has been the home of India 's main financial services , and a focus for both infrastructure development and private investment . From being an ancient fishing community and a colonial centre of trade , Mumbai has become South Asia 's largest city and home of the world 's most prolific film industry . Geography Main article : Geography of Mumbai See also : South Mumbai , Western Suburbs ( Mumbai ) , Eastern Suburbs ( Mumbai ) , and List of neighbourhoods in Mumbai Mumbai consists of two revenue districts Mumbai consists of two distinct regions : Mumbai City district and Mumbai Suburban district , which form two separate revenue districts of Maharashtra . The city district region is also commonly referred to as the Island City or South Mumbai . The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km ( 233 sq mi ) . Of this , the island city spans 67.79 km ( 26 sq mi ) , while the suburban district spans 370 km ( 143 sq mi ) , together accounting for 437.71 km ( 169 sq mi ) under the administration of Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai ( MCGM ) . The remaining areas belong to various Defence establishments , the Mumbai Port Trust , the Atomic Energy Commission and the Borivali National Park , which are out of the jurisdiction of the MCGM . The Mumbai Metropolitan Region which includes portions of Thane , Palghar and Raigad districts in addition to Greater Mumbai , covers an area of 4,355 km ( 1681.5 sq mi ) . Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River on the western coast of India , in the coastal region known as the Konkan . It sits on Salsette Island ( Sashti Island ) , which it partially shares with the Thane district . Mumbai is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west . Many parts of the city lie just above sea level , with elevations ranging from 10 m ( 33 ft ) to 15 m ( 49 ft ) ; the city has an average elevation of 14 m ( 46 ft ) . Northern Mumbai ( Salsette ) is hilly , and the highest point in the city is 450 m ( 1,476 ft ) at Salsette in the Powai -- Kanheri ranges . The Sanjay Gandhi National Park ( Borivali National Park ) is located partly in the Mumbai suburban district , and partly in the Thane district , and it extends over an area of 103.09 km ( 39.80 sq mi ) . Apart from the Bhatsa Dam , there are six major lakes that supply water to the city : Vihar , Lower Vaitarna , Upper Vaitarna , Tulsi , Tansa and Powai . Tulsi Lake and Vihar Lake are located in Borivili National Park , within the city 's limits . The supply from Powai lake , also within the city limits , is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes . Three small rivers , the Dahisar River , Poinsar ( or Poisar ) and Ohiwara ( or Oshiwara ) originate within the park , while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes . The coastline of the city is indented with numerous creeks and bays , stretching from the Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front . The eastern coast of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove swamps , rich in biodiversity , while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky . Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea . In the suburbs , the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy . The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan basalt flows , and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and early Eocene eras . Mumbai sits on a seismically active zone owing to the presence of 23 fault lines in the vicinity . The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region , which means an earthquake of up to magnitude 6.5 on the Richter magnitude scale may be expected . Climate Average temperature and precipitation in Mumbai Main article : Climate of Mumbai Mumbai has a tropical climate , specifically a tropical wet and dry climate ( Aw ) under the Köppen climate classification , with seven months of dryness and peak of rains in July . The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June . The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south - west monsoon season , and October and November form the post-monsoon season . Between June and September , the south west monsoon rains lash the city . Pre-monsoon showers are received in May . Occasionally , north - east monsoon showers occur in October and November . The maximum annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm ( 136 in ) for 1954 . The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm ( 37 in ) on 26 July 2005 . The average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 mm ( 85 in ) for the Island City , and 2,457 mm ( 97 in ) for the suburbs . The average annual temperature is 27.2 ° C ( 81 ° F ) , and the average annual precipitation is 2,167 mm ( 85 in ) . In the Island City , the average maximum temperature is 31.2 ° C ( 88 ° F ) , while the average minimum temperature is 23.7 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . In the suburbs , the daily mean maximum temperature range from 29.1 ° C ( 84 ° F ) to 33.3 ° C ( 92 ° F ) , while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges from 16.3 ° C ( 61 ° F ) to 26.2 ° C ( 79 ° F ) . The record high is 42.2 ° C ( 108 ° F ) set on 14 April 1952 , and the record low is 7.4 ° C ( 45 ° F ) set on 27 January 1962 . ( hide ) Climate data for Mumbai ( Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° C ( ° F ) 37.1 ( 98.8 ) 39.6 ( 103.3 ) 41.7 ( 107.1 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) 41.0 ( 105.8 ) 37.1 ( 98.8 ) 34.8 ( 94.6 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 36.4 ( 97.5 ) 37.9 ( 100.2 ) 37.4 ( 99.3 ) 39.8 ( 103.6 ) 42.2 ( 108 ) Average high ° C ( ° F ) 30.7 ( 87.3 ) 31.2 ( 88.2 ) 32.5 ( 90.5 ) 33.0 ( 91.4 ) 33.3 ( 91.9 ) 32.1 ( 89.8 ) 30.0 ( 86 ) 29.6 ( 85.3 ) 30.4 ( 86.7 ) 33.2 ( 91.8 ) 33.5 ( 92.3 ) 32.0 ( 89.6 ) 31.8 ( 89.2 ) Average low ° C ( ° F ) 16.8 ( 62.2 ) 17.8 ( 64 ) 21.0 ( 69.8 ) 23.9 ( 75 ) 26.3 ( 79.3 ) 26.0 ( 78.8 ) 24.9 ( 76.8 ) 24.7 ( 76.5 ) 24.3 ( 75.7 ) 23.4 ( 74.1 ) 20.9 ( 69.6 ) 18.6 ( 65.5 ) 22.4 ( 72.3 ) Record low ° C ( ° F ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) 8.5 ( 47.3 ) 13.8 ( 56.8 ) 16.9 ( 62.4 ) 20.2 ( 68.4 ) 19.8 ( 67.6 ) 21.2 ( 70.2 ) 19.4 ( 66.9 ) 20.7 ( 69.3 ) 16.7 ( 62.1 ) 13.3 ( 55.9 ) 10.6 ( 51.1 ) 7.4 ( 45.3 ) Average rainfall mm ( inches ) 0.6 ( 0.024 ) 1.3 ( 0.051 ) 0.2 ( 0.008 ) 0.7 ( 0.028 ) 12.5 ( 0.492 ) 523.1 ( 20.594 ) 799.7 ( 31.484 ) 529.7 ( 20.854 ) 312.3 ( 12.295 ) 55.8 ( 2.197 ) 16.8 ( 0.661 ) 5.3 ( 0.209 ) 2,258 ( 88.898 ) Average rainy days 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.7 14.5 23.2 21.4 14.4 3.0 1.0 0.4 78.9 Average relative humidity ( % ) 69 67 69 71 70 80 86 86 83 78 71 69 75 Mean monthly sunshine hours 269.5 257.6 274.3 283.7 296.2 148.6 73.4 75.9 165.1 240.2 245.8 253.2 2,583.5 Source # 1 : India Meteorological Department ( Period 1961 -- 1990 , record high and low up to 2010 ) Source # 2 : NOAA ( humidity , sun 1971 -- 1990 ) Air pollution is a major issue in Mumbai . According to the 2016 World Health Organization Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database , the annual average PM2. 5 concentration in 2013 was 63 μg / m , which is 6.3 times higher than that recommended by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines for the annual mean PM2. 5 . The Central Pollution Control Board for the Government of India and the Consulate General of the United States , Mumbai monitor and publicly share real - time air quality data . Economy Main article : Economy of Mumbai The Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia . Mumbai is India 's largest city ( by population ) and is the financial and commercial capital of the country as it generates 6.16 % of the total GDP . It serves as an economic hub of India , contributing 10 % of factory employment , 25 % of industrial output , 33 % of income tax collections , 60 % of customs duty collections , 20 % of central excise tax collections , 40 % of India 's foreign trade and ₹ 4,000 crore ( US $610 million ) in corporate taxes . Along with the rest of India , Mumbai has witnessed an economic boom since the liberalisation of 1991 , the finance boom in the mid-nineties and the IT , export , services and outsourcing boom in the 2000s . Although Mumbai had prominently figured as the hub of economic activity of India in the 1990s , the Mumbai Metropolitan Region is presently witnessing a reduction in its contribution to India 's GDP . As of 2015 , Mumbai 's metro area GDP ( PPP ) was estimated at $368 billion . Many of India 's numerous conglomerates ( including Larsen & Toubro , State Bank of India ( SBI ) , Life Insurance Corporation of India ( LIC ) , Tata Group , Godrej and Reliance ) , and five of the Fortune Global 500 companies are based in Mumbai . This is facilitated by the presence of the Reserve Bank of India ( RBI ) , the Bombay Stock Exchange ( BSE ) , the National Stock Exchange of India ( NSE ) , and financial sector regulators such as the Securities and Exchange Board of India ( SEBI ) . Until the 1970s , Mumbai owed its prosperity largely to textile mills and the seaport , but the local economy has since then diversified to include finance , engineering , diamond - polishing , healthcare and information technology . The key sectors contributing to the city 's economy are : finance , gems & jewellery , leather processing , IT and ITES , textiles , and entertainment . Nariman Point and Bandra Kurla Complex ( BKC ) are Mumbai 's major financial centres . Despite competition from Bangalore , Hyderabad and Pune , Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry . The Santacruz Electronic Export Processing Zone ( SEEPZ ) and the International Infotech Park ( Navi Mumbai ) offer excellent facilities to IT companies . State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the city 's workforce . Mumbai also has a large unskilled and semi-skilled self - employed population , who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers , taxi drivers , mechanics and other such blue collar professions . The port and shipping industry is well established , with Mumbai Port being one of the oldest and most significant ports in India . Dharavi , in central Mumbai , has an increasingly large recycling industry , processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city ; the district has an estimated 15,000 single - room factories . Mumbai has been ranked sixth among top ten global cities on the billionaire count with 28 and 46000 millionaires , with total wealth around $820 billion 48th on the Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 , seventh in the list of `` Top Ten Cities for Billionaires '' by Forbes magazine ( April 2008 ) , and first in terms of those billionaires ' average wealth . As of 2008 , the Globalization and World Cities Study Group ( GaWC ) has ranked Mumbai as an `` Alpha world city '' , third in its categories of Global cities . Mumbai is the third most expensive office market in the world , and was ranked among the fastest cities in the country for business startup in 2009 . Civic administration Headquarters of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai ( MCGM ) . The MCGM is the largest civic organisation in the country . Greater Mumbai , an area of 603 square kilometres ( 233 sq mi ) , consisting of the Mumbai City and Mumbai Suburban districts , extends from Colaba in the south , to Mulund and Dahisar in the north , and Mankhurd in the east . Its population as per the 2011 census was 12,442,373 . It is administered by the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai ( MCGM ) ( sometimes referred to as the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation ) , formerly known as the Bombay Municipal Corporation ( BMC ) . The MCGM is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis . The Mayor is chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves for a term of two and half years . The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation . All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service ( IAS ) officer appointed by the state government . Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city , it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies . The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute . The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee . The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai was ranked 9th out of 21 Cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014 . It scored 3.5 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3 . The Bombay High Court exercises jurisdiction over Maharashtra , Goa , Daman and Diu , and Dadra and Nagar Haveli . The two revenue districts of Mumbai come under the jurisdiction of a District Collector . The Collectors are in charge of property records and revenue collection for the Central Government , and oversee the national elections held in the city . The Mumbai Police is headed by a Police Commissioner , who is an Indian Police Service ( IPS ) officer . The Mumbai Police is a division of the Maharashtra Police , under the state Home Ministry . The city is divided into seven police zones and seventeen traffic police zones , each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police . The Traffic Police is a semi-autonomous body under the Mumbai Police . The Mumbai Fire Brigade , under the jurisdiction of the Municipal Corporation , is headed by the Chief Fire Officer , who is assisted by four Deputy Chief Fire Officers and six Divisional Officers . The Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority ( MMRDA ) is responsible for infrastructure development and planning of Mumbai Metropolitan Region . Mumbai is the seat of the Bombay High Court , which exercises jurisdiction over the states of Maharashtra and Goa , and the Union Territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli . Mumbai also has two lower courts , the Small Causes Court for civil matters , and the Sessions Court for criminal cases . Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities ( TADA ) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city . Politics First session of the Indian National Congress in Bombay ( 28 -- 31 December 1885 ) Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress , also known as the Congress Party . The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in Bombay from 28 -- 31 December 1885 . The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its first 50 years , and became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the 20th century . The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay , with the formation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966 , out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathi people in Bombay . Shiv Sena switched from ' Marathi Cause ' to larger ' Hindutva Cause ' in 1985 and joined hands with Bhartiya Janata Party ( BJP ) in same year . The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s , when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay Municipal Corporation elections . In 1989 , the Bharatiya Janata Party ( BJP ) , a major national political party , forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections . In 1999 , several members left the Congress to form the Nationalist Congress Party ( NCP ) but later allied with the Congress as part of an alliance known as the Democratic Front . Currently , other parties such as Maharashtra Navnirman Sena ( MNS ) , Samajwadi Party ( SP ) , Bahujan Samaj Party ( BSP ) , and several independent candidates also contest elections in the city . In the Indian national elections held every five years , Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies : North , North West , North East , North Central , South Central , and South . A Member of parliament ( MP ) to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Indian Parliament , is elected from each of the parliamentary constituencies . In the 2014 national elections , all six parliamentary constituencies were won by the BJP and Shiv Sena in alliance , with both parties winning three seats each . In the Maharashtra state assembly elections held every five years , Mumbai is represented by 36 assembly constituencies . A Member of the Legislative Assembly ( MLA ) to the Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha ( Legislative Assembly ) is elected from each of the assembly constituencies . In the 2014 state assembly elections , out of the 36 assembly constituencies , 15 were won by the BJP , 14 by the Shiv Sena and 5 by the Congress . Elections are also held every five years to elect corporators to power in the MCGM . The Corporation comprises 227 directly elected Councillors representing the 24 municipal wards , five nominated Councillors having special knowledge or experience in municipal administration , and a Mayor whose role is mostly ceremonial . In the 2012 municipal corporation elections , out of the 227 seats , the Shiv Sena - BJP alliance secured 107 seats , holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM , while the Congress - NCP alliance bagged 64 seats . The tenure of the Mayor , Deputy Mayor , and Municipal Commissioner is two and a half years . Transport The Mumbai Suburban Railway system carries more than 6.99 million commuters on a daily basis . It has the highest passenger density of any urban railway system in the world . The Mumbai Monorail opened in February 2014 . BEST buses carry a total of 4.5 million passengers daily . The black and yellow Premier Padmini Taxis are iconic of Mumbai . The Bandra - Worli Sea Link is a cable - stayed bridge that connects central Mumbai with its western suburbs Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust is the busiest port in India Public transport Main article : Public transport in Mumbai Public transport systems in Mumbai include the Mumbai Suburban Railway , Monorail , Metro , Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport ( BEST ) buses , black - and - yellow meter taxis , auto rickshaws and ferries . Suburban railway and BEST bus services together accounted for about 88 % of the passenger traffic in 2008 . Auto rickshaws are allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai , while taxis are allowed to operate throughout Mumbai , but generally operate in South Mumbai . Taxis and rickshaws in Mumbai are required by law to run on compressed natural gas ( CNG ) , and are a convenient , economical , and easily available means of transport . Rail The Mumbai Suburban Railway , popularly referred to as Locals forms the backbone of the city 's transport system . It is operated by the Central Railway and Western Railway zones of the Indian Railways . Mumbai 's suburban rail systems carried a total of 6.3 million passengers every day in 2007 . Trains are overcrowded during peak hours , with nine - car trains of rated capacity 1,700 passengers , actually carrying around 4,500 passengers at peak hours . The Mumbai rail network is spread at an expanse of 319 route kilometres . 191 rakes ( train - sets ) of 9 car and 12 car composition are utilised to run a total of 2,226 train services in the city . The Mumbai Monorail and Mumbai Metro have been built and are being extended in phases to relieve overcrowding on the existing network . The Monorail opened in early February 2014 . The first line of the Mumbai Metro opened in early June 2014 . Mumbai is the headquarters of two zones of the Indian Railways : the Central Railway ( CR ) headquartered at Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus ( formerly Victoria Terminus ) , and the Western Railway ( WR ) headquartered at Churchgate . Mumbai is also well connected to most parts of India by the Indian Railways . Long - distance trains originate from Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus , Dadar , Lokmanya Tilak Terminus , Mumbai Central , Bandra Terminus , Andheri and Borivali . Bus Mumbai 's bus services carried over 5.5 million passengers per day in 2008 , which dropped to 2.8 million in 2015 . Public buses run by BEST cover almost all parts of the metropolis , as well as parts of Navi Mumbai , Mira - Bhayandar and Thane . The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses with CCTV cameras installed , ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily over 390 routes . Its fleet consists of single - decker , double - decker , vestibule , low - floor , disabled - friendly , air - conditioned and Euro III compliant diesel and compressed natural gas powered buses . BEST introduced air - conditioned buses in 1998 . BEST buses are red in colour , based originally on the Routemaster buses of London . Maharashtra State Road Transport Corporation ( MSRTC , also known as ST ) buses provide intercity transport connecting Mumbai with other towns and cities of Maharashtra and nearby states . The Navi Mumbai Municipal Transport ( NMMT ) and Thane Municipal Transport ( TMT ) also operate their buses in Mumbai , connecting various nodes of Navi Mumbai and Thane to parts of Mumbai . Buses are generally favoured for commuting short to medium distances , while train fares are more economical for longer distance commutes . The Mumbai Darshan is a tourist bus service which explores numerous tourist attractions in Mumbai . Bus Rapid Transit System ( BRTS ) lanes have been planned throughout Mumbai . Though 88 % of the city 's commuters travel by public transport , Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion . Mumbai 's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world . Water Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries , hovercrafts and catamarans . Services are provided by both government agencies as well as private partners . Hovercraft services plied briefly in the late 1990s between the Gateway of India and CBD Belapur in Navi Mumbai . They were subsequently scrapped due to lack of adequate infrastructure . Road Mumbai is served by National Highway 3 , National Highway 4 , National Highway 8 , National Highway 17 and National Highway 222 of India 's National Highways system . The Mumbai - Pune Expressway was the first expressway built in India . The Eastern Freeway was opened in 2013 . The Mumbai Nashik Expressway , Mumbai - Vadodara Expressway , are under construction . The Bandra - Worli Sea Link bridge , along with Mahim Causeway , links the island city to the western suburbs . The three major road arteries of the city are the Eastern Express Highway from Sion to Thane , the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Dahisar . Mumbai has approximately 1,900 km ( 1,181 mi ) of roads . There are five tolled entry points to the city by road . Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014 , 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005 , and 106,000 auto rickshaws , as of May 2013 . Air Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport , Mumbai , India The Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport ( formerly Sahar International Airport ) is the main aviation hub in the city and the second busiest airport in India in terms of passenger traffic . It handled 36.6 million passengers and 694,300 tonnes of cargo during FY 2014 -- 2015 . An upgrade plan was initiated in 2006 , targeted at increasing the capacity of the airport to handle up to 40 million passengers annually and the new terminal T2 was opened in February 2014 . The proposed Navi Mumbai International Airport to be built in the Kopra - Panvel area has been sanctioned by the Indian Government and will help relieve the increasing traffic burden on the existing airport . The Juhu Aerodrome was India 's first airport , and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state - owned Pawan Hans . Sea Mumbai is served by two major ports , Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust , which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai . Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the world , and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities . Jawaharlal Nehru Port , commissioned on 26 May 1989 , is the busiest and most modern major port in India . It handles 55 -- 60 % of the country 's total containerised cargo . Ferries from Ferry Wharf in Mazagaon allow access to islands near the city . The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command , and also an important base for the Indian Navy . Utility services See also : Mumbai 's water sources Under colonial rule , tanks were the only source of water in Mumbai , with many localities having been named after them . The MCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes , most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes . The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway . The water is filtered at Bhandup , which is Asia 's largest water filtration plant . India 's first underground water tunnel was completed in Mumbai to supply water to the Bhandup filtration plant . About 700 million litres of water , out of a daily supply of 3500 million litres , is lost by way of water thefts , illegal connections and leakages , per day in Mumbai . Almost all of Mumbai 's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes , of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste , is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest , Mulund in the northeast , and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east . Sewage treatment is carried out at Worli and Bandra , and disposed of by two independent marine outfalls of 3.4 km ( 2.1 mi ) and 3.7 km ( 2.3 mi ) at Bandra and Worli respectively . Electricity is distributed by the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport ( BEST ) undertaking in the island city , and by Reliance Energy , Tata Power , and the Maharashtra State Electricity Distribution Co. Ltd ( Mahavitaran ) in the suburbs. Power supply cables are underground , which reduces pilferage , thefts and other losses . Cooking gas is supplied in the form of liquefied petroleum gas cylinders sold by state - owned oil companies , as well as through piped natural gas supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited . The largest telephone service provider is the state - owned MTNL , which held a monopoly over fixed line and cellular services up until 2000 , and provides fixed line as well as mobile WLL services . Mobile phone coverage is extensive , and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar , Airtel , MTNL , Loop Mobile , Reliance Communications , Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom . Both GSM and CDMA services are available in the city . Mumbai , along with the area served by telephone exchanges in Navi Mumbai and Kalyan is classified as a Metro telecom circle . Many of the above service providers also provide broadband internet and wireless internet access in Mumbai . As of 2014 , Mumbai had the highest number of internet users in India with 16.4 million users . Architecture See also : Heritage structures in Mumbai The architecture of the city is a blend of Gothic Revival , Indo - Saracenic , Art Deco , and other contemporary styles . Most of the buildings during the British period , such as the Victoria Terminus and Bombay University , were built in Gothic Revival style . Their architectural features include a variety of European influences such as German gables , Dutch roofs , Swiss timbering , Romance arches , Tudor casements , and traditional Indian features . There are also a few Indo - Saracenic styled buildings such as the Gateway of India . Art Deco styled landmarks can be found along the Marine Drive and west of the Oval Maidan . Mumbai has the second largest number of Art Deco buildings in the world after Miami . In the newer suburbs , modern buildings dominate the landscape . Mumbai has by far the largest number of skyscrapers in India , with 956 existing buildings and 272 under construction as of 2009 . The Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee ( MHCC ) , established in 1995 , formulates special regulations and by - laws to assist in the conservation of the city 's heritage structures . Mumbai has two UNESCO World Heritage Sites , the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus and the Elephanta Caves . In the south of Mumbai , there are colonial - era buildings and Soviet - style offices . In the east are factories and some slums . On the West coast are former - textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top . There are 31 buildings taller than 100 m , compared with 200 in Shanghai , 500 in Hong Kong and 500 in New York . The Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus , formerly known as Victoria Terminus , is the headquarters of the Central Railway and a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Demographics See also : Growth of Mumbai ( hide ) Population growth Census Pop . % ± 1971 5,970,575 -- 1981 8,243,405 38.1 % 1991 9,925,891 20.4 % 11,914,398 20.0 % 2011 12,478,447 4.7 % Source : MMRDA Data is based on Government of India Census . According to the 2011 census , the population of Mumbai city was 12,479,608 . The population density is estimated to be about 20,482 persons per square kilometre . The living space is 4.5 square metres per person . Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011 . Greater Mumbai , the area under the administration of the MCGM , has a literacy rate of 94.7 % , higher than the national average of 86.7 % . The number of slum - dwellers is estimated to be 9 million , up from 6 million in 2001 ; that is , 62 % of all Mumbaikars live in informal slums . The sex ratio in 2011 was 838 females per 1,000 males in the island city , 857 in the suburbs , and 848 as a whole in Greater Mumbai , all numbers lower than the national average of 914 females per 1,000 males . The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work . `` Parsis of Bombay '' , a wood engraving , ca . 1878 . Mumbai is home to the largest population of Parsis in the world . Residents of Mumbai call themselves Mumbaikar , Mumbaiite , Bombayite or Bombaiite . Mumbai suffers from the same major urbanisation problems seen in many fast growing cities in developing countries : widespread poverty and unemployment , poor public health and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population . With available land at a premium , Mumbai residents often reside in cramped , relatively expensive housing , usually far from workplaces , and therefore requiring long commutes on crowded mass transit , or clogged roadways . Many of them live in close proximity to bus or train stations although suburban residents spend significant time travelling southward to the main commercial district . Dharavi , Asia 's second largest slum ( if Karachi 's Orangi Town is counted as a single slum ) is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 and one million people in 2.39 square kilometres ( 0.92 sq mi ) , making it one of the most densely populated areas on Earth with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per square kilometre . The number of migrants to Mumbai from outside Maharashtra during the 1991 -- 2001 decade was 1.12 million , which amounted to 54.8 % of the net addition to the population of Mumbai . The number of households in Mumbai is forecast to rise from 4.2 million in 2008 to 6.6 million in 2020 . The number of households with annual incomes of 2 million rupees will increase from 4 % to 10 % by 2020 , amounting to 660,000 families . The number of households with incomes from 1 -- 2 million rupees is also estimated to increase from 4 % to 15 % by 2020 . According to the 2016 report of the Central Pollution Control Board , Mumbai is the noisiest city in India , ahead of Lucknow , Hyderabad and Delhi . Ethnic groups and religions Others include Sikhs & Parsis Religion in Greater Mumbai ( 2011 ) Religion Percent Hinduism 65.99 % Islam 20.65 % Buddhism 4.85 % Jainism 4.10 % Christianity 3.27 % Others 1.15 % The religious groups represented in Mumbai as of 2011 include Hindus ( 65.99 % ) , Muslims ( 20.65 % ) , Buddhists ( 4.85 % ) , Jains ( 4.10 % ) , Christians ( 3.27 % ) , Sikhs ( 0.58 % ) , with Parsis and Jews making up the rest of the population . The linguistic / ethnic demographics are : Maharashtrians ( 42 % ) , Gujaratis ( 19 % ) , with the rest hailing from other parts of India . Native Christians include East Indian Catholics , who were converted by the Portuguese during the 16th century , while Goan and Mangalorean Catholics also constitute a significant portion of the Christian community of the city . Jews settled in Bombay during the 18th century . The Bene Israeli Jewish community of Bombay , who migrated from the Konkan villages , south of Bombay , are believed to be the descendants of the Jews of Israel who were shipwrecked off the Konkan coast , probably in the year 175 BCE , during the reign of the Greek ruler , Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world , numbering about 60,000 though with a sharply declining population . Parsis migrated to India from Pars ( Persia / Iran ) following the Muslim conquest of Persia in the seventh century . The oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras , Ismaili Khojas , and Konkani Muslims . Language Mumbai has a large polyglot population like any other metropolitan city of India . Sixteen major languages of India are also spoken in Mumbai , with the most common being Marathi , Hindi , Gujarati and English . English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city 's white collar workforce . A colloquial form of Hindi , known as Bambaiya -- a blend of Marathi , Hindi , Gujarati , Konkani , Urdu , Indian English and some invented words -- is spoken on the streets . Among minority languages of Maharashtra , Hindi is spoken by 57.78 % of the population of suburban Mumbai , Urdu by 32.21 % and Gujarati by 31.21 % . Culture Main article : Mumbai culture Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city . Mumbai 's culture is a blend of traditional festivals , food , music , and theatres . The city offers a cosmopolitan and diverse lifestyle with a variety of food , entertainment , and night life , available in a form and abundance comparable to that in other world capitals . Mumbai 's history as a major trading centre has led to a diverse range of cultures , religions , and cuisines coexisting in the city . This unique blend of cultures is due to the migration of people from all over India since the British period . Mumbai is the birthplace of Indian cinema -- Dadasaheb Phalke laid the foundations with silent movies followed by Marathi talkies -- and the oldest film broadcast took place in the early 20th century . Mumbai also has a large number of cinema halls that feature Bollywood , Marathi and Hollywood movies . The Mumbai International Film Festival and the award ceremony of the Filmfare Awards , the oldest and prominent film awards given for Hindi film industry in India , are held in Mumbai . Despite most of the professional theatre groups that formed during the British Raj having disbanded by the 1950s , Mumbai has developed a thriving `` theatre movement '' tradition in Marathi , Hindi , English , and other regional languages . Contemporary art is featured in both government - funded art spaces and private commercial galleries . The government - funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern Art . Built in 1833 , the Asiatic Society of Bombay is one of the oldest public libraries in the city . The Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu Sangrahalaya ( formerly The Prince of Wales Museum ) is a renowned museum in South Mumbai which houses rare ancient exhibits of Indian history . Mumbai has a zoo named Jijamata Udyaan ( formerly Victoria Gardens ) , which also harbours a garden . The rich literary traditions of the city have been highlighted internationally by Booker Prize winners Salman Rushdie , Aravind Adiga . Marathi literature has been modernised in the works of Mumbai - based authors such as Mohan Apte , Anant Kanekar , and Gangadhar Gadgil , and is promoted through an annual Sahitya Akademi Award , a literary honour bestowed by India 's National Academy of Letters . Girgaum Chowpatty beach . Beaches are a popular tourist attraction in the city . Mumbai residents celebrate both Western and Indian festivals . Diwali , Holi , Eid , Christmas , Navratri , Good Friday , Dussera , Moharram , Ganesh Chaturthi , Durga Puja and Maha Shivratri are some of the popular festivals in the city . The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music , dance , theatre , and films . A week - long annual fair known as Bandra Fair , starting on the following Sunday after 8 September , is celebrated by people of all faiths , to commemorate the Nativity of Mary , mother of Jesus , on 8 September . The Banganga Festival is a two - day music festival , held annually in the month of January , which is organised by the Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation ( MTDC ) at the historic Banganga Tank in Mumbai . The Elephanta Festival -- celebrated every February on the Elephanta Islands -- is dedicated to classical Indian dance and music and attracts performers from across the country . Public holidays specific to the city and the state include Maharashtra Day on 1 May , to celebrate the formation of Maharashtra state on 1 May 1960 , and Gudi Padwa which is the New Year 's Day for Marathi people . Beaches are a major tourist attraction in the city . The major beaches in Mumbai are Girgaum Chowpatty , Juhu Beach , Dadar Chowpatty , Gorai Beach , Marve Beach , Versova Beach , Madh Beach , Aksa Beach , and Manori Beach . Most of the beaches are unfit for swimming , except Girgaum Chowpatty and Juhu Beach . Essel World is a theme park and amusement centre situated close to Gorai Beach , and includes Asia 's largest theme water park , Water Kingdom . Adlabs Imagica opened in April 2013 is located near the city of Khopoli off the Mumbai - Pune Expressway . Media See also : List of Mumbai radio stations The Times of India 's first office is opposite the Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus where it was founded . Mumbai has numerous newspaper publications , television and radio stations . Marathi dailies enjoy the maximum readership share in the city and the top Marathi language newspapers are Maharashtra Times , Navakaal , Lokmat , Loksatta , Mumbai Chaufer , Saamana and Sakaal . Popular Marathi language magazines are Saptahik Sakaal , Grihashobhika , Lokrajya , Lokprabha & Chitralekha . Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include The Times of India , Mid-day , Hindustan Times , DNA India , and The Indian Express . Newspapers are also printed in other Indian languages . Mumbai is home to Asia 's oldest newspaper , Bombay Samachar , which has been published in Gujarati since 1822 . Bombay Durpan , the first Marathi newspaper , was started by Balshastri Jambhekar in Mumbai in 1832 . Numerous Indian and international television channels can be watched in Mumbai through one of the Pay TV companies or the local cable television provider . The metropolis is also the hub of many international media corporations , with many news channels and print publications having a major presence . The national television broadcaster , Doordarshan , provides two free terrestrial channels , while three main cable networks serve most households . The wide range of cable channels available includes Zee Marathi , Zee Talkies , ETV Marathi , Star Pravah , Mi Marathi , DD Sahyadri ( All Marathi channels ) , news channels such as ABP Majha , IBN - Lokmat , Zee 24 Taas , sports channels like ESPN , Star Sports , National entertainment channels like Colors , Sony , Zee TV and Star Plus , business news channels like CNBC Awaaz , Zee Business , ET Now and Bloomberg UTV . News channels entirely dedicated to Mumbai include Sahara Samay Mumbai . Zing a popular Bollywood gossip channel is also based out of Mumbai . Satellite television ( DTH ) has yet to gain mass acceptance , due to high installation costs . Prominent DTH entertainment services in Mumbai include Dish TV and Tata Sky . There are twelve radio stations in Mumbai , with nine broadcasting on the FM band , and three All India Radio stations broadcasting on the AM band . Mumbai also has access to Commercial radio providers such as Sirius . The Conditional Access System ( CAS ) started by the Union Government in 2006 met a poor response in Mumbai due to competition from its sister technology Direct - to - Home ( DTH ) transmission service . Bollywood , the Hindi film industry based in Mumbai , produces around 150 -- 200 films every year . The name Bollywood is a blend of Bombay and Hollywood . The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood 's popularity overseas . This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality , cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation . Studios in Goregaon , including Film City , are the location for most movie sets . The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years , and TV production companies . Education See also : List of educational institutions in Mumbai § Schools , and List of colleges in Mumbai Rajabai Clock Tower at the University of Mumbai Schools Schools in Mumbai are either `` municipal schools '' ( run by the MCGM ) or private schools ( run by trusts or individuals ) , which in some cases receive financial aid from the government . The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards Maharashtra State Board ( MSBSHSE ) The All - India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations ( CISCE ) The National Institute of Open Schooling ( NIOS ) The Central Board for Secondary Education ( CBSE ) The International Baccalaureate ( IB ) The International General Certificate of Secondary Education ( IGCSE ) . Marathi or English is the usual language of instruction . The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia . The MCGM operates 1,188 primary schools imparting primary education to 485,531 students in eight languages ( Marathi , Hindi , Gujarati , Urdu , English , Tamil , Telugu , and Kannada ) . The MCGM also imparts secondary education to 55,576 students through its 49 secondary schools . Higher education University of Mumbai Under the 10 + 2 + 3 / 4 plan , students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll for two years in junior college , where they select one of three streams : arts , commerce , or science . This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study , or a professional degree course , such as law , engineering and medicine . Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai , one of the largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates . The University of Mumbai is one of the premier universities in India . It was ranked 41 among the Top 50 Engineering Schools of the world by America 's news broadcasting firm Business Insider in 2012 and was the only university in the list from the five emerging BRICS nations viz Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa . Moreover , the University of Mumbai was ranked 5th in the list of best Universities in India by India Today in 2013 and ranked at 62 in the QS BRICS University rankings for 2013 , a ranking of leading universities in the five BRICS countries ( Brazil , Russia , India , China and South Africa ) . Its strongest scores in the QS University Rankings : BRICS are for papers per faculty ( 8th ) , employer reputation ( 20th ) and citations per paper ( 28th ) . It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013 . With 7 of the top ten Indian Universities being purely science and technology universities , it was India 's 3rd best Multi Disciplinary University in the QS University ranking . Indian Institute of Technology , Mumbai is a premier engineering institute in the country The Indian Institute of Technology ( IIT Bombay ) , Institute of Chemical Technology ( formerly UDCT / UICT ) , Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute ( VJTI ) , which are India 's premier engineering and technology schools , along with SNDT Women 's University are the autonomous universities located in Mumbai . Thadomal Shahani Engineering College is the first and the oldest private engineering college affiliated to the federal University of Mumbai and is also pioneered to be the first institute in the city 's university to offer undergraduate level courses in Computer Engineering , Information Technology , Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology . Grant Medical College established in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes affiliated with Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively . Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering ( NITIE ) , Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies ( JBIMS ) , Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies ( NMIMS ) , SP Jain Institute of Management and Research , Tata Institute of Social Sciences ( TISS ) and several other management schools . Government Law College and Sydenham College , respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in India , are based in Mumbai . The Sir J.J. School of Art is Mumbai 's oldest art institution . Mumbai is home to two prominent research institutions : the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) , and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) . The BARC operates CIRUS , a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay . Sports Brabourne Stadium , one of the oldest cricket stadiums in the country Built in 1883 , Mahalaxmi Racecourse was created out of a marshy land known as Mahalakshmi Flats . Cricket is more popular than any other sport in the city . Due to a shortage of grounds , various modified versions ( generally referred to as gully cricket ) are played everywhere . Mumbai is also home to the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) and Indian Premier League ( IPL ) . The Mumbai cricket team represents the city in the Ranji Trophy and has won 40 titles , the most by any team . The city is also represented by the Mumbai Indians in the Indian Premier League . The city has two international cricket grounds , the Wankhede Stadium and the Brabourne Stadium . The first cricket test match in India was played in Mumbai at the Bombay Gymkhana . The biggest cricketing event to be staged in the city so far is the final of the 2011 ICC Cricket World Cup which was played at the Wankhede Stadium . Mumbai and London are the only two cities to have hosted both a World Cup final and the final of an ICC Champions Trophy which was played at the Brabourne Stadium in 2006 . Football is another popular sport in the city , with the FIFA World Cup and the English Premier League being followed widely . In the Indian Super League , Mumbai City FC represents the city ; while in the I - League ( matches in the city are played at the Cooperage Ground ) , the city is represented by two teams : Mumbai FC and Air - India . When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011 , Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season . Named the Mumbai Gladiators , the team 's first season was played in Pune in late 2012 , and it will be Mumbai 's first professional American football franchise . In Hockey , Mumbai is home to the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians in the World Series Hockey and Hockey India League respectively . Matches in the city are played at the Mahindra Hockey Stadium . Rugby is another growing sport in Mumbai with league matches being held at the Bombay Gymkhana from June to November . Every February , Mumbai holds derby races at the Mahalaxmi Racecourse . Mcdowell 's Derby is also held in February at the Turf Club in Mumbai . In March 2004 , the Mumbai Grand Prix was part of the F1 powerboat world championship , and the Force India F1 team car was unveiled in the city , in 2008 . The city is planning to build its own F1 track and various sites in the city were being chalked out , of which the authorities have planned to zero down on Marve - Malad or Panvel - Kalyan land . If approved , the track will be clubbed with a theme park and will spread over an area of some 160 to 200 ha ( 400 to 500 acres ) . In 2004 , the annual Mumbai Marathon was established as a part of `` The Greatest Race on Earth '' . Mumbai had also played host to the Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open , an International Series tournament of the ATP World Tour , in 2006 and 2007 . Current Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai Team / Club Tournament / League Sport Venue Established Mumbai cricket team Ranji Trophy Irani Cup Nissar Trophy Vijay Hazare Trophy Syed Musthaq Ali Trophy Cricket Wankhede Stadium Brabourne Stadium 1930 Maharashtra football team Santosh Trophy Football - 1941 Mumbai FC I - League Football Cooperage Ground 2007 Mumbai Indians Indian Premier League Cricket Wankhede Stadium Brabourne Stadium 2008 Mumbai Marines World Series Hockey Field Hockey Mahindra Hockey Stadium 2011 Mumbai Gladiators Elite Football League of India American Football - 2012 Mumbai Magicians Hockey India League Field Hockey Mahindra Hockey Stadium 2012 Mumbai City FC Indian Super League Football Mumbai Football Arena 2014 U Mumba Pro Kabaddi League Kabaddi Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium 2014 Mumbai Tennis Masters Champions Tennis League Tennis Kalina Stadium 2014 Mumbai Challengers UBA Pro Basketball League Basketball - 2015 Former Regional and Professional Sports Teams from Mumbai Team / Club Tournament / League Sport Venue Established Ceased Mumbai Champs Indian Cricket League Cricket Wankhede Stadium Brabourne Stadium 2007 2009 See also Book : Mumbai Geology of Mumbai List of tallest buildings in Mumbai List of tourist attractions in Mumbai List of twin towns and sister cities in India Asia portal Geography portal India portal Mumbai portal South Asia portal Notes Jump up ^ `` The Seven Islands '' . 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While Arthur Bunder is used by small boats and Hay Bunder caters to declining traffic of barges , Ferry Wharf offers services to Mora , Mandva , Rewas and Uran ports . Jump up ^ `` BMC Inc. will now sell bottled water '' . The Indian Express . 21 May 1998 . Archived from the original on 3 June 2015 . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Sawant , Sanjay ( 23 March 2007 ) . `` It will be years before Mumbai surmounts its water crisis '' . Daily News and Analysis ( DNA ) . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tansa water mains to be replaced '' . The Times of India . 1 August 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RIGHT TO INFORMATION ACT - 2005 INFORMATION BOOKLET '' ( PDF ) . Mumbai : Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai. 2013 ( 2012 ) . Retrieved 15 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Water contamination complaints double , Bhandup hit hard '' . Times of India . Mumbai. 4 July 2008 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Dasgupta , Devraj ( 26 April 2007 ) . `` Stay in island city , do biz '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 13 June 2009 . Jump up ^ Aghor , Ashwin ( 10 December 2009 ) . `` Reliance Energy curbs power theft '' . DNA ( newspaper ) . Mumbai . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Kulkarni , Dhaval ( 11 March 2015 ) . `` To curb power theft , Maharashtra explores underground supply network across state '' . Daily News and Analysis . India . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps '' . Daily News and Analysis . 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Mukherjee , Promit ( 14 September 2014 ) . `` Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen '' . Daily News and Analysis . Mumbai . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Campbell 2008 , p. 143 Jump up ^ Somayaji , Chitra ; Bhatnagar , Shailendra ( 13 June 2009 ) . `` Reliance Offers BlackBerry in India , Vies With Bharti '' . Bloomberg . 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With work on several roads to be carried out after the rains , should Mumbaiites prepare for a bumpy ride this year ? . HindustanTimes. 11 June 2015 . Retrieved 12 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Datta & Jones 1999 , Low - Income Households and the Housing Problem in Mumbai , pp. 158 -- 159 Jump up ^ Jacobson , Marc ( May 2007 ) . `` Dharavi : Mumbai 's Shadow City '' . National Geographic Magazine . Retrieved 28 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Davis 2006 , p. 31 Jump up ^ `` Dharavi , Mumbai Sustainable Milano '' . Blogs.newschool.edu. 24 May 2012 . Archived from the original on 11 January 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Highlights of Economic Survey of Maharashtra 2005 -- 06 '' ( PDF ) . Directorate of Economics and Statistics , Planning Department ( Government of Maharashtra ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ T Surendar ( 10 February 2010 ) . `` Mumbai 's New - Age Builders want a Room at the Top '' . Forbes . 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ISBN 978 - 0 - 7619 - 3372 - 4 . Wasko , Janet ( 2003 ) . How Hollywood works . SAGE . ISBN 0 - 7619 - 6814 - 8 . WMO bulletin. 49 . World Meteorological Organization . 2000 . Yimene , Ababu Minda ( 2004 ) . An African Indian Community in Hyderabad : Siddi Identity , Its Maintenance and Change . Cuvillier Verlag . ISBN 3 - 86537 - 206 - 6 . Yule , Henry ; Burnell , A.C. ( 1996 ) ( 1939 ) . A glossary of colloquial Anglo - Indian words and phrases : Hobson - Jobson ( 2 ed . ) . Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7007 - 0321 - 0 . Zakakria , Rafiq ; Indian National Congress ( 1985 ) . 100 glorious years : Indian National Congress , 1885 -- 1985 . Reception Committee , Congress Centenary Session . External links Find more aboutMumbaiat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Chisholm , Hugh , ed. 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Official website of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai Official City Report Articles related to Mumbai Mumbai topics History Timeline Silhara dynasty Bombay Presidency Seven Islands of Bombay Elephanta Caves Banganga Tank Old Bombay Worli Fort Girangaon Samyukta Maharashtra Movement Tanks Growth of Mumbai 1992 -- 93 riots 1993 bombings 2008 attacks Terrorism Geography Powai Lake Vihar Lake Tulsi Lake Thane Creek Mahim Bay Back Bay Mithi River Ulhas River Gilbert Hill Malabar Hill Salsette Island Mumbai Harbour Middle Ground Climate Beaches Eastern Suburbs Western Suburbs South Mumbai Neighbourhoods Buildings Architecture of Mumbai Gateway of India Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus Naval Dockyard Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk General Post Office Shreepati Arcade Regal Cinema Mount Mary 's Church Haji Ali Dargah Flora Fountain David Sassoon Library Mumba Devi Temple Mahalaxmi Temple Prince of Wales Museum National Gallery of Modern Art Asiatic Society of Mumbai Jehangir Art Gallery Gowalia Tank Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Mahim Church Transport Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport ( BEST ) Mumbai Suburban Railway Central Railway Western Railway Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport Juhu Aerodrome Auto rickshaw Metro Monorail Skywalk Western railway elevated corridor Water transport Mumbai Bus Rapid Transit System Mumbai Urban Transport Project Roads Airoli Bridge Altamount Road Bandra -- Worli Sea Link Carmichael Road Colaba Causeway Currey Road Bridge Dadabhai Naoroji Road Eastern Express Highway Eastern Freeway Fashion Street Hughes Road Jeejabai Bhosle Marg JVLR Linking Road Lady Jamshetjee Road LBS Marg Lamington Road Mahim Causeway Marine Drive MTHL Nepean Sea Road P D'Mello Road Pedder Road Princess Street SCLR SV Road Sahar Elevated Access Road Sion Panvel Highway Vashi Bridge Veera Desai Road Western Express Highway Economy Bombay Stock Exchange National Stock Exchange of India Reserve Bank of India Mint Dalal Street Nariman Point Education and Research Universities & Colleges University of Mumbai ( MU ) SNDT Women 's University Indian Institute of Technology - Bombay ( IIT - B ) Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute ( VJTI ) Mulund College of Commerce ICT ( formerly UDCT ) NITIE Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies ( JBIMS ) SP Jain Institute of Management and Research NMIMS St. Xavier 's College Sathaye College Ramnarain Ruia College DG Ruparel College Ramniranjan Anandilal Podar College of Commerce and Economics V.G. Vaze College of Arts , Science and Commerce Schools Bombay Scottish School Campion School Cathedral and John Connon School Dhirubhai Ambani International School Dr. Antonio Da Silva High School Jamnabai Narsee School Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan King George High School , Dadar ( E ) St. Theresa 's Boys High School Institutes for Science & Learning Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ( TIFR ) Bhabha Atomic Research Centre ( BARC ) Nehru Planetarium Nehru Science Centre Tata Institute of Social Sciences ( TISS ) Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences ( UM - DAE CBS ) Civic Mayor Police Commissioner Municipal Commissioner Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation Mumbai Police Wards Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport Demographics Water sources Bombay High Court Sheriff Culture Marathi Mumbaiya / Bombaiya / Bambaiya Dabbawalas Mumbaikar Street food Vada pav Bhelpuri Sevpuri Dahi puri Panipuri Ragda pattice Cultural centres Cinemas Kala Ghoda festival Mumbai Marathon Tourist attractions Little Bombay , Jersey City , USA Religion in Mumbai Jainism in Mumbai Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bombay History of the Jews in Mumbai List of churches in Mumbai Anglican Diocese of Bombay Mumbai Orthodox Diocese Other topics Bombay High Kamathipura Dharavi People from Mumbai Commons Mumbai portal Tourist attractions in Mumbai ( list ) Pre-colonial Elephanta Caves Kanheri Caves Worli Fort Mahim Fort Colonial Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus BMC Headquarters Hutatma Chowk Worli Fort David Sassoon Library Gateway of India Rajabai Tower Mount Mary 's Church Bombay High Court Ballard Bunder Gatehouse South Mumbai St. Thomas Cathedral Beaches Aksa Beach Dadar Chowpatty Girgaum Chowpatty Juhu Beach Kalamb Beach Madh Island Marvé Beach Powai Lake Versova Places of worship Babulnath Haji Ali Jama Masjid Mahalaxmi Temple Cathedral of the Holy Name , Mumbai Mahim Church Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount , Bandra Shrine Of Don Bosco 's Madonna , Matunga St Peter 's Church , Bandra St. Andrew 's Church , Mumbai , Bandra , Mumbai Portuguese Church ( Mumbai ) Mumba Devi Mandir Siddhivinayak Temple Shitala Devi Temple Swaminarayan Mandir Walkeshwar Temple Cultural National Centre for the Performing Arts Experimental Theatre ( NCPA ) Jehangir Art Gallery Taraporewala Aquarium Asiatic Society of Mumbai Marine Drive Royal Opera House Regal Cinema Eros Cinema Metro Adlabs Nehru Science Centre Film City Capitol Cinema Liberty Cinema Boulevards Marine Drive Fashion Street Linking Road Nepean Sea Road Breach Candy Bandstand Promenade Worli Seaface Bandra - Worli Sea Link Carter Road Promenade Districts Western Suburbs Nariman Point Malabar Hill Kala Ghoda Colaba Bandra Kurla Complex Shopping Chor Bazaar Fashion Street Colaba Causeway Lamington Road Linking Road Buildings Bombay Stock Exchange Hutatma Chowk David Sassoon Library Taj Mahal Palace & Tower Nehru Planetarium India Government Mint Parks , zoos and stadia Bandra Kurla Complex Ground Brabourne Stadium Cross Maidan Essel World Gowalia Tank Hanging Gardens Horniman Circle Gardens Jijamata Udyaan Kamala Nehru Park Mahalaxmi Racecourse Middle Income Group Club Ground Sanjay Gandhi National Park Shivaji Park Wankhede Stadium Museums INS Vikrant Prince of Wales Museum Mani Bhavan National Gallery of Modern Art Forts Bassein Fort Belapur Fort Bombay Castle Castella de Aguada Dongri Fort Fort George Madh Fort Mahim Fort Mazagon Fort Riwa Fort Sewri Fort Sion Hillock Fort Worli Fort Restaurants & Bars Café Mondegar Leopold Cafe State of Maharashtra Capital : Mumbai Second capital : Nagpur Topics History Geography Economy Tourism Highest point Marathi language Culture Marathi people Marathi literature Marathi cinema Maharashtrian cuisine Sports Regions Desh Khandesh Konkan Mumbai Metropolitan Region Marathwada Vidarbha Divisions and Districts Amravati division Akola Amravati Buldhana Washim Yavatmal Konkan division Mumbai Mumbai Suburban Palghar Raigad Ratnagiri Sindhudurg Thane Aurangabad division Aurangabad Beed Jalna Osmanabad Nanded Latur Parbhani Hingoli Nagpur division Bhandara Chandrapur Gadchiroli Gondia Nagpur Wardha Nashik division Ahmednagar Dhule Jalgaon Nandurbar Nashik Pune division Kolhapur Pune Sangli Satara Solapur Million - plus cities in Maharashtra Mumbai Pune Nagpur Aurangabad Nashik Solapur Thane Pimpri - Chinchwad Kalyan - Dombivali Vasai - Virar Navi Mumbai Other cities with municipal corporations Ahmednagar Akola Amravati Bhiwandi - Nizampur Chandrapur Dhule Jalgaon Kolhapur Latur Malegaon Mira - Bhayandar Nanded Panvel Parbhani Sangli Ulhasnagar Portal : Maharashtra State and Union Territory capitals of India Agartala Aizawl Amaravati ( de facto ) Bangalore Bhopal Bhubaneswar Chandigarh Chennai Daman Dehradun ( interim ) New Delhi Dispur Gandhinagar Gangtok Hyderabad Imphal Itanagar Jaipur Jammu ( in winter ) Kavaratti Kohima Kolkata Lucknow Mumbai Panaji Patna Pondicherry Port Blair Raipur Ranchi Shillong Shimla Silvassa Srinagar ( in summer ) Thiruvananthapuram Million - plus agglomerations in India North Chandigarh Delhi Haryana : Faridabad Jammu and Kashmir : Srinagar Punjab : Ludhiana Amritsar Rajasthan : Jaipur Jodhpur Kota Central Chhattisgarh : Raipur Bhilai Madhya Pradesh : Indore Bhopal Jabalpur Gwalior Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur Lucknow Ghaziabad Agra Varanasi Meerut Allahabad Eastern Bihar : Patna Jharkhand : Jamshedpur Dhanbad Ranchi West Bengal : Kolkata Asansol Western Gujarat : Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Rajkot Maharashtra : Mumbai Pune Nagpur Nashik Vasai - Virar Aurangabad Southern Andhra Pradesh : Visakhapatnam Vijayawada Karnataka : Bangalore Kerala : Kochi Kozhikode Thrissur Malappuram Thiruvananthapuram Kannur Kollam Tamil Nadu : Chennai Coimbatore Madurai Tiruchirappalli Telangana : Hyderabad Mumbai metropolitan area South Mumbai Byculla Colaba Cuffe Parade Dharavi Nariman Point Churchgate Marine Lines Walkeshwar Malabar Hill Kemps Corner Kalbadevi Mumbai Central Altamount Road Carmichael Road Mahalaxmi Worli Lower Parel Parel Dadar Prabhadevi Matunga Mahim Sion Wadala Navi Mumbai Sanpada Vashi Juinagar Nerul Seawoods Belapur ( CBD ) Kharghar Koparkhairane Airoli New Panvel Mahape Taloja Ghansoli Eastern Suburbs Bhandup Chembur Ghatkopar Govandi Hiranandani Gardens Kanjurmarg Kurla Mankhurd Mulund Nahur Powai Trombay Vidyavihar Vikhroli Western Suburbs Bandra Khar Santacruz Vile Parle Juhu Andheri Marol Saki Naka Versova Jogeshwari Oshiwara Goregaon Malad Kandivali Borivali Dahisar Mira - Bhayandar ( Thane district ) Mira Road Bhayandar Uttan Thane ( Thane district ) Thane Kopri Wagle Estate Kolshet Majiwada Ghodbunder Road Kalwa Mumbra Kausa Shil Phata Diva Kalyan - Dombivali ( Thane district ) Dombivli Thakurli Kalyan Mohone Titwala Ulhasnagar ( Thane district ) Vithalwadi Ulhasnagar Shahad Ambernath Badlapur Kulgaon Bhiwandi - Nizampur ( Thane district ) Bhiwandi Nizampur Vasai - Virar ( Palghar district ) Naigaon Vasai Vasai Road Navghar Manickpur Nala Sopara Virar Palghar Boisar Suburbs in Raigad district Alibag Rasayani Pen Neral Matheran Karjat Khopoli Khalapur Portuguese overseas empire North Africa 15th century 1415 -- 1640 Ceuta 1458 -- 1550 Alcácer Ceguer ( El Qsar es Seghir ) 1471 -- 1550 Arzila ( Asilah ) 1471 -- 1662 Tangier 1485 -- 1550 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1487 -- 16th century Ouadane 1488 -- 1541 Safim ( Safi ) 1489 Graciosa 16th century 1505 -- 1541 Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué ( Agadir ) 1506 -- 1525 Mogador ( Essaouira ) 1506 -- 1525 Aguz ( Souira Guedima ) 1506 -- 1769 Mazagan ( El Jadida ) 1513 -- 1541 Azamor ( Azemmour ) 1515 -- 1541 São João da Mamora ( Mehdya ) 1577 -- 1589 Arzila ( Asilah ) Sub-Saharan Africa 15th century 1455 -- 1633 Anguim 1462 -- 1975 Cape Verde 1470 -- 1975 São Tomé 1471 -- 1975 Príncipe 1474 -- 1778 Annobón 1478 -- 1778 Fernando Poo ( Bioko ) 1482 -- 1637 Elmina ( São Jorge da Mina ) 1482 -- 1642 Portuguese Gold Coast 1508 -- 1547 Madagascar 1498 -- 1540 Mascarene Islands 16th century 1500 -- 1630 Malindi 1501 -- 1975 Portuguese Mozambique 1502 -- 1659 Saint Helena 1503 -- 1698 Zanzibar 1505 -- 1512 Quíloa ( Kilwa ) 1506 -- 1511 Socotra 1557 -- 1578 Accra 1575 -- 1975 Portuguese Angola 1588 -- 1974 Cacheu 1593 -- 1698 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 17th century 1645 -- 1888 Ziguinchor 1680 -- 1961 São João Baptista de Ajudá 1687 -- 1974 Bissau 18th century 1728 -- 1729 Mombassa ( Mombasa ) 1753 -- 1975 Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe 19th century 1879 -- 1974 Portuguese Guinea 1885 -- 1974 Portuguese Congo Part of São Tomé and Príncipe from 1753 . Or 1600 . A factory ( Anosy Region ) and small temporary coastal bases . Part of Portuguese Guinea from 1879 . Part of Portuguese Angola from the 1920s . Middle East ( Persian Gulf ) 16th century 1506 -- 1615 Gamru ( Bandar Abbas ) 1507 -- 1643 Sohar 1515 -- 1622 Hormuz ( Ormus ) 1515 -- 1648 Quriyat 1515 -- ? Qalhat 1515 -- 1650 Muscat 1515 ? -- ? Barka 1515 -- 1633 ? Julfar ( Ras al - Khaimah ) 1521 -- 1602 Bahrain ( Muharraq Manama ) 1521 -- 1529 ? Qatif 1521 ? -- 1551 ? Tarut Island 1550 -- 1551 Qatif 1588 -- 1648 Matrah 17th century 1620 -- ? Khor Fakkan 1621 ? -- ? As Sib 1621 -- 1622 Qeshm 1623 -- ? Khasab 1623 -- ? Libedia 1624 -- ? Kalba 1624 -- ? Madha 1624 -- 1648 Dibba Al - Hisn 1624 ? -- ? Bandar - e Kong Indian subcontinent 15th century 1498 -- 1545 Laccadive Islands ( Lakshadweep ) 16th century Portuguese India 1500 -- 1663 Cochim ( Kochi ) 1501 -- 1663 Cannanore ( Kannur ) 1502 -- 1658 1659 -- 1661 Quilon ( Coulão / Kollam ) 1502 -- 1661 Pallipuram ( Cochin de Cima ) 1507 -- 1657 Negapatam ( Nagapatnam ) 1510 -- 1961 Goa 1512 -- 1525 1750 Calicut ( Kozhikode ) 1518 -- 1619 Portuguese Paliacate outpost ( Pulicat ) 1521 -- 1740 Chaul ( Portuguese India ) 1523 -- 1662 Mylapore 1528 -- 1666 Chittagong ( Porto Grande De Bengala ) 1531 -- 1571 Chaul 1531 -- 1571 Chalé 1534 -- 1601 Salsette Island 1534 -- 1661 Bombay ( Mumbai ) 1535 Ponnani 1535 -- 1739 Baçaím ( Vasai - Virar ) 1536 -- 1662 Cranganore ( Kodungallur ) 1540 -- 1612 Surat 1548 -- 1658 Tuticorin ( Thoothukudi ) 1559 -- 1961 Daman and Diu 1568 -- 1659 Mangalore ( Portuguese India ) 1579 -- 1632 Hugli 1598 -- 1610 Masulipatnam ( Machilipatnam ) 1518 -- 1521 Maldives 1518 -- 1658 Portuguese Ceylon ( Sri Lanka ) 1558 -- 1573 Maldives 17th century Portuguese India 1687 -- 1749 Mylapore 18th century Portuguese India 1779 -- 1954 Dadra and Nagar Haveli East Asia and Oceania 16th century 1511 -- 1641 Portuguese Malacca ( Malaysia ) 1512 -- 1621 Maluku ( Indonesia ) 1522 -- 1575 Ternate 1576 -- 1605 Ambon 1578 -- 1650 Tidore 1512 -- 1665 Makassar 1557 -- 1999 Macau ( China ) 1580 -- 1586 Nagasaki ( Japan ) 17th century 1642 -- 1975 Portuguese Timor ( East Timor ) 19th century Portuguese Macau 1864 -- 1999 Coloane 1851 -- 1999 Taipa 1890 -- 1999 Ilha Verde 20th century Portuguese Macau 1938 -- 1941 Lapa and Montanha ( Hengqin ) 1975 is the year of East Timor 's Declaration of Independence and subsequent invasion by Indonesia . In 2002 , East Timor 's independence was fully recognized . North America & North Atlantic 15th century ( Atlantic islands ) 1420 Madeira 1432 Azores 16th century ( Canada ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Terra Nova ( Newfoundland ) 1500 -- 1579 ? Labrador 1516 -- 1579 ? Nova Scotia South America & Antilles 16th century 1500 -- 1822 Brazil 1534 -- 1549 Captaincy Colonies of Brazil 1549 -- 1572 Brazil 1572 -- 1578 Bahia 1572 -- 1578 Rio de Janeiro 1578 -- 1607 Brazil 1621 -- 1815 Brazil 1536 -- 1620 Barbados 17th century 1621 -- 1751 Maranhão 1680 -- 1777 Nova Colónia do Sacramento 18th century 1751 -- 1772 Grão - Pará and Maranhão 1772 -- 1775 Grão - Pará and Rio Negro 1772 -- 1775 Maranhão and Piauí 19th century 1808 -- 1822 Cisplatina ( Uruguay ) 1809 -- 1817 Portuguese Guiana ( Amapá ) 1822 Upper Peru ( Bolivia ) Coats of arms of Portuguese colonies Evolution of the Portuguese Empire Portuguese colonial architecture Portuguese colonialism in Indonesia Portuguese colonization of the Americas Theory of the Portuguese discovery of Australia World 's fifty most - populous urban areas Tokyo -- Yokohama ( Keihin ) Jakarta ( Jabodetabek ) Delhi Manila ( Metro Manila ) Seoul -- Incheon ( Sudogwon ) Shanghai Karachi Beijing New York City Guangzhou -- Foshan ( Guangfo ) São Paulo Mexico City ( Valley of Mexico ) Mumbai Osaka -- Kobe -- Kyoto ( Keihanshin ) Moscow Dhaka Greater Cairo Los Angeles Bangkok Kolkata Greater Buenos Aires Tehran Istanbul Lagos Shenzhen Rio de Janeiro Kinshasa Tianjin Paris Lima Chengdu Greater London Nagoya ( Chūkyō ) Lahore Chennai Bangalore Chicago Bogotá Ho Chi Minh City Hyderabad Dongguan Johannesburg Wuhan Taipei - Taoyuan Hangzhou Hong Kong Chongqing Ahmedabad Kuala Lumpur ( Klang Valley ) Quanzhou VIAF : 145957840 LCCN : n2012073713 GND : 4007629 - 5 NDL : 00649681 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mumbai&oldid=827864695 '' Categories : Mumbai Cities and towns in Mumbai City district Cities in Maharashtra Indian capital cities Metropolitan cities in India Populated coastal places in India Port cities in India Port cities and towns of the Arabian Sea Populated places established in 1507 Former Portuguese colonies 1507 establishments in India Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : Unfit url CS1 Marathi - language sources ( mr ) Pages with URL errors All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from July 2016 Use Indian English from June 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Good articles Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016 All articles containing potentially dated statements Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés Arpetan অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chi - Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Эрзянь Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî Хальмг 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs La . lojban . 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mumbai is located in which part of india

Mumbai ( / mʊmˈbaɪ / ; also known as Bombay , the official name until 1995 ) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra . It is the most populous city in India with an estimated city proper population of 12.4 million as of 2011 . Along with the neighbouring regions of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region , it is the second most populous metropolitan area in India , with a population of 21.3 million as of 2016 . Mumbai lies on the Konkan coast on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour .

Royal Canadian Mounted Police - wikipedia Royal Canadian Mounted Police Jump to : navigation , search `` Mountie '' redirects here . For other uses , see Mountie ( disambiguation ) . `` RCMP '' redirects here . For the TV series , see R.C.M.P. ( TV series ) . `` Royal Mounted Police '' redirects here . For the film , see Giubbe rosse . Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada ( French ) Abbreviation RCMP / GRC Heraldic badge of the RCMP Shoulder flash of the RCMP Ensign Motto Maintiens le droit `` Defending the Law '' Agency overview Formed February 1 , 1920 ; 98 years ago ( 1920 - 02 - 01 ) Preceding agencies Royal Northwest Mounted Police ( RNWMP ) ( 1904 ) North - West Mounted Police ( NWMP ) ( 23 May 1873 ) Dominion Police ( 1868 ) Employees 28,461 ( 2015 ) Volunteers Approximately 1,600 Auxiliary Constables Legal personality Governmental : Government agency Jurisdictional structure Federal agency Canada Constituting instruments Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act Provincial Police Acts General nature Federal law enforcement Gendarmerie Operational structure Headquarters M.J. Nadon Government of Canada Building 73 Leikin Drive Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0R2 Sworn members 22,130 ( Sept. 2015 ) ( show ) Commissioner : 1 Deputy Commissioners : 7 Assistant Commissioners : 26 Chief Superintendents : 58 Superintendents : 179 Inspectors : 348 Corps Sergeant Major : 1 Sergeants Major : 1 Staff Sergeants Major : 13 Staff Sergeants : 812 Sergeants : 1,923 Corporals : 3,377 Constables : 11,491 Special Constables : 55 Civilian Members : 3,838 Unsworn members 6,331 ( Sept. 2015 ) ( show ) Public Servants : 6,331 Elected officer responsible The Honourable Ralph Goodale , Minister of Public Safety Agency executives Queen Elizabeth II , Commissioner - in - Chief Charles , Prince of Wales , Honorary Commissioner Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex , Honorary Deputy Commissioner Dan Dubeau , ( Acting ) Commissioner Parent agency Public Safety Canada Divisions 15 ( show ) National Division : National Capital Region B Division : Newfoundland and Labrador C Division : Quebec D Division : Manitoba E Division : British Columbia F Division : Saskatchewan G Division : Northwest Territories H Division : Nova Scotia J Division : New Brunswick K Division : Alberta L Division : Prince Edward Island M Division : Yukon O Division : Ontario V Division : Nunavut Depot Division : Regina , Saskatchewan Facilities Detachments 712 ( show ) Alberta : 119 British Columbia : 154 Manitoba : 88 New Brunswick : 44 Newfoundland : 43 Northwest Territories : 22 Nova Scotia : 53 Nunavut : 26 Ontario : 16 Prince Edward Island : 6 Quebec : 14 Saskatchewan : 113 Yukon : 14 Vehicles 8,677 ( show ) Cars : 5,600 Trucks : 2,350 Motorcycles : 34 Snowmobiles : 481 All - terrain vehicles : 181 Patrol vessels 5 Fixed - wings 26 Helicopters 9 ( show ) Notables Significant incidents Mayerthorpe tragedy Spiritwood Incident 2014 Moncton shootings Awards Battle honours Canadian Newsmaker of the Year ( 2007 ) Website www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca Footnotes While a federal agency , the RCMP also provides direct policing to dependent territories . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ; French : Gendarmerie royale du Canada ( GRC ) , `` Royal Gendarmerie of Canada '' ; colloquially known as the Mounties , and internally as `` the Force '' ) is both a federal and a national police force of Canada . The RCMP provides law enforcement at the federal level . It also provides policing on a contract basis to the three territories ( Northwest Territories , Nunavut , and Yukon ) , and to eight of Canada 's provinces ( Alberta , British Columbia , Manitoba , New Brunswick , Newfoundland and Labrador , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and Saskatchewan ) , as well as to more than 150 municipalities , 600 aboriginal communities , and three international airports . The RCMP does not provide provincial or municipal policing in either Ontario or Quebec . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 History 2.1 Founding 2.2 Post-war 2.3 Modern era 2.4 Notable cases 3 History of the RCMP uniform 3.1 Tunic 3.2 Hat 3.3 Breeches 3.4 Boots 3.5 Spurs 3.6 Everyday uniform 3.7 Decorations 4 Women in the RCMP 5 Military status 5.1 Service in wartime 5.2 Honours 6 Legacy 7 Organization 7.1 International 7.2 National 7.3 Divisions 7.4 Detachments 7.5 Personal Protection Group 8 Personnel 8.1 Regular members 8.2 Auxiliary constables and other staff 8.3 Ranks 9 Equipment and vehicles 9.1 Land fleet 9.2 Marine craft 9.3 Aircraft fleet 9.4 Weapons and intervention options 9.4. 1 Past weapons and intervention options 9.4. 2 Ceremonial weapons and symbols of office 10 Popular awareness of the RCMP 10.1 Early depictions 10.2 Modern culture 10.3 Mountie merchandise 10.4 Trademark 11 Controversies and criticism 12 Fallen officers and civilian members 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Overview ( edit ) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police ( RNWMP ) , founded in 1873 , with the Dominion Police founded in 1868 . The former was originally named the North - West Mounted Police ( NWMP ) , and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904 . Much of the present day organization 's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP and RNWMP , including the distinctive Red Serge uniform , paramilitary heritage , and mythos as a frontier force . The RCMP - GRC wording is protected under the Trade - marks Act . RCMP at Montreal St. Patrick 's Day Parade 2017 . Despite its name , the RCMP is not an actual mounted police force , with horses only being used at ceremonial events . The predecessor NWMP and RNWMP had relied on horses for transport for most of their history , though the RNWMP was switching to automobiles at the time of the merger . As Canada 's national police force , the RCMP is primarily responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout Canada while general law and order including the enforcement of the Criminal Code and applicable provincial legislation is constitutionally the responsibility of the provinces and territories . Larger cities may form their own municipal police departments . The two most populous provinces , Ontario and Quebec , maintain provincial forces : the Ontario Provincial Police and Sûreté du Québec . The other eight provinces contract policing responsibilities to the RCMP . The RCMP provides front - line policing in those provinces under the direction of the provincial governments . When Newfoundland joined the confederation in 1949 , the RCMP entered the province and absorbed the then Newfoundland Ranger Force , which patrolled most of Newfoundland 's rural areas . The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary patrols urban areas of the province . In the territories , the RCMP is the sole territorial police force . Many municipalities throughout Canada contract to the RCMP . Thus , the RCMP polices at the federal , provincial , and municipal level . In several areas of Canada , it is the only police force . The RCMP is responsible for an unusually large breadth of duties . Under their federal mandate , the RCMP police throughout Canada , including Ontario and Quebec ( albeit under smaller scales there ) . Federal operations include : enforcing federal laws including commercial crime , counterfeiting , drug trafficking , border integrity , organized crime , and other related matters ; providing counter-terrorism and domestic security ; providing protection services for the Monarch , Governor General , Prime Minister , their families and residences , and other ministers of the Crown , visiting dignitaries , and diplomatic missions ; and participating in various international policing efforts . Under provincial and municipal contracts the RCMP provides front - line policing in all areas outside of Ontario and Quebec that do not have an established local police force . There are detachments located in small villages in the far north , remote First Nations reserves , and rural towns , but also larger cities such as Surrey , British Columbia ( population 468,251 + ) . There , support units investigate for their own detachments , and smaller municipal police forces . Investigations include major crimes , homicides , forensic identification , collision forensics , police dogs , emergency response teams , explosives disposal , and undercover operations . Under its National Police Services branch the RCMP supports all police forces in Canada via the Canadian Police Information Centre , Criminal Intelligence Service Canada , Forensic Science and Identification Services , Canadian Firearms Program , and the Canadian Police College . The RCMP Security Service was a specialized political intelligence and counterintelligence branch with national security responsibilities , replaced by the Canadian Security Intelligence Service in 1984 , following revelations of illegal covert operations relating to the Quebec separatist movement . CSIS is not part of the RCMP , but is its own entity . History ( edit ) Founding ( edit ) Main article : North - West Mounted Police § history North - West Mounted Police trooper , c. 1900 Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald first began planning a permanent force to patrol the North - West Territories after the Dominion of Canada purchased the territory from the Hudson 's Bay Company . Reports from Army officers surveying the territory led to the recommendation that a mounted force of between 100 to 150 mounted riflemen could maintain law and order . The Prime Minister first announced the force as the North West Mounted Rifles . However , officials in the United States raised concerns that an armed force along the border was a prelude to a military buildup . Macdonald then renamed the force the North - West Mounted Police ( NWMP ) when formed in 1873 . The force added `` Royal '' to its name in 1904 . It merged with the Dominion Police , the main police force for all points east of Manitoba , in 1920 and was renamed as the `` Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . The new organization was charged with federal law enforcement in all the provinces and territories , and immediately established its modern role as protector of Canadian national security , as well as assuming responsibility for national counterintelligence . As part of its national security and intelligence functions , the RCMP infiltrated ethnic or political groups considered to be dangerous to Canada . This included the Communist Party of Canada , but also a variety of minority cultural and nationalist groups . The force was also deeply involved in immigration matters , and especially deportations of suspected radicals . They were especially concerned with Ukrainian groups , both nationalist and socialist . The Chinese community was also targeted because of a perceived link to opium dens . Historians estimate fully two percent of the Chinese community was deported between 1923 and 1932 , largely under the provisions of the Opium and Narcotics Drugs Act ( ONDA ) . Besides the RCMP 's new responsibilities in intelligence , drugs enforcement , and immigration , the force also assisted numerous other federal agencies with tasks such as enforcing the residential school system for Aboriginal children . Mountie , c. 1935 In 1935 , the RCMP , collaborating with the Regina Police Service , crushed the On - to - Ottawa Trek by sparking the Regina Riot , in which one city police officer and one protester were killed . The Trek , which had been organized to call attention to the abysmal conditions in relief camps , therefore failed to reach Ottawa , but nevertheless had profound political reverberations . The RCMP employed special constables to assist with strikebreaking in the interwar period . For a brief period in the late 1930s , a volunteer militia group , the Legion of Frontiersmen were affiliated with the RCMP . Many members of the RCMP belonged to this organization , which was prepared to serve as an auxiliary force . In later years , special constables performed duties such as policing airports and , in some Canadian provinces , the courthouses . In 1932 , men and vessels of the Preventive Service , National Revenue , were absorbed , creating the RCMP Marine Section . The acquisition of the RCMP schooner St. Roch facilitated the first effective patrol of Canada 's Arctic territory . It was the first vessel to navigate the Northwest Passage from west to east ( 1940 -- 42 ) , the first to navigate the Passage in one season ( from Halifax to Vancouver in 1944 ) , the first to sail either way through the Passage in one season , and the first to circumnavigate North America ( 1950 ) . Counterintelligence work was moved from the RCMP 's Criminal Investigation Department to a specialized intelligence branch , the RCMP Security Service , in 1939 . Post-war ( edit ) On April 1 , 1949 , Newfoundland joined in full confederation with Canada and the Newfoundland Ranger Force amalgamated with the RCMP . Following the 1945 defection of Soviet cipher clerk , Igor Gouzenko , and his revelations of espionage , the RCMP Security Service implemented measures to screen out `` subversive '' elements from the public sector . In June 1953 , the RCMP became an full member of the International Criminal Police Organisation ( Interpol ) . Queen Elizabeth II approved in Regina , Saskatchewan on July 4 , 1973 , a new badge for the RCMP , in recognition of which the force presented the sovereign with a tapestry rendering of the new design . In the late 1970s , revelations surfaced that the RCMP Security Service force had in the course of their intelligence duties engaged in crimes such as burning a barn and stealing documents from the separatist Parti Québécois , and other abuses . This led to the Royal Commission of Inquiry into Certain Activities of the RCMP , better known as the `` McDonald Commission , '' named for the presiding judge , Mr Justice David Cargill McDonald . The Commission recommended that the force 's intelligences duties be removed in favour of the creation of a separate intelligence agency , the Canadian Security Intelligence Service ( CSIS ) . Modern era ( edit ) Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) Sunset Ceremony 2012 In 1993 , the Special Emergency Response Team ( SERT ) , were transferred to the Canadian Forces ( CF ) , creating a new unit called Joint Task Force 2 ( JTF2 ) . JTF2 inherited some equipment and SERT 's former training base near Ottawa . In 2006 , the United States Coast Guard 's Ninth District and the RCMP began a program called `` Shiprider , '' in which 12 Mounties from the RCMP detachment at Windsor and 16 US Coast Guard boarding officers from stations in Michigan ride in each other 's vessels . The intent is to allow for seamless enforcement of the international border . On December 6 , 2006 , RCMP Commissioner Giuliano Zaccardelli resigned after admitting that his earlier testimony about the Maher Arar terrorist case was inaccurate . The RCMP 's actions were scrutinized by the Commission of Inquiry into the Actions of Canadian Officials in Relation to Maher Arar . Two officers were found guilty of perjury and sentenced to jail for their actions in the 2007 Robert Dziekański Taser incident in Vancouver . In 2007 , the RCMP was named Newsmaker of the Year by The Canadian Press . On June 3 , 2013 , the RCMP renamed its ' A ' Division to National Division and tasked it with handling corruption cases `` at home and abroad '' . Notable cases ( edit ) The American stagecoach robber Bill Miner was captured by the RCMP in 1906 . Albert Johnson , known as the Mad Trapper of Rat River , was killed in a shoot - out with the RCMP in 1932 . RCMP officers in Saskatchewan arrested the perpetrator of the Shell Lake murders in 1967 . Anarchist militants known as the Squamish Five were arrested by the RCMP in 1983 . The suspected driver of the reconnaissance vehicle involved in the 1996 Khobar Towers bombing fled to Canada where he was arrested by the RCMP in the winter of 1997 and was extradited to the United States . Four RCMP officers were fatally shot during an operation in Alberta in March 2005 : the Mayerthorpe tragedy was the single worst multiple killing of RCMP officers since the killing of 3 officers in Kamloops British Columbia by a mentally ill assailant . Prior to that the Force had not felt such a loss since the North - West Rebellion . In July 2007 , two RCMP officers were shot dead in the Spiritwood Incident near Mildred , Saskatchewan . Three RCMP officers were murdered during the 2014 Moncton shootings in New Brunswick . The perpetrator of the 2014 shootings at Parliament Hill , Ottawa was shot and killed at the scene by the RCMP . History of the RCMP uniform ( edit ) RCMP in dress uniform Canada Day 2015 on Saint Catherine Street - 063 The RCMP are famous for their distinctive dress uniform , or `` Review Order , '' popularly known as the `` Red Serge . '' It has a high collared scarlet tunic , midnight blue breeches with yellow leg stripe , Sam Browne belt with white sidearm lanyard , oxblood riding boots ( possibly with spurs ) , brown felt campaign hat ( wide , flat brimmed ) with the characteristic `` Montana crease '' , and brown gloves ( with brown leather gauntlets for riders ) . Members wear the Review Order during the Musical Ride , an equestrian drill in which mounted members show their riding skills and handling of the cavalry lance . On normal duties , the RCMP uses standard police methods , equipment , and uniforms . The RCMP uses horses for ceremonial operations such as escorting the Governor General 's open landau to the Opening of Parliament . Tunic ( edit ) The Red Serge tunic that identified the NWMP and later the RNWMP and RCMP , is the standard British military pattern ( based on the civilian Norfolk jacket ) . Originally kitted from militia stores , the NWMP later adopted a standard style that emphasized the force 's British heritage and differentiated it from the blue American military uniforms . In 1904 , dark blue shoulder straps and collars replaced the uniform 's scarlet facings when King Edward VII granted the Force `` Royal '' status for its service in the Second Boer War . Today , RCMP personnel under the rank of inspector wear blue `` gorget '' patches on the collar , while officers from inspector to commissioner wear solid blue collars and blue pointed - sleeve cuffs . Members once wore a white haversack on top of this jacket and white gauntlets , which contrasted with the red tunic . The modern dress uniform replaces these easily - dirtied items with brown leather riding gloves and carrying pouches on the belt . Hat ( edit ) Although the NWMP contingent at Queen Victoria 's Diamond Jubilee wore the flat - brimmed Stetson , the RCMP did not adopt it until about 1904 . The original primary summer headdress was the white British foreign service helmet , also known as a pith helmet . This was an impractical choice for the Canadian west , and RCMP members wore a Stetson type hat on patrol and around camp . Sam Steele is often credited with introducing the Stetson - type hat , and when he left the force to command Lord Strathcona 's Horse in South Africa , his unit adopted the Stetson . During winter , members wore a Canadian military fur wedge cap or busby . In British Columbia , the hat features a black bearskin rim belt . Breeches ( edit ) The NWMP wore buff or steel grey breeches until they adopted dark blue breeches with yellow - gold strapping ( stripes ) . Members often exchanged kit with U.S. cavalry units , and while some believe this was the source for the breeches , the NWMP considered adopting blue breeches with a white strap . Dark blue with yellow - gold strapping is a British cavalry tradition , and most cavalry ( later armoured ) regiments ' dress uniforms feature yellow stripes . Boots ( edit ) Black riding boots changed to the modern brown style called `` Strathcona Boots '' or informally as `` high browns '' ( See link to Lord Strathcona 's Horse ) and the original crossbelts changed to the brown Sam Browne type . The brown colour of the boots and belt the RCMP wear with the Red Serge are from members who applied coats of polish , often during training at Depot Division . Spurs ( edit ) The RCMP 's original spurs , known as `` long shank spurs , '' were solid nickel . Their owners occasionally had their regimental number engraved on the inside , and some replaced the rowel with a US buffalo nickel to complement the Mounted Police capbadge and avoid using a Canadian coin that would deface the monarch . The RCMP last issued long shank spurs in 1968 . Sidearms are standard now , but were often not worn in the early years . Everyday uniform ( edit ) RCMP in everyday uniform The everyday uniform is a grey shirt with dark blue tie , dark blue trousers with gold strapping , regular patrol boots called `` ankle boots , '' regular duty equipment , and a regular policeman 's style cap . Members on operational duty wear a blue Gore - Tex open - collar jacket ( patrol jacket ) , while sergeants major and certain non-commissioned officers ( NCOs ) involved in recruit training or media relations wear a dark blue jacket ( blue serge ) . Depending on their duties , officers wear white shirts and the patrol jacket or blue serge . During the summer , officers wear a tie with a short - sleeved shirt , and other members wear short - sleeved shirts . Winter dress is a long - sleeved shirt without tie for all members except officers , who wear a tie with the long - sleeved shirt . In colder weather , members may wear heavier boots , winter coats ( storm coats ) and a fur cap . In 1990 , Baltej Singh Dhillon became the RCMP 's first Sikh officer to be allowed to wear a turban instead of the traditional Stetson . On March 15 , the federal government , despite protests , decided they would allow Sikhs to wear their religious headgear while on duty as RCMP officers , as had been the practice for Sikh members of Canadian Forces for decades . Despite ongoing pressure from groups such as the Association for the Protection of Fur - Bearing Animals , the RCMP uses muskrat fur in their winter dress uniform . The RCMP originally decided not to use fur , but the government overruled them . Decorations ( edit ) The RCMP awards its Royal Canadian Mounted Police Long Service Medal to members who have completed 20 years ' service . A clasp is awarded for each successive 5 years to 40 years . Members also receive a Service Badge star for each five years ' service , which is worn on the left sleeve . There are specialist insignia for positions such as first aid instructor and dog handler , and pilot 's wings are worn by aviators . Sharpshooter badges for proficiency in pistol or rifle shooting are each awarded in two grades . Women in the RCMP ( edit ) On May 23 , 1974 , RCMP Commissioner Maurice Nadon announced that the RCMP would accept applications from women as regular members of the force . Troop 17 was the first group of 32 females at Depot in Regina on September 18 and 19 , 1974 for regular training . This first all - female troop graduated from Depot on March 3 , 1975 . RCMP officer , 2011 After initially wearing different unflattering uniforms , women officers were finally issued the standard RCMP uniforms . Now all officers are identically attired , with two exceptions . The ceremonial dress uniform , or `` walking - out order '' , for female members has a long , blue skirt and higher - heeled slip - on pumps plus small black clutch purse ( however , in 2012 the RCMP began to allow women to wear trousers and boots with all their formal uniforms . ) The second exception is the official maternity uniform for pregnant female officers assigned to administrative duties . The following years saw the first women attain certain positions . 1981 : corporal , musical ride 1987 : foreign post 1990 : detachment commander 1992 : commissioned officer 1998 : Assistant Commissioner 2000 : Deputy Commissioner Beverley Busson is the only woman to have held the top position in the force . She served as the interim Commissioner from December 15 , 2006 , to July 6 , 2007 . Military status ( edit ) Royal Canadian Mounted Police Gendarmerie royale du Canada Guidon of the RCMP Active 1873 -- present Country Canada Type Dragoons Size 15 divisions Garrison / HQ RHQ -- Ottawa Nickname ( s ) The Mounties Motto ( s ) Maintiens le droit ( Defending the law ) Battle honours see Battle honours Commanders Current commander Dan Dubeau ( Acting Commissioner ) Commissioner - in - Chief HM The Queen Honorary Commissioner HRH The Prince of Wales Honorary Deputy Commissioner HRH The Earl of Wessex Insignia Tartan RCMP Abbreviation RCMP / GRC Although the RCMP is a civilian police force , in 1921 , following the service of many of its members during the First World War , King George V awarded the force the status of a regiment of dragoons , entitling it to display the battle honours it had been awarded . Service in wartime ( edit ) During the Second Boer War , members of the North - West Mounted Police were given leaves of absence to join the 2nd Battalion , Canadian Mounted Rifles ( CMR ) and Strathcona 's Horse . The force raised the Canadian Mounted Rifles , mostly from NWMP members , for service in South Africa . For the CMR 's distinguished service there , King Edward VII honoured the NWMP by changing the name to the Royal Northwest Mounted Police ( RNWMP ) on June 24 , 1904 . During the First World War , the Royal Northwest Mounted Police ( RNWMP ) conducted border patrols , surveillance of enemy aliens , and enforcement of national security regulations within Canada . However , RNWMP officers also served overseas . On August 6 , 1914 , a squadron of volunteers from the RNWMP was formed to serve with the Canadian Light Horse in France . In 1918 , two more squadrons were raised , A Squadron for service in France and Flanders and B Squadron for service in the Canadian Siberian Expeditionary Force In September 1939 , at the outset of the Second World War , the Canadian Army had no military police . Five days after war was declared the Royal Canadian Mounted Police received permission to form a Provost Company of Force volunteers . It was designated No. 1 Provost Company ( RCMP ) , and became the Canadian Provost Corps . Six months after war was declared its members were overseas in Europe and served throughout the Second World War as military police . Honours ( edit ) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police were accorded the status of a regiment of Dragoons in 1921 . As a cavalry regiment , the RCMP was entitled to wear battle honours for its war service as well as carry a guidon , with its first guidon presented in 1935 . The RCMP mounted the King 's Life Guard at Horse Guards Parade in 1937 leading up to the coronation of King George VI . The RCMP mounted the Queen 's Life Guard in May 2012 during celebrations of Queen Elizabeth II 's Diamond Jubilee . Battle honours North West Canada 1885 South Africa 1900 -- 02 The Great War : France and Flanders 1918 , Siberia 1918 -- 19 The Second World War : Europe , 1939 -- 45 Honorary distinction : The badge of the Canadian Provost Corps ( Military Police ) , presented September 21 , 1957 , at a Parliament Hill ceremony for contributions to the Corps during the Second World War Legacy ( edit ) In 1975 , the RCMP dedicated a memorial beside the Fred Light Museum in Battleford , Saskatchewan , consisting of a cemetery with gate , cairn and list of honour plaque to the members of the North - West Mounted Police ( 1873 -- 1904 ) and the RCMP . Organization ( edit ) International ( edit ) The RCMP International Operations Branch assists the Liaison Officer ( LO ) Program to deter international crime relating to Canadian criminal laws . The IOB is a section of the International Policing , which is part of the RCMP Federal and International Operations Directorate . Thirty - seven Liaison Officers are placed in 23 other countries and are responsible for organizing Canadian investigations in other countries , developing and maintaining the exchange of criminal intelligence , especially national security with other countries , to provide assistance in investigations that directly affect Canada , to coordinate and assist RCMP officers on foreign business and to represent the RCMP at international meetings . Liaison Officers are located in : Africa & Middle East : Rabat , Morocco Pretoria , South Africa Amman , Jordan Dubai , U.A.E. Asia - Pacific : New Delhi , India Islamabad , Pakistan Bangkok , Thailand Hong Kong SAR Beijing , China Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia Colombo , Sri Lanka Europe : London , United Kingdom Paris , France Berlin , Germany The Hague , Netherlands Rome , Italy The Americas : Kingston , Jamaica Mexico City , Mexico Bogota , Colombia Caracas , Venezuela Brasilia , Brazil Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago United States : Miami , Florida New York , New York Seattle , Washington Washington , D.C. The RCMP was a member agency in the Afghan Threat Finance Cell , and RCMP officers were embedded with military units in Afghanistan . National ( edit ) The RCMP is organized under the authority of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act . In accordance with the Act , it is headed by the Commissioner , who , under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety , has the control and management of the Force and all matters connected therewith . The RCMP is provided with a senior executive committee ( SEC ) which `` is the senior decision making forum established by the Commissioner for the development and approval of strategic , force - wide policies , pursuant to and consistent with the Commissioner 's authority under section 5 of the RCMP Act . The role of ( the ) SEC is to develop , promote and communicate strategic priorities , strategic objectives , management strategies and performance management for the purpose of direction and accountability . '' The Commissioner is assisted by Deputy Commissioners in charge of : Federal and International Policing Police Support Services Contract and Aboriginal Policing Human Resources East Ontario ( `` O '' Division ) National Division ( Formerly `` A '' Division ) National Headquarters Quebec ( `` C '' Division ) New Brunswick ( `` J '' Division ) Nova Scotia ( `` H '' Division ) Prince Edward Island ( `` L '' Division ) Newfoundland and Labrador ( `` B '' Division ) West British Columbia ( `` E '' Division ) Alberta ( `` K '' Division ) Saskatchewan ( `` F '' Division ) Manitoba ( `` D '' Division ) Yukon ( `` M '' Division ) Northwest Territories ( `` G '' Division ) Nunavut ( `` V '' Division ) Divisions ( edit ) The RCMP divides the country into divisions for command purposes . In general , each division is coterminous with a province ( for example , C Division is Quebec ) . The province of Ontario , however , is divided into two divisions : National Division ( Ottawa ) and O Division ( rest of the province ) . There is one additional division -- Depot Division , which is the RCMP Academy at Regina , Saskatchewan , and the Police Dog Service Training Centre at Innisfail , Alberta . The RCMP headquarters are located in Ottawa , Ontario . National Division building in Ottawa National Division ( formerly A Division ) : National Capital Region ( Ottawa , Ontario , and Gatineau , Quebec ) B Division : Newfoundland and Labrador C Division : Quebec D Division : Manitoba E Division : British Columbia F Division : Saskatchewan G Division : Northwest Territories H Division : Nova Scotia J Division : New Brunswick K Division : Alberta L Division : Prince Edward Island M Division : Yukon O Division : Ontario V Division : Nunavut Depot Division at Regina and the Police Dog Service Training Centre at Innisfail . Detachments ( edit ) The RCMP formerly had many single - officer detachments in small , isolated rural communities , but in 2012 the RCMP announced that it would be closing these detachments as it moves to have all detachments with a minimum of three Mounties . The largest single RCMP detachment is in the City of Surrey in British Columbia , with over a thousand employees . Surrey has contracted with the RCMP for policing services since 1951 . The second - largest RCMP detachment is in Burnaby , also in British Columbia . Personal Protection group ( edit ) The Personal Protection Group or PPG is a 180 - member group responsible for security details for VIPs , the prime minister , and the governor general . It was created after the 1995 incident at 24 Sussex Drive . Units under the PPG consists of : Prime Minister Protective Detail provides bodyguards to protect the Prime Minister of Canada in Canada and abroad . This unit is based in Ottawa with operations at 24 Sussex Drive and Harrington Lake near Chelsea , Quebec . Governor General 's Protection Detail provides bodyguards to protect the Governor General of Canada in Canada and abroad . This unit is based in Ottawa with operations at Rideau Hall . Very Important Persons Security Section ( VIPSS ) provides security details to VIP ( including the Chief Justice of Canada , federal ministers , and diplomats ) and others under the direction of the Minister of Public Safety . Personnel ( edit ) DHS unveils new Operational Integration Center 110324 - G - JL323 - 030 As of September 1 , 2015 , the RCMP employed 28,461 men and women , including police officers , civilian members , and Public Service Employees . Actual personnel strength by ranks : Commissioner 1 Deputy commissioner 7 Assistant commissioner 26 Chief superintendent 58 Superintendent 179 Inspector 345 Corps sergeant major 1 Sergeants major 1 Staff sergeants major 13 Staff sergeants 812 Sergeants 1,923 Corporals 3,377 Constables 11,491 Special constables 55 Civilian members 3,838 Public servants 6,331 Total 28,461 Regular members ( edit ) The term regular member , or RM , originates from the RCMP Act and refers to the 18,988 regular RCMP officers who are trained and sworn as peace officers , and include all the ranks from constable to commissioner . They are the police officers of the RCMP and are responsible for investigating crime and have the authority to make arrests . RMs operate in over 750 detachments , including 200 municipalities and more than 600 Aboriginal communities . RMs are normally assigned to general policing duties at an RCMP detachment for a minimum of three years . These duties allow them to experience a broad range of assignments and experiences , such as responding to alarms , foot patrol , bicycle patrol , traffic enforcement , collecting evidence at crime scenes , testifying in court , apprehending criminals and plain clothes duties . Regular members also serve in over 150 different types of operational and administrative opportunities available within the RCMP , these include : major crime investigations , emergency response , forensic identification , forensic collision reconstruction , international peacekeeping , bike or marine patrol , explosives disposal and police dog services . Also included are administrative roles including human resources , corporate planning , policy analysis and public affairs . Auxiliary Constables and other staff ( edit ) Besides the regular RCMP officers , several types of designations exist which give them assorted powers and responsibilities over policing issues . Currently , there are : Community Constables : not reported Reserve Constables : Approximately 100 in British Columbia Auxiliary Constables : 2,400 + Community Safety Officers : 16 Aboriginal Community Constables : 7 Special Constables : 78 Civilian Members : 3,760 Public servants : 6,194 Community Constables ( CC ) A new designation introduced in 2014 as a replacement to the Community Safety Officers & Aboriginal Community Constables pilot programs . Community Constables are armed , paid members holding the rank of Special Constables , with peace officer power . They are to provide a bridge between the local citizens and the RCMP using their local and cultural knowledge They will mostly be focused on crime prevention , liaison with the community , and to provide resources in the event of a large - scale event . Reserve Constables ( R / Cst . ) A program reinstated in 2004 in British Columbia to allow for retired , regular RCMP members or other provincially trained officers to provide extra manpower when a shortage is identified . R / Cst . are appointed under Section 11 of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Act as paid part - time , armed officers with the same powers as regular members . However , they are not allowed to carry force - issued sidearms and use of force options unless they are called upon to duty . They generally carry out community policing roles but may also be called upon if an emergency occurs . Auxiliary constables ( A / Cst . ) Volunteers within their own community , appointed under provincial police acts . They are not police officers and can not identify themselves as such . However , they are given peace officer powers when on duty with a regular member ( RM ) . Their duties consist mainly of assisting the RM in routine events , for example cordoning off crime scene areas , crowd control , participating in community policing , assistance during situations where regular members might be overwhelmed with their duties ( e.g. , keep watch of a backseat detainee while RM interviews a victim ) . They are identified by the wording of `` RCMP Auxiliary '' on cars , jackets and shoulder flashes . Community Safety Officers ( CSO ) In 2008 , a new pilot designation within the RCMP in British Columbia was created based on the UK Police Community Support Officer program . Community safety officers are paid , unarmed RCMP staff members with similar RCMP uniform but distinct shoulder badges with baton , pepper spray and handcuffs . CSOs work with regular members in five areas : community safety ; crime prevention ; traffic support ; community policing and investigation support . They are peace officers but are not police officers . CSOs are appointed as special constable under the RCMP Act . The CSO program is scheduled to be dismantled in 2015 . Aboriginal Community Constables ( ACC ) A pilot program that began in April 2011 where ACCs are armed , uniformed peace officers who are engaged in policing activities in their home First Nations and Inuit communities in Northwest Territories , Manitoba , Alberta , and Nunavut . Their function is to engage their communities in active crime prevention / reduction activities , and building positive relationships between their communities and the RCMP but can also provide tactical , enforcement and investigational support to core resources as a secondary function . The program is scheduled to be merged into the Community Constable program in 2015 . Special constables ( S / Cst . ) Employees of the RCMP , they have varied duties depending on where they are deployed , but are often given this designation because of an expertise they possess which needs to be applied in a certain area . For example , an Aboriginal person might be appointed a special constable in order to assist regular members as they police an Aboriginal community where English is not well understood , and where the special constable speaks the language well . From the early years of policing in northern Canada , and well into the 1950s , local aboriginal people were hired by the RCMP as special constables and were employed as guides and to obtain and care for sled dog teams . Many of these former special constables still reside in the North to this day and are still involved in regimental functions of the RCMP . Civilian members of the RCMP While not delegated the powers of police officers , they are instead hired for their specialized scientific , technological , communications and administrative skills . Since the RCMP is a multi-faceted law enforcement organization with responsibilities for federal , provincial and municipal policing duties , it offers employment opportunities for civilian members as professional partners within Canada 's national police force . Civilian members represent approximately 14 % of the total RCMP employee population , and are employed within RCMP establishments in most geographical areas of Canada . The following is a list of the most common categories of employment that may be available to interested and qualified individuals . Operations Telecommunications Operator ( Dispatcher ) Scientific Toxicology Chemistry Biology -- DNA Law Technical Forensic Identification Services Instrument Technology Document Examination Counterfeit Analysis Firearms Technology Electronics Technology Information Technology Communications Computer Systems Development Telecommunications Information Services / Public Affairs Administrative Policy Development and Analysis Staff Development and Training Human Resource Management Translation Police Records Information Management Environment ( PRIME - BC ) Public Service Employees Also referred to as Public Servants , PSes or PSEs , they provide much of the administrative support for the RCMP in the form of detachment clerks and other administrative support at the headquarters level . They are not police officers , do not wear a uniform , have no police authority and are not bound by the RCMP Act . Municipal Employees Abbreviated as `` ME '' they are found in RCMP detachments where a contract exists with a municipality to provide front - line policing . MEs are not actually employees of the RCMP , but are instead employed by the local municipality to work in the RCMP detachment . They conduct the same duties that a PSE would and are required to meet the same reliability and security clearance to do so . Many detachment buildings house a combination of municipal and provincially funded detachments , and therefore there are often PSEs and MEs found working together in them . Ranks ( edit ) The rank system of the RCMP is partly a result of their origin as a paramilitary force . Upon its founding , the RCMP adopted the rank insignia of the Canadian Army ( which in turn came from the British Army ) , which is almost identical to that of the current Canadian Army . Like in a military , the RCMP also has a distinction between commissioned and non-commissioned officers . The non-commissioned ranks are mostly based off military ranks ( apart from constable ) . Non-commissioned officer ranks above staff sergeant resemble those that formerly existed in the Canadian Army , but have since been replaced by warrant officers . The commissioned officer ranks , by contrast , use a set of non-military titles that are often used in Commonwealth police services . The number of higher ranks has increased since the formation of the force . The rank of inspector , which was initially a subaltern , is now a field officer level , while several lower officer ranks have been dropped . The numbers are current as of September 1 , 2015 : COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Commissioner Deputy Commissioner Assistant Commissioner Chief Superintendent Superintendent Inspector Commissaire Sous - commissaire Commissaire adjoint Surintendant principal Surintendant Inspecteur 7 26 58 179 348 NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICERS Corps Sergeant Major Sergeant Major Staff Sergeant Major Staff Sergeant Sergeant Corporal Constable Sergent - major du corps Sergent - major Sergent - major d'état major Sergent d'état - major Sergent Caporal Gendarme 13 812 1,923 3,377 11,491 No Insignia The ranks of inspector and higher are commissioned ranks and are appointed by the Governor - in - Council . Depending on the dress , badges are worn on the shoulder as slip - ons , on shoulder boards , or directly on the epaulettes . The lower ranks are non-commissioned officers and the insignia continues to be based on British army patterns . Since 1990 , the non-commissioned officers ' rank insignia has been embroidered on the epaulette slip - ons . Non-commissioned rank badges are worn on the right sleeve of the scarlet / blue tunic and blue jacket . The constables wear no rank insignia . There are also Special Constables , Reserve Constables , Auxiliary Constables , and Students who wear identifying insignia . The Bath star represents the military Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath . Equipment and vehicles ( edit ) A Ford Taurus cruiser in an Ottawa field . RCMP truck at the G20 summit in Toronto Land Fleet ( edit ) RCMP Land Transport Fleet Inventory includes : Cars : 5,330 Unmarked vehicles : 2,811 Light Trucks : 2,090 Heavy Trucks : 123 SUVs : 616 Motorcycles : 34 Small snowmobiles : 481 All - terrain vehicles : 181 Gas railway car : 1 Tractors : 27 Buses : 3 Total : 11,697 Marine craft ( edit ) RCMP - CCG vessel Simmonds with CCGS Cape Hurd The RCMP polices Canadian Internal Waters , including the territorial sea and contiguous zone as well as the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway ; such operations are provided by the RCMP 's Federal Services Directorate and includes enforcing Canada 's environment , fisheries , customs and immigration laws . In provinces and municipalities where the RCMP performs contract policing , the force polices freshwater lakes and rivers . To meet these challenges , the RCMP operates the Marine Division , with five Robert Allan Ltd. -- designed high - speed catamaran patrol vessels ; Inkster and the Commissioner - class Nadon , Higgitt , Lindsay and Simmonds , based on all three coasts and manned by officers specially trained in maritime enforcement . Inkster is based in Prince Rupert , BC , Simmonds is stationed on Newfoundland 's south coast , and the rest are on the Pacific Coast . Simmonds sports the RCMP badge , but is otherwise painted with Canadian Coast Guard colours and the marking Coast Guard Police . The other four vessels are painted with blue and white RCMP colours . The RCMP operates 377 smaller boats , defined as vessels less than 9.2 m ( 30 ft ) long , at locations across Canada . This category ranges from canoes and car toppers to rigid - hulled inflatables and stable , commercially built , inboard / outboard vessels . Individual detachments often have smaller high - speed rigid - hulled inflatable boats and other purpose - built vessels for inland waters , some of which can be hauled by road to the nearest launching point . RCMP Ship Fleet Ship Name Type Class Base Specifications Propulsion Top Speed Builder Year Commissioned Crew Inkster Patrol vessel n / a Prince Rupert , BC 19.75 m ( 64.8 ft ) fast patrol aluminum catamaran 25 kn ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) + Allied Shipbuilders Limited of North Vancouver , BC Nadon Patrol vessel Commissioner Class PV ( Raven Class ) Nanaimo , BC 17.7 m ( 58 ft ) fast patrol catamaran 2 × 820 hp ( 610 kW ) D2840 LE401 V - 10 MAN Diesel engines 36 kn ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) Robert Allan Ltd . 1991 Higgitt Patrol vessel Commissioner Class PV Campbell River , BC 17.7 m ( 58 ft ) fast patrol catamaran 2 × 820 hp ( 610 kW ) D2840 LE401 V - 10 MAN Diesel engines 36 kn ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) Robert Allan Ltd . 1992 Lindsay Patrol vessel Commissioner Class PV Patricia Bay , Victoria , BC 17.7 m ( 58 ft ) fast patrol catamaran 2 × 820 hp ( 610 kW ) D2840 LE401 V - 10 MAN Diesel engines 36 kn ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) Robert Allan Ltd . 1993 Simmonds Patrol vessel Commissioner Class PV South coast Newfoundland 17.7 m ( 58 ft ) fast patrol catamaran 2 × 820 hp ( 610 kW ) D2840 LE401 V - 10 MAN Diesel engines 36 kn ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) Robert Allan Ltd . 1995 Aircraft Fleet ( edit ) RCMP Pilatus PC - 12 As of June 2017 the RCMP had 35 aircraft ( 9 helicopters and 26 fixed - wing aircraft ) registered with Transport Canada ( TC ) . All aircraft are operated and maintained by the Air Services Branch . Only the Twin Otter is a twin - engine aircraft , all the others , including the helicopters , are single engine . RCMP Fleet Aircraft Number Variants Notes Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil 7 AS 350B3 Helicopter , AStar 350 or `` Squirrel '' Cessna 206 5 U206G , T206H Fixed wing , Stationair ( Station wagon of the Air ) , general aviation aircraft Cessna 208 Caravan 208 , 208B Fixed wing , Caravan , short - haul regional airliner and utility aircraft de Havilland Canada DHC - 6 Twin Otter 300 Series Fixed wing , 20 - passenger STOL feederliner and utility aircraft Eurocopter EC120 Colibri EC 120B Light helicopter , `` Hummingbird '' Pilatus PC - 12 16 PC - 12 / 45 , PC - 12 / 47 , PC - 12 / 47E Fixed wing , turboprop passenger and cargo aircraft Quest Kodiak 100 Fixed wing , un-pressurized , turboprop - powered fixed - tricycle - gear , STOL Weapons and intervention options ( edit ) RCMP issue Smith & Wesson Model 5946 service pistol with Hogue grip RCMP issue Taser International X-26 conducted energy weapon Smith & Wesson Model 5946 Smith & Wesson model 3953 Heckler & Koch MP5 Remington Model 700 . 308 centrefire rifle Winchester Model 70 . 308 rifle . ( This rifle is being phased out and replaced by the Remington 700 ) Remington 870 12 - gauge shotgun SIG Sauer 220R - . 45 ACP / SIG Sauer 226R - 9 × 19mm Colt Canada C7 rifle Colt Canada C8 carbine Taser International M26 , X26 , & X26P Oleoresin capsicum spray ASP and Monadnock expandable defensive batons Past weapons and intervention options ( edit ) Fabrique Nationale ( FN ) C1A1 variant of the L1A1 and FN FAL produced under licence by Canadian Arsenals Limited ( CAL ) ( Long Branch ) . Lee -- Enfield No. 4 Mk1 Winchester Model 1876 saddle carbine -- issued in . 45 - 75 Winchester , and used from 1878 until 1914 . Enfield Mark II revolver -- issued in . 476 Enfield , about 1080 Mark IIs obtained from Britain 's Ministry of Defence , after it was learned the Beaumont -- Adams had been discontinued . Beaumont -- Adams revolver -- first issue weapon , in . 450 Adams . 330 Mark Is purchased from Britain 's Ministry of Defence ; later , 330 Mark IIs added . Webley & Scott Bull Dog revolver Colt New Service revolver -- 700 ordered in . 455 Webley , with . 45 Long Colt versions being delivered from 1919 ; in all , over 3200 issued . Smith & Wesson Model 10 revolver -- issued with 5 in ( 130 mm ) barrel , in . 38 Special . It served more than forty years . Halfway through its service , the loading was changed to a . 38 Special + P . ( The loading was a 158 gr ( 0.36 oz ; 10.2 g ) hollowpoint , a violation of the Hague Convention if used in a military context . ) Smith & Wesson Model 3 revolver Snider -- Enfield Tranter revolver 1822 and 1853 pattern light cavalry swords Straightstick baton manufactured in wood and plastic Sap gloves Ceremonial weapons and symbols of office ( edit ) 1912 pattern cavalry officer 's sword carried by officers . Blade is acid etched both sides with the monarch 's crown , Canadian coat of Arms , royal cypher and RCMP badge . 1908 pattern cavalry sword carried by NCOs on the Musical Ride Bamboo lance Drill cane Swagger stick Commissioner 's tipstaff In 1973 , Wilkinson Sword produced a number of commemorative swords to celebrate the RCMP centennial . None of these swords were ever used ceremonially , and were strictly collectibles . Wilkinson Sword also made a commemorative centennial tomahawk and miniature `` letter opener '' models of their centennial swords . In 1973 , Winchester Repeating Arms Company produced an RCMP commemorative centennial version of their Model 94 rifle in . 30 - 30 Winchester , with a 22 in ( 560 mm ) round barrel . The receiver , buttplate , and forend cap ( on the musket - style forend ) were plated in gold . Commemorative medallions were embedded in the right - hand side of the stock , with an `` MP '' engraving . There was engraving on the barrel and receiver indicating the rifle was a centennial commemorative edition . Sights were open notch rear , with a flip - up rear ladder , graduated to 2,000 yd ( 1,800 m ) . Two versions were produced , 9500 with serial numbers beginning `` RCMP '' for commercial sale , 5000 with the prefix `` MP '' sold only to serving RCMP members . In addition , ten presentation models were produced , serialled RCMP1P to RCMP10P . ( The production of this commemorative is ironic , since the Winchester 94 was never used by the force . ) ) Popular awareness of the RCMP ( edit ) Canadian flag carried by RCMP at the opening ceremonies of the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver The Mounties have been immortalized as symbols of Canadian culture in numerous Hollywood Northwestern movies and television series , which often feature the image of the Mountie as square - jawed , stoic , and polite , yet with a steely determination and physical toughness that sometimes appears superhuman . Coupled with the adage that the Mountie `` always gets his man , '' the image projects them as fearsome , incorruptible , dogged yet gentle champions of the law . The RCMP 's motto is actually Maintiens le droit , French for `` Defending the Law '' . The Hollywood motto derives from a comment by a Montana newspaper , the Fort Benton Record : `` They fetch their man every time '' . Early depictions ( edit ) In 1912 , Ralph Connor 's Corporal Cameron of the North - West Mounted Police : A Tale of the MacLeod Trail appeared , becoming an international best - selling novel . Mounties fiction became a popular genre in both pulp magazines and book form . Among the best - selling authors who specialized in tales of the Mounted Police were James Oliver Curwood , Laurie York Erskine , James B Hendryx , T Lund , Harwood Steele ( the son of Sam Steele ) , and William Byron Mowery . In other media , a famous example is the radio and television series , Sergeant Preston of the Yukon . Dudley Do - Right ( of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show ) is a 1960s example of the comic aspect of the Mountie myth , as is Klondike Kat , from Total Television . The Broadway musical and Hollywood movie Rose - Marie is a 1930s example of its romantic side . A successful combination were a series of Renfrew of the Royal Mounted boy 's adventure novels written by Laurie York Erskine beginning in 1922 running to 1941 . In the 1930s Erskine narrated a Sgt Renfrew of the Mounties radio show and a series of films with actor - singer James Newill playing Renfrew were released between 1937 and 1940 . In 1953 portions of the films were mixed with new sequences of Newill for a Renfrew of the Mounted television series . A former Mounted Police corporal ( 1919 -- 1923 ) , Bruce Carruthers , served as an unofficial technical advisor to Hollywood in many films with RCMP characters . Modern culture ( edit ) In 1959 , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation aired R.C.M.P. , a half - hour dramatic series about an R.C.M.P. detachment keeping the peace and fighting crime . Filmed in black and white , in and around Ottawa by Crawley Films , the series was co-produced with the BBC and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation and ran for 39 episodes . It was noted for its pairing of Québécois and Anglo officers . Canadians also poke fun at the RCMP with Sergeant Renfrew and his faithful dog Cuddles in various sketches produced by the Royal Canadian Air Farce comedy troupe . On That ' 70s Show Mounties were played by SCTV alumni Joe Flaherty and Dave Thomas . The British have also exploited the myth : the BBC television series Monty Python 's Flying Circus featured a group of Mounties singing the chorus in The Lumberjack Song in the lumberjack sketch . The 1972 -- 90 CBC series The Beachcombers featured a character named Constable John Constable who attempted to enforce the law in the town of Gibsons , British Columbia . In comic books , the Marvel Comics characters of Alpha Flight were described on several occasions as `` RCMP auxiliaries , '' and two of their members , Snowbird and the second Major Mapleleaf were depicted as serving members of the force . In the latter case , due to trademark issues , Major Mapleleaf was described as a `` Royal Canadian Mountie '' in the opening roll call pages of each issue of Alpha Flight he appeared in . Charles Bronson and Lee Marvin starred in the 1981 movie Death Hunt that fictionalized the RCMP pursuit of Albert Johnson . In the early 1990s , Canadian professional wrestler Jacques Rougeau utilized the gimmick of `` The Mountie '' while wrestling for the WWF . He typically wore the Red Serge to the ring , and carried a shock stick as an illegal weapon . As his character was portrayed as an evil Mountie , the RCMP ultimately won an injunction preventing Rougeau from wrestling as this character in Canada , though he was not prevented from doing so outside the country . He briefly held the Intercontinental Championship in 1992 . The 1998 swan song of Nick Berry 's time on UK drama Heartbeat featured his character , Sergeant Nick Rowan , transferring to Canada and taking the rank of constable in the Mounties . The special telemovie was titled Heartbeat : Changing Places . The 1994 -- 98 TV series Due South paired a Mountie ( and his deaf half - wolf ) with a streetwise American detective cleaning up the streets of Chicago , mainly deriving its entertainment from the perceived differences in attitude between these two countries ' police forces . A pair of Mounties staffed the RCMP detachment in the fictional town of Lynx River , Northwest Territories , in the CBC series North of 60 . The series , which aired from 1992 to 1998 , was about events in the mostly native community , but the Mounties featured prominently in each episode . Another TV series from the 1990s , Bordertown featured a NWMP corporal paired with a U.S. marshal securing law and order on a frontier U.S. - Canada border town . In the ABC TV mini-series Answered by Fire , at least three mounties are featured . Mounties also appears in the TV series When Calls the Heart ( Hallmark Channel ) The 1987 Brian De Palma film The Untouchables featured cooperation between the Treasury Department task force , led by Eliot Ness , and the Mounties against liquor smuggling across the Canada -- United States border . The 1995 album C'est Cheese by Canadian musical comedy group The Arrogant Worms includes `` The Mountie Song '' , which tells the story of a dissatisfied Mountie . In his 1999 , album Soiree Newfoundland musician A. Frank Willis included `` Savage Cop in Savage Cove '' which was based on a true story & went on to become a big hit . From 2011 , the CTV fantasy drama series `` The Listener '' began to regularly feature characters who worked for the Integrated Investigative Bureau , a fictional division of the R.C.M.P. that brought together various specialists , officers and civilian consultants to work on high profile or federal cases . Although characters in the employ of the IIB were rarely , if ever , depicted wearing uniform , they were often addressed by their ranks - two main characters were Sergeant Michelle McClusky and Corporal Dev Clark . Mountie merchandise ( edit ) There are products and merchandise that are made in the image of the RCMP , like Mounties statues or hats . Before 1995 , the RCMP had little control over these products . The RCMP Heritage Centre is a multi-million dollar museum designed by Arthur Erickson that opened May 2007 in Regina , Saskatchewan at the RCMP Academy , Depot Division . It replaced the old RCMP museum and is designed to celebrate the role of the force in Canada 's history . Trademark ( edit ) The Royal Canadian Mounted Police received an international licence on April 1 , 1995 , requiring those who use the RCMP to pay a licensing fee . Proceeds from the fees is used for community awareness programmes . Those that do not pay the licensing fee are legally unable to use the name of the RCMP or their correct uniforms , though a film such as Canadian Bacon used the name `` Royal Mounted Canadian Police '' ( RMCP ) and the character in the Dudley Do - Right film did not wear accurate insignia . Through a Master Licensing Agreement ( MLA ) with the RCMP , the RCMP Foundation is responsible for managing the commercial use of the RCMP name , image , and protected marks . The Foundation issues selected companies a royalty - based agreement allowing them to produce and market high quality official RCMP merchandise . Walt Disney Co . ( Canada ) Ltd. was contracted to aid in the initial set up of the Licensing Program but contrary to popular belief , Disney never owned or controlled any of the RCMP 's protected marks . Following the expiration of the Disney contract in 2000 , all responsibilities and activities were taken over by the then Executive Director and his staff , reporting to the Foundation President and Board of Directors . In 2007 , through a decree signed by Commissioner Beverley Busson , the operating name was changed to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police Foundation . Controversies and criticism ( edit ) Further information : List of controversies involving the Royal Canadian Mounted Police American historian Andrew Graybill has argued that the Mounted Police closely resemble the Texas Rangers in many ways . He argues that each protected the established order by confining and removing Indians , by tightly controlling the mixed blood peoples ( the African Americans in Texas and the Métis in Canada ) , assisted the large - scale ranchers against the small - scale ranchers and farmers who fenced the land , and broke the power of labour unions that tried to organize the workers of industrial corporations . The RCMP have been involved in training and logistically supporting the Haitian National Police since 1994 , a controversial matter in Canada considering allegations of widespread human rights violations on the part of the HNP . Some Canadian activist groups have called for an end to the RCMP training . The RCMP has also provided training overseas in Iraq and other peace - keeping missions . In October 2016 , the RCMP issued an apology for harassment , discrimination , and sexual abuse of female officers and civilian members . Additionally they set aside a $100 million fund to compensate these victims . Over 20,000 current and past female employees that were employed after 1974 are eligible . Fallen officers and civilian members ( edit ) As of December 12 , 2017 , the RCMP has 240 fallen officers , and one fallen civilian employee , for a total of 241 fallen members . Note : Murdered is used in this table to express the cause of death of an officer at the hands of another individual , through unknown methods . Rank and Name Date Cause of Death Sub Constable John Nash March 11 , 1876 Accidental Sub Constable George Mahoney June 19 , 1877 Drowning Constable Marmaduke Graburn November 17 , 1879 Murdered Constable Claudius S. Hooley July 24 , 1880 Drowning Constable George Hamilton Johnston May 23 , 1882 Accidental gunshot Constable Adam Wahl May 25 , 1882 Drowning Constable Thomas James Gibson March 26 , 1885 Murdered / Killed in action at Battle of Duck Lake Constable George Knox Garrett March 27 , 1885 Murdered / Killed in action at Battle of Duck Lake Constable George Pearce Arnold March 27 , 1885 Murdered / Killed in action at Battle of Duck Lake Constable David Latimer Cowan April 15 , 1885 Murdered Corporal Ralph Bateman Sleigh May 2 , 1885 Killed in action at Battle of Cut Knife Constable Patrick Burke May 3 , 1885 Killed in action at Battle of Cut Knife Corporal William Hay Talbot Lowry May 3 , 1885 Killed in action at Battle of Cut Knife Constable Frank Orlando Elliot May 14 , 1885 Murdered Constable Alfred Perry June 8 , 1889 Drowning Sergeant Albert Ernest Garland Montgomery August 10 , 1890 Injuries from being thrown off his horse Constable George Quiqueran Rene Saveuse DeBeaujeu September 8 , 1890 Drowning Corporal Harry Oliver Morphy September 9 , 1890 Drowning Constable William Tyrrell Reading December 14 , 1890 Injuries from being crushed by a falling horse Constable James Herron March 2 , 1891 Blizzard Sergeant Colin Campbell Colebrook October 29 , 1895 Murdered Constable Oscar Alexander Kern April 27 , 1896 Drowning Sergeant William Brock Wilde November 10 , 1896 Murdered Constable John Randolph Kerr May 28 , 1897 Murdered Corporal Charles Horne Sterling Hockin May 29 , 1897 Murdered Constable Norman Malcolm Campbell December 26 , 1901 Drowning Constable Spencer Gilbert Heathcote December 26 , 1901 Drowning Special Constable Stick Sam July 29 , 1903 Drowning Staff Sergeant Arthur F.M. Brooke September 26 , 1903 Drowning Constable Joseph Russell July 5 , 1905 Drowning Constable Thomas Robert Jackson June 8 , 1906 Drowning Corporal Alexander Gardner Haddock June 14 , 1906 Drowning Assistant Surgeon Walter Stafford Flood November 29 , 1906 Exposure Constable George Ernest Willmett April 12 , 1908 Murdered Sergeant Ralph Morton L. Donaldson April 14 , 1908 Drowning Special Constable Samuel Carter February 14 , 1911 Starvation . exposure , and exhaustion Inspector Francis Joseph Fitzgerald February 14 , 1911 Starvation , exposure , and exhaustion Constable George Frances Kinney February 14 , 1911 Starvation , exposure , and exhaustion Constable Richard O'Hara Taylor February 14 , 1911 Starvation , exposure , and exhaustion Constable Francis Walter Davies June 3 , 1912 Murdered Corporal Maxwell George Bailey April 23 , 1913 Murdered Constable Michael James Fitzgerald August 27 , 1913 Drowning Constable Alexander Lamont February 16 , 1918 Typhoid fever Staff Sergeant George Henry Leopold Bossange June 21 , 1919 Lightning Corporal Ernest Usher August 7 , 1920 Murdered Sergeant Arthur George Searle May 15 , 1921 Drowning Corporal William Andrew Doak April 1 , 1922 Gunfire Constable Ian M. Macdonald August 28 , 1924 Drowning Constable Leo Francis Cox June 28 , 1925 Drowning Constable Frederick Rhodes December 6 , 1926 Injuries sustained in a fire Sergeant Richard Henry Nicholson December 31 , 1928 Murdered Constable Donald Ross Macdonell April 19 , 1931 Drowning Special Constable Norman Massan April 19 , 1931 Drowning Constable Edgar Millen January 30 , 1932 Murdered Constable Peter Seddon Oliver February 10 , 1932 Killed in action Corporal Leonard Victor Ralls July 5 , 1932 Murdered Corporal John Lorne Halliday October 14 , 1932 Accidental self - inflicted wound Inspector Lorne James Sampson May 8 , 1933 Injuries from falling off his horse Corporal Michael Moriarty April 26 , 1935 Murdered Constable John George Shaw October 5 , 1935 Murdered Constable George Campbell Harrison October 8 , 1935 Murdered Sergeant Thomas Seller Wallace October 8 , 1935 Murdered Constable Daniel Miller October 14 , 1935 Injuries sustained in an automobile accident Constable George Edward Horan March 10 , 1937 Automobile accident Constable William George Boorman May 26 , 1937 Accidental gunfire Constable Willis Edward Rhodeniser August 26 , 1939 Gunfire Constable Norman Alfred Gleadow October 11 , 1939 Murdered Sergeant Arthur Julian Barker March 16 , 1940 Gunfire Constable Frederick Gordon Frank Counsell May 22 , 1940 Gunfire Constable Harry G. Rapeer May 23 , 1940 Accidental Engineer Third Class Daniel Everett Gillis March 26 , 1941 Exposure caused by a ship fire Constable Charles James Johnstone May 1 , 1941 Lost at sea after an enemy U-boat attack Special Constable Henry Clare Jarvis July 15 , 1941 Drowning Sergeant Louis Romeo Dubuc September 27 , 1941 Killed in action Special Constable Joseph Henry Kent November 5 , 1941 Injuries from being struck by a vehicle Constable Charles Floyd Patterson November 25 , 1941 Accidental First Officer Patrick Reginald Fairburn Milthorpe February 10 , 1942 Shipwrecking Constable Albert Joseph Chartrand February 13 , 1942 Heart attack Master John Willard Bonner September 11 , 1942 Shipwrecking Corporal Laurance Percival Ryder January 20 , 1943 Pneumonia after a cerebral haemorrhage , possibly caused by injuries sustained on duty Constable James Harvard Delamere Bedlington April 30 , 1943 Motorcycle accident Surgeon Maurice Powers , B.A. , M.D. , C.M. October 20 , 1943 Aircraft accident Constable Terence Graham Newcomen Watts December 28 , 1943 Shellfire Constable Edison Alexander Cameron December 28 , 1943 Killed in action Constable David Charles Gardner Moon December 28 , 1943 Shellfire wounds Constable Gordon Evan Bondurant January 8 , 1944 Wounds from bomb fragments Constable Kenneth Laurence d'Albena May 15 , 1944 Destruction of his Jeep by a Teller mine Constable John Francis Joseph Nelson May 22 , 1944 Killed in action Constable Donald Gilbert Stackhouse May 31 , 1944 His motorcycle hitting a Teller mine Constable Wilfred James Cobble December 4 , 1946 Struck by a vehicle Second Class Constable James Boyd Henderson August 7 , 1948 Drowning Constable Carl Frizzle Wilson September 9 , 1948 Struck by a vehicle Constable Alexander Gamman May 26 , 1950 Murdered Constable Herschel Taylor Wood July 16 , 1950 Injuries sustained in an automobile accident Constable Stephen Kasper May 11 , 1953 Aircraft accident Constable Joseph Kasimir Sander July 9 , 1954 Drowning Constable Ronald Charles Bloomfield July 9 , 1954 Drowning Special Constable Andrew Ooyoumut July 21 , 1954 Drowning Constable Douglas Earl Fergusen September 17 , 1954 Carbon monoxide poisoning Constable Roy Eldon Laird August 26 , 1955 Automobile accident Constable Charles William Reay October 6 , 1955 Drowning Inspector David James McCombe December 12 , 1955 Exposure Constable William Lawrence Melsom February 8 , 1956 Automobile accident Second Class Constable Henry Charles Arlington Chandler June 15 , 1956 Injuries sustained in an automobile accident Constable John Roland Cobley January 5 , 1957 Struck by a vehicle Corporal Herbert Milton Smart June 7 , 1958 Drowning Second Class Constable Maurice Melnychuk June 7 , 1958 Drowning Second Class Constable Glen Frederick Farough June 7 , 1958 Drowning Second Class Constable David Melvyn Perry June 7 , 1958 Drowning Second Class Constable George Herbert Edward Ransom June 7 , 1958 Drowning Constable Cart Lennart Sundell July 14 , 1958 Accidental gunfire Staff Sergeant Stanley Samuel Rothwell August 6 , 1958 Aircraft accident Constable Richard William Green August 6 , 1958 Aircraft accident Special Constable Joseph Edouard Raymond Cormier August 6 , 1958 Aircraft accident Third Class Constable John Terence Hoey November 7 , 1958 Gunfire Constable Colin Eric Lelliot January 12 , 1960 Gunfire Constable Ronald Arthur Elkstrom April 12 , 1961 Non-collision automobile accident Constable Wayne Sinclair September 16 , 1961 Severe internal injuries received in a non-collision automobile accident Constable Joseph Thor Thompson December 18 , 1961 Injuries sustained in an aircraft - vehicle collision Constable Elwood Joseph Keck June 18 , 1962 Gunfire Constable Donald George Weisgerber June 18 , 1962 Gunfire Constable Gordon Eric Petersen June 18 , 1962 Gunfire Constable Archille Octave Maxime Lepine July 19 , 1962 Automobile accident Constable James Walter Forman April 24 , 1963 Injuries sustained by being struck by a vehicle Sergeant Kenneth Morley Laughland July 13 , 1963 Aircraft accident Corporal Robert William Asbil July 13 , 1963 Aircraft accident Constable Proctor Laurence Anthony Malcolm July 13 , 1963 Aircraft accident Constable William John David Annand July 13 , 1963 Aircraft accident Constable Joseph Pierre Francois Dubois January 3 , 1964 Automobile accident Corporal Ervin Jack Giesbrecht June 20 , 1964 Drowning Constable Robert Weston Amey December 17 , 1964 Gunfire Third Class Constable Reginald Wayne Williams December 19 , 1964 Drowning Constable David Brian Robinson February 2 , 1965 Accidental gunshot Constable Neil McArthur Bruce April 14 , 1965 Pneumonia from complications caused by a gunshot wound Constable Thomas Percy Carroll February 11 , 1966 Aircraft accident Third Class Constable Philip John Francis Tidman April 20 , 1966 Automobile accident Constable Gordon Donald Pearson November 22 , 1966 Gunshot wound Third Class Constable Terry Eugene Tomfohr June 3 , 1967 Accidental Corporal Donald Archibald Harvey June 23 , 1967 Gunshot wound Third Class Constable Robert William Varney August 17 , 1967 Automobile accident Corporal George Ronald Hawkins June 6 , 1968 Encephalitis Second Class Constable James Alexander Kerr December 11 , 1968 Automobile accident Corporal Terry Gerrard Williams June 8 , 1969 Drowning Constable William Joseph Green October 4 , 1970 Injuries sustained in an automobile accident Sergeant Robert James Schrader October 9 , 1970 Gunfire Constable Douglas Bernard Anson October 9 , 1970 Gunfire Sergeant James Aldridge O'Malley October 28 , 1970 Drowning Constable Derek Thomas Ivany June 25 , 1971 Automobile accident Constable Harold Stanley Siegel September 26 , 1971 Gunfire Constable Michael Robert Mason November 26 , 1971 Drowning Constable Roger Emile Pierlet March 29 , 1974 Gunfire Constable Joseph Michel Benoit Létourneau April 2 , 1974 Automobile accident Constable Joseph Henri Clément Tremblay April 2 , 1974 Automobile accident Constable John Terrance Draginda September 29 , 1974 Automobile accident Constable John Brian Baldwinson October 28 , 1975 Automobile accident Constable Dennis Modest Nicklos Shwaykowski April 6 , 1977 Thrown off a moving vehicle Corporal Barry Warren Lidstone January 6 , 1978 Gunfire Constable Joseph Perry Brophy January 6 , 1978 Gunfire Constable Dennis Anthony Onofrey January 23 , 1978 Gunfire Constable William Iraneus Seward February 15 , 1978 Automobile accident Constable Thomas Brian King April 25 , 1978 Gunfire Special Constable George David Foster September 4 , 1978 Aircraft accident Constable Lindberg Bruce Davis January 8 , 1979 Car - train collision Constable Mark Percy McLachlan February 2 , 1979 Automobile accident Constable Joseph Léon Michel Doucet August 18 , 1979 Aircraft accident Constable Gordon Alfred Brooks November 12 , 1979 Drowning Special Constable Ningeoseak Etidloi November 12 , 1979 Drowning Constable Roy John William Karwaski May 24 , 1980 Internal injuries sustained in an automobile accident Auxiliary Constable Dennis Lenard Fraser June 4 , 1980 Automobile accident Constable Richard John Sedgwick August 16 , 1980 Injuries sustained in an Automobile accident Constable Thomas James Agar September 19 , 1980 Gunfire Corporal Ole Roust Larsen August 11 , 1981 Gunfire Constable James Franklin Thomas August 31 , 1981 Automobile accident Constable Barry Flynn McKinnon December 16 , 1981 Automobile accident Constable Douglas Mark Ambrose Butler October 16 , 1982 Automobile accident Constable Richard Allan Bourgoin August 31 , 1983 Murdered Special Constable Wayne Graham Myers December 14 , 1983 Aircraft accident Corporal Francis Eugene Jones December 14 , 1983 Aircraft accident Constable Allen Garry Giesbrecht January 13 , 1985 Gunfire Constable Michael Joseph Buday March 19 , 1985 Gunfire Constable Joseph Eddy Mario Tessier December 27 , 1985 Gunfire Special Constable Wayne Philip Boskill January 8 , 1986 Aircraft accident Special Constable James Frederick Wilson January 8 , 1986 Aircraft accident Special Constable Robert William Cochrane Thomas March 6 , 1986 Gunfire Corporal Budd Maurice Johanson April 4 , 1986 Automobile accident Auxiliary Constable Frederick Allan Abel April 4 , 1986 Automobile accident Constable Scott Gordon Berry June 29 , 1986 Electrocution Special Constable Gordon Zigmund Kowalczyk January 26 , 1987 Murdered Corporal Derek John Flanagan February 20 , 1989 Injuries sustained while on special duty in Thailand Constable Della Sonya Beyak March 15 , 1989 Automobile accident Special Constable Nancy Puttkemery December 9 , 1989 Aircraft accident Special Constable Norman Timms , C.D. December 9 , 1989 Aircraft accident Constable Gerald Vernon Maurice Breese October 24 , 1990 Motorcycle accident Constable Brian John Hutchinson August 16 , 1991 Aneurysm , directly related to injuries sustained from a blow to the head suffered on duty Constable Christopher Colin Riglar September 28 , 1991 Injuries sustained by being struck by a vehicle Auxiliary Constable Joseph Ernest ( Sam ) Balmer August 29 , 1992 Automobile accident Constable Norman Harry Atkins July 8 , 1995 Automobile accident Constable Joseph Ernest André Claude Gagné September 6 , 1995 Automobile accident Constable Derek Cameron Burkholder June 14 , 1996 Gunfire Constable Joseph Luc François ( Frank ) Carrière November 30 , 1997 Scuba diving accident Corporal Graeme Charles Cumming August 12 , 1998 Automobile accident resulting in an automobile fire Constable Joseph Ernest Jean - Guy Daniel Bourdon May 7 , 1999 Automobile accident Sergeant Edwin Michael Mobley August 15 , 2000 Aircraft accident Special Constable Timothy James Nicholson August 15 , 2000 Aircraft accident Constable Jurgen Siegfried Seewald March 5 , 2001 Gunfire Constable Peter Magdic November 18 , 2001 Automobile accident Constable Dennis Douglas Strongquill December 21 , 2001 Gunfire Constable Christine Elizabeth Diotte March 12 , 2002 Struck by a vehicle Constable Wael Toufic Audi March 29 , 2002 Automobile accident Constable Jimmy Ng September 15 , 2002 Automobile accident Constable Joseph Léo Ghislain Maurice June 10 , 2003 Automobile accident Corporal James Wilbert Gregson Galloway February 28 , 2004 Gunfire Auxiliary Constable Glen Gregory Evely November 13 , 2004 Automobile accident Constable Anthony Fitzgerald Orion Gordon March 3 , 2005 Gunfire Constable Lionide ( Leo ) Nicholas Johnston March 3 , 2005 Gunfire Constable Brock Warren Myrol March 3 , 2005 Gunfire Constable Peter Christopher Schiemann March 3 , 2005 Gunfire Constable Joseph Martial Maurice Jean Minguy June 3 , 2005 Drowning Constable José Manuel Agostinho July 4 , 2005 Internal injuries sustained in an automobile accident Constable Robin Lynelle Cameron July 15 , 2006 Gunfire Constable Marc Joseph Denis Boudrages July 16 , 2006 Gunshot wounds Constable Christopher John Worden October 6 , 2007 Gunshot wounds Constable Douglas Allen Scott November 7 , 2007 Gunshot wound Constable James Lloyd Lundblad May 5 , 2009 Automobile accident Constable Chelsey Alice Robinson June 21 , 2010 Automobile accident Sergeant Mark Charles Gallagher January 12 , 2010 2010 Haiti earthquake Chief Superintendent Douglas Edward Coates January 16 , 2010 2010 Haiti earthquake Constable Michael Bernard Potvin July 30 , 2010 Drowning Civilian Member David John Brolin January 17 , 2012 Aircraft accident Constable Derek Henry William Pineo July 20 , 2012 Automobile accident Constable Adrian Johann Oliver November 13 , 2012 Automobile accident Constable Fabrice Georges Gevaudan June 4 , 2014 Gunfire Constable Douglas James Larche June 4 , 2014 Gunfire Constable David Joseph Ross June 4 , 2014 Gunfire Constable David Matthew Wynn January 21 , 2015 Gunshot wound Constable Sarah Anne Beckett April 5 , 2016 Automobile accident caused by another officer 's pursuit of an impaired driver . Constable Richer Dubuc March 6 , 2017 Injuries sustained in an automobile accident Constable Austin MacDougall July 22 , 2017 Struck by an automobile while cycling . Corporal Trevor O'Keefe September 11 , 2017 Suicide Constable Francis Deschenes September 12 , 2017 Struck by a vehicle in an automobile accident See also ( edit ) Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , the civilian complaints review body Courage in Red , a 13 - part documentary about the RCMP Emergency Response Team ( RCMP ) List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Canadian Mounted Police - Badges and Insignia '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca . February 16 , 2005 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Quebec400.gc.ca . February 8 , 2008 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History of the RCMP '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Auxiliary Constable Program '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` New RCMP National Headquarters Building : The M.J. Nadon Government of Canada Building '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . 2011 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Organization of the RCMP '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca . September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved March 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Find a detachment '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . 2016 - 05 - 06 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Canadian Civil Aircraft Register : Quick Search Result for Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Transport Canada . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` About the RCMP '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . April 26 , 2016 . Retrieved May 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Trade - marks Act '' . Laws.justice.gc.ca . May 18 , 2010 . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Inquiry Into Certain Activities of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , Royal Commission of , '' Canadian Encyclopedia . Retrieved August 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ p. 52 Sendzikas , Aldona Stanley Barracks : Toronto 's Military Legacy Dundurn Press Ltd. , 01 / 01 / 2011 Jump up ^ Hewitt , Steve . `` Policing the Promised Land : The RCMP and Negative Nation - building in Alberta and Saskatchewan in the Interwar Period '' , The Prairie West as Promised Land ed . R. Douglas Francis and Chris Kitzan ( Calgary : University of Calgary Press , 2007 ) , 318 - 320 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , 322 Jump up ^ Kelly , Nora and William . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police - A Century of History 1873 - 1973 . ( Edmonton , Hurtig Publishers . 1973 ) pp 199 - 200 . Jump up ^ Reg Whitaker , `` Left - Wing Dissent and the State : Canada in the Cold War Era . '' In C.E.S. Franks , Dissent and the State , Toronto : Oxford University Press , 1988 , 195 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 540742 - 3 Jump up ^ Canada : Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) , Interpol Jump up ^ The Royal Collection . `` e-Gallery > Exhibitions > Queen & Commonwealth > Gifts > Badge of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Queen 's Printer . Retrieved July 26 , 2009 . Jump up ^ PA1 John Masson , `` Territorial Teamwork , '' Coast Guard Magazine 2 / 2006 , pp. 26 -- 27 Jump up ^ Canoe.ca News December 25 , 2007 Archived December 26 , 2007 , at Archive.is Jump up ^ `` RCMP National Division , a renamed A Division , to take on corruption '' . Maclean 's . 2013 - 06 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Famous cases , events and people Jump up ^ CBC Archived May 20 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gil Aegerter . `` Three Canadian Officers Killed in Spray of Gunfire '' . NBC News . ^ Jump up to : North - West Mounted Police Uniform - Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca ( 2011 - 08 - 12 ) . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ Ross , David . The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873 -- 1987 . p. 36 . ISBN - 0 - 85045 - 834 - X . Jump up ^ `` 1990 : Sikh Mounties permitted to wear turbans '' . CBC Archives . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ RCMP Hats Archived November 1 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Furbearerdefenders.com . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Badges and Insignia '' . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved 3 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Moore , Dene. ( 2012 - 08 - 16 ) Female Mounties earn right to wear pants and boots with all formal uniforms . Vancouversun.com . Retrieved on 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` William Elliott sworn in as RCMP commissioner '' . CBC News . July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 ... the organization 's first chief not to have served on a police force . Jump up ^ Andrew Mayada ( December 15 , 2007 ) . `` RCMP commissioner promises sweeping changes '' . CanWest News Service . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2007 . Retrieved July 30 , 2008 . Elliott was appointed the first civilian commissioner in the RCMP 's history Jump up ^ Vancouver , The ( December 7 , 2006 ) . `` New commissioner for RCMP must restore faith in the famed force '' . Canada.com . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ PM announces charitable donations on behalf of The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall Archived 2013 - 04 - 04 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ All The Queen 's Horses : fourth RCMP steed crosses Atlantic to join Royal Mews Jump up ^ `` Royal Canadian Mounted Police '' . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2007 . Jump up ^ heraldist1 Jump up ^ `` Daily Telegraph , London , 23 May 2012 '' . Jump up ^ `` North - West Mounted Police and Battleford memorial : Memorial 47001 - 047 Battleford , SK '' . National Inventory of Canadian Military Memorials . Veterans Affairs Canada . Retrieved 5 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Sheet : International Operations Branch '' ( PDF ) . Royal Canadian Mounted Police . Retrieved April 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DEA Afghanistan Unit Receives Prestigious Joint Chiefs of Staff Award '' . KETK NBC . February 8 , 2012 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2017 . The ATFC began operations in mid-2009 and is a multi-agency organization led by DEA with the Treasury Department and Department of Defense as co-deputies . Additional personnel staff ATFC from the Department of Defense 's CENTCOM , the Department of Homeland Security , and the Internal Revenue Service . In the past , the FBI and RCMP also were members . The ATFC 's purpose is to attack insurgence funding and financing networks by providing threat finance expertise and actionable intelligence to U.S. civilian and military leaders . The RCMP have also participated in United Nations Peacekeeping operations , sending members to participate actively in various U.N. missions from the late 1980 's including observer missions in Namibia , policing missions in Haiti and Kosovo , and CIVPOL operations in Croatia , Bosnia - Hercegovina , and Sudan . Jump up ^ rcmp-grc.ca : `` RCMP executive '' Jump up ^ RCMP Executive Archived September 24 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` RCMP Police Dog Service Training Centre '' . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ National Division -- RCMP . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Newfoundland and Labrador '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The RCMP in Quebec '' . Jump up ^ E Division Jump up ^ `` RCMP in Saskatchewan '' . Jump up ^ `` Northwest Territories '' . Jump up ^ `` RCMP in Nova Scotia '' . Jump up ^ `` New Brunswick '' . Jump up ^ `` RCMP in Alberta '' . Jump up ^ `` Prince Edward Island '' . Jump up ^ `` RCMP - Yukon ( M Division ) '' . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RCMP in Ontario '' . Jump up ^ `` Nunavut '' . Jump up ^ Renato Gandia , RCMP pays tribute to wives who supported officers posted to smallest detachments , Calgary Sun ( April 12 , 2013 ) . ^ Jump up to : B.C. 's single - officer RCMP detachments to be closed , CBC News ( September 28 , 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Your Surrey RCMP , Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( last modified March 31 , 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Canada 's second largest RCMP detachment integrates dispatch with E-Comm Regional communications centre ( press release ) , E-Comm ( October 2 , 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Switched on - Blue Line . Blueline.ca . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ Tightened tactics breed dissent in Harper 's security detail . The Globe and Mail ( 2012 - 06 - 23 ) . Retrieved on 2013 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ RCMP Reserve Constables in B.C. ^ Jump up to : `` Auxiliary Constable Program '' . Jump up ^ `` News '' . January 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Community Constable Program ( Synopsis ) '' . ^ Jump up to : Surrey RCMP 's Community Safety Officer program chopped Archived September 7 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Community Constables '' . Jump up ^ `` Community - level knowledge sought in new RCMP program '' . Jump up ^ `` Community constables link citizens and police '' . Thompson Citizen . ^ Jump up to : `` RCMP Reserve Program '' . Rcmpvetsnb.ca . January 1 , 1995 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ RCMP Reserve Constables in B.C. Jump up ^ Retired Mounties back in saddle Jump up ^ Community Safety Officers Jump up ^ Enhanced Policing Options -- Community Safety Officers Jump up ^ `` New category of RCMP member a first for British Columbia '' . Bc.rcmp.ca . July 5 , 2008 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Surrey RCMP . `` Surrey RCMP - CSO Program '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Community Safety Officer Pilot Program Evaluation Report '' . Jump up ^ Aboriginal Community Constable Archived June 27 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Telecommunications Operators '' . rcmp-grc.gc.ca . July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ̈ ) / Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) / Gendarmerie royale du Canada ( GRC ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Land Transport '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca . November 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marine Services '' . Rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2010 . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Petzal , David E. and Bourjaily , Phil , with Fenson , Brad . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) ( San Francisco : WeldonOwen , 2014 ) Note 44 . Jump up ^ Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson , The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) , Note 45 Jump up ^ Petzal and Bourjaily , Phil , with Fenson . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) , Note 44 Jump up ^ Phillips , Roger F. , & Klancher , Donald J. Arms & ( sic ) Accoutrements of the Mounted Police 1873 - 1973 ( Bloomfield , ON : Museum Restoration Service , 1982 ) , p. 24 . ^ Jump up to : Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) , Note 44 Jump up ^ Petzal and Bourjaily with Fenson . The Total Gun Manual ( Canadian edition ) , Note 45 Jump up ^ Force 's legacy endures , Toronto Star , March 5 , 2005 Jump up ^ Barr , William Red Serge and Polar Bear Pants '' The Biography of Harry Stallworthy , RCMP University of Alberta Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` Newfoundland music books food videos images arts crafts '' . Jump up ^ Farnsworth , Clyde H. ( February 4 , 1995 ) . `` For the Mounties , Justice Is Now a Licensing Fee -- New York Times '' . New York Times . Retrieved May 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Royal Canadian Mounted Police , `` ( 1 ) '' , Retrieved July 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ CBC Digital Archives `` ( 2 ) '' , Retrieved July 28 , 2011 Jump up ^ Andrew R. Graybill , Policing the Great Plains : Rangers , Mounties , and the North American Frontier , 1875 - 1910 ( University of Nebraska Press , 2007 ) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ RCMP Website and `` Haiti Support Hits the Streets '' Jump up ^ Harris , Kathleen . `` RCMP could pay up to $100 M to female employees who were sexually harassed , abused '' . CBC News . Retrieved 6 October 2016 . Jump up ^ `` RCMP Honour Roll '' . www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` RCMP constable killed in Lacolle collision remembered at funeral as ' a gentle giant ' '' . Montreal Gazette. 2017 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . 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Pearson 1967 Pierre Trudeau 1968 -- 1975 René Lévesque 1976 -- 1977 Pierre Trudeau 1978 Joe Clark 1979 Terry Fox 1980 -- 1981 Wayne Gretzky 1982 Brian Mulroney 1983 -- 1984 Steve Fonyo 1985 Rick Hansen 1986 -- 1987 Ben Johnson Michael Wilson Elijah Harper Brian Mulroney 1991 The referendum on the Charlottetown Accord 1992 Kim Campbell 1993 Jacques Parizeau Lucien Bouchard 1995 Donovan Bailey Sheldon Kennedy Jean Chrétien 1998 Pierre Trudeau 1999 , as Newsmaker of the 20th Century Pierre Trudeau 2000 Stockwell Day Jean Chrétien 2002 Paul Martin 2003 -- 2004 John Gomery 2005 The Canadian Soldier 2006 RCMP 2007 Stephen Harper 2008 -- 2009 Russell Williams Jack Layton 2011 Luka Magnotta 2012 Rob Ford 2013 Patrice Vincent and Nathan Cirillo 2014 Justin Trudeau 2015 Gord Downie 2016 -- 2017 Book : Canadian Newsmakers of the Year Portal : History of Canada Police forces by country Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - 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75.66 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police&oldid=828805732 '' Categories : Federal law enforcement agencies of Canada Gendarmerie Royal Canadian Mounted Police Canadian federal departments and agencies Public Safety Canada Canadian intelligence agencies Government agencies established in 1920 Legal history of Canada 1920 establishments in Canada Organizations based in Canada with royal patronage Organizations based in Ottawa Uniformed services of Canada Nunavut law Northwest Territories law Yukon law National symbols of Canada Hidden categories : Webarchive template archiveis links Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Use mdy dates from November 2015 Articles containing French - language text Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Pages using infobox law enforcement with automatic label pluralization All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Articles containing potentially dated statements from September 2015 All articles containing potentially dated statements Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ido Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська ייִדיש 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 March 2018 , at 21 : 35 . 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when did the northwest mounted police become the rcmp

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police ( RCMP ) was formed in 1920 by the merger of the Royal Northwest Mounted Police ( RNWMP ) , founded in 1873 , with the Dominion Police founded in 1868 . The former was originally named the North - West Mounted Police ( NWMP ) , and was given the Royal prefix by King Edward VII in 1904 . Much of the present day organization 's symbolism has been inherited from its days as the NWMP and RNWMP , including the distinctive Red Serge uniform , paramilitary heritage , and mythos as a frontier force . The RCMP - GRC wording is protected under the Trade - marks Act .

Family and Medical leave Act of 1993 - wikipedia Family and Medical leave Act of 1993 Jump to : navigation , search Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 Long title An Act To grant family and temporary medical leave under certain circumstances . Acronyms ( colloquial ) FMLA Enacted by the 103rd United States Congress Citations Public law Pub. L. 103 -- 3 Statutes at Large 107 Stat. 6 Codification Titles amended 29 USC : Labor U.S.C. sections created 29 U.S.C. sec. 2601 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 1 by William D. Ford ( D - MI ) on January 5 , 1993 Committee consideration by House Education and Labor , House Post Office and Civil Service Passed the House on February 3 , 1993 ( 265 -- 163 ) Passed the Senate on February 4 , 1993 ( 71 -- 27 ) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on February 4 , 1993 ( Via H. Res. 71 , 247 -- 152 ) Signed into law by President Bill Clinton on February 5 , 1993 Major amendments No Child Left Behind Act The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( FMLA ) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job - protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons . These include pregnancy , adoption , foster care placement of a child , personal or family illness , or family military leave . The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor . The FMLA was intended `` to balance the demands of the workplace with the needs of families . '' The Act allows eligible employees to take up to 12 work weeks of unpaid leave during any 12 - month period to attend to the serious health condition of the employee , parent , spouse or child , or for pregnancy or care of a newborn child , or for adoption or foster care of a child . In order to be eligible for FMLA leave , an employee must have been at the business at least 12 months , and worked at least 1,250 hours over the past 12 months , and work at a location where the company employs 50 or more employees within 75 miles . The FMLA covers both public - and private - sector employees , but certain categories of employees are excluded , including elected officials and their personal staff members . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Contents 2.1 Scope of rights 2.2 Rights during leave 2.3 Substitute leave 2.4 Right to return to job 2.5 Enforcement 2.6 Non-eligible workers and types of leave 3 State family leave 3.1 Dropping the employer threshold 3.2 Expanded coverage 3.3 Increasing the uses for FMLA leave 3.4 Unpaid leave for other related purposes 4 Significance of Act 5 Controversy 6 Ceremony 7 See also 8 Notes 9 External links Background ( edit ) The bill was a major part of President Bill Clinton 's agenda in his first term . Rapid growth in the workforce , including a large number of women joining , suggested a necessary federal regulation that would support the working class who desired to raise a family and / or required time off for illness related situations . President Clinton signed the bill into law on February 5 , 1993 ( Pub. L. 103 -- 3 ; 29 U.S.C. sec. 2601 ; 29 CFR 825 ) to take effect on August 5 , 1993 . The United States Congress passed the Act with the understanding that `` it is important for the development of children and the family unit that fathers and mothers be able to participate in early childrearing ... ( and ) the lack of employment policies to accommodate working parents can force individuals to choose between job security and parenting '' . It also stressed the Act was intended to provide leave protection for individuals `` in a manner that accommodates the legitimate interests of employers '' . Contents ( edit ) Because there is no right to education and child care for children under five , the costs of child care fall on parents . But in 2016 , four states had legislated for paid family leave . Scope of rights ( edit ) The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 generally applies to employers of 50 or more employees in 20 weeks of the last year . Employees must have worked over 12 months and 1250 hours in the last year ( around 25 hours a week ) . However , employees `` at which such employer employs less than 50 employees if the total number of employees employed by that employer within 75 miles of that worksite is less than 50 . '' A worksite includes a public agency , including schools and state , local , and federal employers . The 50 employee threshold does not apply to public agency employees and local educational agencies . There are special hours rules for certain airline employees . Employees must give notice of 30 days to employers if birth or adoption is `` foreseeable '' , and for serious health conditions if practicable . Treatments should be arranged `` so as not to disrupt unduly the operations of the employer '' according to medical advice . Rights during leave ( edit ) Employees can have up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave for child birth , adoption , to care for a close relative in poor health , or because of an employee 's own poor health . In full , the purposes for leave are : to care for a new child , whether for the birth , the adoption , or placement of a child in foster care ; to care for a seriously ill family member ( spouse , son , daughter , or parent ) ( Note : Son / daughter has been clarified by the Department of Labor to mean a child under the age of 18 or a child over the age of 18 with a mental or physical disability as defined by the Americans With Disabilities Act , which excludes among other conditions , pregnancy and post-partum recovery from childbirth ) ; to recover from a worker 's own serious illness ; to care for an injured service member in the family ; or to address qualifying exigencies arising out of a family member 's deployment . twenty - six workweeks of leave during a single 12 - month period to care for a covered servicemember with a serious injury or illness if the eligible employee is the servicemember 's spouse , son , daughter , parent , or next of kin ( military caregiver leave ) . Child care leave should be taken in one lump , unless an employer agrees otherwise . If a father and mother have the same employer , they must share their leave , in effect halving each person 's rights , if the employer so chooses . Employers must provide benefits during the unpaid leave . Under § 2652 ( b ) states are empowered to provide `` greater family or medical leave rights '' . Since 2008 , the US Department of Labor , allowed the spouse , child , or parent of an active duty military member who is deployed across seas for 12 or more months to take up to 12 weeks of leave . Also , a military caregiver provision was added that would allow a caregiver to take up to 26 weeks of leave in order to actively care for a military member who requires medical attention for acute or ongoing conditions . Substitute leave ( edit ) Under § 2612 ( 2 ) ( A ) an employer can make an employee substitute the right to 12 unpaid weeks of leave for `` accrued paid vacation leave , personal leave or family leave '' in an employer 's personnel policy . Originally the Department of Labor had a penalty to make employers notify employees that this might happen . However , five judges in the US Supreme Court in Ragsdale v Wolverine World Wide , Inc held that the statute precluded the right of the Department of Labor to do so . Four dissenting judges would have held that nothing prevented the rule , and it was the Department of Labor 's job to enforce the law . Right to return to job ( edit ) After unpaid leave , an employee generally has the right to return to his or her job , except for employees who are in the top 10 % of highest paid and the employer can argue refusal `` is necessary to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the operations of the employer . '' In full , the rights during and after unpaid leave are to : the same group health insurance benefits , including employer contributions to premiums , that would exist if the employee were not on leave . restoration to the same position upon return to work . If the same position is unavailable , the employer must provide the worker with a position that is substantially equal in pay , benefits , and responsibility . protection of employee benefits while on leave . An employee is entitled to reinstatement of all benefits to which the employee was entitled before going on leave . protection of the employee to not have their rights under the Act interfered with or denied by an employer . protection of the employee from retaliation by an employer for exercising rights under the Act . intermittent FMLA leave for his or her own serious health condition , or the serious health condition of a family member . This includes occasional leave for doctors ' appointments for a chronic condition , treatment ( e.g. , physical therapy , psychological counseling , chemotherapy ) , or temporary periods of incapacity ( e.g. , severe morning sickness , asthma attack ) . `` Highly compensated employees '' have limited rights to return to their jobs . They are defined as `` a salaried eligible employee who is among the highest paid 10 percent of the employees employed by the employer within 75 miles of the facility at which the employee is employed '' . Their employers are not required to restore them to their original position ( or an equivalent position with equivalent pay and benefits , as is guaranteed to other employees ) if the employer determines that denying the employee their position is `` necessary to prevent substantial and grievous economic injury to the operations of the employer '' and the employer provides the worker with notice of this decision , though no time frame for providing this notice is established . Enforcement ( edit ) Employees or the Secretary of Labor can bring enforcement actions , but there is no right to a jury for reinstatement claims . Employees can seek damages for lost wages and benefits , or the cost of child care , plus an equal amount of liquidated damages unless an employer can show it acted in good faith and reasonable cause to believe it was not breaking the law . There is a two - year limit on bringing claims , or three years for willful violations . Non-eligible workers and types of leave ( edit ) The federal FMLA does not apply to : workers in businesses with fewer than 50 employees ( this threshold does not apply to public agency employers and local educational agencies as they are covered employers by name but there still must be at least 50 employees with a 75 mile radius for the employee to be eligible for FMLA leave ) ; part - time workers who have worked fewer than 1,250 hours within the 12 months preceding the leave and a paid vacation ; workers who need time off to care for seriously ill elderly relatives ( other than parents ) , unless the relative was acting in loco parentis at the time the worker turned 18 ; workers who need time off to care for pets ; workers who need time off to recover from short - term or common illness like a cold , or to care for a family member with a short - term illness ; elected officials ; and workers who need time off for routine medical care , such as check - ups . State family leave ( edit ) Some states have enacted laws that mandate additional family and medical leave for workers in a variety of ways . By 2016 four states had laws for paid family leave : California since 2002 , New Jersey since 2008 , Rhode Island since 2013 , and New York since 2016 . Washington state passed a paid family and medical leave law in 2007 , but the law has not taken effect due to a lack of funding mechanism . Dropping the employer threshold ( edit ) The federal FMLA only applies to employers with 50 or more employees , within 75 miles . Some states have enacted their own FMLAs that have a lower threshold for employer coverage : Maine : 15 or more employees ( private employers ) and 25 or more ( city or town employers ) . Maryland : 15 or more employees ( private employers ) Up to seven days for bone marrow donation . Up to 30 days for organ donation . Minnesota : 21 or more employees ( parental leave only ) . Oregon : 25 or more employees . An employee must have worked at least 180 days , and averaged 25 hours per week at the time medical leave is requested Rhode Island : 50 or more employees ( private employers ) and 30 or more employees ( public employers ) . Vermont : 10 or more employees ( parental leave only ) and 15 or more employees ( family and medical leave ) . Washington : 50 or more employees ( FMLA reasons besides insured parental leave ) ; all employers are required to provide insured parental leave . District of Columbia : 20 or more employees . Expanded coverage ( edit ) The federal FMLA only applies to immediate family -- parent , spouse , and child . The 2008 amendments to the FMLA for military family members extend the FMLA 's protection to next of kin and to adult children . The Department of Labor on June 22 , 2010 clarified the definition of `` son and daughter '' under the FMLA `` to ensure that an employee who assumes the role of caring for a child receives parental rights to family leave regardless of the legal or biological relationship '' and specifying that `` an employee who intends to share in the parenting of a child with his or her same sex partner will be able to exercise the right to FMLA leave to bond with that child . '' In February 2015 , the Department of Labor issued its final rule amending the definition of spouse under the FMLA in response to the decision in United States v. Windsor , effective March 27 , 2015 . The revised definition of `` spouse '' extends FMLA leave rights and job protections to eligible employees in a same - sex marriage or a common - law marriage entered into in a state where those statuses are legally recognized , regardless of the state in which the employee works or resides . Even if an employee works where same - sex or common law marriage is not recognized , that employee 's spouse triggers FMLA coverage if the employee married in a state that recognized same - sex marriage or common law marriage . Some states had already expanded the definition of family in their own FMLAs : California : Domestic partner and domestic partner 's child . Connecticut : Civil union partner , parent - in - law . Hawaii : Grandparent , parent - in - law , grandparent - in - law or an employee 's reciprocal beneficiary . Maine : Domestic partner and domestic partner 's child , siblings . Maryland : Allows the employee to use time for immediate family under the same rules if taking it for themselves . Includes step , adopted and even people who were primary caregivers even if not related . New Jersey : Civil union partner and child of civil union partner , parent - in - law , step parent . Oregon : Domestic partner , grandparent , grandchild or parent - in - law . Rhode Island : Domestic partners of state employees , parent - in - law . Vermont : Civil union partner , parent - in - law . Wisconsin : Parent - in - law . District of Columbia : Related to the worker by blood , legal custody , or marriage ; person with whom the employee lives and has a committed relationship ; child who lives with employee and for whom employee permanently assumes and discharges parental responsibility . Increasing the uses for FMLA leave ( edit ) FMLA leave can be used for a worker 's serious health condition , the serious health condition of a family member , or upon the arrival of a new child . State FMLA laws and the new military family provisions of the FMLA have broadened these categories : Connecticut : Organ or bone marrow donor . Maine : Organ donor ; death of employee 's family member if that family member is a servicemember killed while on active duty . Maryland : Maryland Family Leave Act ( MFLA ) -- Organ donor , Person Standing in Loco Parentis , For Service Leave , and added a specific anti-retaliation penalty on top of FMLA recovery . Runs parallel to FMLA . Oregon : Care for the non-serious injury or illness of a child requiring home care . Unpaid leave for other related purposes ( edit ) Several states have passed FMLA - type statutes to give parents unpaid leave for other related purposes , including : Attending child 's school or educational activities . Examples include California , District of Columbia , Massachusetts , Minnesota , Rhode Island , Vermont , and others . Taking family members to routine medical visits . Massachusetts and Vermont . Addressing the effects of domestic violence , stalking , or sexual assault . Examples include Colorado , Florida , Hawaii , and Illinois . Significance of Act ( edit ) In 2003 , Han and Waldfogel found that `` only about 60 % of private sector workers are covered '' due to the clause stipulating a minimum number of employees , and once the clause stipulating a minimum number of hours worked is added , only 46 % of private sector workers are eligible for leave under the FMLA . In June 2007 , the Department of Labor estimated that of 141.7 million workers in the United States , 94.4 million worked at FMLA - covered worksites , and 76.1 million were eligible for FMLA leave . Only eight to 17.1 percent of covered , eligible workers ( or between 6.1 million and 13.0 million workers ) took FMLA leave in 2005 . The 2008 National Survey of Employers found no statistically significant difference between the proportion of small employers ( 79 % ) and large employers ( 82 % ) that offer full FMLA coverage . Although much of the research has been conducted on populations in other countries , Berger et al. found that children in the United States whose mothers return to work within the first 3 months after giving birth are less likely to be breastfed , have all of their immunizations up to date ( by 18 months ) , and receive all of their regular medical checkups , however , they are more likely to exhibit behavioral problems by four years of age . Chatterji and Markowitz also found an association between longer lengths of maternity leave and lesser incidence of depression among mothers . Despite the lack of rights to leave , there is no right to free child care or day care . This has encouraged several proposals to create a public system of free child care , or for the government to subsidize parents ' costs . Controversy ( edit ) Critics of the act have suggested that by mandating various forms of leave that are used more often by female than male employees , the Act , like the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , makes women more expensive to employ than men . They argue that employers will engage in subtle discrimination against women in the hiring process , discrimination which is much less obvious to detect than pregnancy discrimination against the already hired . Throughout history , gender discrimination towards women was common ; certain laws were placed that would restrict a woman 's option in choosing a working position , as well as , how many hours she could work ei . Employers Supporters counter that the act , in contrast to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , is aimed at both women and men , and is part of an overall strategy to encourage both men and women to take family - related leave . However , this is based on the assumption that men will take advantage of the opportunity of unpaid leave at comparable rates to women . According to Grossman , there is no basis for this assumption upon the inception of the legislation and no evidence has been found today to support this assumption . Therefore , the employer incentive to prefer male employees is preserved despite the equal opportunity for both sexes to take leave . Moreover , the FMLA is much less comprehensive than Western European leave policies . Namely , the United States is the only industrialized country without paid leave for parents . The following table illustrates the lack of provisions offered in the United States as compared to that of other industrialized countries . For instance , all Western European nations have maternity paid leave and over half have paternity and sick child care paid leave , while the United States has no paid leave . Maternity Paternity Sick Child ( over 3 years ) Sick Spouse / Parent Own Illness United States No No No No No Austria Y - Y Y Y Belgium Y Y Y No Y Denmark Y Y Y Y Y Finland Y Y Y No Y France Y Y Y - Y Germany Y - Y Y Y Greece Y - No No Y Ireland Y - No Y Y Italy Y - Y Y Y Luxembourg Y Y Y Y Y Netherlands Y - No - Y Portugal Y Y No - Y Spain Y Y No No Y Sweden Y Y Y Y Y United Kingdom Y No No No Y * Y = available , No = not available , - = not applicable Additionally , workplace fairness has been questioned under the Act . For instance , any woman - specific benefits provided by the legislation were considered special treatment and thus unacceptable , and ignoring the idea that women may have a greater share of burden of caregiving in reality . In retort , supporters may argue that creating such legislation that recognizes the female 's greater role in child care , stereotype would be reinforced . The success of the implementation of the policy is also controversial because it is questioned whether the policy is actually going to those who need the benefits . For instance , since the leave offered is unpaid , majorities of eligible employees can not take time off because they can not afford to do so . And according to Pyle and Pelletier , eligible workers may not even know about this policy and the benefits allotted to them . Under law , woman are protected from sex discrimination in the workplace but a large stigma against woman still exists in terms of them being equally skilled as their male co-workers , and ultimately testing the federal protection of rights in a work environment . Like any other federal regulation , it is strictly prohibited for an employer to discriminate towards an employee ( especially if the employee is using their FMLA rights ) , and to strain from providing accurate information for all employees to access . Ceremony ( edit ) Vicki Yandle , a receptionist who was fired after asking for a few weeks of time off to care for a daughter with cancer , was on stage with President Clinton when the law was signed . See also ( edit ) United States labor law Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur ( 1974 ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Family and Medical Leave Act , '' Stephen Bruce . HR Daily Advisor. ( 1 ) Retrieved on 20 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Findings and Purposes , '' 29 U.S.C. § 2601 http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/statutes/fmla.htm ^ Jump up to : 29 U.S.C. § 2611 Jump up ^ `` William J. Clinton : Statement on Signing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 '' . www.presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Congress . 1993 . Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 . Washington , D.C. pH. R. 1 -- 2 quoted Jump up ^ Congress . 1993 . Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 . Washington , D.C. pH. R. 1 -- 2 quoted . Jump up ^ California , New Jersey , Rhode Island and New York Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2611 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` Family and Medical Leave Act Airline Flight Crew Technical Amendments '' . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( e ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( e ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2512 ( a ) ( 2 ) and on adoption , see Kelley v Crosfield Catalysts 135 F2d 1202 ( 7th Circuit 1998 ) The same rules for federal employees were codified in 5 USC § § 6381 -- 6387 . Jump up ^ `` DoL Opinion '' . Jump up ^ `` Family and Medical Leave Act -- Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) -- U.S. Department of Labor '' . Dol.gov . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( a ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2612 ( f ) `` the aggregate number of workweeks of leave to which both may be entitled may be limited to 12 workweeks '' Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2614 ( c ) . If an employee quits , the employer is enabled to recoup costs . Jump up ^ `` Military Family Leave Provisions of the FMLA - Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) - U.S. Department of Labor '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ 535 US 81 ( 2002 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2614 ( b ) . Under 29 USC § 2612 ( b ) ( 2 ) employers may transfer employees to another position with similar pay and benefits if health absences could be intermittent . Under § 2618 special rules apply for employees of local educational agencies . Jump up ^ Vedder Price ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Struggling with Intermittent FMLA Leave '' . The National Law Review . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Congress . 1993 . Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 . Washington , D.C. pH. R. 1 -- 8 quoted . Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2617 , and see Frizzell v Southwest Motor Freight , 154 F3d 641 ( 6th Circuit 1998 ) Jump up ^ 29 USC § 2617 ( a ) ( 1 ) ( A ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ See Moore v Payless Shoe Source ( 8th Circuit 1998 ) Jump up ^ https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs28.pdf Jump up ^ Coutard v. Municipal Credit Union 2017 WL 526060 ( 2d Cir . Feb. 9 , 2017 ) Jump up ^ `` Paid Family and Medical Leave : An Overview '' ( PDF ) . National Partnership for Women & Families . March 2015 . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Paid Family Leave : Strong Families , Strong NY '' . Welcome to the State of New York . 2016 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Endless Delays May Doom Paid Family Leave In Washington State '' . ThinkProgress . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 24 . Jump up ^ 26 Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . tit. 26 § * 843 ( 3 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ 26 Me . Rev. Stat . Ann . tit. 26 § 843 ( 3 ) ( C ) Jump up ^ FAMILY AND MEDICAL LEAVE ACT ( FMLA ) GUIDE ( PDF ) . STATE OF MARYLAND . August 2013 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` SENATE BILL 562 '' ( PDF ) . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Minn . Stat . § 181.940 ( Subd. 3 ) Jump up ^ Or . Rev. Stat . § 659A. 153 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Oregon FMLA Laws '' . www.employmentlawhq.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 21 . Jump up ^ R.I. Pub . Laws § 28 - 48 - 1 ( 3 ) ( i ) Jump up ^ R.I. Pub . Laws § 28 - 48 - 1 ( 3 ) ( iii ) Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 471 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 471 ( 3 ) Jump up ^ RCW § 49.78. 020 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ RCW § 49.86. 010 ( 6 ) ( a ) Jump up ^ RCW § 50.50. 080 ( 1 ) Jump up ^ D.C. Code § 32 - 516 ( 2 ) Jump up ^ `` US Department of Labor clarifies FMLA definition of ' son and daughter ' '' . U.S. Department of Labor . 2010 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 14 . News Release Number : 10 - 0877 - NAT Jump up ^ Forman , Shira ( 27 February 2015 ) . `` DOL Issues Final Rule Amending FMLA Definition of `` Spouse '' to Include Same - Sex Marriages `` . Sheppard Mullin Richter & Hampton LLP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Trotier , Geoffrey S. ( 24 February 2015 ) . `` FMLA `` Spouse '' Definition Now Includes Same - Sex Spouses and Common - Law Spouses `` . The National Law Review . von Briesen & Roper , s.c . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Gozdecki , Jeanine M. ( 25 February 2015 ) . `` FMLA Final Rule : `` Spouse '' Means Same - Sex Spouse ( Even in Alabama ) `` . The National Law Review . Barnes & Thornburg LLP . Retrieved 28 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Cal . Fam . Code § 297.5 Jump up ^ Conn . Gen. Stat . § 46b - 38nn Jump up ^ Conn . Gen. Stat. § 31 - 51kk ( 7 ) Jump up ^ Haw. Rev. Stat . § 398.1 Jump up ^ Haw. Rev. Stat . § 398.3 Jump up ^ 26 ME . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 843 ( 4 ) ( D ) Jump up ^ LD 2132 Jump up ^ `` SENATE BILL 562 '' ( PDF ) . February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ N.J. Stat . Ann . § 37 : 1 - 31 Jump up ^ N.J. Stat Ann . § 34 - 11B ( 3 ) ( h ) Jump up ^ HB 2007 Jump up ^ OR . Rev. Stat . § 659A. 150 ( 4 ) Jump up ^ R.I. Pub . Laws § 24 - 48 - 1 ( 5 ) Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 1204 ( a ) Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 471 ( 3 ) ( B ) Jump up ^ Wis . Stat. § 103.10 ( 1 ) ( f ) Jump up ^ D.C. Code 32 - 501 ( A ) , ( B ) , ( C ) Jump up ^ Conn . Gen. Stat. § 31 - 51ll ( 2 ) ( E ) Jump up ^ 26 ME . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 843 ( 4 ) ( E ) Jump up ^ 26 ME . Rev. Stat . Ann . § 843 ( 4 ) ( F ) Jump up ^ OR . Rev. Stat . § 659A. 159 ( d ) Jump up ^ Cal . Lab . Code § 230.8 Jump up ^ D.C. Code 32 - 1202 Jump up ^ Mass . Gen. Laws . Ch. 149 § 52 ( D ) ( b ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Minn . Stat . § 181.9412 Jump up ^ R.I. Pub . Laws § 24 - 48 - 12 Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 472a ( a ) ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Mass . Gen. Laws . Ch. 149 § 52 ( D ) ( b ) ( 2 ) & ( 3 ) Jump up ^ 23 VSA § 472a ( a ) ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Colo . Rev. Stat. § 24 - 34 - 402.7 Jump up ^ FLA . STAT . § 741.313 Jump up ^ Haw. Rev. Stat. § 378 - 72 Jump up ^ 820 Ill . Comp . Stat. 180 / 1 - 180 / 45 Jump up ^ Han , W. - J. and Waldfogel , J. 2003 . `` Parental Leave : The Impact of Recent Legislation on Parents ' Leave - Taking . '' Demography. 40 ( 1 ) : 191 -- 200 . p191 quoted . Jump up ^ `` Family and Medical Leave Act Regulations : A Report on the Department of Labor 's Request for Information . '' 28 June 2007 . Department of Labor , Employment Standards Administration , Wage and Hour Division . Federal Register , Vol. 72 , No. 124 . ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Galinsky , E. , Bond , J. , Sakai , K. , Kim , S. , Giuntoli , N. 2008 . National study of employers . New York , NY : Families and Work Institute . ( 3 ) Jump up ^ Gregg , P.E. , Washbrook et al. 2005 . `` The Effects of a Mother 's Return to Work Decision on Child Development in the UK . '' The Economic Journal . 115 ( 501 ) : F48 - F80 . Jump up ^ Berger , L.M. , Hill , et al. 2005 . `` Maternity Leave , Early Maternal Employment and Child Health Development in the US . '' The Economic Journal . 115 ( 501 ) : F29 - F47 . Jump up ^ Chatterji , P. and Markowitz , S. 2005 . `` Does the Length of Maternity Leave Affect Mental Health . '' Southern Economic Journal . 72 ( 1 ) : 16 -- 41 . Jump up ^ e.g. D Paquette , ' The enormous ambition of Hillary Clinton 's child - care plan ' ( May 12 , 2016 ) The Washington Post Jump up ^ Anthony , Deborah J. ( 2008 ) . `` The Hidden Harms of the Family and Medical Leave Act : Gender - Neutral Versus Gender - Equal '' . Gender , Social Policy & the Law . 16 : 4 -- via Digital Commons . Jump up ^ `` FMLA ( Family & Medical Leave ) '' . United States Department of Labor . 2015 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ Grossman , Joanna ( 20 April 2004 ) . `` Job Security Without Equality : The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 '' . Journal of Law and Policy . 15 ( 17 ) : 17 -- 63 . ^ Jump up to : Pyle , Jean ; Pelletier , Marianne ( 1 March 2003 ) . `` Family and Medical Leave Act : Unresolved Issues '' . Department of Regional Economic and Social Development . ^ Jump up to : Anthony ; Deborah ( 2008 ) . `` The Hidden Harms of the Family and Medical Leave Act : Gender Neutral versus Gender Equal '' . Journal of Gender Social Policy and the Law . 16 ( 4 ) . Jump up ^ Mory , Marc ; Pistilli , Lia ( 2001 ) . `` The Failure of the Family and Medical Leave Act : Alternative Proposals for Contemporary American Families '' . Hofstra Labor and Employment Law Journal . 18 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ 742 - 9150 , Midwest New Media , LLC - http://www.midwestnewmedia.com - ( 513 ) . `` Sex / Gender Discrimination - Workplace Fairness '' . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Department of Labor Wage and Hour Division ( WHD ) The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 , as amended '' . www.dol.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 29 . Jump up ^ Family - Leave Bill : Peace of Mind Issue New York Times , 4 February 1993 External links ( edit ) Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 29 U.S. Code Chapter 28 Department of Labor Family & Medical Leave information pages Senate roll call vote House roll call vote Nevada Dept. of Human Resources v. Hibbs Your Rights Under the Federal Family and Medical Leave Act ( FMLA ) A Child 's Wish on IMDb -- A made - for - TV film about the act in which President Clinton appears briefly as himself . https://web.archive.org/web/20090703173531/http://paidsickdays.nationalpartnership.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ourwork_fmla_FamilyandMedicalLeave http://www.nationalpartnership.org/site/DocServer/WF_PL_FactSheet_PaidFamilyLeave_2009.pdf?docID=4682&autologin=true FMLA Insights http://www.fmlainsights.com : a blog authored by Franczek Radelet attorney Jeff Nowak to help employers understand and administer FMLA and to keep employers up to date on changes in the FMLA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Family_and_Medical_Leave_Act_of_1993&oldid=825904749 '' Categories : 1993 in law 103rd United States Congress Business law Clinton Administration initiatives Family law in the United States History of labor relations in the United States Leave United States federal labor legislation 1993 in labour relations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 16 February 2018 , at 02 : 42 . 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when was the family and medical leave act passed

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 ( FMLA ) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job - protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons . These include pregnancy , adoption , foster care placement of a child , personal or family illness , or family military leave . The FMLA is administered by the Wage and Hour Division of the United States Department of Labor .

John Ratzenberger - wikipedia John Ratzenberger Jump to : navigation , search John Ratzenberger Ratzenberger at the 2011 Time 100 gala John Dezso Ratzenberger ( 1947 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1947 ( age 71 ) Bridgeport , Connecticut , U.S. Alma mater Sacred Heart University Occupation Actor , voice actor , entrepreneur Years active 1976 -- present Known for Cliff Clavin in Cheers Various Pixar film roles Television Cheers John Ratzenberger 's Made in America Political party Republican Spouse ( s ) Georgia Stiny ( m . 1985 ; div. 2004 ) Julie Blichfeldt ( m . 2012 ) Children Website ratzenberger.com John Dezso Ratzenberger ( born April 6 , 1947 ) is an American actor , voice actor , and entrepreneur . He is known for playing Cliff Clavin in the TV show Cheers , for which he earned two Emmy nominations . He is also known for his extensive voice roles in Pixar Animation Studios ' films , such as Hamm in the Toy Story franchise and Mack in the Cars franchise . He is the only actor to appear in all of Pixar 's feature films , and with minor appearances in major films such as Superman and The Empire Strikes Back , is one of the most successful actors of all time in terms of box - office receipts . Born in Bridgeport , Connecticut , Ratzenberger began his entertainment career while living in London in the 1970s . He had minor film and television roles throughout the late 70s and early 1980s before landing the role of the know - it - all mailman Cliff Clavin on Cheers ( 1982 -- 1993 ) , a role he portrayed throughout the show 's eleven seasons . His first Pixar role was the voice of Hamm the Piggy Bank in Toy Story ( 1995 ) and has voiced Pixar characters in films and video games ever since . From 2004 to 2008 he hosted the TV documentary series Made in America . Outside of acting , he has promoted American entrepreneurship and manufacturing , and campaigned for several Republican candidates . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Cheers 2.2 Pixar 2.3 Reality show appearances 2.4 Additional voice , TV , and film work 3 Other work 4 Personal life 5 Political views 6 Filmography 6.1 Film 6.2 Television 6.3 Video games 6.4 Other 7 References 8 External links Early Life ( edit ) Ratzenberger was born in Bridgeport , Connecticut , the son of Bertha Veronica ( née Grochowski ) , who worked for Remington Arms , and Dezso Alexander Ratzenberger , a Texaco truck driver . His father was of Austrian and Hungarian descent , and his mother was of Polish ancestry . He attended St. Ann 's School in Bridgeport and Sacred Heart University in Fairfield , Connecticut . In 1969 , Ratzenberger was a tractor operator at the Woodstock Festival . He moved to London in 1971 and stayed there for 10 years . Career ( edit ) Ratzenberger was a house framer living in London when he began his career in the performing arts . Through the 1970s , he performed with Ray Hassett as the comedic theatrical duo Sal 's Meat Market , which toured across the UK . Peter Richardson and Nigel Planer as The Outer Limits and in The Comic Strip were heavily influenced by Sal 's Meat Market . His first role was a patron in The Ritz ( 1976 ) . Throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s , Ratzenberger appeared in various minor roles in major feature films , including Firefox ; A Bridge Too Far , as Lieutenant James Megellas ; Superman , as a missile controller ; Superman II , as the NASA control man ; Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back as Major Bren Derlin ; Motel Hell as a drummer ; Outland as a doomed mine worker named Tarlow ; and Gandhi , playing an American lieutenant . Cheers ( edit ) Ratzenberger at the 1992 Primetime Emmy Awards Ratzenberger is well known for playing mail carrier Cliff Clavin on the sitcom Cheers . He had read for the part of Norm Peterson , but after the audition , he sensed that they were not going to give him the part . Sensing an opportunity , he asked if they had written a bar know - it - all , which the producers decided was a great idea . Ratzenberger also came up with the idea for Cliff 's trademark white socks , which he wore as a tribute to French comedian Jacques Tati . Cliff became known for his outlandish stories of plausible half - truths , uninteresting trivia , and misinformation , and in general for being a pretentious blowhard . Cliff and Norm , the primary customer characters , became iconic bar buddies . Ratzenberger provided the voice for an animated version of Cliff on The Simpsons sixth - season episode `` Fear of Flying '' . Ratzenberger was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 1985 and again in 1986 . When Paramount Television licensed the look of the Cheers bar to the Host International subsidiary of Host Marriott Services for use in airports in the U.S. and New Zealand , the group also created animatronic barflies . They were called `` Hank '' and `` Bob '' ; Ratzenberger and George Wendt claimed Hank and Bob resembled them , and in January 1993 , sued Host for using their likenesses without permission . The case languished in court for eight years before all sides settled in 2001 . Pixar ( edit ) Ratzenberger has had a voice part in all of Pixar 's feature films made to date , ranging from main characters to characters who appear in only one scene . His roles include : Hamm the Piggy Bank in the Toy Story series ( 1995 , 1999 , 2010 , 2019 ) P.T. Flea , the Circus Ring Leader in A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) The Abominable Snowman in the Monsters , Inc. series ( 2001 , 2013 ) The school of Moonfish in Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Underminer in The Incredibles series ( 2004 , 2018 ) Mack the truck in the Cars series ( 2006 , 2011 , 2017 ) Mustafa the waiter in Ratatouille ( 2007 ) John in WALL - E ( 2008 ) Tom the construction worker in Up ( 2009 ) Gordon the guard in Brave ( 2012 ) Fritz in Inside Out ( 2015 ) Earl the Velociraptor in The Good Dinosaur ( 2015 ) Bill the crab in Finding Dory ( 2016 ) Juan Ortodoncia in Coco ( 2017 ) Ratzenberger 's tenure at Pixar was parodied during the end credits of Cars , where his character , Mack , watches car - themed versions of Pixar films ( Toy Car Story , Monster Trucks , Inc. , and A Bug 's Life ) . Mack notes that all the characters Ratzenberger has played were excellent until he realizes that they are performed by the same actor , at which point he remarks , `` They 're just using the same actor over and over , '' and asks `` What kind of cut - rate production is this ? ! '' His favorite of his Pixar characters was P.T. Flea , because `` in real life , I always get a kick out of those kinds of characters , people who just go into a rage for ( no ) explicable reason . He was always on edge . His blood pressure was always way over the top , and everything that he did was done in a panicked state . So it was a lot of fun to play him . '' Although technically not Pixar films , Ratzenberger also voiced Aniyaku in the Engish version of Spirited Away , Harland the jet tug in DisneyToon Studios ' Planes ( 2013 ) and a mustached plane named Brodi in its sequel , Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) . Reality show appearances ( edit ) During season six of Last Comic Standing , Ratzenberger was a talent scout with his former Cheers co-star George Wendt . On March 2 , 2007 , he replaced Vincent Pastore ( who had quit after one week of training ) on the fourth season of the American version of Dancing with the Stars . He was partnered with professional ballroom dancer Edyta Sliwinska , who had been Pastore 's partner ; the two were the sixth couple to be eliminated from the show . On December 3 , 2009 , Ratzenberger appeared on an episode of American Chopper to help promote awareness of the Iraq Star Foundation . On June 26 , 2011 , Ratzenberger was asked by NASCAR to give the shouting command for the 2011 Toyota Save - Mart 350 at Sonoma . Ratzenberger accepted and gave the `` Gentlemen , start your engines '' command . On April 23 , 2015 , Ratzenberger appeared as a guest judge on the 14th season of Hell 's Kitchen for an alcohol challenge , in nod to his appearances on Cheers . Additional voice , TV , and film work ( edit ) Guest starred as Walter Brewster in an episode of Magnum , P.I. in 1984 Appeared in the sitcom Sabrina the Teenage Witch as Bob or Santa Claus ( 1997 ) Hosted the Travel Channel TV series John Ratzenberger 's Made in America , about things made in the USA ( 2003 -- 2008 ) Guest - starred in four episodes of the first season of John Ritter 's sitcom 8 Simple Rules as Paul Hennessy 's overly friendly neighbor Fred Doyle Hosts the Wildcard section in the PC version of the board game Trivial Pursuit Also appeared on That ' 70s Show as Glen , a man stuck in an awful marriage with his high - school sweetheart whose negative example gives Eric second thoughts about marrying Donna Played Thomas Foy in the TV movie The Pennsylvania Miners ' Story As Shelly Cole star in The Village Barbershop ( 2008 ) , written and directed by Chris Ford Made an appearance in Bill Nye the Science Guy Provided the voice of Rigger in the animated series Captain Planet and the Planeteers Made an appearance on British show Live from Studio Five ( February 17 , 2010 ) . Appeared in television commercials for the Pitney Bowes personal post office , ended every commercial saying `` Hey , I look good in red ! '' Appeared in commercials for Quality Hotels and Zaxby 's restaurant chain ( 2010 ) Plays Mike the Angel in What If ... , a Pure Flix Entertainment / Jenkins Entertainment movie release in 2010 , also starring Kevin Sorbo , Kristy Swanson , and Debby Ryan Reprised his role of Cliff Clavin in an episode of Frasier and - along with his Cheers partner , George Wendt - an episode of Wings called `` The Story of Joe '' Hosted the documentary Industrial Tsunami , intended to wake Americans up to the shortage of skilled workers threatening the existence of American companies and entire industries Appeared in the final episode of Secret Army entitled `` The Execution '' as a Canadian officer who is bribed by Standartenfuhrer Kessler 's mistress Madeleine Duclos to spring Kessler from the POW camp where he is incarcerated Starred in `` A House Divided , '' the 28th episode of the first season of Melissa & Joey as Arnie the neighbor Voiced the bathhouse 's assistant manager , Aniyaku , in the English dub of Spirited Away Made a cameo in the DisneyToon Studios animation Planes ( 2013 ) playing Harland the pushback vehicle Made commercials for Ontario 's The Beer Store with his Cheers partner , George Wendt Appeared in Drop Dead Diva as Kim Kaswell 's estranged father Other work ( edit ) Ratzenberger at the 2008 Rhode Island International Film Festival Ratzenberger developed a packaging - alternatives product made from biodegradable and non-toxic recycled paper as a safe alternative to styrofoam `` peanuts '' and plastic bubble wrap . This product was manufactured by his company Eco-Pak Industries , which he later sold . Ratzenberger co-authored We 've Got it Made in America : A Common Man 's Salute to an Uncommon Country ( ISBN 1 - 931722 - 84 - 6 ) , published in 2006 . He also co-founded the Nuts , Bolts and Thingamajigs Foundation , dedicated to raising awareness among young people of skilled trades and engineering disciplines . In 2010 , Ratzenberger became affiliated with and now represents the Center for America ( formerly the Foundation for Fair Civil Justice ) to further develop his work and increase awareness about the skilled worker shortage facing the United States and the changes needed to positively impact and increase the number of skilled workers . He joined as a board member in 2010 . CFA is a 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) nonprofit organization whose mission is to `` educate , motivate , and empower the American people to understand they have the greatest stake in removing obstacles to a fair civil justice system , innovation , entrepreneurism , and job creation . '' CFA creates multi-media educational programs , publications , and website features that reach millions of Americans through radio , television , and the internet . '' In 2016 , Ratzenberger launched thegiftbox.com , an e-commerce website that allows customers to subscribe to a variety of monthly boxes . Personal Life ( edit ) Ratzenberger has two children , James John ( born 1987 ) , and Nina Kathrine ( born 1989 ) , both from a 19 - year marriage to Georgia Stiny that ended in divorce in 2004 . After dating for nearly four years , Ratzenberger married Julie Blichfeldt ( then 46 years old ) on November 6 , 2012 . Both Ratzenberger and Blichfeldt are described as `` avid outdoors enthusiasts , philanthropists , and activists '' . Political views ( edit ) Ratzenberger , a Republican , said he considered running for the U.S. Senate in Connecticut in 2012 . During the 2008 presidential race , Ratzenberger campaigned for John McCain , appearing with former Cheers co-star Kelsey Grammer at several Republican party events . He also has been outspoken in opposition of the 2010 health care reform bill , referring to it as socialism . He endorsed Mitt Romney in 2012 . He appeared on Your World with Neil Cavuto to support Donald Trump 's candidacy during the 2016 presidential race , shortly after Trump was declared the presumptive Republican nominee . On January 17 , 2010 , he appeared and endorsed Scott Brown for the United States Senate at Mechanics Hall in Worcester , Massachusetts . Ratzenberger campaigned for Republican Josh Mandel of Ohio for the State Treasurer position during the 2010 election and on January 10 , 2011 , served as master of ceremonies for Mandel 's swearing into office . In response to the 2012 Aurora shooting , he said `` Hollywood has to , at some point , admit that what they produce does affect the minds of people ... If you just want to shock ' em ... society will pay the price for that at some point . '' Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1976 The Ritz Patron 1977 Twilight 's Last Gleaming Sgt . Kopecki A Bridge Too Far Lt James Megellas Valentino Newshound 1978 Warlords of Atlantis Fenn Superman Missile controller 1979 Hanover Street Sergeant John Lucas Arabian Adventure Achmed Yanks Corporal Cook The Bitch Hal Leonard 1980 The Empire Strikes Back Major Bren Derlin Motel Hell Drummer Superman II Controller No. 1 1981 Outland Tarlow Ragtime Policeman Reds Communist Leader Uncredited 1982 Battletruck Rusty AKA Warlords of the 21st Century Firefox Chief Peck Gandhi American Lieutenant Voice dubbed over 1984 Protocol Security Guard on TV Uncredited 1985 The Falcon and the Snowman Detective House II : The Second Story Bill 1995 Toy Story Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) 1997 That Darn Cat Dusty Bad Day on the Block Al Calavito One Night Stand Phil 1998 A Bug 's Life P.T. Flea ( voice ) 1999 Toy Story 2 Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) 2001 Monsters , Inc . Yeti / The Abominable Snowman ( voice ) 2002 Spirited Away Assistant Manager ( voice ) 2003 Finding Nemo School of Moonfish ( voice ) The Incredibles Underminer ( voice ) 2006 Something New Brian 's Father Uncredited Cars Mack The 18 - Wheeler Truck ( voice ) 2007 Ratatouille Mustafa The Waiter ( voice ) 2008 The Village Barbershop Art Leroldi WALL - E John ( voice ) 2009 Up Tom The Construction Worker ( voice ) What If ... Mike The Angel Toy Story 3 Hamm ( voice ) 2011 Hawaiian Vacation Short film Small Fry Cars 2 Mack ( voice ) 2012 Brave Gordon The Guard ( voice ) Partysaurus Rex Hamm The Piggy Bank ( voice ) Short film The Woodcarver Ernest 2013 Monsters University Yeti / The Abominable Snowman ( voice ) Planes Harland The Pitty ( voice ) Super Buddies Marvin `` Gramps '' Livingstone Video In the Name of God Reverend Thomas 2014 Planes : Fire & Rescue Brodie ( voice ) 2015 Inside Out Fritz ( voice ) Russell Madness Mick Vaughn The Good Dinosaur Earl The Velociraptor ( voice ) 2016 Finding Dory Bill the Husband Crab ( voice ) 2017 Cars 3 Mack ( voice ) Coco Juan Ortodoncia ( voice ) 2018 Incredibles 2 Underminer ( voice ) In production 2019 Toy Story 4 Hamm ( voice ) In production Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1979 Secret Army Staff Sergeant Dexter Episode : `` The Execution '' 1980 ITV Playhouse Tom Phillips Episode : `` Friends in Space '' 1981 The Good Soldier Jimmy Television film Private Schulz American Newsreel Commentator ( voice ) Uncredited Episode # 1.5 Goliath Awaits Bill Sweeney Television film Code Red Inspector Ray Allen Episode : `` All That Glitters '' 1982 Hill Street Blues Phony Cop Episode : `` Some Like it Hot - Wired '' 1982 -- 93 Cheers Cliff Clavin 268 episodes Wizards and Warriors Archie Episode : `` The Dungeon of Death '' 1984 Magnum , P.I. Walt Brewster Episode : `` The Legacy of Garwood Huddle '' 1985 St. Elsewhere Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Cheers '' The Love Boat Marty Elder Episode : `` A Day in Port '' 1986 Combat Academy Mr. Barnett Television film The Tortellis Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Frankie Comes to Dinner '' Timestalkers General Joe Brodsky Television film Small World Morris Zapp 6 episodes Mickey 's 60th Birthday Cliff Clavin Television film Walt Disney 's Wonderful World of Color Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Disneyland 's 35th Anniversary Celebration '' Camp Cucamonga Marvin Schector Television film The Earth Day Special Cliff Clavin Television special Wings Cliff Clavin Episode : `` The Story of Joe '' 1990 -- 92 Captain Planet and the Planeteers Rigger ( voice ) 24 episodes Nurses Mr. Hafner Episode : `` Illicit Transfers '' Moon Over Miami Norman Rust Episode : `` Farewell , My Lovelies '' 1994 , 2014 The Simpsons Cliff Clavin / CGI Homer Simpson ( voice ) 2 episodes : `` Fear of Flying '' , `` Treehouse of Horror XXV '' 1995 Murphy Brown Felix Episode : `` A Rat 's Tale '' Sister , Sister Gus Kiamilikimaka 2 episodes Caroline in the City Mr. Berman Episode : `` Caroline and Richard 's Mom '' 1997 Happily Ever After : Fairy Tales for Every Child Hinky ( voice ) Episode : `` The Pied Piper '' Sabrina , the Teenage Witch Bob / Santa Claus Episode : `` Sabrina Claus '' The Detectives Edsel Episode : `` Go West Old Man '' 1998 Remember WENN Mr. Abernathy Episode : `` And If I Die Before I Sleep '' 2000 Touched by an Angel Merl Episode : `` Monica 's Bad Day '' 2001 That ' 70s Show Glen Episode : `` Holy Craps '' The Drew Carey Show Himself / Various Episode : `` Drew Live III '' 2002 Frasier Cliff Clavin Episode : `` Cheerful Goodbyes '' The Pennsylvania Miners ' Story Thomas `` Tucker '' Foy Television film 2003 8 Simple Rules Fred Doyle 4 episodes 2004 -- 08 Made in America Himself ( host ) 97 episodes 2006 Rodney Himself Episode : `` Celebrity '' 2011 Melissa & Joey Arnie Episode : `` A House Divided '' 2012 Matchmaker Santa George Television film 2012 -- 14 Drop Dead Diva Larry Kaswell 3 episodes 2013 Bones Bill Schumacher Episode : `` The Cheat in the Retreat '' CSI : Crime Scene Investigation Stu Kirchoff Episode : `` Torch Song '' 2013 -- 14 Legit Walter Nugent 10 episodes Franklin & Bash Judge Elliot Reid 3 episodes 2014 How Murray Saved Christmas Officer Bender ( voice ) Television special 2015 The McCarthys Charlie Ellis Episode : `` Hall of Fame '' Hell 's Kitchen Himself Episode : `` 11 Chefs Compete '' 2017 Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures Major Bren Derlin Episode : The Storms of Taul Video games ( edit ) Year Title Role Toy Story : Activity Center Hamm The Piggy Bank Animated Storybook : Toy Story 1999 Toy Story 2 : Activity Center Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue 2005 The Incredibles : Rise of the Underminer Underminer 2006 Cars Mack Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Hamm 2012 Kinect Rush : A Disney - Pixar Adventure 2013 Disney Infinity 2017 Cars 3 : Driven to Win Mack Other ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2008 -- 2016 Toy Story : The Musical Hamm The Piggy Bank Voice References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : About John from Ratzenberger 's official website Jump up ^ Alcorn , Stacey ( 2016 - 04 - 02 ) . `` John Ratzenberger - American Made '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger Biography ( 1947 -- ) from filmreference.com Jump up ^ `` Last Night 's Dancing with the Stars : What You Did n't See '' . PEOPLE.com . Jump up ^ `` The Ratzenberger Attic '' . Jump up ^ The Mark Levin Show ( wma ) ( Radio ) . May 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 6 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Spelling , Ian ( May 21 , 2009 ) . `` John Ratzenberger , Pixar 's good luck charm , on Up , Bugs and Toys 3 '' . Sci Fi Wire . Retrieved May 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Sal 's Meat Market -- Unfinished Histories '' . Unfinishedhistories.com . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wilmut , Roger ( 1989 ) . Did n't You Kill My Mother in Law ? - the story of alternative comedy in Britain from the Comedy Store to Saturday Night Live . UK : Methuen . p. 58 . ISBN 0 - 413 - 17390 - 9 . Jump up ^ Toasting Cheers , Dennis A. Bjorklund , p. 7 ^ Jump up to : The Joe Cook Program ( Radio ) . July 26 , 2012 . http://joecookprogram.wordpress.com/2012/07/26/john-ratzenberger-interview/ Retrieved July 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Nominees / Winners '' . Television Academy . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Norm and Cliff Fight Cheers Robots '' . go.com . Jump up ^ Bar Association Plus , Norm and Cliff settle Cheers robot lawsuit from the Entertainment Weekly website Jump up ^ `` Pixar 's secret weapon : John Ratzenberger , Slate.com slideshow Jump up ^ `` Disney 's `` Planes '' Hi - res Stills , Fun Facts and Activity Sheets `` . Stitch Kingdom . May 9 , 2013 . Retrieved May 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jim ( August 6 , 2013 ) . `` World premiere of Disney `` Planes '' turns Hollywood Boulevard into a celebrity - filled landing strip `` . Jim Hill Media . Retrieved January 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Planes Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved August 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing ' adds Cliff from ' Cheers ' '' . CNN . Associated Press . February 20 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 4 , 2007 . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` www.thevillagebarbershop.com '' . www.thevillagebarbershop.com . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` 育毛 や 発 毛 に 効果 が ある シャンプー の 種類 について ヰミゼゥ '' . thewhatifmovie.com . Jump up ^ `` Cheerful Goodbyes '' . Frasier . Season 9 . Episode 21 . April 30 , 2002 . OCLC 124055292 . NBC . Jump up ^ About John : Innovator from Ratzenberger 's official website Jump up ^ Official website of the Nuts , Bolts & Thingamajigs Foundation Jump up ^ `` Early recruitment : Foundation draws youth to careers in manufacturing '' . Industrial Engineer . May 2009 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Ratzenberger -- Fiddlers Bay Productions '' . ratzenberger.com . ^ Jump up to : `` foundationforfairciviljustice.org '' . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ TheGiftBox.com . `` Actor John Ratzenberger Launches TheGiftBox.com '' . www.prnewswire.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` John Ratzenberger weds Julie Blichfeldt '' . UPI . November 30 , 2012 . Retrieved September 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rachel E. Stassen - Berger ( November 5 , 2009 ) . `` Pawlenty draws wallets fat ... and famous '' . Minneapolis Star Tribune . Jump up ^ John Ratzenberger and Kelsey Grammer greeted McCain supporters , called voters on behalf of the Republican ticket , participated in voter - registration activities at the local campaign headquarters , and held a McCain victory rally in Henderson , Nevada . `` Political emissaries descend on valley : Richardson , Grammer rally voters at events '' . Las Vegas Review - Journal . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Stars stump in Las Vegas Valley '' . NBC - affiliated KVBC website . October 11 , 2008 . Retrieved October 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tea Party activists hit the Hill , arrested outside Pelosi 's office '' . CNN Political Ticker . November 5 , 2009 . Retrieved November 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Obama , Romney turn to star power for help in NV -- San Jose Mercury News Jump up ^ `` ' The Only Candidate for Me ' : Pixar Icon Throws Support Behind Donald Trump '' . Fox News Insider . May 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to John Ratzenberger . John Ratzenberger on IMDb John Ratzenberger at the TCM Movie Database John Ratzenberger Official Website VIAF : 120933537 LCCN : no97049476 ISNI : 0000 0000 7963 2588 GND : 141339675 BNF : cb14219120b ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Ratzenberger&oldid=836658233 '' Categories : 1947 births Living people 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors American expatriates in the United Kingdom American male film actors American male television actors American male voice actors American people of Austrian descent American people of Hungarian descent American people of Polish descent Connecticut Republicans Male actors from Bridgeport , Connecticut Participants in American reality television series Sacred Heart University alumni Pixar people Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hCards Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2003 All articles containing potentially dated statements Turner Classic Movies person ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Acèh Asturianu تۆرکجه Deutsch Español فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Scots Simple English Suomi Svenska Tagalog 中文 13 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 April 2018 , at 02 : 19 . 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who is the voice of pig in toy story

Hamm the Piggy Bank in the Toy Story series ( 1995 , 1999 , 2010 , 2019 )

Japan - Wikipedia Japan This article is about the country . For other uses , see Japan ( disambiguation ) . `` Nippon '' redirects here . For other uses , see Nippon ( disambiguation ) . Constitutional monarchy in East Asia Japan 日本 Nippon or Nihon Flag Imperial Seal Anthem : `` Kimigayo '' 君が代 `` His Imperial Majesty 's Reign '' Government Seal of Japan Go - Shichi no Kiri ( 五 七 桐 ) Area controlled by Japan shown in green -- claimed , but uncontrolled shown in light green Capital and largest city Tokyo 35 ° 41 ′ N 139 ° 46 ′ E  /  35.683 ° N 139.767 ° E  / 35.683 ; 139.767 Official languages None National language Japanese Ethnic groups ( 2011 ) 98.5 % Japanese 0.5 % Korean 0.4 % Chinese 0.6 % other Religion ( 2000 ) 51.82 % Shinto 34.9 % Buddhism 4 % Shinto sects 2.3 % Christianity 7.0 % No answer Demonym Japanese Government Unitary dominant - party parliamentary constitutional monarchy Emperor Akihito Crown Prince Naruhito Prime Minister Shinzō Abe Deputy Prime Minister Tarō Asō Speaker of the House Tadamori Oshima President of the House of Councillors Chuichi Date Chief Justice Naoto Ōtani Legislature National Diet Upper house House of Councillors Lower house House of Representatives Formation National Foundation Day February 11 , 660 BCE Meiji Constitution November 29 , 1890 Current constitution May 3 , 1947 San Francisco Peace Treaty April 28 , 1952 Area Total 377,972 km ( 145,936 sq mi ) ( 61st ) Water ( % ) 0.8 Population 2017 census 126,672,000 ( 10th ) Density 336 / km ( 870.2 / sq mi ) ( 36th ) GDP ( PPP ) 2018 estimate Total $5.619 trillion ( 4th ) Per capita $44,426 ( 27th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2018 estimate Total $5.167 trillion ( 3rd ) Per capita $40,849 ( 20th ) Gini ( 2011 ) 37.9 medium 76th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.903 very high 17th Currency Yen ( ¥ ) / En 円 ( JPY ) Time zone JST ( UTC + 9 ) Summer ( DST ) not observed ( UTC + 9 ) Date format yyyy - mm - dd yyyy 年 m 月 d 日 Era yy 年 m 月 d 日 ( CE − 1988 ) Drives on the left Calling code + 81 ISO 3166 code JP Internet TLD . jp Website www.japan.go.jp Japan Japanese name Kanji 日本 国 Hiragana にっぽん こく にほん こく Katakana ニッポン コク ニホン コク Kyūjitai 日本 國 show Transcriptions Romanization Nippon - koku Nihon - koku Revised Hepburn Nippon - koku Nihon - koku Japan ( Japanese : 日本 ; Nippon ( ɲippoɴ ) or Nihon ( ɲihoɴ ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku , lit . `` State of Japan '' ) is a sovereign island country in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest . Coordinates : 35 ° N 136 ° E  /  35 ° N 136 ° E  / 35 ; 136 The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '' , and it is often called the `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands . The four largest are Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu , and Shikoku , which make up about ninety - seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands . The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions , with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one . The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population . About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo , the capital of Japan . Archaeological research indicates that Japan was inhabited as early as the Upper Paleolithic period . The first written mention of Japan is in Chinese history texts from the 1st century AD . Influence from other regions , mainly China , followed by periods of isolation , particularly from Western Europe , has characterized Japan 's history . From the 12th century until 1868 , Japan was ruled by successive feudal military shōguns who ruled in the name of the Emperor . Japan entered into a long period of isolation in the early 17th century , which was ended in 1853 when a United States fleet pressured Japan to open to the West . After nearly two decades of internal conflict and insurrection , the Imperial Court regained its political power in 1868 through the help of several clans from Chōshū and Satsuma -- and the Empire of Japan was established . In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , victories in the First Sino - Japanese War , the Russo - Japanese War and World War I allowed Japan to expand its empire during a period of increasing militarism . The Second Sino - Japanese War of 1937 expanded into part of World War II in 1941 , which came to an end in 1945 following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Japanese surrender . Since adopting its revised constitution on May 3 , 1947 , during the occupation by the SCAP , Japan has maintained a unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy with an Emperor and an elected legislature called the National Diet . Japan is a member of the ASEAN Plus mechanism , UN , the OECD , the G7 , the G8 and the G20 -- and is considered a great power . The country has the world 's third - largest economy by nominal GDP and the world 's fourth - largest economy by purchasing power parity . It is also the world 's fourth - largest exporter and fourth - largest importer . The country benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most highly educated countries in the world , with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree . Although Japan has officially renounced its right to declare war , it maintains a modern military with the world 's eighth - largest military budget , used for self - defense and peacekeeping roles . Japan is a highly developed country with a very high standard of living and Human Development Index . Its population enjoys the highest life expectancy and the third lowest infant mortality rate in the world . Japan is renowned for its historical and extensive cinema , influential music industry , rich cuisine and its major contributions to science and modern - day technology . Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Prehistory and ancient history 2.2 Feudal era 2.3 Modern era 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Environment 4 Politics 4.1 Government 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations 5 Military 6 Economy 6.1 Economic history 6.2 Agriculture and fishery 6.3 Industry 6.4 Services 6.5 Tourism 7 Science and technology 7.1 Electronics and automotive engineering 7.2 Aerospace 7.3 Nobel laureates 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 8.3 Water supply and sanitation 9 Demographics 9.1 Population 9.2 Religion 9.3 Languages 9.4 Problems 10 Education 11 Health 12 Culture 12.1 Architecture 12.2 Art 12.3 Animation 12.4 Cinema 12.5 Music 12.6 Literature 12.7 Philosophy 12.8 Cuisine 12.9 Holidays 12.10 Festivals 12.11 Sports 12.12 Media 13 See also 14 References 15 Notes 16 Further reading 17 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Japan The Japanese word for Japan is 日本 , which is pronounced Nihon or Nippon and literally means `` the origin of the sun '' . The character nichi ( 日 ) means `` sun '' or `` day '' ; hon ( 本 ) means `` base '' or `` origin '' . The compound therefore means `` origin of the sun '' and is the source of the popular Western epithet `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . The earliest record of the name Nihon appears in the Chinese historical records of the Tang dynasty , the Old Book of Tang . At the end of the seventh century , a delegation from Japan requested that Nihon be used as the name of their country . This name may have its origin in a letter sent in 607 and recorded in the official history of the Sui dynasty . Prince Shōtoku , the Regent of Japan , sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called himself `` the Emperor of the Land where the Sun rises '' ( 日 出處 天子 ) . The message said : `` Here , I , the emperor of the country where the sun rises , send a letter to the emperor of the country where the sun sets . How are you ( ? ) '' . The `` King of Na gold seal '' , said to have been granted to Na king of Wa ( Japan ) by Emperor Guangwu of Han in 57 CE . The seal reads `` 漢 委 奴 國王 '' . Tokyo National Museum Prior to the adoption of Nihon , other terms such as Yamato ( 大和 , or `` Great Wa '' ) and Wakoku ( 倭国 ) were used . The term Wa ( 和 ) is a homophone of Wo 倭 ( pronounced `` Wa '' by the Japanese ) , which has been used by the Chinese as a designation for the Japanese as early as the third century Three Kingdoms period . Another form of Wa ( 委 , Wei in Chinese ) was used for an early state in Japan called Nakoku during the Han dynasty . However , the Japanese disliked some connotation of Wa 倭 ( which has been associated in China with concepts like `` dwarf '' or `` pygmy '' ) , and it was therefore replaced with the substitute character Wa ( 和 ) , meaning `` togetherness , harmony '' . The English word Japan possibly derives from the historical Chinese pronunciation of 日本 . The Old Mandarin or possibly early Wu Chinese pronunciation of Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu . In modern Shanghainese , a Wu dialect , the pronunciation of characters 日本 Japan is Zeppen ( zəʔpən ) . The old Malay word for Japan , Japun or Japang , was borrowed from a southern coastal Chinese dialect , probably Fukienese or Ningpo -- and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Southeast Asia in the 16th century . These Early Portuguese traders then brought the word to Europe . The first record of this name in English is in a book published in 1577 and spelled Giapan , in a translation of a 1565 letter written by a Portuguese Jesuit Luís Fróis . From the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II , the full title of Japan was Dai Nippon Teikoku ( 大 日本 帝國 ) , meaning `` the Empire of Great Japan '' . Today , the name Nihon - koku / Nippon - koku ( 日本 国 ) is used as a formal modern - day equivalent with the meaning of `` the State of Japan '' . Countries like Japan whose long form does not contain a descriptive designation are generally given a name appended by the character koku ( 国 ) , meaning `` country '' , `` nation '' or `` state '' . History Main article : History of Japan History of Japan Periods ( show ) Paleolithic before 14,000 BC Jōmon 14,000 -- 300 BC Yayoi 300 BC -- 300 AD Kofun 300 -- 538 Asuka 538 -- 710 Nara 710 -- 794 Heian 794 -- 1185 Kamakura 1185 -- 1333 Kenmu Restoration 1333 -- 1336 Muromachi ( Ashikaga ) Nanboku - chō Sengoku 1336 -- 1573 Azuchi -- Momoyama Nanban trade 1573 -- 1603 Edo ( Tokugawa ) Sakoku Convention of Kanagawa Bakumatsu 1603 -- 1868 Meiji Boshin War Restoration First Sino - Japanese War Boxer Rebellion Russo - Japanese War 1868 -- 1912 Taishō World War I 1912 -- 1926 Shōwa Financial crisis Militarism World War II Occupation Economic miracle Post-occupation Bubble Economy 1926 -- 1989 Heisei Lost Decade 1989 -- present Topics ( show ) Currency Earthquakes Economy Education Empire Historiography Military Naval Post-war Glossary Timeline Prehistory and ancient History Emperor Jimmu ( 神武 天皇 , Jinmu - tennō ) , the first Emperor of Japan dated as 660 BCE -- in modern Japan his accession is marked as National Foundation Day on February 11 A Paleolithic culture around 30,000 BC constitutes the first known habitation of the Japanese archipelago . This was followed from around 14,000 BC ( the start of the Jōmon period ) by a Mesolithic to Neolithic semi-sedentary hunter - gatherer culture characterized by pit dwelling and rudimentary agriculture , including by ancestors of contemporary Ainu people and Yamato people . Decorated clay vessels from this period are some of the oldest surviving examples of pottery in the world . Around 300 BC , the Yayoi people began to enter the Japanese islands , intermingling with the Jōmon . The Yayoi period , starting around 500 BC , saw the introduction of practices like wet - rice farming , a new style of pottery and metallurgy , introduced from China and Korea . Japan first appears in written history in the Chinese Book of Han . According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms , the most powerful kingdom on the archipelago during the third century was called Yamataikoku . Buddhism was introduced to Japan from Baekje , Korea and was promoted by Prince Shōtoku , but the subsequent development of Japanese Buddhism was primarily influenced by China . Despite early resistance , Buddhism was promoted by the ruling class and gained widespread acceptance beginning in the Asuka period ( 592 -- 710 ) . The Nara period ( 710 -- 784 ) marked an emergence of the centralized Japanese state centered on the Imperial Court in Heijō - kyō ( modern Nara ) . The Nara period is characterized by the appearance of a nascent literature as well as the development of Buddhist - inspired art and architecture . The smallpox epidemic of 735 -- 737 is believed to have killed as much as one - third of Japan 's population . In 784 , Emperor Kanmu moved the capital from Nara to Nagaoka - kyō , then to Heian - kyō ( modern Kyoto ) in 794 . This marked the beginning of the Heian period ( 794 -- 1185 ) , during which a distinctly indigenous Japanese culture emerged , noted for its art , poetry and prose . Murasaki Shikibu 's The Tale of Genji and the lyrics of Japan 's national anthem `` Kimigayo '' were written during this time . Buddhism began to spread during the Heian era chiefly through two major sects , Tendai by Saichō and Shingon by Kūkai . Pure Land Buddhism ( Jōdo - shū , Jōdo Shinshū ) became greatly popular in the latter half of the 11th century . Feudal era Samurai warriors facing Mongols during the Mongol invasions of Japan ; Suenaga , 1293 Japan 's feudal era was characterized by the emergence and dominance of a ruling class of warriors , the samurai . In 1185 , following the defeat of the Taira clan in the Genpei War , sung in the epic Tale of Heike , samurai Minamoto no Yoritomo was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go - Toba , and Yoritomo established a base of power in Kamakura . After his death , the Hōjō clan came to power as regents for the shōguns . The Zen school of Buddhism was introduced from China in the Kamakura period ( 1185 -- 1333 ) and became popular among the samurai class . The Kamakura shogunate repelled Mongol invasions in 1274 and 1281 , but was eventually overthrown by Emperor Go - Daigo . Emperor Go - Daigo was himself defeated by Ashikaga Takauji in 1336 . Samurais could kill a commoner for the slightest insult and were widely feared by the Japanese population . Edo period , 1798 Ashikaga Takauji established the shogunate in Muromachi , Kyoto . This was the start of the Muromachi period ( 1336 -- 1573 ) . The Ashikaga shogunate achieved glory at the age of Ashikaga Yoshimitsu , and the culture based on Zen Buddhism ( the art of Miyabi ) prospered . This evolved to Higashiyama Culture , and prospered until the 16th century . On the other hand , the succeeding Ashikaga shogunate failed to control the feudal warlords ( daimyōs ) and a civil war ( the Ōnin War ) began in 1467 , opening the century - long Sengoku period ( `` Warring States '' ) . During the 16th century , traders and Jesuit missionaries from Portugal reached Japan for the first time , initiating direct commercial and cultural exchange between Japan and the West . This allowed Oda Nobunaga to obtain European technology and firearms , which he used to conquer many other daimyōs . His consolidation of power began what was known as the Azuchi -- Momoyama period ( 1573 -- 1603 ) . After Nobunaga was assassinated in 1582 by Akechi Mitsuhide , his successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi unified the nation in 1590 and launched two unsuccessful invasions of Korea in 1592 and 1597 . Tokugawa Ieyasu served as regent for Hideyoshi 's son and used his position to gain political and military support . When open war broke out , Ieyasu defeated rival clans in the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 . Tokugawa Ieyasu was appointed shōgun by Emperor Go - Yōzei in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate in Edo ( modern Tokyo ) . The shogunate enacted measures including buke shohatto , as a code of conduct to control the autonomous daimyōs ; and in 1639 the isolationist sakoku ( `` closed country '' ) policy that spanned the two and a half centuries of tenuous political unity known as the Edo period ( 1603 -- 1868 ) . The study of Western sciences , known as rangaku , continued through contact with the Dutch enclave at Dejima in Nagasaki . The Edo period also gave rise to kokugaku ( `` national studies '' ) , the study of Japan by the Japanese . Modern era Emperor Meiji ( 1868 -- 1912 ) , in whose name imperial rule was restored at the end of the Tokugawa shogunate On March 31 , 1854 , Commodore Matthew Perry and the `` Black Ships '' of the United States Navy forced the opening of Japan to the outside world with the Convention of Kanagawa . Subsequent similar treaties with Western countries in the Bakumatsu period brought economic and political crises . The resignation of the shōgun led to the Boshin War and the establishment of a centralized state nominally unified under the Emperor ( the Meiji Restoration ) . Plunging itself through an active process of Westernization during the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , Japan adopted Western political , judicial and military institutions and Western cultural influences integrated with its traditional culture for modern industrialization . The Cabinet organized the Privy Council , introduced the Meiji Constitution , and assembled the Imperial Diet . The Meiji Restoration transformed the Empire of Japan into an industrialized world power that pursued military conflict to expand its sphere of influence . Although France and Britain showed some interest , the European powers largely ignored Japan and instead concentrated on the much greater attractions of China . France was also set back by its failures in Mexico and defeat by the Germans . After victories in the First Sino - Japanese War ( 1894 -- 1895 ) and the Russo - Japanese War ( 1904 -- 1905 ) , Japan gained control of Taiwan , Korea and the southern half of Sakhalin . In addition to imperialistic success , Japan also invested much more heavily in its own economic growth , leading to a period of economic flourishing in the country which lasted until the Great Depression . Japan 's population grew from 35 million in 1873 to 70 million in 1935 . Chinese generals surrendering to the Japanese in the Sino - Japanese War of 1894 -- 1895 In World War I , Japan joined the Allies and captured German possessions , and made advances into China . The early 20th century saw a period of Taishō democracy ( 1912 -- 1926 ) , but the 1920s saw a fragile democracy buckle under a political shift towards statism , the passing of laws against political dissent and a series of attempted coups . This process accelerated during the 1930s , spawning a number of new Radical Nationalist groups which shared a hostility to liberal democracy and a dedication to expansion in Asia . Japanese expansionism and militarization along with the totalitarianism and ultranationalism reshaped the country . In 1931 Japan invaded and occupied Manchuria and following international condemnation of this occupation , it quit the League of Nations in 1933 . In 1936 , Japan signed the Anti-Comintern Pact with Germany and the 1940 Tripartite Pact made it one of the Axis Powers . Japanese officials surrendering to the Allies on September 2 , 1945 , in Tokyo Bay , ending World War II The Empire of Japan invaded other parts of China in 1937 , precipitating the Second Sino - Japanese War ( 1937 -- 1945 ) . The Imperial Japanese Army swiftly captured the capital Nanjing and conducted the Nanking Massacre . In 1940 , the Empire invaded French Indochina , after which the United States placed an oil embargo on Japan . On December 7 -- 8 , 1941 , Japanese forces carried out surprise attacks on Pearl Harbor , British forces in Malaya , Singapore and Hong Kong and declared war on the United States and the British Empire , bringing the United States and the United Kingdom into World War II in the Pacific . After Allied victories across the Pacific during the next four years , which culminated in the Soviet invasion of Manchuria and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 , Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender on August 15 . The war cost Japan , its colonies , China and the war 's other combatants tens of millions of lives and left much of Japan 's industry and infrastructure destroyed . The Allies ( led by the United States ) repatriated millions of ethnic Japanese from colonies and military camps throughout Asia , largely eliminating the Japanese empire and restoring the independence of its conquered territories . The Allies also convened the International Military Tribunal for the Far East on May 3 , 1946 , to prosecute some senior generals for war crimes . In 1947 , Japan adopted a new constitution emphasizing liberal democratic practices . The Allied occupation ended with the Treaty of San Francisco in 1952 and Japan was granted membership in the United Nations in 1956 . Japan later achieved rapid growth to become the second - largest economy in the world , until surpassed by China in 2010 . This ended in the mid-1990s when Japan suffered a major recession . In the beginning of the 21st century , positive growth has signaled a gradual economic recovery . On March 11 , 2011 , Japan suffered one of the largest earthquakes in its recorded history ; this triggered the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster , one of the worst disasters in the history of nuclear power . Geography Main articles : Geography of Japan and Geology of Japan Japanese archipelago as seen from satellite Japan has a total of 6,852 islands extending along the Pacific coast of East Asia . The country , including all of the islands it controls , lies between latitudes 24 ° and 46 ° N , and longitudes 122 ° and 146 ° E. The main islands , from north to south , are Hokkaido , Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . The Ryukyu Islands , which include Okinawa , are a chain to the south of Kyushu . The Nanpō Islands are south of the main islands of Japan . Together they are often known as the Japanese archipelago . As of 2006 , Japan 's territory is 377,923.1 km ( 145,916.9 sq mi ) and , due to its many far - flung outlying islands , Japan has the eighth largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world covering 4,470,000 km ( 1,730,000 sq mi ) . About 73 percent of Japan is forested , mountainous and unsuitable for agricultural , industrial or residential use . As a result , the habitable zones , mainly located in coastal areas , have extremely high population densities . Japan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world . The islands of Japan are located in a volcanic zone on the Pacific Ring of Fire . They are primarily the result of large oceanic movements occurring over hundreds of millions of years from the mid-Silurian to the Pleistocene as a result of the subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate beneath the continental Amurian Plate and Okinawa Plate to the south , and subduction of the Pacific Plate under the Okhotsk Plate to the north . The Boso Triple Junction off the coast of Japan is a triple junction where the North American Plate , the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate meets . Japan was originally attached to the eastern coast of the Eurasian continent . The subducting plates pulled Japan eastward , opening the Sea of Japan around 15 million years ago . Japan has 108 active volcanoes . During the twentieth century several new volcanoes emerged , including Shōwa - shinzan on Hokkaido and Myōjin - shō off the Bayonnaise Rocks in the Pacific . Destructive earthquakes , often resulting in tsunami , occur several times each century . The 1923 Tokyo earthquake killed over 140,000 people . More recent major quakes are the 1995 Great Hanshin earthquake and the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake , a 9.1 - magnitude quake which hit Japan on March 11 , 2011 , and triggered a large tsunami . Japan is substantially prone to earthquakes , tsunami and volcanoes due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire . It has the 15th highest natural disaster risk as measured in the 2013 World Risk Index . Climate Main article : Climate of Japan Cherry blossoms of Mount Yoshino have been the subject of many plays and waka poetry Autumn maple leaves ( momiji ) at Kongōbu - ji on Mount Kōya , a UNESCO World Heritage Site The climate of Japan is predominantly temperate , but varies greatly from north to south . Japan 's geographical features divide it into six principal climatic zones : Hokkaido , Sea of Japan , Central Highland , Seto Inland Sea , Pacific Ocean , and Ryukyu Islands . The northernmost zone , Hokkaido , has a humid continental climate with long , cold winters and very warm to cool summers . Precipitation is not heavy , but the islands usually develop deep snowbanks in the winter . In the Sea of Japan zone on Honshu 's west coast , northwest winter winds bring heavy snowfall . In the summer , the region is cooler than the Pacific area , though it sometimes experiences extremely hot temperatures because of the foehn . The Central Highland has a typical inland humid continental climate , with large temperature differences between summer and winter seasons , as well as large diurnal variation ; precipitation is light , though winters are usually snowy . The mountains of the Chūgoku and Shikoku regions shelter the Seto Inland Sea from seasonal winds , bringing mild weather year - round . The Pacific coast features a humid subtropical climate that experiences milder winters with occasional snowfall and hot , humid summers because of the southeast seasonal wind . The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands have a subtropical climate , with warm winters and hot summers . Precipitation is very heavy , especially during the rainy season . The average winter temperature in Japan is 5.1 ° C ( 41.2 ° F ) and the average summer temperature is 25.2 ° C ( 77.4 ° F ) . The highest temperature ever measured in Japan 41.1 ° C ( 106.0 ° F ) was recorded on July 23 , 2018 . The main rainy season begins in early May in Okinawa , and the rain front gradually moves north until reaching Hokkaido in late July . In most of Honshu , the rainy season begins before the middle of June and lasts about six weeks . In late summer and early autumn , typhoons often bring heavy rain . Biodiversity Main article : Wildlife of Japan The Japanese macaques at Jigokudani hot spring are notable for visiting the spa in the winter Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands . They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ryūkyū and Bonin Islands , to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands , to temperate coniferous forests in the cold , winter portions of the northern islands . Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife , including the brown bear , the Japanese macaque , the Japanese raccoon dog , the large Japanese field mouse , and the Japanese giant salamander . A large network of national parks has been established to protect important areas of flora and fauna as well as thirty - seven Ramsar wetland sites . Four sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their outstanding natural value . Environment Main article : Environmental issues in Japan In the period of rapid economic growth after World War II , environmental policies were downplayed by the government and industrial corporations ; as a result , environmental pollution was widespread in the 1950s and 1960s . Responding to rising concern about the problem , the government introduced several environmental protection laws in 1970 . The oil crisis in 1973 also encouraged the efficient use of energy because of Japan 's lack of natural resources . Current environmental issues include urban air pollution ( NOx , suspended particulate matter , and toxics ) , waste management , water eutrophication , nature conservation , climate change , chemical management and international co-operation for conservation . As of June 2015 , more than 40 coal - fired power plants are planned or under construction in Japan . The NGO Climate Action Network announced Japan as the winner of its `` Fossil of the Day '' award for `` doing the most to block progress on climate action '' . Japan ranks 20th in the 2018 Environmental Performance Index , which measures a nation 's commitment to environmental sustainability . As the host and signatory of the 1997 Kyoto Protocol , Japan is under treaty obligation to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions and to take other steps to curb climate change . Politics Main article : Politics of Japan Akihito Emperor since 1989 Shinzō Abe Prime Minister since 2012 Government Main article : Government of Japan Japan is a constitutional monarchy whereby the power of the Emperor is very limited . As a ceremonial figurehead , he is defined by the constitution to be `` the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people '' . Executive power is wielded chiefly by the Prime Minister and his cabinet , while sovereignty is vested in the Japanese people . Japan 's legislative body is the National Diet , seated in Chiyoda , Tokyo . The Diet is a bicameral body , comprising the lower House of Representatives with 465 seats , elected by popular vote every four years or when dissolved ; and the upper House of Councillors with 242 seats , whose popularly elected members serve six - year terms . There is universal suffrage for adults over 18 years of age , with a secret ballot for all elected offices . The Diet is dominated by the social liberal Constitutional Democratic Party ( CDP ) and the conservative Liberal Democratic Party ( LDP ) . The LDP has enjoyed near - continuous electoral success since 1955 , except for brief periods between 1993 and 1994 and from 2009 to 2012 . As of November 2017 , it holds 283 seats in the lower house and 125 seats in the upper house . National Diet Building The Prime Minister of Japan is the head of government and is appointed by the Emperor after being designated by the Diet from among its members . The Prime Minister is the head of the Cabinet , and appoints and dismisses the Ministers of State . Following the LDP 's landslide victory in the 2012 general election , Shinzō Abe replaced Yoshihiko Noda as the Prime Minister on December 26 , 2012 . Historically influenced by Chinese law , the Japanese legal system developed independently during the Edo period through texts such as Kujikata Osadamegaki . However , since the late 19th century the judicial system has been largely based on the civil law of Europe , notably Germany . For example , in 1896 , the Japanese government established a civil code based on a draft of the German Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch ; with the code remaining in effect with post -- World War II modifications . Statutory law originates in Japan 's legislature and has the rubber stamp of the Emperor . Japan 's court system is divided into four basic tiers : the Supreme Court and three levels of lower courts . The main body of Japanese statutory law is called the Six Codes . Administrative divisions Main article : Administrative divisions of Japan See also : Prefectures of Japan Japan is divided into 47 prefectures , each overseen by an elected governor , legislature and administrative bureaucracy . Each prefecture is further divided into cities , towns and villages . The nation is currently undergoing administrative reorganization by merging many of the cities , towns and villages with each other . This process will reduce the number of sub-prefecture administrative regions and is expected to cut administrative costs . Foreign relations Main article : Foreign relations of Japan Japanese Prime Minister Shinzō Abe and U.S. President Donald Trump The Liancourt Rocks known as Takeshima in Japan , has become an issue known as the Liancourt Rocks dispute Japan has diplomatic relations with nearly all independent nations and has been an active member of the United Nations since December 1956 . Japan is a member of the G8 , APEC , and `` ASEAN Plus Three '' , and is a participant in the East Asia Summit . Japan signed a security pact with Australia in March 2007 and with India in October 2008 . It is the world 's fifth largest donor of official development assistance , donating US $9.2 billion in 2014 . Japan has close ties to the United States . Since Japan 's defeat by the United States and allies in World War II , the two countries have maintained close economic and defense relations . The United States is a major market for Japanese exports and the primary source of Japanese imports , and is committed to defending the country , having military bases in Japan for partially that purpose . Japan contests Russia 's control of the Southern Kuril Islands ( including Etorofu , Kunashiri , Shikotan , and the Habomai group ) which were occupied by the Soviet Union in 1945 . South Korea 's control of Liancourt Rocks ( Japanese : Takeshima , Korean : Dokdo ) are acknowledged , but not accepted and are claimed by Japan . Japan has strained relations with the People 's Republic of China ( PRC ) and the Republic of China ( ROC ) over the Senkaku Islands ; and with the People 's Republic of China over the status of Okinotorishima . Japan 's relationship with South Korea has been strained due to Japan 's treatment of Koreans during Japanese colonial rule , particularly over the issue of comfort women . These women were essentially sex slaves , and although there is no exact number on how many women were subjected to this treatment , experts believe it could be in the tens or hundreds of thousands . Between 1910 and 1945 , the Japanese government rebuilt Korean infrastructure . Despite this , modernization in Korea was always linked to Japanese interests and therefore did not imply a `` revolutionization '' of social structures . For instance , Japan kept Korea 's primitive feudalistic agriculture because it served Japanese interests . Further developments on Japan 's imperialism in Korea included establishing a slew of police stations all over the country , replacing taxes in kind with taxes in fixed money , and taking much of the communal land which had belonged to villages to give them to private companies in Japan ( causing many peasants to loose their land . ) Japan also introduced over 800,000 Japanese immigrants onto the peninsula and carried out a campaign of cultural suppression through efforts to ban the Korean language in schools and force Koreans to adopt Japanese names . With the surrender of Japan and the Axis at the end of WWII in 1945 , the Korean Peninsula was once again independent . Despite their historical tensions , in December 2015 , Japan agreed to settle the comfort women dispute with South Korea by issuing a formal apology , taking responsibility for the issue and paying money to the surviving comfort women . Today , South Korea and Japan have a stronger and more economically - driven relationship . Since the 1990s , the Korean Wave has created a large fanbase in East Asia , but most notably in Japan . Japan is the number one importer of Korean music ( K - pop ) , television ( K - dramas ) , and films , but this was only made possible after the South Korean government lifted the 30 - year ban on cultural exchange with Japan that had been in place since 1948 . Korean pop cultural products ' success in the Japanese market is partially explained by the borrowing of Japanese ideas such as the star - marketing system and heavy promotion of new television shows and music . Korean dramas such as Winter Sonata and Coffee Prince , as well as K - pop artists such as BIGBANG and SHINee are extremely popular with Japanese consumers . Most recently , South Korean President Moon Jae - in met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe at the 2017 G - 20 Summit in Hamburg , Germany to discuss the future of their relationship and specifically how to cooperate on finding solutions for North Korean aggression in the region . Both leaders restated their commitment to solving the comfort women dispute , building positive relations in the region , and pressuring China to be more assertive with North Korea as it continues to test nuclear weapons and isolate themselves further form the international community . Military Main article : Japan Self - Defense Forces JMSDF Kongō class destroyer JDS Kongō ( DDG - 173 ) , a guided missile destroyer , launching a Standard Missile 3 anti-ballistic missile in 2007 JASDF F - 2 , a multirole combat aircraft Japan maintains one of the largest military budgets of any country in the world . The country 's military ( the Japan Self - Defense Forces -- JSDF ) is restricted by Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution , which renounces Japan 's right to declare war or use military force in international disputes . Accordingly , Japan 's Self - Defense Forces is an unusual military that has never fired shots outside Japan . Japan is the highest - ranked Asian country in the Global Peace Index . The military is governed by the Ministry of Defense , and primarily consists of the Japan Ground Self - Defense Force ( JGSDF ) , the Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force ( JMSDF ) and the Japan Air Self - Defense Force ( JASDF ) . The Japan Maritime Self - Defense Force ( JMSDF ) is a regular participant in RIMPAC maritime exercises . The forces have been recently used in peacekeeping operations ; the deployment of troops to Iraq marked the first overseas use of Japan 's military since World War II . Japan Business Federation has called on the government to lift the ban on arms exports so that Japan can join multinational projects such as the Joint Strike Fighter . The 21st century is witnessing a rapid change in global power balance along with globalization . The security environment around Japan has become increasingly severe as represented by nuclear and missile development by North Korea . Transnational threats grounded on technological progress including international terrorism and cyber attacks are also increasing their significance . Japan , including its Self - Defense Forces , has contributed to the maximum extent possible to the efforts to maintain and restore international peace and security , such as UN peacekeeping operations . Building on the ongoing efforts as a peaceful state , the Government of Japan has been making various efforts on its security policy which include : the establishment of the National Security Council ( NSC ) , the adoption of the National Security Strategy ( NSS ) , and the National Defense Program Guidelines ( NDPG ) . These efforts are made based on the belief that Japan , as a `` Proactive Contributor to Peace '' , needs to contribute more actively to the peace and stability of the region and the international community , while coordinating with other countries including its ally , the United States . Japan has close economic and military relations with the United States ; the US - Japan security alliance acts as the cornerstone of the nation 's foreign policy . A member state of the United Nations since 1956 , Japan has served as a non-permanent Security Council member for a total of 20 years , most recently for 2009 and 2010 . It is one of the G4 nations seeking permanent membership in the Security Council . In May 2014 , Prime Minister Shinzō Abe said Japan wanted to shed the passiveness it has maintained since the end of World War II and take more responsibility for regional security . He said Japan wanted to play a key role and offered neighboring countries Japan 's support . In recent years , they have been engaged in international peacekeeping operations including the UN peacekeeping . Recent tensions , particularly with North Korea , have reignited the debate over the status of the JSDF and its relation to Japanese society . New military guidelines , announced in December 2010 , will direct the JSDF away from its Cold War focus on the former Soviet Union to a focus on China , especially regarding the territorial dispute over the Senkaku Islands . Economy Main article : Economy of Japan Bank of Japan headquarters in Chuo , Tokyo The Tokyo Stock Exchange , one of the largest stock exchanges in Asia Ginza , a luxury shopping area in Tokyo Japan is the third largest national economy in the world , after the United States and China , in terms of nominal GDP , and the fourth largest national economy in the world , after the United States , China and India , in terms of purchasing power parity . As of 2016 , Japan 's public debt was estimated at more than 230 percent of its annual gross domestic product , the largest of any nation in the world . In August 2011 , Moody 's rating has cut Japan 's long - term sovereign debt rating one notch from Aa3 to Aa2 inline with the size of the country 's deficit and borrowing level . The large budget deficits and government debt since the 2009 global recession and followed by the earthquake and tsunami in March 2011 caused the rating downgrade . The service sector accounts for three quarters of the gross domestic product . Japan has a large industrial capacity , and is home to some of the largest and most technologically advanced producers of motor vehicles , electronics , machine tools , steel and nonferrous metals , ships , chemical substances , textiles , and processed foods . Agricultural businesses in Japan cultivate 13 percent of Japan 's land , and Japan accounts for nearly 15 percent of the global fish catch , second only to China . As of 2016 , Japan 's labor force consisted of some 65.9 million workers . Japan has a low unemployment rate of around four percent . Some 20 million people , around 17 per cent of the population , were below the poverty line in 2007 . Housing in Japan is characterized by limited land supply in urban areas . Japan 's exports amounted to US $4,210 per capita in 2005 . As of 2014 , Japan 's main export markets were the United States ( 20.2 percent ) , China ( 17.5 percent ) , South Korea ( 7.1 percent ) , Hong Kong ( 5.6 percent ) and Thailand ( 4.5 percent ) . Its main exports are transportation equipment , motor vehicles , iron and steel products , semiconductors and auto parts . Japan 's main import markets as of 2015 were China ( 24.8 percent ) , the United States ( 10.5 percent ) , Australia ( 5.4 percent ) and South Korea ( 4.1 percent ) . Japan 's main imports are machinery and equipment , fossil fuels , foodstuffs ( in particular beef ) , chemicals , textiles and raw materials for its industries . By market share measures , domestic markets are the least open of any OECD country . Junichirō Koizumi 's administration began some pro-competition reforms , and foreign investment in Japan has soared . Japan ranks 27th of 189 countries in the 2014 ease of doing business index and has one of the smallest tax revenues of the developed world . The Japanese variant of capitalism has many distinct features : keiretsu enterprises are influential , and lifetime employment and seniority - based career advancement are relatively common in the Japanese work environment . Japanese companies are known for management methods like `` The Toyota Way '' , and shareholder activism is rare . Japan 's top global brands include Toyota , Honda , Canon , Nissan , Sony , Mitsubishi UFJ ( MUFG ) , Panasonic , Uniqlo , Lexus , Subaru , Nintendo , Bridgestone , Mazda and Suzuki . Economic History Main article : Economic history of Japan Modern Japan 's economic growth began in the Edo period . Some of the surviving elements of the Edo period are roads and water transportation routes , as well as financial instruments such as futures contracts , banking and insurance of the Osaka rice brokers . During the Meiji period from 1868 , Japan expanded economically with the embrace of the market economy . Many of today 's enterprises were founded at the time , and Japan emerged as the most developed nation in Asia . The period of overall real economic growth from the 1960s to the 1980s has been called the Japanese post-war economic miracle : it averaged 7.5 percent in the 1960s and 1970s , and 3.2 percent in the 1980s and early 1990s . Growth slowed in the 1990s during the `` Lost Decade '' due to after - effects of the Japanese asset price bubble and government policies intended to wring speculative excesses from the stock and real estate markets . Efforts to revive economic growth were unsuccessful and further hampered by the global slowdown in 2000 . The economy recovered after 2005 ; GDP growth for that year was 2.8 percent , surpassing the growth rates of the US and European Union during the same period . Today , Japan ranks highly for competitiveness and economic freedom . It is ranked sixth in the Global Competitiveness Report for 2015 -- 2016 . Agriculture and fishery Main article : Agriculture , forestry , and fishing in Japan A rice paddy in Aizu , Fukushima Prefecture The Japanese agricultural sector accounts for about 1.4 % of the total country 's GDP . Only 12 % of Japan 's land is suitable for cultivation . Due to this lack of arable land , a system of terraces is used to farm in small areas . This results in one of the world 's highest levels of crop yields per unit area , with an overall agricultural self - sufficiency rate of about 50 % on fewer than 56,000 square kilometres ( 14,000,000 acres ) cultivated . Japan 's small agricultural sector , however , is also highly subsidized and protected , with government regulations that favor small - scale cultivation instead of large - scale agriculture as practiced in North America . There has been a growing concern about farming as the current farmers are aging with a difficult time finding successors . Rice accounts for almost all of Japan 's cereal production . Japan is the second - largest agricultural product importer in the world . Rice , the most protected crop , is subject to tariffs of 777.7 % . In 1996 , Japan ranked fourth in the world in tonnage of fish caught . Japan captured 4,074,580 metric tons of fish in 2005 , down from 4,987,703 tons in 2000 , 9,558,615 tons in 1990 , 9,864,422 tons in 1980 , 8,520,397 tons in 1970 , 5,583,796 tons in 1960 and 2,881,855 tons in 1950 . In 2003 , the total aquaculture production was predicted at 1,301,437 tonnes . In 2010 , Japan 's total fisheries production was 4,762,469 fish . Offshore fisheries accounted for an average of 50 % of the nation 's total fish catches in the late 1980s although they experienced repeated ups and downs during that period . Today , Japan maintains one of the world 's largest fishing fleets and accounts for nearly 15 % of the global catch , prompting some claims that Japan 's fishing is leading to depletion in fish stocks such as tuna . Japan has also sparked controversy by supporting quasi-commercial whaling . Industry Main article : Manufacturing in Japan Toyota factory in Ohira , Miyagi Prefecture Japan 's industrial sector makes up approximately 27.5 % of its GDP . Japan 's major industries are motor vehicles , electronics , machine tools , metals , ships , chemicals and processed foods ; some major Japanese industrial companies include Toyota , Canon Inc. , Toshiba and Nippon Steel . Japan is the third largest automobile producer in the world , and is home to Toyota , the world 's largest automobile company . The Japanese consumer electronics industry , once considered the strongest in the world , is currently in a state of decline as competition arises in countries like South Korea , the United States and China . However , despite also facing similar competition from South Korea and China , the Japanese shipbuilding industry is expected to remain strong due to an increased focus on specialized , high - tech designs . Services Main article : Trade and services in Japan Japan 's service sector accounts for about three - quarters of its total economic output . Banking , insurance , real estate , retailing , transportation , and telecommunications are all major industries , with companies such as Mitsubishi UFJ , Mizuho , NTT , TEPCO , Nomura , Mitsubishi Estate , ÆON , Mitsui Sumitomo , Softbank , JR East , Seven & I , KDDI and Japan Airlines listed as some of the largest in the world . Four of the five most circulated newspapers in the world are Japanese newspapers . Japan Post Holdings , one of the country 's largest providers of savings and insurance services , was slated for privatization by 2015 . The six major keiretsus are the Mitsubishi , Sumitomo , Fuyo , Mitsui , Dai - Ichi Kangyo and Sanwa Groups . Tourism Main article : Tourism in Japan Tokyo Sky Tree , the tallest tower in the world Mount Fuji , the highest peak , is considered as one of the most iconic landmarks of Japan Cherry blossom with Himeji Castle in the background , a UNESCO World Heritage Site Fushimi Inari - taisha in Kyoto Hiroshima Peace Memorial Japan attracted 19.73 million international tourists in 2015 and increased by 21.8 % to attract 24.03 million international tourists in 2016 . Tourism from abroad is one of the few promising businesses in Japan . Foreign visitors to Japan doubled in last decade and reached 10 million people for the first time in 2013 , led by increase of Asian visitors . In 2008 , the Japanese government has set up Japan Tourism Agency and set the initial goal to increase foreign visitors to 20 million in 2020 . In 2016 , having met the 20 million target , the government has revised up its target to 40 million by 2020 and to 60 million by 2030 . Japan has 20 World Heritage Sites , including Himeji Castle , Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto and Nara . Popular tourist attractions include Tokyo and Hiroshima , Mount Fuji , ski resorts such as Niseko in Hokkaido , Okinawa , riding the shinkansen and taking advantage of Japan 's hotel and hotspring network . For inbound tourism , Japan was ranked 16th in the world in 2015 . In 2009 , the Yomiuri Shimbun published a modern list of famous sights under the name Heisei Hyakkei ( the Hundred Views of the Heisei period ) . The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017 ranks Japan 4th out of 141 countries overall , which was the best in Asia . Japan gained relatively high scores in almost all aspects , especially health and hygiene , safety and security , cultural resources and business travel . In 2016 , 24,039,053 foreign tourists visited Japan . Neighbouring South Korea is Japan 's most important source of foreign tourists . In 2010 , the 2.4 million arrivals made up 27 % of the tourists visiting Japan . Chinese travelers are the highest spenders in Japan by country , spending an estimated 196.4 billion yen ( US $2.4 billion ) in 2011 , or almost a quarter of total expenditure by foreign visitors , according to data from the Japan Tourism Agency . The Japanese government hopes to receive 40 million foreign tourists every year by 2020 . Rank Country Number ( people ) in 2016 Percentage change 2015 to 2016 Number ( people ) in 2015 Percentage change 2014 to 2015 China 6,373,000 27.6 % 4,993,689 107.3 % South Korea 5,090,300 27.2 % 4,002,095 45.3 % Taiwan 4,167,400 13.3 % 3,677,075 29.9 % Hong Kong 1,839,200 20.7 % 1,524,292 64.6 % 5 United States 1,242,700 20.3 % 1,033,258 15.9 % 6 Thailand 901,400 13.1 % 796,731 21.2 % 7 Australia 445,200 18.4 % 376,075 24.3 % 8 Malaysia 394,200 29.1 % 305,447 22.4 % 9 Singapore 361,800 17.2 % 308,783 35.5 % 10 Philippines 347,800 29.6 % 268,361 45.7 % 11 United Kingdom 292,500 13.2 % 258,488 17.5 % 12 Canada 273,100 18.0 % 231,390 26.5 % All countries 24,039,053 21.8 % 19,737,409 47.1 % Science and Technology Main article : Science and technology in Japan Kounotori 6 grappled by the International Space Station 's robotic arm Japan is a leading nation in scientific research , particularly in fields related to the natural sciences and engineering . The country ranks second among the most innovative countries in the Bloomberg Innovation Index . Nearly 700,000 researchers share a US $130 billion research and development budget . The amount spent on research and development relative to gross domestic product is the third highest in the world . The country is a world leader in fundamental scientific research , having produced twenty - two Nobel laureates in either physics , chemistry or medicine and three Fields medalists . Japanese scientists and engineers have contributed to the advancement of agricultural sciences , electronics , industrial robotics , optics , chemicals , semiconductors , life sciences and various fields of engineering . Japan leads the world in robotics production and use , possessing more than 20 % ( 300,000 of 1.3 million ) of the world 's industrial robots as of 2013 -- though its share was historically even higher , representing one - half of all industrial robots worldwide in 2000 . Japan boasts the third highest number of scientists , technicians , and engineers per capita in the world with 83 scientists , technicians and engineers per 10,000 employees . Electronics and automotive engineering Main articles : Electronics industry in Japan and Automotive industry in Japan A plug - in hybrid car manufactured by Toyota , one of the world 's largest carmakers -- Japan is the third - largest maker of automobiles in the world Sony Xperia phone The Japanese electronics and automotive manufacturing industry is well known throughout the world , and the country 's electronic and automotive products account for a large share in the global market , compared to a majority of other countries . Brands such as Fujifilm , Canon , Sony , Nintendo , Panasonic , Toyota , Nissan and Honda are internationally famous . It is estimated that 16 % of the world 's gold and 22 % of the world 's silver is contained in Japanese electronics . Japan has started a project to build the world 's fastest supercomputer by the end of 2017 . Aerospace The Japanese Experiment Module ( Kibo ) at the International Space Station The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency ( JAXA ) is Japan 's national space agency ; it conducts space , planetary , and aviation research , and leads development of rockets and satellites . It is a participant in the International Space Station : the Japanese Experiment Module ( Kibo ) was added to the station during Space Shuttle assembly flights in 2008 . The space probe Akatsuki was launched May 20 , 2010 , and achieved orbit around Venus on December 9 , 2015 . Japan 's plans in space exploration include : developing the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter to be launched in 2018 ; and building a moon base by 2030 . On September 14 , 2007 , it launched lunar explorer SELENE ( Selenological and Engineering Explorer ) on a H - IIA ( Model H2A2022 ) carrier rocket from Tanegashima Space Center . SELENE is also known as Kaguya , after the lunar princess of The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter . Kaguya is the largest lunar mission since the Apollo program . Its purpose is to gather data on the moon 's origin and evolution . It entered a lunar orbit on October 4 , flying at an altitude of about 100 km ( 62 mi ) . The probe 's mission was ended when it was deliberately crashed by JAXA into the Moon on June 11 , 2009 . Nobel laureates Main article : List of Japanese Nobel laureates Japan has received the most science Nobel Prizes in Asia and ranked 8th in the world . Hideki Yukawa , educated at Kyoto University , was awarded the prize in physics in 1949 . Shin'ichirō Tomonaga followed in 1965 . Solid - state physicist Leo Esaki , educated at the University of Tokyo , received the prize in 1973 . Kenichi Fukui of Kyoto University shared the 1981 prize in chemistry , and Susumu Tonegawa , also educated at Kyoto University , became Japan 's first laureate in physiology or medicine in 1987 . Japanese chemists took prizes in 2000 and 2001 : first Hideki Shirakawa ( Tokyo Institute of Technology ) and then Ryōji Noyori ( Kyoto University ) . In 2002 , Masatoshi Koshiba ( University of Tokyo ) and Koichi Tanaka ( Tohoku University ) won in physics and chemistry , respectively . Makoto Kobayashi , Toshihide Masukawa and Yoichiro Nambu , who was an American citizen when awarded , shared the physics prize and Osamu Shimomura also won the chemistry prize in 2008 . Isamu Akasaki , Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura , who is an American citizen when awarded , shared the physics prize in 2014 and the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Yoshinori Ohsumi in 2016 . Infrastructure Transportation Main article : Transport in Japan Japan Airlines , flag carrier of Japan A JR Central L0 Series maglev train Japan 's road spending has been extensive . Its 1.2 million kilometres ( 0.75 million miles ) of paved road are the main means of transportation . As of April 2012 , Japan has approximately 1,215,000 kilometres ( 755,000 miles ) of roads made up of 1,022,000 kilometres ( 635,000 miles ) of city , town and village roads , 129,000 kilometres ( 80,000 miles ) of prefectural roads , 55,000 kilometres ( 34,000 miles ) of general national highways and 8,050 kilometres ( 5,000 miles ) of national expressways . A single network of high - speed , divided , limited - access toll roads connects major cities on Honshu , Shikoku and Kyushu . Hokkaido has a separate network , and Okinawa Island has a highway of this type . A single network of high - speed , divided , limited - access toll roads connects major cities and is operated by toll - collecting enterprises . New and used cars are inexpensive ; car ownership fees and fuel levies are used to promote energy efficiency . However , at just 50 percent of all distance traveled , car usage is the lowest of all G8 countries . Since privatisation in 1987 , dozens of Japanese railway companies compete in regional and local passenger transportation markets ; major companies include seven JR enterprises , Kintetsu , Seibu Railway and Keio Corporation . Some 250 high - speed Shinkansen trains connect major cities and Japanese trains are known for their safety and punctuality . Proposals for a new Maglev route between Tokyo and Osaka are at an advanced stage . There are 175 airports in Japan ; the largest domestic airport , Haneda Airport , is Asia 's second - busiest airport . The largest international gateways are Narita International Airport , Kansai International Airport and Chūbu Centrair International Airport . Nagoya Port is the country 's largest and busiest port , accounting for 10 percent of Japan 's trade value . Energy Main article : Energy in Japan The Kashiwazaki - Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant , a nuclear plant with seven units , the largest single nuclear power station in the world As of 2011 , 46.1 % of energy in Japan was produced from petroleum , 21.3 % from coal , 21.4 % from natural gas , 4.0 % from nuclear power and 3.3 % from hydropower . Nuclear power produced 9.2 percent of Japan 's electricity , as of 2011 , down from 24.9 percent the previous year . However , by May 2012 all of the country 's nuclear power plants had been taken offline because of ongoing public opposition following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011 , though government officials continued to try to sway public opinion in favor of returning at least some of Japan 's 50 nuclear reactors to service . As of November 2014 , two reactors at Sendai are likely to restart in early 2015 . Japan lacks significant domestic reserves and so has a heavy dependence on imported energy . Japan has therefore aimed to diversify its sources and maintain high levels of energy efficiency . Water supply and sanitation Main article : Water supply and sanitation in Japan Tokuyama Dam in Gifu Prefecture is the largest dam in Japan The government took responsibility for regulating the water and sanitation sector is shared between the Ministry of Health , Labor and Welfare in charge of water supply for domestic use ; the Ministry of Land , Infrastructure , Transport and Tourism in charge of water resources development as well as sanitation ; the Ministry of the Environment in charge of ambient water quality and environmental preservation ; and the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications in charge of performance benchmarking of utilities . Access to an improved water source is universal in Japan . 97 % of the population receives piped water supply from public utilities and 3 % receive water from their own wells or unregulated small systems , mainly in rural areas . Access to improved sanitation is also universal , either through sewers or on - site sanitation . All collected waste water is treated at secondary - level treatment plants . All effluents discharged to closed or semi-closed water bodies , such as Tokyo Bay , Osaka Bay , or Lake Biwa , are further treated to tertiary level . This applies to about 15 % of waste water . The effluent quality is remarkably good at 3 -- 10 mg / l of BOD for secondary - level treatment , well below the national effluent standard of 20 mg / l . Water supply and sanitation in Japan is facing some challenges , such as a decreasing population , declining investment , fiscal constraints , ageing facilities , an ageing workforce , a fragmentation of service provision among thousands of municipal utilities , and the vulnerability of parts of the country to droughts that are expected to become more frequent due to climate change . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Japan , Japanese people , Ethnic groups of Japan , and List of metropolitan areas in Japan Population View of Tokyo Ainu , an ethnic minority people from Japan Japan 's population is estimated at around 128 million , with 80 % of the population living on Honshū . Japanese society is linguistically , ethnically and culturally homogeneous , composed of 98.5 % ethnic Japanese , with small populations of foreign workers . Zainichi Koreans , Chinese , Filipinos , Brazilians mostly of Japanese descent , Peruvians mostly of Japanese descent and Americans are among the small minority groups in Japan . In 2003 , there were about 134,700 non-Latin American Western ( not including more than 33,000 American military personnel and their dependents stationed throughout the country ) and 345,500 Latin American expatriates , 274,700 of whom were Brazilians ( said to be primarily Japanese descendants , or nikkeijin , along with their spouses ) , the largest community of Westerners . The most dominant native ethnic group is the Yamato people ; primary minority groups include the indigenous Ainu and Ryukyuan peoples , as well as social minority groups like the burakumin . There are persons of mixed ancestry incorporated among the Yamato , such as those from Ogasawara Archipelago . In 2014 , foreign - born non-naturalized workers made up only 1.5 % of the total population . Japan is widely regarded as ethnically homogeneous , and does not compile ethnicity or race statistics for Japanese nationals ; sources varies regarding such claim , with at least one analysis describing Japan as a multiethnic society while another analysis put the number of Japanese nationals of recent foreign descent to be minimal . Most Japanese continue to see Japan as a monocultural society . Former Japanese Prime Minister and current Finance Minister Tarō Asō described Japan as being a nation of `` one race , one civilization , one language and one culture '' , which drew criticism from representatives of ethnic minorities such as the Ainu . Japan has the second longest overall life expectancy at birth of any country in the world : 83.5 years for persons born in the period 2010 -- 2015 . The Japanese population is rapidly aging as a result of a post -- World War II baby boom followed by a decrease in birth rates . In 2012 , about 24.1 percent of the population was over 65 , and the proportion is projected to rise to almost 40 percent by 2050 . Largest cities or towns in Japan 2010 Census Rank Name Prefecture Pop . Rank Name Prefecture Pop . Special wards of Tokyo Yokohama Special wards of Tokyo Tokyo 8,949,447 11 Hiroshima Hiroshima 1,174,209 Osaka Nagoya Yokohama Kanagawa 3,689,603 12 Sendai Miyagi 1,045,903 Osaka Osaka 2,666,371 13 Kitakyushu Fukuoka 977,288 Nagoya Aichi 2,263,907 14 Chiba Chiba 962,130 5 Sapporo Hokkaido 1,914,434 15 Sakai Osaka 842,134 6 Kobe Hyōgo 1,544,873 16 Niigata Niigata 812,192 7 Kyoto Kyoto 1,474,473 17 Hamamatsu Shizuoka 800,912 8 Fukuoka Fukuoka 1,463,826 18 Kumamoto Kumamoto 734,294 9 Kawasaki Kanagawa 1,425,678 19 Sagamihara Kanagawa 717,561 10 Saitama Saitama 1,222,910 20 Shizuoka Shizuoka 716,328 Religion Main article : Religion in Japan Religion in Japan ( data from 2000 ) Folk Shinto , or `` not religious '' ( 51.82 % ) Buddhism ( 34.9 % ) Shinto organisations and others ( 4 % ) Christianity ( 2.3 % ) No answer ( 6.98 % ) The torii of Itsukushima Shinto Shrine near Hiroshima , one of the Three Views of Japan and a UNESCO World Heritage Site The Byōdō - in Buddhist temple , located in Uji , Kyoto Japan has full religious freedom based on Article 20 of its Constitution . Upper estimates suggest that 84 -- 96 percent of the Japanese population subscribe to Shinto as its indigenous religion ( 50 % to 80 % of which considering degrees of syncretism with Buddhism , shinbutsu - shūgō ) . However , these estimates are based on people affiliated with a temple , rather than the number of true believers . The number of Shinto shrines in Japan is estimated to be around 100,000 . Other studies have suggested that only 30 percent of the population identify themselves as belonging to a religion . According to Edwin Reischauer and Marius Jansen , some 70 -- 80 % of the Japanese do not consider themselves believers in any religion . Nevertheless , the level of participation remains high , especially during festivals and occasions such as the first shrine visit of the New Year . Taoism and Confucianism from China have also influenced Japanese beliefs and customs . Japanese streets are decorated on Tanabata , Obon and Christmas . Shinto is the largest religion in Japan , practiced by nearly 80 % of the population , yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as `` Shintoists '' in surveys . This is due to the fact that `` Shinto '' has different meanings in Japan : most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without belonging to Shinto organisations , and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk Shinto , Shinto membership is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects . Shinto has 100,000 shrines and 78,890 priests in the country . Buddhism first arrived in Japan in the 6th century ; it was introduced in the year 538 or 552 from the kingdom of Baekje in Korea . Christianity was first introduced into Japan by Jesuit missions starting in 1549 . Today , fewer than 1 % to 2.3 % are Christians , most of them living in the western part of the country , where the missionaries ' activities were greatest during the 16th century . Nagasaki Prefecture has the highest percentage of Christians : about 5.1 % in 1996 . As of 2007 , there are 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan . Throughout the latest century , some Western customs originally related to Christianity ( including Western style weddings , Valentine 's Day and Christmas ) have become popular as secular customs among many Japanese . Islam in Japan is estimated to constitute , about 80 -- 90 % , of foreign born migrants and their children , primarily from Indonesia , Pakistan , Bangladesh , and Iran . Much of the ethnic Japanese Muslims are those who convert upon marrying immigrant Muslims . The Pew Research Center estimated that there were 185,000 Muslims in Japan in 2010 . Other minority religions include Hinduism , Sikhism and Judaism , Bahá'í Faith , and since the mid-19th century numerous new religious movements have emerged in Japan . Languages Main articles : Languages of Japan and Japanese language More than 99 percent of the population speaks Japanese as their first language . Japanese is an agglutinative language distinguished by a system of honorifics reflecting the hierarchical nature of Japanese society , with verb forms and particular vocabulary indicating the relative status of speaker and listener . Japanese writing uses kanji ( Chinese characters ) and two sets of kana ( syllabaries based on cursive script and radical of kanji ) , as well as the Latin alphabet and Arabic numerals . Besides Japanese , the Ryukyuan languages ( Amami , Kunigami , Okinawan , Miyako , Yaeyama , Yonaguni ) , also part of the Japonic language family , are spoken in the Ryukyu Islands chain . Few children learn these languages , but in recent years the local governments have sought to increase awareness of the traditional languages . The Okinawan Japanese dialect is also spoken in the region . The Ainu language , which has no proven relationship to Japanese or any other language , is moribund , with only a few elderly native speakers remaining in Hokkaido . Public and private schools generally require students to take Japanese language classes as well as English language courses . Problems The changes in demographic structure have created a number of social issues , particularly a potential decline in workforce population and increase in the cost of social security benefits such as the public pension plan . A growing number of younger Japanese are not marrying or remain childless . In 2011 , Japan 's population dropped for a fifth year , falling by 204,000 people to 126.24 million people . This was the greatest decline since at least 1947 , when comparable figures were first compiled . This decline was made worse by the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami , which killed nearly 16,000 people . Japan 's population is expected to drop to 95 million by 2050 ; demographers and government planners are currently in a heated debate over how to cope with this problem . Immigration and birth incentives are sometimes suggested as a solution to provide younger workers to support the nation 's ageing population . Japan accepts an average flow of 9,500 new Japanese citizens by naturalization per year . According to the UNHCR , in 2012 Japan accepted just 18 refugees for resettlement , while the United States took in 76,000 . Japan suffers from a high suicide rate . In 2009 , the number of suicides exceeded 30,000 for the twelfth successive year . Suicide is the leading cause of death for people under 30 . Education Main article : Education in Japan Students celebrating after the announcement of the results of the entrance examinations to the University of Tokyo Primary schools , secondary schools and universities were introduced in 1872 as a result of the Meiji Restoration . Since 1947 , compulsory education in Japan comprises elementary and junior high school , which together last for nine years ( from age 6 to age 15 ) . Almost all children continue their education at a three - year senior high school . Japan 's education system played a central part in the country 's recovery and rapid economic growth in the decades following the end of World War II . After World War II , the Fundamental Law of Education and the School Education Law were enacted . The latter law defined the school system that would be in effect for many decades : six years of elementary school , three years of junior high school , three years of high school , and two or four years of university . Starting in April 2016 , various schools began the academic year with elementary school and junior high school integrated into one nine - year compulsory schooling program , in hopes to mitigate bullying and truancy ; MEXT plans for this approach to be adopted nationwide in the coming years . In Japan , having a strong educational background greatly improves the likelihood of finding a job and earning enough money to support oneself . Highly educated individuals are less affected by unemployment trends as higher levels of educational attainment make an individual more attractive in the workforce . The lifetime earnings also increase with each level of education attained . Furthermore , skills needed in the modern 21st century labor market are becoming more knowledge - based and strong aptitude in science and mathematics are more strong predictors of employment prospects in Japan 's highly technological economy . Japan is one of the top - performing OECD countries in reading literacy , maths and sciences with the average student scoring 540 and has one of the worlds highest - educated labor forces among OECD countries . The Japanese populace is well educated and its society highly values education as a platform for social mobility and for gaining employment in the country 's competitive high - tech economy . The country 's large pool of highly educated and skilled individuals is largely responsible for ushering Japan 's post-war economic growth . Tertiary - educated adults in Japan , particularly graduates in sciences and engineering benefit economically and socially from their education and skills in the country 's high tech economy . Spending on education as a proportion of GDP is below the OECD average . Although expenditure per student is comparatively high in Japan , total expenditure relative to GDP remains small . In 2015 , Japan 's public spending on education amounted to just 3.5 percent of its GDP , below the OECD average of 4.7 % . In 2014 , the country ranked fourth for the percentage of 25 - to 64 - year - olds that have attained tertiary education with 48 percent . In addition , bachelor 's degrees are held by 59 percent of Japanese aged 25 -- 34 , the second most in the OECD after South Korea . As the Japanese economy is largely scientific and technological based , the labor market demands people who have achieved some form of higher education , particularly related to science and engineering in order to gain a competitive edge when searching for employment opportunities . About 75.9 percent of high school graduates attended a university , junior college , trade school , or other higher education institution . The two top - ranking universities in Japan are the University of Tokyo and Kyoto University , which have produced 16 Nobel Prize laureates . The Programme for International Student Assessment coordinated by the OECD currently ranks the overall knowledge and skills of Japanese 15 - year - olds as sixth best in the world . Health Main articles : Health in Japan and Health care system in Japan In Japan , health care is provided by national and local governments . Payment for personal medical services is offered through a universal health insurance system that provides relative equality of access , with fees set by a government committee . People without insurance through employers can participate in a national health insurance program administered by local governments . Since 1973 , all elderly persons have been covered by government - sponsored insurance . Patients are free to select the physicians or facilities of their choice . Culture Main article : Culture of Japan See also : Japanese popular culture Part of a series on the Culture of Japan History People Languages Traditions ( show ) Values Etiquette Marriage Funerals Tea ceremony Geisha Onsen / Sentō Clothing Games Mythology and folklore ( show ) Mythology folklore Cuisine Festivals Religion ( show ) Buddhism Christian New religions Shinto Art ( show ) Ikebana Bonsai Gardens Pottery and porcelain Literature ( show ) Manga Poetry Music and performing arts ( show ) Music Performing arts Media ( show ) Television Cinema Mobile phone culture Anime Sport ( show ) Martial arts Monuments ( show ) World Heritage Sites Architecture Symbols ( show ) Flag Coat of arms Organisations ( show ) Museums Japan portal Japanese culture has evolved greatly from its origins . Contemporary culture combines influences from Asia , Europe and North America . Traditional Japanese arts include crafts such as ceramics , textiles , lacquerware , swords and dolls ; performances of bunraku , kabuki , noh , dance , and rakugo ; and other practices , the tea ceremony , ikebana , martial arts , calligraphy , origami , onsen , Geisha and games . Japan has a developed system for the protection and promotion of both tangible and intangible Cultural Properties and National Treasures . Nineteen sites have been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List , fifteen of which are of cultural significance . Architecture Main article : Japanese architecture Kinkaku - ji or `` The Temple of the Golden Pavilion '' in Kyoto , Special Historic Site , Special Place of Scenic Beauty and a UNESCO World Heritage Site , whose torching by a monk in 1950 is the subject of a novel by Mishima Japanese architecture is a combination between local and other influences . It has traditionally been typified by wooden structures , elevated slightly off the ground , with tiled or thatched roofs . Sliding doors ( fusuma ) were used in place of walls , allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions . People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor , traditionally ; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century . Since the 19th century , however , Japan has incorporated much of Western , modern , and post-modern architecture into construction and design , and is today a leader in cutting - edge architectural design and technology . The introduction of Buddhism during the sixth century was a catalyst for large - scale temple building using complicated techniques in wood . Influence from the Chinese Tang and Sui dynasties led to the foundation of the first permanent capital in Nara . Its checkerboard street layout used the Chinese capital of Chang'an as a template for its design . A gradual increase in the size of buildings led to standard units of measurement as well as refinements in layout and garden design . The introduction of the tea ceremony emphasised simplicity and modest design as a counterpoint to the excesses of the aristocracy . During the Meiji Restoration of 1868 the history of Japanese architecture was radically changed by two important events . The first was the Kami and Buddhas Separation Act of 1868 , which formally separated Buddhism from Shinto and Buddhist temples from Shinto shrines , breaking an association between the two which had lasted well over a thousand years . Second , it was then that Japan underwent a period of intense Westernization in order to compete with other developed countries . Initially architects and styles from abroad were imported to Japan but gradually the country taught its own architects and began to express its own style . Architects returning from study with western architects introduced the International Style of modernism into Japan . However , it was not until after the Second World War that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene , firstly with the work of architects like Kenzō Tange and then with theoretical movements like Metabolism . Art Further information : Japanese art , Japanese garden , and Japanese aesthetics The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture . Largely of wood , traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space . Japanese sculpture , largely of wood , and Japanese painting are among the oldest of the Japanese arts , with early figurative paintings dating back to at least 300 BC . The history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and adaptation of imported ideas . The interaction between Japanese and European art has been significant : for example ukiyo - e prints , which began to be exported in the 19th century in the movement known as Japonism , had a significant influence on the development of modern art in the West , most notably on post-Impressionism . Famous ukiyo - e artists include Hokusai and Hiroshige . Japanese comics , known as manga , developed in the 20th century and have become popular worldwide . Rakuten Kitazawa was first to use the word `` manga '' in the modern sense . Japanese - made video game consoles have been popular since the 1980s . Hirado ware porcelain censers in the form of tiger and figurine with fan , brown and blue glazes 19th - century ukiyo - e woodblock print The Great Wave off Kanagawa Example of Japanese calligraphy ( 書道 shodō ) An anime store in Akihabara , Tokyo Godzilla ( Ishirō Honda , 1954 ) Animation Main articles : Anime and Manga Japanese animated films and television series , known as anime for short , were largely influenced by Japanese manga comic books and have been extensively popular in the West . Japan is a world - renowned powerhouse of animation . Famous anime directors include Hayao Miyazaki , Osamu Tezuka and Isao Takahata . Cinema Main article : Cinema of Japan Japan has one of the oldest and largest film industries in the world ; movies have been produced in Japan since 1897 . Three Japanese films ( Rashomon , Seven Samurai and Tokyo Story ) made the Sight & Sound 's 2002 Critics and Directors Poll for the best films of all time . Ishirō Honda 's Godzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films , as well as the longest - running film franchise in history . The most acclaimed Japanese film directors include Akira Kurosawa , Kenji Mizoguchi , Yasujiro Ozu and Shohei Imamura . Japan has won the Academy Award for the Best Foreign Language Film four times , more than any other Asian country . Music Main article : Music of Japan Masayo Ishigure playing 13 - strings Koto Japanese music is eclectic and diverse . Many instruments , such as the koto , were introduced in the 9th and 10th centuries . The accompanied recitative of the Noh drama dates from the 14th century and the popular folk music , with the guitar - like shamisen , from the sixteenth . Western classical music , introduced in the late 19th century , now forms an integral part of Japanese culture . The imperial court ensemble Gagaku has influenced the work of some modern Western composers . Notable classical composers from Japan include Toru Takemitsu and Rentarō Taki . Popular music in post-war Japan has been heavily influenced by American and European trends , which has led to the evolution of J - pop , or Japanese popular music . Karaoke is the most widely practiced cultural activity in Japan . A 1993 survey by the Cultural Affairs Agency found that more Japanese had sung karaoke that year than had participated in traditional pursuits such as flower arranging ( ikebana ) or tea ceremonies . Literature Main articles : Japanese literature and Japanese poetry 12th - century illustrated handscroll of The Tale of Genji , a National Treasure The earliest works of Japanese literature include the Kojiki and Nihon Shoki chronicles and the Man'yōshū poetry anthology , all from the 8th century and written in Chinese characters . In the early Heian period , the system of phonograms known as kana ( hiragana and katakana ) was developed . The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter is considered the oldest Japanese narrative . An account of Heian court life is given in The Pillow Book by Sei Shōnagon , while The Tale of Genji by Murasaki Shikibu is often described as the world 's first novel . During the Edo period , the chōnin ( `` townspeople '' ) overtook the samurai aristocracy as producers and consumers of literature . The popularity of the works of Saikaku , for example , reveals this change in readership and authorship , while Bashō revivified the poetic tradition of the Kokinshū with his haikai ( haiku ) and wrote the poetic travelogue Oku no Hosomichi . The Meiji era saw the decline of traditional literary forms as Japanese literature integrated Western influences . Natsume Sōseki and Mori Ōgai were the first `` modern '' novelists of Japan , followed by Ryūnosuke Akutagawa , Jun'ichirō Tanizaki , Yukio Mishima and , more recently , Haruki Murakami . Japan has two Nobel Prize - winning authors -- Yasunari Kawabata ( 1968 ) and Kenzaburō Ōe ( 1994 ) . Philosophy Main article : Japanese philosophy Kitaro Nishida , one of the most notable Japanese philosophers Japanese Philosophy has historically been a fusion of both foreign ; particularly Chinese and Western , and uniquely Japanese elements . In its literary forms , Japanese philosophy began about fourteen centuries ago . Archaeological evidence and early historical accounts suggest that Japan was originally an animistic culture , which viewed the world as infused with kami ( 神 ) or sacred presence as taught by Shinto , though it is not a philosophy as such , but has greatly influenced all other philosophies in their Japanese interpretations . Confucianism entered Japan from China around the 5th century A.D. , as did Buddhism . Confucian ideals are still evident today in the Japanese concept of society and the self , and in the organization of the government and the structure of society . Buddhism has profoundly impacted Japanese psychology , metaphysics , and aesthetics . Indigenous ideas of loyalty and honour have been held since the 16th century . Western philosophy has had its major impact in Japan only since the middle of the 19th century . Cuisine Main article : Japanese cuisine Breakfast at a ryokan or inn Maiko preparing teacups for tea ceremony Japanese cuisine is based on combining staple foods , typically Japanese rice or noodles , with a soup and okazu -- dishes made from fish , vegetable , tofu and the like -- to add flavor to the staple food . In the early modern era ingredients such as red meats that had previously not been widely used in Japan were introduced . Japanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on seasonality of food , quality of ingredients and presentation . Japanese cuisine offers a vast array of regional specialties that use traditional recipes and local ingredients . The phrase ichijū - sansai ( 一 汁 三 菜 , `` one soup , three sides '' ) refers to the makeup of a typical meal served , but has roots in classic kaiseki , honzen , and yūsoku cuisine . The term is also used to describe the first course served in standard kaiseki cuisine nowadays . Traditional Japanese sweets are known as wagashi . Ingredients such as red bean paste and mochi are used . More modern - day tastes includes green tea ice cream , a very popular flavor . Almost all manufacturers produce a version of it . Kakigori is a shaved ice dessert flavored with syrup or condensed milk . It is usually sold and eaten at summer festivals . Popular Japanese beverages such as sake , which is a brewed rice beverage that , typically , contains 15 % ~ 17 % alcohol and is made by multiple fermentation of rice . Beer has been brewed in Japan since the late 1800s and is produced in many regions by companies including Asahi Breweries , Kirin Brewery , and Sapporo Brewery -- the oldest brand of beer in Japan . Sushi ( 寿司 ) Ramen ( ラーメン ) Tempura ( 天ぷら ) Wagashi ( 和菓子 ) served with matcha ( 抹茶 ) Holidays Main article : Public holidays in Japan Young ladies celebrate Coming of Age Day ( 成人 の 日 Seijin no Hi ) in Harajuku , Tokyo Officially , Japan has 16 national , government - recognized holidays . Public holidays in Japan are regulated by the Public Holiday Law ( 国民 の 祝日 に関する 法律 Kokumin no Shukujitsu ni Kansuru Hōritsu ) of 1948 . Beginning in 2000 , Japan implemented the Happy Monday System , which moved a number of national holidays to Monday in order to obtain a long weekend . In 2006 , the country decided to add Shōwa Day , a new national holiday , in place of Greenery Day on April 29 , and to move Greenery Day to May 4 . These changes took effect in 2007 . In 2014 , the House of Councillors decided to add Mountain Day ( 山 の 日 , Yama no Hi ) to the Japanese calendar on August 11 , after lobbying by the Japanese Alpine Club . It is intended to coincide with the Bon Festival vacation time , giving Japanese people an opportunity to appreciate Japan 's mountains . The national holidays in Japan are New Year 's Day on January 1 , Coming of Age Day on Second Monday of January , National Foundation Day on February 11 , Vernal Equinox Day on March 20 or 21 , Shōwa Day on April 29 , Constitution Memorial Day on May 3 , Greenery Day on May 4 , Children 's Day on May 5 , Marine Day on Third Monday of July , Mountain Day on August 11 , Respect for the Aged Day on Third Monday of September , Autumnal Equinox on September 23 or 24 , Health and Sports Day on Second Monday of October , Culture Day on November 3 , Labour Thanksgiving Day on November 23 , and The Emperor 's Birthday on December 23 . Festivals Main article : Japanese festivals Popular Japanese festival , Hanami celebration at Ueno Park , Tokyo There are many festivals in Japan , which are called in Japanese as matsuri ( 祭 ) which celebrate annually . There are no specific festival days for all of Japan ; dates vary from area to area , and even within a specific area , but festival days do tend to cluster around traditional holidays such as Setsubun or Obon . Festivals are often based around one event , with food stalls , entertainment , and carnival games to keep people entertained . Its usually sponsored by a local shrine or temple , though they can be secular . Notable festival often feature processions which may include elaborate floats . Preparation for these processions is usually organised at the level of neighborhoods , or machi ( 町 ) . Prior to these , the local kami may be ritually installed in mikoshi and paraded through the streets , such as Gion in Kyoto , and Hadaka in Okayama . Sports Main article : Sport in Japan Sumo wrestlers form around the referee during the ring - entering ceremony National High School Baseball Championship at Koshien Stadium Traditionally , sumo is considered Japan 's national sport . Japanese martial arts such as judo , karate and kendo are also widely practiced and enjoyed by spectators in the country . After the Meiji Restoration , many Western sports were introduced in Japan and began to spread through the education system . Japan hosted the Summer Olympics in Tokyo in 1964 and the Winter Olympics in Sapporo in 1972 and Nagano in 1998 . Further , the country hosted the official 2006 Basketball World Championship . Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics , making Tokyo the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice . The country gained the hosting rights for the official Women 's Volleyball World Championship on five occasions ( 1967 , 1998 , 2006 , 2010 , 2018 ) , more than any other nation . Japan is the most successful Asian Rugby Union country , winning the Asian Five Nations a record 6 times and winning the newly formed IRB Pacific Nations Cup in 2011 . Japan will host the 2019 IRB Rugby World Cup . Baseball is currently the most popular spectator sport in the country . Japan 's top professional league , now known as Nippon Professional Baseball , was established in 1936 and is widely considered to be the highest level of professional baseball in the world outside of the North American Major Leagues . Since the establishment of the Japan Professional Football League in 1992 , association football has also gained a wide following . Japan was a venue of the Intercontinental Cup from 1981 to 2004 and co-hosted the 2002 FIFA World Cup with South Korea . Japan has one of the most successful football teams in Asia , winning the Asian Cup four times . Also , Japan recently won the FIFA Women 's World Cup in 2011 . Golf is also popular in Japan , as are forms of auto racing like the Super GT series and Formula Nippon . The country has produced one NBA player , Yuta Tabuse . Media Main article : Media of Japan Fuji TV headquarters in Tokyo NHK Broadcasting Building in Osaka Television and newspapers take an important role in Japanese mass media , though radio and magazines also take a part . For a long time , newspapers were regarded as the most influential information medium in Japan , although audience attitudes towards television changed with the emergence of commercial news broadcasting in the mid-1980s . Over the last decade , television has clearly come to surpass newspapers as Japan 's main information and entertainment medium . There are 6 nationwide television networks : NHK ( public broadcasting ) , Nippon Television ( NTV ) , Tokyo Broadcasting System ( TBS ) , Fuji Network System ( FNS ) , TV Asahi ( EX ) and TV Tokyo Network ( TXN ) . For the most part , television networks were established based on capital investments by existing radio networks . Variety shows , serial dramas , and news constitute a large percentage of Japanese television show . According to the 2015 NHK survey on television viewing in Japan , 79 percent of Japanese watch television every day . The average daily duration of television viewing was three hours . Japanese readers have a choice of approximately 120 daily newspapers with a total of 50 million copies of set paper with an average subscription rate of 1.13 newspapers per household . The main newspaper 's publishers are Yomiuri Shimbun , Asahi Shimbun , Mainichi Shimbun , Nikkei Shimbun and Sankei Shimbun . According to a survey conducted by the Japanese Newspaper Association in June 1999 , 85.4 per cent of men and 75 per cent of women read a newspaper every day . Average daily reading times vary with 27.7 minutes on weekdays and 31.7 minutes on holidays and Sunday . See also Japan portal Islands portal Asia portal Housing in Japan Index of Japan - related articles Outline of Japan References Jump up ^ `` National Flag and National Anthem '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . The Rising Sun Flag and `` Kimi Ga Yo '' are respectively the national flag and anthem of Japan . This was formalized in 1999 with the Law Regarding the National Flag and National Anthem . Jump up ^ `` Explore Japan National Flag and National Anthem '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` National Symbols '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` History of Tokyo '' . Retrieved January 29 , 2017 . The Edo Period lasted for nearly 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868 , when the Tokugawa Shogunate ended and imperial rule was restored . The Emperor moved to Edo , which was renamed Tokyo . Thus , Tokyo became the capital of Japan ^ Jump up to : 法制 執務 コラム 集 「 法律 と 国語 ・ 日本 語 」 ( in Japanese ) . 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Jump up ^ `` Soccer as a Popular Sport : Putting Down Roots in Japan '' ( PDF ) . The Japan Forum . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Previous FIFA World Cups '' . FIFA . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Team Japan '' . Asian Football Confederation . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Japan edge USA for maiden title '' . FIFA . July 17 , 2011 . Retrieved July 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Varcoe , Fred . `` Japanese Golf Gets Friendly '' . Metropolis . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Len . `` Japanese Omnibus : Sports '' . Metropolis . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2007 . Retrieved April 1 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Hoop Dreams -- Yuta Tabuse , `` The Jordan of Japan '' `` . Consulate General of Japan in New York . December 2004 -- January 2005 . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2010 . Retrieved January 19 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2004 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Australia , Barbara Gatzen , Australian National University , ( April 17 , 2001 ) . `` Media and Communication in Japan : Current Issues and Future Research '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2002 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Television Viewing and Media Use Today : From `` The Japanese and Television 2015 '' Survey NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute , Public Opinion Research Division . April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2002 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Notes Jump up ^ Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society ( 2011 ) edited by Victoria Bestor , Theodore C. Bestor , and Akiko Yamagata , pp. 66 -- 67 ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 43649 - 6 : 無 宗教 mushūkyō , `` no religion '' , in Japanese language and mindset identifies those people who do not belong to organised religion . To the Japanese , the term `` religion '' or `` faith '' means organized religions on the model of Christianity , that is a religion with specific doctrines and requirement for church membership . So , when asked `` what is their religion '' , most of the Japanese answer that they `` do not belong to any religion '' . According to NHK studies , those Japanese who identify with mushūkyō and therefore do not belong to any organised religion , actually take part in the folk ritual dimension of Shinto . Ama Toshimaru in Nihonjin wa naze mushukyo na no ka ( `` Why are the Japanese non-religious ? '' ) of 1996 , explains that people who do not belong to organised religions but regularly pray and make offerings to ancestors and protective deities at private altars or Shinto shrines will identify themselves as mushukyo . Ama designates `` natural religion '' what NHK studies define as `` folk religion '' , and other scholars have named `` Nipponism '' ( Nipponkyō ) or `` common religion '' . Jump up ^ According to the Dentsu survey of 2006 : 1 % Protestants , 0.8 % members of the Catholic Church , and 0.5 % members of the Orthodox Church . Further reading Further information : Bibliography of Japanese history Flath ( 2000 ) . The Japanese Economy . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 877503 - 4 . Henshall ( 2001 ) . A History of Japan . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 23370 - 9 . Iwabuchi ( 2002 ) . Recentering Globalization : Popular Culture and Japanese Transnationalism . Duke University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8223 - 2891 - 9 . Jansen ( 2000 ) . The Making of Modern Japan . Belknap . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 00334 - 7 . Kato ; et al. ( 1997 ) . A History of Japanese Literature : From the Man'Yoshu to Modern Times . Japan Library . ISBN 978 - 1 - 873410 - 48 - 6 . Pilling , David ( 2014 ) . Bending Adversity : Japan and the Art of Survival . London : Allen Lane . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84614 - 546 - 9 . Samuels ( 2008 ) . Securing Japan : Tokyo 's Grand Strategy and the Future of East Asia . Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7490 - 3 . Silverberg ( 2007 ) . Erotic Grotesque Nonsense : The Mass Culture of Japanese Modern Times . University of California Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 22273 - 1 . Sugimoto ; et al. ( 2003 ) . An Introduction to Japanese Society . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 52925 - 9 . Taggart Murphy , R. ( 2014 ) . Japan and the Shackles of the Past . Oxford and New York , NY : Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 984598 - 9 . Varley ( 2000 ) . Japanese Culture . 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where is japan located on the world map

Japan ( Japanese : 日本 ; Nippon ( ɲippoɴ ) or Nihon ( ɲihoɴ ) ; formally 日本 国 Nippon - koku or Nihon - koku , lit . `` State of Japan '' ) is a sovereign island country in East Asia . Located in the Pacific Ocean , it lies off the eastern coast of the Asian mainland and stretches from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and China in the southwest . Coordinates : 35 ° N 136 ° E  /  35 ° N 136 ° E  / 35 ; 136 The kanji that make up Japan 's name mean `` sun origin '' , and it is often called the `` Land of the Rising Sun '' . Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands . The four largest are Honshu , Hokkaido , Kyushu , and Shikoku , which make up about ninety - seven percent of Japan 's land area and often are referred to as home islands . The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions , with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one . The population of 127 million is the world 's tenth largest . Japanese people make up 98.5 % of Japan 's total population . About 9.1 million people live in Tokyo , the capital of Japan .

The End of the F * * * ing World - wikipedia The End of the F * * * ing World The End of the F * * * ing World Title card from the premiere episode Genre Dark comedy Comedy - drama Based on The End of the Fucking World by Charles S. Forsman Written by Charlie Covell Directed by Jonathan Entwistle Lucy Tcherniak Starring Alex Lawther Jessica Barden Gemma Whelan Wunmi Mosaku Steve Oram Christine Bottomley Navin Chowdhry Barry Ward Composer ( s ) Graham Coxon Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series No. of episodes 8 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Ed Macdonald Murray Ferguson Andy Baker Petra Fried Dominic Buchanan Jonathan Entwistle Producer ( s ) Kate Ogborn Cinematography Justin Brown Ben Fordesman Running time 19 -- 22 minutes Production company ( s ) Clerkenwell Films Dominic Buchanan Productions Release Original network Channel 4 All 4 Picture format 1080i ( 16 : 9 HDTV ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) Audio format Stereo 5.1 Original release 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) External links Website The End of the F * * * ing World is a British dark romantic comedy - drama television programme , based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman . The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . It was a co-production with Netflix , who released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . The programme follows James ( Alex Lawther ) , a 17 - year - old who believes himself to be a psychopath , and Alyssa ( Jessica Barden ) , a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life . The show is based on Forsman 's mini-comics The End of the Fucking World , which were collected into a book in 2013 . Series creator Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about making a film , and a short was made in 2014 . Instead , an eight - part serial was commissioned , with filming beginning in April 2017 . It was written by Charlie Covell , and episodes were directed by Entwistle and Lucy Tcherniak . A second series has not been announced , though Entwistle , Covell and Lawther have all commented on the possibility of one . The programme has been met with critical acclaim , and has been praised for its writing , execution and subject matter , as well as for Lawther and Barden 's performances . It was nominated for the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series . Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Guest 3 Episodes 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.2 Filming 4.3 Potential continuation 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath . He kills animals as a hobby , but grows bored of the practice . He decides he wants to try killing a human . He settles on Alyssa , a mouthy , rebellious 17 - year - old classmate with issues of her own . She proposes they run away together , hoping for an adventure away from her turbulent home - life , and James agrees with the intention of finding an opportunity to kill her . They embark on a road trip across England , and begin to develop a relationship after a series of mishaps . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Alex Lawther as James , a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath ; the disturbed love interest of Alyssa . Jack Veal portrays a young James . Jessica Barden as Alyssa , a rebellious teenage girl . Initially James ' intended victim but later his love interest . Holly Beechey portrays a young Alyssa . Gemma Whelan as DC Eunice Noon , Darego 's police partner . Wunmi Mosaku as DC Teri Darego , Noon 's stern police partner . Steve Oram as Phil , James ' caring father . Christine Bottomley as Gwen , Alyssa 's mother . Navin Chowdhry as Tony , Alyssa 's abusive stepfather . Barry Ward as Leslie Foley , Alyssa 's estranged drug - dealing father . Guest ( edit ) Kierston Wareing as Debbie , Leslie 's ex-girlfriend with whom he has a child . Geoff Bell as Martin , a family man and creep who gives Alyssa and James a ride . Alex Sawyer as Topher , a young man Alyssa meets and attempts to engage in sexual activity with . Jonathan Aris as Dr. Clive Koch , an author , professor , serial killer and James ' first human victim . Eileen Davies as Flora , Clive 's mother . Earl Cave as Frodo , a miserable petrol station employee . Felicity Montagu as the manager of the petrol station . Alex Beckett as Jonno , one of Leslie 's buyers . Leon Annor as Emil , an imposing store security guard whom Alyssa is caught by . Matt King as DC Eddie Onslow . Kelly Harrison as James ' dead mother . Zerina Imsirovic as Alyssa 's baby sister . Episodes ( edit ) No . Episode Directed by Written by Original release date Episode 1 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James is a 17 - year - old who believes he is a psychopath , having once intentionally burned his hand in a deep fryer in order to feel something , and has been killing animals since he was 8 years old . At school , he encounters Alyssa , a rebellious new schoolmate and decides that he will kill her next . He gets closer to her by feigning romantic interest and the two start dating . When Alyssa asks James to perform cunnilingus on her the next day , he begins preparing his knife and working out how he will kill her . However she arrives late as she was stuck at a party at her house where her stepfather tells her how it will be better if she just left . After this incident , she reaches James 's home later than planned , and blurts out her desire to leave town with or without him and asks if he is in , wanting him to say yes . Resolving that he could kill her later , he accepts and steals his father Phil 's car and punches him in the face , something he has always wanted to do . Episode 2 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) With their newfound freedom , Alyssa and James go play laser tag but end up having to dine and dash at a restaurant after realising they have spent all their money . After crashing their car , they hitchhike in the van of Martin , a middle - aged man who Alyssa does not take kindly to . While in the toilets of the restaurant they have stopped at for food , Martin follows James and asks about his burnt hand , before smelling it and putting it on his crotch ; James is submissive , despite being disgusted by it . Alyssa sees this and blackmails Martin into giving her his wallet . After booking a hotel room , Alyssa goes to the bathroom and cries , while James waits with his knife by the door , hesitantly . He does not try to kill her . Alyssa calls home and her stepfather Tony answers . He denies her request to speak to her mother , Gwen , implying his dominance over her mother . Alyssa asks James whether he wants her or just goes along with her ; he replies that he wants her . She decides to go see her biological father , Leslie , who she has not seen since she was 8 years old and James agrees to join her . Episode 3 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After leaving the hotel , Alyssa argues against buying train tickets to her father 's house , internally fearing that he will not recognise or welcome her . The duo break into the spacious and empty house of author Clive Koch . Later that day , Alyssa attempts to give James a blowjob but leaves , angrily , when a picture of Koch puts him off . During her walk , Alyssa meets Topher and brings him to the house , vindictively announcing to James that she will have sex with Topher . Distraught , he looks around the house and finds Polaroids and a camcorder with footage of victims , revealing Koch to be a serial rapist . Meanwhile , Alyssa becomes disinterested in Topher and stops before intercourse . Topher leaves angrily . While Alyssa is asleep , James tries to kill her , but he can not because he knows he is falling in love with her . Koch returns home and suspecting a break - in , arms himself ; James hides under the bed . When Koch questions Alyssa upon finding her in bed , she lies and says she is alone . Koch becomes malevolent , attempting to rape her . James stabs him in the neck with a knife , killing Koch , and saving Alyssa . Episode 4 Jonathan Entwistle Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) After unsuccessfully trying to move Koch 's body out of the bedroom , James and Alyssa meticulously clean the house to remove evidence of their stay . James shows Alyssa the Polaroids and footage proving that Koch might have hurt her , and they resolve to leave the evidence by his body . James hides the knife in the pool drain . When she questions him about the knife , he does not answer . Koch 's mother , Flora , arrives at the house and discovers his body ; she destroys the Polaroids but not the footage . The police , led by detective constables Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , investigate and later question Topher where he reveals Alyssa 's and James 's identity and presence at the house . They decide to put out a request for sightings or crimes `` involving two teenagers '' while putting Alyssa and James on the Missing Persons list . Despite James 's attempts , Alyssa becomes distrustful of him and deserts him . He begins to realise the increasing influence of his emotions . Paying a group of teenagers to beat him up , he also realises his growing interest in her . James decides to report a murder to police , coming to the realization that he is not in fact a psychopath . 5 Episode 5 Jonathan Entwistle & Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) At the police station , James changes his mind about reporting Koch 's murder and instead describes his mother 's suicide as the `` murder '' he was referring to . In a flashback , his mother , Vanessa , killed herself in front of him eleven years before by driving her car into a pond . Thinking of Alyssa , James leaves the police station and returns to the cafe . Meanwhile , Phil is questioned by Noon and Darego about James , as well as informed about his car . He also confirms the inclusion of Alyssa . They also question Tony , who is rather nonchalant and self - absorbed , before moving to Gwen about Alyssa . Concurrently , Alyssa is caught by Emil , a security officer , while attempting to shoplift clean underwear , but is eventually let go . She returns to the cafe to find James waiting . Although without money , both reconcile and decide to go to Leslie . Meanwhile , investigators find James 's knife at Koch 's house . 6 Episode 6 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James hotwires a car and the duo begin making their way to Alyssa 's father 's house . They stop at a petrol station after running low on fuel . When Jocelyn , the petrol station manager , begins suspecting that they stole the car and have no money , James fakes carrying a gun to lock her in the toilet with the help of Jocelyn 's co-worker , Frodo . However , when he wants to join , they wait until he is distracted to dash . Noon and Donaghue question Flora again about Clive , this time with years - old accusations of sexual assault against him . She rejects the allegations as lies and insists that the two leave . On their way to Leslie 's , Alyssa calls Gwen and tells her that she will never return home . At the police station , Flora gives Noon the camcorder , having a change of heart . When Noon raises the possibility that the killing was in self - defence , Darego says that this would result in a count of manslaughter instead . After finding Leslie has moved out of his previous home , James and Alyssa eventually make it to his coastside mobile home . 7 Episode 7 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James gives Alyssa and Leslie space while they reconcile with each other . Leslie is revealed to be a drug dealer , as well as a non-conforming individual himself . Meanwhile , Tony , Gwen and Phil are emotionally shaken after being shown CCTV footage of the petrol station robbery . Both Darego and Noon plan for the police to stakeout Leslie 's former residence , assuming that both have not arrived . On the drive to Leslie 's former residence , it becomes clear that Darego 's law - abiding morality and stubbornness are clashing against Noon 's open - minded and sympathetic morals . As Alyssa and Leslie reconnect at a nearby bar , James begins feeling distant to Alyssa . At Leslie 's former residence , Debbie denies seeing the duo or knowing Leslie 's whereabouts to Noon and Darego . She goes to the bar to demand support for their illegitimate son , Milton . When questioned by Alyssa , Leslie takes off in his truck , running over a dog in the process . Although he has killed many animals before , James is unable to euthanise it with a rock ; Alyssa does it instead . Bitter , Debbie reveals to Noon Leslie 's location , later , and she drives there without Darego . Leslie sees a news report about Alyssa and James on the television . 8 Episode 8 Lucy Tcherniak Charlie Covell 24 October 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) James and Alyssa bury the dog at the beach , then passionately and sincerely make out . At dawn , ruminating about their current situation , they decide to take the boat owned by Leslie and leave the country . When they ask Leslie for the boat keys , he reveals to them his knowledge of their crime then secretly calls 999 and tries to induce their confession . James deduces this and confesses while taking the blame upon himself . Noon , listening in , arrives at the scene and tries to convince both to be willingly arrested for manslaughter while Leslie tries to convince Alyssa to let James be arrested instead . Alyssa asks Noon if she were to go with her idea , would James and her still be together . When Noon tells that that would be unlikely , Alyssa knocks her out with Leslie 's shotgun , takes his boat keys and runs to the boat with James , only to find that the tide had gone out . With the police armed response unit closing in , James knocks Alyssa down with the gun in an attempt to take all the blame and runs across the beach . In a voiceover , James claims that he has realized what people mean to each other . A gunshot is heard as the episode then fades to black . Jump up ^ The first episode had a special premiere on Channel 4 alongside its release on All 4 with the rest of the programme . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was based on the work of the same name by Charles Forsman . Originally self - published as a series of mini-comics , the series was published as a graphic novel by Fantagraphics Books in 2013 . It was republished in hardback in 2017 , in anticipation of the television series . While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics , Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format -- the original idea was to make an American film , and later a web series was considered . A film was pitched to Film4 , and Entwistle was given funding for a short . Made in 2014 , it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series . Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer ; Jessica Barden played Alyssa . However , instead of Alex Lawther , James was played by Craig Roberts . Though the short was well - received , no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full - length film . Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films , following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved . Forsman had no official role in the show 's production , wanting to continue working on his comics , though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated . The programme 's plot differs from that of Forsman 's comics . In print , the children kill a satanist serial killer , whose wife was a police officer ; instead the television series features police officers Eunice Noon and Teri Darego , and does not show the serial killer to be a satanist . Another major difference is the ending of the graphic novel : the satanist police officer chases after James , and the two begin to attack each other , while police try to break up the fight . There is then a gunshot . In the final scene , Alyssa 's mother talks about her daughter being safe from James , while Alyssa is seen carving the name `` JAMES '' into her arm . Some critics interpreted this to mean that James was dead , but Forsman sees the ending as ambiguous . Filming ( edit ) The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show 's release in October 2017 . Though filmed in England , the programme has an American tone to it ; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo . Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey , with locations such as Woking , Bracknell and Longcross Studios . Another filming location was Leysdown - on - Sea on the Isle of Sheppey . Entwistle uses mostly close - up shots , particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character . He uses this for deadpan humour , by moving from face to face to get shots of characters ' reactions . The series is set in the present day , but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set `` any time from 1988 to 2006 '' . Additionally , diners have a 1970s - style design , and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s , 60s and 70s , along with original music from Graham Coxon , the founding member of Blur . Entwistle describes Coxon 's scores as `` guitar - based suburban noir '' , and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers . Potential continuation ( edit ) The first series covered the entirety of the storyline in Forsman 's original comics . On 25 January 2018 , Jonathan Entwistle spoke of the potential for a second series . He confirmed that `` We 're exploring and we 're seeing what we can do to expand the world and see where we get to . '' Entwistle then went on to say that Netflix was enthusiastic about a second series of the show if one could be conceived . Writer Charlie Covell said `` I think there are a number of stories we could tell '' and that she would `` love to write more '' . Actor Alex Lawther stated in an interview that he would be `` very excited '' for a second series , as it would give Covell `` a chance to explore something from her imagination '' . Release ( edit ) The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . The End of the F * * * ing World was a co-production with Netflix who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . On that weekend , sales of the graphic novel rose considerably , with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The End of the F * * * ing World ' currently holds an approval rating of 98 % on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 41 reviews , with an average rating of 8.21 / 10 . The site 's consensus states , `` Misanthropy and humor blend perfectly in this romantically nihilistic show that proves that falling in love can feel like The End of the F * * * ing World . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 81 out of 100 , based on 11 critics , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Reviewer Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter lauded the programme 's writing , characters , and soundtrack , as well as praising the performances of Alex Lawther and Jessica Barden , calling it a `` pitch - black , eight - episode comedy gem of a U.K. import . '' Kelly Lawler of USA Today called it `` batty fun , '' also praising Lawther and Barden 's performances while praising the programme 's surreal concept and execution . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Bafta TV Awards 2018 '' . BAFTA . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` E4 and Netflix cast Black Mirror 's Alex Lawther in dark teen thriller The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Digital Spy. 24 September 2016 . Retrieved 24 September 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The End of the F * * * ing World press pack '' . Channel 4 . 11 October 2017 . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of The F * * * ing World -- Reprinted ! '' . Fantagraphics Books . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Steven , Rachael ( 6 November 2017 ) . `` Making The End of the F * * * ing World '' . Creative Review . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` It 's the End Of The F * * * ing World for E4 '' . Chortle. 24 April 2017 . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lockett , Dee ( 12 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World Star Jessica Barden on Paying Homage to the Pulp Fiction Dance '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ McCreesh , Louise ( 8 January 2018 ) . `` Did you know that The End of the F * * * ing World on Netflix is based on a short film ? '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Riesman , Abraham ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World 's Charles Forsman on His Indie Comic Turning Into a Netflix Hit '' . Vulture . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sandwell , Ian ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World had a darker alternate ending in the original comic '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Kent Film Office . `` Kent Film Office The End of the F * * * ing World Article '' . ^ Jump up to : Houghton , Rianne ( 11 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * ing World season 2 IS possible , says star Alex Lawther '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch , Haleigh ( 20 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' Creator on Season 2 Conversations and Expanding the Story '' . Collider . Retrieved 13 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Miller , Julie ( 26 January 2018 ) . `` The End of the F * * * king World 's Alyssa May Be the Best Teen Heroine of 2018 '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Joest , Mick ( 2 January 2018 ) . `` The End Of The F * * * ing World Trailer : First Look At Netflix 's New Dark Comedy '' . CinemaBlend . Retrieved 15 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * ing World : Series 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 22 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The End of the F * * * ing World '' , Metacritic , retrieved 6 January 2018 Jump up ^ Lynch , John ( 9 January 2018 ) . `` Critics are in love with a new Netflix show that its CEO calls the ' most engaging addictive original ' in a long time '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 9 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( 5 January 2018 ) . `` ' The End of the F * * * ing World ' review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Lawler , Kelly ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` Review : Why Netflix 's ' The End of the ... World ' is batty fun '' . USA Today . Retrieved 5 January 2018 . 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who plays james on the end of the world

The End of the F * * * ing World is a British dark romantic comedy - drama television programme , based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman . The eight - part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017 , after which all eight episodes were released on All 4 . It was a co-production with Netflix , who released it internationally on 5 January 2018 . The programme follows James ( Alex Lawther ) , a 17 - year - old who believes himself to be a psychopath , and Alyssa ( Jessica Barden ) , a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life .

Michigan Wolverines football - wikipedia Michigan Wolverines football Jump to : navigation , search Michigan Wolverines football 2017 Michigan Wolverines football team First season 1879 ( 1879 ) Athletic director Warde Manuel Head coach Jim Harbaugh 3rd season , 28 -- 10 (. 737 ) Stadium Michigan Stadium ( Capacity : 107,601 ) Year built 1927 Field surface FieldTurf Location Ann Arbor , Michigan NCAA division Division I FBS Conference Big Ten Conference Division East All - time record 943 -- 338 -- 36 (. 730 ) Bowl record 21 -- 24 (. 467 ) Claimed nat'l titles 11 ( 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1932 , 1933 , 1947 , 1948 , 1997 ) Unclaimed nat'l titles 5 Conference titles 42 Rivalries Michigan State Spartans ( rivalry ) Minnesota Golden Gophers ( rivalry ) Notre Dame Fighting Irish ( rivalry ) Ohio State Buckeyes ( rivalry ) Heisman winners Consensus All - Americans 82 Current uniform Colors Maize and Blue Fight song `` The Victors '' Marching band Michigan Marching Band Outfitter Nike / Jordan Brand Website MGoBlue.com The Michigan Wolverines football program represents the University of Michigan in college football at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( formerly Division I-A ) level . Michigan has the most all - time wins in college football history and the highest winning percentage among FBS teams . The team is known for its distinctive winged helmet , its fight song , its record - breaking attendance figures at Michigan Stadium , and its many rivalries , particularly its annual , regular - season - ending game against Ohio State , once voted as ESPN 's best sports rivalry . Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879 . The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896 , and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916 , have been members since . Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles , and , since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 , has finished in the top 10 a total of 38 times . The Wolverines claim 11 national championships , most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll . From 1900 to 1989 , Michigan was led by a series of nine head coaches , each of whom has been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame either as a player or as a coach . Fielding H. Yost became Michigan 's head coach in 1901 and guided his `` Point - a-Minute '' squads to a streak of 56 games without a defeat , spanning from his arrival until the season finale in 1905 , including a victory in the 1902 Rose Bowl , the first college football bowl game ever played . Fritz Crisler brought his winged helmet from Princeton University in 1938 and led the 1947 Wolverines to a national title and Michigan 's second Rose Bowl win . Bo Schembechler coached the team for 21 seasons ( 1969 -- 1989 ) in which he won 13 Big Ten titles and 194 games , a program record . The first decade of his tenure was underscored by a fierce competition with his former mentor , Woody Hayes , whose Ohio State Buckeyes squared off against Schembechler 's Wolverines in a stretch of the Michigan -- Ohio State rivalry dubbed the `` Ten - Year War '' . Following Schembechler 's retirement , the program was coached by two of his former assistants , Gary Moeller and then Lloyd Carr , who maintained the program 's overall success over the next 18 years . However , the program 's fortunes declined under the next two coaches , Rich Rodriguez and Brady Hoke , who were both fired after relatively short tenures . Following Hoke 's dismissal , Michigan hired Jim Harbaugh on December 30 , 2014 . Harbaugh is a former quarterback of the team , having played for Michigan between 1982 and 1986 under Schembechler . The Michigan Wolverines have featured 81 players that have garnered consensus selection to the College Football All - America Team . Three Wolverines have won the Heisman Trophy : Tom Harmon in 1940 , Desmond Howard in 1991 , and Charles Woodson in 1997 . Gerald Ford , who later became the 38th President of the United States , started at center and was voted most valuable player by his teammates on the 1934 team . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early history ( 1879 -- 1900 ) 1.2 Fielding Yost ( 1901 -- 1926 ) 1.3 Elton Wieman ( 1927 -- 1928 ) 1.4 Harry Kipke ( 1929 -- 1937 ) 1.5 Fritz Crisler ( 1938 -- 1947 ) 1.6 Bennie Oosterbaan ( 1948 -- 1958 ) 1.7 Bump Elliott ( 1959 -- 1968 ) 1.8 Bo Schembechler ( 1969 -- 1989 ) 1.9 Gary Moeller ( 1990 -- 1994 ) 1.10 Lloyd Carr ( 1995 -- 2007 ) 1.11 Rich Rodriguez ( 2008 -- 2010 ) 1.12 Brady Hoke ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 1.13 Jim Harbaugh ( 2015 -- present ) 2 Home venues 2.1 Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) 2.2 Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) 2.3 Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) 2.4 Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) 3 Rivalries 3.1 Ohio State 3.2 Michigan State 3.3 Minnesota 3.4 Notre Dame 4 Program records and achievements 4.1 Team records 4.2 Attendance and television 4.3 National championships 4.4 Other undefeated seasons 4.5 Conference championships 4.6 Bowl games 4.6. 1 Bowl record by game 5 Head coaching history 6 Individual awards and honors 6.1 National award winners 6.1. 1 Players 6.1. 2 Coaches 6.2 Heisman Trophy voting 6.3 All - Americans 6.4 Team and conference MVP 6.5 Big Ten Conference honors 6.6 Retired numbers 6.7 Hall of Fame 6.7. 1 College 6.7. 2 Professional 6.7. 3 Rose Bowl 7 Individual program records 7.1 Rushing records 7.2 Passing records 7.3 Receiving records 7.4 Kickoff return records 7.5 Punt return records 8 Alumni currently in the NFL 9 Future non-conference opponents 10 Related books 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) See also : List of Michigan Wolverines football seasons Early history ( 1879 -- 1900 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the early years The 1898 Michigan Wolverines , the first Michigan squad to win a conference title . On May 30 , 1879 , Michigan played its first intercollegiate football game against Racine College at White Stocking Park in Chicago . The Chicago Tribune called it `` the first rugby - football game to be played west of the Alleghenies . '' Midway through `` the first ' inning ' , '' Irving Kane Pond scored the first touchdown for Michigan . According to Will Perry 's history of Michigan football , the crowd responded to Pond 's plays with cheers of `` Pond Forever . '' In 1881 , Michigan played against Harvard in Boston . The game that marked the birth of inter-sectional football . On their way to a game in Chicago in 1887 , Michigan players stopped in South Bend , Indiana and introduced football to students at the University of Notre Dame . A November 23 contest marked the inception of the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football program and the beginning of the Michigan -- Notre Dame rivalry . In 1894 , Michigan defeated Cornell , which was the `` first time in collegiate football history that a western school defeated an established power from the east . '' In 1896 , the Intercollegiate Conference of Faculty Representatives -- then commonly known as the Western Conference and later as the Big Ten Conference -- was formed by the University of Michigan , the University of Chicago , the University of Illinois , the University of Minnesota , the University of Wisconsin , Northwestern University , and Purdue University . The first Western Conference football season was played in 1896 , with Michigan going 9 -- 1 , but losing out on the inaugural Western Conference title with a loss to the Chicago Maroons to end the season . By 1898 Amos Alonzo Stagg was fast at work at turning the University of Chicago football program into a powerhouse . Before the final game of the 1898 season , Chicago was 9 -- 1 -- 1 and Michigan was 9 -- 0 ; a game between the two teams in Chicago decided the third Western Conference championship . Michigan won , 12 -- 11 , capturing the program 's first conference championship in a game that inspired `` The Victors '' , which later became the school 's fight song . Michigan went 8 -- 2 and 7 -- 2 -- 1 in 1899 and 1900 , results that were considered unsatisfactory relative to the 10 -- 0 season of 1898 . Fielding Yost ( 1901 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Yost era Fielding Yost in 1902 . After the 1900 season , Charles A. Baird , Michigan 's first athletic director , wrote to Fielding H. Yost , `` Our people are greatly roused up over the defeats of the past two years '' , and gave Yost an offer to come to Michigan to coach the football team . Upon arriving at Michigan , Yost famously ran up State Street and proclaimed to a reporter , `` Michigan is n't going to lose a game . '' Yost certainly delivered , with the 1901 Michigan team demolishing its opponents . In the first season under head coach Yost , a lopsided victory over Buffalo drew national attention and marked the arrival of Yost 's `` Point - a-Minute '' teams . The Buffalo team beat Ivy League power Columbia earlier in the year and was favored over a Michigan team the Buffalo newspapers had dubbed `` Woolly Westerners . '' Michigan scored 22 touchdowns in 38 minutes of play , averaging a touchdown every one minute and 43 seconds . Buffalo quit 15 minutes before the game was scheduled to end . The New York Times reported that Michigan 's margin of victory was `` one of the most remarkable ever made in the history of football in the important colleges . '' At the end of the season , Michigan participated in the inaugural Rose Bowl , the first bowl game in American football history . Michigan dominated the game so thoroughly that Stanford 's captain requested the game be called with eight minutes remaining . Neil Snow scored five touchdowns in the game , which is still the all - time Rose Bowl record . The Tournament of Roses Association held chariot races and other events in lieu of a football game for the next 15 years . The next year , 1902 , featured a contest between Michigan and the Wisconsin Badgers . The two teams were undefeated since 1900 , and the crowd ( 20,000 -- 22,000 ) was the largest in western football history . Michigan won , 6 -- 0 , leading the Detroit Free Press to call it `` the greatest football game ever played on a western gridiron . '' The undefeated 1902 team outscored its opponents 644 to 12 on its way to an 11 -- 0 season . In 1903 , Michigan played a game against Minnesota that started the rivalry for the Little Brown Jug , the oldest rivalry trophy in college football . Yost sent a student assistant to purchase a five - gallon water jug from a local store . After the game ended in a tie , Yost forgot the jug in the locker room . Custodian Oscar Munson discovered it and brought it to L.J. Cooke , who painted the jug brown and wrote `` Michigan Jug -- Captured by Oscar , October 31 , 1903 . Michigan 6 , Minnesota 6 . '' When Yost requested that the jug be returned , Cooke responded that `` if you want it , you 'll have to win it . '' The game marked the only time from 1901 to 1904 that Michigan failed to win . Michigan finished the season at 11 -- 0 -- 1 . In 1904 , Michigan once again went undefeated at 10 -- 0 while recording the most lopsided defeat in college football history , a 130 -- 0 defeat of the West Virginia Mountaineers . Formal dedication of Michigan Stadium on October 22 , 1927 in a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes . From 1901 through 1904 , Michigan did n't lose a single game . The streak was finally halted at the end of the 1905 season by Amos Alonzo Stagg 's Chicago Maroons , a team that went on to win two Big 9 ( as the Western Conference was now being called with the addition of Iowa and Indiana ) titles in the next three years . The game , dubbed `` The First Greatest Game of the Century , '' broke Michigan 's 56 - game unbeaten streak and marked the end of the `` Point - a-Minute '' years . The 1905 Michigan team had outscored opponents 495 -- 0 in its first 12 games . The game was lost in the final ten minutes of play when Denny Clark was tackled for a safety as he attempted to return a punt from behind the goal line . Michigan tied for another Big 9 title in 1906 before opting to go independent for the 1907 season . The independent years were not as kind to Yost as his years in the Big 9 . Michigan suffered one loss in 1907 . In 1908 , Michigan got battered by Penn ( a team that went 11 -- 0 -- 1 that year ) in a game in which Michigan center Germany Schulz took such a battering as to have to be dragged off the field . In 1909 , Michigan suffered its first loss to Notre Dame , leading Yost to refuse to schedule another game against Notre Dame ; the schools did not play again until 1942 . In 1910 , Michigan played their only undefeated season of the independent years , going 3 -- 0 -- 3 . Overall from 1907 to 1916 , Michigan lost at least one game every year ( with the exception of 1910 ) . Benny Friedman in 1929 . Michigan rejoined the Big 9 in 1917 , after which it was called the Big Ten . Yost immediately got back to work . In 1918 , Michigan played the first game against Stagg 's Chicago Maroons since Chicago ended Michigan 's winning streak in 1905 . Michigan defeated the Maroons , 18 -- 0 , on the way to a 5 -- 0 record . The next three years were lean , with Michigan going 3 -- 4 , 5 -- 2 , and 5 -- 1 -- 1 , in 1919 , 1920 , and 1921 . However , in 1922 Michigan managed to spoil the `` Dedication Day '' for Ohio Stadium , defeating the Buckeyes 19 -- 0 . Legend has it that the rotunda at Ohio Stadium is painted with maize flowers on a blue background due to the outcome of the 1922 dedication game . Michigan went 5 -- 0 -- 1 in 1922 , capturing a Big Ten title . In 1923 , Michigan went 8 -- 0 , winning another conference championship . The 1924 Wolverines , coached by George Little , saw their 20 - game unbeaten streak end at the hands of Red Grange . After the 1924 season , Little left Michigan to accept the head coach and athletic director positions at Wisconsin , returning athletic director Yost to the head coaching position . Although the 1925 and 1926 seasons did not include a conference title , they were memorable due to the presence of the famous `` Benny - to - Bennie '' combination , a reference to Benny Friedman and Bennie Oosterbaan . The two helped popularize passing the ball in an era when running held dominance . Oosterbaan became a three - time All - American and was selected for the All - Time All - American team in 1951 , while Friedman went on to have a Hall of Fame NFL career . Also during 1926 , Michigan was retroactively awarded national titles for the 1901 and 1902 seasons via the Houlgate System , the first national titles awarded to the program . Other major selectors later retroactively awarded Michigan with titles in the 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , 1923 , 1925 , and 1926 seasons . Michigan currently claims titles in the 1901 , 1902 , 1903 , 1904 , 1918 , and 1923 seasons . Yost stepped aside in 1926 to focus on being Michigan 's athletic director , a post he had held since 1921 , thus ending the greatest period of success in the history of Michigan football . Under Yost , Michigan posted a 165 -- 29 -- 10 record , winning ten conference championships and six national championships . One of his main actions as athletic director was to oversee the construction of Michigan Stadium . Michigan began playing football games in Michigan Stadium in the fall of 1927 . At the time Michigan Stadium had a capacity of 72,000 , although Yost envisioned eventually expanding the stadium to a capacity well beyond 100,000 . Michigan Stadium was formally dedicated during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes that season to the tune of a 21 -- 0 victory . Elton Wieman ( 1927 -- 1928 ) ( edit ) Elton Wieman became Michigan 's head coach in 1927 . That year , Michigan posted a modest 6 -- 2 record . However , the team ended 1928 with a losing 3 -- 4 -- 1 record and Wieman was fired . Harry Kipke ( 1929 -- 1937 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Kipke years In 1929 , Harry Kipke , a former player under Yost , took over as head coach . From 1930 to 1933 , Kipke returned Michigan to prominence . During that stretch , Michigan won the Big Ten title every year and the national championship in 1932 and 1933 . During this span Kipke 's teams only lost one game , to Ohio State . After 1933 , Kipke 's teams fell off the map , going 12 -- 22 from 1934 to 1937 . The 1934 Michigan team only won one game , against Georgia Tech in a controversial contest . Georgia Tech coach and athletic director W.A. `` Bill '' Alexander refused to allow his team to take the field if Willis Ward , an African - American player for Michigan , stepped on the field . Michigan conceded , and the incident reportedly caused Michigan player Gerald R. Ford to consider quitting the team . Needless to say , four years without success had become unacceptable at Michigan , and Yost began work on hiring another head coach . Overall , Kipke posted a 49 -- 26 -- 4 record at Michigan , winning four conference championships and two national championships . Fritz Crisler ( 1938 -- 1947 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Crisler years In 1938 , Michigan hired Fritz Crisler as Kipke 's successor . Crisler had been head coach of the Princeton Tigers and reportedly was n't excited to leave Princeton . Michigan invited him to name his price , and Crisler demanded what he thought would be unacceptable : the position of athletic director when Yost stepped down and the highest salary in college football . Michigan accepted , and Crisler became the new head coach of the Michigan football program . Fritz Crisler in 1948 . Upon arriving at Michigan , Crisler introduced the winged football helmet , ostensibly to help his players find the receivers down field . Whatever the reasoning , the winged helmet has since become one of the iconic marks of Michigan football . Michigan debuted the winged helmet in a game against Michigan State in 1938 . Two years later in 1940 , Tom Harmon led the Wolverines to a 7 -- 1 record on his way to winning the Heisman Trophy . Harmon ended the season by scoring three rushing touchdowns , two passing touchdowns , four extra points , intercepting three passes , and punting three times for an average of 50 yards in a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes . The 1943 season included a No. 1 ( Notre Dame ) vs. No. 2 ( Michigan ) match - up against Notre Dame , a game the Wolverines lost 35 -- 12 . Michigan ended the season at 8 -- 1 , winning Crisler 's first Big Ten championship . Crisler had reversed the misfortune of the end of the Kipke era and returned Michigan to one and two - loss seasons . From 1938 to 1944 , Michigan posted a 48 -- 11 -- 2 record , although the period lacked a national title and only contained one conference title . Yet , Crisler 's biggest mark on the game of football was made in 1945 , when Michigan faced a loaded Army squad that featured two Heisman trophy winners , Doc Blanchard and Glenn Davis . Crisler did n't feel that his Michigan team could match up with Army , so he opted to take advantage of a 1941 NCAA rule that allowed players to enter or leave at any point during the game . Crisler divided his team into `` offensive '' and `` defensive '' specialists , an act that earned him the nickname `` the father of two - platoon football . '' Michigan still lost the game with Army 28 -- 7 , but Crisler 's use of two - platoon football shaped the way the game was played in the future . Eventually , Crisler 's use of the platoon system propelled his team to a conference championship and a national title in 1947 , his final season . The 1947 team , nicknamed the `` Mad Magicians '' due to their use of two - platoon football , capped their season with a 49 -- 0 victory over the USC Trojans in the 1948 Rose Bowl . Crisler finished with a 116 -- 32 -- 9 record at Michigan , winning two conference titles and one national title . Bennie Oosterbaan ( 1948 -- 1958 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Oosterbaan years Crisler continued as athletic director while Bennie Oosterbaan , the same Bennie that had electrified the world while making connections with Benny Friedman 20 years earlier , took over the football program . Things started off well for Oosterbaan in 1948 with the Wolverines earning a quality mid-season victory over # 3 Northwestern . Michigan finished the season undefeated at 9 -- 0 , thus winning another national championship . Initially , Oosterbaan continued Crisler 's tradition of on - field success , winning conference titles each year from 1948 to 1950 and the national title in 1948 . The 1950 season ended in interesting fashion , with Michigan and Ohio State combining for 45 punts in a game that came to be known as the `` Snow Bowl . '' Michigan won the game 9 -- 3 , winning the Big Ten conference and sending the Wolverines off to the 1951 Rose Bowl . Subsequently , Michigan 's football team began to decline under Oosterbaan . From 1951 to 1958 , Michigan compiled a record of 42 -- 26 -- 2 , a far cry from the success under Crisler and Yost . Perhaps more importantly , Oosterbaan posted a 2 -- 5 -- 1 record against Michigan State and a 3 -- 5 record against Ohio State over the same time period . Under mounting pressure , Oosterbaan stepped down after 1958 . Bump Elliott ( 1959 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) Main article : History of Michigan Wolverines football in the Elliott years In place of Oosterbaan stepped Bump Elliott , a former Michigan player of Crisler 's . Elliott continued many of the struggles that began under Oosterbaan , posting a 51 -- 42 -- 2 record from 1959 through 1968 ( including a 2 -- 7 -- 1 record against Michigan State and a 3 -- 7 record against Ohio State ) . Michigan 's only Big Ten title under Elliott came in 1964 , a season that included a win over Oregon State in the 1965 Rose Bowl . Following a 50 - 14 drubbing at the hands of Ohio State in 1968 , Elliott resigned , opening the way for Michigan athletic director Don Canham to hire Bo Schembechler . Bo Schembechler ( 1969 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) Bo Schembechler in 1975 . It took 15 minutes for Don Canham to be sold on Bo Schembechler , resulting in Schembechler becoming the 15th coach in Michigan football history . At the time , Schembechler 's current employer , the Miami RedHawks , could have thrown more money at Schembechler , but Canham managed to sell Schembechler on Michigan 's tradition and prestige . Schembechler 's respect for Michigan was evident early on when assistants complained about how the equipment they had was worse than what they had to work with at Miami . Schembechler gestured to a rusty chair and said , `` See this chair ? Fielding Yost sat in this chair . See this nail ? Fielding Yost hung his hat on that nail . And you 're telling me we had better stuff at Miami ? No men , we did n't . We have tradition here , Michigan tradition , and that 's something no one else has ! '' Schembechler immediately got to work in turning around his team . He had a reputation for being hard on his players , causing 65 of his 140 players to quit the team before the season even started . In response , Schembechler promised his team `` Those Who Stay Will be Champions '' , assuring the players that remained that their efforts would be rewarded . Schembechler 's first team got off to a moderate start , losing to rival Michigan State and entering the Ohio State game with a 7 -- 2 record . Ohio State , coached by icon Woody Hayes , entered the game at 8 -- 0 and poised to repeat as national champions . The 1969 Ohio State team was hailed by some as being the `` greatest college football team ever assembled '' and came into the game favored by 17 points over Michigan . Michigan shocked the Buckeyes , winning 24 -- 12 , going to the Rose Bowl , and launching The Ten Year War between Hayes and Schembechler . From 1969 to 1978 , one of either Ohio State or Michigan won at least a share of the Big Ten title and represented the Big Ten in the Rose Bowl every season . In 1970 Schembechler failed to repeat on the magic of 1969 , that year losing to Ohio State 20 -- 9 and finishing at 9 -- 1 . However , in 1971 , Schembechler led Michigan to an undefeated regular season , only to lose to the Stanford Indians in the Rose Bowl to finish at 11 -- 1 and miss out on a chance at a national championship . From 1972 to 1975 , Michigan failed to win a game against Ohio State ( powered by phenom running back Archie Griffin ) , finishing at 10 -- 1 , 10 -- 0 -- 1 , 10 -- 1 , and 8 -- 2 -- 2 . However , Michigan did tie Ohio State in 1973 , only missing out on the Rose Bowl due to a controversial vote that sent Ohio State to the Rose Bowl and left Michigan at home . Another notable event occurred during the 1975 season , with the first of Michigan 's record streak of games with more than 100,000 people in attendance occurring during a game against the Purdue Boilermakers . Rick Leach , who played quarterback for Michigan from 1975 through 1978 . From 1976 to 1978 , Michigan asserted its own dominance of the rivalry , beating Ohio State , going to the Rose Bowl , and posting a 10 -- 2 record every year . After the 1978 season , Woody Hayes was fired for punching an opposing player during the 1978 Gator Bowl , thus ending The Ten Year War . Michigan had a slight edge in the war , with Schembechler going 5 -- 4 -- 1 against Hayes . However , while Schembechler successfully placed great emphasis on the rivalry , Michigan 's bowl performances were sub-par . Michigan failed to win their last game of the season every year during The Ten Year War . The only year in which Michigan did n't lose its last game of the season was the 1973 tie against Ohio State . After the end of the Ten Year War , Michigan 's regular season performance declined , but their post season performance improved . The 1979 season included a memorable game against Indiana that ended with a touchdown pass from John Wangler to Anthony Carter with six seconds left in the game . The play was made famous by Bob Ufer 's emotional radio narration : `` Under center is Wangler at the 45 , he goes back . He 's looking for a receiver . He throws downfield to Carter . Carter has it . ( unintelligible screaming ) Carter scores ... I have never seen anything like this in all my 40 years of covering Michigan football ... I hope you can hear me -- because I 've never been so happy in all my cotton - picking 59 years ! ... Johnny Wangler to Anthony Carter will be heard until another 100 years of Michigan football is played ! ... Meeeshigan wins , 27 to 21 . They are n't even going to try the extra point . Who cares ? Who gives a damn ? '' . Michigan went 8 -- 4 on the season , losing to North Carolina in the 1979 Gator Bowl . In 1980 , Michigan went 10 -- 2 and got their first win in the Rose Bowl under Schembechler , a 23 -- 6 win over Washington . Michigan went 9 -- 3 in 1981 to get Schembechler 's second bowl win in the 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl . In 1982 , Michigan won the Big Ten championship while being led by three - time All - American wide receiver Anthony Carter . Michigan fell to UCLA Bruins in the 1983 Rose Bowl . Without Anthony Carter , the Wolverines did not win the Big Ten title in 1983 , going 9 -- 3 . In 1984 , the Wolverines suffered their worst season under Schembechler , going 6 -- 6 with a loss to national champion BYU in the 1984 Holiday Bowl . Michigan needed to reverse its fortunes in 1985 , and they began doing so with new quarterback Jim Harbaugh . Harbaugh led the Wolverines to a 5 -- 0 record , propelling them to a No. 2 ranking heading into a game with the # 1 Iowa Hawkeyes . Michigan lost 12 -- 10 , but did not lose another game the rest of the season to finish at 10 -- 1 -- 1 with a victory over Tom Osborne 's Nebraska Cornhuskers in the 1986 Fiesta Bowl . In 1986 Michigan won the Big Ten at 11 -- 2 , suffering a loss to the Arizona State Sun Devils in the 1987 Rose Bowl . The departure of Harbaugh after 1986 once again left Michigan on tough times as Schembechler 's team stumbled to an 8 -- 4 record in 1987 . However , Michigan bounced back again in 1988 and 1989 , winning the Big Ten title outright both years at 9 -- 2 -- 1 and 10 -- 2 with trips to Rose Bowl . From 1981 through 1989 , Michigan went 80 -- 27 -- 2 , winning four Big Ten titles and going to a bowl game every year ( with another Rose Bowl win obtained against USC Trojans after the 1988 season ) . Bo Schembechler retired after the 1989 season , handing the job over to his offensive coordinator Gary Moeller . Under Schembechler , Michigan posted a 194 -- 48 -- 5 record ( 11 -- 9 -- 1 against Ohio State ) , and won 13 Big Ten championships . Gary Moeller ( 1990 -- 1994 ) ( edit ) 1991 Heisman winner Desmond Howard Gary Moeller took over from Schembechler for the 1990 season , becoming the 16th head coach in Michigan football history . Moeller inherited a talented squad that had just played in the 1990 Rose Bowl , including wide receiver Desmond Howard . Moeller led Michigan to a 9 -- 3 record in his first season , tying for the Big Ten championship but losing out on a Rose Bowl bid to Iowa . The next two years , Moeller 's teams won the conference outright , setting marks of 10 -- 2 and 9 -- 0 -- 3 . In 1991 , Desmond Howard had a memorable season that propelled him to win the Heisman Trophy , the award given to college football 's most outstanding player . The 1992 team , led by quarterback Elvis Grbac , posted a 9 -- 0 -- 3 record , defeating Washington in the 1993 Rose Bowl . Moeller led Michigan to 8 -- 4 records in both 1993 and 1994 . The 1994 season was marked by an early - season loss to Colorado that included a Hail Mary pass from Kordell Stewart to Michael Westbrook to end the game , leading to the game being dubbed `` The Miracle at Michigan . '' After the 1994 season , Moeller was found intoxicated at a Southfield , MI restaurant in an incident in which Moeller was caught on tape throwing a punch in a police station , which resulted in his firing . Lloyd Carr in 2013 Lloyd Carr ( 1995 -- 2007 ) ( edit ) Michigan 's athletic director appointed Lloyd Carr as interim head coach for the 1995 season . Carr became the permanent head coach after an 8 -- 2 start and Michigan finished his first season at 9 -- 4 . Carr had similar success in his second season , going 8 -- 4 and earning a trip to the 1997 Outback Bowl. Carr returned a strong squad for the 1997 season , led by cornerback and punt returner Charles Woodson . Michigan went undefeated in 1997 , with the defense smothering opponents ; the only team to score more than 16 points on Michigan that year were the Iowa Hawkeyes . Overall , the Michigan defense only allowed 9.5 points per game and ended the season ranked No. 1 in the AP Poll , giving Michigan its first national championship since 1948 with a victory in the 1998 Rose Bowl . For his efforts , Woodson won the Heisman Trophy and was selected 4th overall in the 1998 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders . During this era under Carr , Michigan began to establish for itself a reputation as a quarterback school , with future NFL quarterbacks such as Brian Griese ( 1993 -- 1997 ) , Tom Brady ( 1996 -- 1999 ) , Drew Henson ( 1998 -- 2000 ) , John Navarre ( 1999 -- 2003 ) , and Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) all playing for Michigan . With this string of quarterbacks , Michigan had a starting quarterback that later joined the NFL every year from 1993 through 2007 . Under Tom Brady , Michigan went 10 -- 3 and repeated as Big Ten champions in 1998 , but in 1999 Michigan lost out on the conference championship at 10 -- 2 to a Wisconsin Badgers team led by Ron Dayne . Drew Henson led Michigan to a 9 -- 3 record and a tie for the Big Ten championship in 2000 . During Lloyd Carr 's first six years , he had compiled an excellent record of 5 -- 1 against the Ohio State Buckeyes . Ohio State 's coach , John Cooper , had compiled a 2 -- 10 -- 1 record against Schembechler , Moeller , and Carr . On top of that , Ohio State had entered the game against Michigan undefeated with national championship aspirations on three of those occasions ( 1993 , 1995 , and 1996 ) . This , combined with Cooper 's 3 -- 8 bowl record led to his firing after the 2000 season and replacement by Jim Tressel . Tressel immediately ushered in a new era in the Ohio State - Michigan rivalry , upsetting the Wolverines 26 -- 20 in 2001 , his first season at the helm . This came on the heels of another last - second loss in which Michigan State defeated Michigan with a pass in the last second of the game in a controversial finish that led to the game being referred to as `` Clockgate . '' Despite these setbacks , Michigan 's 2001 squad , led by John Navarre , went 8 -- 4 with an appearance in the 2002 Florida Citrus Bowl . Again under Navarre in 2002 , Michigan compiled a 10 -- 3 record , but included another loss to Ohio State , who went on to win the national championship . Carr got over the hump against Tressel in 2003 as John Navarre and Doak Walker Award - winning running back Chris Perry led the Wolverines to a 10 -- 3 record , a Big Ten championship , and an appearance in the 2004 Rose Bowl . 1997 Heisman winner Charles Woodson 2006 Michigan Wolverines huddle during a game against the Central Michigan Chippewas . For the 2004 season , Carr turned to highly rated recruit Chad Henne to lead the Wolverines at quarterback . Michigan went 9 -- 3 to tie for another Big Ten championship and earn a trip to the 2005 Rose Bowl , but the season again included a loss to Ohio State , who only went 8 -- 4 on the season . Carr , who had started off with a stellar record against Cooper 's Ohio State , seemed to have much more trouble beating Tressel 's version of the Buckeyes . In addition , Michigan was beginning to have a reputation for struggling with the spread offense , with teams such as the Purdue Boilermakers led by Drew Brees in 2000 , the Oregon Ducks in 2003 , and the Texas Longhorns led by Vince Young in the 2005 Rose Bowl all putting many points on Lloyd Carr 's defense . In 2005 , Michigan struggled to make a bowl game , only going 7 -- 5 , with the season capped with another loss to Ohio State . Expectations were tempered going into the 2006 season ; however , a 47 -- 21 blowout of # 2 Notre Dame and an 11 -- 0 start propelled Michigan to the No. 2 rankings going into `` The Game '' with # 1 Ohio State . The 2006 Ohio State - Michigan game was hailed by the media as the `` Game of the Century . '' The day before the game , Bo Schembechler died , leading Ohio State to honor him with a moment of silence , one of the few Michigan Men to be so honored in Ohio Stadium . The game itself was a back - and - forth affair , with Ohio State winning 42 -- 39 for the right to play in the 2007 BCS National Championship Game . Michigan lost to USC in the 2007 Rose Bowl , ending the season at 11 -- 2 . Going into 2007 , Michigan had high expectations . Standout players Chad Henne , Mike Hart , and Jake Long all opted to return for their senior seasons for one last crack at Ohio State and a chance at a national championship , causing Michigan to be ranked fifth in the preseason polls . However , Michigan 's struggles against the spread offense reared its ugly head again as the Wolverines shockingly lose the opener to the Appalachian State Mountaineers . The game marked the first win by a Division I - AA team over a team ranked in the Associated Press Poll . The next week , Michigan was blown out by Oregon , another spread team . Despite the early rough start , Michigan won their next eight games and went into the Ohio State game with a chance to win the Big Ten championship . However , Michigan once again fell to the Buckeyes , this time 14 -- 3 . After the game , Lloyd Carr announced that he would retire from Michigan after the bowl game . In the 2008 Capital One Bowl , Carr 's final game , Michigan defeated the defending national champion Florida Gators , led by Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow , 41 -- 35 . Carr 's accomplishments at Michigan included a 122 -- 40 record , five Big Ten championships , and one national championship . Rich Rodriguez ( 2008 -- 2010 ) ( edit ) Rich Rodriguez at Michigan in 2008 . Following Carr 's retirement , Michigan launched a coaching search that ultimately saw Rich Rodriguez lured away from his alma mater , West Virginia . Rodriguez 's arrival marked the beginning of major upheaval in the Michigan football program . Rodriguez , a proponent of the spread offense , installed it in place of the pro-style offense that had been used by Carr . The offseason saw significant attrition in Michigan 's roster . The expected starting quarterback Ryan Mallett departed the program , stating that he would be unable to fit in a spread offense . Starting wide receivers Mario Manningham and Adrian Arrington both decided to forgo their senior seasons and enter the NFL Draft . Michigan lost a good deal of its depth and , when the 2008 season began , was forced to start players with very little playing experience . The 2008 season was disappointing for Michigan , finishing at 3 -- 9 and suffering its first losing campaign since 1967 . Michigan also missed a bowl game invitation for the first time since 1974 . For the 2009 season the team saw many changes from the previous year . A new practice facility replaced Oosterbaan Fieldhouse as Michigan 's indoor practice facility , and two new quarterbacks , Tate Forcier and Denard Robinson , became the focus of the offseason . The week before the season began , however , the Detroit Free Press accused the team of violating the NCAA 's practice time limits . While the NCAA conducted investigations , Michigan won its first four games , including a last second victory against its rival Notre Dame . The season ended in disappointment , however , as Michigan went 1 -- 7 in its last eight games and missed a bowl for the second straight season . Rodriguez 's final season began with new hope in the program , as Robinson was named the starting quarterback over Forcier . Robinson led the Wolverines to a 5 -- 0 start , but after a defeat to Michigan State at home , the Wolverines finished the season 2 -- 5 over their last seven games . Michigan did , however , qualify for a bowl game with a 7 -- 5 record , and clinched its bowl berth in dramatic fashion against Illinois , with Michigan winning 67 -- 65 in three overtime periods . The game was the highest combined scoring game in Michigan history , and saw Michigan 's defense give up the most points in its history . Michigan was invited to the Gator Bowl to face Mississippi State , where it lost 52 -- 14 . The Michigan defense set new school records as the worst defense in Michigan history . In the middle of the season , the NCAA announced its penalties against Michigan for the practice time violations . The program was placed on three years probation and docked 130 practice hours , which was twice the amount Michigan had exceeded . Rodriguez was fired following the bowl game , with athletic director Dave Brandon citing Rodriguez 's failure to meet expectations as the main reason for his dismissal . Rodriguez left the program winless against rivals Michigan State and Ohio State and compiled a 15 -- 22 record , the worst record of any head coach in Michigan history . Brady Hoke ( 2011 -- 2014 ) ( edit ) Athletic director Dave Brandon ( left ) with head coach Brady Hoke in 2011 . Michigan announced the hiring of head coach Brady Hoke on January 11 , 2011 . He became the 19th head coach in Michigan football history . Hoke had previously been the head coach at his alma mater Ball State and then San Diego State after serving as an assistant at Michigan under Lloyd Carr from 1995 to 2002 . In his first season , Hoke led the Wolverines to 11 wins , beating rival Notre Dame with a spectacular comeback in Michigan 's first night game at Michigan Stadium . Despite losing to Iowa and Michigan State , the Wolverines finished with a 10 -- 2 regular season record with their first win over Ohio State in eight years . The Wolverines received an invitation to the Sugar Bowl in which they defeated Virginia Tech , 23 -- 20 , in overtime . This was the program 's first bowl win since the season of 2007 . Until the streak was broken in 2008 , Michigan had appeared in a bowl game each year since the 1975 season . In Hoke 's second season , he led Michigan to an 8 -- 5 record and an appearance in the 2013 Outback Bowl . The Wolverines dropped their season opener to eventual national champions , Alabama in Dallas , Texas . U-M won the next two games at home in non-conference bouts against Air Force and UMass , totaling 94 points over the two games . Michigan then traveled to face eventual national runner - up Notre Dame . In this game , the Wolverines committed six turnovers , including five interceptions , as they fell to the Fighting Irish by a 13 -- 6 final . After back - to - back wins over Purdue and Illinois , they defeated in - state rival Michigan State for the first time since 2007 . The win was the 900th in program history , becoming the first program to reach the milestone . U-M finished the season with wins over Minnesota , Northwestern and Iowa as well as losses to Nebraska and Ohio State to finish the regular season . Michigan was selected to participate in the 2013 Outback Bowl , where they fell to South Carolina by a 33 -- 28 score . In the 2013 campaign , Michigan finished with a 7 -- 6 record , including a 3 -- 5 record in Big Ten play and a loss to Kansas State in the Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 31 - 14 . On December 2 , 2014 , Hoke was fired as the head coach after four seasons following a 5 -- 7 record in 2014 . This marked only the third season since 1975 in which Michigan missed a bowl game . Hoke compiled a 31 -- 20 record , including an 18 -- 14 record in Big Ten play . Jim Harbaugh ( 2015 -- present ) ( edit ) On December 30 , 2014 , the University announced the hiring of Jim Harbaugh as the team 's 20th head coach . Harbaugh , who was starting quarterback in the early 1980s under Bo Schembechler , had most recently served as head coach of the San Francisco 49ers . In his first season , Harbaugh led Michigan to a 10 -- 3 record , including a 41 -- 7 win over the Florida Gators in the 2016 Citrus Bowl . The squad achieved an identical 10 - 3 record during the 2016 season , which ended with a 33 - 32 loss to Florida State in the Orange Bowl on December 30 , 2016 . Home venues ( edit ) Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) ( edit ) Main article : Washtenaw County Fairgrounds In the early days of Michigan football , Michigan played smaller home games at the Washtenaw County Fairgrounds with larger games being held in Detroit at the Detroit Athletic Club . The Fairgrounds were originally located at the southeast intersection of Hill and Forest , but in 1890 moved to what is now called Burns Park . Regents field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) ( edit ) Main article : Regents Field Regents Field just before kickoff during the 1904 game between Michigan and Chicago In 1890 , the Board of Regents authorized $3,000 ( $78,947.37 in 2014 dollars ) for the purchase of a parcel of land along South State Street . In 1891 a further $4,500 ( $118,421.05 in 2014 dollars ) was authorized `` for the purpose of fitting up the athletic field . '' Michigan began play on Regents Field in 1893 , with capacity being expanded to over 15,000 by the end of the field 's use . Ferry field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) ( edit ) Main article : Ferry Field By 1902 Regents Field had grown inadequate for the uses of the football team as a result of the sport 's increasing popularity . Thanks to donations from Dexter M. Ferry , work began on planning the next home stadium for the Michigan football team . Powered by a $30,000 donation from Ferry , Ferry Field was constructed with a maximum temporary capacity of 18,000 for the 1906 season . Ferry Field was expanded to a capacity of 21,000 in 1914 and 42,000 in 1921 . However , attendance was often over-capacity with crowds of 48,000 cramming into the small stadium . This prompted athletic director Fielding Yost to contemplate the construction of a much larger stadium . Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) ( edit ) Main article : Michigan Stadium Michigan Stadium on September 17 , 2011 Fielding H. Yost anticipated massive crowds as college football 's popularity increased and wished to build a stadium with a capacity of at least 80,000 . Ultimately , the final plans authorized the construction of a stadium with a capacity of 72,000 with footings to be set in place to expand it beyond 100,000 later . Michigan Stadium was dedicated in 1927 during a game against the Ohio State Buckeyes , drawing an over-capacity crowd of 84,401 . After World War II , crowd sizes increased , prompting another stadium expansion to a capacity of 93,894 in 1949 . Michigan Stadium cracked the 100,000 mark by expanding to 101,001 in 1955 . Michigan Stadium temporarily lost the title of `` largest stadium '' to Neyland Stadium of the Tennessee Volunteers in 1996 , but recaptured the title in 1998 with another expansion to 107,501 . In 2007 , the Board of Regents authorized a $226 million renovation to add a new press box , 83 luxury boxes , and 3,200 club seats . For the 2011 season , lights were installed at Michigan Stadium at the cost of $1.8 million . This allowed Michigan to play its first night game at home against Notre Dame in 2011 . Rivalries ( edit ) Ohio State ( edit ) Main article : Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Michigan and Ohio State first played each other in 1897 and have since played in 112 contests with Michigan holding a 58 -- 48 -- 6 advantage . Ohio State 's victory in 2010 was vacated . The rivalry was particularly enhanced during The Ten Year War , a period in which Ohio State was coached by Woody Hayes and Michigan was coached by Bo Schembechler . Overall , the Buckeye and Wolverine football programs have combined for 19 national titles , 77 conference titles , and 10 Heisman Trophy winners . Michigan State ( edit ) Main article : Michigan -- Michigan State football rivalry Michigan and Michigan State first played each other in 1898 . Since then the teams have played 109 contests , with Michigan holding a 69 -- 36 -- 5 advantage . Since Michigan State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1953 , the two schools have competed annually for the Paul Bunyan -- Governor of Michigan Trophy . The winner retains possession of the trophy until the next year 's game . Michigan currently leads the trophy series 36 -- 27 -- 2 . Michigan State is the current holder of the trophy following a 14 -- 10 win in 2017 . Minnesota ( edit ) Main article : Michigan -- Minnesota football rivalry Michigan plays Minnesota for the Little Brown Jug trophy . The Little Brown Jug is the most regularly exchanged rivalry trophy in college football , the oldest trophy game in FBS college football , and the second oldest rivalry trophy overall . Michigan leads the overall series 75 -- 25 -- 3 and currently hold the trophy , having won the 2017 contest , 33 -- 10 . Notre Dame ( edit ) Main article : Michigan -- Notre Dame football rivalry Michigan and Notre Dame began playing each other in 1887 in Notre Dame 's first football game . Since then , Michigan and Notre Dame have played in 42 contests , with Michigan holding a 24 -- 17 -- 1 advantage . The rivalry is notable due to the historical success of the football programs . Through the end of the 2015 season , Michigan is ranked No. 1 in wins and No. 2 in all - time winning percentage while Notre Dame is No. 2 and No. 1 , respectively . Both schools also claim 11 national championships . Program Records and achievements ( edit ) Team records ( edit ) Most wins in college football history ( 943 ) The current highest winning percentage of any Division I FBS program (. 730 ) The most winning seasons of any program ( 115 ) One of just three programs with a winning record against every FBS conference ( along with Notre Dame and Texas ) The most undefeated seasons of teams currently competing in Division I FBS ( 23 ) The longest streak of games in Division I-A / FBS without being shut out ( 365 ) Attendance and television ( edit ) The longest streak in home game attendance of over 100,000 ( 265 games ; since November 8 , 1975 vs. Purdue ) The most televised school in college football history : 437 televised games National championships ( edit ) The following is a list of Michigan 's 11 claimed national championships : Year Coach Selector Record Bowl 1901 Fielding H. Yost Helms , Houlgate , NCF 11 -- 0 Won Rose 1902 Fielding H. Yost Helms , Billingsley , Houlgate , Parke H. Davis , NCF 11 -- 0 1903 Fielding H. Yost Billingsley , NCF 11 -- 0 -- 1 1904 Fielding H. Yost Billingsley , NCF 10 -- 0 1918 Fielding H. Yost Billingsley , NCF 5 -- 0 1923 Fielding H. Yost Billingsley , NCF 8 -- 0 1932 Harry G. Kipke Dickinson , Parke H. Davis 8 -- 0 1933 Harry G. Kipke Billingsley , Boand , Dickinson , Helms , Houlgate , CFRA , NCF , Parke H. Davis , Poling 7 -- 0 -- 1 1947 Fritz Crisler Berryman , Billingsley , Boand , DeVold , Dunkel , CFRA , Helms , Houlgate , Litkenhous , NCF , Poling , Sagarin 10 -- 0 Won Rose 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan AP 9 -- 0 1997 Lloyd Carr AP , FWAA , NFF 12 -- 0 Won Rose National Championships 11 Other undefeated seasons ( edit ) Michigan was also undefeated in 12 other seasons : 1879 , 1880 , 1884 , 1885 , 1886 , 1887 , 1898 , 1910 , 1922 , 1930 , 1973 , 1992 Conference championships ( edit ) The following is a list of Michigan 's 42 conference championships : Year Coach Overall Record Big Ten Record 1898 Gustave Ferbert 10 -- 0 3 -- 0 1901 § Fielding H. Yost 11 -- 0 4 -- 0 1902 Fielding H. Yost 11 -- 0 5 -- 0 1903 § Fielding H. Yost 11 -- 0 -- 1 3 -- 0 -- 1 1904 § Fielding H. Yost 10 -- 0 2 -- 0 1906 § Fielding H. Yost 4 -- 1 1 -- 0 1918 § Fielding H. Yost 5 -- 0 2 -- 0 1922 § Fielding H. Yost 6 -- 0 -- 1 4 -- 0 1923 § Fielding H. Yost 8 -- 0 4 -- 0 1925 Fielding H. Yost 7 -- 1 5 -- 1 1926 § Fielding H. Yost 7 -- 1 5 -- 0 1930 § Harry Kipke 8 -- 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 1931 § Harry Kipke 8 -- 1 -- 1 5 -- 1 1932 § Harry Kipke 8 -- 0 6 -- 0 1933 § Harry Kipke 7 -- 0 -- 1 5 -- 0 -- 1 1943 § Fritz Crisler 8 -- 1 6 -- 0 1947 Fritz Crisler 10 -- 0 6 -- 0 1948 Bennie Oosterbaan 9 -- 0 6 -- 0 1949 § Bennie Oosterbaan 6 -- 2 -- 1 4 -- 1 -- 1 1950 Bennie Oosterbaan 6 -- 3 -- 1 4 -- 1 -- 1 1964 Bump Elliott 9 -- 1 6 -- 1 1969 § Bo Schembechler 8 -- 3 6 -- 1 1971 Bo Schembechler 11 -- 1 8 -- 0 1972 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 1 7 -- 1 1973 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 0 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 1974 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 1 7 -- 1 1976 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1977 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1978 § Bo Schembechler 10 -- 2 7 -- 1 1980 Bo Schembechler 10 -- 2 8 -- 0 1982 Bo Schembechler 8 -- 4 8 -- 1 1986 § Bo Schembechler 11 -- 2 7 -- 1 1988 Bo Schembechler 9 -- 2 -- 1 7 -- 0 -- 1 1989 Bo Schembechler 10 -- 2 8 -- 0 1990 § Gary Moeller 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 1991 Gary Moeller 10 -- 2 8 -- 0 1992 Gary Moeller 9 -- 0 -- 3 6 -- 0 -- 2 1997 Lloyd Carr 12 -- 0 8 -- 0 1998 § Lloyd Carr 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 2000 § Lloyd Carr 9 -- 3 6 -- 2 2003 Lloyd Carr 10 -- 3 7 -- 1 2004 § Lloyd Carr 9 -- 3 7 -- 1 Conference Championships 42 § -- Conference co-champions Bowl games ( edit ) Michigan has played in 45 bowl games in its history , compiling a record of 21 -- 24 . Before missing a bowl game in 2008 , Michigan had made a bowl game 33 years in a row , the second longest streak ( as of the end of 2013 season ) in college football history . From the 1921 to 1945 seasons , the Big Ten Conference did not allow its teams to participate in bowls . From the 1946 to 1974 seasons , only a conference champion , or a surrogate representative , was allowed to attend a bowl , the Rose Bowl , and no team could go two years in a row until the 1972 Rose Bowl , with the exception of Minnesota in 1961 and 1962 . Date Bowl W / L Opponent PF PA January 1 , 1902 Rose Bowl Stanford 49 0 January 1 , 1948 Rose Bowl USC 49 0 January 1 , 1951 Rose Bowl California 14 6 January 1 , 1965 Rose Bowl Oregon State 34 7 January 1 , 1970 Rose Bowl USC 10 January 1 , 1972 Rose Bowl Stanford 12 13 January 1 , 1976 Orange Bowl Oklahoma 6 14 January 1 , 1977 Rose Bowl USC 6 14 January 2 , 1978 Rose Bowl Washington 20 27 January 1 , 1979 Rose Bowl USC 10 17 December 28 , 1979 Gator Bowl North Carolina 15 17 January 1 , 1981 Rose Bowl Washington 23 6 December 31 , 1981 Bluebonnet Bowl UCLA 33 14 January 1 , 1983 Rose Bowl UCLA 14 24 January 2 , 1984 Sugar Bowl Auburn 7 9 December 21 , 1984 Holiday Bowl BYU 17 24 January 1 , 1986 Fiesta Bowl Nebraska 27 23 January 1 , 1987 Rose Bowl Arizona State 15 22 January 2 , 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl Alabama 28 24 January 2 , 1989 Rose Bowl USC 22 14 January 1 , 1990 Rose Bowl USC 10 17 January 1 , 1991 Gator Bowl Ole Miss 35 January 1 , 1992 Rose Bowl Washington 14 34 January 1 , 1993 Rose Bowl Washington 38 31 January 1 , 1994 Hall of Fame Bowl NC State 42 7 December 30 , 1994 Holiday Bowl Colorado State 24 14 December 28 , 1995 Alamo Bowl Texas A&M 20 22 January 1 , 1997 Outback Bowl Alabama 14 17 January 1 , 1998 Rose Bowl Washington State 21 16 January 1 , 1999 Citrus Bowl Arkansas 45 31 January 1 , 2000 Orange Bowl Alabama 35 34 January 1 , 2001 Citrus Bowl Auburn 31 28 January 1 , 2002 Citrus Bowl Tennessee 17 45 January 1 , 2003 Outback Bowl Florida 38 30 January 1 , 2004 Rose Bowl USC 14 28 January 1 , 2005 Rose Bowl Texas 37 38 December 28 , 2005 Alamo Bowl Nebraska 28 32 January 1 , 2007 Rose Bowl USC 18 32 January 1 , 2008 Capital One Bowl Florida 41 35 January 1 , 2011 Gator Bowl Mississippi State 14 52 January 3 , 2012 Sugar Bowl Virginia Tech 23 20 January 1 , 2013 Outback Bowl South Carolina 28 33 December 28 , 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl Kansas State 14 31 January 1 , 2016 Citrus Bowl Florida 41 7 December 30 , 2016 Orange Bowl Florida State 32 33 January 1 , 2018 Outback Bowl South Carolina Total 45 bowl games 21 -- 24 1078 955 Bowl record by game ( edit ) Bowl Name # % Alamo Bowl 0 . 000 Bluebonnet Bowl 0 1.000 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl 0 . 000 Citrus Bowl 5 . 800 Fiesta Bowl 0 1.000 Gator Bowl . 333 Outback Bowl 5 . 600 Holiday Bowl . 500 Orange Bowl . 333 Rose Bowl 20 8 12 . 400 Sugar Bowl . 500 Head coaching history ( edit ) Main article : List of Michigan Wolverines head football coaches Individual awards and honors ( edit ) See also : Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders National award winners ( edit ) Players ( edit ) Heisman Trophy 1940 : Tom Harmon 1991 : Desmond Howard 1997 : Charles Woodson Maxwell Award 1940 : Tom Harmon 1991 : Desmond Howard Walter Camp Award 1991 : Desmond Howard 1997 : Charles Woodson Chic Harley Award 1964 : Bob Timberlake 1986 : Jim Harbaugh 1991 : Desmond Howard 1997 : Charles Woodson Dick Butkus Award 1991 : Erick Anderson Jack Lambert Trophy 1991 : Erick Anderson Paul Warfield Trophy 1991 : Desmond Howard 2004 : Braylon Edwards Jim Parker Trophy 1991 : Greg Skrepenak 2000 : Steve Hutchinson 2007 : Jake Long Sammy Baugh Trophy 1992 : Elvis Grbac Jack Tatum Trophy 1997 : Charles Woodson Jim Thorpe Award 1997 : Charles Woodson Chuck Bednarik Award 1997 : Charles Woodson Bronko Nagurski Trophy 1997 : Charles Woodson Doak Walker Award 2003 : Chris Perry Jim Brown Trophy 2003 : Chris Perry Fred Biletnikoff Award 2004 : Braylon Edwards Rimington Trophy 2004 : David Baas 2011 : David Molk Lombardi Award 2006 : LaMarr Woodley Ted Hendricks Award 2006 : LaMarr Woodley Ozzie Newsome Award 2015 : Jake Butt John Mackey Award 2016 : Jake Butt Lott IMPACT Trophy 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Paul Hornung Award 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Coaches ( edit ) AFCA Coach of the Year 1947 : Fritz Crisler 1948 : Bennie Oosterbaan 1969 : Bo Schembechler 1997 : Lloyd Carr Paul `` Bear '' Bryant Award 1997 : Lloyd Carr Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year 1969 : Bo Schembechler Walter Camp Coach of the Year Award 1969 : Bo Schembechler 1997 : Lloyd Carr Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award 1977 : Bo Schembechler 2007 : Lloyd Carr Sporting News Coach of the Year 1985 : Bo Schembechler Woody Hayes Trophy 1985 : Bo Schembechler 1997 : Lloyd Carr George Munger Award 1989 : Bo Schembechler 1997 : Lloyd Carr 2011 : Brady Hoke Broyles Award 1997 : Jim Herrmann AFCA Assistant Coach of the Year 2001 : Fred Jackson Heisman trophy voting ( edit ) Twenty - six Heisman Trophy candidates have played at Michigan , Three have won the award : 1939 : Tom Harmon , 2nd 1940 : Tom Harmon , 1st 1941 : Bob Westfall , 8th 1943 : Bill Daley , 7th 1947 : Bob Chappuis , 2nd 1955 : Ron Kramer , 8th 1956 : Ron Kramer , 6th 1964 : Bob Timberlake , 4th 1968 : Ron Johnson , 6th 1974 : Dennis Franklin , 8th 1975 : Gordon Bell , 8th 1976 : Rob Lytle , 3rd 1977 : Rick Leach , 8th 1978 : Rick Leach , 3rd 1980 : Anthony Carter , 10th 1981 : Anthony Carter , 7th 1982 : Anthony Carter , 4th 1986 : Jim Harbaugh , 3rd 1991 : Desmond Howard , 1st 1993 : Tyrone Wheatley , 8th 1994 : Tyrone Wheatley , 12th 1995 : Tim Biakabutuka , 8th 1997 : Charles Woodson , 1st 2003 : Chris Perry , 4th 2004 : Braylon Edwards , 10th 2006 : Mike Hart , 5th 2010 : Denard Robinson , 6th 2016 Jabrill Peppers , 5th All - Americans ( edit ) Main article : List of Michigan Wolverines football All - Americans Team and conference MVP ( edit ) Michigan Most Valuable Player Award ( 1926 -- 1959 ) , Louis B. Hyde Memorial Award ( 1960 -- 1994 ) , Bo Schembechler Award ( 1995 -- present ) ; winners of the Chicago Tribune Silver Football as the Big Ten 's MVP also noted : 1926 : Benny Friedman ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1927 : Bennie Oosterbaan 1928 : Otto Pommerening 1929 : James Simrall 1930 : Jack Wheeler 1931 : Bill Hewitt 1932 : Harry Newman ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1933 : Herman Everhardus 1934 : Gerald Ford 1935 : William Renner 1936 : Matt Patanelli 1937 : Ralph Heikkinen 1938 : Ralph Heikkinen 1939 : Tom Harmon 1940 : Tom Harmon ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1941 : Reuben Kelto 1942 : Albert Wistert 1943 : Bob Wiese 1944 : Don Lund 1945 : Harold Watts 1946 : Bob Chappuis 1947 : Bump Elliott ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1948 : Dominic Tomasi 1949 : Dick Kempthorn 1950 : Don Dufek 1951 : Don Peterson 1952 : Ted Topor 1953 : Tony Branoff 1954 : Fred Baer 1955 : Terry Barr 1956 : Dick Hill 1957 : Jim Pace ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1958 : Bob Ptacek 1959 : Tony Rio 1960 : Dennis Fitzgerald 1961 : John Walker 1962 : Dave Raimey 1963 : Tom Keating 1964 : Bob Timberlake ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1965 : Bill Yearby 1966 : Jack Clancy 1967 : Ron Johnson 1968 : Ron Johnson ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1969 : Jim Mandich 1970 : Henry Hill and Don Moorhead 1971 : Billy Taylor 1972 : Randy Logan 1973 : Paul Seal 1974 : Steve Strinko 1975 : Gordon Bell 1976 : Rob Lytle ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1977 : Russell Davis 1978 : Rick Leach ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1979 : Ron Simpkins 1980 : Anthony Carter 1981 : Butch Woolfolk 1982 : Anthony Carter ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1983 : Steve Smith 1984 : Mike Mallory 1985 : Mike Hammerstein 1986 : Jim Harbaugh ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1987 : Jamie Morris 1988 : Mark Messner 1989 : Tony Boles 1990 : Tripp Welborne 1991 : Desmond Howard ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1992 : Chris Hutchinson 1993 : Buster Stanley 1994 : Todd Collins 1995 : Tim Biakabutuka 1996 : Rod Payne 1997 : Charles Woodson ( also Big Ten MVP ) 1998 : Tai Streets 1999 : Tom Brady 2000 : Anthony Thomas 2001 : Marquise Walker 2002 : B.J. Askew 2003 : Chris Perry ( also Big Ten MVP ) 2004 : Braylon Edwards ( also Big Ten MVP ) 2005 : Jason Avant 2006 : David Harris and Mike Hart 2007 : Mike Hart 2008 : Brandon Graham 2009 : Brandon Graham ( also Big Ten MVP ) 2010 : Denard Robinson ( also Big Ten MVP ) 2011 : Denard Robinson 2012 : Jordan Kovacs 2013 : Jeremy Gallon 2014 : Jake Ryan 2015 : Jehu Chesson 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Big Ten Conference honors ( edit ) Player of the Year 1982 : Anthony Carter 1986 : Jim Harbaugh Graham -- George Offensive Player of the Year 1990 : Jon Vaughn ( coaches ) 1991 : Desmond Howard ( coaches and media ) 1992 : Tyrone Wheatley ( coaches and media ) 2003 : Chris Perry ( coaches and media ) 2004 : Braylon Edwards ( coaches and media ) 2010 : Denard Robinson ( coaches and media ) Rimington -- Pace Offensive Lineman of the Year 1991 : Greg Skrepenak 1998 : Jon Jansen 2000 : Steve Hutchinson 2004 : David Baas 2006 : Jake Long 2007 : Jake Long 2011 : David Molk 2012 : Taylor Lewan 2013 : Taylor Lewan Nagurski -- Woodson Defensive Player of the Year 1997 : Charles Woodson 2001 : Larry Foote 2006 : LaMarr Woodley 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Smith -- Brown Defensive Lineman of the Year 1985 : Mike Hammerstein 1988 : Mark Messner 1992 : Chris Hutchinson 2006 : LaMarr Woodley Thompson -- Randle El Freshman of the Year 1995 : Charles Woodson ( coaches ) 1997 : Anthony Thomas ( coaches and media ) 2003 : Steve Breaston ( coaches ) 2004 : Mike Hart ( coaches and media ) 2015 : Jabrill Peppers ( coaches and media ) Dave McClain / Hayes -- Schembechler Coach of the Year 1972 : Bo Schembechler ( media ) 1976 : Bo Schembechler ( media ) 1980 : Bo Schembechler ( media ) 1982 : Bo Schembechler ( coaches ) 1985 : Bo Schembechler ( media and coaches ) 1989 : Bo Schembechler ( coaches ) 1991 : Gary Moeller ( media and coaches ) 1992 : Gary Moeller ( media ) 2011 : Brady Hoke ( media and coaches ) Tatum -- Woodson Defensive Back of the Year 2016 : Jourdan Lewis Butkus -- Fitzgerald Linebacker of the Year 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Kwalick -- Clark Tight End of the Year 2013 : Devin Funchess 2015 : Jake Butt 2016 : Jake Butt Eddleman -- Fields Punter of the Year 2012 : Will Hagerup Rodgers - Dwight Return Specialist of the Year 2016 : Jabrill Peppers Retired numbers ( edit ) Michigan Wolverines retired numbers N ° Player Position Career Date of retirement 11 Francis Wistert Tackle 1931 -- 1933 1949 Albert Wistert Tackle 1940 -- 1942 1949 Alvin Wistert Tackle 1947 -- 1949 1949 21 Desmond Howard Wide receiver 1989 -- 1991 November 28 , 2015 47 Bennie Oosterbaan End 1925 -- 1927 1927 48 Gerald Ford Center 1932 -- 1934 October 8 , 1994 87 Ron Kramer End 1954 -- 1956 1956 98 Tom Harmon Halfback 1938 -- 1940 1940 Beginning in 2011 , previously retired numbers of `` Michigan Football Legends '' were assigned to and worn by players selected by the head coach . The Legends program was discontinued in July 2015 , and the numbers again permanently retired . Hall of Fame ( edit ) College ( edit ) Michigan alumni inductees to the College Football Hall of Fame include : Albert Benbrook Dave Brown Lloyd Carr Anthony Carter Bob Chappuis Fritz Crisler Tom Curtis Dan Dierdorf Bump Elliott Pete Elliott Benny Friedman Tom Harmon Willie Heston Elroy Hirsch Desmond Howard Ron Johnson Harry Kipke Ron Kramer George Little Rob Lytle Jim Mandich Johnny Maulbetsch Reggie McKenzie Bill Morley David M. Nelson Harry Newman Bennie Oosterbaan Merv Pregulman Harold R. `` Tubby '' Raymond Bo Schembechler Germany Schulz Neil Snow Ernie Vick Bob Westfall Tad Wieman Albert Wistert Alvin Wistert Francis Wistert Fielding H. Yost Professional ( edit ) Michigan alumni inductees to the Pro Football Hall of Fame include : George Allen Dan Dierdorf Len Ford Benny Friedman Bill Hewitt Elroy Hirsch Tom Mack Ralph Wilson ( did not play on football team ; attended University of Michigan Law School ; inducted as administrator ) Rose Bowl ( edit ) Michigan alumni inductees to the Rose Bowl Hall of Fame include : Mel Anthony Lloyd Carr Bob Chappuis Bump Elliott Brian Griese Chuck Ortmann Bo Schembechler Neil Snow Tyrone Wheatley Butch Woolfolk Individual program records ( edit ) See also : Michigan Wolverines football statistical leaders Rushing records ( edit ) Most rushing attempts , career : 1,015 , Mike Hart ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most rushing attempts , season : 338 , Chris Perry ( 2003 ) Most rushing attempts , game : 51 , Chris Perry ( November 1 , 2003 at Michigan State ) Most rushing yards , career : 5,040 , Mike Hart ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most rushing yards , season : 1,818 , Tim Biakabutuka ( 1995 ) Most rushing yards , game : 347 , Ron Johnson ( November 16 , 1968 vs. Wisconsin ) Most rushing touchdowns , career : 55 , Anthony Thomas ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Most rushing touchdowns , season : 19 , Ron Johnson ( 1968 ) Most rushing touchdowns , game : 5 , Ron Johnson ( November 16 , 1968 vs. Wisconsin ) Longest run from scrimmage : 92 yards , Butch Woolfolk ( November 3 , 1979 vs. Wisconsin ) Most games with at least 100 rushing yards , career : 28 , Mike Hart ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most games with at least 100 rushing yards , season : 10 , Jamie Morris ( 1987 ) Most games with at least 200 rushing yards , career : 5 , Mike Hart ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most games with at least 200 rushing yards , season : 3 , Mike Hart ( 2004 ) Passing records ( edit ) Most passing attempts , career : 1,387 , Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most passing attempts , season : 456 , John Navarre ( 2003 ) Most passing attempts , game : 56 , Tom Brady ( November 21 , 1998 at Ohio State ) Most passing completions , career : 828 , Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most passing completions , season : 270 , John Navarre ( 2003 ) Most passing completions , game : 34 , Tom Brady ( January 1 , 2000 vs. Alabama in Orange Bowl ) Most passing yards , career : 9,715 , Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most passing yards , season : 3,331 , John Navarre ( 2003 ) Most passing yards , game : 503 , Devin Gardner ( October 19 , 2013 vs. Indiana ) Most passing touchdowns , career : 86 , Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most passing touchdowns , season : 25 , Elvis Grbac ( 1991 ) and Chad Henne ( 2004 ) Most passing touchdowns , game : 6 , Jake Rudock ( November 14 , 2015 at Indiana ) Longest pass completion : 97 yards , Ryan Mallett to Mario Manningham ( November 10 , 2007 at Wisconsin ) Most games with at least 200 passing yards , career : 28 , John Navarre ( 2000 -- 2003 ) Most games with at least 200 passing yards , season : 10 , John Navarre ( 2003 ) Most games with at least 300 passing yards , career : 5 , Chad Henne ( 2004 -- 2007 ) Most games with at least 300 passing yards , season : 3 , John Navarre ( 2003 ) and Chad Henne ( 2004 ) Receiving records ( edit ) Most receptions , career : 252 , Braylon Edwards ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most receptions , season : 97 , Braylon Edwards ( 2004 ) Most receptions , game : 15 , twice by Marquise Walker ( September 8 , 2001 at Washington and November 24 , 2001 vs. Ohio State ) Most receiving yards , career : 3,541 , Braylon Edwards ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most receiving yards , season : 1,373 , Jeremy Gallon ( 2013 ) Most receiving yards , game : 369 , Jeremy Gallon ( October 19 , 2013 vs. Indiana ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most touchdown receptions , career : 39 , Braylon Edwards ( 2001 -- 2004 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most touchdown receptions , season : 19 , Desmond Howard ( 1991 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most touchdown receptions , game : 4 , Derrick Alexander ( October 24 , 1992 vs. Minnesota ) Longest pass reception : 97 yards , Mario Manningham from Ryan Mallett ( November 10 , 2007 at Wisconsin ) Most games with at least 100 receiving yards , career : 17 , Braylon Edwards ( 2001 -- 2004 ) Most games with at least 100 receiving yards , season : 7 , Braylon Edwards ( 2004 ) and Mario Manningham ( 2007 ) Kickoff return records ( edit ) Most kickoff returns , career : 81 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Most kickoff returns , season : 39 , Darryl Stonum ( 2009 ) Most kickoff returns , game : 8 , Todd Howard ( January 1 , 2002 vs. Tennessee in Florida Citrus Bowl ) Most kickoff return yards , career : 1,993 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Most kickoff return yards , season : 1,001 , Darryl Stonum ( 2009 ) Most kickoff return yards , game : 221 , Steve Breaston ( January 1 , 2005 vs. Texas in Rose Bowl ) Most kickoff return touchdowns , career : 2 , Desmond Howard ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Longest kickoff return : 100 yards , Seth Smith ( October 29 , 1994 vs. Wisconsin ) Punt return records ( edit ) Most punt returns , career : 127 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most punt returns , season : 45 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 ) Most punt returns , game : 9 , Steve Breaston ( September 23 , 2006 vs. Wisconsin ) Most punt return yards , career : 1,599 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) ( also a Big Ten Conference record ) Most punt return yards , season : 619 , Steve Breaston ( 2003 ) Most punt return yards , game : 140 , George Hoey ( October 28 , 1967 at Minnesota ) Most punt return touchdowns , career : 4 , Gene Derricotte ( 1944 -- 1948 ) , Derrick Alexander ( 1989 -- 1993 ) , and Steve Breaston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) Longest punt return : 93 yards , Desmond Howard ( November 23 , 1991 vs. Ohio State ) Alumni currently in the NFL ( edit ) Updated as of Sept 10 , 2017 Kenny Allen : Hamilton Tiger - Cats Tom Brady : New England Patriots Ben Braden : New York Jets Alan Branch : New England Patriots Brennen Beyer : Jake Butt : Denver Broncos Taco Charlton : Dallas Cowboys Jehu Chesson : Kansas City Chiefs Frank Clark : Seattle Seahawks Jeremy Clark : New York Jets Amara Darboh : Seattle Seahawks Devin Funchess : Carolina Panthers Ben Gedeon : Minnesota Vikings Graham Glasgow : Detroit Lions Ryan Glasgow : Cincinnati Bengals Matt Godin : Houston Texans Brandon Graham : Philadelphia Eagles Leon Hall : San Francisco 49ers David Harris : New England Patriots Chad Henne : Jacksonville Jaguars Willie Henry : Baltimore Ravens Delano Hill : Seattle Seahawks Kyle Kalis : Indianapolis Colts Joe Kerridge : Green Bay Packers Taylor Lewan : Tennessee Titans Jourdan Lewis : Dallas Cowboys Erik Magnuson : San Francisco 49ers Patrick Omameh : Jacksonville Jaguars Jabrill Peppers : Cleveland Browns Denard Robinson : Jake Rudock : Detroit Lions Jake Ryan : Green Bay Packers Michael Schofield : Los Angeles Chargers De'Veon Smith : Miami Dolphins Channing Stribbling : Cleveland Browns Dymonte Thomas : Denver Broncos Fitzgerald Toussaint : Pittsburgh Steelers Jarrod Wilson : Jacksonville Jaguars Chris Wormley : Baltimore Ravens Future non-conference opponents ( edit ) Announced schedules as of May 5 , 2017 . 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 vs. Florida ( at Arlington , Texas ) at Notre Dame Middle Tennessee at Washington at Virginia Tech UCLA at UCLA Texas at Oklahoma Oklahoma at Texas Cincinnati Western Michigan Army Ball State Washington Air Force SMU Notre Dame Virginia Tech Related Books ( edit ) Jim Cnockaert ( 2003 ) . Stadium Stories : Michigan Wolverines : Colorful Tales of the Maize and Blue . Globe Pequot . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2784 - 5 . Kevin Allen ; Art Regner ; Nate Brown & Bo Schembechler ( 2005 ) . What it Means to Be a Wolverine : Michigan 's Greatest Players , Talk about Michigan Football . Triumph Books . ISBN 1 - 57243 - 661 - 1 . John U. Bacon ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . Notes ( edit ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U-M Announces New Seating Capacity for Michigan Stadium '' . University of Michigan Department of Athletics . August 7 , 2015 . Retrieved August 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FOOTBALL BOWL SUBDIVISION RECORDS '' ( PDF ) . NCAA . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Style Guide : Colors '' . Office of Global Communications , University of Michigan . July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` No. 1 ! Michigan passes Notre Dame in all - time win percentage '' . Jump up ^ `` Fields of ( amateur ) dreams : the 22 US college football teams with crowds bigger than the NFL average `` Sporting Intelligence '' . Sportingintelligence.com. 2011 - 02 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 greatest rivalries '' . ESPN Internet Ventures . January 3 , 2007 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Illustrated , Molly Geary and Scooby Axson / Sports . `` Michigan Hires Jim Harbaugh as New Head Coach '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Will Perry ( 1974 ) . The Wolverines : A Story of Michigan Football . The Strode Publishers . p. 27 . ISBN 0873970551 . Jump up ^ Will Perry ( 1974 ) . The Wolverines : A Story of Michigan Football . The Strode Publishers . pp. 24 -- 25 . ISBN 0873970551 . Jump up ^ `` IRVING POND , YOUTH OF 72 YEARS , IS WED '' . The News - Palladium . AP . June 12 , 1929 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones '' . Time . June 24 , 1929 . Jump up ^ David M. Nelson ( 1994 ) . The Anatomy of a Game : Football , the Rules , and the Men who Made the Game , p. 48 . University of Delaware Press . ISBN 0 - 87413 - 455 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Notre Dame Media Guide : History and Records ( pages 131 -- 175 ) '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` University of Michigan Football Coaches : William L. McCauley '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten History '' . Big Ten Conference . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2013 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Ten Conference Champions '' . College Football Data Warehouse . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2016 . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` All - Time Series Scores vs. Opponents '' ( PDF ) . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . pp. 16 -- 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Michigan Football Annual Team Records '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , John ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : William Hanford Edwards ( 1916 ) . Football Days : Memories of the Game and of the Men behind the Ball . p. 292 . Jump up ^ `` MICHIGAN MADE HUGE SCORE ; Buffalo Football Team , Conquerors of Columbia , Shut Out by Score of 128 to 0 '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . October 27 , 1901 . Retrieved January 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Dan ( December 13 , 2002 ) . `` Bowl Championship Series -- 1902 -- Michigan 49 , Stanford 0 '' . ESPN.com/BCSfootball.com . Retrieved April 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famer : Neil Snow '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's one score enough : Gave Her Victory Over Wisconsin and Bright Hope of Championship ' Superb defense of Badgers denied two other promised touchdowns ' Only Points Made Were Made in First Seven Minutes , in Opening Onward Rush '' . Detroit Free Press . November 2 , 1902 . p. 1 . Jump up ^ Gruver , 2002 pg. 50 Jump up ^ Lester , Robin . `` Michigan - Chicago 1905 : The First Greatest Game of the Century '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Sport History . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 12 , 2012 . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Carlson , Art ( March 17 , 1923 ) . `` Sport - Oddities : The Dramatic ' Breakdown ' of ' Germany ' Schulz in Penn - Michigan Game '' . The Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ The Five Greatest Traditions Of Ohio State Football Archived December 2 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine. , by Mike Furlan . Retrieved on November 20 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` George Little '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bennie Oosterbaan '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Benny Friedman '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` University of Michigan Football : National Championships '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : `` Building the Big House '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Stadium Dedication '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tad Wieman '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ Kryk , John ( 2007 ) . Natural Enemies : Major College Football 's Oldest , Fiercest Rivalry -- Michigan vs. Notre Dame . p. 109 . Retrieved May 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Harry G. Kipke '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan in the Olympics : 1936 Berlin '' . The Regents of the University of Michigan . ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Bacon , John ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . p. 20 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan 's Winged Helmet '' . Bentley Historical LIbrary . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Herbert 0 . ( Fritz ) Crisler '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` University of Michigan Athletics -- Football '' . umich.edu . Jump up ^ `` Tom Harmon '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 1940 Game , Harmon 's Farewell '' . Michigan Alumnus Magazine . Retrieved January 17 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fritz Crisler '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Fritz Crisler '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/multimedia/photo_gallery/0808/campus.michigan.top10/content.10.html Jump up ^ Perry , Will : The Wolverines : A Story of Michigan Football , page 340 . The Strode Publishers , 1974 . Jump up ^ Bacon , John ( 2011 ) . Three and Out : Rich Rodriguez and the Michigan Wolverines in the Crucible of College Football . New York : Farrar , Straus , and Giroux . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8090 - 9466 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schembechler , Bo ; Bacon , John . `` Bo 's lasting lesson # 5 : Respect your history '' . The Regents of the University of Michigan . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Scott . `` Those who stay will be champions '' . The Michigan Daily . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , James . `` Ohio State Historical Scores '' . jhowell.net . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Arnold , Jeff . `` Michigan football team entered 1969 Ohio State game full of confidence '' . AnnArbor.com LLC . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Boyle , Robert ( January 8 , 1979 ) . `` Scorecard '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Bob Ufer -- The Voice of Michigan Football '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . Jump up ^ `` Original audio of Ufer 's play - calling of Wangler 's touchdown pass to Carter against Indiana '' . Bob Ufer -- Five Decades of UofM Football . October 27 , 1979 . Jump up ^ `` Anthony Carter '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Classic , 20 Seasons Later '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` One day , Bo Schembechler 's grandson will know the greatness of his namesake '' . ESPN . ^ Jump up to : `` Bo Schembechler '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Schembechler Stepping Down Will Remain As The Ad At Michigan '' . philly - archives . Jump up ^ `` Desmond Howard '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ivan Maisel ( June 11 , 2007 ) . `` Stewart to Westbrook silenced Big House crowd '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Pierson , Don ( November 29 , 2000 ) . `` Fired in Disgrace at Michigan in 1995 , Gary Moeller Stuck To His Profession And Has Risen To Lead The Detroit Lions '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lloyd Carr '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Woodson '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Worst Calls in Detroit Sports History '' . ClickOnDetroit.com . June 3 , 2010 . Retrieved May 17 , 2011 . It was November 3 , 2001 during a Michigan State vs Michigan game at Spartan Stadium . It was the game also known as ' `` The Catch '' , or `` Clockgate '' , or `` The Clock Game . '' Jump up ^ `` Michigan stuns Notre Dame , puts up 47 points in South Bend rout '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio State mourns death of Bo Schembechler '' . The Ohio State University . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 NCAA Football Rankings -- Preseason '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Blocked field goal secures Appalachian State 's upset of Michigan '' . Associated Press . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ESPN '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback Mallett leaves Michigan , is considering transfer to Tennessee '' . ESPN . January 9 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Al Glick Field House '' . MGoBlue.com . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg , Michael & Mark Snyder ( August 30 , 2009 ) . `` A look inside Rodriguez 's rigorous football program at Michigan '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Recap week 10 Illinois at Michigan '' . ESPN . November 6 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA hits Michigan with three years probation , reduction in practice time '' . USAToday.com . November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tim Rohan ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Rodriguez officially fired as head football coach '' . The Michigan Daily . Retrieved December 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Snyder , Mark . `` Brady Hoke named Michigan football coach '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines vs Kansas State Wildcats -- Recap '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` Hoke Will Not Return as Michigan Football Coach '' . MGoBlue.com . CBS Interactive . December 2 , 2014 . Retrieved December 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Harbaugh Named Michigan Head Football Coach '' . mgoblue.com . ^ Jump up to : `` The First `` Home Field '' -- County Fairgrounds `` . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Regents Field , 1893 -- 1905 '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ferry Field , 1906 -- 1926 '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Expansion and Renovation , 1928 -- 1997 '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Once Again the Biggest House , 1998 '' . Bentley Historical Library . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ratkowiak , Courtney ; Lincoln , Ruth . `` A look inside the renovated Michigan Stadium '' . The Michigan Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ablauf , David . `` Permanent Lights to be Installed at Michigan Stadium '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Lights Program : Michigan vs. Notre Dame '' . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Official 2007 NCAA Division I Football Records Book ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 06 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Notre Dame Media Guide : History and Records ( pages 131 -- 175 ) '' . und.cstv.com . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ Football Bowl Subdivision Records , page 100 , NCAA Jump up ^ `` Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision ( Division I FBS ) National Champions ( formerly called Division I-A ) '' . ncaa.org . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . Jump up ^ college football data warehouse Jump up ^ `` University of Michigan Football Annual Team Records -- MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site '' . Mgoblue.Com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` NCAA Record Book , 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` University of Michigan Football Annual Team Records '' . mgoblue.com . Jump up ^ List of National Championships , U-M Bentley Library ^ Jump up to : `` Previous National Championship Selectors '' . Cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` National Championships '' . Cfbdatawarehouse.com . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2013 . Retrieved October 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Consecutive Bowl Appearances Archived October 2 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . College Football Data Warehouse , Accessed December 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The University of Michigan Club of Greater Detroit , pamphlet from Nov. 29 , 1976 Jump up ^ `` Michigan Football Bo Schembechler Award '' . The University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . Retrieved December 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan officially ditches Legends jersey program , will retire six numbers in November '' . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Football Retired Jerseys '' . MGoBlue.com . CBS Interactive . November 28 , 2015 . Retrieved November 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HALL OF FAME INDUCTEE SEARCH '' . College Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Members of the College Football Hall of Fame '' . University of Michigan , Bentley Historical Library . May 12 , 2008 . Retrieved September 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hall of Famers by College '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Tournament of Roses Association '' . Tournament of Roses . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Michigan Football Guide '' ( PDF ) . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . pp. 94 -- 95 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Michigan Football Guide '' ( PDF ) . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . pp. 101 -- 103 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Big Ten Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Big Ten Conference Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . p. 54 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Big Ten Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Big Ten Conference Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . p. 55 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Michigan Football Guide '' ( PDF ) . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . pp. 104 -- 107 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Michigan Football Guide '' ( PDF ) . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . p. 114 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2011 Big Ten Football Media Guide '' ( PDF ) . The Big Ten Conference Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . p. 58 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Michigan Football Guide '' ( PDF ) . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . p. 115 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FORMER WOLVERINE PLAYERS IN THE NFL ( Alphabetical ) ( As of Oct. 16 , 2011 ) '' . MGOBLUE.COM -- University of Michigan Official Athletic Site . CBS Interactive . October 16 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Michigan Wolverines Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Michigan Wolverines football . Official website Michigan Wolverines football Venues Washtenaw County Fairgrounds ( 1883 -- 1892 ) Regents Field ( 1893 -- 1905 ) Ferry Field ( 1906 -- 1926 ) Michigan Stadium ( 1927 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Chicago ( defunct ) Michigan State ( Paul Bunyan Trophy ) Minnesota ( Little Brown Jug ) Notre Dame Ohio State ( The Ten Year War ) Illinois Culture & lore Early years Yost era Kipke years Crisler years Oosterbaan years Elliott years The Ten Year War Snow Bowl 1969 Ohio State game 1973 Ohio State game Miracle at Michigan 2006 Ohio State game 2007 Appalachian State game Biff `` The Victors '' Marching band People Head coaches Trainers Players All - Americans NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 National championship seasons in bold Links to related articles University of Michigan Located in : Ann Arbor , Michigan Academics Ross School of Business School of Dentistry School of Education College of Engineering Rackham School of Graduate Studies School of Information School of Kinesiology Law School College of Literature , Science , and the Arts Medical School School of Music , Theatre & Dance School of Natural Resources and Environment College of Pharmacy School of Public Health Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Penny W. Stamps School of Art & Design Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning Hopwood Award Athletics Teams Michigan Wolverines Baseball Men 's basketball Women 's basketball Field hockey Football Men 's gymnastics Women 's gymnastics Men 's ice hockey Women 's ice hockey Men 's lacrosse Women 's lacrosse Men 's soccer Women 's soccer Softball Swimming Track and field Women 's volleyball Venues Regents Field Ferry Field Michigan Stadium Ray Fisher Stadium Yost Ice Arena Crisler Center Other Cold War Little Brown Jug Paul Bunyan Trophy The Big Chill at the Big House Michigan -- Michigan State basketball rivalry Michigan -- Michigan State ice hockey rivalry Michigan -- Ohio State football rivalry Campus Angell Hall Burton Memorial Tower William L. Clements Library David M. Dennison Building The Diag Gerald R. 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Bollinger Founded : 1817 Students : 44,718 Endowment : 7.05 billion Michigan Wolverines rivalries Football Illinois Michigan State Minnesota Notre Dame Ohio State Chicago ( defunct ) Basketball Duke Michigan State Other Michigan State ( hockey ) Michigan State ( soccer ) Big Ten Conference football East Division Indiana Hoosiers Maryland Terrapins Michigan Wolverines Michigan State Spartans Ohio State Buckeyes Penn State Nittany Lions Rutgers Scarlet Knights West Division Illinois Fighting Illini Iowa Hawkeyes Minnesota Golden Gophers Nebraska Cornhuskers Northwestern Wildcats Purdue Boilermakers Wisconsin Badgers Championships & awards Champions All - time standings ( 1896 -- 1958 ) , ( 1959 -- present ) Championship Game Individual awards Chicago Tribune Silver Football Seasons 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michigan_Wolverines_football&oldid=815915641 '' Categories : Michigan Wolverines football Sports clubs established in 1879 1879 establishments in Michigan Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use mdy dates from February 2013 All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 18 December 2017 , at 01 : 21 . 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has michigan ever won a national championship in football

Michigan began competing in intercollegiate football in 1879 . The Wolverines joined the Big Ten Conference at its inception in 1896 , and other than a hiatus from 1907 to 1916 , have been members since . Michigan has won or shared 42 league titles , and , since the inception of the AP Poll in 1936 , has finished in the top 10 a total of 38 times . The Wolverines claim 11 national championships , most recently that of the 1997 squad voted atop the final AP Poll .

New Zealand dollar - Wikipedia New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar New Zealand dollar ( English ) Tāra o Aotearoa ( Māori ) $1 coin reverse ISO 4217 Code NZD Number 554 Exponent Denominations Subunit 1 / 100 cent Symbol $ cent Nickname kiwi Banknotes $5 , $10 , $20 , $50 , $100 Coins 10c , 20c , 50c , $1 , $2 Demographics Official user ( s ) New Zealand 5 territories ( show ) Cook Islands ( New Zealand ) , alongside Cook Islands dollar Niue ( New Zealand ) Pitcairn Islands ( UK ) Ross Dependency ( New Zealand ) Tokelau ( New Zealand ) Unofficial user ( s ) Fiji New Caledonia ( France ) Samoa Tonga Zimbabwe Issuance Central bank Reserve Bank of New Zealand Website www.rbnz.govt.nz Printer Note Printing Australia ( provides base polymer note material ) Website www.noteprinting.com Valuation Inflation 0.2 % ( New Zealand only ) Source Reserve Bank of New Zealand , November 2016 Pegged by Cook Islands dollar , Niue dollar and Pitcairn Islands dollar ( all at par ) The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD , also abbreviated NZ $ ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' or `` Kiwi dollar '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi . Introduced in 1967 , the dollar is subdivided into 100 cents . Altogether there are ten denominations -- five coins and five banknotes -- with the smallest being the 10 - cent coin . Formerly there were lower denominations , but those were discontinued due to inflation and production costs . The New Zealand dollar is consistently one of the 10 most traded currencies in the world , being approximately 2.0 % of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2013 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exchange rate 2 Coins 2.1 History 2.2 Current circulating coins 3 Banknotes 3.1 History 3.2 Current circulating banknotes 4 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries 5 Global foreign exchange market 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Introduction ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the New Zealand dollar in 1967 , the New Zealand pound was the currency of New Zealand , which had been distinct from the pound sterling since 1933 . The pound used the £ sd system , in which the pound was divided into 20 shillings and one shilling was divided into 12 pence , which by the 1950s was considered complicated and cumbersome . Switching to decimal currency had been proposed in New Zealand since the 1930s , although only in the 1950s did any plans come to fruition . In 1957 , a committee was set up by the Government to investigate decimal currency . The idea fell on fertile ground , and in 1963 , the Government decided to decimalise New Zealand currency . The Decimal Currency Act was passed in 1964 , setting the date of transition to 10 July 1967 . Words such as `` fern '' , `` kiwi '' and `` zeal '' were proposed to avoid confusion with the word `` dollar '' , which many people at the time associated with the United States dollar . In the end , the word `` dollar '' was chosen anyway , and an anthropomorphic dollar note cartoon character called `` Mr. Dollar '' became the symbol of transition in a huge publicity campaign . On Monday 10 July 1967 ( `` Decimal Currency Day '' ) , the New Zealand dollar was introduced to replace the pound at a rate of two dollars to one pound ( one dollar to ten shillings , ten cents to one shilling , ​ ⁄ cent to a penny ) . Some 27 million new banknotes were printed and 165 million new coins were minted for the changeover . Exchange rate ( edit ) The New Zealand dollar was initially pegged to the US dollar at US $1.43 = NZ $1 . This rate changed on 21 November of the same year to US $1.12 = NZ $1 after the devaluation of the British pound ( see Bretton Woods system ) , although New Zealand devalued more than the UK . In 1971 the US devalued its dollar relative to gold , leading New Zealand on 23 December to peg its dollar at US $1.216 with a 4.5 % fluctuation range , keeping the same gold value . From 9 July 1973 to 4 March 1985 the dollar 's value was determined from a trade - weighted basket of currencies . The NZ $ was floated on 4 March 1985 at the initial rate of US $0.4444 . Since then the dollar 's value has been determined by the financial markets , and has been in the range of about US $0.39 to 0.88 . The dollar 's post-float low was US $0.3922 on 22 November 2000 , and it reached a post-float high on 9 July 2014 of US $0.8821 . Much of this medium - term variation in the exchange rate has been attributed to differences in interest rates . The New Zealand dollar 's value is often strongly affected by currency trading , and is among the 10 most - traded currencies . On 11 June 2007 the Reserve Bank sold an unknown worth of New Zealand dollars for nine billion USD in an attempt to drive down its value . This is the first intervention in the markets by the Bank since the float in 1985 . Two suspected interventions followed , but they were not as successful as the first : the first appeared to be initially effective , with the dollar dropping to approximately US $0.7490 from near US $0.7620 . However , within little more than a month it had risen to new post-float highs , reaching US $0.8103 on 23 July 2007 . After reaching its post-float record high in early 2008 , the value of the NZ $ plummeted throughout much of the 2nd half of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009 as a response to the global economic downturn and flight by investors away from `` riskier '' currencies such as the NZ $ . The NZ $ bottomed out at approximately US $0.50 on 6 March 2009 . However , it rebounded strongly as the year progressed , reaching the US $0.75 range by November 2009 . By late 2012 , the dollar was holding above 80 US cents , occasionally reaching 85 ¢ , prompting calls from the Green Party for quantitative easing . Unions also called on the Government and the Reserve Bank to take action , but as of February 2013 both had declined . As of early June , 2017 , the NZD was trading at approximately US $0.71 . Coins ( edit ) Main article : Coins of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) On the introduction of the dollar , coins came in denominations of 1c , 2c , 5c , 10c , 20c and 50c . The 1c and 2c coins were bronze , the others were cupro - nickel . To ease transition , the 5c , 10c and 20c were the same size as the sixpence , shilling and florin that they respectively replaced . Until 1970 the ten - cent coin bore the additional legend `` One Shilling '' . The obverse designs of all the coins featured Arnold Machin 's portrait of Queen Elizabeth II , with the legend ELIZABETH II NEW ZEALAND ( date ) . The reverse sides of coins introduced in 1967 did not follow the designs that were originally intended for them . Those modern art and sculpture themed designs were leaked to a newspaper and met a very negative public reaction . The final releases were given more conservative designs in line with public expectations . In 1986 , New Zealand adopted Raphael Maklouf 's new portrait of the Queen . The 1c and 2c coins were last minted for circulation in 1987 , with collector coins being made for 1988 . The coins were demonetised on 30 April 1990 . The lack of 1c and 2c coins meant that cash transactions were normally rounded to the nearest 5c ( 10c from 2006 ) , a process known as Swedish rounding . On 11 February 1991 , aluminium - bronze $1 and $2 coins were introduced to replace existing $1 and $2 notes . In 1999 , Ian Rank - Broadley 's portrait of the Queen was introduced and the legend rearranged to read NEW ZEALAND ELIZABETH II . On 11 November 2004 the Reserve Bank announced that it proposed to take the 5c coin out of circulation and to make the 50c , 20c and 10c coins smaller and use plated steel to make them lighter . After a three - month public submission period that ended on 4 February 2005 , the Reserve Bank announced on 31 March that it would go ahead with the proposed changes . The changeover period started on 31 July 2006 , with the old coins usable until 31 October 2006 . The old 50c , 20c , 10c and 5c pieces are now no longer legal tender , but are still redeemable at the Reserve Bank . Prior to the change over , these coins were similar , same for the legend and reverse artwork , to international ( mainly Commonwealth ) coins of the same British - derived sizes , which led to coins from other currencies , particularly older coins , being accepted by vending machines and many retailers . Current circulating coins ( edit ) The reverse designs of the current circulating New Zealand dollar coins . Image by Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Value Technical Parameters Description Date of issue Diameter Thickness Mass Composition Edge Obverse Reverse 10c 20.50 mm 1.58 mm 3.30 g Copper - plated steel Plain Queen Elizabeth II A Māori koruru , or carved head . 31 July 2006 20c 21.75 mm 1.56 mm 4.00 g Nickel - plated steel `` Spanish flower '' Queen Elizabeth II Māori carving of Pukaki , a chief of the Ngati Whakaue iwi between traditional koru kowhaiwhai patterns 31 July 2006 50c 24.75 mm 1.70 mm 5.00 g Plain HM Bark Endeavour and Mount Taranaki $1 23.00 mm 2.74 mm 8 g Aluminium bronze Intermittent milling Queen Elizabeth II Kiwi and silver fern 11 February 1991 $2 26.50 mm 2.70 mm 10 g Grooved Kotuku ( great egret ) Banknotes ( edit ) Main article : Banknotes of the New Zealand dollar History ( edit ) In 1967 , notes were introduced in denominations of $1 , $2 , $5 , $10 , $20 and $100 , with all except the $5 replacing their pound predecessors . The original series of dollar notes featured on the obverse a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II wearing Queen Alexandra 's Kokoshnik tiara , King George 's VI festoon necklace , and Queen Mary 's floret earrings , while the reverse featured native birds and plants . The notes were changed slightly in 1981 due to a change of printer ( from De La Rue to Bradbury , Wilkinson & Co . ) -- the most noticeable difference being the portrait based upon a photograph by Peter Grugeon , in which Queen Elizabeth II is wearing Grand Duchess Vladimir 's tiara and Queen Victoria 's golden jubilee necklace . The $50 note was added in 1983 to fill the long gap between the $20 and the $100 notes . $1 and $2 notes were discontinued in 1991 after being replaced with coins . A new series of notes was introduced in 1992 . The obverse of each note featured a notable New Zealander , while the reverse featured a native New Zealand bird and New Zealand scenery . In 1999 , polymer notes replaced the paper notes . The designs remained much the same , but were changed slightly to accommodate new security features , with the most obvious changes being the two transparent windows . New banknotes are being printed in New Zealand at the moment . The new notes are the same sizes and denominations as the older banknotes , and they will continue to be made of the same flexible plastic material . The themes of the notes remain the same , with the same respected New Zealanders , the Queen , and flora and fauna remaining central to the designs . The $5 and $10 notes were released in October 2015 , with the $20 , $50 and $100 notes set to release in April 2016 . The old New Zealand banknotes and the new ' Brighter Money ' banknotes can be used interchangeably for the time being . Since the older banknotes were first issued in 1999 , security features and the technology for designing and printing banknotes have all advanced considerably . And while counterfeiting rates in New Zealand are low compared to the rest of the world , the New Zealand public and government agree that it is in the best interest to `` stay one step ahead of the game '' , hence the new notes . Current circulating banknotes ( edit ) New Zealand $10 note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand $20 note ( sixth - issue ) New Zealand 's five - dollar note was named the banknote of the year for 2015 , a `` clear winner '' among nearly 40 eligible designs from a record 20 countries . The Reserve Bank of New Zealand released the new $5 and $10 notes in October as part of its Brighter Money range . The $5 shows mountaineer Sir Edmund Hillary facing the South Island 's Aoraki / Mount Cook , and , on the other side , a rare yellow - eyed penguin and local flora . Value Main Colour Description Date of issue Obverse Reverse Watermark $5 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Massey Ferguson tractor Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $5 ( 1 ) 135 mm × 66 mm Orange Sir Edmund Hillary Aoraki / Mount Cook Kaokao patterning Hoiho ( yellow - eyed penguin ) Campbell Island Campbell Island Daisy The number 5 2015 $10 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Whio ( blue duck ) River scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $10 ( 2 ) 140 mm × 68 mm Blue Kate Sheppard White camellia flowers Mangaroa ( purapura whetu ) patterning Whio ( blue duck ) with ducklings Pineapple Scrub New Zealand Kiokio The number 10 2015 $20 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) New Zealand alpine scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $20 ( 3 ) 145 mm × 70 mm Green Queen Elizabeth II New Zealand Parliament Buildings Poutama patterning Kārearea ( New Zealand falcon ) Tapuae - o - Uenuku / Mount Tapuaenuku Marlborough rock daisy The number 20 2016 $50 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Conifer broadleaf forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $50 ( 4 ) 150 mm × 72 mm Purple Sir Āpirana Ngata Porourangi Meeting House Poutama patterning Kōkako ( blue wattled crow ) Pureora Forest Park Sky - blue mushroom The number 50 2016 $100 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Beech forest scene Queen Elizabeth II 1999 $100 ( 5 ) 155 mm × 74 mm Red Lord Rutherford of Nelson Nobel Prize medal Whakaaro Kotahi patterning Mohua ( yellowhead ) South Island lichen moth ( Declana egregia ) Eglinton Valley ( in Fiordland National Park ) The number 100 2016 History of NZ $ foreign exchange rates in foreign countries ( edit ) With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971 , both Australia and New Zealand converted the mostly - fixed foreign exchange regimes to a moving peg against the US dollar . In September 1974 , Australia moved to a peg against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index ( TWI ) in an effort to reduce fluctuations associated with its peg to the US dollar . The peg to the TWI was changed to a moving peg in November 1976 , causing the actual value of the peg to be periodically adjusted . Since the late 1990s , and certainly since the end of the Cold War the US dollar has had less and less overall influence over the value of both the NZ $ and A $ against other currencies . Current NZD exchange rates From Google Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From Yahoo ! Finance : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From XE : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From OANDA : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY From fxtop.com : AUD CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD INR CNY Global foreign exchange market ( edit ) Most traded currencies by value Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover Rank Currency ISO 4217 code ( symbol ) % daily share ( April 2016 ) United States dollar USD ( US $ ) 87.6 % Euro EUR ( € ) 31.4 % Japanese yen JPY ( ¥ ) 21.6 % Pound sterling GBP ( £ ) 12.8 % 5 Australian dollar AUD ( A $ ) 6.9 % 6 Canadian dollar CAD ( C $ ) 5.1 % 7 Swiss franc CHF ( Fr ) 4.8 % 8 Renminbi CNY ( 元 ) 4.0 % 9 Swedish krona SEK ( kr ) 2.2 % 10 New Zealand dollar NZD ( NZ $ ) 2.1 % 11 Mexican peso MXN ( $ ) 1.9 % 12 Singapore dollar SGD ( S $ ) 1.8 % 13 Hong Kong dollar HKD ( HK $ ) 1.7 % 14 Norwegian krone NOK ( kr ) 1.7 % 15 South Korean won KRW ( ₩ ) 1.7 % 16 Turkish lira TRY ( ₺ ) 1.4 % 17 Russian ruble RUB ( ₽ ) 1.1 % 18 Indian rupee INR ( ₹ ) 1.1 % 19 Brazilian real BRL ( R $ ) 1.0 % 20 South African rand ZAR ( R ) 1.0 % Other 7.1 % Total 200.0 % The New Zealand dollar contributes greatly to the total global exchange market -- far in excess of New Zealand 's relative share of population or global GDP . According to the Bank for International Settlements , the New Zealand dollar 's share of global foreign exchange market daily turnover in 2016 was 2.1 % ( up from 1.6 % in 2010 ) giving it a rank of 11th . Trading in the currency has climbed steadily since the same survey in 1998 when the NZD 's ranking was 17th and the share of turnover was just 0.2 % . See also ( edit ) Economy of New Zealand Cook Islands dollar History of Chatham Islands numismatics Postal orders of the Chatham Islands Postal orders of New Zealand Pitcairn Islands dollar Australian dollar References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Dollar ( NZD ) Profile Foreign Exchange Conversion - Money Calculator '' . currency7.com . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jazial Crossley ( 2012 - 03 - 12 ) . `` Currency Kiwi Follows Aussie Dollar Down '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : `` Triennial Central Bank Survey , April 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Bank for International Settlements . Retrieved 25 March 2014 . ( pg. 10 of PDF ) Jump up ^ `` Explaining New Zealand 's currency '' ( PDF ) . Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 July 2013 . Retrieved 17 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Decimal Currency Act 1964 No 27 ( as at 01 February 1990 ) , Public Act Contents -- New Zealand Legislation '' . www.legislation.govt.nz . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` New Zealand adopts decimal currency '' . nzhistory.govt.nz . Ministry for Culture and Heritage . 10 January 2017 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand dollar '' . Global Exchange . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ The Film Archive . `` Decimal Currency , Mr. Dollar '' . Archived from the original on 3 August 2012 . Retrieved 8 March 2012 . Jump up ^ New Zealand official yearbook. 72 . New Zealand Department of Statistics . 1967 . p. 1126 . Retrieved 6 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` New Zealand Dollar ( USD per NZD ) '' . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2007 . Jump up ^ Victoria Batchelor and Chris Young , Cullen Says N.Z. Dollar Has ' Peaked , ' Expects Decline ( Update1 ) 2 August 2007 Bloomberg ( access date 10 February 2008 ) ^ Jump up to : 23 , 8 May : 00PM GMT . `` New Zealand Dollar : CURRENCY : NZD quotes & news - Google Finance '' . Google.com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Greens call for quantitative easing '' . 3 News NZ. 7 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Labour sees merit in Green call to print cash '' . NZ Herald . 8 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Govt rejects call to print money '' . 3 News NZ. 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.xe.com/currencytables/?from=NZD&date=2017-06-01 ^ Jump up to : History of New Zealand Coinage Archived 23 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. , Reserve Bank of New Zealand . Accessed 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Tim Watkin , Figure of unity , NZ Listener , 13 -- 19 November 2004 , Vol 196 , No 3366 . Accessed 14 June 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Linzmayer , Owen ( 2012 ) . `` New Zealand '' . The Banknote Book . San Francisco , CA : www.BanknoteNews.com . ^ Jump up to : http://www.brightermoney.co.nz/ Jump up ^ `` New Zealand Wins 2015 IBNS Banknote of the Year Award '' . Retrieved 12 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2016 '' ( PDF ) . Triennial Central Bank Survey . Basel , Switzerland : Bank for International Settlements. 11 December 2016 . p. 7 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . Jump up ^ The total sum is 200 % because each currency trade always involves a currency pair . External links ( edit ) ANZ New Zealand -- View the current exchange rate graphs of NZ $ / inr Reserve bank of New Zealand - Money issuing Authority Historical New Zealand Trading bank notes -- Old extremely rare banknotes of New Zealand Images of historic and modern New Zealand bank notes Current and historical banknotes of New Zealand ( in English ) ( in German ) Preceded by : New Zealand pound Reason : decimalisation Ratio : 2 dollars = 1 pound Currency of New Zealand 10 July 1967 -- Succeeded by : Current Economy of New Zealand History Head tax , 1881 IC&A Act , 1894 Wool boom , 1951 Black Budget , 1958 Think Big , 1979 -- 84 Rogernomics , 1984 -- 90 Ruthanasia , 1990 -- 93 Mother of all Budgets , 1991 Leaky homes crisis , 2000s Finance company collapses , 2006 -- 12 Currency New Zealand dollar Dollar banknotes twenty Dollar coins one Twenty - cent coin New Zealand pound Government Taxation New Zealand Treasury New Zealand budget New Zealand Trade and Enterprise Reserve Bank of New Zealand Official Cash Rate Overseas Investment Office Commerce Commission KiwiSaver Industry Agriculture New Zealand Meat Producers Board New Zealand Dairy Board New Zealand Wool Board Beer Fishing Aquaculture Whaling Forestry Woodchipping Kauri gum Licensing trust Mining Tourism Wine Economic conditions Social class Income Poverty International rankings Agreements Closer Economic Relations Free trade agreements Malaysia China Trans - 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what kind of money does new zealand use

The New Zealand dollar ( sign : $ ; code : NZD , also abbreviated NZ $ ) ( Māori : Tāra o Aotearoa ) is the official currency and legal tender of New Zealand , the Cook Islands , Niue , the Ross Dependency , Tokelau , and a British territory , the Pitcairn Islands . Within New Zealand , it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ( $ ) , with `` NZ $ '' sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar - denominated currencies . In the context of currency trading , it is often informally called the `` Kiwi '' or `` Kiwi dollar '' , since New Zealand is commonly associated with the indigenous bird and the one - dollar coin depicts a kiwi .

Lenny DiNardo - wikipedia Lenny DiNardo Jump to : navigation , search Lenny DiNardo DiNardo with the Oakland Athletics Pitcher Born : ( 1979 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1979 ( age 38 ) Miami , Florida Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut April 23 , 2004 , for the Boston Red Sox Last MLB appearance October 2 , 2009 , for the Kansas City Royals MLB statistics Win -- loss record 10 -- 18 Earned run average 5.36 Strikeouts 132 Teams Boston Red Sox ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2009 ) Leonard Edward DiNardo ( born September 19 , 1979 ) is a former professional baseball pitcher . He graduated from Santa Fe High School in Alachua , Florida in 1998 , and went on to attend Stetson University . He previously lived in Miami , Florida and Micanopy , Florida . DiNardo bats and throws left - handed . Contents ( hide ) 1 Professional career 1.1 New York Mets 1.2 Boston Red Sox 1.3 Oakland Athletics 1.4 Kansas City Royals 1.5 Second stint with the Athletics 1.6 Second stint with the Red Sox 1.7 Long Island Ducks 1.8 Third stint with the Athletics 1.9 Lamigo Monkees 1.10 Lancaster Barnstormers 1.11 Music 1.12 Pitching Instruction 2 References 3 External links Professional career ( edit ) New York Mets ( edit ) In 1998 , the Boston Red Sox selected DiNardo in the 10th round of the 1998 Major League Baseball draft , but he did not sign , opting to attend Stetson University instead . Three years later , he would sign with the New York Mets when they selected him in the 3rd round . In the summer of 2001 , DiNardo made his professional debut with the Brooklyn Cyclones , the Mets Single - A affiliate . In 2002 , he played for the Columbia Mets in the South Atlantic League , another Single - A farm team of the Mets . Boston Red Sox ( edit ) In 2003 , he split time between St. Lucie ( Single - A ) and Binghamton ( Double - A ) . He pitched well enough to warrant being selected by the Boston Red Sox during the Rule 5 draft on December 15 . As is the requirement with Rule 5 selections , DiNardo would remain on the Red Sox major league roster during the entire 2004 season . He began the season on the disabled list and made his major league debut on April 23 against the New York Yankees in Yankee Stadium . DiNardo spent much of the second half of the season back on the disabled list . Nevertheless , the lanky left - hander received a World Series ring for his contributions to the 2004 World Series Champion Red Sox . Having satisfied the requirement of keeping DiNardo on the major league roster , the Red Sox sent the pitcher to Triple - A Pawtucket to start the 2005 season . He was recalled to the major league club five different times during the year . In 2006 , DiNardo made six starts in place of the injured David Wells . However , he spent a lot of time on the disabled list himself , due to a neck injury . DiNardo played for Italy at 2006 World Baseball Classic . To prepare for the 2007 MLB season , DiNardo played for the Peoria Javelinas of the Arizona Fall League . Oakland Athletics ( edit ) On February 14 , 2007 , the Oakland Athletics claimed DiNardo off waivers from the Boston Red Sox . DiNardo finished the season having made 20 starts and 15 relief appearances , logging 131.1 innings with an 8 - 10 record and an ERA of 4.11 . Kansas City Royals ( edit ) He signed a minor league contract with the Kansas City Royals on December 17 , 2008 . He spent the last month of the 2009 season up in the bigs . DiNardo again represented Italy at the 2009 World Baseball Classic . Second stint with the Athletics ( edit ) On January 8 , 2010 , DiNardo , signed a minor league contract to return to the Oakland Athletics , the deal included an invite to spring training . Second stint with the Red Sox ( edit ) On December 15 , 2010 , DiNardo , signed a minor league contract to return to the Boston Red Sox . However , on April 1 , 2011 he was released . Long Island Ducks ( edit ) On April 14 , 2011 , DiNardo signed with the Long Island Ducks . Third stint with the Athletics ( edit ) DiNardo signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics on May 21 , 2011 . Lamigo Monkees ( edit ) DiNardo played for the Lamigo Monkees of the Chinese Professional Baseball League in 2012 . Lancaster Barnstormers ( edit ) He played for the Lancaster Barnstormers of the independent Atlantic League in 2013 , going 5 - 9 with a 5.25 ERA in 20 games ( 19 starts ) . He tossed the franchise 's first ever no hitter on May 8 , 2013 against The Long Island Ducks . He retired in August of that year . Music ( edit ) DiNardo plays guitar and has been a part of the annual Hot Stove Cool Music concert in Boston , Massachusetts for several years . He 's performed with Evan Dando of The Lemonheads , Juliana Hatfield of The Blake Babies , Joe Keefe and Sebastion Keefe of Family of the Year , Kay Hanley and Stacy Jones of Letters to Cleo , Bill Janovitz of Buffalo Tom . He sang back up vocals on the Dropkick Murphys 2004 hit Tessie along with Bronson Arroyo and Johnny Damon , and on Dirty Water off Bronson Arroyo 's debut album Covering the Bases and played rhythm guitar on Model Citizen off Peter Gammons debut album Never Slow Down , Never Grow Old . Pitching instruction ( edit ) DiNardo is currently a pitching instructor in Fort Myers and Naples , Florida ; As well as South Kingstown , Rhode Island . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Lenny DiNardo . '' Major League Baseball . 24 July 2007 . 25 July 2007 < http://mlb.mlb.com/team/player.jsp?player_id=430837 > . ^ Jump up to : `` Though winged by injuries , Angels still aloft '' . Boston . July 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2011 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lenny DiNardo '' . Baseball-Reference.com . July 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2007 . Retrieved December 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny DiNardo '' . Baseball Cube . July 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Lenny DiNardo '' . CBSSports.com . July 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2007 . Retrieved July 25 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Slusser , Susan ( January 8 , 2010 ) . `` Everidge designated ; DiNardo signs minor - league deal '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved January 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` DiNardo and Buzachero signed '' . April 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2011 . Retrieved April 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Athletics Sign Lenny DiNardo '' . MLB Trade Rumors . May 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on May 23 , 2011 . Retrieved May 21 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) ( 1 ) Career statistics and player information from MLB , or Baseball - Reference , or The Baseball Cube , or Baseball - Reference ( Minors ) 2000 College Baseball All - America Team consensus selections P Kip Bouknight P Lenny DiNardo P Justin Wayne RP Cory Scott C Brad Cresse 1B Todd Faulkner 2B Chase Utley 3B Mark Teixeira SS Tim Hummel O Gabe Gross O Mitch Jones O Bill Scott DH Jason Dubois U None Italy roster -- 2006 World Baseball Classic -- 10th place 1 Jack Santora 3 Jim Buccheri 4 Frank Menechino 6 Tony Giarratano 13 John Mangieri 14 Matt Ceriani 15 Vince Sinisi 17 Alex Maestri 18 Mark Saccomanno 20 Tom Gregorio 22 Tony Fiore 24 Dustin Delucchi 25 Pete Zoccolillo 26 Jairo Ramos Gizzi 27 Frank Catalanotto 28 Fabio Milano 31 Mike Piazza 34 Davide Dallospedale 35 Valentino Pascucci 36 Marc Lamacchia 37 David Rollandini 38 Todd Incantalupo 40 Kasey Olemberger 42 Claudio Liverziani 43 Riccardo De Santis 45 Mike Gallo 49 Jason Grilli 53 Philip Barzilla 55 Lenny DiNardo 58 Dan Miceli Manager Matt Galante Italy roster -- 2009 World Baseball Classic -- 10th place 2 Leonardo Zileri 3 Jack Santora 4 Mike Costanzo 8 Nick Punto 9 Andrea De Santis 10 Vinny Rottino 14 Alex Liddi 15 Mark DiFelice 17 Alex Maestri 18 B.J. LaMura 19 Chris Denorfia 20 Peter Ciofrone 27 Frank Catalanotto 28 Cody Cillo 29 Dan Serafini 30 Kasey Olemberger 34 Davide Dallospedale 35 Chris Cooper 37 Valentino Pascucci 40 Roberto Corradini 42 Tiago da Silva 45 Mario Chiarini 47 Giuseppe Mazzanti 49 Jason Grilli 50 Luca Panerati 54 Adam Ottavino 55 Lenny DiNardo 64 Francisco Cervelli Manager 5 Marco Mazzieri Coach 21 Mike Hargrove Coach 26 Tom Trebelhorn Coach 23 Alberto D'Auria Coach 1 William Holmberg Coach 31 Mike Piazza Coach 33 Gilberto Gerali MusicBrainz : 3d3fcddc - e1e2 - 4c4c - 93a7 - 67332274a965 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lenny_DiNardo&oldid=793974964 '' Categories : 1979 births Living people Boston Red Sox players Oakland Athletics players Kansas City Royals players 2006 World Baseball Classic players 2009 World Baseball Classic players American people of Italian descent Baseball players from Florida Major League Baseball pitchers Sportspeople from Miami Stetson Hatters baseball players Brooklyn Cyclones players Capital City Bombers players St. Lucie Mets players Binghamton Mets players Sarasota Red Sox players Pawtucket Red Sox players Gulf Coast Red Sox players Portland Sea Dogs players Sacramento River Cats players Omaha Royals players Arizona League Athletics players Long Island Ducks players Midland RockHounds players Lancaster Barnstormers players Peoria Javelinas players Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 August 2017 , at 01 : 34 . 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when did lenny dinardo play for the red sox

Lenny DiNardo DiNardo with the Oakland Athletics Pitcher Born : ( 1979 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1979 ( age 38 ) Miami , Florida Batted : Left Threw : Left MLB debut April 23 , 2004 , for the Boston Red Sox Last MLB appearance October 2 , 2009 , for the Kansas City Royals MLB statistics Win -- loss record 10 -- 18 Earned run average 5.36 Strikeouts 132 Teams Boston Red Sox ( 2004 -- 2006 ) Oakland Athletics ( 2007 -- 2008 ) Kansas City Royals ( 2009 )

Brainstem - wikipedia Brainstem This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Neuroscience portal Brainstem The three distinct parts of the brainstem are colored in this sagittal section of a human brain . Details Part of Brain Parts Medulla , Pons , Midbrain Identifiers Latin truncus encephali MeSH D001933 NeuroNames 2052 , 236 NeuroLex ID birnlex_1565 TA A14. 1.03. 009 FMA 79876 Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy ( edit on Wikidata ) The brainstem ( or brain stem ) is the posterior part of the brain , adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord . In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . Sometimes the diencephalon , the caudal part of the forebrain , is included . The brainstem provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves . Of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves , ten pairs come from the brainstem . The brainstem is an extremely important part of the brain as the nerve connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body pass through the brainstem . This includes the corticospinal tract ( motor ) , the dorsal column - medial lemniscus pathway ( fine touch , vibration sensation , and proprioception ) , and the spinothalamic tract ( pain , temperature , itch , and crude touch ) . The brainstem also plays an important role in the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function . It also regulates the central nervous system , and is pivotal in maintaining consciousness and regulating the sleep cycle . The brainstem has many basic functions including heart rate , breathing , sleeping , and eating . Contents 1 Structure 1.1 Midbrain 1.2 Pons 1.3 Medulla oblongata 1.4 Ventral view of medulla and pons 1.5 Dorsal view of medulla and pons 2 Development 3 Blood supply 4 Cranial nerves 5 Function 6 Clinical significance 7 Additional images 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Structure ( edit ) Midbrain ( edit ) Structures of the brainstem Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus . Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus . Main article : Midbrain The midbrain is divided into three parts : tectum , tegmentum , and the ventral tegmentum . The tectum ( Latin : roof ) , which forms the ceiling . The tectum comprises the paired structure of the superior and inferior colliculi and is the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct . The inferior colliculus , is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei , as well as inputs from the auditory cortex . Its inferior brachium ( arm - like process ) reaches to the medial geniculate nucleus of the diencephalon . Superior to the inferior colliculus , the superior colliculus marks the rostral midbrain . It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon . The tegmentum which forms the floor of the midbrain , is ventral to the cerebral aqueduct . Several nuclei , tracts , and the reticular formation are contained here . The ventral tegmental area ( VTA ) is composed of paired cerebral peduncles . These transmit axons of upper motor neurons . The midbrain consists of : Periaqueductal gray : The area of gray matter around the cerebral aqueduct , which contains various neurons involved in the pain desensitization pathway . Neurons synapse here and , when stimulated , cause activation of neurons in the nucleus raphe magnus , which then project down into the posterior grey column of the spinal cord and prevent pain sensation transmission . Oculomotor nerve nucleus : This is the third cranial nerve nucleus . Trochlear nerve nucleus : This is the fourth cranial nerve . Red nucleus : This is a motor nucleus that sends a descending tract to the lower motor neurons . Substantia nigra pars compacta : This is a concentration of neurons in the ventral portion of the midbrain that uses dopamine as its neurotransmitter and is involved in both motor function and emotion . Its dysfunction is implicated in Parkinson 's disease . Reticular formation : This is a large area in the midbrain that is involved in various important functions of the midbrain . In particular , it contains lower motor neurons , is involved in the pain desensitization pathway , is involved in the arousal and consciousness systems , and contains the locus coeruleus , which is involved in intensive alertness modulation and in autonomic reflexes . Central tegmental tract : Directly anterior to the floor of the fourth ventricle , this is a pathway by which many tracts project up to the cortex and down to the spinal cord . Ventral tegmental area : A dopaminergic nucleus located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain . Rostromedial tegmental nucleus : A GABAergic nucleus located adjacent to the ventral tegmental area . Pons ( edit ) Main article : Pons This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The pons lies between the medulla oblongata and the midbrain . It contains tracts that carry signals from the cerebrum to the medulla and to the cerebellum and also tracts that carry sensory signals to the thalamus . The pons is connected to the cerebellum by the cerebellar peduncles . The pons houses the respiratory pneumotaxic center and apneustic center that make up the pontine respiratory group in the respiratory center . The pons co-ordinates activities of the cerebellar hemispheres . Medulla oblongata ( edit ) Main article : Medulla oblongata This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) The medulla oblongata often just referred to as the medulla , is the lower half of the brainstem continuous with the spinal cord . Its upper part is continuous with the pons . The medulla contains the cardiac , dorsal and ventral respiratory groups , and vasomotor centres , dealing with heart rate , breathing and blood pressure . Another important medullary structure is the area postrema whose functions include the control of vomiting . Ventral view of medulla and pons ( edit ) Cross-section of the middle pons ( at the level of cranial nerve V ) . Cross-section of the inferior pons ( at the level of the facial genu ) . Cross-section of the rostral ( superior ) medulla . Cross-section of the middle medulla . Cross-section of the inferior medulla . In the medial part of the medulla is the anterior median fissure . Moving laterally on each side are the medullary pyramids . The pyramids contain the fibers of the corticospinal tract ( also called the pyramidal tract ) , or the upper motor neuronal axons as they head inferiorly to synapse on lower motor neuronal cell bodies within the anterior grey column of the spinal cord . The anterolateral sulcus is lateral to the pyramids . Emerging from the anterolateral sulci are the CN XII ( hypoglossal nerve ) rootlets . Lateral to these rootlets and the anterolateral sulci are the olives . The olives are swellings in the medulla containing underlying inferior nucleary nuclei ( containing various nuclei and afferent fibers ) . Lateral ( and dorsal ) to the olives are the rootlets for CN IX ( glossopharyngeal ) , CN X ( vagus ) and CN XI ( accessory nerve ) . The pyramids end at the pontine medulla junction , noted most obviously by the large basal pons . From this junction , CN VI ( abducens nerve ) , CN VII ( facial nerve ) and CN VIII ( vestibulocochlear nerve ) emerge . At the level of the midpons , CN V ( the trigeminal nerve ) emerges . Cranial nerve III ( the oculomotor nerve ) emerges ventrally from the midbrain , while the CN IV ( the trochlear nerve ) emerges out from the dorsal aspect of midbrain . Between the two pyramids can be seen a decussation of fibres which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord . The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below . Dorsal view of medulla and pons ( edit ) The most medial part of the medulla is the posterior median sulcus . Moving laterally on each side is the fasciculus gracilis , and lateral to that is the fasciculus cuneatus . Superior to each of these , and directly inferior to the obex , are the gracile and cuneate tubercles , respectively . Underlying these are their respective nuclei . The obex marks the end of the fourth ventricle and the beginning of the central canal . The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the fasciculus gracilis from the fasciculus cuneatus . Lateral to the fasciculus cuneatus is the lateral funiculus . Superior to the obex is the floor of the fourth ventricle . In the floor of the fourth ventricle , various nuclei can be visualized by the small bumps that they make in the overlying tissue . In the midline and directly superior to the obex is the vagal trigone and superior to that it the hypoglossal trigone . Underlying each of these are motor nuclei for the respective cranial nerves . Superior to these trigones are fibers running laterally in both directions . These fibers are known collectively as the striae medullares . Continuing in a rostral direction , the large bumps are called the facial colliculi . Each facial colliculus , contrary to their names , do not contain the facial nerve nuclei . Instead , they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens ( CN VI ) nuclei . Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line , or sulcus that runs rostrally , and is known as the sulcus limitans . This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons . Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the vestibular system , which is involved in special sensation . Moving rostrally , the inferior , middle , and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum . Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle , there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves . This marks the end of the pons as the inferior colliculus is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain . Middle cerebellar peduncle is located inferior and lateral to the superior cerebellar peduncle , connecting pons to the cerebellum . Likewise , inferior cerebellar peduncle is found connecting the medulla oblongata to the cerebellum . Development ( edit ) The adult human brainstem emerges from two of the three primary vesicles formed of the neural tube . The mesencephalon is the second of the three primary vesicles , and does not further differentiate into a secondary vesicle . This will become the midbrain . The third primary vesicle , the rhombencephalon ( hindbrain ) will further differentiate into two secondary vesicles , the metencephalon and the myelencephalon . The metencephalon will become the cerebellum and the pons . The more caudal myelencephalon will become the medulla . Blood supply ( edit ) The main supply of blood to the brainstem is provided by the basilar arteries and the vertebral arteries . Cranial nerves ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2016 ) Main article : cranial nerves Ten of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves either target or are sourced from the brainstem . The nuclei of the oculomotor nerve ( III ) and trochlear nerve ( IV ) are located in the midbrain . The nuclei of the trigeminal nerve ( V ) , abducens nerve ( VI ) , facial nerve ( VII ) and vestibulocochlear nerve ( VIII ) are located in the pons . The nuclei of the glossopharyngeal nerve ( IX ) , vagus nerve ( X ) , accessory nerve ( XI ) and hypoglossal nerve ( XII ) are located in the medulla . The fibers of these cranial nerves exit the brainstem from these nuclei . Function ( edit ) There are three main functions of the brainstem : The brainstem plays a role in conduction . That is , all information relayed from the body to the cerebrum and cerebellum and vice versa must traverse the brainstem . The ascending pathways coming from the body to the brain are the sensory pathways and include the spinothalamic tract for pain and temperature sensation and the dorsal column - medial lemniscus pathway ( DCML ) including the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus for touch , proprioception , and pressure sensation . The facial sensations have similar pathways , and will travel in the spinothalamic tract and the DCML . Descending tracts are the axons of upper motor neurons destined to synapse on lower motor neurons in the ventral horn and posterior horn . In addition , there are upper motor neurons that originate in the brainstem 's vestibular , red , tectal , and reticular nuclei , which also descend and synapse in the spinal cord . The cranial nerves III - XII emerge from the brainstem . These cranial nerves supply the face , head , and viscera . ( The first two pairs of cranial nerves arise from the cerebrum ) . The brainstem has integrative functions being involved in cardiovascular system control , respiratory control , pain sensitivity control , alertness , awareness , and consciousness . Thus , brainstem damage is a very serious and often life - threatening problem . Clinical significance ( edit ) Diseases of the brainstem can result in abnormalities in the function of cranial nerves that may lead to visual disturbances , pupil abnormalities , changes in sensation , muscle weakness , hearing problems , vertigo , swallowing and speech difficulty , voice change , and co-ordination problems . Localizing neurological lesions in the brainstem may be very precise , although it relies on a clear understanding on the functions of brainstem anatomical structures and how to test them . Brainstem stroke syndrome can cause a range of impairments including locked - in syndrome . Duret haemorrhages are areas of bleeding in the midbrain and upper pons due to a downward traumatic displacement of the brainstem . Cysts known as syrinxes can affect the brainstem , in a condition called syringobulbia . These fluid - filed cavities can be congenital , acquired or the result of a tumor . Criteria for claiming brainstem death in the UK have developed in order to make the decision of when to stop ventilation of somebody who could not otherwise sustain life . These determining factors are that the patient is irreversibly unconscious and incapable of breathing unaided . All other possible causes must be ruled out that might otherwise indicate a temporary condition . The state of irreversible brain damage has to be unequivocal . There are brainstem reflexes that are checked for by two senior doctors so that imaging technology is unnecessary . The absence of the cough and gag reflexes , of the corneal reflex and the vestibulo - ocular reflex need to be established ; the pupils of the eyes must be fixed and dilated ; there must be an absence of motor response to stimulation and an absence of breathing marked by concentrations of carbon dioxide in the arterial blood . All of these tests must be repeated after a certain time before death can be declared . Additional images ( edit ) The midbrain , pons , and medulla oblongata are labelled on this coronal section of the human brain . Brainstem . Anterior face. Deep dissection Brainstem . Posterior face. Deep dissection Sagittal section of brainstem marking nuclei See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Triune brain Reptilian brain References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alberts , Daniel ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's illustrated medical dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Philadelphia , PA : Saunders / Elsevier . p. 248 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier Saunders . p. 1121 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ( 2011 ) . Neuroscience ( 5 . ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer . p. 740 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . Jump up ^ Purves , Dale ( 2011 ) . Neuroscience ( 5 . ed . ) . Sunderland , Mass. : Sinauer . p. 725 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87893 - 695 - 3 . Jump up ^ Vilensky , Joel ; Robertson , Wendy ; Suarez - Quian , Carlos ( 2015 ) . The Clinical Anatomy of the Cranial Nerves : The Nerves of `` On Olympus Towering Top '' . Ames , Iowa : Wiley - Blackwell . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 49201 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2013 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 10 . Jump up ^ Dorland 's ( 2012 ) . Dorland 's Illustrated Medical Dictionary ( 32nd ed . ) . Elsevier . p. 842 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4160 - 6257 - 8 . Jump up ^ Black 's Medical Dictionary 39th edition 1999 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brain stem . Comparative Neuroscience at Wikiversity http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/Meded/Neuro/frames/nlBSsL/nl40fr.htm http://biology.about.com/library/organs/brain/blbrainstem.htm http://www.waiting.com/brainanatomy.html http://braininjuryhelp.com/video-tutorial/brain-injury-help-video-tutorial/ http://www.martindalecenter.com/MedicalAnatomy_3_SAD.html NIF Search - Brainstem via the Neuroscience Information Framework Nervous system Central nervous system Meninges Spinal cord Brain Hindbrain Medulla Pons Cerebellum Midbrain Forebrain Diencephalon Retina Optic nerve Cerebrum Limbic system Peripheral nervous system Somatic Sensory nerve Motor nerve Cranial nerve Spinal nerve Autonomic Sympathetic Parasympathetic Enteric Anatomy of the medulla Grey matter Cranial nuclei afferent : Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent : Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matter Dorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro - olivary tract Surface Front Pyramid Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei Anatomy of the pons Dorsal / ( tegmentum ) Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White : Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey : Cranial nuclei afferent : GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent : SVE : Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE : Abducens nucleus GVE : Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Other Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center Parabrachial nuclei Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Locus coeruleus Ventral / ( base ) Grey Pontine nuclei White : Motor / descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey : Raphe / reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median Anatomy of the midbrain Tectum ( Dorsal ) Surface Corpora quadrigemina : Inferior colliculus Brachium Superior colliculus Brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White : Sensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract White : Motor / descending Tectospinal tract Peduncle ( Ventral ) Tegmentum White : Sensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo - oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Anterior trigeminothalamic tract Dentatothalamic tract White : Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro - olivary tract Descending MLF Grey : cranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic - GSE Oculomotor nucleus , Trochlear nucleus - GVE Edinger -- Westphal nucleus Grey : other Periaqueductal gray Raphe nuclei dorsal Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Ventricular system Cerebral aqueduct Base White : Motor / descending Cerebral crus : Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract / Frontopontine fibers / Temporopontine fibers Grey : Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa GND : 4072520 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brainstem&oldid=856300200 '' Categories : Brainstem Neurophysiology Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties Articles needing additional references from January 2013 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from April 2014 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles to be expanded from October 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche 粵語 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 24 August 2018 , at 07 : 42 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the portion of the brain which is continuous with the spinal cord is the

The brainstem ( or brain stem ) is the posterior part of the brain , adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord . In the human brain the brainstem includes the midbrain , the pons , and the medulla oblongata . Sometimes the diencephalon , the caudal part of the forebrain , is included .

The World 's End ( film ) - wikipedia The World 's End ( film ) The World 's End British theatrical release poster Directed by Edgar Wright Produced by Nira Park Tim Bevan Eric Fellner Written by Edgar Wright Simon Pegg Starring Simon Pegg Nick Frost Paddy Considine Martin Freeman Eddie Marsan Rosamund Pike Music by Steven Price Cinematography Bill Pope Edited by Paul Machliss Production companies Relativity Media StudioCanal Working Title Films Big Talk Pictures Distributed by Universal Pictures ( International ) Focus Features ( United States ) Release date 10 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 10 ) ( Leicester Square ) 19 July 2013 ( 2013 - 07 - 19 ) ( United Kingdom ) 23 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 23 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United Kingdom Japan United States Language English Budget $20 million Box office $46.1 million The World 's End is a 2013 comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright , written by Wright and Simon Pegg , and starring Pegg , Nick Frost , Paddy Considine , Martin Freeman , Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike . The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during an epic pub crawl in their home town . Wright has described the film as `` social science fiction '' in the tradition of John Wyndham and Samuel Youd ( John Christopher ) . It is the third and final film in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy , following Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) and Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) . The film was produced by Relativity Media , StudioCanal , Big Talk Productions , and Working Title Films . It grossed $46.1 million against a $20 million budget . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 4 Production 5 Soundtrack 5.1 Track list 6 Release 7 Reception 7.1 Box office 7.2 Critical reception 8 Accolades 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Alcoholic Gary King persuades his estranged schoolfriends Peter , Oliver , Steven , and Andy , to complete the `` Golden Mile '' , a pub crawl encompassing the 12 pubs of their hometown of Newton Haven . The group attempted the crawl as teenagers , but failed to reach the final three pubs , including the World 's End . In the second pub , they are joined by Oliver 's sister Sam , whose affections Gary and Steven fought over in school . Gary is refused entry to the third pub , having been barred as a teenager , but drinks beer left on a table outside . In the toilets of the fourth pub , Gary picks a fight with a teenager and knocks his head off , exposing him as an android . Gary 's friends join him and fight more androids . Realising the town population has been replaced with androids , they decide to continue the pub crawl so as not to arouse suspicion . At the seventh pub , Gary , Sam and Steven get into a fight with androids impersonating Sam 's twin friends . At the eighth pub , androids impersonating girls from their youth attempt to seduce Gary , Andy and Peter , while Basil , a local known for conspiracy theories , explains the details of the android invasion to Steven . At the ninth pub , the group 's old schoolteacher Guy Shepherd encourages them to be replaced by androids . Andy notices that Oliver 's birthmark , removed with laser treatment , has re-appeared , and realises he has been replaced with an android ; he damages him . Another fight breaks out and the group scatters . Gary and Sam escape and Gary tells her to leave for her safety . The remaining friends accuse each other of having been replaced by androids , but prove their humanity with scars and tattoos the androids lack . The androids capture Peter , but Gary is determined to finish the pub crawl . At the World 's End , Andy confronts Gary ; he realises that Gary recently attempted suicide and clings to his goal of completing the Mile due to his sense that he has not and can not achieve anything else in life . As Andy tries to stop Gary from drawing his final pint , they discover a hidden chamber and reunite with Steven . A disembodied alien entity , the Network , tells them that the android invasion has been responsible for the technological advances in telecommunication over recent decades as part of a first step to joining a galactic community . It offers them eternal youth by becoming androids , but they refuse . Gary persuades them that humanity is too stupid to join the aliens ; exasperated , the Network abandons the invasion . Sam arrives to drive the group out of Newton Haven as it self - destructs . Some time later , the destruction of Newton Haven has triggered a worldwide electromagnetic pulse that destroyed all electrical power on Earth , setting humanity back to the Dark Ages . The remaining androids have reactivated and are mistrusted by surviving humans . Andy 's marriage has recovered , Steven is in a relationship with Sam , and android versions of Peter and Oliver have returned to a semblance of their former lives . In the ruins of Newton Haven , the now - sober Gary enters a pub with the android versions of his younger friends and orders water . When the bartender refuses to serve androids , Gary leads his android friends into a brawl . Cast ( edit ) Simon Pegg as Gary King Thomas Law as young Gary Nick Frost as Andy Knightley Zachary Bailess as young Andy Paddy Considine as Steven Prince Jasper Levine as young Steven Martin Freeman as Oliver `` O - Man '' Chamberlain Luke Bromley as young Oliver Eddie Marsan as Peter Page James Tarpey as young Peter Rosamund Pike as Sam Chamberlain Flora Slorach as young Sam Pierce Brosnan as Guy Shepherd Bill Nighy ( voice ) as The Network David Bradley as Basil Darren Boyd as Shane Hawkins Richard Hadfield as young Shane Michael Smiley as Trevor `` The Reverend '' Green Reece Shearsmith as Collaborator # 1 Nicholas Burns as Collaborator # 2 Steve Oram as Motorcycle Policeman Sophie Evans as Becky Salt Samantha White as Erika Leekes Rose Reynolds as Tracy Benson Kelly Franklin as Kelly Francesca Reidie as young Kelly Stacey Franklin as Stacey Charlotte Reidie as young Stacey Alex Austin as Pale Young Man Jonathan Aris as Group Leader Jenny Bede as Fitness Instructor Angie Wallis as Peter 's Wife Paul Bentall as Peter 's Dad Richard Graham as Head Builder Alice Lowe as Young Lady Rafe Spall as Young Man Leo Thompson as Felicity Julia Deakin as B&B Landlady Greg Townley as Greg Sebastian Zaniesienko as Seb Luke Scott as Luke Tyler Dobbs as Tyler Samuel Mak as Sam Teddy Kempner as Publican # 1 Mark Kempner as Publican # 2 Nick Holder as Publican # 3 Paul Kennington as Publican # 4 Mike Sarne as Publican # 5 Mark Heap as Publican # 6 Ken Bones as Publican # 7 James Granstrom as Adrian Keane Gabe Cronnelly as Upstairs Beehive Man Patricia Franklin as Upstairs Beehive Lady Mark Donovan as Big Ugly Bastard # 1 Ricky Champ as Big Ugly Bastard # 2 Garth Jennings ( uncredited ) as Man in Pub # 5 Peter Serafinowicz ( uncredited ) as Knock - a-Door Run Home Owner Development ( edit ) The World 's End began as a screenplay titled Crawl about a group of teenagers on a pub crawl ; it was written by Edgar Wright at the age of 21 . He realised the idea could work with adult characters to capture `` the bittersweet feeling of returning to your home town and feeling like a stranger '' . Wright said he wanted to satirise the `` strange homogeneous branding that becomes like a virus '' , explaining : `` This does n't just extend to pubs , it 's the same with cafés and restaurants . If you live in a small town and you move to London , which I did when I was 20 , then when you go back out into the other small towns in England you go ' oh my god , it 's all the same ! ' It 's like Bodysnatchers : literally our towns are being changed to death . '' In an interview for Entertainment Weekly , Pegg told Clark Collis , `` People think we choose the genre first every time , and it 's not true . We find the stories first . The notion of alienation from your hometown taken to its literal conclusion was how we got to science fiction . '' After the story was complete , Wright and Pegg examined a list of real pub names and `` tried to make them like tarot cards '' to foreshadow the events of the story . Wright explained : `` So we said , ' OK this one 's the Famous Cock , because this is where Gary is trying to puff up his own importance . ' ... We did go through and work out in each one how the pub sign was going to relate . '' Production ( edit ) The Gardeners Arms pub on the boundary of Letchworth was used as the shooting location for the final pub , the World 's End Principal photography for The World 's End began on 28 September 2012 . Filming took place in Hertfordshire , at Elstree Studios , Letchworth Garden City , and Welwyn Garden City . Part of the film was also shot at High Wycombe railway station , Buckinghamshire . All twelve pubs in the film use identical signage on menus and walls , reflecting what Wright called `` that fake hand - written chalk '' common to modern British pubs . The exteriors of the real pubs were shot at locations in Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth Garden City , with altered signage . Letchworth Garden City railway station got a makeover as the `` Hole in the Wall '' . Stunts were coordinated by Brad Allen of martial arts film director Jackie Chan 's team . Wright said : `` In Drunken Master , Jackie Chan has to get drunk to fight , but this is more the idea of Dutch courage . You know , when you 're kind of drunk and you think ' ah , I can climb up that scaffolding ! ' Or just that you 're impervious to pain . One of the things we talked about is this idea that ( the characters ) become better fighters the more oiled they get . '' The Broadway Cinema , Letchworth , a renovated independent cinema built in a quintessentially Art Deco style in the 1930s , was used to portray the Mermaid pub . This cinema was also the first outside London to play the film , with a special introduction by Pegg thanking the residents of Letchworth for their help during its making ; over 800 viewers watched the film at the cinema on its opening night . Soundtrack ( edit ) The World 's End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released 5 August 2013 ( 2013 - 08 - 05 ) Genre Alternative rock , indie rock , Madchester , alternative dance , Britpop , psychedelic rock , dance - pop Length 74 : 59 Label ABKCO Records Edgar Wright film soundtrack chronology Scott Pilgrim vs. The World ( 2010 ) Scott Pilgrim vs. The World 2010 The World 's End ( 2013 ) Baby Driver ( 2017 ) Baby Driver 2017 The film uses what the New York Post 's Kyle Smith called `` a brilliant Madchester soundtrack '' , alternative rock and pop music from the time of the characters ' adolescence . Wright explained : `` A lot of those songs are ones that really hit me and Simon hard when we were that age ... ( Gary ) is still living by those rules . It 's like he decided to take ' Loaded ' and ' I 'm Free ' to heart and thinks the party 's never going to end . '' The soundtrack for the film was released on 5 August 2013 in the UK and 20 August 2013 in the United States , with the film 's score , composed by Steven Price , released on the same day . The only songs featured in the film that did not make it onto the soundtrack are `` The Only One I Know '' , `` Summer 's Magic '' and `` The Only Rhyme That Bites '' , by The Charlatans , Mark Summers and 808 State respectively . The original soundtrack tributes the song `` No Opportunity Necessary , No Experience Needed '' by Yes when the young characters reach the hills . Track list ( edit ) In addition to songs featured in the movie , the album also features dialogue snippets . The track list for the soundtrack is as follows : `` Loaded '' ( single edit ) -- Primal Scream ( 4 : 21 ) `` There 's No Other Way '' -- Blur ( 3 : 19 ) Dialogue : `` I Put This On a Tape for You '' -- Simon Pegg and Paddy Considine ( 0 : 09 ) `` I 'm Free '' -- The Soup Dragons ( 3 : 50 ) `` Step On '' -- Happy Mondays ( 5 : 14 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) Dialogue : `` Was The Music Too Loud ? '' -- Steve Oram and Simon Pegg ( 0 : 04 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) `` So Young '' -- Suede ( 3 : 37 ) `` Old Red Eyes Is Back '' -- The Beautiful South ( 3 : 32 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) Dialogue : `` A Humble Taproom '' -- Simon Pegg and Nick Frost ( 0 : 15 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) `` Come Home '' ( Flood mix ) -- James ( 3 : 53 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) `` Do You Remember the First Time ? '' -- Pulp ( 4 : 22 ) Dialogue : `` Welcome '' -- Simon Pegg ( 0 : 04 ) `` What You Do to Me '' -- Teenage Fanclub ( 1 : 57 ) `` Fools Gold '' ( single edit ) -- The Stone Roses ( 4 : 15 ) `` Get a Life '' -- Soul II Soul ( 3 : 36 ) Dialogue : `` We Have Changed '' -- Nick Frost ( 0 : 07 ) `` This Is How It Feels '' -- Inspiral Carpets ( 3 : 10 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) `` Alabama Song ( Whisky Bar ) '' -- The Doors ( 3 : 16 ) `` Wear Your Love Like Heaven '' -- Definition of Sound ( 3 : 43 ) Dialogue : `` This Is What the Kids Want '' -- Simon Pegg and Martin Freeman ( 0 : 07 ) `` Step Back in Time '' -- Kylie Minogue ( 3 : 04 ) ( Deluxe version bonus track ) `` Join Our Club '' -- Saint Etienne ( 3 : 15 ) `` Here 's Where the Story Ends '' -- The Sundays ( 3 : 52 ) Dialogue : `` I Hate This Town '' -- Nick Frost ( 0 : 04 ) `` 20 Seconds to Comply '' ( World 's End Bomb Squad mix re-edit ) -- Silver Bullet ( 4 : 35 ) `` This Corrosion '' ( single edit ) -- The Sisters of Mercy ( 4 : 21 ) `` Happy Hour '' -- The Housemartins ( 2 : 21 ) Dialogue : `` Let 's Boo Boo '' -- Simon Pegg and Paddy Considine ( 0 : 24 ) Release ( edit ) The World 's End premiered on 10 July 2013 at Leicester Square in London and was released on 19 July 2013 in the United Kingdom . It was released in the United States on 23 August 2013 . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) The World 's End earned £ 2,122,288 during its UK opening weekend , losing the top spot to Monsters University . Its weekend grosses were higher than Shaun of the Dead 's £ 1.6 million but lower than Hot Fuzz 's £ 5.4 million . In the United States , the movie was released on 23 August and earned $3.5 million on its opening day , beating out The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones and You 're Next . The World 's End also had the highest per - theatre average out of all films in theatres throughout the country on its opening day . On its opening weekend , the film landed in fourth place with $8,790,237 , behind Lee Daniels ' The Butler , We 're the Millers , and The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones . This exceeded box office expectations ranging from $7 million to $8.5 million , and The World 's End 's opening weekend earned the most out of all films in the Cornetto Trilogy . Critical reception ( edit ) The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89 % approval rating with a weighted average score of 7.4 / 10 based on 218 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Madcap and heartfelt , Edgar Wright 's apocalypse comedy The World 's End benefits from the typically hilarious Simon Pegg and Nick Frost , with a plethora of supporting players . '' The film also holds a Metacritic score of 81 out of 100 , indicating `` universal acclaim '' , based on 45 collected reviews . Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+ , praising it as `` hilarious '' and the `` best '' collaboration of Wright , Pegg and Frost , saying that `` these pint - swilling Peter Pans also know how to work the heart and the brain for belly laughs ... The finale is a little too shaggy and silly . But what do you expect after a dozen beers ? '' Mark Dinning of Empire magazine gave the film four stars out of five , writing : `` Bravely refusing to rigidly adhere to a formula that has been so successful , Wright , Pegg and Frost 's Cornetto Trilogy closer has tonal shifts you wo n't expect , but the same beating heart you 've been craving . '' Movie blog eatpraymedia gave the film four and a half stars , calling it `` ... the perfect antidote to big budget movie making . '' Henry Barnes of The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five , writing : `` With this final film they 've slowed down a bit , grown up a lot . And saved the richest bite until last . '' Accolades ( edit ) The World 's End received two Critics ' Choice Movie Awards nominations , for Best Actor in a Comedy ( for Simon Pegg ) and for Best Comedy , but lost to The Wolf of Wall Street and American Hustle respectively . The film won Best British Film at the 19th Empire Awards held in London in March 2014 . It received nominations for three awards at the 40th Saturn Awards : Best International Film , Best Writing , and Best Actor for Pegg . See also ( edit ) List of public house topics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` THE WORLD 'S END ( 15 ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 5 July 2013 . Archived from the original on 8 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` The World 's End '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Simon Pegg : The World 's End is $4 million shy of double what Hot Fuzz cost '' . radiotimes.com. 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 24 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 18 August 2013 ) . `` The World 's End ( 2013 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 6 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Hewitt , Chris ( 28 May 2012 ) . `` Pegg And Wright Talk The World 's End '' . Empire . Retrieved 26 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's End '' . Big Talk Productions . 1999 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Edgar Wright on The World 's End , Man - Child Movies , and Not Tweeting While Making Ant - Man '' . Vulture. 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 30 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ; Barnes , Henry ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` The World 's End : Simon Pegg , Nick Frost and Edgar Wright on their apocalypse comedy - video interview Film guardian.co.uk '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : Franklin , Oliver ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Edgar Wright interview on The World 's End , pubs & Ant Man - Film - GQ.COM ( UK ) '' . Gq-magazine.co.uk . Archived from the original on 21 July 2013 . Retrieved 22 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Collis , Clark ( 30 August 2013 ) . `` 3 Blokes. 3 Films . Many , Many Laughs '' . Entertainment Weekly : 47 . Jump up ^ Chitwood , Adam ( 28 September 2012 ) . `` Production Begins on Edgar Wright 's THE WORLD 'S END ; Martin Freeman and Eddie Marsan Join the Cast '' . Collider.com . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Creative England supports the production and filming of The World 's End '' . Creative England . 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 25 July 2013 . Jump up ^ Cain , Rebecca ( 14 Oct 2012 ) . `` Film crews at High Wycombe train station '' . Bucks Free Press . Retrieved 10 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Railway Station looks a bit different this morning '' . facebook.com . Love Letchworth . Retrieved 23 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Davies , Alan ( 21 July 2013 ) . `` The World 's End pub crawl locations revealed '' . Welwyn Hatfield Times . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cine - files : Broadway Cinema , Letchworth Garden City '' . The Guardian . 3 July 2012 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Tanna , Chandni ( 19 July 2013 ) . `` Letchworth premiere of The World 's End a big hit with viewers '' . The Comet . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle ( 22 August 2013 ) . `` The World 's End ca n't come soon enough '' . New York Post . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Phares , Heather . `` The World 's End : Original Motion Picture Soundtrack review '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 25 August 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Kemp , Stuart ( 10 July 2013 ) . `` The World 's End Premiere : Cast Celebrates Boozy Pub Crawl Comedy in London '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The stars come out for Simon Pegg at The World 's End premiere '' . Evening Standard . 10 July 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Fischer , Russ ( 20 March 2013 ) . `` Edgar Wright 's The World 's End US Release Date Pulled Forward to August '' . / Film . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 10 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( 24 July 2013 ) . `` Monsters University holds off The World 's End at UK box office '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 25 July 2013 ... Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , August 23 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for August 23 - 25 , 2013 '' . Box Office Mojo . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` Forecast : You 're Next Targets Top Spot on Quiet August Weekend '' . Box Office Mojo ... Jump up ^ Weekend Forecast : The Mortal Instruments : City of Bones , The World 's End , & You 're Next . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` Weekend Report : ' Butler ' Repeats , Newcomers All Open Below $10 Million '' . Box Office Mojo ... Jump up ^ `` The World 's End '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixter . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's End '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 31 August 2013 ) . `` The World 's End '' . Entertainment Weekly . p. 48 . Retrieved 1 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Dinning , Mark . `` The World 's End '' . Empire . Retrieved 24 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's End Review : The tastiest Cornetto is the one you wait for '' . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Henry ( 9 July 2013 ) . `` The World 's End - first look review '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Gravity , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug Lead Saturn Awards Noms '' External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The World 's End ( film ) . The World 's End on IMDb The World 's End at Rotten Tomatoes The World 's End at Box Office Mojo The World 's End at Metacritic Edgar Wright Films directed Feature films A Fistful of Fingers ( 1994 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Scott Pilgrim vs. the World ( 2010 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Baby Driver ( 2017 ) Short films Dead Right ( 1993 ) Do n't ( 2007 ) Films written The Adventures of Tintin ( 2011 ) Ant - Man ( 2015 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Related Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy Simon Pegg Screenwriter Film Shaun of the Dead ( 2004 ) Hot Fuzz ( 2007 ) Run Fatboy Run ( 2007 ) Paul ( 2011 ) The World 's End ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) Television Asylum ( 1996 ) Spaced ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Other works Big Train ( 1998 -- 2002 ) Free Jimmy ( 2006 ) Stolen Picture Empire Award for Best British Film Shallow Grave ( 1996 ) Trainspotting ( 1997 ) The Full Monty ( 1998 ) Lock , Stock and Two Smoking Barrels ( 1999 ) Notting Hill ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) Bridget Jones 's Diary ( 2002 ) 28 Days Later ( 2003 ) Love Actually ( 2004 ) Shaun of the Dead ( 2005 ) Pride & Prejudice ( 2006 ) United 93 ( 2007 ) Atonement ( 2008 ) RocknRolla ( 2009 ) Harry Brown ( 2010 ) Kick - Ass ( 2011 ) Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy ( 2012 ) Sightseers ( 2013 ) The World 's End ( 2014 ) Kingsman : The Secret Service ( 2015 ) Spectre ( 2016 ) I , Daniel Blake ( 2017 ) God 's Own Country ( 2018 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_World%27s_End_(film)&oldid=850532189 '' Categories : 2013 films English - language films 2010s comedy films 2010s comedy science fiction films 2010s science fiction films British films British comedy films British science fiction films American films American comedy science fiction films Japanese films Japanese comedy films Alien invasions in films Android ( robot ) films Apocalyptic films Films about alcoholism Films about beer Films set in 1990 Films set in 2013 Films set in England Films shot in Hertfordshire Big Talk Productions films Relativity Media films StudioCanal films Working Title Films films Best British Film Empire Award winners Films directed by Edgar Wright Films produced by Eric Fellner Films produced by Tim Bevan Films scored by Steven Price Screenplays by Edgar Wright Screenplays by Simon Pegg Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from February 2014 EngvarB from April 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latina Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 July 2018 , at 13 : 37 ( UTC ) . 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the movie about the end of the world

The World 's End is a 2013 comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright , written by Wright and Simon Pegg , and starring Pegg , Nick Frost , Paddy Considine , Martin Freeman , Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike . The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during an epic pub crawl in their home town .

Global Positioning system - wikipedia Global Positioning system This article is about the American satellite navigation system . It is not to be confused with similar non-American ( global and regional ) systems . For similar systems , see Satellite navigation . `` GPS '' redirects here . For the device , see GPS receiver . For other uses , see GPS ( disambiguation ) . Global Positioning System ( GPS ) Country / ies of origin United States Operator ( s ) AFSPC Type Military , civilian Status Operational Coverage Global Accuracy 5 meters Constellation size Total satellites 33 Satellites in orbit 31 First launch February 1978 ; 40 years ago ( 1978 - 02 ) Total launches 72 Orbital characteristics Regime ( s ) 6x MEO planes Orbital height 20,180 km ( 12,540 mi ) Geodesy Fundamentals Geodesy Geodynamics Geomatics Cartography History Concepts Geographical distance Geoid Figure of the Earth Geodetic datum Geodesic Geographic coordinate system Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system Technologies Global Navigation Satellite System ( GNSS ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) GLONASS ( Russian ) BeiDou ( BDS ) ( Chinese ) Galileo ( European ) Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System ( IRNSS ) ( India ) Quasi-Zenith Satellite System ( QZSS ) ( Japan ) Legenda ( satellite system ) Standards ( History ) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK - 42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 GCJ - 02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier ( SRID ) Universal Transverse Mercator ( UTM ) Artist 's conception of GPS Block II - F satellite in Earth orbit . Civilian GPS receivers ( `` GPS navigation device '' ) in a marine application . Automotive navigation system in a taxicab . A U.S. Air Force Senior Airman runs through a checklist during Global Positioning System satellite operations . The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , originally Navstar GPS , is a satellite - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force . It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites . Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals . The GPS does not require the user to transmit any data , and it operates independently of any telephonic or internet reception , though these technologies can enhance the usefulness of the GPS positioning information . The GPS provides critical positioning capabilities to military , civil , and commercial users around the world . The United States government created the system , maintains it , and makes it freely accessible to anyone with a GPS receiver . The GPS project was launched by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1973 for use by the United States military and became fully operational in 1995 . It was allowed for civilian use in the 1980s . Advances in technology and new demands on the existing system have now led to efforts to modernize the GPS and implement the next generation of GPS Block IIIA satellites and Next Generation Operational Control System ( OCX ) . Announcements from Vice President Al Gore and the White House in 1998 initiated these changes . In 2000 , the U.S. Congress authorized the modernization effort , GPS III . During the 1990s , GPS quality was degraded by the United States government in a program called `` Selective Availability '' , however , this is no longer the case , and was discontinued in May 2000 by law signed by President Bill Clinton . New GPS receiver devices using the L5 frequency to begin release in 2018 are expected to have a much higher accuracy and pinpoint a device to within 30 centimeters or just under one foot . The GPS system is provided by the United States government , which can selectively deny access to the system , as happened to the Indian military in 1999 during the Kargil War , or degrade the service at any time . As a result , a number of countries have developed or are in the process of setting up other global or regional navigation systems . The Russian Global Navigation Satellite System ( GLONASS ) was developed contemporaneously with GPS , but suffered from incomplete coverage of the globe until the mid-2000s . GLONASS can be added to GPS devices , making more satellites available and enabling positions to be fixed more quickly and accurately , to within two meters . China 's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is due to achieve global reach in 2020 . There are also the European Union Galileo positioning system , and India 's NAVIC . Japan 's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System ( scheduled to commence in November 2018 ) will be a GPS satellite - based augmentation system to enhance GPS 's accuracy . Contents 1 History 1.1 Predecessors 1.2 Development 1.3 Timeline and modernization 1.4 Awards 2 Basic concept of GPS 2.1 Fundamentals 2.2 More detailed description 2.3 User - satellite geometry 2.4 Receiver in continuous operation 2.5 Non-navigation applications 3 Structure 3.1 Space segment 3.2 Control segment 3.3 User segment 4 Applications 4.1 Civilian 4.1. 1 Restrictions on civilian use 4.2 Military 5 Communication 5.1 Message format 5.2 Satellite frequencies 5.3 Demodulation and decoding 6 Navigation equations 6.1 Problem description 6.2 Geometric interpretation 6.2. 1 Spheres 6.2. 2 Hyperboloids 6.2. 3 Inscribed sphere 6.2. 4 Spherical cones 6.3 Solution methods 6.3. 1 Least squares 6.3. 2 Iterative 6.3. 3 Closed - form 7 Error sources and analysis 8 Accuracy enhancement and surveying 8.1 Augmentation 8.2 Precise monitoring 8.3 Timekeeping 8.3. 1 Leap seconds 8.3. 2 Accuracy 8.3. 3 Format 8.4 Carrier phase tracking ( surveying ) 9 Regulatory spectrum issues concerning GPS receivers 10 Other systems 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 15 External links History ( edit ) Air Force film introducing the Navstar Global Positioning System , circa 1977 Play media The GPS project was launched in the United States in 1973 to overcome the limitations of previous navigation systems , integrating ideas from several predecessors , including a number of classified engineering design studies from the 1960s . The U.S. Department of Defense developed the system , which originally used 24 satellites . It was initially developed for use by the United States military and became fully operational in 1995 . Civilian use was allowed from the 1980s . Roger L. Easton of the Naval Research Laboratory , Ivan A. Getting of The Aerospace Corporation , and Bradford Parkinson of the Applied Physics Laboratory are credited with inventing it . The design of GPS is based partly on similar ground - based radio - navigation systems , such as LORAN and the Decca Navigator , developed in the early 1940s . Predecessors ( edit ) When the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite ( Sputnik 1 ) in 1957 , two American physicists , William Guier and George Weiffenbach , at Johns Hopkins University 's Applied Physics Laboratory ( APL ) decided to monitor its radio transmissions . Within hours they realized that , because of the Doppler effect , they could pinpoint where the satellite was along its orbit . The Director of the APL gave them access to their UNIVAC to do the heavy calculations required . The next spring , Frank McClure , the deputy director of the APL , asked Guier and Weiffenbach to investigate the inverse problem -- pinpointing the user 's location , given that of the satellite . ( At the time , the Navy was developing the submarine - launched Polaris missile , which required them to know the submarine 's location . ) This led them and APL to develop the TRANSIT system . In 1959 , ARPA ( renamed DARPA in 1972 ) also played a role in TRANSIT . TRANSIT was first successfully tested in 1960 . It used a constellation of five satellites and could provide a navigational fix approximately once per hour . In 1967 , the U.S. Navy developed the Timation satellite , which proved the feasibility of placing accurate clocks in space , a technology required for GPS . In the 1970s , the ground - based OMEGA navigation system , based on phase comparison of signal transmission from pairs of stations , became the first worldwide radio navigation system . Limitations of these systems drove the need for a more universal navigation solution with greater accuracy . While there were wide needs for accurate navigation in military and civilian sectors , almost none of those was seen as justification for the billions of dollars it would cost in research , development , deployment , and operation for a constellation of navigation satellites . During the Cold War arms race , the nuclear threat to the existence of the United States was the one need that did justify this cost in the view of the United States Congress . This deterrent effect is why GPS was funded . It is also the reason for the ultra secrecy at that time . The nuclear triad consisted of the United States Navy 's submarine - launched ballistic missiles ( SLBMs ) along with United States Air Force ( USAF ) strategic bombers and intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) . Considered vital to the nuclear deterrence posture , accurate determination of the SLBM launch position was a force multiplier . Precise navigation would enable United States ballistic missile submarines to get an accurate fix of their positions before they launched their SLBMs . The USAF , with two thirds of the nuclear triad , also had requirements for a more accurate and reliable navigation system . The Navy and Air Force were developing their own technologies in parallel to solve what was essentially the same problem . To increase the survivability of ICBMs , there was a proposal to use mobile launch platforms ( comparable to the Russian SS - 24 and SS - 25 ) and so the need to fix the launch position had similarity to the SLBM situation . In 1960 , the Air Force proposed a radio - navigation system called MOSAIC ( MObile System for Accurate ICBM Control ) that was essentially a 3 - D LORAN . A follow - on study , Project 57 , was worked in 1963 and it was `` in this study that the GPS concept was born . '' That same year , the concept was pursued as Project 621B , which had `` many of the attributes that you now see in GPS '' and promised increased accuracy for Air Force bombers as well as ICBMs . Updates from the Navy TRANSIT system were too slow for the high speeds of Air Force operation . The Naval Research Laboratory continued advancements with their Timation ( Time Navigation ) satellites , first launched in 1967 , and with the third one in 1974 carrying the first atomic clock into orbit . Another important predecessor to GPS came from a different branch of the United States military . In 1964 , the United States Army orbited its first Sequential Collation of Range ( SECOR ) satellite used for geodetic surveying . The SECOR system included three ground - based transmitters from known locations that would send signals to the satellite transponder in orbit . A fourth ground - based station , at an undetermined position , could then use those signals to fix its location precisely . The last SECOR satellite was launched in 1969 . Development ( edit ) With these parallel developments in the 1960s , it was realized that a superior system could be developed by synthesizing the best technologies from 621B , Transit , Timation , and SECOR in a multi-service program . However , satellite orbital position errors , induced by variations in the gravity field and radar refraction among others , had to be resolved . A team led by Harold L Jury of Pan Am Aerospace Division in Florida from 1970 -- 1973 , used real - time data assimilation and recursive estimation to do so ; modeling the systematic and residual errors down to a manageable level to permit accurate navigation . During Labor Day weekend in 1973 , a meeting of about twelve military officers at the Pentagon discussed the creation of a Defense Navigation Satellite System ( DNSS ) . It was at this meeting that the real synthesis that became GPS was created . Later that year , the DNSS program was named Navstar , or Navigation System Using Timing and Ranging . With the individual satellites being associated with the name Navstar ( as with the predecessors Transit and Timation ) , a more fully encompassing name was used to identify the constellation of Navstar satellites , Navstar - GPS . Ten `` Block I '' prototype satellites were launched between 1978 and 1985 ( an additional unit was destroyed in a launch failure ) . The effects of the ionosphere on radio transmission through the ionosphere was investigated within a geophysics laboratory of Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory . Located at Hanscom Air Force Base , outside Boston , the lab was renamed the Air Force Geophysical Research Lab ( AFGRL ) in 1974 . AFGRL developed the Klobuchar Model for computing ionospheric corrections to GPS location . Of note is work done by Australian Space Scientist Elizabeth Essex - Cohen at AFGRL in 1974 . She was concerned with the curving of the path of radio waves traversing the ionosphere from NavSTAR satellites . After Korean Air Lines Flight 007 , a Boeing 747 carrying 269 people , was shot down in 1983 after straying into the USSR 's prohibited airspace , in the vicinity of Sakhalin and Moneron Islands , President Ronald Reagan issued a directive making GPS freely available for civilian use , once it was sufficiently developed , as a common good . The first Block II satellite was launched on February 14 , 1989 , and the 24th satellite was launched in 1994 . The GPS program cost at this point , not including the cost of the user equipment , but including the costs of the satellite launches , has been estimated at about USD 5 billion ( then - year dollars ) . Initially , the highest quality signal was reserved for military use , and the signal available for civilian use was intentionally degraded ( Selective Availability ) . This changed with President Bill Clinton signing a policy directive to turn off Selective Availability May 1 , 2000 to provide the same accuracy to civilians that was afforded to the military . The directive was proposed by the U.S. Secretary of Defense , William Perry , because of the widespread growth of differential GPS services to improve civilian accuracy and eliminate the U.S. military advantage . Moreover , the U.S. military was actively developing technologies to deny GPS service to potential adversaries on a regional basis . Since its deployment , the U.S. has implemented several improvements to the GPS service including new signals for civil use and increased accuracy and integrity for all users , all the while maintaining compatibility with existing GPS equipment . Modernization of the satellite system has been an ongoing initiative by the U.S. Department of Defense through a series of satellite acquisitions to meet the growing needs of the military , civilians , and the commercial market . As of early 2015 , high - quality , FAA grade , Standard Positioning Service ( SPS ) GPS receivers provide horizontal accuracy of better than 3.5 meters , although many factors such as receiver quality and atmospheric issues can affect this accuracy . GPS is owned and operated by the United States government as a national resource . The Department of Defense is the steward of GPS . The Interagency GPS Executive Board ( IGEB ) oversaw GPS policy matters from 1996 to 2004 . After that the National Space - Based Positioning , Navigation and Timing Executive Committee was established by presidential directive in 2004 to advise and coordinate federal departments and agencies on matters concerning the GPS and related systems . The executive committee is chaired jointly by the Deputy Secretaries of Defense and Transportation . Its membership includes equivalent - level officials from the Departments of State , Commerce , and Homeland Security , the Joint Chiefs of Staff and NASA . Components of the executive office of the president participate as observers to the executive committee , and the FCC chairman participates as a liaison . The U.S. Department of Defense is required by law to `` maintain a Standard Positioning Service ( as defined in the federal radio navigation plan and the standard positioning service signal specification ) that will be available on a continuous , worldwide basis , '' and `` develop measures to prevent hostile use of GPS and its augmentations without unduly disrupting or degrading civilian uses . '' Timeline and modernization ( edit ) Main article : List of GPS satellites Summary of satellites Block Launch period Satellite launches Currently in orbit and healthy Suc - cess Fail - ure In prep - aration Plan - ned 1978 -- 1985 10 0 0 0 II 1989 -- 1990 9 0 0 0 0 IIA 1990 -- 1997 19 0 0 0 0 IIR 1997 -- 2004 12 0 0 12 IIR - M 2005 -- 2009 8 0 0 0 7 IIF 2010 -- 2016 12 0 0 0 12 IIIA From 2017 0 0 0 12 0 IIIF -- 0 0 0 22 0 Total 70 0 34 31 ( Last update : March 9 , 2016 ) 8 satellites from Block IIA are placed in reserve USA - 203 from Block IIR - M is unhealthy For a more complete list , see list of GPS satellite launches In 1972 , the USAF Central Inertial Guidance Test Facility ( Holloman AFB ) conducted developmental flight tests of four prototype GPS receivers in a Y configuration over White Sands Missile Range , using ground - based pseudo-satellites . In 1978 , the first experimental Block - I GPS satellite was launched . In 1983 , after Soviet interceptor aircraft shot down the civilian airliner KAL 007 that strayed into prohibited airspace because of navigational errors , killing all 269 people on board , U.S. President Ronald Reagan announced that GPS would be made available for civilian uses once it was completed , although it had been previously published ( in Navigation magazine ) that the CA code ( Coarse / Acquisition code ) would be available to civilian users . By 1985 , ten more experimental Block - I satellites had been launched to validate the concept . Beginning in 1988 , Command & Control of these satellites was moved from Onizuka AFS , California to the 2nd Satellite Control Squadron ( 2SCS ) located at Falcon Air Force Station in Colorado Springs , Colorado . On February 14 , 1989 , the first modern Block - II satellite was launched . The Gulf War from 1990 to 1991 was the first conflict in which the military widely used GPS . In 1991 , a project to create a miniature GPS receiver successfully ended , replacing the previous 16 kg military receivers with a 1.25 kg handheld receiver . In 1992 , the 2nd Space Wing , which originally managed the system , was inactivated and replaced by the 50th Space Wing . Emblem of the 50th Space Wing By December 1993 , GPS achieved initial operational capability ( IOC ) , indicating a full constellation ( 24 satellites ) was available and providing the Standard Positioning Service ( SPS ) . Full Operational Capability ( FOC ) was declared by Air Force Space Command ( AFSPC ) in April 1995 , signifying full availability of the military 's secure Precise Positioning Service ( PPS ) . In 1996 , recognizing the importance of GPS to civilian users as well as military users , U.S. President Bill Clinton issued a policy directive declaring GPS a dual - use system and establishing an Interagency GPS Executive Board to manage it as a national asset . In 1998 , United States Vice President Al Gore announced plans to upgrade GPS with two new civilian signals for enhanced user accuracy and reliability , particularly with respect to aviation safety and in 2000 the United States Congress authorized the effort , referring to it as GPS III . On May 2 , 2000 `` Selective Availability '' was discontinued as a result of the 1996 executive order , allowing civilian users to receive a non-degraded signal globally . In 2004 , the United States Government signed an agreement with the European Community establishing cooperation related to GPS and Europe 's Galileo system . In 2004 , United States President George W. Bush updated the national policy and replaced the executive board with the National Executive Committee for Space - Based Positioning , Navigation , and Timing . November 2004 , Qualcomm announced successful tests of assisted GPS for mobile phones . In 2005 , the first modernized GPS satellite was launched and began transmitting a second civilian signal ( L2C ) for enhanced user performance . On September 14 , 2007 , the aging mainframe - based Ground Segment Control System was transferred to the new Architecture Evolution Plan . On May 19 , 2009 , the United States Government Accountability Office issued a report warning that some GPS satellites could fail as soon as 2010 . On May 21 , 2009 , the Air Force Space Command allayed fears of GPS failure , saying `` There 's only a small risk we will not continue to exceed our performance standard . '' On January 11 , 2010 , an update of ground control systems caused a software incompatibility with 8,000 to 10,000 military receivers manufactured by a division of Trimble Navigation Limited of Sunnyvale , Calif . On February 25 , 2010 , the U.S. Air Force awarded the contract to develop the GPS Next Generation Operational Control System ( OCX ) to improve accuracy and availability of GPS navigation signals , and serve as a critical part of GPS modernization . Awards ( edit ) On February 10 , 1993 , the National Aeronautic Association selected the GPS Team as winners of the 1992 Robert J. Collier Trophy , the nation 's most prestigious aviation award . This team combines researchers from the Naval Research Laboratory , the USAF , the Aerospace Corporation , Rockwell International Corporation , and IBM Federal Systems Company . The citation honors them `` for the most significant development for safe and efficient navigation and surveillance of air and spacecraft since the introduction of radio navigation 50 years ago . '' Two GPS developers received the National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize for 2003 : Ivan Getting , emeritus president of The Aerospace Corporation and an engineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , established the basis for GPS , improving on the World War II land - based radio system called LORAN ( Long - range Radio Aid to Navigation ) . Bradford Parkinson , professor of aeronautics and astronautics at Stanford University , conceived the present satellite - based system in the early 1960s and developed it in conjunction with the U.S. Air Force . Parkinson served twenty - one years in the Air Force , from 1957 to 1978 , and retired with the rank of colonel . GPS developer Roger L. Easton received the National Medal of Technology on February 13 , 2006 . Francis X . Kane ( Col. USAF , ret . ) was inducted into the U.S. Air Force Space and Missile Pioneers Hall of Fame at Lackland A.F.B. , San Antonio , Texas , March 2 , 2010 for his role in space technology development and the engineering design concept of GPS conducted as part of Project 621B . In 1998 , GPS technology was inducted into the Space Foundation Space Technology Hall of Fame . On October 4 , 2011 , the International Astronautical Federation ( IAF ) awarded the Global Positioning System ( GPS ) its 60th Anniversary Award , nominated by IAF member , the American Institute for Aeronautics and Astronautics ( AIAA ) . The IAF Honors and Awards Committee recognized the uniqueness of the GPS program and the exemplary role it has played in building international collaboration for the benefit of humanity . Basic concept of GPS ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Fundamentals ( edit ) The GPS concept is based on time and the known position of GPS specialized satellites . The satellites carry very stable atomic clocks that are synchronized with one another and with the ground clocks . Any drift from true time maintained on the ground is corrected daily . In the same manner , the satellite locations are known with great precision . GPS receivers have clocks as well , but they are less stable and less precise . GPS satellites continuously transmit data about their current time and position . A GPS receiver monitors multiple satellites and solves equations to determine the precise position of the receiver and its deviation from true time . At a minimum , four satellites must be in view of the receiver for it to compute four unknown quantities ( three position coordinates and clock deviation from satellite time ) . More detailed description ( edit ) Each GPS satellite continually broadcasts a signal ( carrier wave with modulation ) that includes : A pseudorandom code ( sequence of ones and zeros ) that is known to the receiver . By time - aligning a receiver - generated version and the receiver - measured version of the code , the time of arrival ( TOA ) of a defined point in the code sequence , called an epoch , can be found in the receiver clock time scale A message that includes the time of transmission ( TOT ) of the code epoch ( in GPS time scale ) and the satellite position at that time Conceptually , the receiver measures the TOAs ( according to its own clock ) of four satellite signals . From the TOAs and the TOTs , the receiver forms four time of flight ( TOF ) values , which are ( given the speed of light ) approximately equivalent to receiver - satellite ranges . The receiver then computes its three - dimensional position and clock deviation from the four TOFs . In practice the receiver position ( in three dimensional Cartesian coordinates with origin at the Earth 's center ) and the offset of the receiver clock relative to the GPS time are computed simultaneously , using the navigation equations to process the TOFs . The receiver 's Earth - centered solution location is usually converted to latitude , longitude and height relative to an ellipsoidal Earth model . The height may then be further converted to height relative to the geoid ( e.g. , EGM96 ) ( essentially , mean sea level ) . These coordinates may be displayed , e.g. , on a moving map display , and / or recorded and / or used by some other system ( e.g. , a vehicle guidance system ) . User - satellite geometry ( edit ) Although usually not formed explicitly in the receiver processing , the conceptual time differences of arrival ( TDOAs ) define the measurement geometry . Each TDOA corresponds to a hyperboloid of revolution ( see Multilateration ) . The line connecting the two satellites involved ( and its extensions ) forms the axis of the hyperboloid . The receiver is located at the point where three hyperboloids intersect . It is sometimes incorrectly said that the user location is at the intersection of three spheres . While simpler to visualize , this is only the case if the receiver has a clock synchronized with the satellite clocks ( i.e. , the receiver measures true ranges to the satellites rather than range differences ) . There are significant performance benefits to the user carrying a clock synchronized with the satellites . Foremost is that only three satellites are needed to compute a position solution . If this were an essential part of the GPS concept so that all users needed to carry a synchronized clock , then a smaller number of satellites could be deployed . However , the cost and complexity of the user equipment would increase significantly . Receiver in continuous operation ( edit ) The description above is representative of a receiver start - up situation . Most receivers have a track algorithm , sometimes called a tracker , that combines sets of satellite measurements collected at different times -- in effect , taking advantage of the fact that successive receiver positions are usually close to each other . After a set of measurements are processed , the tracker predicts the receiver location corresponding to the next set of satellite measurements . When the new measurements are collected , the receiver uses a weighting scheme to combine the new measurements with the tracker prediction . In general , a tracker can ( a ) improve receiver position and time accuracy , ( b ) reject bad measurements , and ( c ) estimate receiver speed and direction . The disadvantage of a tracker is that changes in speed or direction can only be computed with a delay , and that derived direction becomes inaccurate when the distance traveled between two position measurements drops below or near the random error of position measurement . GPS units can use measurements of the Doppler shift of the signals received to compute velocity accurately . More advanced navigation systems use additional sensors like a compass or an inertial navigation system to complement GPS . Non-navigation applications ( edit ) For a list of applications , see § Applications . In typical GPS operation as a navigator , four or more satellites must be visible to obtain an accurate result . The solution of the navigation equations gives the position of the receiver along with the difference between the time kept by the receiver 's on - board clock and the true time - of - day , thereby eliminating the need for a more precise and possibly impractical receiver based clock . Applications for GPS such as time transfer , traffic signal timing , and synchronization of cell phone base stations , make use of this cheap and highly accurate timing . Some GPS applications use this time for display , or , other than for the basic position calculations , do not use it at all . Although four satellites are required for normal operation , fewer apply in special cases . If one variable is already known , a receiver can determine its position using only three satellites . For example , a ship or aircraft may have known elevation . Some GPS receivers may use additional clues or assumptions such as reusing the last known altitude , dead reckoning , inertial navigation , or including information from the vehicle computer , to give a ( possibly degraded ) position when fewer than four satellites are visible . Structure ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The current GPS consists of three major segments . These are the space segment , a control segment , and a user segment . The U.S. Air Force develops , maintains , and operates the space and control segments . GPS satellites broadcast signals from space , and each GPS receiver uses these signals to calculate its three - dimensional location ( latitude , longitude , and altitude ) and the current time . Space segment ( edit ) See also : GPS ( satellite ) and List of GPS satellites Unlaunched GPS block II - A satellite on display at the San Diego Air & Space Museum A visual example of a 24 satellite GPS constellation in motion with the Earth rotating . Notice how the number of satellites in view from a given point on the Earth 's surface changes with time . The point in this example is in Golden , Colorado , USA ( 39.7469 ° N , 105.2108 ° W ) . The space segment ( SS ) is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit and also includes the payload adapters to the boosters required to launch them into orbit . The space segment ( SS ) is composed of the orbiting GPS satellites , or Space Vehicles ( SV ) in GPS parlance . The GPS design originally called for 24 SVs , eight each in three approximately circular orbits , but this was modified to six orbital planes with four satellites each . The six orbit planes have approximately 55 ° inclination ( tilt relative to the Earth 's equator ) and are separated by 60 ° right ascension of the ascending node ( angle along the equator from a reference point to the orbit 's intersection ) . The orbital period is one - half a sidereal day , i.e. , 11 hours and 58 minutes so that the satellites pass over the same locations or almost the same locations every day . The orbits are arranged so that at least six satellites are always within line of sight from almost everywhere on the Earth 's surface . The result of this objective is that the four satellites are not evenly spaced ( 90 ° ) apart within each orbit . In general terms , the angular difference between satellites in each orbit is 30 ° , 105 ° , 120 ° , and 105 ° apart , which sum to 360 ° . Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km ( 12,600 mi ) ; orbital radius of approximately 26,600 km ( 16,500 mi ) , each SV makes two complete orbits each sidereal day , repeating the same ground track each day . This was very helpful during development because even with only four satellites , correct alignment means all four are visible from one spot for a few hours each day . For military operations , the ground track repeat can be used to ensure good coverage in combat zones . As of February 2016 , there are 32 satellites in the GPS constellation , 31 of which are in use . The additional satellites improve the precision of GPS receiver calculations by providing redundant measurements . With the increased number of satellites , the constellation was changed to a nonuniform arrangement . Such an arrangement was shown to improve reliability and availability of the system , relative to a uniform system , when multiple satellites fail . About nine satellites are visible from any point on the ground at any one time ( see animation at right ) , ensuring considerable redundancy over the minimum four satellites needed for a position . Control segment ( edit ) Ground monitor station used from 1984 to 2007 , on display at the Air Force Space & Missile Museum . The control segment ( CS ) is composed of : a master control station ( MCS ) , an alternative master control station , four dedicated ground antennas , and six dedicated monitor stations . The MCS can also access U.S. Air Force Satellite Control Network ( AFSCN ) ground antennas ( for additional command and control capability ) and NGA ( National Geospatial - Intelligence Agency ) monitor stations . The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by dedicated U.S. Air Force monitoring stations in Hawaii , Kwajalein Atoll , Ascension Island , Diego Garcia , Colorado Springs , Colorado and Cape Canaveral , along with shared NGA monitor stations operated in England , Argentina , Ecuador , Bahrain , Australia and Washington DC . The tracking information is sent to the Air Force Space Command MCS at Schriever Air Force Base 25 km ( 16 mi ) ESE of Colorado Springs , which is operated by the 2nd Space Operations Squadron ( 2 SOPS ) of the U.S. Air Force . Then 2 SOPS contacts each GPS satellite regularly with a navigational update using dedicated or shared ( AFSCN ) ground antennas ( GPS dedicated ground antennas are located at Kwajalein , Ascension Island , Diego Garcia , and Cape Canaveral ) . These updates synchronize the atomic clocks on board the satellites to within a few nanoseconds of each other , and adjust the ephemeris of each satellite 's internal orbital model . The updates are created by a Kalman filter that uses inputs from the ground monitoring stations , space weather information , and various other inputs . Satellite maneuvers are not precise by GPS standards -- so to change a satellite 's orbit , the satellite must be marked unhealthy , so receivers do n't use it . After the satellite maneuver , engineers track the new orbit from the ground , upload the new ephemeris , and mark the satellite healthy again . The operation control segment ( OCS ) currently serves as the control segment of record . It provides the operational capability that supports GPS users and keeps the GPS operational and performing within specification . OCS successfully replaced the legacy 1970s - era mainframe computer at Schriever Air Force Base in September 2007 . After installation , the system helped enable upgrades and provide a foundation for a new security architecture that supported U.S. armed forces . OCS will continue to be the ground control system of record until the new segment , Next Generation GPS Operation Control System ( OCX ) , is fully developed and functional . The new capabilities provided by OCX will be the cornerstone for revolutionizing GPS 's mission capabilities , enabling Air Force Space Command to greatly enhance GPS operational services to U.S. combat forces , civil partners and myriad domestic and international users . The GPS OCX program also will reduce cost , schedule and technical risk . It is designed to provide 50 % sustainment cost savings through efficient software architecture and Performance - Based Logistics . In addition , GPS OCX is expected to cost millions less than the cost to upgrade OCS while providing four times the capability . The GPS OCX program represents a critical part of GPS modernization and provides significant information assurance improvements over the current GPS OCS program . OCX will have the ability to control and manage GPS legacy satellites as well as the next generation of GPS III satellites , while enabling the full array of military signals . Built on a flexible architecture that can rapidly adapt to the changing needs of today 's and future GPS users allowing immediate access to GPS data and constellation status through secure , accurate and reliable information . Provides the warfighter with more secure , actionable and predictive information to enhance situational awareness . Enables new modernized signals ( L1C , L2C , and L5 ) and has M - code capability , which the legacy system is unable to do . Provides significant information assurance improvements over the current program including detecting and preventing cyber attacks , while isolating , containing and operating during such attacks . Supports higher volume near real - time command and control capabilities and abilities . On September 14 , 2011 , the U.S. Air Force announced the completion of GPS OCX Preliminary Design Review and confirmed that the OCX program is ready for the next phase of development . The GPS OCX program has missed major milestones and is pushing the GPS IIIA launch beyond April 2016 . User segment ( edit ) Further information : GPS navigation device GPS receivers come in a variety of formats , from devices integrated into cars , phones , and watches , to dedicated devices such as these . The first portable GPS unit , Leica WM 101 displayed at the Irish National Science Museum at Maynooth . The user segment ( US ) is composed of hundreds of thousands of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service , and tens of millions of civil , commercial and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service ( see GPS navigation devices ) . In general , GPS receivers are composed of an antenna , tuned to the frequencies transmitted by the satellites , receiver - processors , and a highly stable clock ( often a crystal oscillator ) . They may also include a display for providing location and speed information to the user . A receiver is often described by its number of channels : this signifies how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously . Originally limited to four or five , this has progressively increased over the years so that , as of 2007 , receivers typically have between 12 and 20 channels . Though there are many receiver manufacturers , they almost all use one of the chipsets produced for this purpose . A typical OEM GPS receiver module measuring 15 × 17 mm . GPS receivers may include an input for differential corrections , using the RTCM SC - 104 format . This is typically in the form of an RS - 232 port at 4,800 bit / s speed . Data is actually sent at a much lower rate , which limits the accuracy of the signal sent using RTCM . Receivers with internal DGPS receivers can outperform those using external RTCM data . As of 2006 , even low - cost units commonly include Wide Area Augmentation System ( WAAS ) receivers . A typical GPS receiver with integrated antenna . Many GPS receivers can relay position data to a PC or other device using the NMEA 0183 protocol . Although this protocol is officially defined by the National Marine Electronics Association ( NMEA ) , references to this protocol have been compiled from public records , allowing open source tools like gpsd to read the protocol without violating intellectual property laws . Other proprietary protocols exist as well , such as the SiRF and MTK protocols . Receivers can interface with other devices using methods including a serial connection , USB , or Bluetooth . Applications ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : GNSS applications See also : GPS navigation device While originally a military project , GPS is considered a dual - use technology , meaning it has significant military and civilian applications . GPS has become a widely deployed and useful tool for commerce , scientific uses , tracking , and surveillance . GPS 's accurate time facilitates everyday activities such as banking , mobile phone operations , and even the control of power grids by allowing well synchronized hand - off switching . Civilian ( edit ) This antenna is mounted on the roof of a hut containing a scientific experiment needing precise timing . Many civilian applications use one or more of GPS 's three basic components : absolute location , relative movement , and time transfer . Agriculture : GPS has made a great evolution in different aspects of modern agricultural sectors . Today , a growing number of crop producers are using GPS and other modern electronic and computer equipment to practice Site Specific Management ( SSM ) and precision agriculture . This technology has the potential in agricultural mechanization ( farm and machinery management ) by providing farmers with a sophisticated tool to measure yield on much smaller scales as well as precise determination and automatic storing of variables such as field time , working area , machine travel distance and speed , fuel consumption and yield information . Astronomy : both positional and clock synchronization data is used in astrometry and celestial mechanics . GPS is also used in both amateur astronomy with small telescopes as well as by professional observatories for finding extrasolar planets . Automated vehicle : applying location and routes for cars and trucks to function without a human driver . Cartography : both civilian and military cartographers use GPS extensively . Cellular telephony : clock synchronization enables time transfer , which is critical for synchronizing its spreading codes with other base stations to facilitate inter-cell handoff and support hybrid GPS / cellular position detection for mobile emergency calls and other applications . The first handsets with integrated GPS launched in the late 1990s . The U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) mandated the feature in either the handset or in the towers ( for use in triangulation ) in 2002 so emergency services could locate 911 callers . Third - party software developers later gained access to GPS APIs from Nextel upon launch , followed by Sprint in 2006 , and Verizon soon thereafter . Clock synchronization : the accuracy of GPS time signals ( ± 10 ns ) is second only to the atomic clocks they are based on , and is used in applications such as GPS disciplined oscillators . Disaster relief / emergency services : many emergency services depend upon GPS for location and timing capabilities . GPS - equipped radiosondes and dropsondes : measure and calculate the atmospheric pressure , wind speed and direction up to 27 km from the Earth 's surface . Radio occultation for weather and atmospheric science applications . Fleet tracking : used to identify , locate and maintain contact reports with one or more fleet vehicles in real - time . Geofencing : vehicle tracking systems , person tracking systems , and pet tracking systems use GPS to locate devices that are attached to or carried by a person , vehicle , or pet . The application can provide continuous tracking and send notifications if the target leaves a designated ( or `` fenced - in '' ) area . Geotagging : applies location coordinates to digital objects such as photographs ( in Exif data ) and other documents for purposes such as creating map overlays with devices like Nikon GP - 1 GPS aircraft tracking GPS for mining : the use of RTK GPS has significantly improved several mining operations such as drilling , shoveling , vehicle tracking , and surveying . RTK GPS provides centimeter - level positioning accuracy . GPS data mining : It is possible to aggregate GPS data from multiple users to understand movement patterns , common trajectories and interesting locations . GPS tours : location determines what content to display ; for instance , information about an approaching point of interest . Navigation : navigators value digitally precise velocity and orientation measurements . Phasor measurements : GPS enables highly accurate timestamping of power system measurements , making it possible to compute phasors . Recreation : for example , Geocaching , Geodashing , GPS drawing , waymarking , and other kinds of location based mobile games . Robotics : self - navigating , autonomous robots using a GPS sensors , which calculate latitude , longitude , time , speed , and heading . Sport : used in football and rugby for the control and analysis of the training load . Surveying : surveyors use absolute locations to make maps and determine property boundaries . Tectonics : GPS enables direct fault motion measurement of earthquakes . Between earthquakes GPS can be used to measure crustal motion and deformation to estimate seismic strain buildup for creating seismic hazard maps . Telematics : GPS technology integrated with computers and mobile communications technology in automotive navigation systems . Restrictions on civilian use ( edit ) The U.S. government controls the export of some civilian receivers . All GPS receivers capable of functioning above 18 km ( 60,000 feet ) altitude and 515 m / s ( 1,000 knots ) , or designed or modified for use with unmanned air vehicles like , e.g. , ballistic or cruise missile systems , are classified as munitions ( weapons ) -- which means they require State Department export licenses . This rule applies even to otherwise purely civilian units that only receive the L1 frequency and the C / A ( Coarse / Acquisition ) code . Disabling operation above these limits exempts the receiver from classification as a munition . Vendor interpretations differ . The rule refers to operation at both the target altitude and speed , but some receivers stop operating even when stationary . This has caused problems with some amateur radio balloon launches that regularly reach 30 km ( 100,000 feet ) . These limits only apply to units or components exported from the United States . A growing trade in various components exists , including GPS units from other countries . These are expressly sold as ITAR - free . Military ( edit ) Attaching a GPS guidance kit to a dumb bomb , March 2003 . M982 Excalibur GPS - guided artillery shell . As of 2009 , military GPS applications include : Navigation : Soldiers use GPS to find objectives , even in the dark or in unfamiliar territory , and to coordinate troop and supply movement . In the United States armed forces , commanders use the Commander 's Digital Assistant and lower ranks use the Soldier Digital Assistant . Target tracking : Various military weapons systems use GPS to track potential ground and air targets before flagging them as hostile . These weapon systems pass target coordinates to precision - guided munitions to allow them to engage targets accurately . Military aircraft , particularly in air - to - ground roles , use GPS to find targets . Missile and projectile guidance : GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including ICBMs , cruise missiles , precision - guided munitions and artillery shells . Embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 g or about 118 km / s have been developed for use in 155 - millimeter ( 6.1 in ) howitzer shells . Search and rescue . Reconnaissance : Patrol movement can be managed more closely . GPS satellites carry a set of nuclear detonation detectors consisting of an optical sensor called a bhangmeter , an X-ray sensor , a dosimeter , and an electromagnetic pulse ( EMP ) sensor ( W - sensor ) , that form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System . General William Shelton has stated that future satellites may drop this feature to save money . GPS type navigation was first used in war in the 1991 Persian Gulf War , before GPS was fully developed in 1995 , to assist Coalition Forces to navigate and perform maneuvers in the war . The war also demonstrated the vulnerability of GPS to being jammed , when Iraqi forces installed jamming devices on likely targets that emitted radio noise , disrupting reception of the weak GPS signal . Communication ( edit ) Main article : GPS signals The navigational signals transmitted by GPS satellites encode a variety of information including satellite positions , the state of the internal clocks , and the health of the network . These signals are transmitted on two separate carrier frequencies that are common to all satellites in the network . Two different encodings are used : a public encoding that enables lower resolution navigation , and an encrypted encoding used by the U.S. military . Message format ( edit ) GPS message format Subframes Description Satellite clock , GPS time relationship 2 -- 3 Ephemeris ( precise satellite orbit ) 4 -- 5 Almanac component ( satellite network synopsis , error correction ) Each GPS satellite continuously broadcasts a navigation message on L1 ( C / A and P / Y ) and L2 ( P / Y ) frequencies at a rate of 50 bits per second ( see bitrate ) . Each complete message takes 750 seconds ( 12 1 / 2 minutes ) to complete . The message structure has a basic format of a 1500 - bit - long frame made up of five subframes , each subframe being 300 bits ( 6 seconds ) long . Subframes 4 and 5 are subcommutated 25 times each , so that a complete data message requires the transmission of 25 full frames . Each subframe consists of ten words , each 30 bits long . Thus , with 300 bits in a subframe times 5 subframes in a frame times 25 frames in a message , each message is 37,500 bits long . At a transmission rate of 50 - bit / s , this gives 750 seconds to transmit an entire almanac message ( GPS ) . Each 30 - second frame begins precisely on the minute or half - minute as indicated by the atomic clock on each satellite . The first subframe of each frame encodes the week number and the time within the week , as well as the data about the health of the satellite . The second and the third subframes contain the ephemeris -- the precise orbit for the satellite . The fourth and fifth subframes contain the almanac , which contains coarse orbit and status information for up to 32 satellites in the constellation as well as data related to error correction . Thus , to obtain an accurate satellite location from this transmitted message , the receiver must demodulate the message from each satellite it includes in its solution for 18 to 30 seconds . To collect all transmitted almanacs , the receiver must demodulate the message for 732 to 750 seconds or 12 1 / 2 minutes . All satellites broadcast at the same frequencies , encoding signals using unique code division multiple access ( CDMA ) so receivers can distinguish individual satellites from each other . The system uses two distinct CDMA encoding types : the coarse / acquisition ( C / A ) code , which is accessible by the general public , and the precise ( P ( Y ) ) code , which is encrypted so that only the U.S. military and other NATO nations who have been given access to the encryption code can access it . The ephemeris is updated every 2 hours and is generally valid for 4 hours , with provisions for updates every 6 hours or longer in non-nominal conditions . The almanac is updated typically every 24 hours . Additionally , data for a few weeks following is uploaded in case of transmission updates that delay data upload . Satellite frequencies ( edit ) GPS frequency overview Band Frequency Description L1 1575.42 MHz Coarse - acquisition ( C / A ) and encrypted precision ( P ( Y ) ) codes , plus the L1 civilian ( L1C ) and military ( M ) codes on future Block III satellites . L2 1227.60 MHz P ( Y ) code , plus the L2C and military codes on the Block IIR - M and newer satellites . L3 1381.05 MHz Used for nuclear detonation ( NUDET ) detection . L4 1379.913 MHz Being studied for additional ionospheric correction . L5 1176.45 MHz Proposed for use as a civilian safety - of - life ( SoL ) signal . All satellites broadcast at the same two frequencies , 1.57542 GHz ( L1 signal ) and 1.2276 GHz ( L2 signal ) . The satellite network uses a CDMA spread - spectrum technique where the low - bitrate message data is encoded with a high - rate pseudo-random ( PRN ) sequence that is different for each satellite . The receiver must be aware of the PRN codes for each satellite to reconstruct the actual message data . The C / A code , for civilian use , transmits data at 1.023 million chips per second , whereas the P code , for U.S. military use , transmits at 10.23 million chips per second . The actual internal reference of the satellites is 10.22999999543 MHz to compensate for relativistic effects that make observers on the Earth perceive a different time reference with respect to the transmitters in orbit . The L1 carrier is modulated by both the C / A and P codes , while the L2 carrier is only modulated by the P code . The P code can be encrypted as a so - called P ( Y ) code that is only available to military equipment with a proper decryption key . Both the C / A and P ( Y ) codes impart the precise time - of - day to the user . The L3 signal at a frequency of 1.38105 GHz is used to transmit data from the satellites to ground stations . This data is used by the United States Nuclear Detonation ( NUDET ) Detection System ( USNDS ) to detect , locate , and report nuclear detonations ( NUDETs ) in the Earth 's atmosphere and near space . One usage is the enforcement of nuclear test ban treaties . The L4 band at 1.379913 GHz is being studied for additional ionospheric correction . The L5 frequency band at 1.17645 GHz was added in the process of GPS modernization . This frequency falls into an internationally protected range for aeronautical navigation , promising little or no interference under all circumstances . The first Block IIF satellite that provides this signal was launched in May 2010 . On February 5th 2016 , the 12th and final Block IIF satellite was launched . The L5 consists of two carrier components that are in phase quadrature with each other . Each carrier component is bi-phase shift key ( BPSK ) modulated by a separate bit train . `` L5 , the third civil GPS signal , will eventually support safety - of - life applications for aviation and provide improved availability and accuracy . '' In 2011 , a conditional waiver was granted to LightSquared to operate a terrestrial broadband service near the L1 band . Although LightSquared had applied for a license to operate in the 1525 to 1559 band as early as 2003 and it was put out for public comment , the FCC asked LightSquared to form a study group with the GPS community to test GPS receivers and identify issue that might arise due to the larger signal power from the LightSquared terrestrial network . The GPS community had not objected to the LightSquared ( formerly MSV and SkyTerra ) applications until November 2010 , when LightSquared applied for a modification to its Ancillary Terrestrial Component ( ATC ) authorization . This filing ( SAT - MOD - 20101118 - 00239 ) amounted to a request to run several orders of magnitude more power in the same frequency band for terrestrial base stations , essentially repurposing what was supposed to be a `` quiet neighborhood '' for signals from space as the equivalent of a cellular network . Testing in the first half of 2011 has demonstrated that the impact of the lower 10 MHz of spectrum is minimal to GPS devices ( less than 1 % of the total GPS devices are affected ) . The upper 10 MHz intended for use by LightSquared may have some impact on GPS devices . There is some concern that this may seriously degrade the GPS signal for many consumer uses . Aviation Week magazine reports that the latest testing ( June 2011 ) confirms `` significant jamming '' of GPS by LightSquared 's system . Demodulation and Decoding ( edit ) Demodulating and Decoding GPS Satellite Signals using the Coarse / Acquisition Gold code . Because all of the satellite signals are modulated onto the same L1 carrier frequency , the signals must be separated after demodulation . This is done by assigning each satellite a unique binary sequence known as a Gold code . The signals are decoded after demodulation using addition of the Gold codes corresponding to the satellites monitored by the receiver . If the almanac information has previously been acquired , the receiver picks the satellites to listen for by their PRNs , unique numbers in the range 1 through 32 . If the almanac information is not in memory , the receiver enters a search mode until a lock is obtained on one of the satellites . To obtain a lock , it is necessary that there be an unobstructed line of sight from the receiver to the satellite . The receiver can then acquire the almanac and determine the satellites it should listen for . As it detects each satellite 's signal , it identifies it by its distinct C / A code pattern . There can be a delay of up to 30 seconds before the first estimate of position because of the need to read the ephemeris data . Processing of the navigation message enables the determination of the time of transmission and the satellite position at this time . For more information see Demodulation and Decoding , Advanced . Navigation equations ( edit ) Further information : GNSS positioning calculation See also : Pseudorange Problem description ( edit ) The receiver uses messages received from satellites to determine the satellite positions and time sent . The x , y , and z components of satellite position and the time sent are designated as ( x , y , z , s ) where the subscript i denotes the satellite and has the value 1 , 2 , ... , n , where n ≥ 4 . When the time of message reception indicated by the on - board receiver clock is t̃ , the true reception time is t = t̃ − b , where b is the receiver 's clock bias from the much more accurate GPS clocks employed by the satellites . The receiver clock bias is the same for all received satellite signals ( assuming the satellite clocks are all perfectly synchronized ) . The message 's transit time is t̃ − b − s , where s is the satellite time . Assuming the message traveled at the speed of light , c , the distance traveled is ( t̃ − b − s ) c . For n satellites , the equations to satisfy are : d i = ( t ~ i − b − s i ) c , i = 1 , 2 , ... , n ( \ displaystyle d_ ( i ) = \ left ( ( \ tilde ( t ) ) _ ( i ) - b - s_ ( i ) \ right ) c , \ ; i = 1 , 2 , \ dots , n ) where d is the geometric distance or range between receiver and satellite : d i = ( x − x i ) 2 + ( y − y i ) 2 + ( z − z i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle d_ ( i ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y - y_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z - z_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) Defining pseudoranges as p i = ( t ~ i − s i ) c ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) = \ left ( ( \ tilde ( t ) ) _ ( i ) - s_ ( i ) \ right ) c ) , we see they are biased versions of the true range : p i = d i + b c , i = 1 , 2 , ... , n ( \ displaystyle p_ ( i ) = d_ ( i ) + bc , \ ; i = 1 , 2 , ... , n ) . Since the equations have four unknowns ( x , y , z , b ) -- the three components of GPS receiver position and the clock bias -- signals from at least four satellites are necessary to attempt solving these equations . They can be solved by algebraic or numerical methods . Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions are discussed by Abell and Chaffee . When n is greater than 4 this system is overdetermined and a fitting method must be used . The amount of error in the results varies with the received satellites ' locations in the sky , since certain configurations ( when the received satellites are close together in the sky ) cause large errors . Receivers usually calculate a running estimate of the error in the calculated position . This is done by multiplying the basic resolution of the receiver by quantities called the geometric dilution of position ( GDOP ) factors , calculated from the relative sky directions of the satellites used . The receiver location is expressed in a specific coordinate system , such as latitude and longitude using the WGS 84 geodetic datum or a country - specific system . Geometric interpretation ( edit ) The GPS equations can be solved by numerical and analytical methods . Geometrical interpretations can enhance the understanding of these solution methods . Spheres ( edit ) The measured ranges , called pseudoranges , contain clock errors . In a simplified idealization in which the ranges are synchronized , these true ranges represent the radii of spheres , each centered on one of the transmitting satellites . The solution for the position of the receiver is then at the intersection of the surfaces of three of these spheres . If more than the minimum number of ranges is available , a near intersection of more than three sphere surfaces could be found via , e.g. least squares . Hyperboloids ( edit ) If the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite i and the pseudorange between the receiver and satellite j are subtracted , p − p , the common receiver clock bias ( b ) cancels out , resulting in a difference of distances d − d . The locus of points having a constant difference in distance to two points ( here , two satellites ) is a hyperbola on a plane and a hyperboloid of revolution in 3D space ( see Multilateration ) . Thus , from four pseudorange measurements , the receiver can be placed at the intersection of the surfaces of three hyperboloids each with foci at a pair of satellites . With additional satellites , the multiple intersections are not necessarily unique , and a best - fitting solution is sought instead . Inscribed sphere ( edit ) The receiver position can be interpreted as the center of a inscribed sphere ( insphere ) of radius bc , given by the receiver clock bias b ( scaled by the speed of light c ) . The insphere location is such that it touches other spheres ( see Problem of Apollonius # Applications ) . The circumscribing spheres are centered at the GPS satellites , whose radii equal the measured pseudoranges p . This configuration is distinct from the one described in section # Spheres , in which the spheres ' radii were the unbiased or geometric ranges d . Spherical cones ( edit ) The solution space ( x , y , z , b ) can be seen as a four - dimensional geometric space . In that case each of the equations describes a spherical cone , with the cusp located at the satellite , and the base a sphere around the satellite . The receiver is at the intersection of four or more of such cones . Solution methods ( edit ) Least squares ( edit ) When more than four satellites are available , the calculation can use the four best , or more than four simultaneously ( up to all visible satellites ) , depending on the number of receiver channels , processing capability , and geometric dilution of precision ( GDOP ) . Using more than four involves an over-determined system of equations with no unique solution ; such a system can be solved by a least - squares or weighted least squares method . ( x ^ , y ^ , z ^ , b ^ ) = arg ⁡ min ( x , y , z , b ) ∑ i ( ( x − x i ) 2 + ( y − y i ) 2 + ( z − z i ) 2 + b c − p i ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ left ( ( \ hat ( x ) ) , ( \ hat ( y ) ) , ( \ hat ( z ) ) , ( \ hat ( b ) ) \ right ) = ( \ underset ( \ left ( x , y , z , b \ right ) ) ( \ arg \ min ) ) \ sum _ ( i ) \ left ( ( \ sqrt ( ( x-x_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( y - y_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) + ( z - z_ ( i ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + bc - p_ ( i ) \ right ) ^ ( 2 ) ) Iterative ( edit ) Both the equations for four satellites , or the least squares equations for more than four , are non-linear and need special solution methods . A common approach is by iteration on a linearized form of the equations , such as the Gauss -- Newton algorithm . The GPS was initially developed assuming use of a numerical least - squares solution method -- i.e. , before closed - form solutions were found . Closed - form ( edit ) One closed - form solution to the above set of equations was developed by S. Bancroft . Its properties are well known ; in particular , proponents claim it is superior in low - GDOP situations , compared to iterative least squares methods . Bancroft 's method is algebraic , as opposed to numerical , and can be used for four or more satellites . When four satellites are used , the key steps are inversion of a 4x4 matrix and solution of a single - variable quadratic equation . Bancroft 's method provides one or two solutions for the unknown quantities . When there are two ( usually the case ) , only one is a near - Earth sensible solution . When a receiver uses more than four satellites for a solution , Bancroft uses the generalized inverse ( i.e. , the pseudoinverse ) to find a solution . However , a case has been made that iterative methods ( e.g. , Gauss -- Newton algorithm ) for solving over-determined non-linear least squares ( NLLS ) problems generally provide more accurate solutions . Leick et al. ( 2015 ) states that `` Bancroft 's ( 1985 ) solution is a very early , if not the first , closed - form solution . '' Other closed - form solutions were published afterwards , although their adoption in practice is unclear . Error sources and analysis ( edit ) Main article : Error analysis for the Global Positioning System GPS error analysis examines error sources in GPS results and the expected size of those errors . GPS makes corrections for receiver clock errors and other effects , but some residual errors remain uncorrected . Error sources include signal arrival time measurements , numerical calculations , atmospheric effects ( ionospheric / tropospheric delays ) , ephemeris and clock data , multipath signals , and natural and artificial interference . Magnitude of residual errors from these sources depends on geometric dilution of precision . Artificial errors may result from jamming devices and threaten ships and aircraft or from intentional signal degradation through selective availability , which limited accuracy to ≈ 6 -- 12 m , but has been switched off since May 1 , 2000 . Accuracy Enhancement and surveying ( edit ) Main article : GNSS enhancement This article duplicates the scope of other articles , specifically , GNSS enhancement . Please discuss this issue on the talk page and edit it to conform with Wikipedia 's Manual of Style . ( November 2013 ) Augmentation ( edit ) Integrating external information into the calculation process can materially improve accuracy . Such augmentation systems are generally named or described based on how the information arrives . Some systems transmit additional error information ( such as clock drift , ephemera , or ionospheric delay ) , others characterize prior errors , while a third group provides additional navigational or vehicle information . Examples of augmentation systems include the Wide Area Augmentation System ( WAAS ) , European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service ( EGNOS ) , Differential GPS ( DGPS ) , inertial navigation systems ( INS ) and Assisted GPS . The standard accuracy of about 15 meters ( 49 feet ) can be augmented to 3 -- 5 meters ( 9.8 -- 16.4 ft ) with DGPS , and to about 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) with WAAS . Precise monitoring ( edit ) Accuracy can be improved through precise monitoring and measurement of existing GPS signals in additional or alternative ways . The largest remaining error is usually the unpredictable delay through the ionosphere . The spacecraft broadcast ionospheric model parameters , but some errors remain . This is one reason GPS spacecraft transmit on at least two frequencies , L1 and L2 . Ionospheric delay is a well - defined function of frequency and the total electron content ( TEC ) along the path , so measuring the arrival time difference between the frequencies determines TEC and thus the precise ionospheric delay at each frequency . Military receivers can decode the P ( Y ) code transmitted on both L1 and L2 . Without decryption keys , it is still possible to use a codeless technique to compare the P ( Y ) codes on L1 and L2 to gain much of the same error information . However , this technique is slow , so it is currently available only on specialized surveying equipment . In the future , additional civilian codes are expected to be transmitted on the L2 and L5 frequencies ( see GPS modernization ) . All users will then be able to perform dual - frequency measurements and directly compute ionospheric delay errors . A second form of precise monitoring is called Carrier - Phase Enhancement ( CPGPS ) . This corrects the error that arises because the pulse transition of the PRN is not instantaneous , and thus the correlation ( satellite -- receiver sequence matching ) operation is imperfect . CPGPS uses the L1 carrier wave , which has a period of 1 s 1575.42 × 10 6 = 0.63475 n s ≈ 1 n s ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 \ , \ mathrm ( s ) ) ( 1575.42 \ times 10 ^ ( 6 ) ) ) = 0.63475 \ , \ mathrm ( ns ) \ approx 1 \ , \ mathrm ( ns ) \ ) , which is about one - thousandth of the C / A Gold code bit period of 1 s 1023 × 10 3 = 977.5 n s ≈ 1000 n s ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 \ , \ mathrm ( s ) ) ( 1023 \ times 10 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = 977.5 \ , \ mathrm ( ns ) \ approx 1000 \ , \ mathrm ( ns ) \ ) , to act as an additional clock signal and resolve the uncertainty . The phase difference error in the normal GPS amounts to 2 -- 3 meters ( 7 -- 10 ft ) of ambiguity . CPGPS working to within 1 % of perfect transition reduces this error to 3 centimeters ( 1.2 in ) of ambiguity . By eliminating this error source , CPGPS coupled with DGPS normally realizes between 20 -- 30 centimeters ( 8 -- 12 in ) of absolute accuracy . Relative Kinematic Positioning ( RKP ) is a third alternative for a precise GPS - based positioning system . In this approach , determination of range signal can be resolved to a precision of less than 10 centimeters ( 4 in ) . This is done by resolving the number of cycles that the signal is transmitted and received by the receiver by using a combination of differential GPS ( DGPS ) correction data , transmitting GPS signal phase information and ambiguity resolution techniques via statistical tests -- possibly with processing in real - time ( real - time kinematic positioning , RTK ) . Timekeeping ( edit ) Leap seconds ( edit ) While most clocks derive their time from Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) , the atomic clocks on the satellites are set to GPS time ( GPST ; see the page of United States Naval Observatory ) . The difference is that GPS time is not corrected to match the rotation of the Earth , so it does not contain leap seconds or other corrections that are periodically added to UTC . GPS time was set to match UTC in 1980 , but has since diverged . The lack of corrections means that GPS time remains at a constant offset with International Atomic Time ( TAI ) ( TAI − GPS = 19 seconds ) . Periodic corrections are performed to the on - board clocks to keep them synchronized with ground clocks . The GPS navigation message includes the difference between GPS time and UTC . As of January 2017 , GPS time is 18 seconds ahead of UTC because of the leap second added to UTC on December 31 , 2016 . Receivers subtract this offset from GPS time to calculate UTC and specific timezone values . New GPS units may not show the correct UTC time until after receiving the UTC offset message . The GPS - UTC offset field can accommodate 255 leap seconds ( eight bits ) . Accuracy ( edit ) GPS time is theoretically accurate to about 14 nanoseconds , due to the clock drift that atomic clocks experience in GPS transmitters . However , most receivers lose accuracy in the interpretation of the signals and are only accurate to 100 nanoseconds . Format ( edit ) As opposed to the year , month , and day format of the Gregorian calendar , the GPS date is expressed as a week number and a seconds - into - week number . The week number is transmitted as a ten - bit field in the C / A and P ( Y ) navigation messages , and so it becomes zero again every 1,024 weeks ( 19.6 years ) . GPS week zero started at 00 : 00 : 00 UTC ( 00 : 00 : 19 TAI ) on January 6 , 1980 , and the week number became zero again for the first time at 23 : 59 : 47 UTC on August 21 , 1999 ( 00 : 00 : 19 TAI on August 22 , 1999 ) . To determine the current Gregorian date , a GPS receiver must be provided with the approximate date ( to within 3,584 days ) to correctly translate the GPS date signal . To address this concern the modernized GPS navigation message uses a 13 - bit field that only repeats every 8,192 weeks ( 157 years ) , thus lasting until the year 2137 ( 157 years after GPS week zero ) . Carrier phase tracking ( surveying ) ( edit ) Another method that is used in surveying applications is carrier phase tracking . The period of the carrier frequency multiplied by the speed of light gives the wavelength , which is about 0.19 meters for the L1 carrier . Accuracy within 1 % of wavelength in detecting the leading edge reduces this component of pseudorange error to as little as 2 millimeters . This compares to 3 meters for the C / A code and 0.3 meters for the P code . However , 2 millimeter accuracy requires measuring the total phase -- the number of waves multiplied by the wavelength plus the fractional wavelength , which requires specially equipped receivers . This method has many surveying applications . It is accurate enough for real - time tracking of the very slow motions of tectonic plates , typically 0 -- 100 mm ( 0 -- 4 inches ) per year . Triple differencing followed by numerical root finding , and a mathematical technique called least squares can estimate the position of one receiver given the position of another . First , compute the difference between satellites , then between receivers , and finally between epochs . Other orders of taking differences are equally valid . Detailed discussion of the errors is omitted . The satellite carrier total phase can be measured with ambiguity as to the number of cycles . Let φ ( r i , s j , t k ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ phi ( r_ ( i ) , s_ ( j ) , t_ ( k ) ) ) denote the phase of the carrier of satellite j measured by receiver i at time t k ( \ displaystyle \ \ t_ ( k ) ) . This notation shows the meaning of the subscripts i , j , and k . The receiver ( r ) , satellite ( s ) , and time ( t ) come in alphabetical order as arguments of φ ( \ displaystyle \ \ phi ) and to balance readability and conciseness , let φ i , j , k = φ ( r i , s j , t k ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ phi _ ( i , j , k ) = \ phi ( r_ ( i ) , s_ ( j ) , t_ ( k ) ) ) be a concise abbreviation . Also we define three functions , : Δ r , Δ s , Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) , \ Delta ^ ( s ) , \ Delta ^ ( t ) ) , which return differences between receivers , satellites , and time points , respectively . Each function has variables with three subscripts as its arguments . These three functions are defined below . If α i , j , k ( \ displaystyle \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) is a function of the three integer arguments , i , j , and k then it is a valid argument for the functions , : Δ r , Δ s , Δ t ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) , \ Delta ^ ( s ) , \ Delta ^ ( t ) ) , with the values defined as Δ r ( α i , j , k ) = α i + 1 , j , k − α i , j , k ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) = \ alpha _ ( i + 1 , j , k ) - \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) , Δ s ( α i , j , k ) = α i , j + 1 , k − α i , j , k ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) = \ alpha _ ( i , j + 1 , k ) - \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) , and Δ t ( α i , j , k ) = α i , j , k + 1 − α i , j , k ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( t ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) = \ alpha _ ( i , j , k + 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) . Also if α i , j , k a n d β l , m , n ( \ displaystyle \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) \ and \ \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) are valid arguments for the three functions and a and b are constants then ( a α i , j , k + b β l , m , n ) ( \ displaystyle \ ( a \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) + b \ \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) ) is a valid argument with values defined as Δ r ( a α i , j , k + b β l , m , n ) = a Δ r ( α i , j , k ) + b Δ r ( β l , m , n ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( a \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) + b \ \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) = a \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) + b \ \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) ) , Δ s ( a α i , j , k + b β l , m , n ) = a Δ s ( α i , j , k ) + b Δ s ( β l , m , n ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( a \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) + b \ \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) = a \ \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) + b \ \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) ) , and Δ t ( a α i , j , k + b β l , m , n ) = a Δ t ( α i , j , k ) + b Δ t ( β l , m , n ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( t ) ( a \ \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) + b \ \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) = a \ \ Delta ^ ( t ) ( \ alpha _ ( i , j , k ) ) + b \ \ Delta ^ ( t ) ( \ beta _ ( l , m , n ) ) ) . Receiver clock errors can be approximately eliminated by differencing the phases measured from satellite 1 with that from satellite 2 at the same epoch . This difference is designated as Δ s ( φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) = φ 1 , 2 , 1 − φ 1 , 1 , 1 ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) = \ phi _ ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) Double differencing computes the difference of receiver 1 's satellite difference from that of receiver 2 . This approximately eliminates satellite clock errors . This double difference is : Δ r ( Δ s ( φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) = Δ r ( φ 1 , 2 , 1 − φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) = Δ r ( φ 1 , 2 , 1 ) − Δ r ( φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) = ( φ 2 , 2 , 1 − φ 1 , 2 , 1 ) − ( φ 2 , 1 , 1 − φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) ) \ , & = \ , \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) & = \ , \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) ) - \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) & = \ , ( \ phi _ ( 2 , 2 , 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 1 , 2 , 1 ) ) - ( \ phi _ ( 2 , 1 , 1 ) - \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) Triple differencing subtracts the receiver difference from time 1 from that of time 2 . This eliminates the ambiguity associated with the integral number of wavelengths in carrier phase provided this ambiguity does not change with time . Thus the triple difference result eliminates practically all clock bias errors and the integer ambiguity . Atmospheric delay and satellite ephemeris errors have been significantly reduced . This triple difference is : Δ t ( Δ r ( Δ s ( φ 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ Delta ^ ( t ) ( \ Delta ^ ( r ) ( \ Delta ^ ( s ) ( \ phi _ ( 1 , 1 , 1 ) ) ) ) ) Triple difference results can be used to estimate unknown variables . For example , if the position of receiver 1 is known but the position of receiver 2 unknown , it may be possible to estimate the position of receiver 2 using numerical root finding and least squares . Triple difference results for three independent time pairs may be sufficient to solve for receiver 2 's three position components . This may require a numerical procedure . An approximation of receiver 2 's position is required to use such a numerical method . This initial value can probably be provided from the navigation message and the intersection of sphere surfaces . Such a reasonable estimate can be key to successful multidimensional root finding . Iterating from three time pairs and a fairly good initial value produces one observed triple difference result for receiver 2 's position . Processing additional time pairs can improve accuracy , overdetermining the answer with multiple solutions . Least squares can estimate an overdetermined system . Least squares determines the position of receiver 2 that best fits the observed triple difference results for receiver 2 positions under the criterion of minimizing the sum of the squares . Regulatory spectrum issues concerning GPS receivers ( edit ) In the United States , GPS receivers are regulated under the Federal Communications Commission 's ( FCC ) Part 15 rules . As indicated in the manuals of GPS - enabled devices sold in the United States , as a Part 15 device , it `` must accept any interference received , including interference that may cause undesired operation . '' With respect to GPS devices in particular , the FCC states that GPS receiver manufacturers , `` must use receivers that reasonably discriminate against reception of signals outside their allocated spectrum . '' For the last 30 years , GPS receivers have operated next to the Mobile Satellite Service band , and have discriminated against reception of mobile satellite services , such as Inmarsat , without any issue . The spectrum allocated for GPS L1 use by the FCC is 1559 to 1610 MHz , while the spectrum allocated for satellite - to - ground use owned by Lightsquared is the Mobile Satellite Service band . Since 1996 , the FCC has authorized licensed use of the spectrum neighboring the GPS band of 1525 to 1559 MHz to the Virginia company LightSquared . On March 1 , 2001 , the FCC received an application from LightSquared 's predecessor , Motient Services , to use their allocated frequencies for an integrated satellite - terrestrial service . In 2002 , the U.S. GPS Industry Council came to an out - of - band - emissions ( OOBE ) agreement with LightSquared to prevent transmissions from LightSquared 's ground - based stations from emitting transmissions into the neighboring GPS band of 1559 to 1610 MHz . In 2004 , the FCC adopted the OOBE agreement in its authorization for LightSquared to deploy a ground - based network ancillary to their satellite system -- known as the Ancillary Tower Components ( ATCs ) -- `` We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering . We do not intend , nor will we permit , the terrestrial component to become a stand - alone service . '' This authorization was reviewed and approved by the U.S. Interdepartment Radio Advisory Committee , which includes the U.S. Department of Agriculture , U.S. Air Force , U.S. Army , U.S. Coast Guard , Federal Aviation Administration , National Aeronautics and Space Administration , Interior , and U.S. Department of Transportation . In January 2011 , the FCC conditionally authorized LightSquared 's wholesale customers -- such as Best Buy , Sharp , and C Spire -- to only purchase an integrated satellite - ground - based service from LightSquared and re-sell that integrated service on devices that are equipped to only use the ground - based signal using LightSquared 's allocated frequencies of 1525 to 1559 MHz . In December 2010 , GPS receiver manufacturers expressed concerns to the FCC that LightSquared 's signal would interfere with GPS receiver devices although the FCC 's policy considerations leading up to the January 2011 order did not pertain to any proposed changes to the maximum number of ground - based LightSquared stations or the maximum power at which these stations could operate . The January 2011 order makes final authorization contingent upon studies of GPS interference issues carried out by a LightSquared led working group along with GPS industry and Federal agency participation . On February 14 , 2012 , the FCC initiated proceedings to vacate LightSquared 's Conditional Waiver Order based on the NTIA 's conclusion that there was currently no practical way to mitigate potential GPS interference . GPS receiver manufacturers design GPS receivers to use spectrum beyond the GPS - allocated band . In some cases , GPS receivers are designed to use up to 400 MHz of spectrum in either direction of the L1 frequency of 1575.42 MHz , because mobile satellite services in those regions are broadcasting from space to ground , and at power levels commensurate with mobile satellite services . However , as regulated under the FCC 's Part 15 rules , GPS receivers are not warranted protection from signals outside GPS - allocated spectrum . This is why GPS operates next to the Mobile Satellite Service band , and also why the Mobile Satellite Service band operates next to GPS . The symbiotic relationship of spectrum allocation ensures that users of both bands are able to operate cooperatively and freely . The FCC adopted rules in February 2003 that allowed Mobile Satellite Service ( MSS ) licensees such as LightSquared to construct a small number of ancillary ground - based towers in their licensed spectrum to `` promote more efficient use of terrestrial wireless spectrum . '' In those 2003 rules , the FCC stated `` As a preliminary matter , terrestrial ( Commercial Mobile Radio Service ( `` CMRS '' ) ) and MSS ATC are expected to have different prices , coverage , product acceptance and distribution ; therefore , the two services appear , at best , to be imperfect substitutes for one another that would be operating in predominately different market segments ... MSS ATC is unlikely to compete directly with terrestrial CMRS for the same customer base ... `` . In 2004 , the FCC clarified that the ground - based towers would be ancillary , noting that `` We will authorize MSS ATC subject to conditions that ensure that the added terrestrial component remains ancillary to the principal MSS offering . We do not intend , nor will we permit , the terrestrial component to become a stand - alone service . '' In July 2010 , the FCC stated that it expected LightSquared to use its authority to offer an integrated satellite - terrestrial service to `` provide mobile broadband services similar to those provided by terrestrial mobile providers and enhance competition in the mobile broadband sector . '' However , GPS receiver manufacturers have argued that LightSquared 's licensed spectrum of 1525 to 1559 MHz was never envisioned as being used for high - speed wireless broadband based on the 2003 and 2004 FCC ATC rulings making clear that the Ancillary Tower Component ( ATC ) would be , in fact , ancillary to the primary satellite component . To build public support of efforts to continue the 2004 FCC authorization of LightSquared 's ancillary terrestrial component vs. a simple ground - based LTE service in the Mobile Satellite Service band , GPS receiver manufacturer Trimble Navigation Ltd. formed the `` Coalition To Save Our GPS . '' The FCC and LightSquared have each made public commitments to solve the GPS interference issue before the network is allowed to operate . However , according to Chris Dancy of the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association , airline pilots with the type of systems that would be affected `` may go off course and not even realize it . '' The problems could also affect the Federal Aviation Administration upgrade to the air traffic control system , United States Defense Department guidance , and local emergency services including 911 . On February 14 , 2012 , the U.S. Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) moved to bar LightSquared 's planned national broadband network after being informed by the National Telecommunications and Information Administration ( NTIA ) , the federal agency that coordinates spectrum uses for the military and other federal government entities , that `` there is no practical way to mitigate potential interference at this time '' . LightSquared is challenging the FCC 's action . Other systems ( edit ) Main article : Satellite navigation Comparison of geostationary , GPS , GLONASS , Galileo , Compass ( MEO ) , International Space Station , Hubble Space Telescope and Iridium constellation orbits , with the Van Allen radiation belts and the Earth to scale . The Moon 's orbit is around 9 times larger than geostationary orbit . ( In the SVG file , hover over an orbit or its label to highlight it ; click to load its article . ) Other satellite navigation systems in use or various states of development include : GLONASS -- Russia 's global navigation system . Fully operational worldwide . Galileo -- a global system being developed by the European Union and other partner countries , which began operation in 2016 , and is expected to be fully deployed by 2020 . Beidou -- People 's Republic of China 's regional system , currently limited to Asia and the West Pacific , global coverage planned to be operational by 2020 IRNSS -- A regional navigation system developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation . QZSS -- A regional navigation system in development that would be receivable within Japan . See also ( edit ) Gladys West GPS / INS GPS navigation software GPS navigation device GPS spoofing Indoor positioning system Local Area Augmentation System Local positioning system Military invention Mobile phone tracking Navigation paradox Notice Advisory to Navstar Users S - GPS Trilateration Wide Area Augmentation System Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Orbital periods and speeds are calculated using the relations 4π2R3 = T2GM and V2R = GM , where R = radius of orbit in metres , T = orbital period in seconds , V = orbital speed in m / s , G = gravitational constant ≈ 6.673 × 10 Nm2 / kg2 , M = mass of Earth ≈ 5.98 × 10 kg . 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Jump up ^ United States Coast Guard General GPS News 9 -- 9 -- 05 Jump up ^ USNO NAVSTAR Global Positioning System . Retrieved May 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` GPS III Operational Control Segment ( OCX ) '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Jump up ^ `` The USA 's GPS - III Satellites '' . Defense Industry Daily . October 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GPS Completes Next Generation Operational Control System PDR '' . Air Force Space Command News Service . September 14 , 2011 . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Embarrassing to defend ' : US general blasts Raytheon 's GPS control system a ' disaster ' '' . RT . December 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Publications and Standards from the National Marine Electronics Association ( NMEA ) '' . National Marine Electronics Association . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Exploring GPS Data for Operational Analysis of Farm Machinery Jump up ^ A lecture note on Global Positioning System in Precision Agriculture Jump up ^ `` Common View GPS Time Transfer '' . nist.gov . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2012 . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Using GPS to improve tropical cyclone forecasts '' . ucar.edu . Jump up ^ `` Spotlight GPS pet locator '' . Spotlightgps.com . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Khetarpaul , S. , Chauhan , R. , Gupta , S.K. , Subramaniam , L.V. , Nambiar , U. ( 2011 ) . Mining GPS data to determine interesting locations . Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Information Integration on the Web . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Use of GPS Tracking Technology in Australian Football '' . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Pacific Northwest Geodetic Array '' . cwu.edu . Jump up ^ Arms Control Association. Missile Technology Control Regime Archived September 16 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved May 17 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Sinha , Vandana ( July 24 , 2003 ) . `` Commanders and Soldiers ' GPS - receivers '' . Gcn.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` XM982 Excalibur Precision Guided Extended Range Artillery Projectile '' . GlobalSecurity.org . May 29 , 2007 . Retrieved September 26 , 2007 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Sandia National Laboratory 's Nonproliferation programs and arms control technology . Jump up ^ Dennis D. McCrady . `` The GPS Burst Detector W - Sensor '' ( PDF ) . Sandia National Laboratories . Jump up ^ `` US Air Force Eyes Changes To National Security Satellite Programs '' . Aviationweek.com . January 18 , 2013 . Retrieved September 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Greenemeier , Larry . `` GPS and the World 's First `` Space War '' `` . Scientific American . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Satellite message format '' . Gpsinformation.net . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Peter H. Dana . `` GPS Week Number Rollover Issues '' . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Interface Specification IS - GPS - 200 , Revision D: Navstar GPS Space Segment / Navigation User Interfaces '' ( PDF ) . Navstar GPS Joint Program Office . p. 103 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Richharia , Madhavendra ; Westbrook , Leslie David ( 2011 ) . Satellite Systems for Personal Applications : Concepts and Technology . John Wiley & Sons . p. 443 . ISBN 1 - 119 - 95610 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Penttinen , Jyrki T.J. ( 2015 ) . The Telecommunications Handbook : Engineering Guidelines for Fixed , Mobile and Satellite Systems . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9781119944881 . Jump up ^ Misra , Pratap ; Enge , Per ( 2006 ) . Global Positioning System . Signals , Measurements and Performance ( 2nd ed . ) . Ganga - Jamuna Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0 - 9709544 - 1 - 7 . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Borre , Kai ; M. Akos , Dennis ; Bertelsen , Nicolaj ; Rinder , Peter ; Jensen , Søren Holdt ( 2007 ) . A Software - Defined GPS and Galileo Receiver . A single - Frequency Approach . Springer . p. 18 . ISBN 0 - 8176 - 4390 - 7 . Jump up ^ TextGenerator Version 2.0 . `` United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System ( USNDS ) '' . Fas.org . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` First Block 2F GPS Satellite Launched , Needed to Prevent System Failure '' . DailyTech . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.ulalaunch.com/about/news-detail/2016/02/05/united-launch-alliance-successfully-launches-gps-iif-12-satellite-for-u.s.-air-force Jump up ^ `` Air Force Successfully Transmits an L5 Signal From GPS IIR - 20 ( M ) Satellite '' . LA AFB News Release . Archived from the original on May 21 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Communications Commission Presented Evidence of GPS Signal Interference '' . GPS World . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coalition to Save Our GPS '' . Saveourgps.org . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` LightSquared Tests Confirm GPS Jamming '' . Aviation Week . Archived from the original on August 12 , 2011 . Retrieved June 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` GPS Almanacs , NANUS , and Ops Advisories ( including archives ) '' . GPS Almanac Information . United States Coast Guard . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` George , M. , Hamid , M. , and Miller A. Gold Code Generators in Virtex Devices at the Internet Archive PDF ^ Jump up to : section 4 beginning on page 15 GEOFFREY BLEWITT : BASICS OF THE GPS TECHNIQUE ^ Jump up to : `` Global Positioning Systems '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dana , Peter H. `` Geometric Dilution of Precision ( GDOP ) and Visibility '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Peter H. Dana . `` Receiver Position , Velocity , and Time '' . University of Colorado at Boulder . Retrieved July 7 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Mathematics of GPS '' . siam.org . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Gilbert Strang ; Kai Borre ( 1997 ) . Linear Algebra , Geodesy , and GPS . SIAM . pp. 448 -- 449 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9614088 - 6 - 2 . Jump up ^ Audun Holme ( 2010 ) . Geometry : Our Cultural Heritage . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 338 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 642 - 14441 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : B. Hofmann - Wellenhof ; K. Legat ; M. Wieser ( 2003 ) . Navigation . Springer Science & Business Media . p. 36 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 211 - 00828 - 7 . Jump up ^ Hoshen J ( 1996 ) . `` The GPS Equations and the Problem of Apollonius '' . IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems . 32 ( 3 ) : 1116 -- 1124 . Bibcode : 1996ITAES ... 32.1116 H . doi : 10.1109 / 7.532270 . Jump up ^ Grafarend , Erik W. ( 2002 ) . `` GPS Solutions : Closed Forms , Critical and Special Configurations of P4P '' . GPS Solutions . 5 ( 3 ) : 29 -- 41 . doi : 10.1007 / PL00012897 . ^ Jump up to : Bancroft , S. ( January 1985 ) . `` An Algebraic Solution of the GPS Equations '' . IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems . AES - 21 : 56 -- 59 . Bibcode : 1985ITAES ... 21 ... 56B . doi : 10.1109 / TAES. 1985.310538 . Jump up ^ Chaffee , J. and Abel , J. , `` On the Exact Solutions of Pseudorange Equations '' , IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems , vol : 30 , no : 4 , pp : 1021 -- 1030 , 1994 Jump up ^ Sirola , Niilo ( March 2010 ) . `` Closed - form algorithms in mobile positioning : Myths and misconceptions '' . 7th Workshop on Positioning Navigation and Communication . WPNC 2010 . pp. 38 -- 44 . doi : 10.1109 / WPNC. 2010.5653789 . Jump up ^ GNSS Positioning Approaches -- GPS Satellite Surveying , Fourth Edition -- Leick . Wiley Online Library . pp. 257 -- 399 . doi : 10.1002 / 9781119018612. ch6 . Jump up ^ Alfred Kleusberg , `` Analytical GPS Navigation Solution '' , University of Stuttgart Research Compendium , 1994 Jump up ^ Oszczak , B. , `` New Algorithm for GNSS Positioning Using System of Linear Equations , '' Proceedings of the 26th International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation ( ION GNSS+ 2013 ) , Nashville , TN , September 2013 , pp. 3560 -- 3563 . Jump up ^ Attewill , Fred . ( 2013 - 02 - 13 ) Vehicles that use GPS jammers are big threat to aircraft . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved on 2013 - 08 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Selective Availability '' . National Coordination Office for Space - Based Positioning , Navigation , and Timing ( PNT ) . October 2001 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 13 . Selective Availability ended a few minutes past midnight EDT after the end of May 1 , 2000 . The change occurred simultaneously across the entire satellite constellation . Jump up ^ https://blackboard.vuw.ac.nz/bbcswebdav/pid-1444805-dt-content-rid-2193398_1/courses/2014.1.ESCI203/Esci203_2014_GPS_1.pdf ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ McNamara , Joel ( 2008 ) . GPS For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 470 - 45785 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction '' ( PDF ) . Section 1.2. 2 Jump up ^ `` Notice Advisory to Navstar Users ( NANU ) 2016069 '' . GPS Operations Center . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved June 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ David W. Allan ( 1997 ) . `` The Science of Timekeeping '' ( PDF ) . Hewlett Packard . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Role of GPS in Precise Time and Frequency Dissemination '' ( PDF ) . GPSworld . July -- August 1990 . Retrieved April 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` GPS time accurate to 100 nanoseconds '' . Galleon . Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Between - Satellite Differencing '' . Gmat.unsw.edu.au . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Double differencing '' . Gmat.unsw.edu.au . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Triple differencing '' . Gmat.unsw.edu.au . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2011 . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ chapter on root finding and nonlinear sets of equations Jump up ^ William H. Press ( 2007 ) . Numerical Recipes 3rd Edition : The Art of Scientific Computing . Cambridge University Press . p. 959 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88068 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 John Deere StarFire 3000 Operator Manual '' ( PDF ) . John Deere . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 5 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Federal Communications Commission Report and Order In the Matter of Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service Bands at 1525 -- 1559 MHz and 1626.5 -- 1660.5 MHz '' ( PDF ) . FCC.gov. April 6 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Communications Commission Table of Frequency Allocations '' ( PDF ) . FCC.gov . November 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Docket File Number : SATASG2001030200017 , `` Mobile Satellite Ventures LLC Application for Assignment and Modification of Licenses and for Authority to Launch and Operate a Next - Generation Mobile Satellite System '' `` . FCC.gov . March 1 , 2001 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. GPS Industry Council Petition to the FCC to adopt OOBE limits jointly proposed by MSV and the Industry Council '' . FCC.gov . September 4 , 2003 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` ORDER ON RECONSIDERATION '' ( PDF ) . Jul 3 , 2003 . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Statement of Julius P. Knapp , Chief , Office of Engineering and Technology , Federal Communications Commission '' ( PDF ) . gps.gov . September 15 , 2011 . p. 3 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Order , Granted LightSquared Subsidiary LLC , a Mobile Satellite Service licensee in the L - Band , a conditional waiver of the Ancillary Terrestrial Component `` integrated service '' rule '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . FCC.Gov . January 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Data Shows Disastrous GPS Jamming from FCC - Approved Broadcaster '' . gpsworld.com . February 1 , 2011 . Archived from the original on February 6 , 2011 . Retrieved February 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Javad Ashjaee GPS World webinar '' . gpsworld.com . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on November 26 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` FCC Order permitting mobile satellite services providers to provide an ancillary terrestrial component ( ATC ) to their satellite systems '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Commission . FCC.gov . February 10 , 2003 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Federal Communications Commission Fixed and Mobile Services in the Mobile Satellite Service '' . Federal Communications Commission . FCC.gov . July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived December 13 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Coalition to Save Our GPS '' . Saveourgps.org . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2011 . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Carlisle ( June 23 , 2011 ) . `` Testimony of Jeff Carlisle , LightSquared Executive Vice President of Regulatory Affairs and Public Policy to U.S. House Subcommittee on Aviation and Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 29 , 2011 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Julius Genachowski ( May 31 , 2011 ) . `` FCC Chairman Genachowski Letter to Senator Charles Grassley '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 13 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Tessler , Joelle ( April 7 , 2011 ) . `` Internet network may jam GPS in cars , jets '' . The Sun News . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2011 . Retrieved April 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ FCC press release `` Spokesperson Statement on NTIA Letter -- LightSquared and GPS '' . February 14 , 2012 . Accessed 2013 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ Paul Riegler , FBT . `` FCC Bars LightSquared Broadband Network Plan '' . February 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Galileo navigation satellite system goes live '' . dw.com . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Beidou coverage Jump up ^ `` Beidou satellite navigation system to cover whole world in 2020 '' . Eng.chinamil.com.cn . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Levin , Dan ( March 23 , 2009 ) . `` Chinese Square Off With Europe in Space '' . The New York Times . China . Retrieved November 6 , 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) `` NAVSTAR GPS User Equipment Introduction '' ( PDF ) . United States Coast Guard . September 1996 . Parkinson ; Spilker ( 1996 ) . The global positioning system . American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56347 - 106 - 3 . Jaizki Mendizabal ; Roc Berenguer ; Juan Melendez ( 2009 ) . GPS and Galileo . McGraw Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 159869 - 9 . Nathaniel Bowditch ( 2002 ) . The American Practical Navigator -- Chapter 11 Satellite Navigation . United States government . Global Positioning System Open Courseware from MIT , 2012 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Global Positioning System . Global Positioning System at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) FAA GPS FAQ GPS.gov -- General public education website created by the U.S. Government U.S. Army Corps of Engineers manual : `` NAVSTAR HTML '' . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) and `` PDF ( 22.6 MB , 328 pages ) '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 06 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) National Geodetic Survey Orbits for the Global Positioning System satellites in the Global Navigation Satellite System GPS and GLONASS Simulation ( Java applet ) Simulation and graphical depiction of space vehicle motion including computation of dilution of precision ( DOP ) Relativity Science Calculator -- Explaining Global Positioning System NAVSTAR Global Positioning System satellites List of GPS satellites Block I 5 6 7 † 8 9 10 11 Block II 5 6 7 8 9 Block IIA 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Block IIR 1 † 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Block IIRM 5 6 7 8 Block IIF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Block IIIA 5 6 7 8 9 10 Block IIIF 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Italics indicate future missions . Signs † indicate launch failures . Satellite navigation systems Operational BDS / BeiDou - 2 / COMPASS DORIS Galileo GLONASS GPS / NavStar IRNSS / NAVIC Historical BDS / BeiDou - 1 Transit Timation Tsiklon GNSS augmentation EGNOS GAGAN GPS C ( retired ) JPALS LAAS MSAS NTRIP QZSS / Michibiki StarFire WAAS Related topics GNSS reflectometry Kalman filter Wavelet Time signal stations Longwave BPC BPL BSF DCF77 JJY RBU RJH ( Beta ) RNS ( CHAYKA ) RTZ MSF TDF WWVB Shortwave BPM CHU HD2IOA HLA JN53DV RWM ROA WWV WWVH ( Hawaii , USA ) YVTO VHF / FM / UHF RDS CT Satellite GPS BeiDou Galileo GLONASS IRNSS QZSS Defunct BSF ( Shortwave ) HBG NAA WWVL OMA OLB5 VNG Y3S Systems science Systems types Anatomical Art Biological Complex Complex adaptive Conceptual Coupled human -- environment Database Dynamical Ecological Economic Energy Formal Holarchic Information Legal Measurement Metric Multi-agent Nervous Nonlinear Operating Physical Planetary Political Sensory Social Star Writing Theoretical fields Chaos theory Complex systems Control theory Cybernetics Earth system science Living systems Sociotechnical system Systemics Urban metabolism World - systems theory analysis biology dynamics ecology engineering neuroscience pharmacology psychology theory thinking Systems scientists Alexander Bogdanov Russell L. 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Veloso Kevin Warwick Norbert Wiener Jennifer Wilby Anthony Wilden Applications Systems theory in anthropology Systems theory in archaeology Systems theory in political science Organizations List Principia Cybernetica Category Portal Commons Flight instruments Pitot - static Altimeter Airspeed indicator Machmeter Variometer Gyroscopic Attitude indicator Heading indicator Horizontal situation indicator Turn and slip indicator Turn coordinator Turn indicator Navigational Course deviation indicator Horizontal situation indicator Inertial navigation system Magnetic compass Satellite navigation SIGI Related topics Air data inertial reference unit EFIS Glass cockpit Primary flight display V speeds Yaw string Automotive design Part of a series of articles on cars Body Framework Backbone chassis Beltline Body - on - frame Bumper Cabrio coach Chassis Continental tire Crumple zone Dagmar bumpers Fender Fender skirts Grille Hood Hood scoop Monocoque Overhang Pillar Platform Pontoon fenders Quarter panel Roof rack Shaker scoop Spoiler Stressed member engine Subframe Tonneau Trunk lid Compartments Trunk / boot / dickie Hood / bonnet Doors Butterfly Canopy Gull - 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1 SB - 2 SB - 3 SB - 4 SB - 5 SB - 6 SSB - 7 SSB - 8 SSB - 9 SSB - 10 ASB - 11 Satellites WS - 1 WS - 2 LS - 3 ES - 4 ES - 5 LS - 6 NS - 7 ES - 8 LS - 9 LS - 10 ( I ) XSS - 10 ( II ) XSS - 11 XSS - 12 S - 13 ES - 14 LS - 15 LS - 16 ES - 17 Not assigned Unofficial designation Designation believed to be this type but unconfirmed Equipment of the United States Air Force Active service & Aircraft designation A - Attack A / OA - 10A / C Thunderbolt II AC - 130H / U / J / W Spectre / Spooky II / Ghostrider / Stinger II B - Strategic bomber B - 1B Lancer B - 2A Spirit B - 52H Stratofortress C - Cargo transport C - 5A / B / C Galaxy C - 5M Super Galaxy C - 12C / D / F Huron C - 17A Globemaster III C - 20B Gulfstream III C - 20H Gulfstream IV C - 21A Learjet C - 27J Spartan C - 37A Gulfstream V C - 40B / C Clipper C - 130E / H / J / J - 30 Hercules CV - 22B Osprey E - Electronic warfare E-3B / C Sentry E-4B E-8C Joint STARS E-9A Widget E-11A BACN EC - 130H Compass Call EC - 130J Commando Solo F - Air superiority & Multirole fighter F - 15C / D Eagle F - 15E Strike Eagle F - 16C / D Fighting Falcon F - 22A Raptor F - 35A Lightning II H - Search and rescue HC - 130P / N King HC - 130J Combat King II HH - 60G / MH - 60G Pave Hawk K - Tanker KC - 10A Extender KC - 135E / R / T Stratotanker L - Cold weather LC - 130H M - Multi-mission CV - 22 Osprey MC - 130E / H / J / P Combat Talon I / Combat Talon II / Commando II / Combat Shadow MC - 12W Liberty O - Observation OC - 135B Open Skies Q - Remotely Piloted MQ - 1 Predator MQ - 9 Reaper RQ - 4A Global Hawk RQ - 11B Raven RQ - 170 Sentinel R - Reconnaissance RC - 26B Condor RC - 135S / U / V / W COBRA BALL / Combat Sent / Rivet Joint Scan Eagle RU - 2S Dragon Lady Wasp III T - Trainer T - 1A Jayhawk T - 6A Texan II ( A ) T - 38A / B / C Talon II TG - 10B / C / D TG - 15A / B Diamond T - 52A U - Utility UH - 1N Iroquois UH - 1H / N / V Huey UV - 18A / B Twin Otter U-28A V -- VIP / staff transport VC - 9C VC - 25A ( Air Force One ) C - 32A / B ( Air Force Two ) C - 40B / C Clipper W -- Weather reconnaissance WC - 130J Hercules WC - 135W Constant Phoenix Other / undesignated An - 26 ( 6th SOS ) CN - 235 - 100 ( 427th SOS ) Mi - 8 ( 6th SOS ) Space systems Launch vehicle Atlas V Delta II Delta IV Satellite Advanced Extremely High Frequency ( AEHF ) Defense Meteorological Satellite Program ( DMSP ) Defense Satellite Communications System ( DSCS ) Defense Support Program ( DSP ) Global Positioning System ( GPS ) Milstar Satellite Communications System Space - Based Infrared System ( SBIRS ) Wideband Global SATCOM Ground systems C2 AN / USQ - 163 Falconer AN / GSQ - 272 Sentinel Ground - based radar AN / FPQ - 16 Perimeter Acquisition Attack Characterization System ( PARCS ) AN / FPS - 123 Early Warning Radar ( EWR ) AN / FPS - 132 Upgraded Early Warning Radar ( UEWR ) AN / FPS - 85 AN / FPS - 133 Air Force Space Surveillance System ( AFSSS ) AN / FSQ - 114 Ground - Based Electro - Optical Deep Space Surveillance ( GEODSS ) AN / FSQ - 224 Morón Optical Space Surveillance ( MOSS ) Rapid Attack , Identification , Detection , and Reporting System ( RAIDRS ) Ground vehicle HMMWV LSSV R - 5 Refueler R - 9 Refueler R - 11 Refueler C300 Munitions Bomb Mk - 82 Mk - 84 GBU - 8 GBU - 10 Paveway II GBU - 12 Paveway II GBU - 15 GBU - 24 Paveway III GBU - 27 Paveway III GBU - 28 GBU - 31 JDAM GBU - 32 JDAM GBU - 38 JDAM GBU - 39 Small Diameter Bomb GBU - 44 / B Viper Strike GBU - 53 / B Small Diameter Bomb II GBU - 54 Laser JDAM CBU - 87 Combined Effects Munition CBU - 89 Gator CBU - 97 Sensor Fuzed Weapon BLU - 109 / B Bomb BLU - 116 Bunker Buster B61 Nuclear Bomb B83 Nuclear Bomb Gun GAU - 8 Avenger M61 Vulcan GAU - 12 GAU - 13 GAU - 19 M240 L / 60 Bofors M102 ATK GAU - 23 / A M2 Browning Minigun Missile AIM - 7M Sparrow AIM - 9M / X Sidewinder LGM - 30G Minuteman III AGM - 65A / B / D / E / G / G2 / H / K Maverick AGM - 84 Harpoon AGM - 84E Standoff Land Attack Missile AGM - 84H / K Standoff Land Attack Missile - Expanded Response AGM - 86B / C / D Air - Launched Cruise Missile ( ALCM ) AGM - 88A / B / C High - speed Anti-radiation Missile ( HARM ) AGM - 114 Hellfire Air - to - Surface Missile ( ASM ) AIM - 120B / C Advanced Medium - Range Air - to - Air Missile ( AMRAAM ) AGM - 130 Powered Standoff Weapon AGM - 154A Joint Standoff Weapon ( JSOW ) AGM - 158 Joint Air - to - Surface Stand - off Missile ( JASSM ) AGM - 176 Griffin Zuni rocket Target BQM - 34 Firebee BQM - 167 Subscale Aerial Target MQM - 107 Streaker QF - 4 Aerial Target Small arms Sidearm / PDW M11 Pistol M9 Pistol M17 Pistol MP5 submachine gun USAF Pilot 's Survival Knife Rifle / Carbine GUU - 5 / P Carbine M4 carbine M14 Stand - off Munitions Disruptor ( SMUD ) M16A2 Rifle M24 Sniper Weapon System M107 Long Range Sniper Rifle Mk 14 Mod 0 Enhanced Battle Rifle Support / CQB M60 machine gun M2HB Browning machine gun M240B Medium Machine Gun M249 light machine gun M1014 shotgun Remington 870 MCS shotgun Ordnance M136 AT4 Light Anti-tank Weapon M18A1 Claymore Mine M67 Fragmentation Grenade M72 Light Anti-tank Weapon ( LAW ) M79 grenade launcher MK - 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The Global Positioning System ( GPS ) , originally Navstar GPS , is a satellite - based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force . It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites . Obstacles such as mountains and buildings block the relatively weak GPS signals .

Sherlock Holmes - wikipedia Sherlock Holmes Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Sherlock Holmes ( disambiguation ) . Sherlock Holmes Sherlock Holmes character Sherlock Holmes in a 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget . First appearance A Study in Scarlet Created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Information Gender Male Occupation Consulting detective Family Mycroft Holmes ( brother ) Nationality British Sherlock Holmes ( / ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz / ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Known as a `` consulting detective '' in the stories , Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard . First appearing in print in 1887 ( in A Study in Scarlet ) , the character 's popularity became widespread with the first series of short stories in The Strand Magazine , beginning with `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' in 1891 ; additional tales appeared from then until 1927 , eventually totalling four novels and 56 short stories . All but one are set in the Victorian or Edwardian eras , between about 1880 and 1914 . Most are narrated by the character of Holmes 's friend and biographer Dr. Watson , who usually accompanies Holmes during his investigations and often shares quarters with him at the address of 221B Baker Street , London , where many of the stories begin . Though not the first fictional detective , Sherlock Holmes is arguably the best known , with Guinness World Records listing him as the `` most portrayed movie character '' in history . Holmes 's popularity and fame are such that many have believed him to be not a fictional character but a real individual ; numerous literary and fan societies have been founded that pretend to operate on this principle . Widely considered a British cultural icon , the character and stories have had a profound and lasting effect on mystery writing and popular culture as a whole , with the original tales as well as thousands written by authors other than Conan Doyle being adapted into stage and radio plays , television , films , video games , and other media for over one hundred years . Contents ( hide ) 1 Inspiration for the character 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Family and early life 2.2 Life with Watson 2.3 The Great Hiatus 2.4 Retirement 3 Personality and habits 3.1 Drug use 3.2 Finances 3.3 Attitudes towards women 3.3. 1 Irene Adler 4 Knowledge and skills 4.1 Holmesian deduction 4.2 Disguises 4.3 Agents 4.4 Combat 4.4. 1 Pistols 4.4. 2 Cane and sword 4.4. 3 Riding crop 4.4. 4 Boxing 4.4. 5 Martial arts 4.4. 6 Physical strength 5 Influence 5.1 Forensic science 5.2 The detective story 5.3 Scientific literature 6 Legacy 6.1 `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' 6.2 The Great Game 6.3 Societies 6.4 Museums 6.5 Other honours 7 Adaptations and derived works 7.1 Related and derivative writings 7.2 Adaptations in other media 7.3 Copyright issues 8 Works 8.1 Novels 8.2 Short story collections 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Inspiration for the character Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin is generally acknowledged as the first detective in fiction and served as the prototype for many that were created later , including Holmes . Conan Doyle once wrote , `` Each ( of Poe 's detective stories ) is a root from which a whole literature has developed ... Where was the detective story until Poe breathed the breath of life into it ? '' Conan Doyle repeatedly said that Holmes was inspired by the real - life figure of Joseph Bell , a surgeon at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh , whom Doyle met in 1877 and had worked for as a clerk . Like Holmes , Bell was noted for drawing broad conclusions from minute observations . However , he later wrote to Doyle : `` You are yourself Sherlock Holmes and well you know it '' . Sir Henry Littlejohn , Chair of Medical Jurisprudence at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , is also cited as an inspiration for Holmes . Littlejohn , who was also Police Surgeon and Medical Officer of Health in Edinburgh , provided Doyle with a link between medical investigation and the detection of crime . Other inspirations have been considered . One is thought to be Francis `` Tanky '' Smith , a policeman and master of disguise who went on to become Leicester 's first private detective . Another might be Maximilien Heller , by French author Henry Cauvain . It is not known if Conan Doyle read Maximilien Heller , but in this 1871 novel ( sixteen years before the first adventure of Sherlock Holmes ) , Henry Cauvain imagined a depressed , anti-social , polymath , cat - loving , and opium - smoking Paris - based detective . Fictional character Biography Family and early life The cover page of Beeton 's Christmas Annual issue which contains Holmes 's first appearance in 1887 ( A Study in Scarlet ) . Details about Sherlock Holmes 's life , except for the adventures in the books , are scarce in Conan Doyle 's original stories . Nevertheless , mentions of his early life and extended family paint a loose biographical picture of the detective . An estimate of Holmes 's age in `` His Last Bow '' places his year of birth at 1854 ; the story , set in August 1914 , describes him as sixty years of age . His parents are not mentioned in the stories , although Holmes mentions that his `` ancestors '' were `` country squires '' . In `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , he claims that his grandmother was sister to the French artist Vernet , without further clarifying whether this was Claude Joseph , Carle , or Horace Vernet . Holmes 's brother Mycroft , seven years his senior , is a government official who appears in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' , `` The Final Problem '' , and `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' and is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' . Mycroft has a unique civil service position as a kind of human database for all aspects of government policy . He lacks Sherlock 's interest in physical investigation , however , preferring to spend his time at the Diogenes Club . Holmes says that he first developed his methods of deduction as an undergraduate ; his earliest cases , which he pursued as an amateur , came from fellow university students . A meeting with a classmate 's father led him to adopt detection as a profession , and he spent six years after university as a consultant before financial difficulties led him to accept John H. Watson as a fellow lodger in 1881 ( when the first published story , A Study in Scarlet , begins ) . The two take lodgings at 221B Baker Street , London , an apartment at the upper ( north ) end of the street , up seventeen steps . Life with Watson Holmes and Watson in a Sidney Paget illustration for `` Silver Blaze '' . Holmes worked as a detective for twenty - three years , with physician John Watson assisting him for seventeen . They were roommates before Watson 's 1887 marriage and again after his wife 's death . Their residence is maintained by their landlady , Mrs. Hudson . Most of the stories are frame narratives , written from Watson 's point of view as summaries of the detective 's most interesting cases . Holmes frequently calls Watson 's writing sensational and populist , suggesting that it fails to accurately and objectively report the `` science '' of his craft : Detection is , or ought to be , an exact science and should be treated in the same cold and unemotional manner . You have attempted to tinge it ( `` A Study in Scarlet '' ) with romanticism , which produces much the same effect as if you worked a love - story ... Some facts should be suppressed , or , at least , a just sense of proportion should be observed in treating them . The only point in the case which deserved mention was the curious analytical reasoning from effects to causes , by which I succeeded in unravelling it . -- Sherlock Holmes on John Watson 's `` pamphlet '' , The Sign of the Four Nevertheless , Holmes 's friendship with Watson is his most significant relationship . When Watson is injured by a bullet , although the wound turns out to be `` quite superficial '' , Watson is moved by Holmes 's reaction : It was worth a wound ; it was worth many wounds ; to know the depth of loyalty and love which lay behind that cold mask . The clear , hard eyes were dimmed for a moment , and the firm lips were shaking . For the one and only time I caught a glimpse of a great heart as well as of a great brain . All my years of humble but single - minded service culminated in that moment of revelation . The Great Hiatus Holmes and Moriarty struggle at the Reichenbach Falls ; drawing by Sidney Paget . The first set of Holmes stories was published between 1887 and 1893 . Wishing to devote more time to his historical novels , Conan Doyle killed off Holmes in a final battle with the criminal mastermind Professor James Moriarty in `` The Final Problem '' ( published 1893 , but set in 1891 ) . After resisting public pressure for eight years , the author wrote The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised in 1901 -- 1902 , with an implicit setting before Holmes 's death ) . In 1903 , Conan Doyle wrote `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , set in 1894 ; Holmes reappears , explaining to a stunned Watson that he had faked his death in `` The Final Problem '' to fool his enemies . `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' marks the beginning of the second set of stories , which Conan Doyle wrote until 1927 . Holmes aficionados refer to the period from 1891 to 1894 -- between his disappearance and presumed death in `` The Final Problem '' and his reappearance in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' -- as the Great Hiatus ( though 1908 's `` The Adventure of Wisteria Lodge '' is described as taking place in 1892 due to an error on Conan Doyle 's part ) . The earliest known use of this expression is in the article `` Sherlock Holmes and the Great Hiatus '' by Edgar W. Smith , published in the July 1946 issue of The Baker Street Journal . Retirement In `` His Last Bow '' , Holmes has retired to a small farm on the Sussex Downs and taken up beekeeping as his primary occupation . The move is not dated precisely , but can be presumed to predate 1904 ( since it is referred to retrospectively in `` The Second Stain '' , first published that year ) . The story features Holmes and Watson coming out of retirement to aid the war effort . Only one other adventure , `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' ( narrated by Holmes ) , takes place during the detective 's retirement . Personality and habits Sidney Paget illustration from `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Watson describes Holmes as `` bohemian '' in his habits and lifestyle . Described by Watson in The Hound of the Baskervilles as having a `` cat - like '' love of personal cleanliness , Holmes is an eccentric with no regard for contemporary standards of tidiness or good order . In `` The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual '' , Watson says : Although in his methods of thought he was the neatest and most methodical of mankind ... ( he ) keeps his cigars in the coal - scuttle , his tobacco in the toe end of a Persian slipper , and his unanswered correspondence transfixed by a jack - knife into the very centre of his wooden mantelpiece ... He had a horror of destroying documents ... Thus month after month his papers accumulated , until every corner of the room was stacked with bundles of manuscript which were on no account to be burned , and which could not be put away save by their owner . In many of the stories , Holmes dives into an apparent mess to find an item most relevant to a mystery . The detective starves himself at times of intense intellectual activity , such as during `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' -- wherein , according to Watson : ( Holmes ) had no breakfast for himself , for it was one of his peculiarities that in his more intense moments he would permit himself no food , and I have known him to presume upon his iron strength until he has fainted from pure inanition . Maria Konnikova points out in an interview with D.J. Grothe that Holmes practices what is now called mindfulness , concentrating on one thing at a time , and almost never `` multitasks . '' She adds that in this he predates the science showing how helpful this is to the brain . Sidney Paget , whose illustrations in The Strand Magazine iconicised Holmes and Watson . Although his chronicler does not consider Holmes 's habitual use of a pipe ( or his less frequent use of cigarettes and cigars ) a vice per se , Watson -- a physician -- occasionally criticises the detective for creating a `` poisonous atmosphere '' of tobacco smoke . Holmes acknowledges Watson 's disapproval in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' : `` I think , Watson , that I shall resume that course of tobacco - poisoning which you have so often and so justly condemned '' . His companion condones the detective 's willingness to bend the truth ( or break the law ) on behalf of a client -- lying to the police , concealing evidence or breaking into houses -- when he feels it morally justifiable , but condemns Holmes ' manipulation of innocent people in `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' . Holmes derives pleasure from baffling police inspectors with his deductions and has supreme confidence -- bordering on arrogance -- in his intellectual abilities . While the detective does not actively seek fame and is usually content to let the police take public credit for his work , Holmes is pleased when his skills are recognised and responds to flattery . Police outside London ask Holmes for assistance if he is nearby , even during a vacation . Watson 's stories and newspaper articles reveal Holmes 's role in the cases , and he becomes well known as a detective ; so many clients ask for his help instead of ( or in addition to ) that of the police that , Watson writes , by 1895 Holmes has `` an immense practice '' . Government officials and royalty are among those he serves . A Prime Minister and the King of Bohemia visit 221B Baker Street to request Holmes 's assistance ; the government of France awards him its Legion of Honour for solving a case ; Holmes declines a knighthood `` for services which may perhaps some day be described '' ; the King of Scandinavia is a client ; and he aids the Vatican at least twice . The detective acts on behalf of the British government in matters of national security several times . As shooting practice during a period of boredom , Holmes decorates the wall of his Baker Street lodgings with a `` patriotic '' VR ( Victoria Regina ) in `` bullet - pocks '' from his revolver . While the detective is usually dispassionate and cold , during an investigation he is animated and excitable . He has a flair for showmanship , preparing elaborate traps to capture and expose a culprit ( often to impress observers ) . Except for that of Watson , Holmes avoids casual company ; when Watson proposes visiting a friend 's home for rest , Holmes only agrees after learning that `` the establishment was a bachelor one , and that he would be allowed the fullest freedom '' . In `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' , he tells the doctor that during two years at college he made only one friend , Victor Trevor : `` I was never a very sociable fellow , Watson , always rather fond of moping in my rooms and working out my own little methods of thought , so that I never mixed much with the men of my year ; ... my line of study was quite distinct from that of the other fellows , so that we had no points of contact at all '' . The detective is similarly described by Stamford in A Study in Scarlet . Holmes relaxes with music in `` The Red - Headed League '' , taking the evening off from a case to listen to Pablo de Sarasate play violin . His enjoyment of vocal music , particularly Wagner 's , is evident in `` The Adventure of the Red Circle '' . Drug use 1891 Sidney Paget Strand portrait of Holmes for `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' Holmes occasionally uses addictive drugs , especially in the absence of stimulating cases . He uses cocaine , which he injects in a seven - percent solution with a syringe kept in a Morocco leather case . Although Holmes also dabbles in morphine , he expresses strong disapproval when he visits an opium den ; both drugs were legal in late - 19th - century England . Watson and Holmes use tobacco , smoking cigarettes , cigars , and pipes , and the detective is an expert at identifying tobacco - ash residue . As a physician , Watson strongly disapproves of his friend 's cocaine habit , describing it as the detective 's `` only vice '' , and concerned about its effect on Holmes 's mental health and intellect . In `` The Adventure of the Missing Three - Quarter '' , Watson says that although he has `` weaned '' Holmes from drugs , he remains an addict whose habit is `` not dead , but merely sleeping '' . Finances During his career , Holmes works for the most powerful monarchs and governments of Europe ( including his own ) , wealthy aristocrats and industrialists , and impoverished pawnbrokers and governesses . Although when the stories begin Holmes initially needed Watson to share the rent for their residence at 221B Baker Street , by the time of `` The Final Problem '' , he says that his services to the government of France and the royal house of Scandinavia had left him with enough money to retire comfortably . The detective is known to charge clients for his expenses and claim any reward offered for a problem 's solution ; in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' he says that Helen Stoner may pay any expenses he incurs and asks the bank in `` The Red - Headed League '' to reimburse him for money spent solving the case . Holmes has his wealthy banker client in `` The Adventure of the Beryl Coronet '' pay the costs of recovering the stolen gems , and claims the reward posted for their recovery . In `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' , the detective says , `` My professional charges are upon a fixed scale . I do not vary them , save when I remit ( omit ) them altogether '' . In this context , a client is offering to double his fee , and it is implied that wealthy clients habitually pay Holmes more than his standard fee . The detective tells Watson , in `` A Case of Identity '' , about a gold snuff box received from the King of Bohemia after `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' and about a valuable ring given to him by the Dutch royal family ; in `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , he receives an emerald tie pin from Queen Victoria . In `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , Holmes rubs his hands with glee when the Duke of Holdernesse mentions his ₤ 6,000 fee , the amount of which surprises even Watson ( at a time where annual expenses for a rising young professional were in the area of ₤ 500 ) . However , in `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , Watson notes that Holmes would refuse to help even the wealthy and powerful if their cases did not interest him . Attitudes towards women 1904 Sidney Paget illustration of `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' As Doyle wrote to Joseph Bell , `` Holmes is as inhuman as a Babbage 's calculating machine and just about as likely to fall in love '' . Holmes says in The Valley of Fear , `` I am not a whole - souled admirer of womankind '' , and in `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' finds `` the motives of women ... inscrutable ... How can you build on such quicksand ? Their most trivial actions may mean volumes ... their most extraordinary conduct may depend upon a hairpin or a curling tongs '' . In The Sign of the Four , he says , `` I would not tell them too much . Women are never to be entirely trusted -- not the best of them '' . Watson calls him `` an automaton , a calculating machine '' , and the detective replies : `` It is of the first importance not to allow your judgement to be biased by personal qualities . A client is to me a mere unit -- a factor in a problem . The emotional qualities are antagonistic to clear reasoning . I assure you that the most winning woman I ever knew was hanged for poisoning three little children for their insurance - money '' . At the end of The Sign of Four , Watson reveals to Holmes that `` Miss Morstan has done me the honour to accept me as a husband in prospective . '' He gave a most dismal groan . ' I feared as much , ' said he . ' I really can not congratulate you . ' I was a little hurt . ' Have you any reason to be dissatisfied with my choice ? ' I asked . ' Not at all . I think she is one of the most charming young ladies I ever met , and might have been most useful in such work as we have been doing . She had a decided genius that way ; ... But love is an emotional thing , and whatever is emotional is opposed to that true cold reason which I place above all things . I should never marry myself , lest I bias my judgement . ' Watson says in `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' that the detective inevitably `` manifested no further interest in the client when once she had ceased to be the centre of one of his problems '' . In `` The Lion 's Mane '' , Holmes writes , `` Women have seldom been an attraction to me , for my brain has always governed my heart , '' indicating that he has been attracted to women on occasion , but has not been interested in pursuing relationships with them . Ultimately , however , in `` The Adventure of the Devil 's Foot '' , he claims outright that `` I have never loved '' . Despite his overall attitude , Holmes is adept at effortlessly putting his clients at ease , and Watson says that although the detective has an `` aversion to women '' , he has `` a peculiarly ingratiating way with ( them ) '' . Watson notes in `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' that Mrs. Hudson is fond of Holmes because of his `` remarkable gentleness and courtesy in his dealings with women . He disliked and distrusted the sex , but he was always a chivalrous opponent '' . In `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , the detective easily manages to become engaged under false pretenses in order to obtain information about a case , but also abandons the woman once he has the information he requires . Irene Adler Main article : Irene Adler Irene Adler is a retired American opera singer and actress who appears in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' . Although this is her only appearance , she is one of the most notable female characters in the stories : the only woman who has ever challenged Holmes intellectually , and one of only a handful of people who ever bested him in a battle of wits . For this reason , Adler is the frequent subject of pastiche writing . The beginning of the story describes the high regard in which Holmes holds her : To Sherlock Holmes she is always the woman . I have seldom heard him mention her under any other name . In his eyes she eclipses and predominates the whole of her sex . It was not that he felt any emotion akin to love for Irene Adler ... yet there was but one woman to him , and that woman was the late Irene Adler , of dubious and questionable memory . Five years before the story 's events , Adler had a brief liaison with Crown Prince of Bohemia Wilhelm von Ormstein while she was prima donna of the Imperial Opera of Warsaw . Recently engaged to the daughter of the King of Scandinavia and fearful that , if his fiancée 's family learned of this impropriety , their marriage would be called off , Ormstein hires Holmes to regain a photograph of Adler and himself . Adler slips away before Holmes can succeed , leaving only a photograph of herself ( alone ) and a note to Holmes that she will not blackmail Ormstein . Her memory is kept alive by the photograph of Adler that Holmes received for his part in the case . Knowledge and skills In the first novel , A Study in Scarlet , Holmes ' background is presented . In early 1881 , he is a chemistry student with a number of eccentric interests , almost all of which make him adept at solving crimes . Shortly after meeting Holmes , Watson assesses the detective 's abilities : Knowledge of Literature -- nil . Knowledge of Philosophy -- nil . Knowledge of Astronomy -- nil . Knowledge of Politics -- Feeble . Knowledge of Botany -- Variable . Well up in belladonna , opium and poisons generally . Knows nothing of practical gardening . Knowledge of Geology -- Practical , but limited . Tells at a glance different soils from each other . After walks , has shown me splashes upon his trousers , and told me by their colour and consistence in what part of London he had received them . Knowledge of Chemistry -- Profound . Knowledge of Anatomy -- Accurate , but unsystematic . Knowledge of Sensational Literature -- Immense . He appears to know every detail of every horror perpetrated in the century . Plays the violin well . Is an expert singlestick player , boxer and swordsman . Has a good practical knowledge of British law . Arthur Conan Doyle , A Study in Scarlet Subsequent stories reveal that Watson 's early assessment was incomplete in places and inaccurate in others . At the end of A Study in Scarlet , Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of Latin . Despite Holmes 's supposed ignorance of politics , in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' he immediately recognises the true identity of `` Count von Kramm '' . His speech is peppered with references to the Bible , Shakespeare , and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe , and the detective quotes a letter from Gustave Flaubert to George Sand in the original French . At the end of `` A Case of Identity '' , Holmes quotes Hafez . In The Hound of the Baskervilles , the detective recognises works by Martin Knoller and Joshua Reynolds : `` Excuse the admiration of a connoisseur ... Watson wo n't allow that I know anything of art , but that is mere jealousy since our views upon the subject differ '' . In `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , Watson says that in November 1895 , `` Holmes lost himself in a monograph which he had undertaken upon the Polyphonic Motets of Lassus '' , considered `` the last word '' on the subject . Holmes is also a cryptanalyst , telling Watson in `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' : `` I am fairly familiar with all forms of secret writing , and am myself the author of a trifling monograph upon the subject , in which I analyse one hundred and sixty separate ciphers '' . In A Study in Scarlet , Holmes claims to be unaware that the earth revolves around the sun since such information is irrelevant to his work ; after hearing that fact from Watson , he says he will immediately try to forget it . The detective believes that the mind has a finite capacity for information storage , and learning useless things reduces one 's ability to learn useful things . The later stories move away from this notion : in the second chapter of The Valley of Fear , he says , `` All knowledge comes useful to the detective '' , and near the end of `` The Adventure of the Lion 's Mane '' , the detective calls himself `` an omnivorous reader with a strangely retentive memory for trifles '' . The detective is particularly skilled in the analysis of physical evidence , including latent prints ( such as footprints , hoof prints , and bicycle tracks ) to identify actions at a crime scene ( A Study in Scarlet , `` The Adventure of Silver Blaze '' , `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles , `` The Boscombe Valley Mystery '' ) ; using tobacco ashes and cigarette butts to identify criminals ( `` The Adventure of the Resident Patient '' , The Hound of the Baskervilles ) ; comparing typewritten letters to expose a fraud ( `` A Case of Identity '' ) ; using gunpowder residue to expose two murderers ( `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' ) ; comparing bullets from two crime scenes ( `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' ) ; analyzing small pieces of human remains to expose two murders ( `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' ) , and an early use of fingerprints ( `` The Norwood Builder '' ) . Holmes demonstrates a knowledge of psychology in `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , luring Irene Adler into betraying where she hid a photograph based on the premise that an unmarried woman will save her most valued possession from a fire . Another example is in `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' , where Holmes obtains information from a salesman with a wager : `` When you see a man with whiskers of that cut and the ' Pink ' un ' protruding out of his pocket , you can always draw him by a bet ... I daresay that if I had put 100 pounds down in front of him , that man would not have given me such complete information as was drawn from him by the idea that he was doing me on a wager '' . Holmesian deduction Poster for the 1900 play Sherlock Holmes by Conan Doyle and actor William Gillette Holmes 's primary intellectual detection method is abductive reasoning . Holmesian deduction consists primarily of observation - based inferences , such as his study of cigar ashes . `` From a drop of water '' , he writes , `` a logician could infer the possibility of an Atlantic or a Niagara without having seen or heard of one or the other '' . In `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , Holmes deduces that Watson had gotten wet lately and had `` a most clumsy and careless servant girl '' . When Watson asks how Holmes knows this , the detective answers : It is simplicity itself ... my eyes tell me that on the inside of your left shoe , just where the firelight strikes it , the leather is scored by six almost parallel cuts . Obviously they have been caused by someone who has very carelessly scraped round the edges of the sole in order to remove crusted mud from it . Hence , you see , my double deduction that you had been out in vile weather , and that you had a particularly malignant boot - slitting specimen of the London slavey . In the first Holmes story , A Study in Scarlet , Dr. Watson compares Holmes to C. Auguste Dupin , Edgar Allan Poe 's fictional detective , who employed a similar methodology . To this Holmes replies : `` No doubt you think you are complimenting me ... In my opinion , Dupin was a very inferior fellow ... He had some analytical genius , no doubt ; but he was by no means such a phenomenon as Poe appears to imagine '' . Alluding to an episode in `` The Murders in the Rue Morgue '' , where Dupin deduces what his friend is thinking despite their having walked together in silence for a quarter of an hour , Holmes remarks : `` That trick of his breaking in on his friend 's thoughts with an apropos remark ... is really very showy and superficial '' . Nevertheless , Holmes later performs the same ' trick ' on Watson in `` The Adventure of the Cardboard Box '' . Deductive reasoning allows Holmes to learn a stranger 's occupation , such as the retired Marine sergeant in A Study in Scarlet ; the ship 's - carpenter - turned - pawnbroker in `` The Red - Headed League '' , and the billiard - marker and retired artillery non-commissioned officer in `` The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter '' . By studying inanimate objects , he makes deductions about their owners ( Watson 's pocket watch in The Sign of the Four and a hat , pipe , and walking stick in other stories ) . The detective 's guiding principle , as he says in The Sign of the Four and elsewhere in the stories , is : `` When you have eliminated the impossible , whatever remains , however improbable , must be the truth '' . Conan Doyle does paint Holmes as fallible ( this being a central theme of `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' ) . Disguises Holmes displays a strong aptitude for acting and disguise . In several stories ( `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' , `` The Man with the Twisted Lip '' , `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' and `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , to gather evidence undercover he uses disguises so convincing that Watson fails to recognise him . In others ( `` The Adventure of the Dying Detective '' and , again , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' ) , Holmes feigns injury or illness to incriminate the guilty . In the latter story , Watson says , `` The stage lost a fine actor ... when ( Holmes ) became a specialist in crime '' . Agents Until Watson 's arrival at Baker Street Holmes largely worked alone , only occasionally employing agents from the city 's underclass ; these agents included a host of informants , such as Langdale Pike , a `` human book of reference upon all matters of social scandal '' , and Shinwell Johnson , aka `` Porky '' Johnson , who acted as Holmes ' `` agent in the huge criminal underworld of London ... '' . The most well known of Holmes ' agents are a group of street children he called `` the Baker Street Irregulars '' . The Irregulars appear in three stories : A Study in Scarlet , The Sign of the Four , and `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' . Combat British Army ( Adams ) Mark III , which differed from the Mark II in its ejector - rod design Webley Bulldog 1868 Webley RIC Pistols Holmes and Watson carry pistols with them -- in Watson 's case , his old service weapon ( probably a Mark III Adams revolver , issued to British troops during the 1870s ) . In the stories , the pistols are used ( or displayed ) on a number of occasions . In `` The Musgrave Ritual '' Holmes is described as decorating the wall of his flat with a patriotic VR ( Victoria Regina ) of bullet holes . Holmes and Watson shoot the eponymous hound in The Hound of the Baskervilles , and in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' Holmes pistol - whips Colonel Sebastian Moran . In `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' , `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' , and `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' , Holmes or Watson use a pistol to capture the criminals , and the detective uses Watson 's revolver to reconstruct a crime in `` The Problem of Thor Bridge '' . A Webley Bulldog ( carried by Holmes ) , Webley RIC , and Webley - Government ( `` WG '' ) army revolver have been associated with Holmes and Watson . Cane and sword As a gentleman , Holmes often carries a stick or cane . He is described by Watson as an expert at singlestick and uses his cane twice as a weapon . In A Study in Scarlet , Watson describes Holmes as an expert swordsman , and in `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' the detective practises fencing . Riding crop In several stories , Holmes carries a riding crop , threatening to thrash a swindler with it in `` A Case of Identity '' . With a `` hunting crop '' , Holmes knocks a pistol from John Clay 's hand in `` The Red - Headed League '' and drives off the adder in `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' . In `` The Six Napoleons '' , he uses his crop ( described as his favourite weapon ) to break open one of the plaster busts . Boxing Holmes is an adept bare - knuckle fighter ; in The Sign of the Four , he introduces himself to McMurdo , a prize fighter , as `` the amateur who fought three rounds with you at Alison 's rooms on the night of your benefit four years back . '' McMurdo remembers : `` Ah , you 're one that has wasted your gifts , you have ! You might have aimed high if you had joined the fancy . '' `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' mentions that Holmes trained as a boxer , and in `` The Yellow Face '' , Watson says : `` He was undoubtedly one of the finest boxers of his weight that I have ever seen '' . The detective occasionally engages in hand - to - hand combat with his adversaries ( in `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' and `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' ) and is always victorious . Martial arts In `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , Holmes tells Watson that he used martial arts to fling Moriarty to his death in the Reichenbach Falls : `` I have some knowledge ... of baritsu , or the Japanese system of wrestling , which has more than once been very useful to me '' . `` Baritsu '' is Conan Doyle 's version of bartitsu , which combined jujitsu with boxing and cane fencing . Physical strength The detective is described ( or demonstrated ) as possessing above - average physical strength . In `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Dr. Roylott demonstrates his strength by bending a fire poker in half . Watson describes Holmes as laughing , `` ' I am not quite so bulky , but if he had remained I might have shown him that my grip was not much more feeble than his own . ' As he spoke he picked up the steel poker and , with a sudden effort , straightened it out again . '' In `` The Yellow Face '' , Holmes 's chronicler says , `` Few men were capable of greater muscular effort . '' Influence Sidney Paget illustration of Holmes for `` The Adventure of the Abbey Grange '' Forensic science The Sherlock Holmes stories helped marry forensic science , particularly Holmes ' acute observation of small clues , and literature . He uses trace evidence ( such as shoe and tire impressions ) , fingerprints , ballistics , and handwriting analysis to evaluate his theories and those of the police . Some of the detective 's investigative techniques , such as fingerprint and handwriting analysis , were in their infancy when the stories were written ; Holmes frequently laments the contamination of a crime scene , and crime - scene integrity has become standard investigative procedure . Because of the small scale of much of his evidence ( tobacco ash , hair , or fingerprints ) , the detective often uses a magnifying glass at the scene and an optical microscope at his Baker Street lodgings . He uses analytical chemistry for blood residue analysis and toxicology to detect poisons ; Holmes 's home chemistry laboratory is mentioned in `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' . Ballistics feature in `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' when spent bullets are recovered and matched with a suspected murder weapon . Holmes observes the dress and attitude of his clients and suspects , noting style and state of wear of their clothes , skin marks ( such as tattoos ) , contamination ( such as ink stains or clay on boots ) , their state of mind , and physical condition in order to deduce their origins and recent history . 19th - century Seibert microscope He also applies this method to walking sticks ( The Hound of the Baskervilles ) and hats ( `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' ) , with details such as medallions , wear , and contamination yielding information about their owners . In 2002 , the Royal Society of Chemistry bestowed an honorary fellowship on Holmes for his use of forensic science and analytical chemistry in popular literature , making him ( as of 2010 ) the only fictional character thus honoured . The detective story Although Holmes is not the original fictional detective ( he was influenced by Edgar Allan Poe 's C. Auguste Dupin and Émile Gaboriau 's Monsieur Lecoq ) , his name has become synonymous with the role . The investigating detective ( such as Agatha Christie 's Hercule Poirot and Dorothy L. Sayers ' Lord Peter Wimsey ) became a popular character for a number of authors . Scientific literature John Radford ( 1999 ) speculated on Holmes 's intelligence . Using Conan Doyle 's stories as data , he applied three methods to estimate the detective 's intelligence quotient and concluded that his IQ was about 190 . Snyder ( 2004 ) examined Holmes 's methods in the context of mid - to late - 19th - century criminology , and Kempster ( 2006 ) compared neurologists ' skills with those demonstrated by the detective . Didierjean and Gobet ( 2008 ) reviewed the literature on the psychology of expertise , using Holmes as a model . Legacy `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' Sherlock Holmes Museum , London Study Drawing room The phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is never uttered by Holmes in the sixty stories written by Conan Doyle . He often observes that his conclusions are `` elementary '' , however , and occasionally calls Watson `` my dear Watson '' . One of the nearest approximations of the phrase appears in `` The Adventure of the Crooked Man '' when Holmes explains a deduction : `` ' Excellent ! ' I cried . ' Elementary , ' said he . '' William Gillette is widely considered to have originated the phrase with the formulation , `` Oh , this is elementary , my dear fellow '' , allegedly in his 1899 play Sherlock Holmes . However , the script was revised numerous times over the course of some three decades of revivals and publications , and the phrase is present in some versions of the script , but not others . The exact phrase , as well as close variants , can be seen in newspaper and journal articles as early as 1909 ; there is some indication that it was clichéd even then . The phrase `` Elementary , my dear fellow , quite elementary '' appears in P.G. Wodehouse 's novel , Psmith in the City ( 1909 -- 1910 ) , and `` Elementary , my dear Watson , elementary '' in his 1915 novel Psmith , Journalist ( neither spoken by Holmes ) . The exact phrase `` Elementary , my dear Watson '' is used by protagonist Tom Beresford in Agatha Christie 's 1922 novel The Secret Adversary . It also appears at the end of the 1929 film The Return of Sherlock Holmes , the first Holmes sound film . The phrase became familiar with the American public in part due to its use in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes radio series , broadcast from 1939 to 1947 . The Great Game Main article : Sherlockian game Russ Stutler 's view of 221B Baker Street Conan Doyle 's 56 short stories and four novels are known as the `` canon '' by Holmes aficionados . Early canonical scholars included Ronald Knox in Britain and Christopher Morley in New York . Morley founded the Baker Street Irregulars -- the first society devoted to the Holmes canon -- in 1934 . The Sherlockian game ( also known as the Holmesian game , the Great Game , or simply the Game ) attempts to resolve anomalies and clarify details about Holmes and Watson from the Conan Doyle canon . The Game , which treats Holmes and Watson as real people ( and Conan Doyle as Watson 's literary agent ) , combines history with aspects of the stories to construct biographies and other scholarly analyses of these aspects . Ronald Knox is credited with inventing the Game . One detail analyzed in the Game is Holmes 's birthdate , with Morley contending that the detective was born on 6 January 1854 . Laurie R. King also speculated about Holmes 's birthdate , based on A Study in Scarlet and `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' ; details in `` Gloria Scott '' indicate that Holmes finished his second ( and final ) year of university in 1880 or 1885 . Watson 's account of his own wounding in the Second Afghan War and return to England in A Study in Scarlet place his moving in with Holmes in early 1881 or 1882 . According to King , this suggests that Holmes left university in 1880 ; if he began university at age 17 , his birth year would probably be 1861 . Another topic of analysis is the university Holmes attended . Dorothy L. Sayers suggested that , given details in two of the Adventures , the detective must have studied at Cambridge rather than Oxford : `` of all the Cambridge colleges , Sidney Sussex ( College ) perhaps offered the greatest number of advantages to a man in Holmes 's position and , in default of more exact information , we may tentatively place him there '' . Holmes 's emotional and mental health have long been subjects of analysis in the Game . At their first meeting , in A Study in Scarlet , the detective warns Watson that he gets `` in the dumps at times '' and does n't open his `` mouth for days on end '' . Leslie S. Klinger ( editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) has suggested that Holmes exhibits signs of bipolar disorder , with intense enthusiasm followed by indolent self - absorption . Other modern readers have speculated that Holmes may have Asperger 's syndrome , based on his intense attention to details , lack of interest in interpersonal relationships , and tendency to speak in monologues . The detective 's isolation and distrust of women is said to suggest a desire to escape , with William Baring - Gould ( author of Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : A Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective ) and others -- including Nicholas Meyer , in his novel The Seven Percent Solution -- implying a family trauma , the murder of Holmes 's mother , as the cause . Societies Statue of Holmes in an Inverness cape and a deerstalker cap on Picardy Place in Edinburgh ( Conan Doyle 's birthplace ) In 1934 , the Sherlock Holmes Society ( in London ) and the Baker Street Irregulars ( in New York ) were founded . Both are still active , although the Sherlock Holmes Society was dissolved in 1937 and revived in 1951 . The London society is one of many worldwide who arrange visits to the scenes of Holmes adventures , such as the Reichenbach Falls in the Swiss Alps . The two societies founded in 1934 were followed by many more Holmesian circles , first in the U.S. ( where they are known as `` scion societies '' -- offshoots -- of the Baker Street Irregulars ) and then in England and Denmark . There are at least 250 Sherlockian societies worldwide , including Australia , India , and Japan ( whose society has 80,000 members ) . Museums For the 1951 Festival of Britain , Holmes 's living room was reconstructed as part of a Sherlock Holmes exhibition , with a collection of original material . After the festival , items were transferred to The Sherlock Holmes ( a London pub ) and the Conan Doyle collection housed in Lucens , Switzerland by the author 's son , Adrian . Both exhibitions , each with a Baker Street sitting - room reconstruction , are open to the public . In 1990 , the Sherlock Holmes Museum opened on Baker Street in London , followed the next year by a museum in Meiringen ( near the Reichenbach Falls ) dedicated to the detective . A private Conan Doyle collection is a permanent exhibit at the Portsmouth City Museum , where the author lived and worked as a physician . Other honours Widely considered a British cultural icon , the London Metropolitan Railway named one of its 20 electric locomotives deployed in the 1920s for Sherlock Holmes . He was the only fictional character so honoured , along with eminent Britons such as Lord Byron , Benjamin Disraeli , and Florence Nightingale . A number of London streets are associated with Holmes . York Mews South , off Crawford Street , was renamed Sherlock Mews , and Watson 's Mews is near Crawford Place . Adaptations and derived works The popularity of Sherlock Holmes has meant that many writers other than Arthur Conan Doyle have created tales of the detective in a wide variety of different media , with varying degrees of fidelity to the original characters , stories , and setting . According to The Alternative Sherlock Holmes : Pastiches , Parodies , and Copies by Peter Ridgway Watt and Joseph Green , the first known period pastiche dates from 1893 . Titled `` The Late Sherlock Holmes '' , it came from the pen of Doyle 's close friend , J.M. Barrie , who was to create Peter Pan a decade later . A common take is creating a new story fully detailing an otherwise - passing canonical reference ( such as an aside mentioning the `` giant rat of Sumatra , a story for which the world is not yet prepared '' in `` The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire '' ) . Other adaptations have seen the character taken in radically different directions or placed in different times or even universes . For example , Holmes falls in love and marries in Laurie R. King 's Mary Russell series , is re-animated after his death to fight future crime in the animated series Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century , and is meshed with the setting of H.P. Lovecraft 's Cthulhu Mythos in Neil Gaiman 's `` A Study in Emerald '' ( which won the 2004 Hugo Award for Best Short Story ) . An especially influential pastiche was Nicholas Meyer 's The Seven - Per - Cent Solution , a 1974 New York Times bestselling novel in which Holmes 's cocaine addiction has progressed to the point of endangering his career . It was made into a film of the same name in 1976 and popularised the pastiche - writing trend of introducing clearly identified and contemporaneous historical figures ( such as Oscar Wilde , Aleister Crowley , or Jack the Ripper ) into tales featuring Holmes , something Conan Doyle himself never did . Related and derivative writings Main article : Sherlock Holmes pastiches Further information : List of authors of new Sherlock Holmes stories In addition to the Holmes canon , Conan Doyle 's 1898 `` The Lost Special '' features an unnamed `` amateur reasoner '' intended to be identified as Holmes by his readers . The author 's explanation of a baffling disappearance argued in Holmesian style , pokes fun at his own creation . Similar Conan Doyle short stories are the early `` The Field Bazaar '' , `` The Man with the Watches '' , and 1924 's `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' , a parody of the Watson -- Holmes breakfast - table scenes . The author wrote other material , especially plays , featuring Holmes . Much of it appears in Sherlock Holmes : The Published Apocrypha , edited by Jack Tracy ; The Final Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , edited by Peter Haining , and The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes , compiled by Richard Lancelyn Green . In terms of writers other than Doyle , authors as diverse as Anthony Burgess , Neil Gaiman , Dorothy B. Hughes , Stephen King , Tanith Lee , A.A. Milne , and P.G. Wodehouse have all written Sherlock Holmes pastiches . Notably , famed American mystery writer John Dickson Carr collaborated with Arthur Conan Doyle 's son , Adrian Conan Doyle , on The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes , a pastiche collection from 1954 . In 2011 , Anthony Horowitz published a Sherlock Holmes novel , The House of Silk , presented as a continuation of Conan Doyle 's work and with the approval of the Conan Doyle estate . In early 2014 , a sequel , Moriarty , was announced and published . Some authors have written tales centred on characters from the canon other than Holmes . M.J. Trow has written a series of seventeen books using Inspector Lestrade as the central character , beginning with The Adventures of Inspector Lestrade in 1985 . Carole Nelson Douglas ' Irene Adler series is based on `` the woman '' from `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , with the first book ( 1990 's Good Night , Mr. Holmes ) retelling that story from Adler 's point of view . Martin Davies has written three novels where Baker Street housekeeper Mrs. Hudson is the protagonist . Mycroft Holmes has been the subject of several efforts : Enter the Lion by Michael P. Hodel and Sean M. Wright ( 1979 ) , a four - book series by Quinn Fawcett , and 2015 's Mycroft , by former NBA star Kareem Abdul - Jabbar . John Gardner , Michael Kurland , and Kim Newman , amongst many others , have all written tales in which Holmes 's nemesis Professor Moriarty is the main character . Anthologies edited by Michael Kurland and George Mann are entirely devoted to stories told from the perspective of characters other than Holmes and Watson . In the 1980 Italian novel The Name of the Rose by Umberto Eco , the central character William of Baskerville alludes to The Hound of the Baskervilles , and his description in the beginning of the book is a tribute to Dr. Watson 's description of Sherlock Holmes when he first makes his acquaintance in A Study in Scarlet . Laurie R. King recreated Holmes in her Mary Russell series ( beginning with 1994 's The Beekeeper 's Apprentice ) , set during the First World War and the 1920s . Her Holmes , semi-retired in Sussex , is stumbled upon by a teenaged American girl . Recognising a kindred spirit , he trains her as his apprentice and subsequently marries her . As of 2016 , the series includes fourteen novels and a novella tied into a book from King 's Kate Martinelli series ( The Art of Detection ) . The Final Solution , a 2004 novella by Michael Chabon , concerns an unnamed but long - retired detective interested in beekeeping who tackles the case of a missing parrot belonging to a Jewish refugee boy . Mitch Cullin 's novel A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) takes place two years after the end of the Second World War , and explores an old and frail Sherlock Holmes ( now 93 ) as he comes to terms with a life spent in emotionless logic ; this was also adapted into a film , 2015 's Mr. Holmes . Adaptations in other media Main article : Adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Further information : List of actors who have played Sherlock Holmes Basil Rathbone as Holmes Guinness World Records has listed Holmes as the `` most portrayed movie character '' , with more than 70 actors playing the part in over 200 films . His first screen appearance was in the 1900 Mutoscope film , Sherlock Holmes Baffled . The detective has appeared in many foreign - language versions , including a Russian miniseries broadcast in November 2013 . William Gillette 's 1899 play Sherlock Holmes , or The Strange Case of Miss Faulkner was a synthesis of four Conan Doyle stories : `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , `` The Final Problem '' , `` The Adventure of the Copper Beeches '' , and A Study in Scarlet . In addition to its popularity , the play is significant because it , rather than the original stories , introduced the key visual qualities commonly associated with Holmes today : his deerstalker hat and calabash pipe . It also formed the basis for the Gillette 's 1916 film , Sherlock Holmes . In his lifetime , Gillette performed as Holmes some 1,300 times . In the early 1900s , H.A. Saintsbury took over the role from Gillette for a tour of the play . Between this play and Conan Doyle 's own stage adaptation of `` The Adventure of the Speckled Band '' , Saintsbury portrayed Holmes over 1,000 times . Basil Rathbone played Holmes and Nigel Bruce played Watson in fourteen U.S. films ( two for 20th Century Fox and a dozen for Universal Pictures ) from 1939 to 1946 , and in The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes on the Mutual radio network from 1939 to 1946 ( before the role of Holmes passed to Tom Conway ) . While the Fox films were period pieces , the Universal films were distinctive for abandoning Victorian Britain and moving to a then - contemporary setting in which Holmes occasionally battled Nazis . The 1984 -- 1985 Italian / Japanese anime series Sherlock Hound adapted the Holmes stories for children , with its characters being anthropomorphic dogs . The series was co-directed by Hayao Miyazaki . Between 1979 and 1986 , Soviet television produced a series of five television films , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson . The series were split into eleven episodes and starred Vasily Livanov as Holmes and Vitaly Solomin as Watson . Livanov was appointed an Honorary Member of the Order of the British Empire for a performance ambassador Anthony Brenton described as `` one of the best I 've ever seen '' . Jeremy Brett as Holmes in the Granada series Jeremy Brett is considered the definitive Holmes by critic Julian Wolfreys . Brett played the detective in four series of Sherlock Holmes for Britain 's Granada Television from 1984 to 1994 and appeared as Holmes on stage . Watson was played by David Burke and Edward Hardwicke in the series . Bert Coules penned The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams / Andrew Sachs as Watson , based on throwaway references in Doyle 's short stories and novels . He also produced original scripts for this series , which was also issued on CD . Coules had previously dramatised the entire Holmes canon for Radio Four . Benedict Cumberbatch as Holmes in Sherlock The 2009 film Sherlock Holmes , which earned Robert Downey Jr. a Golden Globe Award for his portrayal of Holmes and which co-starred Jude Law as Watson , focuses on Holmes 's antisocial personality . Downey and Law returned for a 2011 sequel , Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows . As of May 2016 , a script for a third film is ready and the aim is to begin shooting before the end of the year ; further sequels are acknowledged as possible . Benedict Cumberbatch plays a modern version of the detective ( with Martin Freeman as John Watson ) in the BBC One TV series Sherlock , which premiered on 25 July 2010 . In the series , created by Mark Gatiss and Steven Moffat , the stories ' original Victorian setting is replaced by present - day London . Cumberbatch 's Holmes uses modern technology ( including texting and blogging ) to help solve crimes . Similarly , on 27 September 2012 , Elementary premiered on CBS . Set in contemporary New York , the series features Jonny Lee Miller as Sherlock Holmes and Lucy Liu as a female Dr. Joan Watson . The 2015 film Mr. Holmes starred Ian McKellen as a retired Sherlock Holmes living in Sussex , in 1947 , who grapples with an unsolved case involving a beautiful woman . The film is based on Mitch Cullin 's 2005 novel A Slight Trick of the Mind . Holmes has also appeared in video games , including the Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series of seven titles . The detective is based on Jeremy Brett 's portrayal , with the series 's plot independent of the Conan Doyle stories . Copyright issues The copyright for Conan Doyle 's works expired in the United Kingdom and Canada at the end of 1980 , was revived in 1996 and expired again at the end of 2000 . The author 's works are now in the public domain in those territories . All works published in the United States before 1923 are in the public domain ; this includes all the Sherlock Holmes stories , except for some of the short stories collected in The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes . Conan Doyle 's heirs registered the copyright to The Case - Book in 1981 in accordance with the Copyright Act of 1976 . On 14 February 2013 , Leslie S. Klinger ( lawyer and editor of The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes ) filed a declaratory judgement suit against the Conan Doyle estate in the Northern District of Illinois asking the court to acknowledge that the characters of Holmes and Watson were public domain in the U.S. The court ruled in Klinger 's favour on 23 December , and the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed its decision on 16 June 2014 . The case was appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court , which declined to hear the case , letting the appeals court 's ruling stand . This final step resulted in the characters from the Holmes stories , along with all but ten of the Holmes stories , being in the public domain in the U.S. Works Main article : Canon of Sherlock Holmes Novels A Study in Scarlet ( published 1887 in Beeton 's Christmas Annual ) The Sign of the Four ( published 1890 in Lippincott 's Monthly Magazine ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( serialised 1901 -- 1902 in The Strand ) The Valley of Fear ( serialised 1914 -- 1915 in The Strand ) Short story collections The short stories , originally published in magazines , were later collected in five anthologies : The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1891 -- 1892 in The Strand ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1892 -- 1893 in The Strand ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1903 -- 1904 in The Strand ) His Last Bow : Some Later Reminiscences of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1908 -- 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( stories published 1921 -- 1927 ) See also Sherlock Holmes portal Novels portal Fictional characters portal Victorian era portal Popular culture references to Sherlock Holmes HOLMES 2 ( police computer system ) Inductive reasoning List of detectives , constables , and agents in Sherlock Holmes List of Holmesian studies Giovanni Morelli References ^ Jump up to : Sherlock Holmes : pipe dreams , Daily Telegraph 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 23 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Rule , Sheila ( 5 November 1989 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Mail : Not Too Mysterious '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Simpson , Aislinn ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Winston Churchill did n't really exist , say teens '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 10 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` One in five Britons think Sherlock Holmes , Miss Marple and even Blackadder were genuine historical figures '' . Mail Online . 5 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . pp. 162 -- 163 . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Jump up ^ Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . p. 67 . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Jump up ^ Lycett , Andrew ( 2007 ) . The Man Who Created Sherlock Holmes : The Life and Times of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Free Press . pp. 53 -- 54 , 190 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7523 - 1 . Jump up ^ Barring - Gould , William S . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . Clarkson N. Potter , Inc. p. 8 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Jump up ^ Doyle , A. Conan ( 1961 ) . The Boys ' Sherlock Holmes , New & Enlarged Edition . Harper & Row . p. 88 . Jump up ^ `` Top Hat Terrace ( Leicester ) '' . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Peter D. O'Neill , foreword to Maximilien Heller '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ¿ Fue Sherlock Holmes un plagio ? '' . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Maximilien Holmes . How Intertextuality Influences Translation , by Sandro Maria Perna , Università degli Studi di Padova 2013 / 14 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 10 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . p. xlii . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : Doyle , Arthur Conan ( 1893 ) . The Original illustrated ' Strand ' Sherlock Holmes ( 1989 ed . ) . Ware , England : Wordsworth . pp. 354 -- 355 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 896 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Gloria Scott '' Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1892 ) , `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' , The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7607 - 1577 - 2 1661 at Project Gutenberg . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Veiled Lodger '' Jump up ^ The Sign of the Four ; Chapter 1 The Science of Deduction ; p. 90 ; Copyright Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle ; Edition published in 1992 -- Barnes & Noble , Inc. `` . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Three Garridebs '' Jump up ^ Riggs , Ransom ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Handbook . The methods and mysteries of the world 's greatest detective . Philadelphia : Quirk Books . pp. 115 -- 118 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59474 - 429 - 7 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1903 ) . `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' , Strand Magazine . Jump up ^ Konnikova , Maria . `` How to Think Like Sherlock Holmes '' . Point of Inquiry . Center for Inquiry . Retrieved July 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' Jump up ^ In The Adventure of the Naval Treaty , Holmes remarks that , of his last fifty - three cases , the police have had all the credit in forty - nine . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Reigate Squire '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' are two examples . Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' Jump up ^ `` A Scandal in Bohemia '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Noble Bachelor '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles and `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Bruce - Partington Plans '' , `` The Adventure of the Naval Treaty '' , and after retirement , `` His Last Bow '' . Jump up ^ See , for example , Inspector Lestrade at the end of `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' . Jump up ^ Dalby , J.T. ( 1991 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes 's Cocaine Habit '' . Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine . 8 : 73 -- 74 . Jump up ^ `` The Sign of Four '' Jump up ^ `` Wages and Cost of Living in the Victorian Era '' . The Victorian Web . Retrieved 13 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Liebow , Ely ( 1982 ) . Dr. Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Popular Press . p. 173 . ISBN 9780879721985 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Quotes '' . The Chronicles of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Conan Doyle , Arthur ( 1986 ) . The Complete Sherlock Holmes , Volume 2 . Bantam Books . p. 480 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ The Complete Illustrated Sherlock Holmes , Omega Books Ltd. , 1986 , ISBN 1 - 85007 - 055 - 5 , p. 92 Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Adventures '' . Discovering Arthur Conan Doyle . Archived from the original on 17 December 2013 . Retrieved 17 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Klinger , Leslie ( 1999 ) . `` Lost in Lassus : The missing monograph '' . Retrieved 20 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Rennison , Nicholas ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography . New York : Grove Press . p. 70 . ISBN 9781555848736 . Retrieved 21 October 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Alexander Bird ( 27 June 2006 ) . `` Abductive Knowledge and Holmesian Inference '' . In Tamar Szabo Gendler and John Hawthorne . Oxford studies in epistemology . p. 11 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 928590 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Sebeok & Umiker - Sebeok 1984 , pp. 19 -- 28 , esp . p. 22 Jump up ^ Matthew Bunson ( 19 October 1994 ) . Encyclopedia Sherlockiana . p. 50 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 79826 - 0 . Jump up ^ Jonathan Smith ( 1994 ) . Fact and feeling : Baconian science and the nineteenth - Century literary imagination . p. 214 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 299 - 14354 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : A Study in Scarlet Jump up ^ `` The Adventure of the Blue Carbuncle '' . ^ Jump up to : `` The Adventure of the Yellow Face '' Jump up ^ The Hound of the Baskervilles Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes Quotes '' . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Arthur Conan Doyle ( 1891 ) . A Scandal in Bohemia . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 1038 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Arthur Conan . The Complete Sherlock Holmes . Garden City , N.Y. : Doubleday , 1930 . p 987 . Jump up ^ `` The Guns of Sherlock Holmes '' . Archived from the original on 14 November 2012 . Retrieved 27 April 2012 . Jump up ^ See `` The Red - Headed League '' and `` The Adventure of the Illustrious Client '' . Jump up ^ `` The Mystery of Baritsu '' . The Bartitsu Society . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NI chemist honours Sherlock Holmes '' . BBC News . 16 October 2002 . Retrieved 19 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Radford , John ( 1999 ) . The Intelligence of Sherlock Holmes and Other Three - pipe Problems . Sigma Forlag . ISBN 82 - 7916 - 004 - 3 . Jump up ^ Snyder LJ ( 2004 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes : Scientific detective '' . Endeavour. 28 ( 3 ) : 104 -- 108 . PMID 15350761 . doi : 10.1016 / j. endeavour. 2004.07. 007 . Jump up ^ Kempster PA ( 2006 ) . `` Looking for clues '' . Journal of Clinical Neuroscience. 13 ( 2 ) : 178 -- 180 . PMID 16459091 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jocn. 2005.03. 021 . Jump up ^ Didierjean , A & Gobet , F ( 2008 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes -- An expert 's view of expertise '' . British Journal of Psychology . 99 ( Pt 1 ) : 109 -- 125 . PMID 17621416 . doi : 10.1348 / 000712607X224469 . ^ Jump up to : Mikkelson , Barbara and David ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` Sherlock Holms ' Elementary , My Dear Watson ' '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Shapiro , Fred ( 30 October 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0300107982 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' . Quote Investigator . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 03 . Jump up ^ Smallwood , Karl ( 27 August 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes Never Said `` Elementary , My Dear Watson '' `` . todayifoundout.com . Retrieved 12 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Sher , Aubrey ( 15 August 2013 ) . Those Great Old - Time Radio Years . Xlibris . p. 29 . Jump up ^ Liukkonen , Petri . `` Ronald Arbuthnott Knox '' . Books and Writers ( kirjasto.sci.fi ) . Finland : Kuusankoski Public Library . Archived from the original on 10 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Christopher Morley '' . Retrieved 13 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlockian.Net : Societies '' . Retrieved 13 February 2011 . Jump up ^ Montague , Sarah ( 13 January 2011 ) . `` A Study in Sherlock '' . WNYC : New York , New York Public Radio . Retrieved 16 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The world of Holmes and Watson '' . Sherlockian.Net . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Baker Street Irregulars Weekend '' . Bsiweekend.com. 5 November 2011 . Retrieved 28 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` LRK on : Sherlock Holmes : Laurie R. King : Mystery Writer '' . Laurie R. King . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ Dorothy L. Sayers , `` Holmes 's College Career '' , for the Baker Street Studies , edited by H.W. Bell , 1934 . In the foreword to Unpopular Opinions , in which her essay appeared , Sayers says that the `` game of applying the methods of the Higher Criticism to the Sherlock Holmes canon ... has become a hobby among a select set of jesters here and in America '' . Jump up ^ Lisa Sanders ( 4 December 2009 ) . `` Hidden Clues '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Two Sherlock Holmes museums in Switzerland ? Elementary ! '' . Swissinfo . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Portsmouth City Museum '' . Portsmouth Museums and Records . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Reed , Brian ( 1934 ) . Railway Engines of the World . Oxford University Press . p. 133 . Jump up ^ `` Action & Mystery exhibition inspired by GREAT British icons '' . Gov.uk. 1 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Mews News . Lurot Brand . Published Summer 2009 . Retrieved 24 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sanson , Ian . 27 October 2011 . `` The House of Silk by Anthony Horowitz -- Review '' The Guardian . Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 10 April 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes returns in new Anthony Horowitz book , Moriarty '' . Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . Retrieved 9 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Haft , Adele J. ; White , Jane G. ; White , Robert J ( 1999 ) . The Key to the `` Name of the Rose '' . The University of Michigan Press . Jump up ^ Tuska , Jon ( 1978 ) . The Detective in Hollywood . New York : Doubleday . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 12093 - 7 . Jump up ^ Podolyan , Olga ( 13 November 2013 ) . `` In the new ' Sherlock Holmes ' everything is new '' ( in Russian ) . Retrieved 29 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Allen Eyles ( 1986 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Centenary Celebration . Harper & Row . p. 57 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015620 - 1 . Jump up ^ Clements , Jonathan ; McCarthy , Helen ( 2006 ) . The Anime Encyclopedia : A Guide to Japanese Animation Since 1917 ( 2nd edition ( Revised & Expanded Edition ) ed . ) . Stone Bridge Press . pp. 580 -- 581 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933330 - 10 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Thomlison , Adam . `` Q & A '' . TV Media . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ List of Honorary Awards January - June 2006 , Foreign and Commonwealth Office - UK Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jump up ^ Wolfreys , Julian ( 1996 ) . Adventures of Sherlock Holmes . Ware , England : Wordworth Editions . p. ix . ISBN 1 - 85326 - 033 - 9 . Holmes was reinvented definitively by Jeremy Brett ... It is Brett 's Holmes ... which comes closest to Conan Doyle 's original intentions . ^ Jump up to : `` BBC - Cult Presents : Sherlock Holmes - Bert Coules Interview '' . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : writer , director , speaker '' . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bert Coules : Holmes writer and dramatiser for Radio 4 '' . BBC.co.uk . September 2005 . Retrieved 20 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Charles Prepolec . `` BBC Radio - Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes : Reviewed '' . Jump up ^ `` HFPA -- Nominations and Winners '' . Goldenglobes.org . Archived from the original on 11 March 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sherlock Holmes 3 ' : Producer Joel Silver Confirms Filming May Start This Fall ; Teases More Sequels '' . Collider. 14 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Thorpe , Vanessa ( 18 July 2010 ) . `` The Guardian . Sherlock Holmes is back ... sending texts and using nicotine patches '' . London . Jump up ^ `` Mr. Holmes '' . Retrieved 27 September 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Itzkoff , Dave ( 19 January 2010 ) . `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Litwak , Mark ( 12 March 2013 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes and the Case of the Public Domain '' . Independent Filmmaker Project ( IFP ) . Retrieved 15 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Techdirt article '' . Techdirt article . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Elementary My Dear Watson ... It 's Called the Public Domain ... Or is It ? '' . Techdirt.com. 24 December 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Holmes belongs to the world '' . Free Sherlock ! . 14 February 2013 . Retrieved 15 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Stempel , Jonathan ( 16 June 2014 ) . `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to the public , U.S. court rules '' . Reuters . Retrieved 16 June 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sherlock Holmes belongs to us all : Supreme Court declines to hear case '' . LA Times . 3 November 2014 . Retrieved 3 November 2014 . Further reading Accardo , Pasquale J. ( 1987 ) . Diagnosis and Detection : Medical Iconography of Sherlock Holmes . Madison , NJ : Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1967 ) . The Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . ISBN 0 - 517 - 50291 - 7 . Baring - Gould , William ( 1962 ) . Sherlock Holmes of Baker Street : The Life of the World 's First Consulting Detective . New York : Clarkson N. Potter . OCLC 63103488 . Blakeney , T.S. ( 1994 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Fact or Fiction ? . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 1 - 883402 - 10 - 7 . Bradley , Alan ( 2004 ) . Ms Holmes of Baker Street : The Truth About Sherlock . Alberta : University of Alberta Press . ISBN 0 - 88864 - 415 - 9 . Campbell , Mark ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . London : Pocket Essentials . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Dakin , David ( 1972 ) . A Sherlock Holmes Commentary . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5493 - 0 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2008 ) . Eliminate the Impossible : An Examination of the World of Sherlock Holmes on Page and Screen . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 31 - 4 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2009 ) . Close to Holmes : A Look at the Connections Between Historical London , Sherlock Holmes and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 50 - 5 . Duncan , Alistair ( 2010 ) . The Norwood Author : Arthur Conan Doyle and the Norwood Years ( 1891 -- 1894 ) . London : MX Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904312 - 69 - 7 . Fenoli Marc , Qui a tué Sherlock Holmes ? ( Who shot Sherlock Holmes ? ) , Review L'Alpe 45 , Glénat - Musée Dauphinois , Grenoble - France , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 2 - 7234 - 6902 - 9 Green , Richard Lancelyn ( 1987 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Letters . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 0 - 87745 - 161 - 3 . Hall , Trevor ( 1969 ) . Sherlock Holmes : Ten Literary Studies . London : Duckworth . ISBN 0 - 7156 - 0469 - 4 . Hall , Trevor ( 1977 ) . Sherlock Holmes and his creator . New York : St Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 71719 - 9 . Hammer , David ( 1995 ) . The Before - Breakfast Pipe of Mr. Sherlock Holmes . London : Wessex Pr . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 21 - 6 . Harrison , Michael ( 1973 ) . The World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Frederick Muller Ltd . Jones , Kelvin ( 1987 ) . Sherlock Holmes and the Kent Railways . Sittingborne , Kent : Meresborough Books . ISBN 0 - 948193 - 25 - 5 . Keating , H.R.F. ( 2006 ) . Sherlock Holmes : The Man and His World . Edison , NJ : Castle . ISBN 0 - 7858 - 2112 - 0 . Kestner , Joseph ( 1997 ) . Sherlock 's Men : Masculinity , Conan Doyle and Cultural History . Farnham : Ashgate . ISBN 1 - 85928 - 394 - 2 . King , Joseph A. ( 1996 ) . Sherlock Holmes : From Victorian Sleuth to Modern Hero . Lanham , US : Scarecrow Press . ISBN 0 - 8108 - 3180 - 5 . Klinger , Leslie ( 2005 ) . The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 05916 - 2 . Klinger , Leslie ( 1998 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Reference Library . Indianapolis : Gasogene Books . ISBN 0 - 938501 - 26 - 7 . Knowles , Christopher ( 2007 ) . Our Gods Wear Spandex : The Secret History of Comic Book Heroes . San Francisco : Weiser Books . ISBN 1 - 57863 - 406 - 7 . Lester , Paul ( 1992 ) . Sherlock Holmes in the Midlands . Studley , Warwickshire : Brewin Books . ISBN 0 - 947731 - 85 - 7 . Lieboe , Eli . Doctor Joe Bell : Model for Sherlock Holmes . Bowling Green , Ohio : Bowling Green University Popular Press , 1982 ; Madison , Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87972 - 198 - 5 Mitchelson , Austin ( 1994 ) . The Baker Street Irregular : Unauthorised Biography of Sherlock Holmes . Romford : Ian Henry Publications Ltd . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Payne , David S. ( 1992 ) . Myth and Modern Man in Sherlock Holmes : Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and the Uses of Nostalgia . Bloomington , Ind : Gaslight 's Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 29 - X . Redmond , Christopher ( 1987 ) . In Bed with Sherlock Holmes : Sexual Elements in Conan Doyle 's Stories . London : Players Press . ISBN 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 3 . Redmond , Donald ( 1983 ) . Sherlock Holmes : A Study in Sources . Quebec : McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 0391 - 9 . Rennison , Nick ( 2007 ) . Sherlock Holmes . The Unauthorized Biography . London : Grove Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8021 - 4325 - 9 . Richards , Anthony John ( 1998 ) . Holmes , Chemistry and the Royal Institution : A Survey of the Scientific Works of Sherlock Holmes and His Relationship with the Royal Institution of Great Britain . London : Irregulars Special Press . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Dick ( 2005 ) . The Bedside Companion to Sherlock Holmes . New York : Barnes & Noble Books . ISBN 0 - 7607 - 7156 - 1 . Riley , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Highways and Byways of Sherlock Holmes . London : P. &D . Riley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 874712 - 78 - 7 . Roy , Pinaki ( Department of English , Malda College ) ( 2008 ) . The Manichean Investigators : A Postcolonial and Cultural Rereading of the Sherlock Holmes and Byomkesh Bakshi Stories . New Delhi : Sarup and Sons . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7625 - 849 - 4 . Sebeok , Thomas ; Umiker - Sebeok , Jean ( 1984 ) . `` ' You Know My Method ' : A Juxtaposition of Charles S. Peirce and Sherlock Holmes '' . In Eco , Umberto ; Sebeok , Thomas . The Sign of Three : Dupin , Holmes , Peirce . Bloomington , IN : History Workshop , Indiana University Press . pp. 11 -- 54 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 35235 - 4 . OCLC 9412985 . Previously published as chapter 2 , pp. 17 -- 52 of Sebeok , Thomas ( 1981 ) . The Play of Musement . Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 253 - 39994 - 6 . LCCN 80008846 . OCLC 7275523 . Shaw , John B. ( 1995 ) . Encyclopedia of Sherlock Holmes : A Complete Guide to the World of the Great Detective . London : Pavilion Books . ISBN 1 - 85793 - 502 - 0 . Smith , Daniel ( 2009 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Companion : An Elementary Guide . London : Aurum Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84513 - 458 - 7 . Sova , Dawn B. ( 2001 ) . Edgar Allan Poe : A to Z ( Paperback ed . ) . New York : Checkmark Books . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 4161 - X . Starrett , Vincent ( 1993 ) . The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes . London : Prentice Hall & IBD . ISBN 978 - 1 - 883402 - 05 - 1 . Tracy , Jack ( 1988 ) . The Sherlock Holmes Encyclopedia : Universal Dictionary of Sherlock Holmes . London : Crescent Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 65444 - X . Tracy , Jack ( 1996 ) . Subcutaneously , My Dear Watson : Sherlock Holmes and the Cocaine Habit . Bloomington , Ind. : Gaslight Publications . ISBN 0 - 934468 - 25 - 7 . Wagner , E.J. ( 2007 ) . La Scienza di Sherlock Holmes . Torino : Bollati Boringheri . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 12823 - 7 . Weller , Philip ( 1993 ) . The Life and Times of Sherlock Holmes . Simsbury : Bracken Books . ISBN 1 - 85891 - 106 - 0 . Wexler , Bruce ( 2008 ) . The Mysterious World of Sherlock Holmes . London : Running Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7624 - 3252 - 3 . External links Wikisource has original text related to this article : Sherlock Holmes Wikiquote has quotations related to : Sherlock Holmes Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sherlock Holmes . Library resources about Sherlock Holmes Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` For the Heirs to Holmes , a Tangled Web '' - New York Times article ( 18 January 2010 ) `` The Burden of Holmes '' - Wall Street Journal article The Sherlock Holmes Society of London ( founded 1951 ) Discovering Sherlock Holmes at Stanford University Chess and Sherlock Holmes essay by Edward Winter , Sir Arthur Conan Doyle audio books by Lit2Go from the University of South Florida . Sherlock Holmes plaques on openplaques.org The Sherlock Holmes Collections at the University of Minnesota ( special collections and rare books ) Sherlock Holmes related articles Arthur Conan Doyle 's Sherlock Holmes Canon Adaptations Popular culture Novels A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1915 ) Story collections The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1905 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Characters Sherlock Holmes Dr. Watson Professor Moriarty Sebastian Moran Irene Adler Inspector Lestrade Mycroft Holmes Baker Street Irregulars Uncollected stories `` The Lost Special '' `` How Watson Learned the Trick '' Lists List of cases List of investigators Universe 221B Baker Street Baritsu Diogenes Club The Dynamics of an Asteroid A Treatise on the Binomial Theorem Related Sherlock fandom Sherlockian game Sherlockiana Sherlock Holmes Museum The Sherlock Holmes Holmesian studies The Strand Magazine Naked Is the Best Disguise Undershaw Portal Literature adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Young Sherlock Holmes by Andy Lane Death Cloud ( 2010 ) Red Leech ( 2010 ) Black Ice ( 2011 ) Fire Storm ( 2011 ) The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes by Adrian Conan Doyle and John Dickson Carr `` The Adventure of the Seven Clocks '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Gold Hunter '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Wax Gamblers '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Highgate Miracle '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Black Baronet '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Sealed Room '' ( 1954 `` The Adventure of Foulkes Rath '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Abbas Ruby '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Dark Angels '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Two Women '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Deptford Horror '' ( 1954 ) `` The Adventure of the Red Widow '' ( 1954 ) by Nicholas Meyer The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1974 ) The West End Horror ( 1976 ) The Canary Trainer ( 1993 ) Mary Russell series by Laurie R. King The Beekeeper 's Apprentice A Monstrous Regiment of Women A Letter of Mary The Moor O Jerusalem Justice Hall The Game Locked Rooms The Language of Bees The God of the Hive Pirate King Garment of Shadows Dreaming Spies by David Stuart Davies Sherlock Holmes and the Hentzau Affair ( 1991 ) The Tangled Skein ( 1995 ) The Scroll of the Dead ( 1998 ) Shadow of the Rat ( 1999 ) The Veiled Detective ( 2004 ) The Devil 's Promise ( 2014 ) The Ripper Legacy ( 2016 ) by Barrie Roberts Sherlock Holmes and the Man from Hell ( 1997 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Railway Maniac ( 2002 ) by Anthony Horowitz The House of Silk ( 2011 ) Moriarty ( 2014 ) Other works Pursuit of the House - Boat ( 1897 ) A Double Barrelled Detective Story ( 1902 ) The Ultimate Crime ( 1976 ) The Last Sherlock Holmes Story ( 1978 ) `` The Doctor 's Case '' ( 1987 ) The Whitechapel Horrors ( 1993 ) All - Consuming Fire ( 1994 ) The Strange Case of Mrs. Hudson 's Cat ( 1997 ) The Mandala of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) Shadows Over Baker Street ( 2003 ) `` A Study in Emerald '' ( 2003 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Way of All Flesh ( 2004 ) The Final Solution ( 2004 ) A Slight Trick of the Mind ( 2005 ) The Italian Secretary ( 2005 ) Erasing Sherlock ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Unauthorized Biography ( 2006 ) Sherlock Holmes Was Wrong ( 2007 ) The Boy Sherlock Holmes ( 2007 -- 12 ) Gaslight series ( 2008 ) Dust and Shadow ( 2009 ) The Devil and Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Sherlock Holmes : The Breath of God ( 2011 ) Dead Man 's Land ( 2013 ) The Albino 's Treasure ( 2015 ) Parody The Enola Holmes Mysteries Everybody 's Favorite Duck The Adventure of the Peerless Peer The Fossil Island Lizzie Newton : Victorian Mysteries Sherlock Bones Solar Pons Stoker and Holmes Thuppariyum Sambu Related Sherlock Holmes : Consulting Detective The New Annotated Sherlock Holmes Screen adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Silent films Sherlock Holmes Baffled ( 1900 ) Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ; or , Held for Ransom ( 1905 ) Sherlock Holmes in the Great Murder Mystery ( 1908 ) Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes ( 1910 ) Der Hund von Baskerville ( 1914 ) Detektiv Braun ( 1914 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 British film ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1914 US film ) The Valley of Fear ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1916 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1922 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1929 ) Stoll series The Dying Detective ( 1921 ) The Devil 's Foot ( 1921 ) The Man with the Twisted Lip ( 1921 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1921 ) The Sign of Four ( 1923 ) Wontner series The Sleeping Cardinal ( 1931 ) The Missing Rembrandt ( 1932 , lost ) The Sign of Four ( 1932 ) The Triumph of Sherlock Holmes ( 1935 ) Silver Blaze ( 1937 ) Rathbone - Bruce series The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1939 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 ) Voice of Terror ( 1942 ) Secret Weapon ( 1942 ) Sherlock Holmes in Washington ( 1943 ) Sherlock Holmes Faces Death ( 1943 ) The Spider Woman ( 1944 ) The Scarlet Claw ( 1944 ) The Pearl of Death ( 1944 ) The House of Fear ( 1945 ) The Woman in Green ( 1945 ) Pursuit to Algiers ( 1945 ) Terror by Night ( 1946 ) Dressed to Kill ( 1946 ) Maslennikov series Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1979 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson ( 1980 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1981 ) The Treasures of Agra ( 1983 ) The Twentieth Century Approaches ( 1986 ) By actor Clive Brook The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1929 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1932 ) Peter Cushing The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1959 ) The Masks of Death ( 1984 ) Christopher Lee The Deadly Necklace ( 1962 ) The Leading Lady ( 1991 ) Incident at Victoria Falls ( 1991 ) Robert Downey Jr . Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 ) A Game of Shadows ( 2011 ) Television films Christopher Plummer Silver Blaze ( 1977 ) Murder by Decree ( 1979 ) Ian Richardson The Sign of Four ( 1983 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1983 ) Murder Rooms ( 2000 ) Matt Frewer The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2000 ) The Sign of Four ( 2001 ) The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire ( 2002 ) The Royal Scandal ( 2003 ) Ian Hart ( as Watson ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 2002 ) The Case of the Silk Stocking ( 2004 ) Other films The Speckled Band ( 1931 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1932 ) A Study in Scarlet ( 1933 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1937 ) A Study in Terror ( 1965 ) The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes ( 1970 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1972 ) Sherlock Holmes in New York ( 1976 ) The Seven - Per - Cent Solution ( 1976 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1982 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baskerville Curse ( 1983 ) The Case of Marcel Duchamp ( 1984 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1987 ) Hands of a Murderer ( 1990 ) The Crucifer of Blood ( 1991 ) 1994 Baker Street : Sherlock Holmes Returns ( 1993 ) The Hound of London ( 1993 ) Sherlock : Case of Evil ( 2002 ) Sherlock Holmes and the Baker Street Irregulars ( 2007 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) Holmes & Watson . Madrid Days ( 2012 ) Mr. Holmes ( 2015 ) Comedies , pastiches , and parodies The Mystery of the Leaping Fish ( 1916 ) The Limejuice Mystery or Who Spat in Grandfather 's Porridge ? ( 1930 ) Lelíček ve službách Sherlocka Holmese ( 1932 ) The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes ( 1937 ) The Case of the Screaming Bishop ( 1944 ) Deduce , You Say ! ( 1956 ) They Might Be Giants ( 1971 ) The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes ' Smarter Brother ( 1975 ) The Return of the World 's Greatest Detective ( 1976 ) Sherlock Pink ( 1976 ) The Strange Case of the End of Civilization as We Know It ( 1977 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1978 ) The Private Eyes ( 1980 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Without a Clue ( 1988 ) The Adventures of Shirley Holmes ( 1997 ) Zero Effect ( 1998 ) A Samba for Sherlock ( 2001 ) Sheerluck Holmes and the Golden Ruler ( 2006 ) Aria the Scarlet Ammo ( 2008 ) Tantei Opera Milky Holmes ( 2009 ) Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes ( 2010 ) The Empire of Corpses ( 2015 ) Gnomeo & Juliet : Sherlock Gnomes ( 2018 ) Holmes and Watson ( 2018 ) Television series Sherlock Holmes ( 1951 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1954 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1965 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1967 -- 68 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1968 ) Sherlock Holmes and Doctor Watson ( 1979 -- 80 ) Young Sherlock : The Mystery of the Manor House ( 1982 ) The Baker Street Boys ( 1983 ) Sherlock Hound ( 1984 -- 85 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 1984 -- 94 ) episodes Sherlock Holmes in the 22nd Century ( 1999 -- 2001 ) Murder Rooms : The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes ( 2000 ) Sherlock ( 2010 -- present ) Sherlock Yack ( 2011 -- present ) Elementary ( 2012 -- present ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2013 ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2014 ) Video game adaptations of Sherlock Holmes Individual games Sherlock Robin of Sherlock Sherlock Holmes : Hakushaku Reijō Yūkai Jiken Young Sherlock : The Legacy of Doyle 221B Baker Street Sherlock : The Riddle of the Crown Jewels Meitantei Holmes : M - Kara no Chousenjou Consulting Detective series Consulting Detective Consulting Detective Vol. II Consulting Detective Vol . III Adventures of Sherlock Holmes series The Mystery of the Mummy The Case of the Silver Earring The Awakened Sherlock Holmes Versus Arsène Lupin Sherlock Holmes Versus Jack the Ripper The Testament of Sherlock Holmes Crimes & Punishments The Devil 's Daughter Casual games Frogwares The Mystery of Osborne House The Hound of the Baskervilles Other games The Lost Files of Sherlock Holmes series Dai Gyakuten Saiban : Naruhodō Ryūnosuke no Bōken Sherlock Holmes franchise media Authors Stage Sherlock Holmes ( 1899 play ) The Burglar and the Lady ( 1905 play ) Baker Street ( 1965 musical ) Sherlock Holmes : The Musical ( 1988 ) Radio The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1939 -- 47 ) BBC Radio ( 1989 -- 98 ) The Newly Discovered Casebook of Sherlock Holmes ( 1999 ) The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 2002 -- 10 ) Music `` The Tiger of San Pedro '' The Tale of the Giant Rat of Sumatra ( 1974 parody album ) Sherlock Holmes ( 2009 soundtrack ) Sherlock Holmes : A Game of Shadows ( 2011 soundtrack ) Art Statue in London Comics Baker Street Victorian Undead Other works 221B Baker Street ( board game ) Arthur Conan Doyle Bibliography Sherlock Holmes A Study in Scarlet ( 1887 ) The Sign of the Four ( 1890 ) The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes ( 1892 ) The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes ( 1894 ) The Hound of the Baskervilles ( 1902 ) The Return of Sherlock Holmes ( 1904 ) The Valley of Fear ( 1914 ) His Last Bow ( 1917 ) The Case - Book of Sherlock Holmes ( 1927 ) Professor Challenger The Lost World ( 1912 ) The Poison Belt ( 1913 ) The Land of Mist ( 1926 ) `` When the World Screamed '' ( 1928 ) `` The Disintegration Machine '' ( 1929 ) Other novels The Mystery of Cloomber ( 1889 ) Micah Clarke ( 1889 ) The Firm of Girdlestone ( 1890 ) The White Company ( 1891 ) The Doings of Raffles Haw ( 1892 ) Beyond the City ( 1892 ) The Refugees ( 1893 ) The Parasite ( 1894 ) The Stark Munro Letters ( 1895 ) The Exploits of Brigadier Gerard ( 1896 ) Rodney Stone ( 1896 ) The Tragedy of the Korosko ( 1898 ) A Duet , with an Occasional Chorus ( 1899 ) Adventures of Gerard ( 1903 ) Sir Nigel ( 1906 ) The Maracot Deep ( 1929 ) Short stories `` J. Habakuk Jephson 's Statement '' ( 1884 ) `` Lot No. 249 '' ( 1892 ) `` The Club - Footed Grocer '' ( 1898 ) `` The Brown Hand '' ( 1899 ) `` The Terror of Blue John Gap '' ( 1910 ) `` The Horror of the Heights '' ( 1913 ) Danger ! and Other Stories ( 1918 ) Other `` The Inner Room '' ( 1898 ) The Vital Message ( 1919 ) Related Charles Altamont Doyle James Doyle Richard Doyle John Doyle The Great Wyrley Outrages Undershaw ( home ) VIAF : 173636607 LCCN : no2013039964 ISNI : 0000 0004 1895 3969 GND : 118816322 SELIBR : 382774 SUDOC : 027515362 BNF : cb119538882 ( data ) NLA : 59899753 NKC : jo2016908848 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sherlock_Holmes&oldid=800640879 '' Categories : Sherlock Holmes Edwardian era Crime film characters Thriller film characters Fictional characters introduced in 1887 Fictional chemists Fictional cocaine users Fictional criminologists Fictional English people Fictional gentleman detectives Martial artists characters in literature Fictional private investigators Fictional smokers Fictional violinists Sherlock Holmes characters Victorian culture Revived fictional characters Hidden categories : Articles with Project Gutenberg links CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter CS1 Russian - language sources ( ru ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use British English from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 20 : 07 . 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what is sherlock holmes known as in the stories

Sherlock Holmes ( / ˈʃɜːrlɒk ˈhoʊmz / ) is a fictional private detective created by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . Known as a `` consulting detective '' in the stories , Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation , forensic science , and logical reasoning that borders on the fantastic , which he employs when investigating cases for a wide variety of clients , including Scotland Yard .

List of FA Cup finals - wikipedia List of FA Cup finals Further information : FA Cup Final The Blackburn Rovers team which won the FA Cup in 1884 . Team captain James Brown ( front row , centre ) holds the trophy . The Football Association Challenge Cup , commonly known as the FA Cup , is a knockout competition in English football , organised by and named after The Football Association ( the FA ) . It is the oldest existing football competition in the world , having commenced in the 1871 -- 72 season . The tournament is open to all clubs in the top 10 levels of the English football league system , although a club 's home stadium must meet certain requirements prior to entering the tournament . The competition culminates at the end of the league season usually in May with the FA Cup Final , officially named The Football Association Challenge Cup Final Tie , which has traditionally been regarded as the showpiece finale of the English football season . All of the final venues , apart from four , have been in London with most being played at the original Wembley Stadium , which was used from 1923 until the stadium closed in 2000 . The other venues that were used for the final prior to 1923 were Kennington Oval , Crystal Palace , Stamford Bridge and Lillie Bridge , all in London , Goodison Park in Liverpool and Fallowfield Stadium and Old Trafford in Manchester . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff hosted the final for six years ( 2001 -- 2006 ) , while the new Wembley Stadium was under construction . Other grounds have been used for replays , which until 1999 took place if the initial match ended in a draw . The new Wembley Stadium has been the permanent venue of the final since 2007 . As of 2018 , the record for the most wins is held by Arsenal with 13 victories . The cup has been won by the same team in two or more consecutive years on ten occasions , and four teams have won consecutive finals more than once : Wanderers , Blackburn Rovers , Tottenham Hotspur and Arsenal . The cup has been won by a non-English team once . The cup is currently held by Chelsea , who defeated Manchester United in the 2018 final . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Finals 2.1 Key 2.2 Results 3 Results by team 4 References 5 External links History ( edit ) Further information : History of the FA Cup Tottenham Hotspur captain Arthur Grimsdell displays the cup to fans on the Tottenham High Road after Spurs ' victory in the 1921 final , the first win by a London - based team for 20 years . The winners of the first tournament were Wanderers , a team of former public schoolboys based in London , who went on to win the competition five times in its first seven seasons . The early winners of the competition were all teams of wealthy amateurs from the south of England , but in 1883 , Blackburn Olympic became the first team from the north to win the cup , defeating Old Etonians . Upon his team 's return to Blackburn , Olympic captain Albert Warburton proclaimed : `` The Cup is very welcome to Lancashire . It 'll have a good home and it 'll never go back to London . '' With the advent of professionalism at around the same time , the amateur teams quickly faded from prominence in the competition . The leading professional clubs formed The Football League in 1888 . Since then , one non-league team has won the cup . Tottenham Hotspur , then of the Southern League , defeated Sheffield United of The Football League to win the 1901 final . A year later Sheffield United returned to the final and won the cup , which then remained in the hands of Northern and Midland clubs until Tottenham won it again in 1921 . In 1927 , Cardiff City , a team which plays in the English football league system despite being based in Wales , won the cup , the only non-English club to do so . Scottish club Queens Park reached the final twice in the early years of the competition . Newcastle United enjoyed a brief spell of FA Cup dominance in the 1950s , winning the trophy three times in five years , and in the 1960s , Tottenham Hotspur enjoyed a similar spell of success , with three wins in seven seasons . This marked the start of a successful period for London - based clubs , with 11 wins in 22 seasons . Teams from the second tier of English football , at the time called the Second Division , experienced an unprecedented run of cup success between 1973 and 1980 . Sunderland won the cup in 1973 , Southampton repeated the feat in 1976 , and West Ham United won in 1980 , the most recent victory by a team from outside the top division . Finals ( edit ) Until 1999 , a draw in the final would result in the match being replayed at a later date ; since then the final has always been decided on the day , with a penalty shootout as required . As of 2017 a penalty shoot - out has been required on only two occasions , in the 2005 and 2006 finals . The competition did not take place during the First and Second World Wars , other than in the 1914 -- 15 season , when it was completed , and the 1939 -- 40 season , when it was abandoned during the qualifying rounds . Key ( edit ) Key to list of winners ( R ) Replay * Match went to extra time Match decided by a penalty shoot - out after extra time Winning team won the Double Italics Team from outside the top level of English football ( since the formation of The Football League in 1888 ) All teams are English , except where marked ( Scottish ) or ( Welsh ) . Results ( edit ) FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 Wanderers * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 Wanderers * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 Preston North End * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 Derby County * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 Liverpool * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 Chelsea * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 Arsenal * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 Manchester United * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 Manchester United * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 Coventry City * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 Liverpool * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 Manchester United * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 Arsenal * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 Chelsea * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 Arsenal * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 Manchester United * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 2017 -- 18 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 87,647 A . ^ The official attendance for the 1923 final was reported as 126,047 , but the actual figure is believed to be anywhere between 150,000 and 300,000 . Results by team ( edit ) Teams shown in italics are no longer in existence . Additionally , Queen 's Park ceased to be eligible to enter the FA Cup after a Scottish Football Association ruling in 1887 . Results by team Club Wins First final won Last final won Runners - up Last final lost Total final appearances Arsenal 13 1930 2017 7 2001 20 Manchester United 12 1909 2016 8 2018 20 Chelsea 8 1970 2018 5 2017 13 Tottenham Hotspur 8 1901 1991 9 Liverpool 7 1965 2006 7 2012 14 Aston Villa 7 1887 1957 2015 11 Newcastle United 6 1910 1955 7 1999 13 Blackburn Rovers 6 1884 1928 1960 8 Everton 5 1906 1995 8 2009 13 Manchester City 5 1904 2011 5 2013 10 West Bromwich Albion 5 1888 1968 5 1935 10 Wanderers 5 1872 1878 0 -- 5 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1893 1960 1939 8 Bolton Wanderers 1923 1958 1953 7 Sheffield United 1899 1925 1936 6 Sheffield Wednesday 1896 1935 1993 6 West Ham United 1964 1980 2006 5 Preston North End 1889 1938 5 1964 7 Old Etonians 1879 1882 1883 6 Portsmouth 1939 2008 5 Sunderland 1937 1973 1992 Nottingham Forest 1898 1959 1991 Bury 1900 1903 0 -- Huddersfield Town 1922 1922 1938 5 Derby County 1946 1946 1903 Leeds United 1972 1972 1973 Oxford University 1874 1874 1880 Royal Engineers 1875 1875 1878 Southampton 1976 1976 2003 Blackpool 1953 1953 1951 Burnley 1914 1914 1962 Cardiff City 1927 1927 2008 Charlton Athletic 1947 1947 1946 Barnsley 1912 1912 1910 Clapham Rovers 1880 1880 1879 Notts County 1894 1894 1891 Blackburn Olympic 1883 1883 0 -- Bradford City 1911 1911 0 -- Coventry City 0 -- Ipswich Town 1978 1978 0 -- Old Carthusians 1881 1881 0 -- Wigan Athletic 2013 2013 0 -- Wimbledon 1988 1988 0 -- Leicester City 0 1969 Birmingham City 0 1956 Crystal Palace 0 2016 Queen 's Park 0 1885 Brighton & Hove Albion 0 Bristol City 0 1909 Fulham 0 Hull City 0 2014 Luton Town 0 1959 Middlesbrough 0 1997 Millwall 0 Queens Park Rangers 0 1982 Stoke City 0 2011 Watford 0 1984 Jump up ^ Sheffield Wednesday 's total includes two wins and one defeat under the earlier name of The Wednesday . Jump up ^ Wimbledon relocated in 2004 from south London to Milton Keynes rebranding the club as Milton Keynes Dons , but the current incarnation of the club considers that it was founded in 2004 and does not lay claim to the history or honours ( including the FA Cup win ) of Wimbledon . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jury , Louise ( 7 January 2005 ) . `` FA Cup trophy 's sale to set football memorabilia record '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` FA Cup Summary -- Contents '' . The Football Club History Database . Retrieved 4 November 2008 . Jump up ^ `` FA Competition Administration '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . Jump up ^ Townsend , Nick ( 21 May 2000 ) . `` Football : FA Cup Final : Calamity for James as Di Matteo makes history '' . The Independent . Independent News & Media . access - date = requires url = ( help ) ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin ( 1983 ) . Encyclopedia of British Football . Willow Books . p. 19 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 218049 - 9 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 20 . Jump up ^ Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . pp. 16 -- 17 . ^ Jump up to : Lyles , Christopher ( 5 January 2008 ) . `` FA Cup by numbers '' . Daily Telegraph . Telegraph Media Group Limited . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Shuttleworth , Peter ( 9 May 2008 ) . `` Cardiff in footsteps of FA Cup giants '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Soar , Phil ; Tyler , Martin . Encyclopedia of British Football . p. 27 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 4 February 2005 ) . `` FA Cup in danger of losing lustre '' . BBC Sport . Retrieved 24 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rules of The FA Challenge Cup '' . The Football Association . Retrieved 13 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Stuart ( 2008 ) . Nationwide Football Annual 2008 -- 2009 . SportsBooks Ltd . pp. 132 , 134 -- 143 . ISBN 1 - 899807 - 72 - 1 . Jump up ^ Bateson , Bill ; Sewell , Albert ( 1992 ) . News of the World Football Annual 1992 -- 93 . Harper Collins . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 85543 - 188 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` The F.A. Cup -- Bolton 's Victory -- Record Crowds '' . The Times . News International . 30 May 1923 . Retrieved 13 October 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Albert -- Number 5 '' . BBC Sport. 19 February 2001 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Merton to be given Dons trophies '' . BBC Sport. 2 August 2007 . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . External links ( edit ) The FA Cup Archive at TheFA.com England FA Challenge Cup Finals at RSSSF.com hide FA Cup Seasons 1871 -- 72 1872 -- 73 1873 -- 74 1874 -- 75 1875 -- 76 1876 -- 77 1877 -- 78 1878 -- 79 1879 -- 80 1880 -- 81 1881 -- 82 1882 -- 83 1883 -- 84 1884 -- 85 1885 -- 86 1886 -- 87 1887 -- 88 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Qualifying rounds 1888 -- 89 1889 -- 90 1890 -- 91 1891 -- 92 1892 -- 93 1893 -- 94 1894 -- 95 1895 -- 96 1896 -- 97 1897 -- 98 1898 -- 99 1899 -- 1900 1900 -- 01 1901 -- 02 1902 -- 03 1903 -- 04 1904 -- 05 1905 -- 06 1906 -- 07 1907 -- 08 1908 -- 09 1909 -- 10 1910 -- 11 1911 -- 12 1912 -- 13 1913 -- 14 1914 -- 15 1919 -- 20 1920 -- 21 1921 -- 22 1922 -- 23 1923 -- 24 1924 -- 25 1925 -- 26 1926 -- 27 1927 -- 28 1928 -- 29 1929 -- 30 1930 -- 31 1931 -- 32 1932 -- 33 1933 -- 34 1934 -- 35 1935 -- 36 1936 -- 37 1937 -- 38 1938 -- 39 1945 -- 46 1946 -- 47 1947 -- 48 1948 -- 49 1949 -- 50 1950 -- 51 1951 -- 52 1952 -- 53 1953 -- 54 1954 -- 55 1955 -- 56 1956 -- 57 1957 -- 58 1958 -- 59 1959 -- 60 1960 -- 61 1961 -- 62 1962 -- 63 1963 -- 64 1964 -- 65 1965 -- 66 1966 -- 67 1967 -- 68 1968 -- 69 1969 -- 70 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 2000 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 Finals 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1992 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 History Trophy List of finals Third - fourth place matches Semi-finals Final referees Winning managers Non-English clubs Non-League clubs in the 5th Round Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_FA_Cup_Finals&oldid=847657851 '' Categories : FA Cup FA Cup Finals Lists of association football matches Association football in England lists Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use dmy dates from January 2013 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Magyar Română Русский Türkçe Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 22 : 14 ( UTC ) . 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FA Cup winners Season Winners Score Runners -- up Venue Attendance 1871 -- 72 Wanderers 1 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1872 -- 73 Wanderers 2 -- 0 Oxford University Lillie Bridge 3,000 1873 -- 74 Oxford University 2 -- 0 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 Royal Engineers * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 2,000 1874 -- 75 ( R ) Royal Engineers 2 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,000 1875 -- 76 Wanderers * 1 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 3,500 1875 -- 76 ( R ) Wanderers 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 1,500 1876 -- 77 Wanderers * 2 -- 1 * Oxford University Kennington Oval 3,000 1877 -- 78 Wanderers 3 -- 1 Royal Engineers Kennington Oval 4,500 1878 -- 79 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Clapham Rovers Kennington Oval 5,000 1879 -- 80 Clapham Rovers 1 -- 0 Oxford University Kennington Oval 6,000 1880 -- 81 Old Carthusians 3 -- 0 Old Etonians Kennington Oval 4,000 1881 -- 82 Old Etonians 1 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Kennington Oval 6,500 1882 -- 83 Blackburn Olympic * 2 -- 1 * Old Etonians Kennington Oval 8,000 1883 -- 84 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 1 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 4,000 1884 -- 85 Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 Queen 's Park Kennington Oval 12,500 1885 -- 86 Blackburn Rovers 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,000 1885 -- 86 ( R ) Blackburn Rovers 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Racecourse Ground 12,000 1886 -- 87 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Kennington Oval 15,500 1887 -- 88 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Preston North End Kennington Oval 19,000 1888 -- 89 Preston North End 3 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Kennington Oval 22,000 1889 -- 90 Blackburn Rovers 6 -- 1 The Wednesday Kennington Oval 20,000 1890 -- 91 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Notts County Kennington Oval 23,000 1891 -- 92 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 0 Aston Villa Kennington Oval 32,810 1892 -- 93 Wolverhampton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Everton Fallowfield Stadium 45,000 1893 -- 94 Notts County 4 -- 1 Bolton Wanderers Goodison Park 37,000 1894 -- 95 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 42,560 1895 -- 96 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Crystal Palace 48,836 1896 -- 97 Aston Villa 3 -- 2 Everton Crystal Palace 65,891 1897 -- 98 Nottingham Forest 3 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 62,017 1898 -- 99 Sheffield United 4 -- 1 Derby County Crystal Palace 73,833 1899 -- 1900 Bury 4 -- 0 Southampton Crystal Palace 68,945 1900 -- 01 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 2 Sheffield United Crystal Palace 110,820 1900 -- 01 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Sheffield United Burnden Park 20,470 1901 -- 02 Sheffield United 1 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 76,914 1901 -- 02 ( R ) Sheffield United 2 -- 1 Southampton Crystal Palace 33,068 1902 -- 03 Bury 6 -- 0 Derby County Crystal Palace 63,102 1903 -- 04 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Bolton Wanderers Crystal Palace 61,374 1904 -- 05 Aston Villa 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 101,117 1905 -- 06 Everton 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 75,609 1906 -- 07 The Wednesday 2 -- 1 Everton Crystal Palace 84,594 1907 -- 08 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 74,697 1908 -- 09 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Bristol City Crystal Palace 71,401 1909 -- 10 Newcastle United 1 -- 1 Barnsley Crystal Palace 77,747 1909 -- 10 ( R ) Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Barnsley Goodison Park 69,000 1910 -- 11 Bradford City 0 -- 0 Newcastle United Crystal Palace 69,068 1910 -- 11 ( R ) Bradford City 1 -- 0 Newcastle United Old Trafford 58,000 1911 -- 12 Barnsley 0 -- 0 West Bromwich Albion Crystal Palace 54,556 1911 -- 12 ( R ) Barnsley * 1 -- 0 * West Bromwich Albion Bramall Lane 38,555 1912 -- 13 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 Sunderland Crystal Palace 121,919 1913 -- 14 Burnley 1 -- 0 Liverpool Crystal Palace 72,778 1914 -- 15 Sheffield United 3 -- 0 Chelsea Old Trafford 49,557 1919 -- 20 Aston Villa * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Stamford Bridge 50,018 1920 -- 21 Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Wolverhampton Wanderers Stamford Bridge 72,805 1921 -- 22 Huddersfield Town 1 -- 0 Preston North End Stamford Bridge 53,000 1922 -- 23 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 West Ham United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 126,047 1923 -- 24 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,695 1924 -- 25 Sheffield United 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,763 1925 -- 26 Bolton Wanderers 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,447 1926 -- 27 Cardiff City 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 91,206 1927 -- 28 Blackburn Rovers 3 -- 1 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,041 1928 -- 29 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,576 1929 -- 30 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,488 1930 -- 31 West Bromwich Albion 2 -- 1 Birmingham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,406 1931 -- 32 Newcastle United 2 -- 1 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,298 1932 -- 33 Everton 3 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,950 1933 -- 34 Manchester City 2 -- 1 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,258 1934 -- 35 Sheffield Wednesday 4 -- 2 West Bromwich Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,204 1935 -- 36 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Sheffield United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,384 1936 -- 37 Sunderland 3 -- 1 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,495 1937 -- 38 Preston North End * 1 -- 0 * Huddersfield Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 93,497 1938 -- 39 Portsmouth 4 -- 1 Wolverhampton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,370 1945 -- 46 Derby County * 4 -- 1 * Charlton Athletic Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1946 -- 47 Charlton Athletic * 1 -- 0 * Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1947 -- 48 Manchester United 4 -- 2 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,000 1948 -- 49 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 99,500 1949 -- 50 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1950 -- 51 Newcastle United 2 -- 0 Blackpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1951 -- 52 Newcastle United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1952 -- 53 Blackpool 4 -- 3 Bolton Wanderers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1953 -- 54 West Bromwich Albion 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1954 -- 55 Newcastle United 3 -- 1 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1955 -- 56 Manchester City 3 -- 1 Birmingham City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1956 -- 57 Aston Villa 2 -- 1 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1957 -- 58 Bolton Wanderers 2 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1958 -- 59 Nottingham Forest 2 -- 1 Luton Town Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1959 -- 60 Wolverhampton Wanderers 3 -- 0 Blackburn Rovers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1960 -- 61 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1961 -- 62 Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 1 Burnley Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1962 -- 63 Manchester United 3 -- 1 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1963 -- 64 West Ham United 3 -- 2 Preston North End Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1964 -- 65 Liverpool * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1965 -- 66 Everton 3 -- 2 Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1966 -- 67 Tottenham Hotspur 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1967 -- 68 West Bromwich Albion * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1968 -- 69 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Leicester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 Chelsea * 2 -- 2 * Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1969 -- 70 ( R ) Chelsea * 2 -- 1 * Leeds United Old Trafford 62,078 1970 -- 71 Arsenal * 2 -- 1 * Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1971 -- 72 Leeds United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1972 -- 73 Sunderland 1 -- 0 Leeds United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1973 -- 74 Liverpool 3 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1974 -- 75 West Ham United 2 -- 0 Fulham Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1975 -- 76 Southampton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1976 -- 77 Manchester United 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1977 -- 78 Ipswich Town 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1978 -- 79 Arsenal 3 -- 2 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1979 -- 80 West Ham United 1 -- 0 Arsenal Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 1 * Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1980 -- 81 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 3 -- 2 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( original ) 92,000 1981 -- 82 Tottenham Hotspur * 1 -- 1 * Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1981 -- 82 ( R ) Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 0 Queens Park Rangers Wembley Stadium ( original ) 90,000 1982 -- 83 Manchester United * 2 -- 2 * Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1982 -- 83 ( R ) Manchester United 4 -- 0 Brighton & Hove Albion Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1983 -- 84 Everton 2 -- 0 Watford Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1984 -- 85 Manchester United * 1 -- 0 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 100,000 1985 -- 86 Liverpool 3 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1986 -- 87 Coventry City * 3 -- 2 * Tottenham Hotspur Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,000 1987 -- 88 Wimbledon 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 98,203 1988 -- 89 Liverpool * 3 -- 2 * Everton Wembley Stadium ( original ) 82,500 1989 -- 90 Manchester United * 3 -- 3 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1989 -- 90 ( R ) Manchester United 1 -- 0 Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1990 -- 91 Tottenham Hotspur * 2 -- 1 * Nottingham Forest Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1991 -- 92 Liverpool 2 -- 0 Sunderland Wembley Stadium ( original ) 80,000 1992 -- 93 Arsenal * 1 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,347 1992 -- 93 ( R ) Arsenal * 2 -- 1 * Sheffield Wednesday Wembley Stadium ( original ) 62,267 1993 -- 94 Manchester United 4 -- 0 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,634 1994 -- 95 Everton 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,592 1995 -- 96 Manchester United 1 -- 0 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,007 1996 -- 97 Chelsea 2 -- 0 Middlesbrough Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,160 1997 -- 98 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,183 1998 -- 99 Manchester United 2 -- 0 Newcastle United Wembley Stadium ( original ) 79,101 1999 -- 2000 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( original ) 78,217 2000 -- 01 Liverpool 2 -- 1 Arsenal Millennium Stadium 72,500 2001 -- 02 Arsenal 2 -- 0 Chelsea Millennium Stadium 73,963 2002 -- 03 Arsenal 1 -- 0 Southampton Millennium Stadium 73,726 2003 -- 04 Manchester United 3 -- 0 Millwall Millennium Stadium 71,350 2004 -- 05 Arsenal 0 -- 0 Manchester United Millennium Stadium 71,876 2005 -- 06 Liverpool 3 -- 3 West Ham United Millennium Stadium 71,140 2006 -- 07 Chelsea * 1 -- 0 * Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,826 2007 -- 08 Portsmouth 1 -- 0 Cardiff City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,874 2008 -- 09 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Everton Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,391 2009 -- 10 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Portsmouth Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,335 2010 -- 11 Manchester City 1 -- 0 Stoke City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,643 2011 -- 12 Chelsea 2 -- 1 Liverpool Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,041 2012 -- 13 Wigan Athletic 1 -- 0 Manchester City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 86,254 2013 -- 14 Arsenal * 3 -- 2 * Hull City Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,345 2014 -- 15 Arsenal 4 -- 0 Aston Villa Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,283 2015 -- 16 Manchester United * 2 -- 1 * Crystal Palace Wembley Stadium ( new ) 88,619 2016 -- 17 Arsenal 2 -- 1 Chelsea Wembley Stadium ( new ) 89,472 2017 -- 18 Chelsea 1 -- 0 Manchester United Wembley Stadium ( new ) 87,647

Arjan Singh - wikipedia Arjan Singh Jump to : navigation , search For the conservationist , see Billy Arjan Singh . Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh DFC Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh and ( right ) the ceremonial baton ( 1919 - 04 - 16 ) 16 April 1919 Lyallpur , Punjab , British India ( now Faisalabad , Pakistan ) 16 September 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 16 ) ( aged 98 ) New Delhi , India Allegiance British India ( 1938 -- 1947 ) India ( from 1947 ) Service / branch Indian Air Force Years of service 1938 -- 1970 2002 -- 2017 Rank Marshal of the Air Force Commands held No. 1 Squadron IAF Ambala Air Force Station Western Command VCAS Battles / wars World War II Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 Awards Padma Vibhushan General Service Medal 1947 Samar Seva Star Raksha Medal Sainya Seva Medal Indian Independence Medal Distinguished Flying Cross 1939 -- 1945 Star Burma Star War Medal 1939 -- 1945 India Service Medal Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh , DFC ( 16 April 1919 -- 16 September 2017 ) was an Indian Air Force marshal who served as Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969 . For his distinguished service in commanding the IAF during the Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 , he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan and in 1966 became the first IAF officer to be promoted to air chief marshal . After retiring from the IAF , he served as a diplomat , politician and advisor to the Indian government . He was Lieutenant Governor of Delhi from 1989 to 1990 . In 2002 , he became the first and only officer of the Indian Air Force to be promoted to five - star rank as Marshal of the Indian Air Force , equal to the army rank of Field Marshal . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early and personal life 2 Early military career 3 Commands held 4 Diplomatic and political career 5 Later life and death 6 IAF career highlights 7 Awards and decorations 7.1 Air Force Station Arjan Singh 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early and personal life ( edit ) Arjan Singh as a flight lieutenant with a group Indian pilots from No. 1 Squadron standing by a Hawker Hurricane IIc . L to R : Ibrahim , Homi Ratnagar , Arjan Singh , Henry and Murcot . World War II . Arjan Singh , C.O. of No. 1 Squadron IAF , being handed command during World War II . Singh was born on 15 Apr 1919 in Lyallpur , Punjab ( now known as Faisalabad , Pakistan ) , in what was then British India , into a Sikh family The British had built a network of canals across the Punjab in the latter half of the 19th century and early 20th century , and had encouraged farmers to settle there and cultivate the land . Arjan Singh 's family had been among those which had settled there after being allotted agricultural land by the administration . They had also joined the armed forces , in keeping with community traditions , and Arjan Singh was the fourth generation of his family to join the British Indian armed forces . His father was a Lance Daffadar in the Hodson 's Horse at the time of his birth , and retired as a full Risaldar in the Cavalry , serving for a time as ADC to a Division Commander . Arjan Singh 's grandfather Risaldar Major Hukam Singh served in the Guides Cavalry between 1883 and 1917 , and his great - grandfather , Naib Risaldar Sultana Singh , was among the first two generations of the Guides Cavalry enlisted in 1854 ; he was martyred during the Afghan campaign of 1879 . Thus , after three generations of men serving in the lower and middle ranks of the army , Arjan Singh was to become the first member of his family to become a commissioned officer . In 1948 , Singh was married to Teji Singh , a lady of his own community and similar family background , in a match arranged by their families in the usual Indian manner . They were married for 63 years before her death in April 2011 . The couple had a daughter , Asha , and a son , Arvind , who lives in the U.S. state of Arizona . A niece is actress Mandira Bedi ; Teji Singh was her maternal aunt . Early military Career ( edit ) Singh was educated at Montgomery , British India ( now in Pakistan ) and later entered the RAF College Cranwell in 1938 and was commissioned as a pilot officer in December 1939 . In 1943 , he was promoted to acting squadron leader and became the commander of No. 1 Squadron . Singh led No. 1 Squadron , Indian Air Force into combat during the Arakan Campaign in 1944 . He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) in June 1944 : Acting Squadron Leader Arjan Singh ( IND / 1577 ) , Indian Air Force , No. 1 ( I.A. F ) Squadron This officer has completed very ( sic ) many operational missions involving flights over difficult country , often in bad weather . He has displayed outstanding leadership , great skill and courage , qualities which have been reflected in the high morale and efficiency of the squadron which has won much success . Singh almost faced a court - martial in February 1945 when he tried to raise the morale of a trainee pilot ( later rumored to be the future Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh ) by conducting a low level air pass over a house in Kerala . In his defence , he insisted that such tricks were needed for every cadet to be a fighter pilot . Later that year , he commanded the Indian Air Force Exhibition Flight . As part of the celebrations for Independence Day on 15 August 1947 , Singh , by then a wing commander and acting group captain , led the first fly - past of RIAF aircraft over the Red Fort in Delhi . Commands held ( edit ) Flag of the Marshal of Indian Air Force U.S. President Barack Obama greets Arjan Singh , Marshal of the Indian Air Force , in the forecourt of Rashtrapati Bhawan at India 's annual republic day parade . Marshal of the Indian Air Force is accompanied by his Staff Officer , Wing Commander Mohan Rana Singh was Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) , from 1 August 1964 to 15 July 1969 , and was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1965 . When appointed as Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force , he was just about 45 . He has been the only Chief of the Air Staff to have headed the Air Force for five years as opposed to the regular tenure of two and a half to three years . Singh also became the first Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force to be upgraded to the rank of Air Chief Marshal from the rank of Air Marshal in recognition of his Air Force 's contribution in the 1965 war . He took retirement from his services in 1970 at the age of 50 . Diplomatic and political Career ( edit ) In 1971 , after his retirement , Singh was appointed as the Indian Ambassador to Switzerland and Vatican serving concurrently . He was also appointed as the High Commissioner to Kenya from 1974 to 1977 . Subsequently , he served as a member of the National Commission for Minorities and The Government of India from 1975 to 1981 . He was the Lt. Governor of Delhi from December 1989 to December 1990 and was made Marshal of the Air Force in January , 2002 . Later life and death ( edit ) Singh 's health declined in his final years , and he frequently made references to growing old and the passing away of many of his friends . In July 2015 , then aged 96 and wheelchair bound due to a temporary indisposition , he was among the many dignitaries to lay a wreath at the base of the coffin carrying the mortal remains of former President A.P.J. Abdul Kalam at Palam Airport . He paid his last respects to President Kalam at Palam Airport on 28 July . He remained active even at 98 , continuing to take tea and to play golf twice a week at the Delhi Golf Club . Singh suffered a massive cardiac arrest at his New Delhi residence in the early morning of 16 September 2017 and was rushed to the Army Hospital , Research and Referral , in New Delhi , where his condition was stated to be critical . He died at 7 : 47 p.m. ( IST ) that evening . After his passing , his body was returned to his home at 7A Kautilya Marg in New Delhi , where numerous visitors and dignitaries offered their respects , including President Ram Nath Kovind , Prime Minister Narendra Modi , Defence Minister Nirmala Sitharaman and the three service chiefs of the Indian Armed Forces . Accorded a state funeral by the Indian government , he was cremated at Brar Square in New Delhi on 18 September with full military honours , including a military flypast by IAF fighter jets and helicopters . IAF Career highlights ( edit ) Year Event Rank 1938 Entered RAF College Cranwell as a Flight Cadet 23 December 1939 Commissioned in Royal Air Force as a Pilot Officer 9 May 1941 Flying Officer 15 May 1942 Flight Lieutenant 1943 ( Acting ) Squadron Leader 2 June 1944 Awarded Distinguished Flying Cross 1947 Wing Commander , Royal Indian Air Force , Air Force Station , Ambala 1948 Group Captain , Director , Training , Air Headquarters 1949 ( Acting ) Air Commodore , Indian Air Force AOC , Operational Command 2 January 1955 Air Commodore , AOC Western Air Command , Delhi June 1960 Air Vice Marshal 1961 Air Vice Marshal , Air Officer in Charge of Administration , Air HQ 1962 Deputy Chief of Air Staff 1963 Vice Chief of the Air Staff ( India ) 1 August 1964 Chief of Air Staff ( India ) ( Air Marshal ) 26 January 1966 Chief of Air Staff rank upgraded to that of an Air Chief Marshal ; appointed Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee 16 January 1970 Retired from Indian Air Force 26 January 2002 Marshal of the Indian Air Force Sources : Awards and decorations ( edit ) Padma Vibhushan General Service Medal 1947 Samar Seva Star Raksha Medal Sainya Seva Medal Indian Independence Medal Distinguished Flying Cross 1939 -- 1945 Star Burma Star War Medal 1939 -- 1945 India Service Medal Sources : Air Force Station Arjan Singh ( edit ) On 14 April 2016 at an event to mark the Marshal 's 97th birthday , the then Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha announced that Indian Air Force base at Panagarh in West Bengal will be named after MIAF Arjan Singh in honor of his service , and will be called Air Force Station Arjan Singh from then . See also ( edit ) Field Marshal KM Cariappa Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Indian military officers of five - star rank hold their rank for life , and are considered to be serving officers until their deaths . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Only Marshal of IAF , hero of 1965 , Arjan Singh shaped the force '' . The Indian Express . 17 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshal of the Air Force Arjan Singh , DFC Archived 7 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Article in The Tribune Archived 17 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` Timeline of the life of IAF Marshal Arjan Singh '' . The Indian Express . 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Air Marshal Arjan Singh dies at 98 '' . The Statesmen. 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjan Singh was ' perfect gentleman , most generous ' : Kin '' . The Times of India . 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mandira Bedi remembers uncle Arjan Singh : Even at 98 , he used to play golf twice a week '' . The Hindustan Times . 17 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjan Singh , Indian Air Force Marshall and War Hero , Dies at 98 '' . Loksatta. 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` No. 36542 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 30 May 1944 . p. 2534 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjan Singh : an epitome of military leadership '' . Manorma Online . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Both of us were part of first flypast over Red Fort on August 15 , 1947 : Air Marshal Randhir Singh reminisces about Arjan Singh '' . The Indian Express . 17 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arjan Singh , Marshal of Indian Air Force , Dies At 98 '' . NDTV. 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjan Singh , Marshal of Indian Air Force , passes away '' . The Times of India . 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 17 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Arjan Singh , Marshal of the Indian Air Force and key figure in 1965 Pak war , dies at 98 '' . Hindustan Times . 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ A Many Splendoured Career Archived 25 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Summary of Service Record Archived 19 April 2014 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Arjan Singh , Marshal of the Indian Air Force , critically ill , PM Modi visits him at Army R&R hospital '' . The Indian Express . 16 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` State funeral for Arjan Singh ; flag to fly at half mast in Delhi '' . The Hindu . 17 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 8 October 2017 . Retrieved 17 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marshal Arjan Singh cremated with military honours '' . The Hindu . 18 September 2017 . Archived from the original on 3 October 2017 . Retrieved 19 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` President Pranab Mukherjee honours Arjan Singh , others on golden jubilee of 1965 war triumph '' . India.com . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Meet Marshal Arjan Singh , Who Made IAF A Nightmare For The Enemies And Guardian Of Our Skies '' . Storypick . Archived from the original on 16 September 2017 . Retrieved 16 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bengal air base named after Arjan Singh '' . The Tribune . Archived from the original on 18 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sudhi Ranjan Sen. `` India 's Oldest Serving Soldier , Marshal Of Air Force , Gets Rare Honour '' . NDTV . Archived from the original on 15 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Panagarh airbase to be renamed after Air Chief Marshal Arjan Singh '' . ANI News . Archived from the original on 17 April 2016 . Retrieved 15 April 2016 . hero External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Arjan Singh . 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Tata Ratan Tata Portal WikiProject VIAF : 56290805 LCCN : no2002111022 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arjan_Singh&oldid=804375855 '' Categories : 1919 births 2017 deaths People from Faisalabad Punjabi people Indian Sikhs Indian marshals Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in civil service Chiefs of Air Staff ( India ) Marshals of the air force Graduates of the Royal Air Force College Cranwell Recipients of the Distinguished Flying Cross ( United Kingdom ) Sikh warriors Lieutenant Governors of Delhi Military personnel from Punjab , India Ambassadors of India to Switzerland Ambassadors of India to the Holy See High Commissioners of India to Kenya Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Pages containing London Gazette template with parameter supp set to y Use dmy dates from April 2012 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Русский Simple English தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 8 October 2017 , at 16 : 10 . 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who fly past on 15 august 1947 on red fort

Singh almost faced a court - martial in February 1945 when he tried to raise the morale of a trainee pilot ( later rumored to be the future Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh ) by conducting a low level air pass over a house in Kerala . In his defence , he insisted that such tricks were needed for every cadet to be a fighter pilot . Later that year , he commanded the Indian Air Force Exhibition Flight . As part of the celebrations for Independence Day on 15 August 1947 , Singh , by then a wing commander and acting group captain , led the first fly - past of RIAF aircraft over the Red Fort in Delhi .

Main sequence - wikipedia Main sequence For the racehorse , see Main Sequence ( horse ) . A Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram plots the actual brightness ( or absolute magnitude ) of a star against its color index ( represented as B − V ) . The main sequence is visible as a prominent diagonal band that runs from the upper left to the lower right . This plot shows 22,000 stars from the Hipparcos Catalogue together with 1,000 low - luminosity stars ( red and white dwarfs ) from the Gliese Catalogue of Nearby Stars . Star formation Object classes Interstellar medium Molecular cloud Bok globule Dark nebula Young stellar object Protostar T Tauri star Pre-main - sequence star Herbig Ae / Be star Herbig -- Haro object Theoretical concepts Accretion Initial mass function Jeans instability Kelvin -- Helmholtz mechanism Nebular hypothesis Planetary migration Star portal In astronomy , the main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar color versus brightness . These color - magnitude plots are known as Hertzsprung -- Russell diagrams after their co-developers , Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell . Stars on this band are known as main - sequence stars or dwarf stars . These are the most numerous true stars in the universe , and include the Earth 's Sun . After condensation of mass and ignition of a star , it generates thermal energy in the dense core region through nuclear fusion of hydrogen atoms into helium . During this stage of the star 's lifetime , it is located along the main sequence at a position determined primarily by its mass , but also based upon its chemical composition and other factors . All main - sequence stars are in hydrostatic equilibrium , where outward thermal pressure from the hot core is balanced by the inward pressure of gravitational collapse from the overlying layers . The strong dependence of the rate of energy generation in the core on the temperature and pressure helps to sustain this balance . Energy generated at the core makes its way to the surface and is radiated away at the photosphere . The energy is carried by either radiation or convection , with the latter occurring in regions with steeper temperature gradients , higher opacity or both . The main sequence is sometimes divided into upper and lower parts , based on the dominant process that a star uses to generate energy . Stars below about 1.5 times the mass of the Sun ( 1.5 M ) primarily fuse hydrogen atoms together in a series of stages to form helium , a sequence called the proton -- proton chain . Above this mass , in the upper main sequence , the nuclear fusion process mainly uses atoms of carbon , nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the CNO cycle that produces helium from hydrogen atoms . Main - sequence stars with more than two solar masses undergo convection in their core regions , which acts to stir up the newly created helium and maintain the proportion of fuel needed for fusion to occur . Below this mass , stars have cores that are entirely radiative with convective zones near the surface . With decreasing stellar mass , the proportion of the star forming a convective envelope steadily increases . Main - sequence stars below 0.4 M undergo convection throughout their mass . When core convection does not occur , a helium - rich core develops surrounded by an outer layer of hydrogen . In general , the more massive a star is , the shorter its lifespan on the main sequence . After the hydrogen fuel at the core has been consumed , the star evolves away from the main sequence on the HR diagram . The behavior of a star now depends on its mass , with stars below 0.23 M becoming white dwarfs directly , whereas stars with up to ten solar masses pass through a red giant stage . More massive stars can explode as a supernova , or collapse directly into a black hole . In April , 2018 , astronomers reported the detection of the most distant `` ordinary '' ( i.e. , main sequence ) star , named Icarus ( formally , MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 ) , at 9 billion light - years away from Earth . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Formation and evolution 3 Properties 4 Dwarf terminology 5 Parameters 5.1 Sample parameters 6 Energy generation 7 Structure 8 Luminosity - color variation 9 Lifetime 10 Evolutionary tracks 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Further reading 14.1 General 14.2 Technical History ( edit ) Hot and brilliant O - type main - sequence stars in star - forming regions . These are all regions of star formation that contain many hot young stars including several bright stars of spectral type O . In the early part of the 20th century , information about the types and distances of stars became more readily available . The spectra of stars were shown to have distinctive features , which allowed them to be categorized . Annie Jump Cannon and Edward C. Pickering at Harvard College Observatory developed a method of categorization that became known as the Harvard Classification Scheme , published in the Harvard Annals in 1901 . In Potsdam in 1906 , the Danish astronomer Ejnar Hertzsprung noticed that the reddest stars -- classified as K and M in the Harvard scheme -- could be divided into two distinct groups . These stars are either much brighter than the Sun , or much fainter . To distinguish these groups , he called them `` giant '' and `` dwarf '' stars . The following year he began studying star clusters ; large groupings of stars that are co-located at approximately the same distance . He published the first plots of color versus luminosity for these stars . These plots showed a prominent and continuous sequence of stars , which he named the Main Sequence . At Princeton University , Henry Norris Russell was following a similar course of research . He was studying the relationship between the spectral classification of stars and their actual brightness as corrected for distance -- their absolute magnitude . For this purpose he used a set of stars that had reliable parallaxes and many of which had been categorized at Harvard . When he plotted the spectral types of these stars against their absolute magnitude , he found that dwarf stars followed a distinct relationship . This allowed the real brightness of a dwarf star to be predicted with reasonable accuracy . Of the red stars observed by Hertzsprung , the dwarf stars also followed the spectra - luminosity relationship discovered by Russell . However , the giant stars are much brighter than dwarfs and so do not follow the same relationship . Russell proposed that the `` giant stars must have low density or great surface - brightness , and the reverse is true of dwarf stars '' . The same curve also showed that there were very few faint white stars . In 1933 , Bengt Strömgren introduced the term Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram to denote a luminosity - spectral class diagram . This name reflected the parallel development of this technique by both Hertzsprung and Russell earlier in the century . As evolutionary models of stars were developed during the 1930s , it was shown that , for stars of a uniform chemical composition , a relationship exists between a star 's mass and its luminosity and radius . That is , for a given mass and composition , there is a unique solution for determining the star 's radius and luminosity . This became known as the Vogt - Russell theorem ; named after Heinrich Vogt and Henry Norris Russell . By this theorem , when a star 's chemical composition and its position on the main sequence is known , so too is the star 's mass and radius . ( However , it was subsequently discovered that the theorem breaks down somewhat for stars of non-uniform composition . ) A refined scheme for stellar classification was published in 1943 by William Wilson Morgan and Philip Childs Keenan . The MK classification assigned each star a spectral type -- based on the Harvard classification -- and a luminosity class . The Harvard classification had been developed by assigning a different letter to each star based on the strength of the hydrogen spectral line , before the relationship between spectra and temperature was known . When ordered by temperature and when duplicate classes were removed , the spectral types of stars followed , in order of decreasing temperature with colors ranging from blue to red , the sequence O , B , A , F , G , K and M. ( A popular mnemonic for memorizing this sequence of stellar classes is `` Oh Be A Fine Girl / Guy , Kiss Me '' . ) The luminosity class ranged from I to V , in order of decreasing luminosity . Stars of luminosity class V belonged to the main sequence . In April , 2018 , astronomers reported the detection of the most distant `` ordinary '' ( i.e. , main sequence ) star , named Icarus ( formally , MACS J1149 Lensed Star 1 ) , at 9 billion light - years away from Earth . Formation and Evolution ( edit ) Main articles : Star formation , Protostar , Pre-main - sequence star , and Stellar evolution § Main sequence When a protostar is formed from the collapse of a giant molecular cloud of gas and dust in the local interstellar medium , the initial composition is homogeneous throughout , consisting of about 70 % hydrogen , 28 % helium and trace amounts of other elements , by mass . The initial mass of the star depends on the local conditions within the cloud . ( The mass distribution of newly formed stars is described empirically by the initial mass function . ) During the initial collapse , this pre-main - sequence star generates energy through gravitational contraction . Upon reaching a suitable density , energy generation is begun at the core using an exothermic nuclear fusion process that converts hydrogen into helium . Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram Spectral type Brown dwarfs White dwarfs Red dwarfs Subdwarfs Main sequence ( `` dwarfs '' ) Subgiants Giants Bright giants Supergiants Hypergiants absolute magni - tude ( M ) When nuclear fusion of hydrogen becomes the dominant energy production process and the excess energy gained from gravitational contraction has been lost , the star lies along a curve on the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagram ( or HR diagram ) called the standard main sequence . Astronomers will sometimes refer to this stage as `` zero age main sequence '' , or ZAMS . The ZAMS curve can be calculated using computer models of stellar properties at the point when stars begin hydrogen fusion . From this point , the brightness and surface temperature of stars typically increase with age . A star remains near its initial position on the main sequence until a significant amount of hydrogen in the core has been consumed , then begins to evolve into a more luminous star . ( On the HR diagram , the evolving star moves up and to the right of the main sequence . ) Thus the main sequence represents the primary hydrogen - burning stage of a star 's lifetime . Properties ( edit ) The majority of stars on a typical HR diagram lie along the main - sequence curve . This line is pronounced because both the spectral type and the luminosity depend only on a star 's mass , at least to zeroth - order approximation , as long as it is fusing hydrogen at its core -- and that is what almost all stars spend most of their `` active '' lives doing . The temperature of a star determines its spectral type via its effect on the physical properties of plasma in its photosphere . A star 's energy emission as a function of wavelength is influenced by both its temperature and composition . A key indicator of this energy distribution is given by the color index , B − V , which measures the star 's magnitude in blue ( B ) and green - yellow ( V ) light by means of filters . This difference in magnitude provides a measure of a star 's temperature . Dwarf terminology ( edit ) Main - sequence stars are called dwarf stars , but this terminology is partly historical and can be somewhat confusing . For the cooler stars , dwarfs such as red dwarfs , orange dwarfs , and yellow dwarfs are indeed much smaller and dimmer than other stars of those colors . However , for hotter blue and white stars , the size and brightness difference between so - called `` dwarf '' stars that are on the main sequence and the so - called `` giant '' stars that are not becomes smaller ; for the hottest stars it is not directly observable . For those stars the terms `` dwarf '' and `` giant '' refer to differences in spectral lines which indicate if a star is on the main sequence or off it . Nevertheless , very hot main - sequence stars are still sometimes called dwarfs , even though they have roughly the same size and brightness as the `` giant '' stars of that temperature . The common use of `` dwarf '' to mean main sequence is confusing in another way , because there are dwarf stars which are not main - sequence stars . For example , a white dwarf is the dead core of a star that is left after the star has shed its outer layers , that is much smaller than a main - sequence star , roughly the size of Earth . These represent the final evolutionary stage of many main - sequence stars . Parameters ( edit ) Comparison of main sequence stars of each spectral class By treating the star as an idealized energy radiator known as a black body , the luminosity L and radius R can be related to the effective temperature T by the Stefan -- Boltzmann law : L = 4 π σ R 2 T e f f 4 ( \ displaystyle L = 4 \ pi \ sigma R ^ ( 2 ) T_ ( eff ) ^ ( 4 ) ) where σ is the Stefan -- Boltzmann constant . As the position of a star on the HR diagram shows its approximate luminosity , this relation can be used to estimate its radius . The mass , radius and luminosity of a star are closely interlinked , and their respective values can be approximated by three relations . First is the Stefan -- Boltzmann law , which relates the luminosity L , the radius R and the surface temperature T. Second is the mass -- luminosity relation , which relates the luminosity L and the mass M. Finally , the relationship between M and R is close to linear . The ratio of M to R increases by a factor of only three over 2.5 orders of magnitude of M . This relation is roughly proportional to the star 's inner temperature T , and its extremely slow increase reflects the fact that the rate of energy generation in the core strongly depends on this temperature , whereas it has to fit the mass -- luminosity relation . Thus , a too high or too low temperature will result in stellar instability . A better approximation is to take ε = L / M , the energy generation rate per unit mass , as ε is proportional to T , where T is the core temperature . This is suitable for stars at least as massive as the Sun , exhibiting the CNO cycle , and gives the better fit R ∝ M . Sample parameters ( edit ) The table below shows typical values for stars along the main sequence . The values of luminosity ( L ) , radius ( R ) and mass ( M ) are relative to the Sun -- a dwarf star with a spectral classification of G2 V . The actual values for a star may vary by as much as 20 -- 30 % from the values listed below . Table of main - sequence stellar parameters Stellar Class Radius Mass Luminosity Temp . Examples R / R M / M L / L O6 18 40 500,000 38,000 Theta1 Orionis C B0 07.4 18 020,000 30,000 Phi Orionis B5 03.8 06.5 000 , 800 16,400 Pi Andromedae A A0 02.5 03.2 000 , 080 10,800 Alpha Coronae Borealis A A5 01.7 02.1 000 , 020 08,620 Beta Pictoris F0 01.3 01.7 000 , 00 6 07,240 Gamma Virginis F5 01.2 01.3 000 , 00 2.5 06,540 Eta Arietis G0 01.05 01.10 000 , 00 1.26 05,920 Beta Comae Berenices G2 01. 00 01. 00 000 , 00 1. 00 05,780 Sun G5 00.93 00.93 000 , 00 0.79 05,610 Alpha Mensae K0 00.85 00.78 000 , 00 0.40 05,240 70 Ophiuchi A K5 00.74 00.69 000 , 00 0.16 04,410 61 Cygni A M0 00.63 00.47 000 , 00 0.063 03,920 Gliese 185 M5 00.32 00.21 000 , 00 0.0079 03,120 EZ Aquarii A M8 00.13 00.10 000 , 00 0.0008 02,660 Van Biesbroeck 's star Energy generation ( edit ) Logarithm of the relative energy output ( ε ) Proton - Proton ( PP ) , CNO and Triple - α fusion processes at different temperatures : The dashed line shows the combined energy generation of the PP and CNO processes within a star . At the Sun 's core temperature , the PP process is more efficient . See also : Stellar nucleosynthesis All main - sequence stars have a core region where energy is generated by nuclear fusion . The temperature and density of this core are at the levels necessary to sustain the energy production that will support the remainder of the star . A reduction of energy production would cause the overlaying mass to compress the core , resulting in an increase in the fusion rate because of higher temperature and pressure . Likewise an increase in energy production would cause the star to expand , lowering the pressure at the core . Thus the star forms a self - regulating system in hydrostatic equilibrium that is stable over the course of its main sequence lifetime . Main - sequence stars employ two types of hydrogen fusion processes , and the rate of energy generation from each type depends on the temperature in the core region . Astronomers divide the main sequence into upper and lower parts , based on which of the two is the dominant fusion process . In the lower main sequence , energy is primarily generated as the result of the proton - proton chain , which directly fuses hydrogen together in a series of stages to produce helium . Stars in the upper main sequence have sufficiently high core temperatures to efficiently use the CNO cycle . ( See the chart . ) This process uses atoms of carbon , nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries in the process of fusing hydrogen into helium . At a stellar core temperature of 18 million Kelvin , the PP process and CNO cycle are equally efficient , and each type generates half of the star 's net luminosity . As this is the core temperature of a star with about 1.5 M , the upper main sequence consists of stars above this mass . Thus , roughly speaking , stars of spectral class F or cooler belong to the lower main sequence , while A-type stars or hotter are upper main - sequence stars . The transition in primary energy production from one form to the other spans a range difference of less than a single solar mass . In the Sun , a one solar - mass star , only 1.5 % of the energy is generated by the CNO cycle . By contrast , stars with 1.8 M or above generate almost their entire energy output through the CNO cycle . The observed upper limit for a main - sequence star is 120 -- 200 M . The theoretical explanation for this limit is that stars above this mass can not radiate energy fast enough to remain stable , so any additional mass will be ejected in a series of pulsations until the star reaches a stable limit . The lower limit for sustained proton -- proton nuclear fusion is about 0.08 M or 80 times the mass of Jupiter . Below this threshold are sub-stellar objects that can not sustain hydrogen fusion , known as brown dwarfs . Structure ( edit ) Main article : Stellar structure This diagram shows a cross-section of a Sun - like star , showing the internal structure . Because there is a temperature difference between the core and the surface , or photosphere , energy is transported outward . The two modes for transporting this energy are radiation and convection . A radiation zone , where energy is transported by radiation , is stable against convection and there is very little mixing of the plasma . By contrast , in a convection zone the energy is transported by bulk movement of plasma , with hotter material rising and cooler material descending . Convection is a more efficient mode for carrying energy than radiation , but it will only occur under conditions that create a steep temperature gradient . In massive stars ( above 10 M ) the rate of energy generation by the CNO cycle is very sensitive to temperature , so the fusion is highly concentrated at the core . Consequently , there is a high temperature gradient in the core region , which results in a convection zone for more efficient energy transport . This mixing of material around the core removes the helium ash from the hydrogen - burning region , allowing more of the hydrogen in the star to be consumed during the main - sequence lifetime . The outer regions of a massive star transport energy by radiation , with little or no convection . Intermediate - mass stars such as Sirius may transport energy primarily by radiation , with a small core convection region . Medium - sized , low - mass stars like the Sun have a core region that is stable against convection , with a convection zone near the surface that mixes the outer layers . This results in a steady buildup of a helium - rich core , surrounded by a hydrogen - rich outer region . By contrast , cool , very low - mass stars ( below 0.4 M ) are convective throughout . Thus the helium produced at the core is distributed across the star , producing a relatively uniform atmosphere and a proportionately longer main sequence lifespan . Luminosity - color variation ( edit ) The Sun is the most familiar example of a main - sequence star As non-fusing helium ash accumulates in the core of a main - sequence star , the reduction in the abundance of hydrogen per unit mass results in a gradual lowering of the fusion rate within that mass . Since it is the outflow of fusion - supplied energy that supports the higher layers of the star , the core is compressed , producing higher temperatures and pressures . Both factors increase the rate of fusion thus moving the equilibrium towards a smaller , denser , hotter core producing more energy whose increased outflow pushes the higher layers further out . Thus there is a steady increase in the luminosity and radius of the star over time . For example , the luminosity of the early Sun was only about 70 % of its current value . As a star ages this luminosity increase changes its position on the HR diagram . This effect results in a broadening of the main sequence band because stars are observed at random stages in their lifetime . That is , the main sequence band develops a thickness on the HR diagram ; it is not simply a narrow line . Other factors that broaden the main sequence band on the HR diagram include uncertainty in the distance to stars and the presence of unresolved binary stars that can alter the observed stellar parameters . However , even perfect observation would show a fuzzy main sequence because mass is not the only parameter that affects a star 's color and luminosity . Variations in chemical composition caused by the initial abundances , the star 's evolutionary status , interaction with a close companion , rapid rotation , or a magnetic field can all slightly change a main - sequence star 's HR diagram position , to name just a few factors . As an example , there are metal - poor stars ( with a very low abundance of elements with higher atomic numbers than helium ) that lie just below the main sequence and are known as subdwarfs . These stars are fusing hydrogen in their cores and so they mark the lower edge of main sequence fuzziness caused by variance in chemical composition . A nearly vertical region of the HR diagram , known as the instability strip , is occupied by pulsating variable stars known as Cepheid variables . These stars vary in magnitude at regular intervals , giving them a pulsating appearance . The strip intersects the upper part of the main sequence in the region of class A and F stars , which are between one and two solar masses . Pulsating stars in this part of the instability strip that intersects the upper part of the main sequence are called Delta Scuti variables . Main - sequence stars in this region experience only small changes in magnitude and so this variation is difficult to detect . Other classes of unstable main - sequence stars , like Beta Cephei variables , are unrelated to this instability strip . Lifetime ( edit ) This plot gives an example of the mass - luminosity relationship for zero - age main - sequence stars . The mass and luminosity are relative to the present - day Sun . The total amount of energy that a star can generate through nuclear fusion of hydrogen is limited by the amount of hydrogen fuel that can be consumed at the core . For a star in equilibrium , the energy generated at the core must be at least equal to the energy radiated at the surface . Since the luminosity gives the amount of energy radiated per unit time , the total life span can be estimated , to first approximation , as the total energy produced divided by the star 's luminosity . For a star with at least 0.5 M , when the hydrogen supply in its core is exhausted and it expands to become a red giant , it can start to fuse helium atoms to form carbon . The energy output of the helium fusion process per unit mass is only about a tenth the energy output of the hydrogen process , and the luminosity of the star increases . This results in a much shorter length of time in this stage compared to the main sequence lifetime . ( For example , the Sun is predicted to spend 130 million years burning helium , compared to about 12 billion years burning hydrogen . ) Thus , about 90 % of the observed stars above 0.5 M will be on the main sequence . On average , main - sequence stars are known to follow an empirical mass - luminosity relationship . The luminosity ( L ) of the star is roughly proportional to the total mass ( M ) as the following power law : L ∝ M 3.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) L \ \ propto \ M ^ ( 3.5 ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) This relationship applies to main - sequence stars in the range 0.1 -- 50 M . The amount of fuel available for nuclear fusion is proportional to the mass of the star . Thus , the lifetime of a star on the main sequence can be estimated by comparing it to solar evolutionary models . The Sun has been a main - sequence star for about 4.5 billion years and it will become a red giant in 6.5 billion years , for a total main sequence lifetime of roughly 10 years . Hence : τ M S ≈ 10 10 years ⋅ ( M M ⨀ ) ⋅ ( L ⨀ L ) = 10 10 years ⋅ ( M M ⨀ ) − 2.5 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) \ tau _ ( \ rm ( MS ) ) \ \ approx \ 10 ^ ( 10 ) ( \ text ( years ) ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ) \ right ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( L_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ( L ) ) \ right ) \ =\ 10 ^ ( 10 ) ( \ text ( years ) ) \ cdot \ left ( ( \ frac ( M ) ( M_ ( \ bigodot ) ) ) \ right ) ^ ( - 2.5 ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) where M and L are the mass and luminosity of the star , respectively , M ⨀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) M_ ( \ bigodot ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) is a solar mass , L ⨀ ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( smallmatrix ) L_ ( \ bigodot ) \ end ( smallmatrix ) ) ) is the solar luminosity and τ M S ( \ displaystyle \ tau _ ( \ rm ( MS ) ) ) is the star 's estimated main sequence lifetime . Although more massive stars have more fuel to burn and might intuitively be expected to last longer , they also radiate a proportionately greater amount with increased mass . This is required by the stellar equation of state ; for a massive star to maintain equilibrium , the outward pressure of radiated energy generated in the core not only must but will rise to match the titanic inward gravitational pressure of its envelope . Thus , the most massive stars may remain on the main sequence for only a few million years , while stars with less than a tenth of a solar mass may last for over a trillion years . The exact mass - luminosity relationship depends on how efficiently energy can be transported from the core to the surface . A higher opacity has an insulating effect that retains more energy at the core , so the star does not need to produce as much energy to remain in hydrostatic equilibrium . By contrast , a lower opacity means energy escapes more rapidly and the star must burn more fuel to remain in equilibrium . Note , however , that a sufficiently high opacity can result in energy transport via convection , which changes the conditions needed to remain in equilibrium . In high - mass main - sequence stars , the opacity is dominated by electron scattering , which is nearly constant with increasing temperature . Thus the luminosity only increases as the cube of the star 's mass . For stars below 10 M , the opacity becomes dependent on temperature , resulting in the luminosity varying approximately as the fourth power of the star 's mass . For very low - mass stars , molecules in the atmosphere also contribute to the opacity . Below about 0.5 M , the luminosity of the star varies as the mass to the power of 2.3 , producing a flattening of the slope on a graph of mass versus luminosity . Even these refinements are only an approximation , however , and the mass - luminosity relation can vary depending on a star 's composition . Evolutionary tracks ( edit ) See also : Stellar evolution This shows the Hertzsprung -- Russell diagrams for two open clusters . NGC 188 ( blue ) is older , and shows a lower turn off from the main sequence than that seen in M67 ( yellow ) . The dots outside the two sequences are mostly foreground and background stars with no relation to the clusters . When a main - sequence star consumes the hydrogen at its core , the loss of energy generation causes its gravitational collapse to resume . Stars with less than 0.23 M , are predicted to directly become white dwarfs when energy generation by nuclear fusion of hydrogen at their core comes to a halt . In stars between this threshold and 10 M , the hydrogen surrounding the helium core reaches sufficient temperature and pressure to undergo fusion , forming a hydrogen - burning shell . In consequence of this change , the outer envelope of the star expands and decreases in temperature , turning it into a red giant . At this point the star is evolving off the main sequence and entering the giant branch . The path which the star now follows across the HR diagram , to the upper right of the main sequence , is called an evolutionary track . The helium core of a red giant continues to collapse until it is entirely supported by electron degeneracy pressure -- a quantum mechanical effect that restricts how closely matter can be compacted . For stars of more than about 0.5 M , the core eventually reaches a temperature where it becomes hot enough to burn helium into carbon via the triple alpha process . Stars with more than 5 -- 7.5 M can additionally fuse elements with higher atomic numbers . For stars with ten or more solar masses , this process can lead to an increasingly dense core that finally collapses , ejecting the star 's overlying layers in a Type II supernova explosion , Type Ib supernova or Type Ic supernova . When a cluster of stars is formed at about the same time , the life span of these stars will depend on their individual masses . The most massive stars will leave the main sequence first , followed steadily in sequence by stars of ever lower masses . Thus the stars will evolve in order of their position on the main sequence , proceeding from the most massive at the left toward the right of the HR diagram . The current position where stars in this cluster are leaving the main sequence is known as the turn - off point . By knowing the main sequence lifespan of stars at this point , it becomes possible to estimate the age of the cluster . See also ( edit ) Star portal Astronomy portal Hydrogen - burning process Red dwarf Supergiant Sun Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ By measuring the difference between these values , this eliminates the need to correct the magnitudes for distance . However , see extinction . Jump up ^ The Sun is a typical type G2V star . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Harding E. Smith ( 1999 - 04 - 21 ) . `` The Hertzsprung - Russell Diagram '' . Gene Smith 's Astronomy Tutorial . Center for Astrophysics & Space Sciences , University of California , San Diego . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Richard Powell ( 2006 ) . `` The Hertzsprung Russell Diagram '' . An Atlas of the Universe . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Adams , Fred C. ; Laughlin , Gregory ( April 1997 ) . `` A Dying Universe : The Long Term Fate and Evolution of Astrophysical Objects '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 372 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9701131 . 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An Introduction to the Sun and Stars . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54622 - 2 . Jump up ^ Richmond , Michael W. ( 2004 - 11 - 10 ) . `` Stellar evolution on the main sequence '' . Rochester Institute of Technology . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 03 . ^ Jump up to : Prialnik , Dina ( 2000 ) . An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 65937 - X . Jump up ^ Schröder , K. - P. ; Connon Smith , Robert ( May 2008 ) . `` Distant future of the Sun and Earth revisited '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 386 ( 1 ) : 155 -- 163 . arXiv : 0801.4031 . Bibcode : 2008MNRAS. 386 ... 155S . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2008. 13022. x . Jump up ^ Arnett , David ( 1996 ) . Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis : An Investigation of the History of Matter , from the Big Bang to the Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01147 - 8 . -- Hydrogen fusion produces 8 × 10 erg / g while helium fusion produces 8 × 10 erg / g . Jump up ^ For a detailed historical reconstruction of the theoretical derivation of this relationship by Eddington in 1924 , see : Lecchini , Stefano ( 2007 ) . How Dwarfs Became Giants . The Discovery of the Mass - Luminosity Relation . Bern Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science . ISBN 3 - 9522882 - 6 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Rolfs , Claus E. ; Rodney , William S. ( 1988 ) . Cauldrons in the Cosmos : Nuclear Astrophysics . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 72457 - 3 . Jump up ^ Sackmann , I. - Juliana ; Boothroyd , Arnold I. ; Kraemer , Kathleen E. ( November 1993 ) . `` Our Sun . III . Present and Future '' . Astrophysical Journal . 418 : 457 -- 468 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 418 ... 457S . doi : 10.1086 / 173407 . Jump up ^ Hansen , Carl J. ; Kawaler , Steven D. ( 1994 ) . Stellar Interiors : Physical Principles , Structure , and Evolution . Birkhäuser . p. 28 . ISBN 0 - 387 - 94138 - X . Jump up ^ Laughlin , Gregory ; Bodenheimer , Peter ; Adams , Fred C. ( 1997 ) . `` The End of the Main Sequence '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 482 ( 1 ) : 420 -- 432 . Bibcode : 1997ApJ ... 482 ... 420L . doi : 10.1086 / 304125 . Jump up ^ Imamura , James N. ( 1995 - 02 - 07 ) . `` Mass - Luminosity Relationship '' . University of Oregon . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Fynbo , Hans O.U. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Revised rates for the stellar triple - α process from measurement of 12C nuclear resonances '' . Nature . 433 ( 7022 ) : 136 -- 139 . doi : 10.1038 / nature03219 . PMID 15650733 . Jump up ^ Sitko , Michael L. ( 2000 - 03 - 24 ) . `` Stellar Structure and Evolution '' . University of Cincinnati . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2005 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ Staff ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) . `` Post-Main Sequence Stars '' . Australia Telescope Outreach and Education . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ Girardi , L. ; Bressan , A. ; Bertelli , G. ; Chiosi , C. ( 2000 ) . `` Evolutionary tracks and isochrones for low - and intermediate - mass stars : From 0.15 to 7 M , and from Z = 0.0004 to 0.03 '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement. 141 ( 3 ) : 371 -- 383 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9910164 . Bibcode : 2000A&AS ... 141 ... 371G . doi : 10.1051 / aas : 2000126 . Jump up ^ Poelarends , A.J.T. ; Herwig , F. ; Langer , N. ; Heger , A. ( March 2008 ) . `` The Supernova Channel of Super-AGB Stars '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 675 ( 1 ) : 614 -- 625 . arXiv : 0705.4643 . Bibcode : 2008ApJ ... 675 ... 614P . doi : 10.1086 / 520872 . Jump up ^ Krauss , Lawrence M. ; Chaboyer , Brian ( 2003 ) . `` Age Estimates of Globular Clusters in the Milky Way : Constraints on Cosmology '' . Science . 299 ( 5603 ) : 65 -- 69 . Bibcode : 2003Sci ... 299 ... 65K . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1075631 . PMID 12511641 . Further reading ( edit ) General ( edit ) Kippenhahn , Rudolf , 100 Billion Suns , Basic Books , New York , 1983 . Technical ( edit ) Arnett , David , Supernovae and Nucleosynthesis , Princeton University Press , Princeton , 1996 . Bahcall , John N. , Neutrino Astrophysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1989 . Bahcall , John N. , Pinsonneault , M.H. , and Basu , Sarbani , `` Solar Models : Current Epoch and Time Dependences , Neutrinos , and Helioseismological Properties , '' The Astrophysical Journal , 555 , 990 , 2001 . Barnes , C.A. , Clayton , D.D. , and Schramm , D.N. ( eds . ) , Essays in Nuclear Astrophysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 1982 . Bowers , Richard L. , and Deeming , Terry , Astrophysics I : Stars , Jones and Bartlett , Publishers , Boston , 1984 . Bradley W. Carroll & Dale A. Ostlie ( 2007 ) . An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics . Person Education Addison - Wesley San Francisco . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 0402 - 9 . Chabrier , Gilles , and Baraffe , Isabelle , `` Theory of Low - Mass Stars and Substellar Objects , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 38 , 337 , 2000 . Chandrasekhar , S. , An Introduction to the study of stellar Structure , Dover Publications , Inc. , New York , 1967 . Clayton , Donald D. , Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis , University of Chicago Press , Chicago , 1983 . Cox , J.P. , and Giuli , R.T. , Principles of Stellar Structure , Gordon and Breach , New York , 1968 . Fowler , William . , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , I , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5 , 525 , 1967 . Fowler , William A. , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , II , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 13 , 69 , 1975 . Hansen , Carl J. , Kawaler , Steven D. , and Trimble , Virginia Stellar Interiors : Physical Principles , Structure , and Evolution , Second Edition , Springer - Verlag , New York , 2004 . Harris , Michael J. , Fowler , William A. , Caughlan , Georgeanne R. , and Zimmerman , Barbara A. , `` Thermonuclear Reaction Rates , III , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 21 , 165 , 1983 . Iben , Icko , Jr , `` Stellar Evolution Within and Off the Main Sequence , '' Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 5 , 571 , 1967 . Iglesias , Carlos A , and Rogers , Forrest J. , `` Updated Opal Opacities , '' The Astrophysical Journal , 464 , 943 , 1996 . Kippenhahn , Rudolf , and Weigert , Alfred , Stellar Structure and Evolution , Springer - Verlag , Berlin , 1990 . Liebert , James , and Probst , Ronald G. , `` Very Low Mass Stars '' , Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics , 25 , 437 , 1987 . Padmanabhan , T. , Theoretical Astrophysics , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 2002 . Prialnik , Dina , An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution , Cambridge University Press , Cambridge , 2000 . Novotny , Eva , Introduction to Stellar Atmospheres and Interior , Oxford University Press , New York , 1973 . Shore , Steven N. , The Tapestry of Modern Astrophysics , John Wiley and Sons , Hoboken , 2003 . 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4) why is there is a lower-limit to the mass of main sequence stars

The observed upper limit for a main - sequence star is 120 -- 200 M . The theoretical explanation for this limit is that stars above this mass can not radiate energy fast enough to remain stable , so any additional mass will be ejected in a series of pulsations until the star reaches a stable limit . The lower limit for sustained proton -- proton nuclear fusion is about 0.08 M or 80 times the mass of Jupiter . Below this threshold are sub-stellar objects that can not sustain hydrogen fusion , known as brown dwarfs .

Knife legislation - Wikipedia Knife legislation Jump to : navigation , search Knife legislation is defined as the body of statutory law or case law promulgated or enacted by a government or other governing jurisdiction that prohibits , criminalizes , or restricts the otherwise legal manufacture , importation , sale , transfer , possession , transport , or use of knives . The carrying of knives in public is forbidden or restricted by law in many countries . Exceptions may be made for hunting knives , pocket knives , and knives used for work - related purposes ( chef 's knives , etc . ) , depending upon the laws of a given jurisdiction . In turn , the carrying or possessing of certain type of knives perceived as deadly or offensive weapons such as automatic or switchblade knives or butterfly knives may be restricted or prohibited . Even where knives may be legally carried on the person generally , this right may not extend to all places and circumstances , and knives of any description may be prohibited at schools , public buildings or courthouses , and at public events . Contents ( hide ) 1 Austria 2 Belgium 3 Bulgaria 4 Canada 5 China 6 Czech Republic 7 Denmark 8 France 9 Germany 9.1 Prohibited knives 9.2 Cutting and thrusting weapons 9.3 Restricted - use knives 10 Greece 11 Hong Kong 12 Hungary 13 Japan 14 Latvia 15 Lithuania 16 Netherlands 17 Norway 18 Poland 19 Russia 20 Serbia 21 Slovakia 22 Spain 23 Sweden 24 United Kingdom 24.1 England and Wales 24.1. 1 Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 24.1. 2 Criminal Justice Act 1988 24.1. 3 Offensive Weapons Act 1996 24.1. 4 Knives Act 1997 24.1. 5 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 24.2 Scotland 24.3 Northern Ireland 25 United States 25.1 Federal laws 25.2 State and local laws 25.2. 1 Historical Origin 25.2. 2 Interpreting current state laws 25.3 City , County , and local laws 26 See also 27 References 28 External links Austria ( edit ) In accordance with the Austrian Arms Act of 1996 ( Waffengesetz 1996 ) it is illegal to buy , import , possess or carry weapons that are disguised as another object or as an object of common use ( sword canes , e.g. , or knives disguised as ink pens , brush handles or belt buckles ) . For ordinary knives , however , there are no restrictions or prohibitions based on blade length or opening or locking mechanism . The Arms Act defines weapons as `` objects that by their very nature are intended to reduce or eliminate the defensive ability of a person through direct impact '' , specifically including all firearms . Consequently , certain knives are considered `` weapons '' in accordance with this definition . Except for firearms , however , which are heavily regulated , such `` weapons '' , including automatic opening lock - blade knives ( switchblades ) , OTF automatic knives , balisongs , and gravity knives are implicitly permitted under the Arms Act , and thus may be bought , possessed and carried by anyone over the age of 18 who has not been expressively banned from owning any weapon ( Waffenverbot ) by the civilian authorities . Belgium ( edit ) Article 3 , § 1 of the 2006 Weapons Act lists the switchblade or automatic knife ( couteaux à cran d'arrêt et à lame jaillissante ) , as well as butterfly knives , throwing knives , throwing stars , and knives or blades that have the appearance of other objects ( i.e. sword canes , belt buckle knives , etc . ) as prohibited weapons . In addition to specifically prohibited knives , the police and local jurisdictions have broad authority to prohibit the carrying or possession of a wide variety of knives , to include carriage inside a vehicle , if the owner can not establish sufficient legal reason ( motif légitime ) for doing so , particularly in urban areas or at public events . This discretion extends to even folding knives without a locking blade . Bulgaria ( edit ) Bulgarian weapon law is maintained on a yearly basis . It is called ZOBVVPI ( Bulgarian : `` Закон за оръжията , боеприпасите , взривните вещества и пиротехническите изделия '' ) and it covers ONLY the possession and usage of firearms ( including gas and signal ones ) , and pellet or BB ( Bulgarian : `` сачми '' ) pneumatic guns . A state regulation on melee weapons of any kind does not exist , whether knives , swords , bats or electric devices . Neither there is a juridical definition on the terms `` melee weapon '' or `` cold weapon '' in any Bulgarian law . Hence it is absolutely legal to possess and carry a knife in Bulgaria without having to procure any reason for doing so . Concealed knife carry is OK , anywhere and anytime . Although there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any type of knives or swords , it is not widely accepted or considered appropriate to carry a knife openly in public places such as streets or public buildings , stores or restaurants . In urban areas , expect an instant check and hassle if a policeman sees you to openly carry a larger knife , even if you have legal right to do it . From a society point of view , the open carry of knives in Bulgaria is justified only on rural areas , when fishing or hunting , or when the knife serves as a tool in work activities , such as gardening . Some places like courts , banks , clubs , bars , etc. will deny you the access with any type of weapon ( knives included ) and most of them do n't offer a safekeeping option . It is urban legend in Bulgaria that knives above 10 cm. are illegal to carry on person , so expect the police to try and convince you give up the knife voluntarily , even if such measure is illegal . You should not give up your knife , instead state the purpose of `` daily needs '' , `` utility usage '' or even `` self - defense '' for carrying and be clear that you have n't committed any crime . Insist the policeman to cite a law against you carrying a knife in public . Since there is n't any such law in Bulgaria , police most likely will let you keep your knife and send you on your way with a `` warning '' . If they insist or are further misbehaving , ask to contact their superior officer prior to giving up your knife or else you wo n't see it again . Actually , there are some random city councils which try to limit knife lengths above 10 centimeters ( 4 inches ) with issuing acts , but these acts are all illegal and have no compliance force , because the councils serve only administrative functions and they do n't have the jurisdiction to invent or impose laws of any kind . Remember that although very liberal in terms of knives ( weapons ) possession and carry , compared to many European countries , Bulgaria is n't the place where you can defend yourself with deadly force . If the need for self - defense with a knife ever arises , consider it very carefully . Bulgaria has strong restrictive self - defense laws and a `` duty to retreat '' is always obligatory . Usually , courts often consider the armed self - defense as `` unjustified '' based on the Penal Code and the defending side ends up with an effective jail verdict , even if the cause ( treat ) for initiating self - defense is proven . Canada ( edit ) The Canadian Criminal Code criminalizes the possession of knives which open automatically . Section 84 ( 1 ) defines `` a knife that has a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device attached to or in the handle of the knife '' as a prohibited weapon . Only persons who have been granted exemption by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police through the Canadian Firearms Program are allowed to possess ( but not acquire ) prohibited weapons . If a person is found in unauthorized possession of a prohibited knife by any law enforcement officer , the person is liable to a maximum of 5 years in jail and the weapon being seized . The Crown can then apply to a Provincial Court judge for the weapon to be forfeited and destroyed . The import and export of prohibited weapons is also strictly regulated and enforced by the Canada Border Services Agency . Examples of prohibited knives include : any knife , including a switchblade , or butterfly knife with a blade that opens automatically by gravity or centrifugal force or by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife ; Constant Companion ( belt - buckle knife ) ; finger rings with blades or other sharp objects projecting from the surface ; push daggers . Manually - opened or ' one - handed ' opening knives , including spring - assisted knives , that do not fall within the categories listed as prohibited weapons definition are legal to own and use , however importation of many of these items has been banned by the CBSA . There is no length restriction on carrying knives within the Criminal Code , but there is a prohibition against carrying a knife if the possessor intends to carry for a purpose dangerous to public peace or for the purpose of committing a criminal offense . China ( edit ) Due to concerns about potential violence at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing , China began restricting `` dangerous knives '' , requiring that purchasers register with the government when purchasing these knives . Included in the new restrictions are knives with `` blood grooves '' , lockblade knives , knives with blades measuring over 22 cm ( 8.6 in ) in length , and knives with blades over 15 cm in length also having a point angle of less than 60 degrees . As of January 2011 , according to an authorized Leatherman dealer in Beijing all knives with a locking blade are illegal unless they are part of a larger multi-tool like a leatherman . However , many people still carry locking pocket knives especially when camping with no issues . He suggested carrying locking knives in checked luggage on airplanes , and on your person in trains and subways since they could be confiscated if found in a bag . Foreigners are generally given a bit more leeway in China so if a traveler is caught with a small knife there will probably be no prosecution and at most confiscation . Czech republic ( edit ) Czech weapon law from the year 2002 concerns firearms only , with no other legislation concerning knives in existence ( with the exception of the paragraphs of the penal code penalizing the use of any weapons in criminal offenses ) . This means there are no restrictions on the possession or carrying of any types of knives or swords , whether openly or in concealed manner . Denmark ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( May 2017 ) In Denmark , fixed - blade knives are legal to own if the blade is no longer than 12 cm ( 4.75 inches ) . Blades over this length may only be legally owned if the possessor has a legitimate reason for carrying the knife or a special collector 's permit . However , such knives are still generally illegal to carry in public , whether on one 's person or in a vehicle , unless transported in such a manner as to prevent ready access by the owner ( lockbox , locked trunk , etc . ) Folding , non-lock blade knives are legal to carry if the blade length does not exceed 7 cm ( 2.756 in ) . Locking knives and knives over 7 cm must be transported in public so as not to allow ready access by the owner . Knives with blades that may be opened with one hand ( even if the one - hand opening mechanism has been removed ) , automatic - opening knives ( switchblades ) , push daggers , gravity knives , disguised knives ( belt - buckle knife , sword cane , etc . ) and knives with ready access by the wearer ( neck or belt knives , boot knives , etc . ) are illegal to own or possess . Multi-tools featuring one - hand opening blades are also illegal to own or possess . Owning throwing knives and throwing in private or public is subject to permissions . France ( edit ) In France , any knife of any blade length with a fixed blade , or a folding blade with a locking system , falls into unregulated Category D weapon ( armes de catégorie D en vente libre ) . Unregulated category D weapons may be legally purchased if over 18 years of age , but they may not be carried on one 's person , unless carried `` for good reason '' , for example , as part of the tools of one 's profession . If carried in a vehicle , such knives must be placed in a secure , locked compartment not accessible to the vehicle occupants . In addition , French law provides that authorities may classify any knife as a prohibited item depending upon circumstances and the discretion of the police or judicial authorities . Since `` reasonable size '' knives are merely tolerated in most circumstances , authorities may summarily confiscate it . Germany ( edit ) German knife law establishes three categories of knives : 1 ) prohibited knives ; 2 ) knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons ; and 3 ) other knives . Some knives are additionally classified as restricted - use , in that they may be possessed in the home or business , but may not be carried on the person . In addition , paragraph 42 section 5 of the Weapons Act gives each German state the option in certain areas to enact local regulations prohibiting the carrying of weapons `` and any dangerous objects '' in so - called `` weapons ban '' areas for purposes of protecting public safety and order . `` Weapons ban '' areas have been enacted in Berlin and Hamburg . Prohibited knives ( edit ) German law prohibits the manufacture , importation , or sale of butterfly knives , gravity knives , and push daggers ( palm knives ) , as well as knives designed to be disguised as another object , such as a sword cane or belt buckle knife . Automatic or switchblade knives are generally prohibited , with certain exceptions based on blade length and number of sharpened edges . Switchblades and automatic knives with telescoping blade opening designs are prohibited . Side - opening automatic knives are also prohibited unless 1 ) the blade is no longer than 8.5 cm , and 2 ) the blade is single - edged , i.e. a blade without double edges , such as a stiletto or dagger . Cutting and thrusting weapons ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Knives designated as cutting and thrusting weapons , but not otherwise specifically prohibited may be possessed by persons of 18 years and older . German law defines a cutting and thrusting weapon as any object intended to reduce or eliminate the ability of a person to attack another person or to defend themselves . This includes swords , sabers , daggers , stilettos , and bayonets . For example , as a bayonet is a military weapon intended to injure or kill people , it is regarded as a weapon by the criminal law . In contrast , a machete is regarded as a tool to clear dense vegetation . Knives classed as cutting and thrusting weapons are generally restricted to possession and use on private property , and may not be carried in public or at certain public events . Restricted - use knives ( edit ) All knives that are not illegal may be legally purchased , owned , and used by anyone on private property . However , some knives are restricted from being carried in public , which is defined as exercising actual control of a restricted - class knife outside the home , business , or private property . All cutting and thrusting weapons such as daggers , swords , or stilettos ( see above 2 . ) All folding knives that are locking and have a one - handed opening mechanism ( whether automatic , assisted - opening , or manual in nature ) . A knife that has only one of these two features may be legal to carry ( namely provided it does not violate the principles below and above ) . All knives with fixed blades over 12.0 cm Restricted - use knives may be carried if transported in a locked , sealed container , or if there is a commonly accepted legitimate purpose for carrying it , such as participation in a historical reenactment , sporting use ( i.e. hunting ) , or as a necessary tool in a trade or business . The desire to defend oneself , or to use the knife as a tool without proof of necessity for its use is ordinarily not considered a legitimate purpose under the law . Greece ( edit ) It is illegal to carry a knife for use as a weapon in attack or defense . The only general restriction is intended use , not the properties of the knife itself ( in particular , there is no restriction of blade length , despite popular belief ) . However , in practice there will be significant leeway for interpretation for police officers and judges -- and much will depend on whether an intended use other than as a weapon can be argued -- for which the properties of the knife in question will be very relevant ( bad : flick - knife , automated , long blade , neck - knife , tactical ) . So , carrying a knife that has its main use as a weapon will be illegal . In addition , it is not allowed to carry knives in certain places , such as courtrooms , to football matches , etc . Carrying knives is generally very unusual in towns , but not in the countryside . Law 2168 / 1993 on weapons , explosives , etc . `` Article 1 . Meaning of terms , applicability ... § 2 . Objects that offer themselves ( είναι πρόσφορα ) to attack or defense are also considered weapons . In particular : ... b ) Knives of all sorts , except those where ownership is justified by use in the home , profession or education , or art , hunting , fishing or other similar uses . '' The remaining sections refer to : a ) sprays and electro - shockers , c ) knuckle dusters , clubs , nunchakus , etc. , d ) flame throwers or chemical sprays , e ) fishing spear - guns . No license is needed for import , trade or carrying of knives for these uses ( Art 7 , 5 ) . See also the constitutional court decision 1299 / 2008 where the intended use of the weapon found in the car of two criminals is the point of discussion . A useful article from a hunting journal ( in Greek ) . Hong kong ( edit ) Under the Weapons Ordinance ( HK Laws . Chap 217 ) , certain knives are designated as ' prohibited weapons ' , including : Gravity knife Knuckleduster whether spiked or not and with or without blade Any bladed or pointed weapon designed to be used in a fashion whereby the handle is held in a clenched fist and the blade or point protrudes between the fingers of the fist Any knife the blade of which is exposed by a spring or other mechanical or electric device Possession of prohibited weapon is illegal under section 4 of the ordinance and offender is liable to a fine and to imprisonment for 3 years . Any Police officers or Customs officers can seize and detain any prohibited weapon . Once convicted , the weapon is automatically forfeited to the government and can then be disposed of by the Commissioner of Police . Hungary ( edit ) Carrying a knife with blade length over 8 centimetres ( 3.1 in ) is prohibited in public places in Hungary unless justified by sport , work or everyday activity . Automatic Knives , throwing stars and `` French knives '' are prohibited regardless of blade length and may be sold only to members of the army , law enforcement and the national security agency . Violation may be punished with a fine up to 50000 HUF . Possession at home and transportation in secure wrapping is allowed for everyone . Any non-bladed weapon that is used to `` increase the strength of a punch '' is illegal to carry ( batons , knuckel dusters , nunchakus etc . ) . Japan ( edit ) Any fixed knife containing a blade length of 15 cm or more requires permission from the prefectural public safety commission in order to possess . Permission requirements also apply to any type of pocket knife over 6 cm ( including Automatic Knives ) , spears over 15 cm in blade length , and Japanese halberds . All knives with a blade length over 8 cm are prohibited from being carried , under a crime law , with an exception for carrying for duty or other justifiable reasons . Possession is considered a petty crime and is not usually punishable by prison time . However , in cases where assault occurs with the knife , there is a penalty of up to 2 years prison or up to a ¥ 300000 fine . Folding knives with a blade length less than 8 cm ( such as Swiss Army knives ) are permitted , while SAK with a lock blade are prohibited from being carried . Latvia ( edit ) Latvian legislation `` Law On the Handling of Weapons '' defines knives as : ( 1 ) Cold weapon -- an object that has the features of a weapon and that is intended to cause damage utilising human muscle strength or special mechanisms . and prohibits ( 2 ) ... to carry non-firearm weapons except the non-firearm weapons necessary for hunters -- in hunting and non-firearms necessary to sportsmen for the relevant sport -- in competitions or training . Lithuania ( edit ) According to Lithuanian law it is legal to possess and carry most types of knives . This includes hunting knives , pocket knives , multi-tools , survivor knives , balisongs etc. as knives are not considered weapons . The only exception are switchblades . It is illegal to carry or possess a switchblade if it meets one of the following criteria : the blade is longer than 8.5 cm ; the width in the middle of the blade is less than 14 % of its total length ; the blade is double sided . Netherlands ( edit ) National Law : As of 2011 , Dutch Law prohibits ownership or possession of the following knives : stilettos switchblades throwing knives folding knives with more than one cutting edge folding knives with an overall length of more than 28 cm when deployed butterfly ( balisong ) gravity knives disguised knives ( belt knife , sword cane , etc . ) and push daggers . Local law : In addition to national laws , every Dutch city and urban district has the right to prohibit carrying of any knife that can potentially be used as a weapon in certain `` safety risk '' areas . Such a `` no - go '' area could include geographically limited urban areas such as bars , cafés , concerts , and public gathering places or events . In public , a knife must be transported in such a manner so that it is not directly usable by the owner , such as storing the knife in a locked case for carrying in a backpack , or placing the locked - up knife in a storage area of a vehicle separate from the passenger compartment . Notes : Additionally , it is illegal to carry a fixed - blade knife with multiple cutting edges . However such a knife may be kept at home for collector purposes . Norway ( edit ) According to Norwegian law , one can spend up to 6 months in prison for purposefully bringing a knife or similar sharp tool especially suited for causing bodily harm to a public place , or for helping others do so . The law does not cover knives or other tools worn or used for work , outdoor pursuits or similar reputable purposes . Note that this includes bringing knives in one 's car . It is also illegal to buy , own or store switchblade knives , butterfly knives and stilettos . Poland ( edit ) All kinds of knives are regarded as dangerous tools , but are not considered weapons under Polish law , so no restriction related to weapons apply . The exception is a blade hidden in an object that does n't look like a weapon ( a sword in an umbrella , a dagger in a shoe etc . ) . It is legal to sell , buy , trade and possess any knives , and Polish law does not prohibit carrying a knife in a public place . However , certain prohibitions in possession of so - called `` dangerous tools '' may apply during mass events . Russia ( edit ) Only certain knives are considered `` cold weapons '' and regulated in Russia , the others are common tools and are entirely unregulated , however using them in a violent manner is considered an `` improvised weapon '' usage and is an aggravating circumstance when the charges for an aggressive behavior are filed , and the local regulations may prevent bringing of `` dangerous objects '' to some events or businesses . The key point of knife regulations in Russia lies in the fact that the determination whether the particular knife represent a weapon or an unregulated tool lies entirely within the opinion of a certified expert or an authorized certification board . In practice this means that there 's no legal difference between the knife as a tool and as a weapon , and most given examples may be considered either , the only difference being the certificate issued by an authorized body , and any knife having this certificate being explicitly legal . Certifying the knives as a tool is n't difficult and most producers and importers do this , issuing a copy of a certificate with the knife during the sale , for presentation to the police officers in case of an inquiry . However , unauthorized possession , creation , sale and transport of bladed weapons were decriminalized in 2001 and is now only a civil offence , carrying the penalty between 500 and 2000 ( $15 to $60 ) roubles and / or a ban on a bladed weapon possession for 6 months to a year . For the knives considered weapons the law forbids only the throwing knives , and the automatic and gravity knives with the blades longer than 9 cm ( the shorter blades are allowed , providing the owner having the relevant permission ) . Serbia ( edit ) The `` Weapons and Munitions law '' article 2 . lists different types of weapons . It states that : `` melee weapons , brass knuckles , dagger , kama , saber , bayonet and other items whose primary purpose is offense '' are considered weapons . Most knives are therefore considered tools and technically legal to possess and carry . However , since any knife could be used a melee weapon and the law does n't differentiate between particular types it is up to the authorities to determine the intent of the individual in possession of the knife and whether there is a `` good reason '' to do so . Thus fixed blade knives are considered appropriate for particular professions or when hunting and fishing , but will likely be treated as a weapon in an urban environment . Switchblades , butterfly knives , blades concealed in everyday objects are usually treated as weapons and assisted opening knives may also fall into that category . The appearance of the knife ( how aggressive it appears ) , the length ( although there is no legal limit on length ) , the location where it was carried ( large gatherings , schools , public buildings etc . ) and the demeanor of the person carrying the knife all factor into the decision on whether the law has been broken . Purchase , possession and carry of a melee weapon is classified as a misdemeanor , subject to a fine of up to 10000 RSD or up to 60 days imprisonment ( `` Weapons and Munitions law '' , article 35 . In practice the less akin to a weapon the knife appears , and if carried and used with `` good judgment '' the lesser the likelihood of legal consequences . Slovakia ( edit ) Carrying a knife in Slovakia is not explicitly prohibited nor are there any prohibited types of knives . However Act No. 372 / 1990 Offences Act states in paragraph 47 that carrying of a `` cold weapon '' such as knife , dagger , or sabre on public places is a non-criminal offense to public safety if , from the circumstances of the case or the behaviour of the person , it can be concluded that these weapons can be used for violence or threats of violence . It is up to the individual assessment of any single situation by a policeman whether carrying of such a weapon can lead to violence . This offense can be penalized with maximum 500 EUR . An example of such a situation is visibly carrying of a knife in crowded public places , public meetings , etc . Spain ( edit ) In Spain there are stringent laws proscribing the carrying of armas blancas , or fighting knives , and prohibiting the manufacture , sale , possession or use of certain knives classified as prohibited weapons . Armas blancas and other sharp - bladed instruments or cutting tools may be freely purchased and owned provided they are not on the list of prohibited weapons , are not purchased or possessed by minors , are kept at home for the exclusive purpose of a collection , and are not transported on the public roads . It is against the law generally to carry , display or use any kind of knife in public , especially knives with pointed blades , unless one is on one 's own property or is working or engaged in a legitimate sporting activity requiring the use of such a knife . The list of prohibited weapons is found in Anexo I -- Armas prohibidas of the Real Decreto 137 / 1993 Por El Que Se Aprueba EL Reglamento de Armas , which prohibits the manufacture , importation , distribution , sale , possession and use of sword canes , automatic knives ( switchblades ) , as well as daggers of any type . Knives with a double - edged , pointed - tip blade 11 cm ( 4.33 inches ) or less in length ( measured from the forward end of the handle to the tip of the blade ) are considered to be armas blancas , which may be owned , but not carried in public . The law also prohibits the marketing , advertising , sale , possession , and use of folding knives with a blade length exceeding 11 cm ( 4.33 in . ) , measured from the bolster or top of the handle to the tip of the blade . Certain exceptions to the list of prohibited knives exist for legitimate knife collections and historical artifacts registered with the Guardia Civil for possession exclusively at one 's own home . Civilians are prohibited from possessing knives , machetes , and other bladed weapons officially issued to the police , military , and other official authorities without a special license . Sale of such weapons requires the presentation of an official arms license duly certifying the identity and status of the person entitled to possess such weapons . Sweden ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2017 ) Swedish law prohibits the carrying of knives in public areas , including schools and vehicles at these areas , if the carrier intends to use the knife as a weapon in the commission of a crime . Examples of legitimate purposes include artisans who use a knife at work , soldiers in uniform carrying a knife , or normal use of a pocket knife . The same law also regulates some other objects that are made to thrust , cut , or that are otherwise intended for crime against life and health . Furthermore , objects that are `` particularly '' intended for crime against life and health , such as switchblades , shurikens and brass knuckles , are not permitted to be given or sold to anyone under the age of 21 . Carrying a weapon for self - defence does not count as a legitimate purpose . United Kingdom ( edit ) The 1689 Bill of Rights ensured that only Parliament and not the King could restrict the right of the people to bear arms . Over the last 60 years , Parliament has enacted a series of increasingly restrictive laws and acts regarding the possession and use of knives and bladed tools . The United Kingdom ( to include England , Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland ) has one of the most comprehensive set of laws of any developed nation restricting most of the rights to import , purchase , possess , sell , and carry knives . Ambulance service data gathered in 2009 suggests a slow increase in knife crime incidents in the UK although the overall rate remains low . England and Wales ( edit ) Restriction of offensive weapons Act 1959 ( edit ) The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 ( amended 1961 ) ( ROWA ) , prohibits the importation , sale , hire , lending , or gift of certain types of knives in England , Wales , and Scotland as of 13 June 1959 under Section 1 : ( 1 ) Any person who manufactures , sells or hires or offers for sale or hire , or exposes or has in his possession for the purpose of sale or hire or lends or gives to any other person -- ( a ) any knife which has a blade which opens automatically by hand pressure applied to a button , spring or other device in or attached to the handle of the knife , sometimes known as a flick knife or `` flick gun '' ; or ( b ) any knife which has a blade which is released from the handle or sheath thereof by the force of gravity or the application of centrifugal force and which , when released , is locked in place by means of a button , spring , lever , or other device , sometimes known as a gravity knife , shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) Subsection 2 also makes it illegal to import knives of this type as of 13 June 1959 . The above legislation criminalizes the conduct of the original owner or transferor of an automatic - opening or gravity knife , not the new owner or transferee ; in addition , the statute does not criminalize possession of such knives other than possession for the purpose of sale or hire . It is therefore not illegal per se to merely possess such a knife , though the difficulties of acquiring one without violating the statute makes it ( almost ) impossible to obtain one without either committing or abetting an offence . Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( edit ) The Criminal Justice Act 1988 mainly relates to carrying knives in public places , Section 139 being the most important : ( 1 ) Subject to subsections ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) below , any person who has an article to which this section applies with them in a public place shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to any article which has a blade or is sharply pointed except a folding pocketknife . ( 3 ) This section applies to a folding pocketknife if the cutting edge of its blade exceeds 3 inches . ( 4 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under this section to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article with him in a public place . The definition of `` public place '' is unsettled , but can loosely be defined as anywhere the public have a legitimate right to be whether this access is paid for or not , which could include any populated area within the England and Wales , including one 's motor vehicle , which is defined by law as a ' public place ' unless parked on private property . In a remote or otherwise unpopulated area , a public place could include : 1 ) an organised wilderness gathering or event ; 2 ) a National Park ; 3 ) Forestry Commission land that is held open to the public ; 4 ) public footpaths ; 5 ) bridleways ; and 6 ) any area where an individual does not need to ask specific permission to walk , camp , or travel from a landowner . The phrase `` good reason or lawful authority '' in Subsection 4 is intended to allow for `` common sense '' possession of knives , so that it is legal to carry a knife if there is a bona fide reason to do so . Subsection 5 gives some specific examples of bona fide reasons : a knife for use at work ( e.g. a chef 's knife ) , as part of a national costume ( e.g. a sgian dubh for Scottish Highland dress ) , or for religious reasons ( e.g. a Sikh Kirpan ) . However , even these specific statutory exceptions have proven unavailing to knife owners at times . It is important to note that `` good reason or lawful authority '' exceptions may be difficult to establish for those not using a knife in the course of their trade or profession , but merely because the knife is needed in case of emergency or for occasional utility use . Although English law insists that it is the responsibility of the prosecution to provide evidence proving a crime has been committed , an individual must provide evidence to prove that they had a `` good reason or lawful authority '' for carrying a knife ( if this is the case ) upon being detained . While this may appear to be a reversal of the usual burden of proof , technically the prosecution has already proven the case ( prima facie ) by establishing that a knife was being carried in a public place ( see Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 on Knives , etc. ; New powers to tackle gun and knife crime ) As the burden of proving `` good reason or lawful authority '' lies with the defendant , it is likely that an individual detained and searched by the police will need to prove the following ( sometimes known as the THIS list ) : Has THIS person got permission ; to use THIS article ( knife ) ; for THIS use ; on THIS land ; and by THIS land owner . The special exception which exists in the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Sec. 139 ) for folding knives ( pocket knives ) with blades less than 3 inches ( 76mm ) long , is another `` common sense '' measure accepting that some small knives are carried for general utility ; This exemption however only applies to folding knives without a locking mechanism . The wording of the Criminal Justice Act does not mention locking and so the definition of `` folding pocket knife '' was settled through case law . In the Crown Court appeal of Harris v. DPP ( 1992 ) and the Court of Appeal case of R. v Deegan ( 1998 ) the ruling that ' folding ' was intended to mean ' non-locking ' was upheld . As the only higher court in England and Wales to the Court of Appeal is the Supreme Court , the only way the decision in R. v. Deegan could be overturned is by a dissenting ruling by the Supreme Court or by Act of Parliament . Offensive weapons Act 1996 ( edit ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 covers the possession of knives within school premises : ( 1 ) Any person who has an article to which section 139 of this Act applies with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 2 ) Any person who has an offensive weapon within the meaning of section 1 of the M1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 with him on school premises shall be guilty of an offence . ( 3 ) It shall be a defence for a person charged with an offence under subsection ( 1 ) or ( 2 ) above to prove that he had good reason or lawful authority for having the article or weapon with him on the premises in question . ( 4 ) ( Subsection 4 gives the same specific exceptions as subsection 139 ( 5 ) with the addition of `` for educational purposes '' . This would appear to imply that all legislation on knives in public applies similarly to school premises , and therefore a folding pocket knife under 3 inches ( 76mm ) in length would be considered legal . ) The Offensive Weapons Act 1996 imposes an age restriction on the sale of knives : ( 1 ) Any person who sells to a person under the age of sixteen years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence ( ... ) ( 2 ) Subject to subsection ( 3 ) below , this section applies to -- ( a ) any knife , knife blade or razor blade ... In Scotland , the Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 makes it an offence to sell knives to someone under 18 years of age ( including any blade , razor blade , any bladed or pointed article , or any item made or adapted for causing personal injury . ) Knives Act 1997 ( edit ) The Knives Act 1997 prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . Prevention of crime Act 1953 ( edit ) The Prevention of Crime Act 1953 prohibits the possession in any public place of an offensive weapon without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . The term `` offensive weapon '' is defined as : `` any article made or adapted for use to causing injury to the person , or intended by the person having it with him for such use '' . Under the Prevention of Crime Act , otherwise ' exempt ' knives carried for `` good reason or lawful authority '' may be still deemed illegal if authorities conclude the knife is being carried as an `` offensive weapon '' . In recent years , the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 has been reinterpreted by police and public prosecutors , who have persuaded the courts to minimize exceptions to prosecution on the grounds that the defendant had `` lawful authority or reasonable excuse '' in order to apply the Act to a wide variety of cases . This new approach now includes prosecution of citizens who have admitted carrying a knife for the sole purpose of self - defence ( in the eyes of the law , this is presently viewed as an admission that the defendant intends to use the knife as an `` offensive weapon '' , albeit in a defensive manner , and in otherwise justifiable circumstances ) . While the onus lies on the officer to prove offensive intent , prosecutors and courts have in the past taken the appearance and the marketing of a particular brand of knife into account when considering whether an otherwise legal knife was being carried as an offensive weapon . In addition , the Knives Act 1997 now prohibits the sale of combat knives and restricts the marketing of knives as offensive weapons . A knife which is marketed as `` tactical '' , `` military '' , `` special ops '' , etc. could therefore carry an extra liability . In May 2018 Judge Nic Madge , as part of his during his retirement ceremony at Luton Crown Court , suggested introducing a scheme whereby members of the public could get their kitchen knives modified to be less dangerous . Judge Madge said if his proposals were implemented there would be a `` substantial '' reduction in the number of life - threatening injuries caused by stabbings . Scotland ( edit ) In Scotland , the Criminal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 prevents the carrying of offensive weapons as well as pointed or bladed articles in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse . Defences exist to a charge of possessing a bladed or pointed article in a public place when carried for use at work , as part of a national costume or for religious reasons . As in England and Wales , an exception is allowed for folding pocket knives which have a blade of less than 3 Inches ( 7.62 cm ) Other relevant Scotland knife legislation includes the Criminal Justice Act 1988 ( Offensive Weapons Act ) ( Scotland ) Order 2005 , which bans sword canes , push daggers , butterfly ( balisong knives ) , throwing stars , knives that can defeat metal detectors , and knives disguised as other objects , and the Police , Public Order and Criminal Justice ( Scotland ) Act 2006 , which makes it an offence to sell a knife , knife blade , or bladed or pointed object to a person under eighteen years of age , unless the person is sixteen or older and the knife or blade is `` designed for domestic use . '' In 2007 , the passage of the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 allowed exemption from criminal liability under section 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 for selling a prohibited offensive weapon if the sale was made for purposes of theatrical performances and of rehearsals for such performances , the production of films ( as defined in section 5B of the Copyright , Designs and Patents Act 1988 ) , or the production of television programmes ( as defined in section 405 ( 1 ) of the Communications Act 2003 ) . Further legislation in Scotland , known as the Custodial Sentences and Weapons ( Scotland ) Act 2007 , is now in effect ( certain parts of this Act came into force on 10 September 2007 ) . This legislation amends the Civic Government ( Scotland ) Act 1982 and makes it compulsory to possess a local authority license to sell knives , swords and blades ( other than those designed for ' domestic use ' ) , or to sell any sharply pointed or bladed object `` which is made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person . '' Any dealer in non-domestic knives will be required to hold a ' knife dealer 's licence ' . Northern Ireland ( edit ) The laws restricting knife ownership , use , possession and sale are nearly identical to the laws of Scotland and the rest of the UK , though contained in different acts . In 2008 , in response to a surge in public concern over knife - related crimes , Northern Ireland doubled the prison sentence for persons convicted of possessing a knife deemed to be an offensive weapon in a public place to four years ' imprisonment , and added an evidential presumption in favour of prosecution for possession of a knife . United states ( edit ) Federal laws ( edit ) Under the Switchblade Knife Act of 1958 ( amended 1986 , codified at 15 U.S.C. § § 1241 -- 1245 ) , switchblades and ballistic knives are banned from interstate shipment , sale , or importation , or possession within the following : any territory or possession of the United States , i.e. land belonging to the U.S. federal government ; Indian lands ( as defined in section 1151 of title 18 ) ; and areas within the maritime or territorial jurisdiction of the federal government , with the exception of federal , state law enforcement agencies and the military . In addition , federal laws may prohibit the possession or carrying of any knife on certain federal properties such as courthouses or military installations . U.S. federal laws on switchblades do not apply to the possession or sale of switchblade knives within a state 's boundaries ; the latter is regulated by the laws of that particular state , if any . Occasional disputes over what constitutes a switchblade knife under federal law has occasionally resulted in U.S. Customs seizures of knives from U.S. importers or manufacturers . In one case the seizure of a shipment of Columbia River Knife & Tool knives resulted in an estimated US $1 million loss to the company before the shipment was released . Amendment 1447 to the Switchblade Knife Act ( 15 U.S.C. § 1244 ) , signed into law as part of the FY2010 Homeland Security Appropriations Bill on October 28 , 2009 , provides that the Act shall not apply to spring - assist or assisted - opening knives ( i.e. knives with closure - biased springs that require physical force applied to the blade to assist in opening the knife ) . State and local laws ( edit ) Each American state also has laws that govern the legality of carrying weapons , either concealed or openly , and these laws explicitly or implicitly cover various types of knives . Some states go beyond this , and criminalize mere possession of certain types of knives . Other states prohibit the possession and / or the concealed carrying of knives that feature blade styles or features sufficient to transform them into `` dangerous weapons '' or `` deadly weapons '' , i.e. knives either optimized for lethality against humans or designed for and readily capable of causing death or serious bodily injury . These frequently include knives with specific blade styles with a historical connection to violence or assassination , including thrusting knives such as the dirk , poignard , and stiletto , the bowie knife , and double - edged knives with crossguards designed for knife fighting such as the dagger . Some states make the carrying or possession of any dangerous or deadly weapon with intent to unlawfully harm another a crime . Historical origin ( edit ) The origin of many knife laws , particularly in the southern states , comes from attempts by early state legislatures to curtail the practice of knife fighting and dueling with large knives such as the bowie knife , which was commonly carried as an item of personal defense prior to the invention of the revolver . In Alabama , Mississippi , New Mexico , and Virginia , the carrying on one 's person of large and lengthy fighting knives capable of causing grievous wounds such as the Bowie Knife is prohibited by statute , originally in the interest of controlling or eliminating the then - common practice of `` dueling '' , a term which had degenerated from a rarely used social custom into a generalized description for any knife or gun fight between two contestants . In many jurisdictions , a local tradition of using knives to settle differences or for self - defense resulted in the enactment of statutes that restricted the size and length of the knife and particularly , the length of its blade . After the Civil War , many restrictions on knife and even gun ownership were imposed by state , county , and city laws and ordinances that were clearly based on fear of weapon possession by certain racial groups , particularly African - American and Hispanic Americans . In some states , so - called `` Black Codes '' adopted after the Civil War required blacks to obtain a license before carrying or possessing firearms or Bowie knives . The governments of Texas and other former states of the Confederacy , many of which had recognized the right to carry arms such as Bowie knives openly before the Civil War , passed new restrictions on both gun and knife possession and use . In some cases , these laws were directed at freed slaves and other minorities ; in other cases , by reconstruction legislatures anxious to disarm rebellious militias and groups seeking to disenfranchise African - American and other minorities . The April 12 , 1871 law passed by the Texas ' Reconstruction legislature is typical , and is the ancestor of the present law restricting knife possession and use in Texas : Any person carrying on or about his person , saddle , or in his saddle - bags , any pistol , dirk , dagger , sling - shot , sword - cane , spear , brass knuckles , bowie knife , or any other kind of knife , manufactured or sold , for the purpose of offense or defense , unless he has reasonable grounds for fearing an unlawful attack on his person , and that such ground of attack shall be immediate and pressing ; or unless having or carrying the same on or about his person for the lawful defense of the State , as a militiaman in actual service , or as a peace officer or policeman , shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ... '' While most gun restrictions were eventually repealed , many knife laws remained in effect in the South . In Texas , this was largely explained by the presence of large numbers of Tejanos . By 1870 , Texas whites of the day had almost universally and exclusively adopted the revolver for self - defense , while Tejanos , steeped in the blade culture ( el legado Andaluz ) of Mexico and Spain and generally without the means to purchase handguns , continued to carry knives . Thus while local and state Texas gun laws and ordinances were gradually relaxed or eliminated during the late 1800s , the old prohibitions against bowie knives , daggers , dirks , and other long - bladed knives remained on the books , since they served to disarm and control a minority group viewed as engaging in lawless behaviors and violence without legal justification . The Texas law remained on the books for almost 150 years , until modified in 2017 to allow carrying these weapons with some restrictions . Interpreting current state laws ( edit ) Many of today 's state criminal codes restricting knife use and ownership have been amended repeatedly over the years rather than rewritten to remove old classifications and definitions that are largely a historical legacy , a process that frequently results in illogical , confusing , and even conflicting provisions . Thus in Arkansas , a state in which knife fights using large , lengthy blades such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick were once commonplace , a state statute made it illegal for someone to `` carry a knife as a weapon '' , specifying that any knife with a blade 3.5 inches or longer constituted prima facie evidence that the knife was being carried as a weapon , yet allowed a complete exemption to the law when `` upon a journey '' . While Arkansas eventually repealed its archaic criminal knife possession law in its entirety , other states still periodically amend archaic criminal codes that penalize both historic and present - day behavior involving knife use and ownership ; these patchwork statutes can result in lengthy legal disputes over legislative intent and definitions . As one example , Indiana law makes it illegal to possess a ' dagger ' , ' dirk ' , ' poniard ' , ' stiletto ' , ' switchblade ' , or ' gravity knife ' on school property , or to possess any knife on school property `` capable of being used to inflict cutting , stabbing , or tearing wounds '' if that knife `` is intended to be used as a weapon '' , but provides for a criminal penalty only if a person `` recklessly , knowingly , or intentionally '' possesses such a knife on school property . The statute thus requires 1 ) an examination of the knife and the legislative history of the statute ; 2 ) expert testimony on the individual characteristics of historic knife designs to determine whether the knife in question fits within one of the six specified categories of knife ; 3 ) a determination as to whether the blade can cause a `` cutting , stabbing , or tearing wound '' ; 4 ) a determination as to what degree of injury constitutes a `` wound '' , and 5 ) two separate determinations of the defendant 's intent by the fact finder -- before guilt or innocence may be adjudged . Some states prohibit the possession of a folding knife with a quick - opening mechanism such as a gravity knife , butterfly knife , balisong , or switchblade . Other states may impose no restrictions at all , while many allow possession with some restrictions ( age , carrying on one 's person , carrying concealed , carrying while a convicted felon , prohibited possessor , or while in the commission of a serious offense , etc . ) The continual advent of new knife designs , such as assisted - opening knives can complicate issues of legality , particularly when state laws have not been carefully drafted to clearly define the new design and how it is to be classified within existing law . This omission has led in the past to cases in which state courts have substituted their own understanding of knife design to interpret legislative intent when applying statutes criminalizing certain types of knives . In 2014 , attention was brought by many newspapers and media outlets to 1950s era legislation leading to many arrests and convictions for possession of the loosely defined gravity knife . City , county , and local laws ( edit ) City , county , and local jurisdictions ( to include sovereign Indian nations located within a state boundary ) may enact their own criminal laws or ordinances in addition to the restrictions contained in state laws , which may be more restrictive than state law . Virtually all states and local jurisdictions have laws that restrict or prohibit the possession or carrying of knives in some form or manner in certain defined areas or places such as schools , public buildings , courthouses , police stations , jails , power plant facilities , airports , or public events . Local or city ordinances are sometimes drafted to include specific classes of people not covered by the state criminal codes , such as individuals carrying folding knives with locking blades primarily for use as weapons . For example , a San Antonio , Texas city ordinance makes it unlawful for anyone to knowingly carry within city limits `` on or about his person '' any folding knife with a blade less than 5.5 inches long with a lock mechanism that locks the blade upon opening . This ordinance is designed to work in tandem with the Texas state statute making illegal the carrying of knives with blades longer than 5.5 inches . The San Antonio ordinance allows police to charge persons carrying most types of lock blade knives without good cause with a criminal misdemeanor violation , allowing police to remove the knife from the possession of the offender , while providing exemptions from the ordinance designed to protect certain classes of people the city assumes to pose no threat to public order . Occasionally , city and county ordinances conflict with state law . In one example , the city of Portland , Oregon initially passed a city ordinance banning all pocket knives , until the measure was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court as conflicting with state criminal statutes . See also ( edit ) Law portal Hunting license Weapon possession ( crime ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Legislation , Merriam - Webster Online Dictionary , retrieved 20 August 2011 Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 17 ( 1 ) : `` Verboten sind der Erwerb , die Einfuhr , der Besitz , und das Führen : 1 . von Waffen , deren Form geeignet ist , einen anderen Gegenstand vorzutäuschen , oder die mit Gegenständen des täglichen Gebrauches verkleidet sind . '' ^ Jump up to : Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) Jump up ^ Jell , Sonja ( Magistra ) Weapons Law : Knives in Austria Jump up ^ Waffengesetz ( 1996 ) § 11 . ( 1 ) Der Besitz von Waffen , Munition und Knallpatronen ist Menschen unter 18 Jahren verboten . Jump up ^ Waffengesetz 1996 § 12 . ( 1 ) Die Behörde hat einem Menschen den Besitz von Waffen und Munition zu verbieten ( Waffenverbot ) , wenn bestimmte Tatsachen die Annahme rechtfertigen , daß dieser Mensch durch mißbräuchliches Verwenden von Waffen Leben , Gesundheit oder Freiheit von Menschen oder fremdes Eigentum gefährden könnte . ^ Jump up to : L'Article 3 § 1 La Loi du 08.06. 2006 , Service Public Fédéral Justice ( 2008 ) , retrieved 27 August 2011 Jump up ^ Nouvelle Loi sur les Armes , retrieved 27 August 2011 ^ Jump up to : Lang , Oliver , Messer in Europa : Mit Dem Messer Auf Reisen , Übersicht -- Messer & Recht im Ausland , Messer Magasin ( March 2010 ) Jump up ^ http://www.lex.bg/bg/laws/ldoc/2135696097 Jump up ^ `` Що е то хладно оръжие и има ли почва у нас ? '' . 3 April 2013 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ http://www.bmgk-bg.org/content/fm/14/718/402_01_8.pdf ^ Jump up to : Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Criminal Code '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada . Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency : Importing a Firearm or Weapon Into Canada - Prohibited Weapons and Devices Archived 2008 - 06 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Government of Canada , Canada Border Services Agency ( 23 January 2013 ) . `` Memorandum D19 - 13 - 2 - Importing and Exporting Firearms , Weapons and Devices '' . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ Canada Border Services Agency , Customs Notice 18 - 01 , Notification of Canadian International Trade Tribunal Decision on Centrifugal Opening Knives Jump up ^ Branch , Legislative Services . `` Consolidated federal laws of canada , Criminal Code '' . laws-lois.justice.gc.ca . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` China strengthens control over deadly knives '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 06 - 11 . 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Jump up ^ `` '' Кодекс Российской Федерации об административных правонарушениях '' от 30.12. 2001 N 195 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) ( КОАП РФ ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Федеральный закон `` Об оружии '' от 13.12. 1996 N 150 - ФЗ ( последняя редакция ) / КонсультантПлюс `` . www.consultant.ru . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( Serbian version ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ S - EPI. `` 372 / 1990 Zb . Zákon o priestupkoch - Aktuálne znenie '' . Zákony pre ľudí . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Reglamentación española de armas , retrieved 31 July 2011 ^ Jump up to : Prohibited Arms Archived 2011 - 12 - 17 at the Wayback Machine. , retrieved 17 December 2011 Jump up ^ Swedish Police : Knivar och andra farliga föremål ( in Swedish ) Jump up ^ `` Lag ( 1988 : 254 ) om förbud beträffande knivar och andra farliga föremål Lagen.nu '' . lagen.nu . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Firearms ( Amendment ) Act 1997 '' . www.opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` UK Knife Law '' . Greenman Bushcraft . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gray , J.T. ; Walker , A. ( 2009 - 10 - 01 ) . `` '' At the sharp end `` : does ambulance dispatch data from south Yorkshire support the picture of increased weapon - related violence in the UK ? '' . Emergency Medicine Journal . 26 ( 10 ) : 741 -- 742 . doi : 10.1136 / emj. 2008.067298 . ISSN 1472 - 0213 . PMID 19773502 . ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Bill Archived 2012 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , New Statesman , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 : Short title , commencement , and extent , retrieved 30 October 2011 ^ Jump up to : UK Knife Law , Chris Hughes Multi Activity Services ( CHMAS ) Ltd . Jump up ^ Sikhs protest against knife rules , BBC News , 8 April 2009 Jump up ^ Disabled Caravanner , 61 , prosecuted for having Swiss Army knife in his glove box to cut up fruit on picnics , Daily Mail , 15 April 2010 ^ Jump up to : Samengo - Turner , Nicky , The policeman found my penknife . ' You 're going down , mate , ' he said , The Daily Telegraph , 28 November 2004 Jump up ^ Baton Charge Racing Boss Cleared : In 2004 , a businessman and ex-military officer , Nicholas Samengo - Turner , was stopped at a mass search checkpoint in London and arrested for possessing a small Swiss Army multitool with two short locking blades ( 2 15 / 16 inch / 7.47 cm and 2 5 / 8 inch / 6.68 cm ) in the locked boot of his car . While eventually cleared , the arrest cost Samengo - Turner a multi-million pound business deal and thousands of pounds in court costs . Jump up ^ Offence of having article with blade or point in public place Archived 2010 - 12 - 01 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Harris v. DPP , 1 All ER 562 , ( 1993 ) 1 WLR 82 , 96 Cr App Rep 235 , 157 JP 205 ( 1992 ) Jump up ^ Offensive Weapons Act ( 1996 ) : Under ( 2 ) ( a ) , safety razor blades are exempted from this section , so that only straight razors are affected . Jump up ^ `` Knives Act 1997 '' . Jump up ^ Bryan v. Mott , 62 Cr App R 71 ( 1976 ) : ' Lawful authority ' means those occasions where people from time to time are required to carry weapons as a matter of governmental duty , such as police officers or members of the armed forces , not private persons . Jump up ^ ' Rambo ' student charged with possessing six - inch plastic knife has case against him dropped , The Daily Mail , 11 November 2008 Jump up ^ DirectGov , Crime and Violence : Knife crime , DirectGov UK Government Information Service , England & Wales : `` If you carry a knife to protect yourself or make yourself feel safer but do n't intend to use it then you are committing a crime . '' Jump up ^ `` Judge calls for kitchen knives to be blunted amid crime wave '' . 28 May 2018 . Retrieved 29 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Crimal Law ( Consolidation ) ( Scotland ) Act 1995 , section 49 '' . www.legislation.gov.uk . Retrieved 8 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Knives and the Law Archived 2011 - 08 - 29 at the Wayback Machine. , NIdirect Government Services , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ Sentence doubled for knife possession in Northern Ireland , The Belfast Telegraph , 16 July 2008 , retrieved 25 July 2011 Jump up ^ United States Code , Title 15 , Chapter 29 , Sections 1241 -- 1245 Jump up ^ Precise Imports v. Kelly , 378 F. 2d 1014 ( 2d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 389 U.S. 973 , 88 S. Ct. 472 , 19 L. Ed. 2d 465 ( 1967 ) Jump up ^ United States v. Murphree , 783 F. 2d 605 , 609 -- 10 ( 6th Cir . ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 142 , 93 L. Ed. 2d 84 ( 1986 ) Jump up ^ BERNARD LEVINE . `` STATE KNIFE LAWS '' . 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Jump up ^ Amendment 1447 to 15 U.S.C. § 1244 adds a fifth exception to the definition of a switchblade knife : Sections 1242 and 1243 of this title shall not apply to : 5 ) a knife that contains a spring , detent , or other mechanism designed to create a bias toward closure of the blade and that requires exertion applied to the blade by hand , wrist , or arm to overcome the bias toward closure to assist in opening the knife . ^ Jump up to : Wong , David , Knife Laws of the Fifty States : A Guide for the Law - Abiding Traveler , AuthorHouse , ISBN 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4259 - 5092 - 7 ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Wong , p. 134 : Dangerous weapon , i.e. a knife capable of being transformed by circumstances of its threatened , attempted , or actual use into a weapon capable of causing death Jump up ^ Ohin v. Commonwealth of Virginia , 622 S.E. 2d 784 , 47 Va App . 194 ( Va Ct . App . 2005 ) : ( Virginia Court of Appeals affirmed conviction for concealed carry of folding knife with 3.5 - inch locking blade , crossguard , and oversized handle , based on ' catchall ' provision in Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) ( v ) prohibiting concealed carry of ' any weapon of like kind ' . ^ Jump up to : Cassidy , William L. , The Complete Book Of Knife Fighting , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 029 - 2 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87364 - 029 - 9 ( 1997 ) , pp. 9 -- 18 , 27 -- 36 Jump up ^ See Ala . Code 1975 , § 13 - 6 - 120 , Sec . 13A - 11 - 50 : `` Carrying concealed weapons . Except as otherwise provided in this Code , a person who carries concealed about his person a bowie knife or knife or instrument of like kind or description or a pistol or firearm of any other kind or an air gun shall , on conviction , be fined not less than $50.00 nor more than $500.00 , and may also be imprisoned in the county jail or sentenced to hard labor for the county for not more than six months . '' A companion statute allows the jury to mitigate punishment if the accused can produce evidence that he was reasonably in fear of being attacked at the time he was carrying the concealed knife . Jump up ^ Ala . Code 1975 Jump up ^ Mississippi Code , Crimes § 97 - 37 - 1 : Deadly weapons ; carrying while concealed ; use or attempt to use ; penalties : `` ( 1 ) Except as otherwise provided in Section 45 - 9 - 101 , any person who carries , concealed in whole or in part , any bowie knife , dirk knife , butcher knife , switchblade knife ... shall upon conviction be punished '' by a fine and / or imprisonment . Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 1 - 12 ( B ) , Definitions ... `` deadly weapon '' means any ... weapon which is capable of producing death or great bodily harm , including but not restricted to any types of daggers , ... bowie knives , poniards , butcher knives , dirk knives ... '' Jump up ^ New Mexico , Criminal Offenses -- 30 - 7 - 2 : `` Unlawful carrying of a deadly weapon ... consists of carrying a concealed ... deadly weapon anywhere , except in the following cases : own residence or property ; private automobile , or other means of conveyance . '' Jump up ^ Walker , Greg , Battle Blades : A Professional 's Guide to Combat / Fighting Knives , ISBN 0 - 87364 - 732 - 7 ( 1993 ) , p. 210 : The effectiveness of the Bowie knife can be seen in one of Col. James ( Jim ) Bowie 's early fights in which he defended himself against three knife and gun - wielding attackers . At the end of the fight , all three of Bowie 's assailants were dead ; one man was nearly decapitated , the second was disemboweled , and the third had his skull split open . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) : The Virginia statute prohibits only the concealed carrying of a Bowie knife upon one 's person , while Texas prohibits the carrying of such a knife whether concealed or not . Jump up ^ Virginia Code § 18.2 - 308 ( A ) Jump up ^ Cassidy , p. 10 : In some states the popularity of certain knives such as the Bowie and Arkansas Toothpick was such that schools were established to teach their use in knife fighting , further popularizing such knives and compelling authorities to pass legislation severely restricting such schools . ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton , Concealed Weapon Laws of the Early Republic : Dueling , Southern Violence , and Moral Reform , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 96615 - 7 ( 1999 ) , p. 118 ^ Jump up to : Cramer , Clayton E. , The Racist Roots of Gun Control , ( 1993 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , Texas Supreme Court ( 1859 ) Jump up ^ Cockrum v. State , id . ^ Jump up to : Halbrook , Stephen P. , The Right to Bear Arms in Texas : The Intent of the Framers of the Bill of Rights , Baylor Law Review , 41 Baylor L. Rev. , pp. 629 -- 688 ( 1989 ) ^ Jump up to : McDonald , Jason , Racial Dynamics in Early Twentieth - Century Austin , Texas , Lexington Books , ISBN 9780739170977 ( 2012 ) , p. 48 : The typical Tejano heritage was commonly portrayed as displaying a proclivity for `` knife play '' frequently culminating in a fatality . Jump up ^ McPhate , Christian ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Five Key Takeaways From Texas ' New Laws On Carrying Knives '' . Dallas Observer . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ The Wilson - Anthony Fight Archived 2011 - 09 - 28 at the Wayback Machine. , Department of Arkansas - Heritage , retrieved 1 August 2011 : In 1836 a knife fight broke out between the Speaker of the Arkansas House of Representatives , John Wilson , and Rep. Joseph Anthony in the middle of a contentious legislative session ; Anthony was killed , while Wilson was expelled from office and later indicted for murder . Jump up ^ Arkansas Criminal Statute Section 5 - 73 - 121 : Punishable except when `` upon a journey or upon ( one 's ) own premises '' , this statute was clearly designed to enable prosecution of persons carrying knives without good cause in towns and cities , while exempting farmers and others carrying knives on their own property or when traveling to and from their local communities . Jump up ^ Section 5 - 73 - 121 , Arkansas Criminal Code ( 2006 ) Jump up ^ Arkansas Repeals Anti-Knife Statute : Section 5 - 73 - 121 of the Arkansas criminal code was repealed in its entirety in 2007 . Jump up ^ End Knife Control , The Washington Times , 22 May 2012 Jump up ^ Levine , Bernard , Oppressive Knife Laws in America : What They Are , What You Can Do About Them , and the Anti-Knifer Mindset , Blade Magazine ( July 1998 ) Jump up ^ `` Information Maintained by the Office of Code Revision Indiana Legislative Services Agency '' . Jump up ^ Indiana Criminal Code IC 35 - 47 - 5 - 2.5 , Possession of a knife on school property : The statute is silent on the question of whether the slightest cut or puncture constitutes a `` wound '' ( thus effectively banning all knives of any type ) or if a de minimis rule applies , a dilemma that forces the trial court to make further inquiries into the statute 's legislative history as well as prior appellate court determinations , if any . Jump up ^ `` Georgia Knife Laws '' . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ State of Florida v. Darynani , So. 2d ( Fla. 4th DCA 2000 ) : In State of Florida v. Darynani , a Florida appellate court held that a poorly written state criminal knife statute ( Sec. 790.225 ) that had been hurriedly drafted in 1985 to prohibit the ballistic knife must be interpreted to prohibit switchblade knives as well , despite the lack of any specific evidence that the legislative branch intended to prohibit switchblades when drafting the ballistic knife provision . The court 's error was finally corrected by the Florida Legislature in 2003 with the passage of HB 1227 ( 2003 ) ( see HB 1227 ( 2003 ) . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 09 . Jump up ^ Texas Criminal Code Sec. 46.01 ( 6 ) ( A ) Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas Jump up ^ Ordinance Chapter 21 , Sec. 21 - 17 , Part II , Code of Ordinances of San Antonio , Texas : Sec. 21 - 17 contains exemption from prosecution for law enforcement and corrections officers , for members of the armed forces , for persons carrying the knife on their own premises or while traveling , for persons engaged in a lawful sporting activity ( hunting , fishing ) , or for those using the knife in connection with a lawful occupation . External links ( edit ) Collection of laws in Europe Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Knife_legislation&oldid=843551286 '' Categories : Statutory law Knives Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Hungarian - language sources ( hu ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) Articles with Swedish - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2017 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from September 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 21 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

is it legal to carry a knife in spain

In Spain there are stringent laws proscribing the carrying of armas blancas , or fighting knives , and prohibiting the manufacture , sale , possession or use of certain knives classified as prohibited weapons . Armas blancas and other sharp - bladed instruments or cutting tools may be freely purchased and owned provided they are not on the list of prohibited weapons , are not purchased or possessed by minors , are kept at home for the exclusive purpose of a collection , and are not transported on the public roads . It is against the law generally to carry , display or use any kind of knife in public , especially knives with pointed blades , unless one is on one 's own property or is working or engaged in a legitimate sporting activity requiring the use of such a knife .

Is It Fall Yet ? - Wikipedia Is It Fall Yet ? Is It Fall Yet ? Directed by Karen Disher Guy Moore Written by Glenn Eichler Peggy Nicoll Starring Tracy Grandstaff Wendy Hoopes Julián Rebolledo Marc Thompson Alvaro J. Gonzalez Carson Daly Bif Naked Dave Grohl Distributed by MTV Release date August 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 27 ) Running time 75 minutes Country United States Language English Is It Fall Yet ? is a 2000 American animated television comedy - drama film written by Glenn Eichler and Peggy Nicoll , and directed by Karen Disher and Guy Moore . First broadcast on August 27 , 2000 ( 2000 - 08 - 27 ) , the film was the first of two movie - length installments for MTV 's popular animated television series Daria . The film chronicles the characters ' summer break between seasons four and five . The film was released on both VHS and DVD formats on January 15 , 2002 ( 2002 - 01 - 15 ) , and was included on the DVD release of Daria : The Complete Animated Series on May 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 05 - 11 ) . The film has yet to see a blu - ray release . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) Though Daria and Jane are still on speaking terms , Jane is cold toward Daria , and their relationship is tense . Daria and Tom are seeing each other romantically , but due to Daria 's personality and the gravity of the situation , they are taking things slowly . Jane has signed up for a summer art camp , seemingly to avoid Daria . At the camp , Jane meets an older girl and the two bond over mutual contempt for their pretentious mentor and equally pretentious peers . However , one night the girl repeatedly tries to come onto Jane , disregarding Jane 's protests that `` she 's straight '' . The next time they meet , Jane seems confused about her own sexuality , but her confusion turns to anger when she realizes that the girl is sleeping with their pompous instructor . This causes Jane to become disillusioned with the art world . Daria intends to do nothing but read , sleep , and see her friends , but her mother Helen forces her to work as a counselor at English teacher Timothy O'Neill 's summer day camp for pre-pubescent children . While at the camp , Daria meets a nihilistic young boy named Link , who feels disillusioned with his existence and voices his bad attitude every chance he gets . It is loosely implied that he is emotionally abused by his mother and his stepfather . Recognizing herself in Link , Daria attempts to reach out to him . However , he rejects her overtures , which results in Daria feeling worse . Paralleling these emotions is her relationship with Tom , which she effectively ends for the discomfort it brings . After getting a poor score on her exams , Quinn desperately wants to prove she 's smarter without ruining her image in the fashion club . She gets a tutor who has a no - nonsense policy on his students so Quinn becomes more determined to study . Eventually , after her study sessions show her improvement , Quinn begins to realize that she is falling in love with her tutor . At their final study session , she confesses her feelings to him , but is hurt when the tutor says she 's not his type due to her low aspirations on her academic future ( the college Quinn wants to go to is considered a party school ) . In a heart to heart talk with Daria , Quinn shows how hurt she is , from the rejection . The talk with Quinn gives Daria a new perspective on her differences with Tom . Daria comes to visit Jane , and , due to some meddling from Jane 's brother Trent , the two reconcile . After returning home , Daria tells Jane that she was always impressed by Jane 's strong sense of identity , which resolves Jane 's identity crisis . Daria receives a letter from Link that invites her to email him , thus assuaging her fears that she is incapable of reaching out to or connecting with another human being . Jane affirms that she is no longer upset by Daria and Tom dating and encourages Daria to get back together with him . Cast ( edit ) Tracy Grandstaff as Daria Morgendorffer Wendy Hoopes as Jane Lane , Helen Morgendorffer and Quinn Morgendorffer Julián Rebolledo as Jake Morgendorffer Alvaro J. Gonzales as Trent Lane Russell Hankin as Tom Sloane Marc Thompson as Anthony DiMartino , Timothy O'Neill , Kevin Thompson and Jamie White Tim Novikoff as Jeffy Steven Huppert as Joey Jessica Cyndee Jackson as Jodie Landon Amir Williams as Michael Jordan `` Mack - Daddy '' Mackenzie Janie Mertz as Sandi Griffin and Brittany Taylor Sarah Drew as Stacy Rowe Ashley Albert as Tiffany Blum - Decker Nora Laudani as Angela Li Corey Block as Link Carson Daly as David Sorenson Dave Grohl as Daniel Bif Naked as Alison John Lynn as Sick , Sad World Announcer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gates , Anita ( 27 August 2000 ) . `` SPOTLIGHT ; Daria : Smart , Alienated and ... Dating ? '' . New York Times . Retrieved 11 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Is It Fall Yet ? '' . DVD Talk . Retrieved 13 May 2010 . Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/gp/aw/d/B00005S6KA/ref=mp_s_a_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1507881708&sr=8-1&pi=AC_SX236_SY340_FMwebp_QL65&keywords=Is+It+Fall+Yet#featureBulletsAndDetailBullets_secondary_view_div_1507881749046 Jump up ^ https://www.amazon.com/Daria-Complete-Animated-Tracy-Grandstaff/dp/B0019N8P2W#featureBulletsAndDetailBullets_secondary_view_div_1507881585888 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Is It Fall Yet ? Is It Fall Yet ? on IMDb Daria Characters ( Daria Morgendorffer Jane Lane ) Episodes Films ( Is It Fall Yet ? Is It College Yet ? ) Video games ( Daria 's Sick , Sad Life Planner Daria 's Inferno ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Is_It_Fall_Yet%3F&oldid=859917102 '' Categories : 2000 films English - language films 2000 television films 2000s American animated films American comedy - drama films Animated comedy films Animated drama films American LGBT - related films American films Daria Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2018 , at 03 : 51 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when does is it fall yet take place

The film chronicles the characters ' summer break between seasons four and five .

Stephen Foster - wikipedia Stephen Foster For other people named Stephen Foster , see Stephen Foster ( disambiguation ) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Stephen C. Foster Stephen Collins Foster ( 1826 - 07 - 04 ) July 4 , 1826 Lawrenceville , Pennsylvania , U.S. January 13 , 1864 ( 1864 - 01 - 13 ) ( aged 37 ) New York City , U.S. Resting place Allegheny Cemetery Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. Monuments Stephen Foster Memorial Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , U.S. ( see other memorials ) Residence Lawrenceville , PA ; New York City Education Athens Academy , Towanda , Pennsylvania Athens Academy Occupation Composer , lyricist , poet Years active 1844 -- 1864 Agent Various sheet music publishers and brother , Morrison Foster Known for America 's first fully professional songwriter . Notable work `` Angelina Baker '' , `` Beautiful Dreamer '' , `` Camptown Races '' , `` Gentle Annie '' , `` The Glendy Burk '' , `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' , `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , `` Oh ! Susanna '' , `` Old Black Joe '' , `` Old Folks at Home '' ( `` Swanee River '' ) , `` Open Thy Lattice Love '' Style Period music , minstrel Home town Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania United States Spouse ( s ) Jane McDowell Foster Wiley ( 1829 -- 1903 ) ( other sources use Jane Denny Foster Wiley ) Children Marion Foster Welch ( 1851 -- 1935 ) Parent ( s ) William Barclay Foster ( 1779 -- 1855 ) , Eliza Clayland Tomlinson Foster ( 1788 -- 1855 ) Relatives Evelyn Foster Morneweck ( niece and biographer ) , James Foster ( grandfather ) Siblings : Charlotte Susanna Foster ( 1809 -- 1829 ) , Anne Eliza Foster Buchanan ( 1812 -- 1891 ) , Henry Baldwin Foster ( 1816 -- 1870 ) , Henrietta Angelica Foster Thornton ( 1819 -- 1879 ) , Dunning McNair Foster ( 1821 -- 1856 ) , Morrison Foster ( 1823 -- 1904 ) * Stephen Collins Foster ( July 4 , 1826 -- January 13 , 1864 ) , known as `` the father of American music '' , was an American songwriter known primarily for his parlor and minstrel music . Foster wrote over 200 songs ; among his best - known are `` Oh ! Susanna '' , `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' , `` Camptown Races '' , `` Old Folks at Home '' ( `` Swanee River '' ) , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' , `` Old Black Joe '' , and `` Beautiful Dreamer '' . Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years after he wrote them . His compositions are thought to be autobiographical . He has been identified as `` the most famous songwriter of the nineteenth century '' and may be the most recognizable American composer in other countries . His compositions are sometimes referred to as `` childhood songs '' because they have been included in the music curriculum of early education . Most of his handwritten music manuscripts are lost , but copies printed by publishers of his day can be found in various collections . Contents 1 Biography 2 Early years 3 Career 4 Death 5 Music 5.1 Popular songs 6 Critics and controversies 6.1 Greenfield Village and the Henry Ford Museum 7 Legacy 7.1 Musical influence 7.2 Television 7.3 Film 7.4 Other events 7.5 Art 8 Accolades and honors 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Biography ( edit ) Eliza Tomlinson Foster and William Barclay Foster There are many biographers who have published works on the life of Stephen Collins Foster , but details can differ widely . In addition , Foster wrote very little biographical information himself . His brother Morrison Foster destroyed much of the information about Stephen that he judged to reflect negatively upon the family . Early years ( edit ) Stephen Foster was born on July 4 , 1826 . His parents were William Barclay Foster and Eliza Clayland Tomlinson . He was the youngest of three sisters and six brothers . Foster attended private academies in Allegheny , Athens , and Towanda , Pennsylvania . He received an education in English grammar , diction , the classics , penmanship , Latin , Greek , and mathematics . Though they lived in a northern city , his family did not support the abolition of slavery . His older brother Morrison was a notable influence throughout Stephen 's life . Foster was able to teach himself to play the clarinet , violin , guitar , flute and piano . He did not have formal instruction in composition but he was helped by Henry Kleber ( 1816 -- 97 ) , a German - born music dealer in Pittsburgh . Kleber was a songwriter , impresario , accompanist , and conductor . In 1839 , his elder brother William was serving his apprenticeship as an engineer at Towanda and thought Stephen would benefit from being under his supervision . The site of the Camptown Races is 30 miles ( 48 km ) from Athens , PA , and 15 miles from Towanda . Stephen attended Athens Academy from 1839 to 1841 . He wrote his first composition , `` Tioga Waltz '' while attending Athens Academy and performed it during the 1841 commencement exercises ; he was 14 . It was not published during the composer 's lifetime , but it is included in the collection of published works by Morrison Foster . Foster 's education included a brief period at Jefferson College in Washington , Pennsylvania , ( now Washington & Jefferson College ) . His tuition was paid , but he had little spending money . He left Canonsburg to visit Pittsburgh with another student and did not return . During his teenage years , Foster was influenced by two men . Henry Kleber ( 1816 -- 1897 ) , one of Foster 's few formal music instructors , was a classically trained musician who emigrated from Darmstadt , Germany , to Pittsburgh and opened a music store . Dan Rice was an entertainer , a clown , and blackface singer , making his living in traveling circuses . Career ( edit ) In 1846 , Foster moved to Cincinnati , Ohio , and became a bookkeeper with his brother Dunning 's steamship company . While he was in Cincinnati , Foster penned his first successful songs in 1848 -- 1849 , among them `` Oh ! Susanna '' , which became an anthem of the California Gold Rush . In 1849 , he published Foster 's Ethiopian Melodies , which included the successful song `` Nelly Was a Lady '' as made famous by the Christy Minstrels . A plaque marks the site of Foster 's residence in Cincinnati , where the Guilford School building is now located . House in Hoboken , New Jersey where Foster is believed to have written `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' in 1854 Then he returned to Pennsylvania and signed a contract with the Christy Minstrels . It was during this period that Foster would write most of his best - known songs : `` Camptown Races '' ( 1850 ) , `` Nelly Bly '' ( 1850 ) , `` Ring de Banjo '' ( 1851 ) , `` Old Folks at Home '' ( known also as `` Swanee River '' , 1851 ) , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' ( 1853 ) , `` Old Dog Tray '' ( 1853 ) , and `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' ( 1854 ) , written for his wife Jane Denny McDowell . A Pittsburgh Press illustration of the original headstone on Stephen Foster 's grave Many of Foster 's songs were of the blackface minstrel show tradition popular at the time . Foster sought , in his own words , to `` build up taste ... among refined people by making words suitable to their taste , instead of the trashy and really offensive words which belong to some songs of that order '' . Many of his songs had Southern themes , yet Foster never lived in the South and visited it only once in 1852 , by riverboat voyage on his honeymoon on his brother Dunning 's steamboat the Millinger , which took him down the Mississippi River to New Orleans . In 1862 during the Civil War in a response to Abraham Lincoln 's call for volunteers , Foster among other composers set the poem `` We Are Coming , Father Abra'am '' to music . Foster 's last four years were spent in New York City . Biographical information during this period of his life has not been located or remains lost , though correspondence to , from , and between other family members has been preserved . Death ( edit ) Foster became ill with a fever in January 1864 . Weakened , he fell in his hotel in the Bowery , cutting his neck . His writing partner George Cooper found him still alive , lying in a pool of blood . Foster died in Bellevue Hospital three days later at the age of 37 . Other versions exist concerning Foster 's death described by other biographers . Telegram that communicated Stephen Foster 's death addressed to his brother Morrison Foster When Foster died , his leather wallet contained a scrap of paper that simply said , `` Dear friends and gentle hearts '' , along with 38 cents in Civil War scrip and three U.S. pennies . The note is said to have inspired Bob Hilliard 's lyric for `` Dear Hearts and Gentle People '' ( 1949 ) . Foster was buried in the Allegheny Cemetery in Pittsburgh . After his death , Morrison Foster became his `` literary executor '' . As such , he answered requests for copies of manuscripts , autographs , and biographical information . One of the best - loved of his works , `` Beautiful Dreamer '' was published shortly after his death . Music ( edit ) See also : List of songs by Stephen Foster `` Oh ! Susanna '' ( 1848 ) Stephen Foster 's `` Oh ! Susanna '' performed by the United States Navy Concert Band `` Old Folks at Home '' `` Old Folks at Home '' performed by Ernestine Schumann - Heink ( 1918 ) Problems playing these files ? See media help . Growing up in a section of the city where many European immigrants had settled , Foster was accustomed to hearing the music and musical styles of the Italian , Scots - Irish , and German residents in the neighborhood . He composed his first song when he was 14 and entitled it the `` Tioga Waltz '' . The first song he had published was `` Open thy Lattice Love '' ( 1844 ) . In addition to his well - known and familiar songs which are still widely performed , Foster wrote songs in support of both drinking ( such as `` My Wife Is a Most Knowing Woman '' or `` Mr. and Mrs. Brown '' or `` When the Bowl Goes Round '' ) and temperance , such as `` Comrades Fill No Glass for Me '' or `` The Wife '' . Foster also authored many church hymns . The inclusion of his hymns in hymnals ended by 1910 . Some titles of the hymns are : `` Seek and ye shall find '' , `` All around is bright and fair , While we work for Jesus '' , and `` Blame not those who weep and sigh '' . Several rare Civil War - era hymns by Foster were performed by The Old Stoughton Musical Society Chorus : `` The Pure , The Bright , The Beautiful '' ; `` Over The River '' ; `` Give Us This Day '' and `` What Shall The Harvest Be ? '' ; on a disc compiled and edited by Roger Lee Hall and titled , `` Glory , Hallelujah : Songs and Hymns of the Civil War Era . '' Foster usually sent his handwritten scores directly to his publishers . The publishers kept the sheet music manuscripts and did not give them to libraries nor return them to his heirs . Some of his original , hand - written scores were bought and put into private collections and the Library of Congress . Popular songs ( edit ) Generally speaking , Foster 's songs lyrics and melodies have often been changed and altered both by publishers , and performers . `` My Old Kentucky Home '' is the official state song of Kentucky , adopted by the General Assembly on March 19 , 1928 . `` Old Folks at Home '' became the official state song of Florida , designated in 1935 . Because the lyrics are widely regarded as derogatory today , `` Old Folks at Home '' was modified with approval from the Stephen Foster Memorial ; after a lengthy debate , the modified song was kept as the official state song , while `` Florida ( Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky ) '' was added as the state anthem . American baritone Nelson Eddy recorded 35 Foster songs over three recording sessions in July , August , and September 1947 on Columbia Records , in 78 format , two songs per record . Columbia issued these recordings in 1948 as Nelson Eddy in Songs of Stephen Foster ( Volume 1 : A-745 and Volume 2 : A-795 ) . In 2005 , Jasmine Records compiled all 35 Foster songs in one CD , Nelson Eddy Sings the Stephen Foster Songbook , JASCD 421 . `` In these performances , arranger / conductor Robert Armbruster made every attempt to frame Nelson Eddy 's voice with a simple , yet colorful , orchestral and choral background -- the norm of Stephen Foster 's time . '' ( Liner notes by Robert Nickora July 2005 ) . American classical composer Charles Ives freely quoted a wide variety of Foster 's songs in many of his own works . Douglas Jimerson , a tenor from Baltimore who has released CDs of music from the Civil War era , released Stephen Foster 's America in 1998 . Just before his death in 2004 , singer - songwriter Randy VanWarmer completed an entire album of Stephen Foster songs ; it was released posthumously as Sings Stephen Foster . Ray Charles released a version of `` Old Folks at Home '' entitled `` Swanee River Rock ( Talkin ' ' Bout That River ) '' which became his first pop hit in November 1957 ( # 34 , R&B # 14 ) . The tribute album , Beautiful Dreamer : The Songs of Stephen Foster won the Grammy for Best Traditional Folk album in 2005 . Among the artists who are featured on the album are John Prine , Ron Sexsmith , Alison Krauss , Yo Yo Ma , Roger McGuinn , Mavis Staples , and Suzy Bogguss . Jennifer Warnes covered `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' on her 1979 album Shot Through the Heart . Singer / songwriter Syd Straw did another version of this song on her 1989 album Surprise . The same song ( as `` Hard Times '' ) appears on Bob Dylan 's 1992 album Good as I Been to You . The Byrds did a rock ' n roll version of `` Oh Susanna '' on their 1965 album , Turn Turn Turn. , while James Taylor offered a traditional folk version of `` Oh ! Susanna '' on his 1970 album , Sweet Baby James . In 2012 , performer and educator Jonathan Guyot Smith taught a college course devoted exclusively to the study of Foster 's music and released an album of Foster songs , Stephen Foster Melodies and Serenades for the American Parlor , that contains several seldom - heard Foster songs . The performances are in the style of a 19th - century parlor performance rather than in the manner of a formal concert . Critics and controversies ( edit ) Historians speculate that Foster may have been `` a drunkard '' . Thirty years after his death , one reporter described him as paying `` the penalty of an irregular life '' , being `` weak - willed '' and writing songs about people of `` a pathetic character '' . Some interpretations of Foster 's compositions in modern times consider them to be disparaging to African Americans . However , Foster unveiled the realities of slavery in his work while also imparting dignity to African Americans in his compositions , especially as he grew as an artist . Foster was the first white person to publicly refer to an African - American woman as `` a lady '' in his composition `` Nelly Was a Lady '' . Foster composed many songs that were used in minstrel shows . This form of public entertainment lampooned African Americans as buffoonish , superstitious , without a care , musical , lazy , and dim - witted . In the early 1830s , these minstrel shows gained popularity . The shows evolved , and by 1848 blackface minstrel shows were a separate musical art form accessible to the general public ( in contrast with opera , which was more upper - class ) . Greenfield Village and the Henry Ford Museum ( edit ) In 1935 , Henry Ford ceremonially presented a new addition to his historical collection of early American memorabilia -- the `` Home of Stephen Foster '' . The structure was identified by notable historians of the time as being authentic and was then deconstructed and moved `` piece by piece '' from Lawrenceville , Pennsylvania ( now Pittsburgh ) , to Greenfield Village , Michigan . Foster 's niece insisted that it was not his birthplace , and in 1953 the claim was withdrawn . Greenfield Village still displays a structure that is identified as the birthplace of Stephen Foster . The Foster family stated that the original Foster birthplace structure was torn down in 1865 . Legacy ( edit ) Musical influence ( edit ) Many early filmmakers selected Foster 's songs for their work because his copyrights had expired and cost them nothing . Professor of Folklore and musician John Minton wrote a song titled `` Stephen C. Foster 's Blues '' . Erika M. Anderson , of the band EMA , refers to Foster 's `` Camptown Races '' in the song `` California '' , from past Life Martyred Saints ( 2011 ) : `` I bet my money on the bobtail nag / somebody bet on the bay . '' The Firesign Theatre makes many references to Foster 's compositions in their CD , Boom Dot Bust ( 1999 , Rhino Records ) Larry Kirwan of Black 47 mixes the music of Foster with his own in the musical Hard Times , which earned a New York Times accolade in its original run : `` a knockout entertainment '' . Kirwan gives a contemporary interpretation of Foster 's troubled later years and sets it in the tumultuous time of the New York draft riots and the Irish -- Negro relations of the period . A revival ran at the Cell Theater in New York in early 2014 . Spike Jones recorded a comedy send - up `` I Dream of Brownie in the Light Blue Jeans . '' The swing revival band Squirrel Nut Zippers released a song entitled `` The Ghost of Stephen Foster . '' Humorist Stan Freberg imagined a 1950s style version of Foster 's music in `` Rock Around Stephen Foster '' and , with Harry Shearer , had a sketch about Foster having writer 's block in a bit from his `` United States of America '' project . Songwriter Tom Shaner mentions Stephen Foster meeting up with Eminem 's alter ego `` Slim Shady '' on the Bowery in Shaner 's song `` Rock & Roll is A Natural Thing . '' The music of Stephen Foster was an early influence on the Australian composer Percy Grainger , who stated that hearing `` Camptown Races '' sung by his mother was one of his earliest musical recollections . He went on to write a piece entitled `` Tribute to Foster , '' a composition for mixed choir , orchestra , and pitched wine glasses based on the melody of `` Camptown Races . '' Art Garfunkel was cast as Stephen Foster and sang his songs in an elementary school play in Queens , New York Foster commemorative stamp in the Famous American Composers series , 1940 Television ( edit ) Two television shows about the life of Foster and his childhood friend ( and later wife ) Jeanie MacDowell were produced in Japan , the first in 1979 with 13 episodes , and the second from 1992 to 1993 with 52 episodes ; both were titled Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair after the song of the same name . In the Honeymooners episode , `` The $99,000 Answer , '' Ed Norton warms up on the piano by playing the opening to `` Swanee River . '' Later , when Ralph returns to the game show , the first question asked is `` Who is the composer of ' Swanee River ' ? '' Ralph nervously responds , `` Ed Norton , '' and loses the game . In a `` Fractured Fairy Tales '' segment of The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show , Aladdin finds a lamp with a female genie with light brown hair , who immediately asks , `` Are you Stephen Foster ? '' Film ( edit ) Three Hollywood films have been made of Foster 's life : Harmony Lane ( 1935 ) with Douglass Montgomery , Swanee River ( 1939 ) with Don Ameche , and I Dream of Jeanie ( 1952 ) , with Bill Shirley . The 1939 production was one of Twentieth Century Fox 's more ambitious efforts , filmed in Technicolor ; the other two were low - budget affairs made by B - movie studios . In the film Tombstone , Billy Clanton ( played by Thomas Haden Church ) tries to bait Doc Holliday ( Val Kilmer ) , who is playing a Chopin nocturne on the piano , by saying , `` Is that ' Old Dog Tray ' ? That sounds like ' Old Dog Tray ' to me . '' When the goad fails , Clanton asks whether Doc knows any other songs , like `` ' Camptown Races ? ' , ' Oh Susanna ' , `` You know , Stephen stinkin ' Foster ? ! ? '' In the film A Million Ways to Die in the West , Seth MacFarlane 's character Albert ca n't get a song out of his head . Charlize Theron 's character suggests singing a different song , to which he replies , `` There are only like 3 songs , '' and she adds , `` And they 're all by Stephen Foster . '' The song in question , `` If You 've Only Got a Mustache , '' was actually composed by Foster . Other events ( edit ) `` Stephen Foster ! Super Saturday '' is a day of thoroughbred racing during the Spring / Summer meet at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky . During the call to the post , selections of Stephen Foster songs are played by the track bugler , Steve Buttleman . The day is headlined by the Stephen Foster Handicap , a Grade I dirt race for older horses at 9 furlongs . 36 U.S.C. § 140 designates January 13 as Stephen Foster Memorial Day , a United States National Observance . In 1936 , Congress authorized the minting of a silver half dollar in honor of the Cincinnati Musical Center . Foster was featured on the obverse of the coin . `` Stephen Foster Music Camp '' is a summer music camp held on EKU 's campus of Richmond , Kentucky . The camp offers piano courses , choir , band , and orchestra ensembles . Art ( edit ) Stephen Foster by Giuseppe Moretti ( 1900 ) A public sculpture by Giuseppe Moretti honoring Foster and commemorating his song `` Uncle Ned '' sat in close proximity to the Stephen Foster Memorial until 2018 . The statue was removed following complaints about the banjo - playing slave seated next to Foster . In Alms Park in Cincinnati , overlooking the Ohio River , there is a seated statue of him . The Hall of Fame for Great Americans in the Bronx , overlooking the Harlem River , has a bronze bust of him by artist Walter Hancock . Added in 1940 , he is among only 98 honorees from 15 classes of distinguished men and women . In My Old Kentucky Home State Park in Bardstown , Kentucky , a musical , called The Stephen Foster Story has been performed since 1958 . There is also a statue of him next to the Federal Hill mansion , where he visited relatives and which is the inspiration for My Old Kentucky Home . A painting by Howard Chandler Christy entitled , `` Stephen Foster and the Angel of Genius '' is on display in the park 's art collection . The painting inspired Florence Foster Jenkins to author a tableau in which she personally plays the role of the angel depicted in Christy 's painting . The scene was featured in the film Florence Foster Jenkins in 2016 . Accolades and honors ( edit ) The Stephen Collins Foster sketchbook kept in a safe in the research library in the memorial Pitt 's Stephen Foster Memorial contains two theaters Foster is honored on the University of Pittsburgh campus with the Stephen Foster Memorial , a landmark building that houses the Stephen Foster Memorial Museum , the Center for American Music , as well as two theaters : the Charity Randall Theatre and Henry Heymann Theatre , both performance spaces for Pitt 's Department of Theater Arts . It is the largest repository for original Stephen Foster compositions , recordings , and other memorabilia his songs have inspired worldwide . Two state parks are named in Foster 's honor : the Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park in White Springs , Florida and Stephen C. Foster State Park in Georgia . Both parks are on the Suwannee River . Stephen Foster Lake at Mount Pisgah State Park in Pennsylvania is also named in his honor . One state park is named in honor of Foster 's songs , My Old Kentucky Home , an historic mansion formerly named Federal Hill , located in Bardstown , Kentucky where Stephen is said to have been an occasional visitor according to his brother , Morrison Foster . The park dedicated a bronze statue in honor of Stephen 's work . The Lawrenceville ( Pittsburgh ) Historical Society , together with the Allegheny Cemetery Historical Association , hosts the annual Stephen Foster Music and Heritage Festival ( Doo Dah Days ! ) . Held the first weekend of July , Doo Dah Days ! celebrates the life and music of one of the most influential songwriters in America 's history . His home in the Lawrenceville Section of Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , still remains on Penn Avenue nearby the Stephen Foster Community Center . A 1900 statue of Foster by Giuseppe Moretti was located in Schenley Plaza , in Pittsburgh , from 1940 until 2018 . On the unanimous recommendation of the Pittsburgh Art Commission , the statue was removed on April 26 , 2018 . Its new home has not yet been determined . It has a long reputation as the most controversial public art in Pittsburgh `` for its depiction of an African - American banjo player at the feet of the seated composer . Critics say the statue glorifies white appropriation of black culture , and depicts the vacantly smiling musician in a way that is at best condescending and at worst racist . '' A city - appointed Task Force on Women in Public Art called for the statue to be replaced with one honoring an African American woman with ties to the Pittsburgh community . The Task Force held a series of community forums in Pittsburgh to collect public feedback on the statue replacement and circulated an online form which allowed the public to vote for one of seven previously selected candidates or write in an alternate suggestion . However , the Task Force on Women in Public Art and the Pittsburgh Art Commission have not reached an agreement as to who will be commemorated or if the statue will stay in the Schenley Plaza location . See also ( edit ) The Stephen Foster Collection and archive -- Most primary sources related to his life , family and music have been retained by the University of Pittsburgh Library System as the Foster Hall Collection housed in the Stephen Foster Memorial . These materials where obtained from philanthropists , donated by collectors or his heirs . Notes ( edit ) One of Stephen Foster 's best - known songs , `` Camptown Races '' , is actually titled `` Gwine to Run All Night '' , though `` Camptown Races '' is the name that gained popularity . Jump up ^ His grandfather , James Foster , was an associate of John McMillan and a founding trustee of Canonsburg Academy , a predecessor institution to Jefferson College ; his father , William Barclay Foster , attended Canonsburg Academy until the age of 16 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Stephen C. Foster As Man and Musician , The Life Story of the Sweet Singer of Pittsburg Told by His Contemporaries and Comrades '' . The Pittsburg Press . September 12 , 1900 -- via Newspapers.com . Jump up ^ Marks , Rusty ( April 22 , 2001 ) , `` ON TELEVISION : Stephen Foster : Quintessential songwriter lived in music , died in ruin '' , Sunday Gazette - Mail , Gazette Daily Inc. via HighBeam Research , retrieved April 25 , 2012 , The song , written in 1847 , soon spread throughout the country . Foster decided to become a full - time songwriter , a vocation no one had bothered to pursue until then . ( subscription required ) Jump up ^ Pittsburgh Native Son and Songwriter Stephen Foster to be Inducted into Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame Oct. 17. , US Fed News Service , Including US State News . The Associated Newspapers of Ceylon Ltd. via HighBeam Research , October 16 , 2010 , retrieved April 25 , 2012 ( subscription required ) ^ Jump up to : Root , Deane L. ( March 12 , 1990 ) . `` The `` Mythtory '' of Stephen C. Foster or Why His True Story Remains Untold '' ( lecture transcript at the American Music Center Research Conference ) . American Music Research Center Journal : 20 -- 36 . Retrieved October 4 , 2015 : Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh Library System ^ Jump up to : Howard , John Tasker ( March 1944 ) . `` The Literature on Stephen Foster '' . Notes -- Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association . 1 ( 2 ) : 10 . doi : 10.2307 / 891301 . ISSN 0027 - 4380 . Jump up ^ Root , Deane L. ( March 1990 ) . `` The `` Mythtory '' of Stephen C. Foster or Why His True Story Remains Untold '' ( PDF ) . American Music Research Center . U. Colorado , Boulder . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Sanders , Paul ( Fall 2008 ) . `` Comrades , Fill No Glass For Me : Stephen Foster 's Medlodies As Borrowed by the American Temperance Movement '' ( PDF ) . Social History of Alcohol and Drugs . 23 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 40 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Foster Hall Collection , Collection Number : CAM. FHC. 2011.01 , Guide to Archives and Manuscript Collections at the University of Pittsburgh Library System '' . University of Pittsburgh , Center for American Music . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 ; Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh ^ Jump up to : Emerson , Ken ( 1998 ) . Doo - dah ! Steven Foster and the Rise of American Popular Culture . Da Capo Press . p. 79 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 80852 - 4 . Jump up ^ Vincent Milligan , Harold ( 1920 ) . Stephen Collins Foster : a biography of America 's folk - song composer . G. Schirmer . pp. 3 -- 4 . Jump up ^ `` Biography '' . The Center for American Music . Univ. of Pittsburg . Retrieved 25 September 2018 . Jump up ^ Sisario , Ben ( September 20 , 1998 ) . `` ON THE MAP ; Stephen Foster 's Old Hoboken Home '' . The New York Times . Retrieved July 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` More about the film Stephen Foster '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ O'Conell , Joanne H. ( 2007 ) . Understanding Stephen Collins Foster , His World and Music ( PDF ) ( Thesis ) . University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved June 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ W. Tomaschewski . `` The Last Chapter '' . Stephen Collins Foster . W. Tomaschewski . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Barcousky , Len ( February 14 , 2016 ) . `` Eyewitness 1916 : Living link to Foster passes on '' . Pittsburgh Post Gazette . Retrieved April 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Waters ' Choral Harp : a new and superior collection of choice hymns and tunes , mostly new , written and composed for Sunday schools , missionary , revival , and social meetings , and for church worship 106 . Who has our Redeemer heard '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` All around is bright and fair , While we work for Jesus '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Blame not those who weep and sigh '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Steel , David Warren ( 2008 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture ; Volume 12 : Music ; Foster , Stephen ( 1826 -- 1864 ) COMPOSER AND SONGWRITER . University of North Carolina Press . JSTOR 10.5149 / 9781469616667_malone. 86 : Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh Jump up ^ `` The State Anthem : `` Florida ( Where the Sawgrass Meets the Sky ) '' `` . State of Florida . Retrieved April 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel , Top R&B Singles , 1942 -- 1999 , p. 74 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen G. Foster . '' The Musical Visitor , a Magazine of Musical Literature and Music ( 1883 -- 1897 ) 12 1888 : 319 . Accessed October 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ken . `` Stephen Foster '' . American Experience . PBS . Retrieved August 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Gross ( host ) , Terry ; Emerson ( guest ) , Ken ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` The Lyrics And Legacy Of Stephen Foster '' . Fresh Air . transcript . NPR . Retrieved October 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Coon Character '' . Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia , Ferris State University . Retrieved November 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ John Kenrick . `` A History of the Musical : Minstrel Shows '' . musicals101.com. 1996 , revised 2003 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Behind the Burnt Cork Mask : Early Blackface Minstrelsy and Antebellum American Popular Culture by William J. Mahar . University of Illinois Press ( 1998 ) . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06696 - 0 . Jump up ^ Schwallie , Karen . `` Greenfield Village Memories -- Stephen Foster Home '' . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Clint . `` Stephen Foster House in Museum Wrong One '' . The Detroit Free Press . January 30 , 1953 . Access date October 2 , 2015 Access provided by the University of Pittsburgh Library System Jump up ^ Lowry , Patricia ( March 30 , 2003 ) . `` Theater : A dramatic makeover for the Stephen Foster Memorial '' . Retrieved October 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lerner , Neil ( September 2006 ) . `` Review : Tunes for ' Toons ' : Music and the Hollywood Cartoon by Daniel Goldmark '' . Notes -- Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association . 63 ( 1 ) : 121 -- 124 . JSTOR 4487739 . Jump up ^ `` Stephen C. Foster 's Blues '' . The Possum Trot Orchestra . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` E.M.A. -- California Lyrics '' . SongLyrics . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ A Source guide to the music of Percy Grainger . Lewis , Thomas P. , ( 1st ed . ) . White Plains , N.Y. : Pro / Am Music Resources . 1991 . ISBN 9780912483566 . OCLC 24019532 . Jump up ^ What Is It All but Luminous : Notes from an Underground Man by Art Garfunkel ( c ) 2017 Jump up ^ `` 1 - cent Foster '' . Arago : people , postage & the post , Smithsonian National Postal Museum . Retrieved May 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ York , Steven ( 2006 ) . Book reviews : Biography : Composers in the Movies : Studies in Musical Biography , by John C. Tibbetts . Notes -- Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association , 62 ( 4 ) , 979 -- 981 . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1109557 Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/oh-susanna-songwriter-s-statue-removed-amid-criticism-n869321 Jump up ^ Associated Press ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' Oh Susanna ' songwriter 's statue removed amid criticism '' . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Majors , Dan ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` City 's art commission unanimous : Statue of Stephen Foster needs to go '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` City wants statue of African - American woman to replace Stephen Foster monument '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 14 March 2018 . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Driscoll , Bill ( 2 July 2018 ) . `` Initiative To Honor Women Of Color With Public Art Sparks Debate '' . WESA . WESA . Retrieved 16 September 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Emerson , Ken , ed. ( 2010 ) . Stephen Foster & Co. : Lyrics of the First Great American Songwriters . New York : The Library of America . ISBN 1 - 59853 - 070 - 4 . OCLC 426803667 . Hamm , Charles ( 1983 ) . Yesterdays : Popular Song in America . New York City : W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 978 - 0393300628 . Hodges , Fletcher , Jr. ( 1939 ) . A Pittsburgh Composer and His Memorial . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania : Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania . ASIN B01A8YVHHM . Hodges , Fletcher , Jr. ( 1948 ) . The Research Work of the Foster Hall Collection . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . Hodges , Fletcher , Jr. ( 1958 ) . The Swanee River and a Biographical Sketch of Stephen Collins Foster . Whitefish , Montana : Literary Licensing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 1258193980 . Howard , John Tasker ( March 1944 ) . `` The Literature on Stephen Foster '' . Notes -- Quarterly Journal of the Music Library Association . 1 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . doi : 10.2307 / 891301 . JSTOR 891301 . Howard , John Tasker ( 1945 ) . Stephen Foster : America 's Troubadour . New York City : Tudor Publishing Company . ASIN B0007ELPPI . Milligan , Harold Vincent ( 1920 ) . Stephen Collins Foster : A Biography Of America 's Folk - Song Composer . Whitefish , Montana : Kessinger Publishing , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0548971864 . Momeweck , Evelyn ( 1973 ) . Chronicles of Stephen Foster 's Family . Associated Faculty Press , Inc . ISBN 978 - 0804617420 . `` Foster Hall Collection '' . Center for American Music ; University of Pittsburgh . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . `` Pictorial Biography of Stephen Collins Foster '' ( PDF ) . Musical Courier. 1930 . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Find more aboutStephen Fosterat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Free scores by Stephen Foster at the International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP ) Works by or about Stephen Foster at Internet Archive Stephen Foster on IMDb Stephen Foster at Find a Grave Archives of Stephen Foster at the University of Kentucky Stephen Foster discography at Discogs Pittsburgh Music History Hymns and songs by Stephen Foster Music scores Sheet music for `` I see her still in my dreams '' , Macon , GA : John C. Schreiner & Son , from the Confederate Imprints Sheet Music Collection Sheet music for `` Parthenia to Incomar '' , Macon , GA : John C. Schreiner & Son , from the Confederate Imprints Sheet Music Collection `` The Melodies of Stephen C. Foster '' ( online version ) Pittsburgh , PA : T.M. Walker , Full sheet music book , 307 pages Stephen Foster List of songs written by Stephen Foster Songs Minstrel songs Angelina Baker ( 1850 ) Camptown Races ( 1850 ) The Glendy Burk ( 1860 ) My Old Kentucky Home ( 1853 ) Oh ! Susanna ( 1848 ) Old Folks at Home ( Swanee River ) ( 1851 ) Parlor songs Ah ! May the Red Rose Live Alway Open Thy Lattice Love Beautiful Dreamer ( 1864 ) Hard Times Come Again No More ( 1854 ) Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( 1854 ) Old Black Joe ( 1853 ) Willie Has Gone To War ( 1862 ) History and biographers History and biographies The Stephen Foster Collection and archive William Barclay Foster Eliza Clayland Tomlinson Foster Morrison Foster Horace Waters Harold Vincent Milligan Jane McDowell Foster Wiley Henrietta Crosman Evelyn Foster Morneweck Films , musicals , recordings Films Harmony Lane I Dream of Jeanie Swanee River Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair ( anime ) Musicals Stephen Foster - The Musical Hard Times Recordings Beautiful Dreamer : The Songs of Stephen Foster State Parks My Old Kentucky Home State Park Stephen Foster Folk Culture Center State Park Stephen C. Foster State Park Other Stephen Foster Handicap Stephen Foster Memorial Stephen Foster Memorial Day Stephen Foster ( sculpture ) Hall of Fame for Great Americans John Adams John Quincy Adams Jane Addams Louis Agassiz Susan B. Anthony John James Audubon George Bancroft Clara Barton Henry Ward Beecher Alexander Graham Bell Daniel Boone Edwin Booth Louis Brandeis Phillips Brooks William Cullen Bryant Luther Burbank Andrew Carnegie George Washington Carver William Ellery Channing Rufus Choate Henry Clay Grover Cleveland James Fenimore Cooper Peter Cooper Charlotte Cushman James Buchanan Eads Thomas Alva Edison Jonathan Edwards Ralph Waldo Emerson David Farragut Stephen Foster Benjamin Franklin Robert Fulton Josiah W. Gibbs William C. Gorgas Ulysses S. Grant Asa Gray Alexander Hamilton Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Henry Patrick Henry Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr . Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr . Mark Hopkins Elias Howe Washington Irving Andrew Jackson Thomas J. Jackson Thomas Jefferson John Paul Jones James Kent Sidney Lanier Robert E. Lee Abraham Lincoln Henry Wadsworth Longfellow James Russell Lowell Mary Lyon Edward MacDowell James Madison Horace Mann John Marshall Matthew Fontaine Maury Albert A. Michelson Maria Mitchell James Monroe Samuel F.B. Morse William T.G. Morton John Lothrop Motley Simon Newcomb Thomas Paine Alice Freeman Palmer Francis Parkman George Peabody William Penn Edgar Allan Poe Walter Reed Franklin D. Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Augustus Saint - Gaudens William Tecumseh Sherman John Philip Sousa Joseph Story Harriet Beecher Stowe Gilbert Stuart Sylvanus Thayer Henry David Thoreau Mark Twain Lillian Wald Booker T. Washington George Washington Daniel Webster George Westinghouse James McNeill Whistler Walt Whitman Eli Whitney John Greenleaf Whittier Emma Willard Frances E. Willard Roger Williams Woodrow Wilson Orville Wright Wilbur Wright WorldCat Identities BNE : XX979950 BNF : cb13894070z ( data ) CiNii : DA09848614 GND : 118684280 ISNI : 0000 0001 0914 4105 LCCN : n50023175 MusicBrainz : dd28ee68 - 673e - 4fe9 - acfc - fa3c81877469 NDL : 00521727 NLA : 35096075 SELIBR : 207089 SNAC : w6d79gr1 SUDOC : 082943508 VIAF : 71577893 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Foster&oldid=861098767 '' Categories : 1826 births 1864 deaths 19th - century American composers Accidental deaths in New York ( state ) American lyricists American male composers American male songwriters Blackface minstrel songwriters Burials at Allegheny Cemetery Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees Musicians from Pittsburgh Songwriters from Pennsylvania Songwriters Hall of Fame inductees Stephen Foster Washington & Jefferson College alumni Hidden categories : CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages containing links to subscription - only content Articles needing additional references from January 2016 All articles needing additional references Use mdy dates from December 2016 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Composers with IMSLP links Articles with International Music Score Library Project links Articles with Internet Archive links Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with CINII identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 17 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2018 , at 02 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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who is often considered america's most prolific composer

Stephen Collins Foster ( July 4 , 1826 -- January 13 , 1864 ) , known as `` the father of American music '' , was an American songwriter known primarily for his parlor and minstrel music . Foster wrote over 200 songs ; among his best - known are `` Oh ! Susanna '' , `` Hard Times Come Again No More '' , `` Camptown Races '' , `` Old Folks at Home '' ( `` Swanee River '' ) , `` My Old Kentucky Home '' , `` Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair '' , `` Old Black Joe '' , and `` Beautiful Dreamer '' . Many of his compositions remain popular more than 150 years after he wrote them . His compositions are thought to be autobiographical . He has been identified as `` the most famous songwriter of the nineteenth century '' and may be the most recognizable American composer in other countries . His compositions are sometimes referred to as `` childhood songs '' because they have been included in the music curriculum of early education . Most of his handwritten music manuscripts are lost , but copies printed by publishers of his day can be found in various collections .

Nice for What - wikipedia Nice for What Drake song `` Nice for What '' Single by Drake from the album Scorpion Released April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) Format Digital download Genre Hip hop bounce Length 3 : 30 Label Young Money Cash Money Songwriter ( s ) Aubrey Graham Shane Lindstrom Alan Bergman Marilyn Bergman Dennis Coles Robert Diggs Gary E. Grice Marvin Hamlisch Lamont Hawkins Lauryn Hill Jason Hunter Russell Jones Clifford Smith Corey Woods Son Chaeyoung Phillip Price Producer ( s ) Murda Beatz Son Chaeyoung ( co. ) Noah `` 40 '' Shebib ( add. ) Corey Litwin ( add . ) Drake singles chronology `` Walk It Talk It '' ( 2018 ) `` Nice for What '' ( 2018 ) `` Yes Indeed '' ( 2018 ) Scorpion track listing `` Jaded '' ( 3 ) `` Nice For What '' ( 4 ) `` Finesse '' ( 5 ) Music video `` Nice for What '' on YouTube `` Nice for What '' is a song recorded by Canadian rapper Drake from his fifth studio album Scorpion ( 2018 ) . It was released by Young Money Entertainment and Cash Money Records as the second single from the album on April 6 , 2018 , along with its music video . The song was produced by Murda Beatz with co-production handled by Blaqnmild , and features additional vocals by Big Freedia and 5th Ward Weebie . It debuted at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 , replacing Drake 's own `` God 's Plan '' and becoming his fifth US number one . It also topped the UK Singles Chart and ARIA Charts , becoming his second number - one song of 2018 in the two countries after `` God 's Plan '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Music video 4 Critical reception 5 Commercial performance 6 Personnel 7 Charts 8 Certifications 9 Release history 10 References Background ( edit ) On March 14 , 2018 , Lauryn Hill 's son Joshua Omaru Marley posted a snippet of the song on Snapchat . Drake later confirmed an upcoming Murda Beatz - produced single during an Instagram Live session . On April 5 , Drake made a surprise appearance during a Majid Jordan concert in Toronto . `` The reason I 'm here tonight is because I 'm back in the city finishing my album , '' he told the audience . `` I 've got a new single dropping tomorrow night , too , just in case you got some free time . '' Composition ( edit ) Musically , `` Nice for What '' is an upbeat hip hop and bounce song that contains elements of early 2000s R&B , with a length of three minutes thirty seconds . It samples Lauryn Hill 's song `` Ex-Factor '' ( 1998 ) , `` Drag Rap '' by the Showboys ( 1986 ) , `` Get Your Roll On '' by Big Tymers ( 2000 ) , and also features clips from performances by Big Freedia . Lyrically , the hook of Drake 's song samples Lauryn Hill singing about `` cutting loose in the midst of a relationship '' . Music video ( edit ) Directed by Karena Evans , the accompanying music video focuses on women carrying out various activities , including swimming , dancing , modeling and riding horses . It features guest appearances from , in order of appearance , Olivia Wilde , Misty Copeland , Issa Rae , Rashida Jones , Jourdan Dunn , Tracee Ellis Ross , Tiffany Haddish , Yara Shahidi , Zoe Saldana , Elizabeth and Victoria Lejonhjärta , Letitia Wright , Bria Vinaite , Emma Roberts , Syd , Michelle Rodriguez and Drake himself . Evans called it an honour to work on the video , writing on Instagram that it was `` a privilege and a blessing to have told this story with every single one of you revolutionary women , both in front and behind the camera '' . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Nice for What '' received positive reviews from music critics , with many praising its promotion of female empowerment . Hugh McIntyre of Forbes regarded the `` perfectly - pitched '' song as `` another perfect delivery from the biggest artist in hip - hop '' , writing that the `` vocal sample helps the track stand out from much of the rest of his discography '' . Kevin Lozano of Pitchfork awarded the song `` Best New Track '' , praising Drake for `` smoothly handling the impeccable production from Murda Beatz '' , and lauding the song as `` a fantastic piece of hip - hop machinery '' and `` one of Drake 's most complete releases in some time '' . Chris DeVille of Stereogum deemed the song `` a big , brash , almost obnoxiously loud New Orleans bounce - inspired production '' , describing it as `` extremely poppy and sounds like a bid for continued commercial dominance '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) In the United States , Drake became the first artist to have a new number - one debut replace his former number - one debut ( `` God 's Plan '' ) at the top of the Hot 100 . It debuted with 88,000 downloads sold and 60.4 million streams . `` Nice for What '' became the 30th song in Billboard history to enter at number one . It also became Drake 's fifth US number - one song overall and third as a lead artist . The song also became the first song to debut on the Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop chart in the top 10 . `` Nice for What '' topped the Hot 100 for four consecutive weeks before it was dethroned on May 14 , 2018 by Childish Gambino 's `` This Is America '' . It then returned for a fifth non-consecutive week at the number one spot on the issue date June 2 , 2018 . On the issue dated July 14 , 2018 , `` Nice for What '' became the first song to reach number one in four nonconsecutive runs . Personnel ( edit ) Credits adapted from Tidal and Qobuz . Murda Beatz -- production Blaqnmild -- co-production Noah `` 40 '' Shebib -- additional production Corey Litwin -- additional production 5thward Weebie -- additional vocals Big Freedia -- additional vocals Karena Evans -- video director Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 20 Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 6 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 23 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) 13 France ( SNEP ) 28 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 9 Greece ( IFPI ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) 29 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 11 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) 53 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 6 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) 5 Portugal ( AFP ) 7 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) 10 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 13 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 62 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) UK R&B ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) 30 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 11 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 4 × Platinum 320,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Gold 45,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 3 × Platinum 3,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label Ref . Various April 6 , 2018 Digital download Young Money Cash Money United States April 10 , 2018 Rhythmic contemporary radio Young Money Cash Money Republic References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Trust , Gary ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Dethrones Himself Atop Hot 100 , as ' Nice for What ' Debuts at No. 1 , Replacing ' God 's Plan ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to a Snippet of a Drake and Lauryn Hill Collaboration '' . Rap - Up . March 14 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mojica , Nick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Confirms New Single on the Way Is Produced by Murda Beatz '' . XXL . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Wicks , Amanda ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Releasing a New Song Tomorrow '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Thiessen , Brock ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Is Releasing a New Single Friday Night '' . Exclaim ! . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Robles , Jonathan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` New Drake Song Is Coming Very , Very Soon '' . Variance . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Rolli , Bryan ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Confirms He 's Finishing New Album , Drops ' Nice For What ' Song / Video '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Jones , Abby ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Dropping a New Single Tonight '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aswad , Jem ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Says He 's Dropping a New Song Tonight ( Video ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Grant , Teddy ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Announces He 's Dropping New Single Tonight '' . Ebony . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Mitchell ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Drops New Lauryn Hill - Sampling Song and Video ' Nice For What ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Lozano , Kevin ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` '' Nice for What '' by Drake Review `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Cherise ( April 8 , 2018 ) . `` Hip Hop Week In Review : Cardi B 's Debut LP , Drake 's Bounce Song & Tupac 's Liner Notes '' . HipHopDX . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Peters , Micah ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` '' Nice for What '' Is Another Inevitable Victory for Drake `` . The Ringer . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ting , Jasmine ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Does Everything Right in ' Nice For What ' '' . Paper . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nice For What / Drake TIDAL '' . Tidal . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hussein , Wandera ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Legendary New Orleans bounce producer BlaqNmilD talks co-producing `` Nice For What '' `` . The Fader . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welsh , April ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Watch the star - studded video for Drake 's new song ' Nice For What ' '' . Fact . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Carmichael , Rodney ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Bounces , Looking To Uplift Single Women As They Drop It Low '' . WPSU . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Arcand , Rob ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Video : Drake -- `` Nice For What '' `` . Spin . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McIntyre , Hugh ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Drops Energetic New Single ' Nice For What ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Maicki , Salvatore ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` A breakdown of all the cameos in Drake 's `` Nice For What '' video `` . The Fader . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Drake 's Star - Studded Video for New Song ' Nice for What ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Young , Alex ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake drops new single `` Nice For What '' and all - star video : Watch `` . Consequence of Sound . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hall , Gerrad ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Olivia Wilde , Tiffany Haddish , Issa Rae , more powerful women star in Drake 's ' Nice for What ' video '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Blais - Billie , Braudie ; Wicks , Amanda ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's New `` Nice for What '' Video Stars Issa Rae , Olivia Wilde , Rashida Jones : Watch `` . Pitchfork . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Saad , Nardine ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake lauds celebrity girl squad in new ' Nice for What ' video '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Chaplain , Chloe ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake ' Nice For What ' track praised for promoting female empowerment '' . London Evening Standard . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Mapstone , Lucy ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake praised for empowering women with star - studded new video '' . Irish Independent . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ DeVille , Chris ( April 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake -- `` Nice For What '' Video `` . Stereogum . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Trevor . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Marks First - Ever Top 10 Debut on Mainstream R&B / Hip - Hop Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 18 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' No. 2 & Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved 8 May 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` Camila Cabello and Post Malone Chart New Top 10 Hits While Drake Rules Again '' . Forbes . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino 's ' This Is America ' Blasts in at No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' Returns to No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Lil Baby , Ella Mai & BTS Earn First Top 10s '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( July 9 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Claims 7 of Hot 100 's Top 10 , Breaking the Beatles ' Record , As ' Nice For What ' Returns to No. 1 For Eighth Week '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nice for What - Drake '' . Qobuz . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake : Nice for What '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved April 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI -- Greek Charts '' . IFPI . Retrieved July 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved May 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singoli -- Classifica settimanale WK 16 '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Drake -- Nice for What '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . VG - lista . Retrieved July 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201816 into search . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Canciones -- Semana 17 : del 20.4. 2018 al 26.4. 2018 '' ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved April 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Dance Club Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . June 18 , 2018 . Retrieved June 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . Music Canada . Retrieved July 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake `` Nice For What '' `` . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Drake -- Nice for What '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved June 11 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Enter Nice For What in the search field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Drake -- Nice For What '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Top 40 / R Future Releases '' . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2018 . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . Drake songs Discography Comeback Season `` Replacement Girl '' So Far Gone `` Successful '' `` Best I Ever Had '' `` I 'm Goin ' In '' We Are Young Money `` Every Girl '' `` BedRock '' Thank Me Later `` Fireworks '' `` Over '' `` Up All Night '' `` Fancy '' `` Miss Me '' `` Find Your Love '' `` 9AM in Dallas '' Take Care `` Over My Dead Body '' `` Headlines '' `` Crew Love '' `` Take Care '' `` Marvins Room '' `` We 'll Be Fine '' `` Make Me Proud '' `` Lord Knows '' `` HYFR ( Hell Ya Fucking Right ) '' `` The Motto '' Nothing Was the Same `` Tuscan Leather '' `` Furthest Thing '' `` Started from the Bottom '' `` Wu - Tang Forever '' `` Worst Behavior '' `` From Time '' `` Hold On , We 're Going Home '' `` The Language '' `` Too Much '' `` Pound Cake / Paris Morton Music 2 '' `` All Me '' If You 're Reading This It 's Too Late `` Energy '' `` Preach '' What a Time to Be Alive `` Jumpman '' Views `` Controlla '' `` One Dance '' `` Pop Style '' `` Too Good '' `` Hotline Bling '' More Life `` Free Smoke '' `` No Long Talk '' `` Passionfruit '' `` Get It Together '' `` Madiba Riddim '' `` Blem '' `` Gyalchester '' `` Portland '' `` Sacrifices '' `` Teenage Fever '' `` KMT '' `` Glow '' `` Since Way Back '' `` Fake Love '' `` Ice Melts '' Scary Hours / Scorpion `` God 's Plan / Diplomatic Immunity '' `` Nonstop '' `` Emotionless '' `` I 'm Upset '' `` Nice for What '' `` In My Feelings '' `` Do n't Matter to Me '' Other singles `` Forever '' `` 0 to 100 / The Catch Up '' `` Charged Up '' `` Back to Back '' `` Right Hand '' `` Summer Sixteen '' `` Sneakin ' '' `` Two Birds , One Stone '' `` No Frauds '' `` Signs '' `` Yes Indeed '' As featured artist `` 100 '' `` 4 My Town ( Play Ball ) '' `` Amen '' `` Aston Martin Music '' `` Back on Road '' `` Believe Me '' `` Big Amount '' `` Blessings '' `` Both '' `` Cabaret '' `` Champion '' `` Come and See Me '' `` Come Closer '' `` Deuces ( Remix ) '' `` Diced Pineapples '' `` Digital Girl ( Remix ) '' `` Enough Said '' `` Fall for Your Type '' `` Fed Up '' `` Feel Love '' `` For Free '' `` Fuckin ' Problems '' `` Gonorrhea '' `` I Do It '' `` I Invented Sex '' `` I 'm on One '' `` In the Morning '' `` It 's Good '' `` Know Bout Me '' `` Lemon ( Remix ) '' `` Live For '' `` Look Alive '' `` Love Me '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Mine '' `` Moment 4 Life '' `` Money to Blow '' `` Mr. Wrong '' `` No Complaints '' `` No Guns Allowed '' `` No Lie '' `` No New Friends '' `` No Shopping '' `` Odio '' `` Only '' `` Poetic Justice '' `` Pop That '' `` R.I.C.O. '' `` Recognize '' `` Right Above It '' `` Right Here '' `` Round of Applause '' `` Say Something '' `` She Will '' `` Stay Schemin ' '' `` Still Got It '' `` The One '' `` The Zone '' `` Throw It in the Bag ( Remix ) '' `` To the Max '' `` Trophies '' `` Truffle Butter '' `` Tuesday '' `` Un-Thinkable ( I 'm Ready ) ( Remix ) '' `` Unusual '' `` Used to This '' `` Walk It Talk It '' `` Wavin ' Flag ( Haiti Mix ) '' `` We in This Bitch 1.5 '' `` What 's My Name ? '' `` What Up '' `` Where Ya At '' `` Who Do You Love ? '' `` Why You Always Hatin ? '' `` Work '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nice_for_What&oldid=849969957 '' Categories : 2018 songs 2018 singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Canadian Hot 100 number - one singles Drake ( musician ) songs Number - one singles in Australia Songs written by Drake ( musician ) Songs written by Raekwon Songs written by Marvin Hamlisch Songs written by RZA Songs written by Method Man Songs written by Lauryn Hill Songs written by Ghostface Killah Song recordings produced by Murda Beatz Cash Money Records singles UK Singles Chart number - one singles Young Money Entertainment singles UK R&B Singles Chart number - one singles Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Articles with short description Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarysingle Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceclubplay Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Views Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 12 July 2018 , at 17 : 28 ( UTC ) . 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what song is on drakes nice for what

Musically , `` Nice for What '' is an upbeat hip hop and bounce song that contains elements of early 2000s R&B , with a length of three minutes thirty seconds . It samples Lauryn Hill 's song `` Ex-Factor '' ( 1998 ) , `` Drag Rap '' by the Showboys ( 1986 ) , `` Get Your Roll On '' by Big Tymers ( 2000 ) , and also features clips from performances by Big Freedia . Lyrically , the hook of Drake 's song samples Lauryn Hill singing about `` cutting loose in the midst of a relationship '' .

Null hypothesis - wikipedia Null hypothesis Jump to : navigation , search For the publication , see Null Hypothesis : The Journal of Unlikely Science . Ronald Fisher Jerzy Neyman In inferential statistics , the term `` null hypothesis '' is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena , or no association among groups . Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis -- and thus concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena ( e.g. that a potential treatment has a measurable effect ) -- is a central task in the modern practice of science ; the field of statistics gives precise criteria for rejecting a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is generally assumed to be true until evidence indicates otherwise . In statistics , it is often denoted H ( read `` H - nought '' , `` H - null '' , `` H - oh '' , or `` H - zero '' ) . The concept of a null hypothesis is used differently in two approaches to statistical inference . In the significance testing approach of Ronald Fisher , a null hypothesis is rejected if the observed data are significantly unlikely to have occurred if the null hypothesis were true . In this case the null hypothesis is rejected and an alternative hypothesis is accepted in its place . If the data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then the null hypothesis is not rejected . In neither case is the null hypothesis or its alternative proven ; the null hypothesis is tested with data and a decision is made based on how likely or unlikely the data are . This is analogous to the legal principle of presumption of innocence , in which a suspect or defendant is assumed to be innocent ( null is not rejected ) until proven guilty ( null is rejected ) beyond a reasonable doubt ( to a statistically significant degree ) . In the hypothesis testing approach of Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson , a null hypothesis is contrasted with an alternative hypothesis and the two hypotheses are distinguished on the basis of data , with certain error rates . Proponents of each approach criticize the other approach . Nowadays , though , a hybrid approach is widely practiced and presented in textbooks . The hybrid is in turn criticized as incorrect and incoherent -- for details , see Statistical hypothesis testing . Statistical inference can be done without a null hypothesis , by specifying a statistical model corresponding to each candidate hypothesis and using model selection techniques to choose the most appropriate model . ( The most common selection techniques are based on either Akaike information criterion or Bayes factor . ) Contents ( hide ) 1 Principle 2 Basic definitions 3 Example 4 Terminology 5 Goals of null hypothesis tests 6 Choice of the null hypothesis 6.1 Directionality 6.1. 1 Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test 6.1. 2 Discussion 7 History of statistical tests 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Principle ( edit ) Hypothesis testing requires constructing a statistical model of what the data would look like given that chance or random processes alone were responsible for the results . The hypothesis that chance alone is responsible for the results is called the null hypothesis . The model of the result of the random process is called the distribution under the null hypothesis . The obtained results are then compared with the distribution under the null hypothesis , and the likelihood of finding the obtained results is thereby determined . Hypothesis testing works by collecting data and measuring how likely the particular set of data is , assuming the null hypothesis is true , when the study is on a randomly selected representative sample . The null hypothesis assumes no relationship between variables in the population from which the sample is selected . If the data - set of a randomly selected representative sample is very unlikely relative to the null hypothesis ( defined as being part of a class of sets of data that only rarely will be observed ) , the experimenter rejects the null hypothesis concluding it ( probably ) is false . This class of data - sets is usually specified via a test statistic which is designed to measure the extent of apparent departure from the null hypothesis . The procedure works by assessing whether the observed departure measured by the test statistic is larger than a value defined so that the probability of occurrence of a more extreme value is small under the null hypothesis ( usually in less than either 5 % or 1 % of similar data - sets in which the null hypothesis does hold ) . If the data do not contradict the null hypothesis , then only a weak conclusion can be made : namely , that the observed data set provides no strong evidence against the null hypothesis . In this case , because the null hypothesis could be true or false , in some contexts this is interpreted as meaning that the data give insufficient evidence to make any conclusion ; in other contexts it is interpreted as meaning that there is no evidence to support changing from a currently useful regime to a different one . For instance , a certain drug may reduce the chance of having a heart attack . Possible null hypotheses are `` this drug does not reduce the chances of having a heart attack '' or `` this drug has no effect on the chances of having a heart attack '' . The test of the hypothesis consists of administering the drug to half of the people in a study group as a controlled experiment . If the data show a statistically significant change in the people receiving the drug , the null hypothesis is rejected . Basic definitions ( edit ) The null hypothesis and the alternate hypothesis are types of conjectures used in statistical tests , which are formal methods of reaching conclusions or making decisions on the basis of data . The hypotheses are conjectures about a statistical model of the population , which are based on a sample of the population . The tests are core elements of statistical inference , heavily used in the interpretation of scientific experimental data , to separate scientific claims from statistical noise . `` The statement being tested in a test of ( statistical ) significance is called the null hypothesis . The test of significance is designed to assess the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis . Usually , the null hypothesis is a statement of ' no effect ' or ' no difference ' . '' It is often symbolized as H . The statement that is hoped or expected to be true instead of the null hypothesis is the alternative hypothesis . Symbols include H and H . Statistical significance test : `` Very roughly , the procedure for deciding goes like this : Take a random sample from the population . If the sample data are consistent with the null hypothesis , then do not reject the null hypothesis ; if the sample data are inconsistent with the null hypothesis , then reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the alternative hypothesis is true . '' The following sections add context and nuance to the basic definitions . Example ( edit ) Given the test scores of two random samples of men and women , does one group differ from the other ? A possible null hypothesis is that the mean male score is the same as the mean female score : H : μ = μ where H = the null hypothesis , μ = the mean of population 1 , and μ = the mean of population 2 . A stronger null hypothesis is that the two samples are drawn from the same population , such that the variances and shapes of the distributions are also equal . Terminology ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Definition of terms Simple hypothesis Any hypothesis which specifies the population distribution completely . For such a hypothesis the sampling distribution of any statistic is a function of the sample size alone . Composite hypothesis Any hypothesis which does not specify the population distribution completely . Example : A hypothesis specifying a normal distribution with a specified mean and an unspecified variance . The simple / composite distinction was made by Neyman and Pearson . Exact hypothesis Any hypothesis that specifies an exact parameter value . Example : μ = 100 . Synonym : point hypothesis . Inexact hypothesis Those specifying a parameter range or interval . Examples : μ ≤ 100 ; 95 ≤ μ ≤ 105 . Fisher required an exact null hypothesis for testing ( see the quotations below ) . A one - tailed hypothesis ( tested using a one - sided test ) is an inexact hypothesis in which the value of a parameter is specified as being either : above or equal to a certain value , or below or equal to a certain value . A one - tailed hypothesis is said to have directionality . Fisher 's original ( lady tasting tea ) example was a one - tailed test . The null hypothesis was asymmetric . The probability of guessing all cups correctly was the same as guessing all cups incorrectly , but Fisher noted that only guessing correctly was compatible with the lady 's claim . ( See the quotations below about his reasoning . ) Goals of null hypothesis tests ( edit ) There are many types of significance tests for one , two or more samples , for means , variances and proportions , paired or unpaired data , for different distributions , for large and small samples ; all have null hypotheses . There are also at least four goals of null hypotheses for significance tests : Technical null hypotheses are used to verify statistical assumptions . For example , the residuals between the data and a statistical model can not be distinguished from random noise . If true , there is no justification for complicating the model . Scientific null assumptions are used to directly advance a theory . For example , the angular momentum of the universe is zero . If not true , the theory of the early universe may need revision . Null hypotheses of homogeneity are used to verify that multiple experiments are producing consistent results . For example , the effect of a medication on the elderly is consistent with that of the general adult population . If true , this strengthens the general effectiveness conclusion and simplifies recommendations for use . Null hypotheses that assert the equality of effect of two or more alternative treatments , for example , a drug and a placebo , are used to reduce scientific claims based on statistical noise . This is the most popular null hypothesis ; It is so popular that many statements about significant testing assume such null hypotheses . Rejection of the null hypothesis is not necessarily the real goal of a significance tester . An adequate statistical model may be associated with a failure to reject the null ; the model is adjusted until the null is not rejected . The numerous uses of significance testing were well known to Fisher who discussed many in his book written a decade before defining the null hypothesis . A statistical significance test shares much mathematics with a confidence interval . They are mutually illuminating . A result is often significant when there is confidence in the sign of a relationship ( the interval does not include 0 ) . Whenever the sign of a relationship is important , statistical significance is a worthy goal . This also reveals weaknesses of significance testing : A result can be significant without a good estimate of the strength of a relationship ; significance can be a modest goal . A weak relationship can also achieve significance with enough data . Reporting both significance and confidence intervals is commonly recommended . The varied uses of significance tests reduce the number of generalizations that can be made about all applications . Choice of the null hypothesis ( edit ) The choice of the null hypothesis is associated with sparse and inconsistent advice . Fisher mentioned few constraints on the choice and stated that many null hypotheses should be considered and that many tests are possible for each . The variety of applications and the diversity of goals suggests that the choice can be complicated . In many applications the formulation of the test is traditional . A familiarity with the range of tests available may suggest a particular null hypothesis and test . Formulating the null hypothesis is not automated ( though the calculations of significance testing usually are ) . Sir David Cox has said , `` How ( the ) translation from subject - matter problem to statistical model is done is often the most critical part of an analysis '' . A statistical significance test is intended to test a hypothesis . If the hypothesis summarizes a set of data , there is no value in testing the hypothesis on that set of data . Example : If a study of last year 's weather reports indicates that rain in a region falls primarily on weekends , it is only valid to test that null hypothesis on weather reports from any other year . Testing hypotheses suggested by the data is circular reasoning that proves nothing ; It is a special limitation on the choice of the null hypothesis . A routine procedure is as follows : Start from the scientific hypothesis . Translate this to a statistical alternative hypothesis and proceed : `` Because H expresses the effect that we wish to find evidence for , we often begin with H and then set up H as the statement that the hoped - for effect is not present . '' This advice is reversed for modeling applications where we hope not to find evidence against the null . A complex case example is as follows : The gold standard in clinical research is the randomized placebo - controlled double - blind clinical trial . But testing a new drug against a ( medically ineffective ) placebo may be unethical for a serious illness . Testing a new drug against an older medically effective drug raises fundamental philosophical issues regarding the goal of the test and the motivation of the experimenters . The standard `` no difference '' null hypothesis may reward the pharmaceutical company for gathering inadequate data . `` Difference '' is a better null hypothesis in this case , but statistical significance is not an adequate criterion for reaching a nuanced conclusion which requires a good numeric estimate of the drug 's effectiveness . A `` minor '' or `` simple '' proposed change in the null hypothesis ( ( new vs old ) rather than ( new vs placebo ) ) can have a dramatic effect on the utility of a test for complex non-statistical reasons . Directionality ( edit ) Main article : One - and two - tailed tests This section is too long . Consider splitting it into new pages , adding subheadings , or condensing it . ( September 2014 ) The choice of null hypothesis ( H ) and consideration of directionality ( see `` one - tailed test '' ) is critical . Tailedness of the null - hypothesis test ( edit ) Consider the question of whether a tossed coin is fair ( i.e. that on average it lands heads up 50 % of the time ) and an experiment where you toss the coin 5 times . A possible result of the experiment that we consider here is 5 heads . Let outcomes be considered unlikely with respect to an assumed distribution if their probability is lower than a significance threshold of 0.05 . A potential null hypothesis implying a one - tail test is `` this coin is not biased toward heads '' . Beware that , in this context , the word `` tail '' takes two meanings : either as outcome of a single toss , or as region of extremal values in a probability distribution . Indeed , with a fair coin the probability of this experiment outcome is 1 / 2 = 0.031 , which would be even lower if the coin were biased in favour of tails . Therefore , the observations are not likely enough for the null hypothesis to hold , and the test refutes it . Since the coin is ostensibly neither fair nor biased toward tails , the conclusion of the experiment is that the coin is biased towards heads . Alternatively , a null hypothesis implying a two - tailed test is `` this coin is fair '' . This one null hypothesis could be examined by looking out for either too many tails or too many heads in the experiments . The outcomes that would tend to refuse this null hypothesis are those with a large number of heads or a large number of tails , and our experiment with 5 heads would seem to belong to this class . However , the probability of 5 tosses of the same kind , irrespective of whether these are head or tails , is twice as much as that of the 5 - head occurrence singly considered . Hence , under this two - tailed null hypothesis , the observation receives a probability value of 0.061 . Hence again , with the same significance threshold used for the one - tailed test ( 0.05 ) , the same outcome is not statistically significant . Therefore , the two - tailed null hypothesis will be preserved in this case , not supporting the conclusion that the coin is biased towards heads reached with the single - tailed null hypothesis . This example illustrates that the conclusion reached from a statistical test may depend on the precise formulation of the null and alternative hypotheses . Discussion ( edit ) Fisher said , `` the null hypothesis must be exact , that is free of vagueness and ambiguity , because it must supply the basis of the ' problem of distribution , ' of which the test of significance is the solution '' , implying a more restrictive domain for H. According to this view , the null hypothesis must be numerically exact -- it must state that a particular quantity or difference is equal to a particular number . In classical science , it is most typically the statement that there is no effect of a particular treatment ; in observations , it is typically that there is no difference between the value of a particular measured variable and that of a prediction . Most statisticians believe that it is valid to state direction as a part of null hypothesis , or as part of a null hypothesis / alternative hypothesis pair . However , the results are not a full description of all the results of an experiment , merely a single result tailored to one particular purpose . For example , consider an H that claims the population mean for a new treatment is an improvement on a well - established treatment with population mean = 10 ( known from long experience ) , with the one - tailed alternative being that the new treatment 's mean > 10 . If the sample evidence obtained through x-bar equals − 200 and the corresponding t - test statistic equals − 50 , the conclusion from the test would be that there is no evidence that the new treatmnent is better than the existing one : it would not report that it is markedly worse , but that is not what this particular test is looking for . To overcome any possible ambiguity in reporting the result of the test of a null hypothesis , it is best to indicate whether the test was two - sided and , if one - sided , to include the direction of the effect being tested . The statistical theory required to deal with the simple cases of directionality dealt with here , and more complicated ones , makes use of the concept of an unbiased test . The directionality of hypotheses is not always obvious . The explicit null hypothesis of Fisher 's Lady tasting tea example was that the Lady had no such ability , which led to a symmetric probability distribution . The one - tailed nature of the test resulted from the one - tailed alternate hypothesis ( a term not used by Fisher ) . The null hypothesis became implicitly one - tailed . The logical negation of the Lady 's one - tailed claim was also one - tailed . ( Claim : Ability > 0 ; Stated null : Ability = 0 ; Implicit null : Ability ≤ 0 ) . Pure arguments over the use of one - tailed tests are complicated by the variety of tests . Some tests ( for instance the χ goodness of fit test ) are inherently one - tailed . Some probability distributions are asymmetric . The traditional tests of 3 or more groups are two - tailed . Advice concerning the use of one - tailed hypotheses has been inconsistent and accepted practice varies among fields . The greatest objection to one - tailed hypotheses is their potential subjectivity . A non-significant result can sometimes be converted to a significant result by the use of a one - tailed hypothesis ( as the fair coin test , at the whim of the analyst ) . The flip side of the argument : One - sided tests are less likely to ignore a real effect . One - tailed tests can suppress the publication of data that differs in sign from predictions . Objectivity was a goal of the developers of statistical tests . It is a common practice to use a one - tailed hypotheses by default . However , `` If you do not have a specific direction firmly in mind in advance , use a two - sided alternative . Moreover , some users of statistics argue that we should always work with the two - sided alternative . '' One alternative to this advice is to use three - outcome tests . It eliminates the issues surrounding directionality of hypotheses by testing twice , once in each direction and combining the results to produce three possible outcomes . Variations on this approach have a history , being suggested perhaps 10 times since 1950 . Disagreements over one - tailed tests flow from the philosophy of science . While Fisher was willing to ignore the unlikely case of the Lady guessing all cups of tea incorrectly ( which may have been appropriate for the circumstances ) , medicine believes that a proposed treatment that kills patients is significant in every sense and should be reported and perhaps explained . Poor statistical reporting practices have contributed to disagreements over one - tailed tests . Statistical significance resulting from two - tailed tests is insensitive to the sign of the relationship ; Reporting significance alone is inadequate . `` The treatment has an effect '' is the uninformative result of a two - tailed test . `` The treatment has a beneficial effect '' is the more informative result of a one - tailed test . `` The treatment has an effect , reducing the average length of hospitalization by 1.5 days '' is the most informative report , combining a two - tailed significance test result with a numeric estimate of the relationship between treatment and effect . Explicitly reporting a numeric result eliminates a philosophical advantage of a one - tailed test . An underlying issue is the appropriate form of an experimental science without numeric predictive theories : A model of numeric results is more informative than a model of effect signs ( positive , negative or unknown ) which is more informative than a model of simple significance ( non-zero or unknown ) ; in the absence of numeric theory signs may suffice . History of statistical tests ( edit ) Main article : Statistical hypothesis testing § Origins and early controversy The history of the null and alternative hypotheses is embedded in the history of statistical tests . Before 1925 : There are occasional transient traces of statistical tests for centuries in the past , which provide early examples of null hypotheses . In the late 19th century statistical significance was defined . In the early 20th century important probability distributions were defined . Gossett and Pearson worked on specific cases of significance testing . 1925 : Fisher published the first edition of Statistical Methods for Research Workers which defined the statistical significance test and made it a mainstream method of analysis for much of experimental science . The text was devoid of proofs and weak on explanations , but it was filled with real examples . It placed statistical practice in the sciences well in advance of published statistical theory . 1933 : In a series of papers ( published over a decade starting in 1928 ) Neyman & Pearson defined the statistical hypothesis test as a proposed improvement on Fisher 's test . The papers provided much of the terminology for statistical tests including alternative hypothesis and H as a hypothesis to be tested using observational data ( with H , H ... as alternatives ) . Neyman did not use the term null hypothesis in later writings about his method . 1935 : Fisher published the first edition of the book `` The Design of Experiments '' which introduced the null hypothesis ( by example rather than by definition ) and carefully explained the rationale for significance tests in the context of the interpretation of experimental results ; see The Design of Experiments # Quotations regarding the null hypothesis . Following : Fisher and Neyman quarreled over the relative merits of their competing formulations until Fisher 's death in 1962 . Career changes and World War II ended the partnership of Neyman and Pearson . The formulations were merged by relatively anonymous textbook writers , experimenters ( journal editors ) and mathematical statisticians without input from the principals . The subject today combines much of the terminology and explanatory power of Neyman & Pearson with the scientific philosophy and calculations provided by Fisher . Whether statistical testing is properly one subject or two remains a source of disagreement . Sample of two : One text refers to the subject as hypothesis testing ( with no mention of significance testing in the index ) while another says significance testing ( with a section on inference as a decision ) . Fisher developed significance testing as a flexible tool for researchers to weigh their evidence . Instead testing has become institutionalized . Statistical significance has become a rigidly defined and enforced criterion for the publication of experimental results in many scientific journals . In some fields significance testing has become the dominant and nearly exclusive form of statistical analysis . As a consequence the limitations of the tests have been exhaustively studied . Books have been filled with the collected criticism of significance testing . See also ( edit ) Statistics portal Bayes factor Counternull Estimation statistics Likelihood - ratio test Presumption of innocence Statistical hypothesis testing References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Everitt , Brian ( 1998 ) . The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics . Cambridge , UK New York : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521593468 . Jump up ^ Burnham , K.P. ; Anderson , D.R. ( 2002 ) , Model Selection and Multimodel Inference : A Practical Information - Theoretic Approach ( 2nd ed . ) , Springer - Verlag , ISBN 0 - 387 - 95364 - 7 . Jump up ^ Stockburger D.W. ( 2007 ) , `` Hypothesis and hypothesis testing '' , Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics ( editor -- Salkind N.J. ) , Sage Publications . ^ Jump up to : Moore , David ; McCabe , George ( 2003 ) . Introduction to the Practice of Statistics ( 4 ed . ) . New York : W.H. Freeman and Co. p. 438 . ISBN 9780716796572 . Jump up ^ Weiss , Neil A. ( 1999 ) . Introductory Statistics ( 5th ed . ) . p. 494 . ISBN 9780201598773 . ^ Jump up to : Neyman , J ; Pearson , E.S. ( January 1 , 1933 ) . `` On the Problem of the most Efficient Tests of Statistical Hypotheses '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 231 ( 694 -- 706 ) : 289 -- 337 . doi : 10.1098 / rsta. 1933.0009 . Jump up ^ Winkler , Robert L ; Hays , William L ( 1975 ) . Statistics : probability , inference , and decision . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . p. 403 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 014011 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Significance Tests '' . Br. J. Clin. Pharmac. 14 : 325 -- 331 . 1982 . Jump up ^ Statistical Methods for Research Workers ( 11th Ed ) : Chapter IV : Tests of Goodness of Fit , Independence and Homogeneity ; With Table of χ . Regarding a significance test supporting goodness of fit : If the calculated probability is high then `` there is certainly no reason to suspect that the ( null ) hypothesis is tested . If it is ( low ) it is strongly indicated that the ( null ) hypothesis fails to account for the whole of the facts . '' Jump up ^ Cox , D.R. ( 2006 ) . Principles of Statistical Inference . Cambridge University Press . p. 197 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 68567 - 2 . Jump up ^ Jones , B ; P Jarvis ; JA Lewis ; AF Ebbutt ( 6 July 1996 ) . `` Trials to assess equivalence : the importance of rigorous methods '' . BMJ. 313 : 36 -- 39 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 313.7048. 36 . It is suggested that the default position ( the null hypothesis ) should be that the treatments are not equivalent . Conclusions should be made on the basis of confidence intervals rather than significance . Jump up ^ Fisher , R.A. ( 1966 ) . The Design of Experiments ( 8th ed . ) . Edinburgh : Hafner . Jump up ^ For example see Null hypothesis Jump up ^ Lombardi , Celia M. ; Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 2009 ) . `` Misprescription and misuse of one - tailed tests '' . Austral Ecology. 34 : 447 -- 468 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1442 - 9993.2009. 01946. x . Discusses the merits and historical usage of one - tailed tests in biology at length . Jump up ^ Bland , J Martin ; Altman , Douglas G ( 23 July 1994 ) . `` One and two sided tests of significance '' . BMJ. 309 : 248 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 309.6949. 248 . With respect to medical statistics : `` In general a one sided test is appropriate when a large difference in one direction would lead to the same action as no difference at all . Expectation of a difference in a particular direction is not adequate justification . '' `` Two sided tests should be used unless there is a very good reason for doing otherwise . If one sided tests are to be used the direction of the test must be specified in advance . One sided tests should never be used simply as a device to make a conventionally non-significant difference significant . '' Jump up ^ Jones , Lyle V. ; Tukey , John W. ( 2000 ) . `` A Sensible Formulation of the Significance Test '' . Psychological Methods. 5 ( 4 ) : 411 -- 414 . doi : 10.1037 / 1082 - 989X. 5.4. 411 . Test results are signed : significant positive effect , significant negative effect or insignificant effect of unknown sign . This is a more nuanced conclusion than that of the two - tailed test . It has the advantages of one - tailed tests without the disadvantages . Jump up ^ Hurlbert , S.H. ; Lombardi , C.M. ( 2009 ) . `` Final collapse of the Neyman - Pearson decision theoretic framework and rise of the neoFisherian '' . Ann . Zool . Fennici. 46 : 311 -- 349 . ISSN 1797 - 2450 . doi : 10.5735 / 086.046. 0501 . ^ Jump up to : Gigerenzer , Gerd ; Zeno Swijtink ; Theodore Porter ; Lorraine Daston ; John Beatty ; Lorenz Kruger ( 1989 ) . `` Part 3 : The Inference Experts '' . The Empire of Chance : How Probability Changed Science and Everyday Life . Cambridge University Press . pp. 70 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 39838 - 1 . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( 2011 ) . Fisher , Neyman , and the creation of classical statistics . New York : Springer . ISBN 978 - 1441994998 . Jump up ^ Aldrich , John . `` Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Probability & Statistics '' . Retrieved 30 June 2014 . Last update 12 march 2003 . From Jeff Miller . Jump up ^ Lehmann , E.L. ( December 1993 ) . `` The Fisher , Neyman - Pearson Theories of Testing Hypotheses : One Theory or Two ? '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 88 ( 424 ) : 1242 -- 1249 . doi : 10.1080 / 01621459.1993. 10476404 . Further reading ( edit ) Adèr , H.J. ; Mellenbergh , G.J. & Hand , D.J. ( 2007 ) . Advising on research methods : A consultant 's companion . Huizen , The Netherlands : Johannes van Kessel Publishing . ISBN 90 - 79418 - 01 - 3 . Efron , B. ( 2004 ) . `` Large - Scale Simultaneous Hypothesis Testing '' . Journal of the American Statistical Association . 99 ( 465 ) : 96 . doi : 10.1198 / 016214504000000089 . The application of significance testing in this paper is an outlier . Tests to find a null hypothesis ? Not trying to show significance , but to find interesting cases ? Rice , William R. ; Gaines , Steven D. ( June 1994 ) . `` ' Heads I win , tails you lose ' : testing directional alternative hypotheses in ecological and evolutionary research '' . TREE. 9 ( 6 ) : 235 -- 237 . doi : 10.1016 / 0169 - 5347 ( 94 ) 90258 - 5 . Directed tests combine the attributes of one - tailed and two - tailed tests . `` ... directed tests should be used in virtually all applications where one - sided tests have previously been used , excepting those cases where the data can only deviate from H , in one direction . 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in any test of hypothesis to reject the null hypothesis is to

In inferential statistics , the term `` null hypothesis '' is a general statement or default position that there is no relationship between two measured phenomena , or no association among groups . Rejecting or disproving the null hypothesis -- and thus concluding that there are grounds for believing that there is a relationship between two phenomena ( e.g. that a potential treatment has a measurable effect ) -- is a central task in the modern practice of science ; the field of statistics gives precise criteria for rejecting a null hypothesis .

Fayetteville , North Carolina - wikipedia Fayetteville , North Carolina City in North Carolina , United States Fayetteville , North Carolina City City of Fayetteville Nickname ( s ) : All - America City , Fayettenam , 2 - 6 , The Ville Location in Cumberland County and the state of North Carolina . Coordinates : 35 ° 3 ′ 9 '' N 78 ° 52 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.05250 ° N 78.87806 ° W  / 35.05250 ; - 78.87806 Coordinates : 35 ° 3 ′ 9 '' N 78 ° 52 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.05250 ° N 78.87806 ° W  / 35.05250 ; - 78.87806 Country United States State North Carolina County Cumberland Settled 1783 Government Type Council - Manager Mayor Mitch Colvin ( D ) City Manager Doug Hewett Area City 147.7 sq mi ( 382.6 km ) Land 145.9 sq mi ( 377.8 km ) Water 1.9 sq mi ( 4.8 km ) Elevation 263 ft ( 80 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 200,564 US : 110th Estimate ( 2017 ) 209,889 Metro 377,193 Time zone UTC − 5 ( Eastern ( EST ) ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 4 ( EDT ) ZIP code 28301 , 28302 , 28303 , 28304 , 28305 , 28306 , 28307 ( Fort Bragg ) , 28308 ( Pope AAF ) , 28309 , 28310 ( Fort Bragg ) , 28311 , 28312 , 28314 , 28387 , 28374 Area code ( s ) 910 FIPS code 37 - 22920 GNIS feature ID 1020226 Website Official website Fayetteville ( / ˈfeɪətˌvɪl / ) is a city in Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States . It is the county seat of Cumberland County , and is best known as the home of Fort Bragg , a major U.S. Army installation northwest of the city . Fayetteville has received the All - America City Award from the National Civic League three times . As of the 2010 census it had a population of 200,564 , with an estimated population of 204,408 in 2013 . It is the 6th - largest city in North Carolina . Fayetteville is in the Sandhills in the western part of the Coastal Plain region , on the Cape Fear River . With an estimated population in 2013 of 210,533 people , the Fayetteville metropolitan area is the largest in southeastern North Carolina , and the fifth - largest in the state . Suburban areas of metro Fayetteville include Fort Bragg , Hope Mills , Spring Lake , Raeford , Pope Field , Rockfish , Stedman , and Eastover . Fayetteville 's mayor is Mitch Colvin , who is serving his first term . Contents 1 History 1.1 Early settlement 1.2 American Revolution 1.3 Post-revolution 1.4 Antebellum 1.5 The Civil War era and late nineteenth century 1.6 20th century to the present 1.7 Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield 1.8 Sanctuary community for military families 1.9 National Register of Historic Places 2 Geography 2.1 Topography 2.2 Climate 3 Demographics 3.1 Religion 4 Economy 4.1 Top employers 4.2 Defense industry 5 Arts and culture 5.1 Clubs and organizations 5.2 Points of interest 6 Sports 7 Education 7.1 Public schools 7.1. 1 High schools ( grades 9 -- 12 ) 7.1. 2 Specialty schools 7.2 Private schools 7.3 Colleges and universities 8 Media 8.1 Newspaper 8.2 Television stations 8.3 Radio stations 9 Infrastructure 9.1 Air transportation 9.2 Highways 9.3 Public transportation 9.4 Passenger rail 10 Notable people 11 Accolades 12 Sister city 13 References 14 Sources 15 External links History ( edit ) See also : Timeline of Fayetteville , North Carolina Early settlement ( edit ) The area of present - day Fayetteville was historically inhabited by various Siouan Native American peoples , such as the Eno , Shakori , Waccamaw , Keyauwee , and Cape Fear people . They followed successive cultures of other indigenous peoples in the area for more than 12,000 years . After the violent upheavals of the Yamasee War and Tuscarora Wars during the second decade of the 18th century , the North Carolina colony encouraged English settlement along the upper Cape Fear River , the only navigable waterway entirely within the colony . Two inland settlements , Cross Creek and Campbellton , were established by Scots from Campbeltown , Argyll and Bute , Scotland . Merchants in Wilmington wanted a town on the Cape Fear River to secure trade with the frontier country . They were afraid people would use the Pee Dee River and transport their goods to Charleston , South Carolina . The merchants bought land from Newberry in Cross Creek . Campbellton became a place where poor whites and free blacks lived , and gained a reputation for lawlessness . In 1783 , Cross Creek and Campbellton united , and the new town was incorporated as Fayetteville in honor of Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette , a French military hero who significantly aided the American forces during the war . Fayetteville was the first city to be named in his honor in the United States . Lafayette visited the city on March 4 and 5 , 1825 , during his grand tour of the United States . American Revolution ( edit ) Center tile of floor of the Market House which served as a town market until 1906 Liberty Point in Fayetteville , where the `` Liberty Point Resolves '' were signed in June 1775 The Cool Spring Tavern , built in 1788 , is the oldest structure in Fayetteville . Most earlier structures were destroyed by the `` great fire '' of 1831 . The local region was heavily settled by Scots in the mid / late 1700s , and most of these were Gaelic - speaking Highlanders . The vast majority of Highland Scots , recent immigrants , remained loyal to the British government and rallied to the call to arms from the Royal Governor . Despite this , they were eventually defeated by a larger Revolutionary force at the Battle of Moore 's Creek Bridge . The area also included a number of active Revolutionaries . In late June 1775 , residents drew up the `` Liberty Point Resolves , '' which preceded the Declaration of Independence by a little more than a year . It said , `` This obligation to continue in full force until a reconciliation shall take place between Great Britain and America , upon constitutional principles , an event we most ardently desire ; and we will hold all those persons inimical to the liberty of the colonies , who shall refuse to subscribe to this Association ; and we will in all things follow the advice of our General Committee respecting the purposes aforesaid , the preservation of peace and good order , and the safety of individual and private property . '' Robert Rowan , who apparently organized the group , signed first . Robert Rowan ( circa 1738 -- 1798 ) was one of the area 's leading public figures of the 18th century . A merchant and entrepreneur , he settled in Cross Creek in the 1760s . He served as an officer in the French and Indian War , as sheriff , justice and legislator , and as a leader of the Patriot cause in the Revolutionary War . Rowan Street and Rowan Park in Fayetteville and a local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution are named for him , though Rowan County ( founded in 1753 ) was named for his uncle , Matthew Rowan . Flora MacDonald ( 1722 -- 1790 ) , a Scots Highland woman known for aiding Bonnie Prince Charlie after his Highlander army 's defeat at Culloden in 1746 , lived in North Carolina for about five years . She was a staunch Loyalist and aided her husband to raise the local Scots to fight for the King against the Revolution . Seventy - First Township in western Cumberland County ( now a part of Fayetteville ) is named for a British regiment during the American Revolution -- the 71st Regiment of Foot or `` Fraser 's Highlanders '' , as they were first called . Post-revolution ( edit ) Fayetteville had what is sometimes called its `` golden decade '' during the 1780s . It was the site in 1789 for the state convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution , and for the General Assembly session that chartered the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . Fayetteville lost out to the future city of Raleigh in the bid to become the permanent state capital . In 1793 , the Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry formed and is still active as a ceremonial unit . It is the second - oldest militia unit in the country . Henry Evans ( circa 1760 -- 1810 ) , a free black preacher , is locally known as the `` Father of Methodism '' in the area . Evans was a shoemaker by trade and a licensed Methodist preacher . He met opposition from whites when he began preaching to slaves in Fayetteville , but he later attracted whites to his services . He is credited with building the first church in town , called the African Meeting House , in 1796 . Evans Metropolitan AME Zion Church is named in his honor . Antebellum ( edit ) Fayetteville had 3,500 residents in 1820 , but Cumberland County 's population still ranked as the second-most urban in the state behind New Hanover County ( Wilmington ) . Its `` Great Fire '' of 1831 was believed to be one of the worst in the nation 's history , although no lives were lost . Hundreds of homes and businesses and most of the best - known public buildings were lost , including the old `` State House '' . Fayetteville leaders moved quickly to help the victims and rebuild the town . The Market House , completed in 1832 , became the center of commerce and celebration . The structure was built on the ruins of the old State House . It was a town market until 1906 . It served as Fayetteville Town Hall until 1907 . The City Council is considering adapting the Market House into a local history museum . The Civil War Era and late nineteenth century ( edit ) The Confederate arsenal in Fayetteville was destroyed in March 1865 by Union Gen. William T. Sherman during the Civil War . In March 1865 , Gen. William T. Sherman and his 60,000 - man army attacked Fayetteville and destroyed the Confederate arsenal ( designed by the Scottish architect William Bell ) . Sherman 's troops also destroyed foundries and cotton factories , and the offices of The Fayetteville Observer . Not far from Fayetteville , Confederate and Union troops engaged in the last cavalry battle of the Civil War , the Battle of Monroe 's Crossroads . Downtown Fayetteville was the site of a skirmish , as Confederate Lt. Gen. Wade Hampton and his men surprised a cavalry patrol , killing 11 Union soldiers and capturing a dozen on March 11 , 1865 . In the late nineteenth century , Fayetteville whites adopted Jim Crow and state laws to impose racial segregation . 20th century to the present ( edit ) Children working in the Tolar , Hart and Holt Mills in Fayetteville , 1914 . Photo by Lewis Hine . Cumberland County 's population exploded in the post-World War II years , with its 43 % increase in the 1960s the largest in any of North Carolina 's 100 counties . Construction was fast - paced as shopping developments and suburban subdivisions began to spread outside the Fayetteville city limits toward Fort Bragg and Pope Air Force Base . The Fayetteville and Cumberland County school systems moved toward integration gradually , beginning in the early 1960s ; busing brought about wider - scale student integration in the 1970s . Segregation of public facilities continued . Marches and sit - ins during the Civil Rights Movement , with students from Fayetteville State Teachers College ( now Fayetteville State University ) at the forefront , led to the end of whites - only service at restaurants and segregated seating in theaters . Blacks and women gained office in significant numbers , from the late 1960s and on into the early 1980s . The Vietnam Era was a time of change in the Fayetteville area . Fort Bragg did not send many large units to Vietnam , but from 1966 to 1970 , more than 200,000 soldiers trained at the post before leaving for the war . This buildup stimulated area businesses . Anti-war protests in Fayetteville drew national attention because of Fort Bragg , in a city that generally supported the war . Anti-war groups invited the actress and activist Jane Fonda to Fayetteville to participate in three anti-war events . At this time , Fayetteville also made headlines after Army doctor Jeffrey R. MacDonald murdered his pregnant wife and two daughters in their Ft . Bragg home in 1970 ; the book and movie Fatal Vision were based on these events . To combat the dispersal of suburbanization , Fayetteville has worked to redevelop its downtown through various revitalization projects ; it has attracted large commercial and defense companies such as Purolator , General Dynamics and Wal - Mart Stores and Distribution Center . Development of the Airborne & Special Operations Museum , Fayetteville Area Transportation Museum , Fayetteville Linear Park , and Fayetteville Festival Park , which opened in late 2006 , have added regional attractions to the center . In the first decade of the 21st century , the towns and rural areas surrounding Fayetteville had rapid growth . Suburbs such as Hope Mills , Raeford and Spring Lake had increases in population . In 2005 , Congress passed the Base Realignment and Closure ( BRAC ) Act , resulting in several new commands relocating to Fort Bragg . These include the U.S. Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) and U.S. Army Reserve Command , both of which relocated from Fort McPherson in Atlanta . More than 30,000 people were expected to relocate to the area with associated businesses and families . FORSCOM awards over $300 billion in contracts annually . In the November / December 2009 issue of Where to Retire , the magazine named Fayetteville as one of the best places to retire in the United States for military retirements . In December 2015 , Fayetteville unveiled the Guinness World Record for the biggest Christmas stocking , weighing approximately 1,600 pounds ( 730 kg ) , and measuring 74.5 x 139 inches . Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield ( edit ) Entrance sign to Fort Bragg FORSCOM & USARC headquarters Fort Bragg and Pope Army Airfield Field are in the northern part of the city of Fayetteville . Several U.S. Army airborne units are stationed at Fort Bragg , most prominently the XVIII Airborne Corps HQ , the 82nd Airborne Division , and the United States Army Special Operations Command . Fort Bragg was the home of the Field Artillery at the onset of World War II . All the Army 's artillery units east of the Mississippi River were based at the post , about 5,000 men in all . Soldiers tested the Army 's new bantam car , which was soon to be known as the Jeep , although most of the power to move artillery still came from horses and burros . On September 12 , 1940 , the Army contracted to expand the post , bringing the 9th Infantry Division to Fort Bragg . The mission of Pope Field is to provide airlift to American armed forces and to humanitarian missions flown all over the world . Pope Field particularly provides air transportation for the 82nd Airborne , among other airborne units on Fort Bragg . All of Pope 's fighter jet squadrons have been relocated to Moody AFB , Georgia . The main entity at Pope are now the Air Force Reserves , although they still have a small amount of active personnel . In September 2008 , Fayetteville annexed 85 % of Ft . Bragg , bringing the population of the city to 206,000 . Ft . Bragg retains its own police , fire , and EMS services . Fayetteville hopes to attract large retail businesses to the area using the new population figures . Sanctuary Community for military families ( edit ) Fayetteville becomes the first `` Sanctuary for Soldiers '' . 82D Airborne Division 4 - mile Run On September 5 , 2008 , Cumberland County announced it was the `` World 's First Sanctuary for Soldiers and Their Families '' ; it marked major roads with blue and white `` Sanctuary '' signage . Within the county , soldiers were to be provided with local services , ranging from free childcare to job placement for soldiers ' spouses . Five hundred volunteers have signed up to watch over military families . They were recruited to offer one - to - one services ; member businesses will also offer discounts and preferential treatments . Time magazine recognized Fayetteville for its support of military families and identified it as `` America 's Most Pro-Military Town '' . National Register of Historic Places ( edit ) Main article : National Register of Historic Places listings in Cumberland County , North Carolina Geography ( edit ) The city limits extend west to the Hoke boundary . It is bordered on the north by the town of Spring Lake . According to the United States Census Bureau , Fayetteville has a total area of 147.7 square miles ( 382.6 km ) , of which 145.8 square miles ( 377.7 km ) is land and 1.9 square miles ( 4.8 km ) is water . The total area is 1.926 % water . Topography ( edit ) Fayetteville is in the Sandhills of North Carolina , which are between the coastal plain to the southeast and the Piedmont to the northwest . The city is built on the Cape Fear River , a 202 - mile - long ( 325 km ) river that originates in Haywood and empties into the Atlantic Ocean . Carver 's Falls , measuring 150 feet ( 46 m ) wide and two stories tall , is on Carver Creek , a tributary of the Cape Fear , just northeast of the city limits . Climate ( edit ) Fayetteville is located in the humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) zone , with mostly moderate temperatures year round . Winters are mild , but can get cool with snow occurring a few days per year . Summers are hot with levels of humidity which can cause spontaneous thunderstorms and rain showers . Temperature records range from − 5 ° F ( − 21 ° C ) on February 13 , 1899 to 110 ° F ( 43 ° C ) on August 21 , 1983 , which was the highest temperature ever recorded in the State of North Carolina . On April 16 , 2011 , Fayetteville was struck by an EF3 tornado during North Carolina 's largest tornado outbreak . Surrounding areas such as Sanford , Dunn and Raleigh were also affected . hide Climate data for Fayetteville , North Carolina ( 1981 -- 2010 normals ) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 81 ( 27 ) 85 ( 29 ) 97 ( 36 ) 96 ( 36 ) 102 ( 39 ) 105 ( 41 ) 107 ( 42 ) 110 ( 43 ) 106 ( 41 ) 101 ( 38 ) 88 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 110 ( 43 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 52.7 ( 11.5 ) 56.4 ( 13.6 ) 64.4 ( 18 ) 73.5 ( 23.1 ) 80.5 ( 26.9 ) 87.4 ( 30.8 ) 90.3 ( 32.4 ) 88.2 ( 31.2 ) 82.8 ( 28.2 ) 73.7 ( 23.2 ) 65.3 ( 18.5 ) 55.6 ( 13.1 ) 72.6 ( 22.6 ) Daily mean ° F ( ° C ) 41.6 ( 5.3 ) 44.6 ( 7 ) 51.7 ( 10.9 ) 60.3 ( 15.7 ) 68.5 ( 20.3 ) 76.7 ( 24.8 ) 80.3 ( 26.8 ) 78.6 ( 25.9 ) 72.5 ( 22.5 ) 61.9 ( 16.6 ) 52.9 ( 11.6 ) 44.3 ( 6.8 ) 61.2 ( 16.2 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 30.5 ( − 0.8 ) 32.8 ( 0.4 ) 39.0 ( 3.9 ) 47.2 ( 8.4 ) 56.6 ( 13.7 ) 66.1 ( 18.9 ) 70.4 ( 21.3 ) 69.0 ( 20.6 ) 62.2 ( 16.8 ) 50.0 ( 10 ) 40.5 ( 4.7 ) 33.0 ( 0.6 ) 49.8 ( 9.9 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) − 2 ( − 19 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) 14 ( − 10 ) 20 ( − 7 ) 32 ( 0 ) 40 ( 4 ) 51 ( 11 ) 46 ( 8 ) 28 ( − 2 ) 21 ( − 6 ) 15 ( − 9 ) ( − 17 ) − 5 ( − 21 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 3.64 ( 92.5 ) 3.16 ( 80.3 ) 3.83 ( 97.3 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 3.32 ( 84.3 ) 4.42 ( 112.3 ) 5.37 ( 136.4 ) 5.56 ( 141.2 ) 4.13 ( 104.9 ) 3.03 ( 77 ) 2.94 ( 74.7 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 45.42 ( 1,153.7 ) Average snowfall inches ( cm ) 0.4 ( 1 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.0 ( 0 ) 0.2 ( 0.5 ) 1.0 ( 2.5 ) Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.01 in ) 10.8 9.2 9.5 8.0 8.9 9.8 11.6 10.8 8.2 7.4 7.3 9.8 111.3 Average snowy days ( ≥ 0.1 in ) 0.1 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0.3 Source : NOAA Demographics ( edit ) Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1790 1,536 -- 1820 3,532 -- 1830 2,868 − 18.8 % 1840 4,285 49.4 % 1850 4,646 8.4 % 1860 4,790 3.1 % 1870 4,660 − 2.7 % 1880 3,485 − 25.2 % 1890 4,222 21.1 % 1900 4,670 10.6 % 1910 7,045 50.9 % 1920 8,877 26.0 % 1930 13,049 47.0 % 1940 17,428 33.6 % 1950 34,715 99.2 % 1960 47,106 35.7 % 1970 53,510 13.6 % 1980 59,507 11.2 % 112,948 89.8 % 2000 121,015 7.1 % 200,782 65.9 % Est. 2017 209,889 4.5 % As of the census of 2010 , there were 200,564 people , 78,274 households , and 51,163 families residing in the city . The population density was 1,401 people per square mile ( 541.1 / km2 ) . There were 87,005 housing units at an average density of 230.3 units / km2 ( 596.3 persons / sq mi ) . The racial composition of the city was 45.7 % White , 41.9 % Black or African American , 2.6 % Asian American , 1.1 % Native American , 0.4 % Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander , 3.3 % some other race , and 4.9 % two or more races. 10.1 % of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race . There were 78,274 households , out of which 36.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 41.3 % were headed by married couples living together , 19.5 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.6 % were non-families. 28.7 % of all households were made up of individuals , and 7.3 % were someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.45 , and the average family size was 3.02 . In the city the population was spread out with 25.8 % under the age of 18 , 14.4 % from 18 to 24 , 28.5 % from 25 to 44 , 21.5 % from 45 to 64 , and 9.7 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 29.9 years . For every 100 females , there were 93.6 males . For every 100 females age 18 and over , there were 90.5 males . In 2013 , the estimated median annual income for a household in the city was $44,924 , and the median income for a family was $49,608 . Male full - time workers had a median income of $37,371 versus $32,208 for females . The per capita income for the city was $23,362. 18.4 % of the population and 16.2 % of families were below the poverty line . 27.1 % of those under the age of 18 and 9.8 % of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line . On September 30 , 2005 , Fayetteville annexed 27 square miles ( 70 km ) and 46,000 residents . Some affected residents and developers challenged the annexation in the courts , but were ultimately unsuccessful . The exception was the Gates Four neighborhood which won its case against annexation despite the annexation of all surrounding neighborhoods . Religion ( edit ) Hay Street United Methodist Church Founded in Wade in 1758 , Old Bluff Presbyterian Church is one of the oldest churches in the Upper Cape Fear Valley . The fourth Sunday of September each year is the annual Old Bluff Reunion ; it is open to the public . Bluff Presbyterian Church maintains a detailed history at its website . Hundreds of houses of worship have been established in and around Cumberland County , including Catholic , Baptist , Pentecostal , Methodist and Presbyterian churches , which have the largest congregations . Fayetteville is home to St. Patrick Church , the oldest Catholic parish in the state . Fayetteville is also home to Congregation Beth Israel , formed in 1910 by the Jewish families of Fayetteville . Economy ( edit ) Fort Bragg is the backbone of the county 's economy . Fort Bragg and Pope Field pump about $4.5 billion a year into the region 's economy , making Fayetteville one of the best retail markets in the country . Fayetteville serves as the region 's hub for shops , restaurants , services , lodging , health care and entertainment . Fayetteville boasts a low unemployment rate with a large labor pool of trained professionals . Top employers ( edit ) According to Fayetteville 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top employers in the city are : # Employer # of Employees Department of Defense ( Fort Bragg ) 15,500 + Cumberland County Public School System 6,000 + Cape Fear Valley Health System 5,000 + Wal - Mart 3,570 5 Good Year Tire Manufacturing and Plant 2,000 + 6 Cumberland County 2,000 + 7 City of Fayetteville 1,000 + Defense industry ( edit ) The Fayetteville area has a large and growing defense industry and was ranked in the Top 5 Defense Industry Development areas in US for 2008 , 2010 , 2011 by Expansion Solutions Magazine . Eight of the ten top American defense contractors are located in the area , including Lockheed Martin , Boeing , Northrop Grumman , General Dynamics , and L - 3 Communications . The city hosts Partnership for Defense Initiatives ( PDI ) , a non-profit organization that works with government , academia , and private industry to develop defense solutions . The PDI sponsors a Research and Development laboratory and a Defense Security Technology Accelerator ( DSTA ) , a statewide program to assist new companies in developing their businesses and their technology services and products to the entire Department of Defense community . Arts and culture ( edit ) Festival Park Clubs and organizations ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2008 ) The Woman 's Club of Fayetteville Points of interest ( edit ) The Cape Fear River Trail is designated as part of the East Coast Greenway , a series of urban trails and greenways that will eventually connect from Maine to Key West , Florida . One of the downtown side streets with shops and restaurants Holmes store Hay Street in Downtown Fayetteville Historic sites : Bordeaux Tower Cool Spring Tavern Evans Metropolitan AME Zion Church Ellerslie Plantation The first Golden Corral Hay Street United Methodist Church Heritage Square Liberty Point Myrtle Hill Plantation St. Patrick Catholic Church Tallywood Tower Museums : Airborne & Special Operations Museum Arts Council of Fayetteville / Cumberland County Fascinate - U Children 's Museum Fayetteville Area Transportation and Local History Museum Fayetteville Museum of Art Museum of the Cape Fear Historical Complex Parks and recreation : Cape Fear Botanical Garden Cape Fear River Trail College Lakes Park Cross Creek Linear Park Freedom Memorial Park Jordan Soccer Complex North Carolina Veterans Park Shopping : Cross Creek Mall Theaters and arenas : Cameo Art House Theatre Cape Fear Regional Theater Crown Coliseum The Gilbert Theater Sports ( edit ) Club Sport League Venue Established Championships Buies Creek Astros * Baseball Carolina League Jim Perry Stadium 2017 0 Fayetteville Marksmen Ice hockey Southern Professional Hockey League Crown Coliseum 2002 Cape Fear Heroes Indoor football American Arena League Crown Coliseum 2011 Fayetteville Swampdogs Collegiate baseball Coastal Plain League J.P. Riddle Stadium * The Houston Astros ' Class - A Advanced affiliate will play its 2017 and 2018 seasons in Buies Creek while a new stadium is built in downtown Fayetteville . The team will begin playing at its new home in Fayetteville starting in 2019 . Education ( edit ) Public schools ( edit ) Cumberland County Schools ' headquarters are located in Fayetteville , and the schools serve all cities and towns of the county . CCS operates a total of 87 schools , 53 elementary schools , 16 middle schools , 15 high schools and 9 Alternative and Specialty Schools including , 1 year - round classical , 1 evening academy , 1 web academy , and 2 special schools . Cumberland County Schools is the 4th - largest school system in the state and 78th - largest in the country . High schools ( grades 9 -- 12 ) ( edit ) Cape Fear High School - School of Agricultural & Natural Sciences Academy ( 9 - 12 ) Douglas Byrd High School - Finance Academy & Ford Partnerships for Advanced Studies ( 9 - 12 ) Ezekiel Ezra `` E.E. '' Smith High School - Academies of Math & Science and Fire Science ( 9 - 12 ) Jack Britt High School - Academy of Integrated Systems of Technology and Applied Engineering ( 9 - 12 ) Pine Forest High School - Academies of Emergency Medical Science & Information Technology ( 9 - 12 ) Seventy - First High School - School of Arts ( 9 - 12 ) Terry Sanford High School - Global Studies Academy ( 9 - 12 ) Westover High School - Academies of Health and Engineering ( 9 - 12 ) South View High School - International Baccalaureate ( 9 - 12 ) Gray 's Creek High School - Academy of Information Technology ( 9 - 12 ) Specialty schools ( edit ) Massey Hill Classical High School ( 9 - 12 ) Cross Creek Early College High School ( 9 - 12 ) Private schools ( edit ) Berean Baptist Academy ( Pre-K - 12 ) Fayetteville Academy Fayetteville Christian School ( Pre-K -- 12 ) Northwood Temple Academy Village Christian Academy Colleges and universities ( edit ) Carolina College of Biblical Studies Grace College of Divinity Fayetteville State University Fayetteville Technical Community College Methodist University Shaw University Satellite Campus Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in North Carolina , List of radio stations in North Carolina , and List of television stations in North Carolina Newspaper ( edit ) The Fayetteville Observer Television stations ( edit ) FayTV7 ( Spectrum Channel 7 ) City of Fayetteville 's Government Access Channel Radio stations ( edit ) 88.3 FM WUAW Various Genres 88.7 FM WRAE Religious Music 89.3 FM WZRI Christian Contemporary Music 91.9 FM WFSS Public Radio 95.7 FM WKML Country 96.5 FM WFLB Classic Hits 98.1 FM WQSM Top 40 99.1 FM WZFX Mainstream Urban ( Hip Hop and R&B ) 102.3 FM WFVL Oldies 103.5 FM WRCQ Rock 104.5 FM WCCG Urban Contemporary ( R&B Hits ) 105.7 FM WCLN - FM Gospel Music 106.9 FM WMGU Urban Adult Contemporary ( Adult 's R&B ) 107.3 FM WKFV Contemporary Christian 107.7 FM WUKS Urban Adult Contemporary ( Smooth R&B ) 640 AM WFNC News / talk 1230 AM WFAY Sports 1450 AM WMRV Sports ( simulcasts WFAY ) 1490 AM WAZZ Standards 1600 AM WIDU Black Gospel / Talk 1690 AM WAXX Big J 's Top Hits Infrastructure ( edit ) Fayetteville Area Transportation and Local History Museum in the restored 1890 Cape Fear and Yadkin Valley Railroad Depot The historic Fayetteville Amtrak station Air Transportation ( edit ) Fayetteville Regional Airport is served by five regional carriers that provide daily and seasonal passenger services to three major airline hubs within the United States . An additional regional carrier and several fixed - base operators offer further services for both passenger and general aviation operations . General aviation : Landmark Aviation Landmark Aviation provides fixed - base operator services for passenger and general aviation traffic at the Fayetteville Regional Airport . The general aviation terminal provides a lobby , pilot lounges , a conference room , and a flight room with WSI weather computers . Hangar storage and tie downs are also available . Powell Avionics Powell Avionics provides avionics and aircraft radio sales , installation and service . Powell Avionics is a limited fixed - base operator . Rogers Aircraft Rogers Aircraft provides aircraft repairs and maintenance . Highways ( edit ) Freeways : All American Freeway Martin Luther King Jr . Freeway Interstate Highways : Interstate 95 , south and east of the city limits Interstate 95 Business Interstate 295 ( partially completed ) State Highways N.C. 24 N.C. 53 N.C. 59 N.C. 87 N.C. 162 N.C. 210 U.S. Highways : U.S. 301 U.S. 401 U.S. 13 : The southern terminus of US 13 is in Eastover , at a junction with I - 95 and I - 295 . Public Transportation ( edit ) See also : Fayetteville Area System of Transit The Fayetteville Area System of Transit ( FAST ) serves the Fayetteville and Spring Lake regions , with ten bus routes and two shuttle routes . FAST operates thirteen fixed bus routes within the city of Fayetteville . Service is between the hours of 5 : 45 am and 10 : 30 pm on weekdays , with reduced hours on Saturdays and no Sunday service . Most routes begin and end at the Transfer Center at 147 Old Wilmington Road in Fayetteville . Other transfer points are located at University Estates , Cross Creek Mall , Veterans Administration Medical Center , Bunce and Cliffdale Rds and Cape Fear Valley Medical Center . Passenger Rail ( edit ) See also : Fayetteville ( Amtrak station ) The Atlantic Coast Line Railroad Station , built in 1911 , provides daily Amtrak service with northbound and southbound routes leading to points along the East Coast . Notable people ( edit ) Henry Evans ( circa 1760 -- 1810 ) built the first Methodist church in Fayetteville in 1793 ; he is known as the `` Father of Methodism '' for the area . Dwayne Allen , NFL tight end for New England Patriots Joey Arias , singer and performance artist Chris Armstrong , Canadian Football League player Charlie Baggett , NFL assistant coach Garry Battle , professional arena football player Chip Beck , professional golfer , born in Fayetteville Ann Bilansky ( c. 1820 -- 1860 ) , Fayetteville native hanged for murder in Saint Paul , Minnesota Bunkie Blackburn , NASCAR driver Randy Boone , country music singer , actor , The Virginian , Cimarron Strip , and It 's a Man 's World , born in Fayetteville Doug Brochu , actor in Disney Channel 's Sonny with a Chance and So Random ! David `` Bubba '' Brooks , jazz tenor saxophonist Harold Floyd `` Tina '' Brooks , jazz musician , tenor saxophonist , and composer Jonathan Byrd , folk singer - songwriter John Benton Callis , politician and military officer Jeff Capel III , college basketball coach and former player Judy Clay , soul and gospel singer Felisha Cooper , actress J. Cole , rapper and producer Affion Crockett , actor , comedian , dancer , rapper and writer Aaron Curry , NFL linebacker for Oakland Raiders , Seattle Seahawks Christopher Daniels , professional wrestler for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling Sandra Diaz - Twine , reality TV contestant , winner of Survivor : Pearl Islands and Survivor : Heroes vs. Villains James C. Dobbin , Secretary of the Navy , 1853 -- 1857 Brad Edwards , football player for Washington Redskins and Super Bowl winner Jane Evans Elliot ( 1820 - 1886 ) , Civil War memoirist Beth Finch , first female mayor of Fayetteville ( 1975 - 1981 ) Cortland Finnegan , NFL Pro Bowl cornerback Raymond Floyd , golfer , Masters and U.S. Open champion , World Golf Hall of Fame , attended Fayetteville High Luis Fonseca , United States Navy Hospital Corpsman and veteran of Iraq War Blenda Gay , NFL player Frank P. Graham , president of University of North Carolina and U.S. senator Moonlight Graham , New York Giants outfielder for two innings on May 25 , 1905 ; represented in novel Shoeless Joe and movie Field of Dreams Joe Harris , NFL linebacker Jimmy Herring , guitarist , Widespread Panic , Allman Brothers Band , The Dead , Aquarium Rescue Unit Sterling Hitchcock , Major League Baseball player from 1992 - 2004 Kristina Holland , actress Chris Hondros , war photographer and 2004 Pulitzer Prize finalist Joe Horn , NFL wide receiver Michael Joiner , basketball player for Florida State Seminoles and New Zealand National Basketball League Cal Koonce , baseball player Calvin Lowry , UFL safety for Omaha Nighthawks Elizabeth MacRae , actress Eric Maynor , basketball player , drafted 20th overall by Utah Jazz in 2009 Troy McLawhorn , musician , guitarist for Evanescence Jason `` Mayhem '' Miller , professional mixed martial arts fighter Dave Moody , Grammy - nominated artist , producer , songwriter , filmmaker Julianne Moore , Oscar - winning actress , born at Fort Bragg Kathryn Morgan , ballet dancer with New York City Ballet , born at Fort Bragg Xavier Nixon , offensive tackle for Washington Redskins Shanaelle Petty , Miss Universe Croatia 2017 , graduated from Terry Sanford High School in 2016 Shea Ralph , assistant coach for University of Connecticut women 's basketball team Jimmy Raye , NFL wide receiver Hiram Rhodes Revels , first African - American senator and member of Congress Jerry Richardson , owner of NFL 's Carolina Panthers , played for Baltimore Colts Antwoine Sanders , NFL safety Terry Sanford , politician and educator Terrmel Sledge , professional baseball player Dennis Smith Jr. , basketball player for Dallas Mavericks , ninth overall pick of 2017 NBA Draft Charles Manly Stedman , congressman and Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina Robert Strange , United States senator Kinnon Tatum , NFL player Doug Wilkerson , NFL guard for San Diego Chargers Robert Wilkie , former Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs , Special Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs and Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness and current Secretary of Veterans Affairs Seth Williams , Canadian Football League player Accolades ( edit ) Despite Fayetteville 's modest ranking as the 106th largest city in the US , with a population of about 204,000 , Fayetteville has earned many top awards and recognition as a desirable location , due to its economic and housing growth as well as its reliance on Fort Bragg . # 1 `` Job Market in the Country '' for recent college graduates , The Daily Beast . # 2 `` Highest Per Capita Income Growth in North Carolina '' , surpassing Raleigh and Charlotte , the Bureau of Economic Analysis . # 3 `` Most Affordable Housing Market in the Nation , Businessweek Magazine # 3 `` Job Market in the Nation '' , Manpower , Inc . # 5 `` Strongest Housing Market in the US '' , Bloomberg Businessweek . # 7 `` America 's Strongest Building Markets '' , Business Week . Top 5 for Defense Industry Development in US for 2010 , Expansion Solutions Magazine . # 14 `` Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns '' , Newsmax magazine ( 2009 ) # 18 `` Best Performing City in America '' , the Milken Institute . Other honors include : 3 - Time Winner of the National Civics League `` All - American City '' award in 2011 United States First Soldier Sanctuary Sister city ( edit ) Saint - Avold , Moselle , Grand Est , France References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 11 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` US Board on Geographic Names '' . United States Geological Survey . 2007 - 10 - 25 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Find a County '' . National Association of Counties . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2015 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Geographic Identifiers : 2010 Demographic Profile Data ( G001 ) : Fayetteville city , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 ( PEPANNRES ) : North Carolina Incorporated Places '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Annual Estimates of the Resident Population : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2013 ( GCT - PEPANNRES ) - United States -- Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Area '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` City of Fayetteville official website '' . ^ Jump up to : Encyclopedia of North Carolina , 3rd ed. , Vol. 2 ( 1999 ) , p. 254 . Jump up ^ `` Bell , William ( 1789 - 1865 ) : NC Architects & Builders : NCSU Libraries '' . Jump up ^ `` BRAC : Developers Place Bets on Growth '' , Fayetteville Observer Jump up ^ `` 5 Star Towns for Military Retirement '' ( PDF ) . Where to Retire . Retrieved 29 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` At 1,600 Pounds , this is officially the World 's Largest Christmas Stocking '' . FOX News Insider . FOX News . 11 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Mims , Bryan ( September 16 , 2008 ) . `` Bragg annexation could boost Fayetteville 's retail scene '' . WRAL . Retrieved April 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Fayetteville Wants You '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ Thornburgh , Nathan ( 20 November 2008 ) . `` Fayetteville : America 's Most Pro-Military Town '' -- via www.time.com . Jump up ^ `` NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data '' . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . Retrieved June 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fayetteville ( city ) QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . 7 May 2015 . Archived from the original on 7 May 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics : 2010 ( DP - 1 ) : Fayetteville city , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Selected Economic Characteristics : 2013 American Community Survey 1 - Year Estimates ( DP03 ) : Fayetteville city , North Carolina '' . U.S. Census Bureau , American Factfinder . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Bluff Presbyterian Church '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` The Bluff Presbyterian Church '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 06 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Discoverfayetteville.com '' . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 01 - 11 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Community Facts > FACVB '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 05 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 04 - 28 . Jump up ^ City of Fayetteville CAFR Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Defense Awards 2011 '' . Expansion Solutions Magazine . Cornett Publishing Co. , Inc . Retrieved 19 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PDI Research & Development Lab - Mission Statement - North Carolina '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` K3 Enterprises.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Woman 's Club of Fayetteville - '' . Jump up ^ `` Home - The Arts Council '' . Jump up ^ `` Fayetteville Museum of Art - Home page '' . Jump up ^ `` Cameo Art House Theater - Home page '' . Jump up ^ Barksdale , Andrew . `` Fayetteville , Houston Astros sign 30 - year agreement to bring baseball to downtown '' . FayObserver.com . The Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 15 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Berean Baptist Academy - Fayetteville , NC '' . www.bbafnc.org . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Fayetteville Academy '' . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Fayetteville Christian School '' . Fayetteville Christian School . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Northwood Temple Academy '' . Jump up ^ `` North Carolina 's Rail Division with AMTRAK Service '' . bytrain.org . Jump up ^ Staxrecords.free.fr Profile , staxrecords.free.fr ; retrieved May 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Chick ( 2012 - 12 - 28 ) . `` Former mayor Beth Dail Finch recalled as ' gentle , ' ' strong ' '' . Fayetteville Observer . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . Jump up ^ List of United States cities by population Jump up ^ `` Best Cities for Recent Grads '' . 31 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bureau of Economic Analysis Per Capita Incomes '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ WRAL ( 8 December 2009 ) . `` Jobs picture brightens a bit in Triangle , is strong in Fayetteville : : WRAL.com '' . Jump up ^ `` Stock quotes , financial tools , news and analysis - MSN Money '' . Jump up ^ `` Businessweek - Bloomberg '' . Jump up ^ `` Expansion Solutions Magazine - 011_AwardsDefense '' . Jump up ^ Greenberg , Peter . `` Newsmax Magazine Rates the Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities And Towns '' . Retrieved 13 January 2014 . Jump up ^ City Management Archived 2012 - 05 - 27 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2011 All - America City Award Winners Announced Archived 2012 - 08 - 26 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ webdemar . `` Press Coverage - Sanctuary Press Room '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Interactive City Directory '' . Sister Cities International . Archived from the original on 2015 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved 17 March 2015 . Sources ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of the history of Fayetteville , North Carolina Baca , George . Conjuring Crisis : Racism and Civil Rights in a Southern Military City ( Rutgers University Press ; 2010 ) 196 pages . An ethnographic study of urban politics and racial tensions in Fort Bragg and Fayetteville . Fenn , Elizabeth A. ; Watson , Harry L. ; Nathans , Sydney ; Clayton , Thomas H. ; Wood , Peter H. ( 2003 ) . Joe A. Mobley , ed . The Way We Lived in North Carolina . The University of North Carolina Press . Meyer , Duane ( 2007 ) . The Highland Scots of North Carolina , 1732 -- 1776 . The University of Matthew Burris . Oates , John ( 1981 ) . The story of Fayetteville and the upper Cape Fear . Fayetteville Woman 's Club . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fayetteville , North Carolina . Fayetteville , North Carolina travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website Fayetteville -- Cumberland County Chamber of Commerce Municipalities and communities of Cumberland County , North Carolina , United States County seat : Fayetteville City Fayetteville Towns Eastover Falcon ‡ Godwin Hope Mills Linden Spring Lake Stedman Wade CDP Vander Unincorporated communities Chestnut Hills Cumberland Dogwood Acres Montclair Military bases Fort Bragg Pope Army Airfield Footnotes ‡ This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties State of North Carolina Raleigh ( capital ) Topics Climate Geography State Parks Wildlife History Media Newspapers Radio TV North Carolinians Politics Government Law Tourist attractions Seal of North Carolina Society Culture Music Sports Crime Demographics Economy Education Elections Gambling Regions Western Foothills High Country Piedmont Metrolina ( Charlotte ) Piedmont Triad Triangle Eastern Sandhills Cape Fear Crystal Coast Inner Banks Outer Banks Largest cities Asheville Cary Chapel Hill Charlotte Concord Durham Fayetteville Gastonia Greensboro Greenville High Point Jacksonville Raleigh Wilmington Winston ‐ Salem Smaller cities Albemarle Apex Asheboro Burlington Conover Eden Elizabeth City Garner Goldsboro Graham Havelock Henderson Hendersonville Hickory Kannapolis Kings Mountain Kinston Laurinburg Lenoir Lexington Lumberton Monroe Morganton New Bern Newton Reidsville Roanoke Rapids Rocky Mount Salisbury Sanford Shelby Statesville Thomasville Wake Forest Wilson Major towns Beaufort Boone Brevard Carrboro Clayton Cornelius Dunn Fuquay - 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4 NARA : 10045804 VIAF : 239181669 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fayetteville,_North_Carolina&oldid=866476079 '' Categories : Fayetteville , North Carolina Cities in North Carolina Cities in Cumberland County , North Carolina Former state capitals in the United States County seats in North Carolina Populated places established in 1762 Fayetteville , North Carolina metropolitan area Hidden categories : CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox settlement with unknown parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles to be expanded from August 2008 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage تۆرکجه Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Kernowek Kiswahili لۊری شومالی Malagasy Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018 , at 15 : 34 ( UTC ) . 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how far above sea level is fayetteville nc

Fayetteville , North Carolina City City of Fayetteville Nickname ( s ) : All - America City , Fayettenam , 2 - 6 , The Ville Location in Cumberland County and the state of North Carolina . Coordinates : 35 ° 3 ′ 9 '' N 78 ° 52 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.05250 ° N 78.87806 ° W  / 35.05250 ; - 78.87806 Coordinates : 35 ° 3 ′ 9 '' N 78 ° 52 ′ 41 '' W  /  35.05250 ° N 78.87806 ° W  / 35.05250 ; - 78.87806 Country United States State North Carolina County Cumberland Settled 1783 Government Type Council - Manager Mayor Mitch Colvin ( D ) City Manager Doug Hewett Area City 147.7 sq mi ( 382.6 km ) Land 145.9 sq mi ( 377.8 km ) Water 1.9 sq mi ( 4.8 km ) Elevation 263 ft ( 80 m ) Population ( 2010 ) City 200,564 US : 110th Estimate ( 2017 ) 209,889 Metro 377,193 Time zone UTC − 5 ( Eastern ( EST ) ) Summer ( DST ) UTC − 4 ( EDT ) ZIP code 28301 , 28302 , 28303 , 28304 , 28305 , 28306 , 28307 ( Fort Bragg ) , 28308 ( Pope AAF ) , 28309 , 28310 ( Fort Bragg ) , 28311 , 28312 , 28314 , 28387 , 28374 Area code ( s ) 910 FIPS code 37 - 22920 GNIS feature ID 1020226 Website Official website

Ai n't Nobody here but us chickens - wikipedia Ai n't Nobody here but us chickens `` Ai n't Nobody Here but Us Chickens '' Single by Louis Jordan and His Tympany Five B - side `` Let the Good Times Roll '' Released 1946 ( 1946 ) Recorded June 26 , 1946 Genre Jump blues Length 3 : 02 Label Decca Songwriter ( s ) Joan Whitney Kramer , Alex Kramer `` Ai n't Nobody Here but Us Chickens '' is a jump blues song , written by Alex Kramer and Joan Whitney . Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded the song on June 26 , 1946 and Decca Records released it on a 78 rpm record . The single debuted on Billboard magazine 's Rhythm and Blues Records Chart on December 14 , 1946 . It reached number one and remained at the top position for seventeen weeks , longer than any other Jordan single . It also reached number six on the broader Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . The B - side , `` Let the Good Times Roll , '' peaked at number two on the R&B chart . Jordan 's hit song popularized the expression `` Nobody here but us chickens '' , but the phrase is older . Its first known appearance was a joke published as a reader - submitted anecdote in Everybody 's Magazine in 1908 regarding a chicken thief , formulated as , `` ' Deed , sah , dey ai n't nobody hyah ' ceptin ' us chickens . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Dexter Jr. , Dave ( 1975 ) . The Best of Louis Jordan ( Album notes ) . Louis Jordan . Universal City , California : MCA Records . p. 5 . MCAD - 4079 ( CD reissue ) . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 1988 ) . Top R&B Singles 1942 -- 1988 . Menomonee Falls , Wisconsin : Record Research . pp. 229 -- 230 . ISBN 0 - 89820 - 068 - 7 . Jump up ^ Quinion , Michael ( March 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wordface '' . World Wide Words . Retrieved March 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Under the Spreading Chestnut Tree '' . Everybody 's Magazine . Vol. 19 . July 1908 . p. 717 . Louis Jordan Singles `` I 'll Never Be Free '' `` Barnacle Bill the Sailor '' `` Keep a-Knockin ' '' `` Honeysuckle Rose '' `` I 'm Alabama Bound '' `` Is You Is or Is You Ai n't My Baby '' `` Caldonia '' `` Stone Cold Dead in the Market ( He Had It Coming ) '' `` Choo Choo Ch'Boogie '' `` Ai n't That Just Like a Woman ( They 'll Do It Every Time ) '' `` Ai n't Nobody Here but Us Chickens '' `` Let the Good Times Roll `` Open the Door , Richard '' `` Early in the Mornin ' '' `` Beans and Corn Bread '' `` Saturday Night Fish Fry '' `` School Days '' `` Ai n't Nobody 's Business but My Own '' `` Tear Drops from My Eyes '' `` I Ca n't Give You Anything but Love , Baby '' `` How Blue Can You Get '' `` Junco Partner '' `` Nobody Knows You When You 're Down and Out '' `` Perdido '' `` Whatever Lola Wants ( Lola Gets ) '' Related Discography Tympany Five Jump blues Rhythm and blues Origins of Rock and Roll Five Guys Named Moe Let the Good Times Roll Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ain%27t_Nobody_Here_but_Us_Chickens&oldid=856486425 '' Categories : 1946 songs Decca Records singles Louis Jordan songs Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles Songs written by Alex Kramer Songs written by Joan Whitney ( songwriter ) Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 15 : 40 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who wrote ain't nobody here but us chickens

`` Ai n't Nobody Here but Us Chickens '' is a jump blues song , written by Alex Kramer and Joan Whitney . Louis Jordan and his Tympany Five recorded the song on June 26 , 1946 and Decca Records released it on a 78 rpm record .

Gordon Gekko - wikipedia Gordon Gekko Jump to : navigation , search `` Greed is good '' redirects here . For other uses , see Greed Is Good ( disambiguation ) . This article is missing information about the nature of the character . Please expand the article to include this information . Further details may exist on the talk page . ( March 2018 ) Gordon Gekko Wall Street character First appearance Wall Street ( 1987 ) Last appearance Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps ( 2010 ) Created by Oliver Stone Stanley Weiser Portrayed by Michael Douglas Information Occupation Corporate raider Author Businessman CEO of Gekko & Co. ( formerly ) Spouse ( s ) Kate Gekko ( ex-wife ) ( played by Sean Young ) Children Rudy Gekko ( son ) ( deceased ) ( played by Sean Stone ) Winnie Gekko - Moore ( daughter ) ( played by Carey Mulligan ) Relatives Jacob Moore ( son - in - law ) ( played by Shia LaBeouf ) Louis Moore ( grandson ) Nationality American Gordon Gekko is a fictional character in the 1987 film Wall Street and its 2010 sequel Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps , both directed by Oliver Stone . Gekko was portrayed by actor Michael Douglas , whose performance in the first film won him an Oscar for Best Actor . Co-written by Stone and screenwriter Stanley Weiser , Gekko is claimed to be based loosely on several actual financiers , including Stone 's own father Louis Stone and corporate raider Asher Edelman . According to Edward R. Pressman , producer of the film , `` Originally , there was no one individual who Gekko was modeled on , '' but added that `` Gekko was partly Milken '' , who was the `` Junk Bond King '' of the 1980s . In 2003 , the American Film Institute named Gordon Gekko No. 24 on its Top 50 movie villains of all time . He is currently worth $1.1 billion , having inflated $100 million from his London investment company into $1 billion in Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps . In Wall Street , he was stated to be worth only $650 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cultural impact 2 History 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Cultural impact ( edit ) Gekko has become a symbol in popular culture for unrestrained greed ( with the signature line , `` Greed , for lack of a better word , is good '' ) , often in fields outside corporate finance . On September 25 , 2008 , Michael Douglas , acting as a UN ambassador for peace , was at the 2008 session of the United Nations General Assembly . Reporters sought to ask him off - topic questions about Gekko . He was asked whether he `` bore some responsibility for the behavior of the greed merchants who had brought the world to its knees '' . Trying to return to topic , Douglas suggested that `` the same level of passion Wall Street investors showed should also apply to getting rid of nuclear weapons . '' Douglas was also asked to compare nuclear Armageddon with the `` financial Armageddon on Wall Street '' . After one reporter inquired , `` Are you saying , Gordon , that greed is not good ? '' Douglas stated , `` I 'm not saying that . And my name is not Gordon . It 's a character I played 20 years ago . '' On October 8 , 2008 , the character was referenced by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd in his speech , `` The Children of Gordon Gekko '' concerning the Financial crisis of 2007 - 2010 . Rudd stated `` It is perhaps time now to admit that we did not learn the full lessons of the greed - is - good ideology . And today we are still cleaning up the mess of the 21st - century children of Gordon Gekko . '' On July 28 , 2009 , Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone cited Gekko 's Greed is good slogan in a speech to the Italian Senate , saying that the free market had been replaced by a greed market , and also blamed such a mentality for the 2007 - 2008 financial crisis . The FBI has used Michael Douglas ' Gekko for an anti-insider trading campaign . History ( edit ) In Wall Street , set in 1985 , Gordon Gekko is first introduced as an inspirational corporate raider , and a hero to Bud Fox . Gekko , who runs financial service corporation Gekko & Co. , is a well - known shareholder , but he is said , by some , to be evil . He contradicts this using his famous `` Greed is Good '' speech at a shareholder meeting for the Teldar Paper company . During the film , he and Bud purchase Blue Star Airlines and Gekko tries to sell off the company 's assets to make him and Bud incredibly wealthy . Bud , having heard about Gekko 's real plan , manages to rise the stock at a bid of 24 , where Gekko tries to sell , but Bud tells everyone to dump their stock in Blue Star . Eventually , seeing that his ownership in the airline is now useless , Gekko dumps his stock reluctantly . At the end of the film , he assaults Bud in retaliation for his defeat , as well as loss of millions of dollars . Bud , who was wearing a wire , manages to record Gekko 's confession to his insider trading techniques for the SEC . What happens to Gekko after he retaliates Bud is unclear , as he is never shown after that scene . In Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps , Gordon Gekko is released from jail , revealing that sometime after the film , he was arrested for insider trading and securities fraud . Poor , and no longer respected in the corporate world , he becomes an author and lecturer . He promoted his book , Is Greed Good ? , contradicting what he said in 1985 , possibly having a change of heart when he was arrested . His daughter Winnie blames him for her problems in life , including the suicide of her brother Rudy ( who appeared in Wall Street as a toddler ) and the divorce of him and his wife Kate . Winnie 's fiancé , Jake , sees Gordon as a father figure , albeit still unscrupulous . During the film , Gordon regains most of his fortune when he takes Winnie 's $100 million and founds a financial services company in London ( his company from the first film , Gekko & Co. , got shut down and bankrupted when he was arrested ) . However , when he predicted the financial crisis of 2008 , he traded smartly and became a billionaire . Seeing no more reason to be evil , he deposits the $100 million into the fusion research account and asks to be forgiven by Winnie . A year later , Gekko attends his grandson 's first birthday party , having finally been accepted by Winnie and Jake as a father and grandparent . See also ( edit ) Greed Narcissism in the workplace Psychopathy in the workplace Margin Call Swimming with Sharks The Wolf of Wall Street Wall Street ( 1987 film ) Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Gordon Gekko , Preaching the Gospel of Greed '' . NPR . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Burrough , Bryan ( February 2010 ) . `` The return of Gordon Gekko '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ Osborne , Robert A. ( 1999 ) . 70 years of the Oscar : the official history of the Academy Awards . Abbeville Press . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7892 - 0484 - 4 . Jump up ^ Anthony Vieira ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Review : Wall Street Money Never Sleeps '' . The Film Stage . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Vardi , Nathan . `` Greed is so - so '' . forbes.com . Forbes . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Goodley ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Brace yourself , Gekko is back '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 14 March 2015 . Jump up ^ `` AFI 100 years ... 100 heroes and villains '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Gekko on The Forbes Fictional 15 '' . Forbes.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ackman , Edited by Michael Noer and Dan . `` The Forbes Fictional Fifteen '' . Forbes . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 18 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Phillip Coorey ( 26 September 2008 ) . `` Michael who ? It 's Gekko we 're after '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` Douglas goes nuclear : I 'm not Gordon Gekko ! '' . Fairfax Digital . 25 September 2008 . Jump up ^ Kevin Rudd ( 6 October 2008 ) . `` Edited extract of the speech : The children of Gordon Gekko '' . The Australian . Jump up ^ Krause - Jackson , Flavia ( July 28 , 2009 ) . `` Vatican Slams ' Greed Is Good ' Wall Street Mantra '' . Bloomberg News . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 09 . Jump up ^ Protess , Ben ; Ahmed , Azam ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Michael Douglas Tackles Greed for F.B.I '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Palazzolo , Joe ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) . `` Gordon Gekko Is Cooperating with the FBI '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Gordon Gekko : Greed Is Bad '' . The Wall Street Journal . 2012 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Strasburg , Jenny ; Albergotti , Reed ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) . `` Insider Targets Expanding '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . 2012 - 02 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Gordon Gekko This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Speech before stockholders Forbes profile Analysis of Gekko 's character and legal status Forbes Fictional 15 2002 Santa Claus Richie Rich Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Scrooge McDuck Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Bruce Wayne Lex Luthor J.R. Ewing Auric Goldfinger C. Montgomery Burns Charles Foster Kane Cruella de Vil Gordon Gekko Jay Gatsby 2005 Santa Claus Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks Richie Rich Lex Luthor C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Jed Clampett Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Arthur Bach Ebenezer Scrooge Lara Croft Cruella de Vil Lucius Malfoy 2006 Oliver `` Daddy '' Warbucks C. Montgomery Burns Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Jed Clampett Mr. Monopoly Bruce Wayne Tony Stark Prince Abakaliki of Nigeria Thurston Howell III Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Tony Montana Lara Croft Mario 2007 Scrooge McDuck Ming the Merciless Richie Rich Mom Jed Clampett C. Montgomery Burns Carter Pewterschmidt Bruce Wayne Thurston Howell III Tony Stark Fake Steve Jobs Gomez Addams Willy Wonka Lucius Malfoy Princess Peach 2008 Uncle Sam Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Gordon Gekko Jabba the Hutt Ebenezer Scrooge Tony Stark Thurston Howell III Bruce Wayne Adrian Veidt Jed Clampett Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Carlisle Cullen Scrooge McDuck Richie Rich Tony Stark Jed Clampett Adrian Veidt Bruce Wayne Tooth fairy Thurston Howell III Sir Topham Hatt Artemis Fowl II C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Jay Gatsby Lucille Bluth 2011 Scrooge McDuck Carlisle Cullen Artemis Fowl II Richie Rich Jed Clampett Tony Stark Smaug Bruce Wayne Mr. Monopoly Arthur Bach Jo Bennett C. Montgomery Burns Chuck Bass Gordon Gekko Jeffrey Lebowski 2012 Smaug Flintheart Glomgold Carlisle Cullen Jed Clampett Tony Stark Richie Rich Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Forrest Gump Mr. Monopoly Lisbeth Salander Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Robert Crawley Jo Bennett 2013 Scrooge McDuck Smaug Carlisle Cullen Tony Stark Charles Foster Kane Bruce Wayne Richie Rich Christian Grey Tywin Lannister C. Montgomery Burns Walden Schmidt Lara Croft Mr. Monopoly Mary Crawley Jay Gatsby Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gordon_Gekko&oldid=843489301 '' Categories : Drama film characters Fictional American Jews Fictional businesspeople Fictional characters from New York City Fictional characters introduced in 1987 Fictional white - collar criminals Narcissism in fiction Male characters in film Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list Articles to be expanded from March 2018 Wikipedia external links cleanup from March 2018 Wikipedia spam cleanup from March 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Dansk Español Français Íslenska Italiano Nederlands Norsk Русский 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 13 : 41 . About Wikipedia

who said greed for lack of a better word is good

Gekko has become a symbol in popular culture for unrestrained greed ( with the signature line , `` Greed , for lack of a better word , is good '' ) , often in fields outside corporate finance .

FC Barcelona in European football - wikipedia FC Barcelona in European football FC Barcelona in European football Lionel Messi is the highest goalscorer for Barcelona . Club FC Barcelona First entry 1955 -- 58 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup Latest entry 2018 -- 19 UEFA Champions League Titles Champions League 5 ( show ) 1992 2006 2009 2011 2015 Cup Winners ' Cup 4 ( show ) 1979 1982 1989 1997 Super Cup 5 ( show ) 1992 1997 2009 2011 2015 FIFA Club World Cup 3 ( show ) 2009 2011 2015 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 3 ( show ) 1955 -- 58 1958 -- 60 1965 -- 66 FC Barcelona , also known simply as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça , is a Spanish professional football club based in Barcelona . The club first participated in a European competition in 1910 , and from 1955 onwards spent every season in one or more European competitions . The first international cup they took part in was the Pyrenees Cup . The competition lasted from 1910 to 1914 and Barcelona won four out of five editions . From 1914 to the beginning of the Latin Cup in 1949 , Barcelona did not participate in any international competitions . From the 1955 -- 56 season , with the exception of the 1956 -- 57 ( during the first Fairs Cup , because a Vienna XI withdrew from the competition ) , they are the only team to have played in the European cups every year until today . Barcelona has won the now defunct UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup four times and the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup three times , which is more than any other club for both trophies . They also took part in the Latin Cup twice as champions of Spain , winning on both occasions , a record shared with Real Madrid and Milan . Though they did not manage to win the European Cup , now the UEFA Champions League , during the early years of the competition , they have since won the trophy five times , with their first win in 1992 . Barcelona have moved to the second place of the ranking of Europe 's most successful clubs in terms of international trophies won , just behind Real Madrid . In the second part of 2015 , with the UEFA Super Cup victory in Tbilisi against Sevilla and the FIFA Club World Cup victory in Yokohama against River Plate meant the Catalans have won 20 different titles , behind Real Madrid 's 25 . In the tables , `` ( H ) '' denotes home ground , `` ( A ) '' denotes away ground and `` ( N ) '' symbolises neutral ground . The first score is always Barcelona 's . Contents 1 Overall record 2 Pyrenees Cup 3 Latin Cup 4 European Cup / UEFA Champions League 5 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 6 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 7 UEFA Super Cup 8 Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup 9 Notes 10 References Overall record ( edit ) As of 10 April 2018 . Legend : GF = Goals For . GA = Goals Against . GD = Goal Difference . Competition Played Won Drew Lost GF GA GD Win % European Cup / Champions League 7002289000000000000 ♠ 289 7002168000000000000 ♠ 168 7001660000000000000 ♠ 66 7001550000000000000 ♠ 55 7002575000000000000 ♠ 575 7002281000000000000 ♠ 281 + 294 07001581300000000000 ♠ 58.13 Cup Winners ' Cup 7001850000000000000 ♠ 85 7001500000000000000 ♠ 50 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 7001870000000000000 ♠ 87 + 91 07001588200000000000 ♠ 58.82 UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League 7001780000000000000 ♠ 78 7001400000000000000 ♠ 40 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 7002149000000000000 ♠ 149 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 + 74 07001512800000000000 ♠ 51.28 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 7001360000000000000 ♠ 36 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 7002143000000000000 ♠ 143 7001860000000000000 ♠ 86 + 57 07001507000000000000 ♠ 50.70 UEFA Super Cup 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 + 0 07001428600000000000 ♠ 42.86 FIFA Club World Cup 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 + 20 07001875000000000000 ♠ 87.50 Intercontinental Cup 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000100000000000000 ♠ 1 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 − 1 00 5000000000000000000 ♠ 0.00 Total 7002547000000000000 ♠ 547 7002309000000000000 ♠ 309 7002122000000000000 ♠ 122 7002116000000000000 ♠ 116 7003109400000000000 ♠ 1,094 7002550000000000000 ♠ 550 + 544 07001564900000000000 ♠ 56.49 Historical progression by competition Group stage . Highest - ranked eliminated team in case of qualification , lowest - ranked qualified team in case of elimination . Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup Edition Preliminary stages Semifinals Final / 3rd pos . 1992 São Paulo 2006 América Internacional 2009 Atlante Estudiantes La Plata 2011 Al - Sadd Santos 2015 Evergrande River Plate UEFA Super Cup Edition Final 1979 Forest 1982 Villa 1989 Milan 1992 W. Bremen 1997 Dortmund 2006 Sevilla 2009 Shakhtar 2011 Porto 2015 Sevilla European Cup / UEFA Champions League Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1959 -- 60 CSKA Sofia Milan Wolverhampton R. Madrid 1960 -- 61 Lierse R. Madrid Hradec Králové Hamburg Benfica 1974 -- 75 VÖEST Linz Feyenoord Åtvidaberg Leeds 1985 -- 86 Sparta Prague Porto Juventus Göteborg Steaua 1991 -- 92 Hansa Kaiserslautern Sparta Prague Not played Sampdoria 1992 -- 93 Viking CSKA Moscow 1993 -- 94 Dynamo Kyiv Austria Wien Spartak Moscow Porto Milan 1994 -- 95 Man . United PSG 1997 -- 98 Skonto Riga Dynamo Kyiv 1998 -- 99 Man . United 1999 -- 2000 Arsenal Sparta Prague Chelsea Valencia 2000 -- 01 Leeds 2001 -- 02 Wisla O. Lyon Roma Panathinaikos R. Madrid 2002 -- 03 Legia Club Brugge Newcastle Juventus 2004 -- 05 Shakhtar Chelsea 2005 -- 06 Udinese Chelsea Benfica Milan Arsenal 2006 -- 07 W. Bremen Liverpool 2007 -- 08 Rangers Celtic Schalke Man . United 2008 -- 09 Wisła Shakhtar O. Lyon Bayern Chelsea Man . United 2009 -- 10 Rubin Stuttgart Arsenal Inter Milan 2010 -- 11 Rubin Arsenal Shakhtar R. Madrid Man . United 2011 -- 12 Viktoria Plzeň Leverkusen Milan Chelsea 2012 -- 13 Benfica Milan PSG Bayern 2013 -- 14 Ajax Man . City Atlético 2014 -- 15 Ajax Man . City PSG Bayern Juventus 2015 -- 16 Leverkusen Arsenal Atlético 2016 -- 17 Borussia M . PSG Juventus 2017 -- 18 Sporting Chelsea Roma UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semifinals Final 1963 -- 64 Shelbourne Hamburg 1968 -- 69 Lugano Bye Lyn Oslo Köln Slovan B . 1971 -- 72 Distillery Steaua 1978 -- 79 Shakhtar Anderlecht Ipswich Beveren Fortuna 1979 -- 80 ÍA Aris Valencia 1981 -- 82 Botev Dukla Lokomotive Tottenham Standard 1982 -- 83 Apollon Crvena Zvezda Austria Wien 1983 - 84 Magdeburg NEC Man . United 1984 - 85 Metz 1988 - 89 Fram Lech Aarhus CSKA Sofia Sampdoria 1989 -- 90 Legia Anderlecht 1990 -- 91 Trabzonspor Fram Dynamo Kyiv Juventus Man . United 1996 -- 97 AEK Crvena Zvezda AIK Fiorentina PSG Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1955 - 58 Stævnet Birmingham London XI 1958 - 60 Basel XI Inter Milan Belgrade XI Birmingham 1960 - 61 Zagreb XI Hibernian 1961 - 62 West Berlin XI D. Zagreb Wednesday Crvena Zvezda Valencia 1962 - 63 Belenenses Crvena Zvezda 1964 - 65 Fiorentina Celtic Strasbourg 1965 - 66 Utrecht Antwerp Hannover Espanyol Chelsea Zaragoza 1966 - 67 Dundee U . 1967 - 68 Zürich 1969 -- 70 B 1913 Győr Inter Milan 1970 -- 71 Katowice Juventus 1972 -- 73 Porto 1973 -- 74 Nice 1975 -- 76 PAOK Lazio Vasas Levski Sofia Liverpool 1976 -- 77 Belenenses Lokeren Öster Athletic Bilbao 1977 -- 78 Steaua AZ Ipswich Villa PSV 1980 - 81 Sliema Köln 1986 - 87 Flamurtari Sporting Lisbon Uerdingen Dundee U . 1987 - 88 Belenenses Dynamo Moscow Flamurtari Leverkusen 1995 -- 96 Hapoel Be'er Sheva Vitória Guimarães Sevilla PSV Bayern 2000 -- 01 Club Brugge AEK Celta Liverpool 2003 -- 04 Púchov Panionios Brøndby Celtic Pyrenees Cup ( edit ) FC Barcelona 's 1910 squad , victors in the inaugural Pyrenees Cup . Barcelona began to play friendly games against teams from the neighbouring regions in France in 1904 . Club president Arthur Witty organised the club 's first trip abroad , which resulted in their first game against a non-Spanish team . On 1 May 1904 , Barcelona defeated the French team Stade Olympien des Étudiants Toulousains . By 1910 , the international friendlies evolved into the Pyrenees Cup , a competition featuring teams from Languedoc , Le Midi , Aquitaine , Catalonia , and the Basque Country . At that time it was considered the finest competition open for participation . Five editions were played in total , with FC Barcelona winning four consecutive trophies from 1910 to 1913 . Year Opposing team Score City 1910 Real Sociedad 2 -- 1 Sète , France 1911 Gars de Bordeaux 4 -- 0 Toulouse , France 1912 Stade Bordelais UC 5 -- 3 Toulouse , France 1913 Comète Simot 7 -- 2 Barcelona , Spain Latin Cup ( edit ) In 1949 , the football federations of Spain , Italy , France , and Portugal , came together and launched their own club competition , the Latin Cup , which was staged at the end of every season in a single host country . The competition featured two semi-finals , a third place play - off and a final . As La Liga champions in 1949 , Barça represented Spain in the inaugural competition . They beat Reims 5 -- 0 in their semi-final at Les Corts , before beating Sporting Lisbon 2 -- 1 in the final at the Estadio Chamartín . Barça also played in and won the 1952 competition in Paris , beating Juventus 4 -- 2 in the semi-final and then Nice 1 -- 0 in the final . After the introduction of the European Cup , the Latin Cup was discontinued and nowadays it is not recognised by UEFA but yes for FIFA . Year Round Opposing team Score 1949 Semi-final Stade de Reims 5 -- 3 ( H ) Final Sporting CP 2 -- 1 ( N ) 1952 Semi-final Juventus 4 -- 2 ( N ) Final Nice 1 -- 0 ( N ) European Cup / UEFA Champions League ( edit ) Barcelona against Hamburg in 1961 Ronald Koeman 's boots from the 1992 European Cup Final , an exhibit at the FC Barcelona Museum Andrés Iniesta against Rubin Kazan in the 2009 -- 10 Champions League FCB against Bayer Leverkusen in 2012 Barça against Bayern Munich in 2013 The European Cup was inaugurated in 1955 , with Barcelona 's arch - rivals Real Madrid winning the first five editions . In 1959 , Barcelona entered this competition for the first time , after winning the 1958 -- 59 La Liga season . Until the 1990s , the club had little success , apart from their runner - up places in 1961 and 1986 . In 1992 , Johan Cruyff 's Dream Team won their first European Cup with a 1 -- 0 win against Sampdoria . Since then , Barcelona has won the competition four additional times , in 2006 , 2009 , 2011 and 2015 . Barcelona has established itself as one of the strongest sides in European competitions , when measured in UEFA coefficients . Season Round Opposing team Score Notes 1959 -- 60 Preliminary round CSKA Sofia 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 2 ( H ) First round Milan 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Wolverhampton Wanderers 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 5 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 3 ( H ) 1960 -- 61 Preliminary round Lierse 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) First round Real Madrid 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Hradec Králové 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Hamburger SV 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Final Benfica 2 -- 3 ( N ) 1974 -- 75 First round Linz 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Feyenoord 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Åtvidabergs FF 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Leeds United 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1985 -- 86 First round Sparta Prague 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Porto 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Juventus 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final IFK Göteborg 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Final Steaua București 0 -- 0 ( N ) 1991 -- 92 First round Hansa Rostock 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second round 1 . FC Kaiserslautern 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Group B Sparta Prague 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Group B Benfica 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Group B Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Final Sampdoria 1 -- 0 ( N ) 1992 -- 93 First round Viking 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round CSKA Moscow 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) 1993 -- 94 First round Dynamo Kyiv 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Austria Wien 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Group A Galatasaray 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Group A Monaco 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Group A Spartak Moscow 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Porto 3 -- 0 ( H ) Final Milan 0 -- 4 ( N ) 1994 -- 95 Group A Galatasaray 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Group A IFK Göteborg 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Group A Manchester United 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1997 -- 98 Second Qualifying round Skonto 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Group C Newcastle United 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Group C PSV 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Group C Dynamo Kyiv 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 0 -- 4 ( H ) 1998 -- 99 Group D Manchester United 3 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 3 ( H ) Group D Brøndby 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Group D Bayern Munich 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 1999 -- 2000 Group B AIK 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Group B Fiorentina 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) Group B Arsenal 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 2 ( A ) Group A second stage Hertha BSC 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group A second stage Sparta Prague 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Group A second stage Porto 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Chelsea 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Valencia 1 -- 4 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Group H Leeds United 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Group H Beşiktaş 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Group H Milan 0 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 3 ( A ) 2001 -- 02 Third Qualifying round Wisła Kraków 4 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Group F Fenerbahçe 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Group F Bayer Leverkusen 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Group F Lyon 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Group B second stage Liverpool 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Group B second stage Galatasaray 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Group B second stage Roma 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) Quarter - final Panathinaikos 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Real Madrid 0 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 2002 -- 03 Third Qualifying round Legia Warsaw 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Group H Club Brugge 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Group H Galatasaray 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group H Lokomotiv Moscow 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Group A second stage Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Group A second stage Newcastle United 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Group A second stage Internazionale 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Juventus 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2004 -- 05 Group F Celtic 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Group F Shakhtar Donetsk 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Group F Milan 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Chelsea 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 4 ( A ) 2005 -- 06 Group C Werder Bremen 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group C Udinese 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Group C Panathinaikos 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Chelsea 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Benfica 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Milan 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Final Arsenal 2 -- 1 ( N ) 2006 -- 07 Group A Levski Sofia 5 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Group A Werder Bremen 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Group A Chelsea 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) Round of 16 Liverpool 1 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) 2007 -- 08 Group E Lyon 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Group E VfB Stuttgart 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group E Rangers 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Celtic 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Schalke 04 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Manchester United 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2008 -- 09 Third Qualifying round Wisła Kraków 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Group C Sporting CP 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 5 -- 2 ( A ) Group C Shakhtar Donetsk 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 3 ( H ) Group C Basel 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Lyon 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) Quarter - final Bayern Munich 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Chelsea 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Final Manchester United 2 -- 0 ( N ) 2009 -- 10 Group F Internazionale 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Group F Dynamo Kyiv 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Group F Rubin Kazan 1 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 VfB Stuttgart 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Arsenal 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Internazionale 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 2010 -- 11 Group D Copenhagen 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Group D Rubin Kazan 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Group D Panathinaikos 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Arsenal 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Shakhtar Donetsk 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Real Madrid 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Final Manchester United 3 -- 1 ( N ) 2011 -- 12 Group H Milan 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Group H BATE Borisov 5 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Group H Viktoria Plzeň 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Bayer Leverkusen 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Milan 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Chelsea 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 2012 -- 13 Group G Spartak Moscow 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 0 ( A ) Group G Benfica 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Group G Celtic 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Round of 16 Milan 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Paris Saint - Germain 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 0 -- 3 ( H ) 2013 -- 14 Group H Ajax 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Group H Milan 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group H Celtic 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Round of 16 Manchester City 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Atlético Madrid 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2014 -- 15 Group F APOEL 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Group F Paris Saint - Germain 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Group F Ajax 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Manchester City 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Paris Saint Germain 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) Final Juventus 3 -- 1 ( N ) 2015 -- 16 Group E Roma 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Bayer Leverkusen 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) BATE Borisov 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Round of 16 Arsenal 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Atlético Madrid 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 2016 -- 17 Group C Celtic 7 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Borussia Mönchengladbach 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Manchester City 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 3 ( A ) Round of 16 Paris Saint Germain 0 -- 4 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Juventus 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) 2017 -- 18 Group D Juventus 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Olympiacos 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Round of 16 Chelsea 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Roma 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup ( edit ) Bobby Robson ( 1988 image ) led Barcelona to victory in the 1996 -- 97 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup , which formed part of a cup treble . Ronaldo 's converted penalty in the 1997 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final saw Barcelona beat Paris SG 1 -- 0 and rack up a record fourth Cup Winners ' Cup title . The Cup Winners ' Cup started in 1960 , but it took three years until Barcelona participated for the first time . In their first edition , they were eliminated in the first round by Hamburg SV . In 1969 , their second participation , they advanced to the final , but were beaten by Czechoslovakian side Slovan Bratislava . The first success came in 1979 when they defeated Fortuna Düsseldorf in the final , by 4 -- 3 after extra time . This maiden success was emulated in 1982 , 1989 , and in their last participation in 1997 , before the cup was reorganised into the UEFA Cup in 1999 -- 2000 . Barcelona 's four victories are the most of any club . Season Round Opposing team Score Notes 1963 -- 64 Preliminary round Shelbourne 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) First round Hamburger SV 4 -- 4 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) 1968 -- 69 First round Lugano 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Bye Quarter - final Lyn 3 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final 1 . FC Köln 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Slovan Bratislava 2 -- 3 ( N ) 1971 -- 72 First round Distillery 3 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Steaua București 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1978 -- 79 First round Shakhtar Donetsk 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Anderlecht 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Ipswich Town 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Beveren 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Final Fortuna Düsseldorf 4 -- 3 ( N ) 1979 -- 80 First round ÍA 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Aris Bonnevoie 4 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Valencia 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 4 ( A ) 1981 -- 82 First round Botev Plovdiv 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Dukla Prague 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Lokomotive Leipzig 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) Semi-final Tottenham Hotspur 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final Standard Liège 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1982 -- 83 First round Apollon Limassol 8 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Red Star Belgrade 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final Austria Wien 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1983 -- 84 First round 1 . FC Magdeburg 5 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Second round NEC 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Manchester United 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) 1984 -- 85 First round Metz 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 4 ( H ) 1988 -- 89 First round Fram 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Lech Poznań 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AGF 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final CSKA Sofia 4 -- 2 ( H ) , 2 -- 1 ( A ) Final Sampdoria 2 -- 0 ( N ) 1989 -- 90 First round Legia Warsaw 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Anderlecht 0 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1990 -- 91 First round Trabzonspor 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 7 -- 2 ( H ) Second round Fram 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Dynamo Kyiv 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final Juventus 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Final Manchester United 1 -- 2 ( N ) 1996 -- 97 First round AEK Larnaca 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Red Star Belgrade 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Quarter - final AIK 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Semi-final Fiorentina 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Final Paris Saint - Germain 1 -- 0 ( N ) Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League ( edit ) The ball used in the final of the 1958 edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup , residing in the FC Barcelona Museum . FCB face PSV in the 1977 -- 78 UEFA Cup semi-finals . They also finished the season as Copa del Rey winners . Johan Cruyff participated in several unsuccessful attempts to win the UEFA Cup in his time with Barcelona . The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was established on 18 April 1955 , two weeks after the European Cup , to promote trade fairs by playing various cities against each other . However , the city of Barcelona participated with a squad composed entirely of Barcelona players . From 1958 onwards , the organisers reverted to club participation , but the teams still had to come from cities staging trade fairs . Barcelona would go on to win the Fairs Cup a record three times before it was subsumed into the UEFA Cup in 1971 . The Inter-Cities Fairs Cup is considered to be the forerunner of the UEFA Europa League , but it is not recognized as a UEFA competition . Consequently , Inter-Cities Fairs Cup wins do not count toward the tally of Europa League wins . This list tallies the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup together with the Europa League tournament . In the UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League , Barcelona has lost four semi-finals , in 1975 -- 76 , in 1977 -- 78 , in 1995 -- 96 , in 2000 -- 01 . Twice they lost to Liverpool ( in 1976 and in 2001 ) , once against PSV ( in 1978 ) and once against Bayern Munich ( in 1996 ) . In all four cases , the team that had eliminated Barcelona ultimately won the competition . Season Round Opposing team Score Notes 1955 -- 58 Group A Copenhagen XI 6 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) Group A Vienna XI Semi-final Birmingham City 3 -- 4 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Final London XI 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 6 -- 0 ( H ) 1958 -- 60 First round Basel XI 2 -- 1 ( A ) , 5 -- 2 ( H ) Quarter - final Internazionale 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Belgrade XI 4 -- 2 ( A ) , 4 -- 2 ( H ) Final Birmingham City 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) 1960 -- 61 First round Zagreb XI 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 4 -- 3 ( H ) Quarter - final Hibernian 4 -- 4 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) 1961 -- 62 First round West Berlin XI 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Dinamo Zagreb 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 2 ( A ) Quarter - final Sheffield Wednesday 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Semi-final Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 1 ( H ) Final Valencia 2 -- 6 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) 1962 -- 63 First round Belenenses 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Red Star Belgrade 2 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1964 -- 65 First round Fiorentina 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Celtic 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Strasbourg 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1965 -- 66 First round Utrecht 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 7 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Royal Antwerp 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Hannover 96 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Espanyol 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Semi-final Chelsea 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) Final Real Zaragoza 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 4 -- 2 ( A ) 1966 -- 67 First round Bye Second round Dundee United 1 -- 2 ( H ) , 0 -- 2 ( A ) 1967 -- 68 First round Zürich 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) 1969 -- 70 First round B1913 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 2 -- 0 ( A ) Second round Győri ETO 3 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Internazionale 1 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 1970 -- 71 First round GKS Katowice 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Second round Juventus 1 -- 2 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) 1971 Play - off Match Leeds United 2 -- 1 ( H ) 1972 -- 73 First round Porto 1 -- 3 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1973 -- 74 First round Nice 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) 1975 -- 76 First round PAOK 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 6 -- 1 ( H ) Second round Lazio 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 4 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Vasas 3 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 0 ( A ) Quarter - final Levski Sofia 4 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 5 ( A ) Semi-final Liverpool 0 -- 1 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( A ) 1976 -- 77 First round Belenenses 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 3 -- 2 ( H ) Second round Lokeren 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Third round Östers IF 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final Athletic Bilbao 1 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 2 ( H ) 1977 -- 78 First round Steaua București 5 -- 1 ( H ) , 3 -- 1 ( A ) Second round AZ 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Third round Ipswich Town 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Aston Villa 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Semi-final PSV 0 -- 3 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) 1980 -- 81 First round Sliema Wanderers 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 0 ( H ) Second round 1 . FC Köln 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 4 ( H ) 1986 -- 87 First round Flamurtari 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Sporting CP 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 2 ( A ) Third round Uerdingen 05 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Dundee United 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 1987 -- 88 First round Belenenses 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Second round Dynamo Moscow 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Flamurtari 4 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Fourth round Bayer Leverkusen 0 -- 0 ( A ) , 0 -- 1 ( H ) 1995 -- 96 First round Hapoel Be'er Sheva 7 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Vitória de Guimarães 3 -- 0 ( H ) , 4 -- 0 ( A ) Third round Sevilla 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 3 -- 1 ( H ) Quarter - final PSV 2 -- 2 ( H ) , 3 -- 2 ( A ) Semi-final Bayern Munich 2 -- 2 ( A ) , 1 -- 2 ( H ) 2000 -- 01 Third round Club Brugge 2 -- 0 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Fourth round AEK Athens 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 5 -- 0 ( H ) Quarter - final Celta Vigo 2 -- 1 ( H ) , 2 -- 3 ( A ) Semi-final Liverpool 0 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) 2003 -- 04 First round Matador Púchov 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 8 -- 0 ( H ) Second round Panionios 3 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 0 ( H ) Third round Brøndby 1 -- 0 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Fourth round Celtic 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 0 -- 0 ( H ) UEFA Super Cup ( edit ) The UEFA Super Cup was inaugurated in 1973 as a way of determining the best team in Europe , by pitting the holders of the European Champion Clubs ' Cup against the winners of the Cup Winners ' Cup . Barcelona first participated in the 1979 edition , after they won the 1978 -- 79 Cup Winners ' Cup . They lost 1 -- 2 on aggregate to Nottingham Forest , having drawn 1 -- 1 in Camp Nou after losing 0 -- 1 in City Ground , Nottingham . The first victory was in the 1992 edition , when they beaten Werder Bremen 3 -- 2 on aggregate . Since then , Barcelona has won the competition four additional times ( in 1997 , 2009 , 2011 and 2015 ) and now shares the record of victories ( five ) with Milan . Year Opposing team Score Venue 1979 Nottingham Forest 0 -- 1 ( A ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Two - legged 1982 Aston Villa 1 -- 0 ( H ) , 0 -- 3 ( A ) ( a.e.t. ) Two - legged 1989 Milan 1 -- 1 ( H ) , 0 -- 1 ( A ) Two - legged 1992 Werder Bremen 1 -- 1 ( A ) , 2 -- 1 ( H ) Two - legged 1997 Borussia Dortmund 2 -- 0 ( H ) , 1 -- 1 ( H ) Two - legged 2006 Sevilla 0 -- 3 Stade Louis II , Monaco 2009 Shakhtar Donetsk 1 -- 0 after extra time Stade Louis II , Monaco 2011 Porto 2 -- 0 Stade Louis II , Monaco 2015 Sevilla 5 -- 4 after extra time Boris Paichadze Dinamo Arena , Tbilisi Intercontinental Cup / FIFA club World Cup ( edit ) In 1960 , UEFA and their South - American equivalent , the South American Football Confederation ( CONMEBOL ) , created the Intercontinental Cup as a way of determining the best team in the world , by pitting the winners of the European Champions ' Cup and the South American Copa Libertadores against each other . In 2000 , FIFA launched their international club competition called the FIFA Club World Cup , featuring teams from all of its member associations . In the second edition of the Club World Cup , in 2005 , FIFA took over the Intercontinental Cup , subsuming it into its own competition . Barcelona has won the FIFA Club World Cup three times ( in 2009 , 2011 and 2015 ) a record for this competition , shared with Real Madrid . Year Competition Round Opposing team Score Venue 1992 Intercontinental Cup Final São Paulo 1 -- 2 National Stadium , Tokyo , Japan 2006 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-finals América 4 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Final Internacional 0 -- 1 2009 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-finals Atlante 3 -- 1 Sheikh Zayed Stadium , Abu Dhabi , United Arab Emirates Final Estudiantes La Plata 2 -- 1 2011 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-finals Al - Sadd 4 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Final Santos 4 -- 0 2015 FIFA Club World Cup Semi-finals Guangzhou Evergrande 3 -- 0 International Stadium , Yokohama , Japan Final River Plate 3 -- 0 Notes ( edit ) A. Won on the away goals rule . B. Lost on the away goals rule . C. Lost on coin toss . D. Won 5 -- 4 on penalties . O. Won play - off 1 -- 0 in Brussels . E. Lost 0 -- 2 on penalties . F. Won 3 -- 1 on penalties . G. Lost play - off 2 -- 3 in Lausanne . H. Won play - off 5 -- 0 in Barcelona . I. Won on coin toss . J. Won play - off 2 -- 1 in Basel . K. Lost play - off 0 -- 1 in Nice . L. Vienna XI withdrew from the competition . M. Won play - off 1 -- 0 in Barcelona . N. After the 1970 -- 71 season the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup was taken over by UEFA . A match was played between FC Barcelona , the first Fairs Cup winners , and Leeds United , the last winners , to decide who should keep the old Fairs Cup trophy permanently . References ( edit ) In the UEFA references , access to the specific rounds is achievable by the adjacent table . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 1 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Stokkermans , Karel ( 26 January 2000 ) . `` Fairs ' Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Champions League history '' . UEFA . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Profile of FC Barcelona '' . UEFA. 10 December 2009 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European Cup / UEFA Champions League All - Time Table '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Fairs ' Cup / UEFA Cup / Europa League All - Time Table '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cup Winners ' Cup All - Time Table '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Supercup All - Time Table '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved June 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` FIFA Club World Cup All - Time Table '' . worldfootball.net . Retrieved 2 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Arthur Witty '' . FC Barcelona . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ferrer , Carles Lozano ( 19 June 2001 ) . `` Coupe des Pyrenées -- Copa de los Pirineos '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Murray , Bill ( 1998 ) . The world 's game : a history of soccer . University of Illinois Press . p. 30 . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06718 - 5 . Jump up ^ Closa , Antoni ; Rius , Jaume ; Vidal , Joan ( 2001 ) . Un Segle de futbol català : 1900 -- 2000 . Barcelona : Federació Catalana de Futbol . p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Stokkermans , Karel ; Gorgazzi , Osvaldo José ( 23 November 2006 ) . `` Latin Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 12 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona and Real Madrid both win in Spain '' . CNN . 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 17 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldblatt , David ( 2003 ) . World Soccer Yearbook 2003 -- 2004 . Dorling Kindersley . p. 213 . ISBN 0 - 7894 - 9654 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 / 11 list of participants '' . UEFA. 19 July 2010 . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1959 -- 60 '' . UEFA. 1960 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1960 -- 61 '' . UEFA. 1961 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1974 -- 75 '' . UEFA. 1975 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Champions League 1985 -- 86 '' . UEFA. 1986 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . 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ESPN Sports Almanac 2008 : America 's Best - Selling Sports Almanac . ESPN . ISBN 1 - 933060 - 38 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1963 -- 64 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 29 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1968 -- 69 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 25 December 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1971 -- 72 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1978 -- 79 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1979 -- 80 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1981 -- 82 '' . UEFA. 1982 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1982 -- 83 '' . UEFA. 1983 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1983 -- 84 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1984 -- 85 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1988 -- 89 '' . UEFA. 1989 . Archived from the original on 23 June 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1989 -- 90 '' . UEFA. 1990 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1990 -- 91 '' . UEFA . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1996 -- 97 '' . UEFA. 1997 . Archived from the original on 3 May 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` History '' . UEFA. 1 June 2009 . Retrieved 20 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup : All - time finals '' . UEFA. 30 June 2005 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New format provides fresh impetus '' . UEFA . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` UEFA Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Super Cup History '' . UEFA . Retrieved 2 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Stokkermans , Karel ( 24 September 2009 ) . `` European Super Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Magnani , Loris ; Stokkermans , Karel ( 30 April 2005 ) . `` Intercontinental Club Cup '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tournaments '' . Fédération Internationale de Football Association ( FIFA ) . Archived from the original on 16 May 2010 . Retrieved 22 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` European - South American Cup '' . UEFA. 12 December 1992 . Archived from the original on 22 January 2016 . Retrieved 1 July 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ; Nakanishi , Masanori ( 10 May 2007 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2006 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Leme de Arruda , Marcelo ( 14 May 2010 ) . `` FIFA Club World Championship 2009 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 15 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Champions League 1985 -- 1986 -- Semi-finals '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup 1988 -- 1989 -- Second round '' . UEFA . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , James M. ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` European Competitions 1977 -- 78 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation ( RSSSF ) . Retrieved 10 August 2010 . Jump up ^ Ross , James M. ( 9 January 2008 ) . `` European Competitions 1970 -- 71 '' . Rec. Sport. Soccer Statistics Foundation . Retrieved 23 August 2010 . 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Historical progression by competition Group stage . Highest - ranked eliminated team in case of qualification , lowest - ranked qualified team in case of elimination . Intercontinental Cup / FIFA Club World Cup Edition Preliminary stages Semifinals Final / 3rd pos . 1992 São Paulo 2006 América Internacional 2009 Atlante Estudiantes La Plata 2011 Al - Sadd Santos 2015 Evergrande River Plate UEFA Super Cup Edition Final 1979 Forest 1982 Villa 1989 Milan 1992 W. Bremen 1997 Dortmund 2006 Sevilla 2009 Shakhtar 2011 Porto 2015 Sevilla European Cup / UEFA Champions League Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1959 -- 60 CSKA Sofia Milan Wolverhampton R. Madrid 1960 -- 61 Lierse R. Madrid Hradec Králové Hamburg Benfica 1974 -- 75 VÖEST Linz Feyenoord Åtvidaberg Leeds 1985 -- 86 Sparta Prague Porto Juventus Göteborg Steaua 1991 -- 92 Hansa Kaiserslautern Sparta Prague Not played Sampdoria 1992 -- 93 Viking CSKA Moscow 1993 -- 94 Dynamo Kyiv Austria Wien Spartak Moscow Porto Milan 1994 -- 95 Man . United PSG 1997 -- 98 Skonto Riga Dynamo Kyiv 1998 -- 99 Man . United 1999 -- 2000 Arsenal Sparta Prague Chelsea Valencia 2000 -- 01 Leeds 2001 -- 02 Wisla O. Lyon Roma Panathinaikos R. Madrid 2002 -- 03 Legia Club Brugge Newcastle Juventus 2004 -- 05 Shakhtar Chelsea 2005 -- 06 Udinese Chelsea Benfica Milan Arsenal 2006 -- 07 W. Bremen Liverpool 2007 -- 08 Rangers Celtic Schalke Man . United 2008 -- 09 Wisła Shakhtar O. Lyon Bayern Chelsea Man . United 2009 -- 10 Rubin Stuttgart Arsenal Inter Milan 2010 -- 11 Rubin Arsenal Shakhtar R. Madrid Man . United 2011 -- 12 Viktoria Plzeň Leverkusen Milan Chelsea 2012 -- 13 Benfica Milan PSG Bayern 2013 -- 14 Ajax Man . City Atlético 2014 -- 15 Ajax Man . City PSG Bayern Juventus 2015 -- 16 Leverkusen Arsenal Atlético 2016 -- 17 Borussia M . PSG Juventus 2017 -- 18 Sporting Chelsea Roma UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarter - finals Semifinals Final 1963 -- 64 Shelbourne Hamburg 1968 -- 69 Lugano Bye Lyn Oslo Köln Slovan B . 1971 -- 72 Distillery Steaua 1978 -- 79 Shakhtar Anderlecht Ipswich Beveren Fortuna 1979 -- 80 ÍA Aris Valencia 1981 -- 82 Botev Dukla Lokomotive Tottenham Standard 1982 -- 83 Apollon Crvena Zvezda Austria Wien 1983 - 84 Magdeburg NEC Man . United 1984 - 85 Metz 1988 - 89 Fram Lech Aarhus CSKA Sofia Sampdoria 1989 -- 90 Legia Anderlecht 1990 -- 91 Trabzonspor Fram Dynamo Kyiv Juventus Man . United 1996 -- 97 AEK Crvena Zvezda AIK Fiorentina PSG Inter-Cities Fairs Cup / UEFA Cup / UEFA Europa League Season Preliminary stages Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1955 - 58 Stævnet Birmingham London XI 1958 - 60 Basel XI Inter Milan Belgrade XI Birmingham 1960 - 61 Zagreb XI Hibernian 1961 - 62 West Berlin XI D. Zagreb Wednesday Crvena Zvezda Valencia 1962 - 63 Belenenses Crvena Zvezda 1964 - 65 Fiorentina Celtic Strasbourg 1965 - 66 Utrecht Antwerp Hannover Espanyol Chelsea Zaragoza 1966 - 67 Dundee U . 1967 - 68 Zürich 1969 -- 70 B 1913 Győr Inter Milan 1970 -- 71 Katowice Juventus 1972 -- 73 Porto 1973 -- 74 Nice 1975 -- 76 PAOK Lazio Vasas Levski Sofia Liverpool 1976 -- 77 Belenenses Lokeren Öster Athletic Bilbao 1977 -- 78 Steaua AZ Ipswich Villa PSV 1980 - 81 Sliema Köln 1986 - 87 Flamurtari Sporting Lisbon Uerdingen Dundee U . 1987 - 88 Belenenses Dynamo Moscow Flamurtari Leverkusen 1995 -- 96 Hapoel Be'er Sheva Vitória Guimarães Sevilla PSV Bayern 2000 -- 01 Club Brugge AEK Celta Liverpool 2003 -- 04 Púchov Panionios Brøndby Celtic

Rolls - Royce Limited - wikipedia Rolls - Royce Limited This article is about the business between 1904 and 1987 . For the present - day owners of the same business enterprise , see Rolls - Royce Holdings for aero - engines etc. and Rolls - Royce Motor Cars . For other uses , see Rolls - Royce ( disambiguation ) . Rolls - Royce Limited Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited Rolls - Royce Limited Rolls - Royce plc Trading name Rolls - Royce Former type 1906 private limited company 1907 public listed company which entered voluntary liquidation in 1971 1971 fresh new government - owned corporation known as : Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited then ; 1977 re-named Rolls - Royce Limited then ; 1986 re-named Rolls - Royce plc Industry Aerospace and motor vehicle design and manufacturing Fate business ( not 1906 company ) bought by the British government in 1971 ( too big to fail ) . British taxpayer - owned until : Motors sold to Vickers in 1980 ; Aerospace sold to public as Rolls - Royce plc in 1987 Predecessor partnership of Rolls and Royce Successor Rolls - Royce Holdings plc Founded Manchester , England 1904 ( partnership ) 1906 ( private company per March 15 , 1906 ( 1906 - 03 - 15 ) ) New company : February 23 , 1971 ( 1971 - 02 - 23 ) Founder Charles Rolls Henry Royce Defunct Public float : 1987 ; 31 years ago ( 1987 ) Headquarters Derby , England , United Kingdom Key people Claude Johnson Ernest Hives Products Automobiles Civil and military aero engines Marine propulsion systems Power generation equipment Subsidiaries significant subsidiaries 1966 Bristol Aircraft Holdings -- Bristol Aeroplane Company -- Bristol Siddeley Engines 1939 HJ Mulliner Park Ward Rolls - Royce Inc Rolls - Royce Motor Cars Limited ( Canada ) Rolls - Royce Motors of Australia Bentley Motors ( 1931 ) Limited 1973 Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings Website www.rolls-royce.com Rolls - Royce Limited owned a British luxury car and aero engine manufacturing business founded in 1904 by Charles Stewart Rolls and Frederick Henry Royce . Rolls - Royce Limited was incorporated on 15 March 1906 as a vehicle for their ownership of their Rolls - Royce business . Their business quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering quality and for manufacturing the `` best car in the world '' , building on FH Royce 's existing standing . Rolls - Royce became a leading manufacturer of piston aero - engines after it was brought into building them by the First World War . From 1940 , Rolls - Royce participated in the development of the jet engine and built for itself , and retains , a pre-eminent position in aero engine development and manufacture for use in defence and civil aircraft . In the late 1960s , Rolls - Royce Limited became hopelessly crippled by its mismanagement of development of its advanced RB211 jet engine and the consequent cost over-runs . In 1971 their financial collapse was dealt with by sale , at a price which took some years to negotiate , of the entire business to a new government - owned company , Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited . Insolvent Rolls - Royce Limited was put into liquidation . Everything that could be sold off was sold off , but more than 46 years later there are still assets remaining to be sold . Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited continued to trade and realise the surplus assets bought from the former company . Its holdings in the British Aircraft Corporation ( BAC ) was sold almost immediately , the profitable but now financially insignificant car division transferred in 1973 to a new subsidiary , Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings Limited , was sold to Vickers in 1980 . In 1977 Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited , given the necessary consent , was renamed Rolls - Royce Limited . It remained nationalised until 1987 when , renamed Rolls - Royce plc , the government sold its shares to the public . Today it owns and operates Rolls - Royce 's principal business though it is no longer listed on the stock exchange . Instead it has been a subsidiary of a listed holding company currently Rolls - Royce Holdings plc since 2003 . A marketing survey in 1987 showed that only Coca - Cola was a more widely known brand than Rolls - Royce . Contents ( hide ) 1 Motor Cars 1.1 Rolls - Royce 40 / 50 1.2 Rolls - Royce Eagle aero - engine 1.3 Springfield USA 1.4 Rolls - Royce Twenty 1.5 Rolls - Royce Phantom 1.6 Bentley 1.7 Crewe 1.8 Second World War 2 Postwar diversification 2.1 Motor bodies 2.2 Diesel engines Shrewsbury 3 Aero engines 4 RB211 -- the 1971 receivership and nationalisation 4.1 New board 4.2 Lockheed and Rolls - Royce take - off 5 1973 Rolls - Royce Motors 5.1 Car Division 5.2 Diesel Division 5.3 Flotation of Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings 5.4 Vickers Limited merger 5.5 Perkins 6 1977 Rolls - Royce drops ( 1971 ) from its name 7 1987 privatisation 7.1 Customers 7.2 Competition 7.3 Divisions and products 8 Products 8.1 Cars 8.2 Aircraft 9 References 10 Footnotes 11 External links Motor cars ( edit ) The Silver Ghost , 40 / 50 chassis # 60551 registration AX - 201 Scottish Reliability Trial 22 June 1907 . The same car in 2004 40 / 50 chassis # 60551 with semi-Roi des Belges open tourer body by Barker Silver Ghost open tourer by Hooper 1920 An Eagle VIII WWI era aero - engine In 1884 Henry Royce started an electrical and mechanical business . He made his first car , a two - cylinder Royce 10 , in his Manchester factory in 1904 . Henry Royce was introduced to Charles Rolls at the Midland Hotel , Manchester on 4 May of that year . Rolls was proprietor of an early motor car dealership , C.S. Rolls & Co. in Fulham . In spite of his preference for three - or four - cylinder cars , Rolls was impressed with the Royce 10 , and in a subsequent agreement on 23 December 1904 agreed to take all the cars Royce could make . There would be four models : a 10 hp ( 7.5 kW ) , two - cylinder model selling at £ 395 ( £ 40,000 in 2014 ) , a 15 hp ( 11 kW ) three - cylinder at £ 500 ( £ 50,000 in 2014 ) , a 20 hp ( 15 kW ) four - cylinder at £ 650 ( £ 60,000 in 2014 ) , a 30 hp ( 22 kW ) six - cylinder model priced at £ 890 ( £ 90,000 in 2014 ) , All would be badged as Rolls - Royces , and be sold exclusively by Rolls . The first Rolls - Royce car , the Rolls - Royce 10 hp , was unveiled at the Paris Salon in December 1904 . Pages from a very early brochure Rolls - Royce Limited was formed on 15 March 1906 , by which time it was apparent that new premises were required for production of cars . After considering sites in Manchester , Coventry , Bradford and Leicester , it was an offer from Derby 's council of cheap electricity that resulted in the decision to acquire a 12.7 acres ( 51,000 m ) site on the southern edge of that city . The new factory was largely designed by Royce , and production began in early 1908 , with a formal opening on 9 July 1908 by Sir John Montagu . The investment in the new company required further capital to be raised , and on 6 December 1906 £ 100,000 of new shares were offered to the public . In 1907 , Rolls - Royce bought out C.S. Rolls & Co . ( The non-motor car interests of Royce Ltd. continued to operate separately . ) Rolls - Royce 40 / 50 ( edit ) During 1906 Royce had been developing an improved six - cylinder model with more power than the Rolls - Royce 30 hp . Initially designated the 40 / 50 hp , this was Rolls - Royce 's first all - new model . In March 1908 Claude Johnson , Commercial Managing Director and sometimes described as the hyphen in Rolls - Royce , succeeded in persuading Royce and the other directors that Rolls - Royce should concentrate exclusively on the new model , and all the earlier models were duly discontinued . The new 40 / 50 was responsible for Rolls - Royce 's early reputation with over 6,000 built . Its chassis was used as a basis for the first British armoured car used in both world wars . Rolls - Royce Eagle aero - engine ( edit ) Aero - engine manufacture began in 1914 because the government requested it . Rolls - Royce 's Eagle , the first example was made in 1915 , was the first engine to make a non-stop trans - Atlantic crossing by aeroplane when in June 1919 two Eagles powered the converted Vickers Vimy bomber on the transatlantic flight of Alcock and Brown . Springfield USA ( edit ) 1923 Springfield Silver Ghost Oxford Tourer In 1921 Rolls - Royce opened a new factory in Springfield , Massachusetts in the United States ( to help meet demand ) where a further 1,701 `` Springfield Ghosts '' were built . This factory operated for 10 years , closing in 1931 . It was located at the former American Wire Wheel factory on Hendee Street , with the administration offices at 54 Waltham Ave . Springfield was the earlier location for the Duryea Motor Wagon Company , the location where the first American gasoline - powered vehicle was built . Their first chassis was completed in 1921 . Bodies were supplied by Rolls - Royce Custom Coachwork and by Brewster & Co. in Long Island City , New York . Rolls - Royce Twenty ( edit ) 20 / 25 limousine by Gurney Nutting After the First World War , Rolls - Royce successfully avoided attempts to encourage British car manufacturers to merge . Faced with falling sales of the 40 / 50 ( later known as Silver Ghost ) Rolls - Royce introduced the smaller , cheaper Twenty in 1922 , effectively ending the one - model policy followed since 1908 . Rolls - Royce Phantom ( edit ) After the introduction of the Phantom in 1925 the old 40 / 50 model was referred to as the Silver Ghost . Bentley ( edit ) In 1931 Rolls - Royce acquired Bentley , the small sports / racing car maker and potential rival , after the latter 's finances failed to weather the onset of the Great Depression . Rolls - Royce stopped production of the new big Bentley 8 Litre , which was threatening sales of their current Phantom , disposed of remaining Bentley assets and made use of just the Bentley name and its repute . After some years of development Rolls - Royce produced a new quite different ultra-civilised medium - size range of Bentleys advertising them as `` the silent sports car '' . They were very much in the Rolls - Royce mould . From soon after World War II until 2002 standard Bentley and Rolls - Royce cars were often very nearly identical apart from the radiator grille and minor details . In 1933 , the colour of the Rolls - Royce radiator monogram was changed from red to black because the red sometimes clashed with the coachwork colour selected by clients , and not as a mark of respect for the death of Royce as is commonly stated . Crewe ( edit ) The British government built a shadow factory in Crewe in 1938 for Rolls - Royce where they could build their Merlin and Griffon aero engines . In 1946 car production was moved there for space to construct bodies and to leave space for aero engines at Derby . The site was bought from the government in 1973 . It is now Bentley Crewe Second World War ( edit ) In 1940 a contract was signed with the Packard Motor Car Company in Detroit , Michigan , for the production of Merlin aero engines in the USA . Production focussed on aero engines but a variant of the Merlin engine , known as the Meteor , was developed for the Cromwell tank . The Meteor 's development completed in 1943 the same team at the Belper foundry restarted work on an eight - cylinder car engine widening its uses and it became the pattern for the British Army 's B range of petrol engines for post war combat vehicles in particular in Alvis 's FV600 range , Daimler 's Ferret , Humber 's Hornet and Pig and Austin 's Champ . Postwar diversification ( edit ) Motor bodies ( edit ) 1937 Bentley with an all - metal body engineered by Rolls - Royce built by Park Ward After the war , in 1946 , Rolls - Royce and Bentley car production moved to Crewe where they began to assemble complete Bentley cars with body pressings made by Pressed Steel Company . Previously they had built only the chassis , leaving the bodies to specialist coach - builders . In 1939 Rolls - Royce brought one of the specialist coachbuilders completely in - house by buying the remaining capital of Park Ward Limited which since 1936 in conjunction with Rolls - Royce had been building short production runs of all - metal saloon bodies on Bentley chassis . In 1959 Rolls - Royce bought coachbuilder HJ Mulliner and the two businesses were put together as HJ Mulliner Park Ward . Diesel engines Shrewsbury ( edit ) Experimental V12 sleeve - valve diesel engine designed for Rolls - Royce by Harry Ricardo 1930 . In a car driven by George Eyston it held the diesel land speed record until 1950 Luxury cars did not fit with the new mood of postwar austerity . After starting design and development of what became their C series diesel engine range in 1948 Rolls - Royce began to produce diesel engines in 1951 . By 1955 it provided diesel engines for automotive , railway , industrial , earth - moving and marine use . Sentinel ( Shrewsbury ) Limited was bought in 1956 . Sentinel made machine tools and industrial locomotives . Rolls - Royce took over Sentinel 's Shrewsbury factory for diesel engine production and all its diesel work was transferred there . West Riding manufacturer of diesel shunting locomotives , Thomas Hill ( Rotherham ) Limited , was added to the group in 1963 . In 1973 when Shrewsbury activities were put under the umbrella of new owner , Rolls - Royce Motors , the range of diesel engines included : C range : 4 , 6 and 8 cylinder engines with power output from 100 to 450 bhp . Used in generating sets , compressors etc. , construction equipment , railway and other industrial purposes and marine propulsion . Eagle : a modified version of the C range 6 - cylinder engine named Eagle is used in heavy vehicles , their output 200 to 300 bhp . D range : V engines with outputs from 400 to 750 bhp for generating sets , marine and railway applications . Aero engines ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The ubiquitous 27 litre capacity Merlin A Dart fitted to a Fokker F. 27 Friendship airliner A Nene turbojet of the late 1940s See also : Rolls - Royce Aircraft Piston Engines In 1907 , Charles Rolls , whose interests had turned increasingly to flying , tried unsuccessfully to persuade Royce and the other directors to design an aero engine . When World War I broke out in August 1914 , Rolls - Royce ( and many others ) were taken by surprise . As a manufacturer of luxury cars , Rolls - Royce was immediately vulnerable , and Claude Johnson thought the bank would withdraw its overdraft facility on which Rolls - Royce depended at that time . Nevertheless , believing that war was likely to be short - lived the directors initially decided not to seek government work making aero engines . However , this position was quickly reversed and Rolls - Royce was persuaded by the War Office to manufacture fifty air - cooled V8 engines under licence from Renault . Meanwhile , the Royal Aircraft Factory asked Rolls - Royce to design a new 200 hp ( 150 kW ) engine . Despite initial reluctance they agreed , and during 1915 developed Rolls - Royce 's first aero engine , the twelve - cylinder Eagle . This was quickly followed by the smaller six - cylinder Hawk , the 190 hp ( 140 kW ) Falcon and , just before the end of the war , the larger 675 hp ( 503 kW ) Condor . Throughout World War I , Rolls - Royce struggled to build aero engines in the quantities required by the War Office . However , with the exception of Brazil Straker in Bristol Rolls - Royce resisted pressure to license production to other manufacturers , fearing that the engines ' much admired quality and reliability would risk being compromised . Instead the Derby factory was extended to enable Rolls - Royce to increase its own production rates . By the late 1920s , aero engines made up most of Rolls - Royce 's business . Henry Royce 's last design was the Merlin aero engine , which was first flown in prototype form in 1935 , although he had died in 1933 . This was developed from the R engine , which had powered a record - breaking Supermarine S. 6B seaplane to almost 400 mph ( 640 km / h ) in the 1931 Schneider Trophy . The Merlin was a powerful supercharged V12 engine and was fitted into many World War II aircraft : the British Hawker Hurricane , Supermarine Spitfire , de Havilland Mosquito ( twin - engine ) , Avro Lancaster ( four - engine ) ( a development of the Avro Manchester with its unreliable Rolls - Royce Vulture engines ) , Vickers Wellington ( twin - engine ) ; it also transformed the American North American P - 51 Mustang into a competitor for the best fighter of its time , its engine a Merlin engine built by Packard under licence . Over 160,000 Merlin engines were produced , including over 30,000 by the Ford Motor Company at Trafford Park , Manchester . During the war most Rolls - Royce flight testing of engines was carried out from Hucknall Aerodrome . The Merlin crossed over into military land - vehicle use as the Meteor powering the Centurion tank among others . Many Meteor engines used engine blocks and parts that failed requirements for high performance engines , but were suitable for use in the derated 480 kW ( 640 hp ) Meteor . Rolls - Royce came into jet turbines through an exchange of assets with Rover and in the post-World War II period Rolls - Royce made significant advances in gas turbine engine design and manufacture . The Dart and Tyne turboprop engines were particularly important , enabling airlines to cut times for shorter journeys whilst jet airliners were introduced on longer services . The Dart engine was used in Armstrong Whitworth AW. 660 Argosy , Avro 748 , Fokker F27 Friendship , Handley Page Herald and Vickers Viscount aircraft , whilst the more powerful Tyne powered the Breguet Atlantique , Transall C - 160 , Short Belfast , and Vickers Vanguard , and the SR. N4 hovercraft . Many of these turboprops are still in service . Amongst the jet engines of this period was the RB163 Spey , which powers the Hawker Siddeley Trident , BAC One - Eleven , Grumman Gulfstream II and Fokker F28 Fellowship . During the late 1950s and 1960s there was a significant rationalisation of all aspects of British aerospace and this included aero - engine manufacturers . In 1966 Rolls - Royce acquired Bristol Siddeley ( which had resulted from the merger of Armstrong Siddeley and Bristol Aero Engines in 1959 ) and incorporated it as the Bristol Siddeley division . Bristol Siddeley , with its principal factory at Filton , near Bristol , had a strong base in military engines , including the Olympus , Viper , Pegasus ( vectored thrust ) and Orpheus . They were also manufacturing the Olympus 593 Mk610 to be used in Concorde in collaboration with SNECMA . They also had a turbofan project with SNECMA . Leavesden Aerodrome , Watford was originally owned by the Ministry of Defence and used during World War II for the manufacture of Mosquito and Halifax aircraft . For a number of years , Rolls - Royce used the site for the manufacture of helicopter engines until the site closed in June 1993 . The former Rolls - Royce factory at Watford is now known as the Leavesden Film Studios and has produced world - famous films , including the James Bond , Star Wars and Harry Potter series . RB211 -- the 1971 receivership and nationalisation ( edit ) RB211 Derby museum display . Forty years after nationalisation its versions still powered around half of the long - haul airlines in service The amalgamations and disappearances of the 1950s and 1960s left a small number of major airframe manufacturers based in only a few countries . The competition for the very large contracts to supply their engines grew intense . Expensive research and development became vital . Real profits came from the maintenance contracts which might peak a whole human generation later . By the 1980s it was said that each generation of aero engines cost around 10 times that of its parent . At this time Rolls - Royce employed 80,000 people and it was Britain 's 14th largest company in terms of manpower . It was generally known that problems had recently arisen requiring government support of the RB211 programme as one outcome of intense financial competition with Pratt & Whitney and General Electric for the original RB211 contract . In the new year of 1971 financial problems caused largely by development of this new RB211 turbofan engine designed and developed for Lockheed Aircraft Corporation 's new L - 1011 TriStar led , after several government - provided cash subsidies , to the recognition Rolls - Royce had no resources left and it voluntarily entered receivership 4 February 1971 . There were said to have been acrimonious telephone conversations between US president Richard Nixon and the British prime minister Edward Heath but these were subsequently denied . Responding to questions as to how the situation could have arisen the chief executive advised that in their calculations they were guided by the success of their estimates in the launching of their Spey engine . Had the government simply nationalised Rolls - Royce it would have been unable to avoid the obligations to Lockheed . The situation was handled in the usual manner with the assets being sold for cash , in this case to the government , leaving the massive liabilities to be dealt with by Rolls - Royce Limited using the funds realised by the sale . However the government would not fix a purchase price for the assets until the situation became clearer because without a continuing business many of them might be worthless . In the meantime the government would use the assets to continue the activities of the aero - engine , marine and industrial gas turbine and small engine divisions that were important to national defence , the collective programmes with other countries and to many air forces and civil airlines . A new company ( 1971 ) was incorporated that May to purchase substantially the whole of the undertakings and assets of the four divisions of Rolls - Royce connected with gas turbine engines . The original company , Rolls - Royce Limited , was placed in liquidation on 4 October 1971 . Asking their own government for support Lockheed warned that a switch to either Pratt & Whitney or General Electric engines would delay production by an extra six months and might force Lockheed into bankruptcy . The receiver negotiated with Lockheed which consented to waive damages allowing the plant to be shut down . The continuing support of the trade creditors was also achieved by the receiver in spite of threats to demand immediate payments in full and to withdraw supplies . The first asset sold was British Aircraft Corporation bought equally by Vickers and GEC . The receiver floated Rolls - Royce Motors in 1973 . New board ( edit ) The new owner , Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited , had among its board members Lord Cole ( a former chairman of Unilever ) , Sir Arnold Weinstock ( managing director of GEC ) , Hugh Conway ( managing director Rolls - Royce Gas Turbines ) , Dr Stanley Hooker ( Rolls - Royce Bristol ) , Sir William Cook ( an adviser to the Minister of Defence ) , Sir St. John Elstub ( managing director of Imperial Metal Industries ) , and Sir Charles Elworthy ( former Chief of Defence Staff ) . Lockheed and Rolls - Royce take - off ( edit ) The new aircraft with its three RB211 engines left USA for the first time and arrived in Paris on 1 June 1971 . At Palmdale California the L - 1011 received its US Federal Aviation Administration 's certificate of airworthiness on 14 April 1972 , nine months late . On the day the chairman of Lockeed said `` ... we know that in airline service it ( RB211 ) will prove itself to be one of the leading power plants in aviation history '' . The first airliner was delivered to Eastern Air Lines on 5 April 1972 but it had been beaten in the race to production by McDonnell Douglas 's DC - 10 . 1973 Rolls - Royce Motors ( edit ) Rolls - Royce Motors Limited was incorporated on 25 April 1971 , two and a half months after Rolls - Royce fell into receivership . Under the ownership of the receiver it began to trade in April 1971 manufacturing motor cars , diesel and petrol engines , coachwork and other items previously made by Rolls - Royce 's motor car and diesel divisions and Mulliner Park Ward . It continued to take precision engineering work on sub-contracts . In June 1971 it acquired all the business and assets used by the motor car and diesel divisions of Rolls - Royce and Mulliner Park Ward . Rolls - Royce Motors ' permitted uses of the various Rolls - Royce trade marks was very precisely defined . At the end of 1972 Rolls - Royce Motors employees in the United Kingdom were 5,855 in the car division and 2,311 in the Diesel division , a total of 8,166 people . In May 1973 it was sold to Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings Limited in preparation for its public flotation . Car division ( edit ) At that time the Car Division as well as making cars and special coachwork carried out investment foundry work and the machining of aero - engine components and produced piston engines for light aircraft together with other petrol and multi-fuel engines . Both divisions carried out development work for HM Government . The car division 's headquarters were in Pym 's Lane and Minshull New Road , Crewe , bespoke coachbuilding remained in Hythe Road and High Road Willesden London . The Crewe former shadow factory premises were bought from the Government at this time . Diesel division ( edit ) The Diesel Division made several types of diesel engine at its premises in Whitchurch Road , Shrewsbury as well as combustion equipment for aero turbine engines . Rolls - Royce Motors Products Motor Cars Diesel engines Aero turbine engine components and aircraft piston engines mainly for Rolls - Royce 1971 Other engines and products : B range of 6 and 8 - cylinder petrol engines K range of multi-fuel engines various transmissions for fighting and other vehicles diesel shunting locomotives ( Thomas Hill ( Rotherham ) Flotation of Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings ( edit ) In the event the flotation met with a disappointing public response and more than 80 percent of the issue was left in the hands of the underwriters . Vickers Limited merger ( edit ) On 6 August 1980 the shareholders agreement to the merger of Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings and Vickers Limited became unconditional . Perkins ( edit ) The Rolls - Royce diesel business was acquired from Vickers in 1984 by Perkins . Perkins further developed the Eagle Diesels into the Perkins TX series of engines . 1977 Rolls - Royce drops ( 1971 ) from its name ( edit ) A 1974 Rolls Royce , from the Suhail Al Zarooni Car Collection is was customized for vital cause of Think Green Awareness The name of Rolls - Royce ( 1971 ) Limited was changed to Rolls - Royce Limited on 31 December 1977 the end of the company 's financial year . The original Rolls - Royce Limited incorporated in 1906 and still in liquidation had been renamed Rolls - Royce Realisations Limited and had consented in March 1977 to the ( 1971 ) company being named Rolls - Royce Limited Limited was replaced by plc ( public limited company ) in the summer of 1986 so shares could be offered to the public and traded on sharemarkets . 1987 privatisation ( edit ) In April 1987 the government offered for sale all Rolls - Royce plc shares . The heavily advertised issue was a remarkable success . Rolls - Royce 's was an exceptionally long term business . Before a civil aero engine went into service its development could take 4 to 6 years , military engines often longer . Production might then extend a further 50 years including the manufacture of spare parts required long after complete engine production ends . Customers ( edit ) According to the prospectus published for the 1987 issue of shares to members of the public Rolls - Royce was by then one of only three enterprises outside USSR and China able to design develop and produce large gas turbine engines . At that time its engines were installed in the aircraft of more than 270 civil carriers and were used by 110 armed services and 700 operators of executive and corporate aircraft . In addition its turbines powered the naval vessels of 25 different nations . Over 175 industrial customers operated Rolls - Royce gas turbines for power generation , gas and oil pumping and other industrial purposes . Its single most important customer was the United Kingdom 's government . In the preceding five years about 70 percent of production went outside the United Kingdom . Competition ( edit ) Rolls - Royce 's competitors were GE and Pratt & Whitney ( UTC ) . Aero engines were then only a part of GE and UTC activities as major industrial groups . Others included SNECMA , Turbomeca , MTU , Fiat Aviazione in Europe and USA 's Avco , Garrett and General Motors ' Allison . In spite of it being an exceptionally competitive field a number of the smaller manufacturers were already in collaboration with GE or with other smaller manufacturers as was Rolls - Royce . Divisions and products ( edit ) At that time Rolls - Royce was organised into five business groups : 1 . ICEG Civil Aero -- demand governed by airline activity and profitability major engines in 1987 : RB211 - 524 , 535 series ; IAE V2500 for Airbus A320 , a consortium of Rolls - Royce 30 % , Pratt & Whitney 30 % , JAEC 23 % , MTU 11 % and Fiat 6 % Tay , a development of the Spey superfan engines out of production but generating a significant demand for spares Avon ( 1951 ) , Conway ( 1960 ) , Dart ( 1953 ) , Olympus 593 ( 1976 ) , RB211 - 22B ( 1972 ) , Spey ( 1964 ) , Tyne ( 1960 ) 2 . MEG Military Aero -- demand had been stable recently and so of major importance to Rolls - Royce major engines in 1987 : RB199 Pegasus ( with vectored thrust for VTOL combat aircraft ) Adour Spey Viper helicopter engines Gnome Gem RTM322 EJ200 missile engines Odin 3 . I&M Industrial and Marine -- aero derived gas turbine engines 4 . Repair and Overhaul 5 . Nuclear -- submarine steam - raising equipment together with these Services : Supply Corporate Engineering Products ( edit ) Cars ( edit ) chassis - only , no Rolls - Royce built Rolls - Royce body until Silver Dawn 1904 -- 06 10 hp 1905 -- 05 15 hp 1905 -- 08 20 hp 1905 -- 06 30 hp 1905 -- 06 V - 8 1906 -- 25 40 / 50 Silver Ghost 1922 -- 29 Twenty 1925 -- 29 40 / 50 Phantom 1929 -- 36 20 / 25 1929 -- 35 Phantom II 1936 -- 38 25 / 30 1936 -- 39 Phantom III 1938 -- 39 Wraith 1946 -- 59 Silver Wraith 1949 -- 55 Silver Dawn with first factory bodies using panels pressed by Pressed Steel Company , Cowley 1950 -- 56 Phantom IV 1955 -- 65 Silver Cloud factory bodies using panels pressed by Pressed Steel Co . 1959 -- 68 Phantom V 1965 -- 80 Silver Shadow monocoque integral body chassis wholly built by Rolls - Royce 1968 -- 92 Phantom VI 1971 -- Rolls - Royce Corniche Bentley Models ( from 1933 ) -- chassis only 1933 -- 37 Bentley 31⁄2 L 1936 -- 39 Bentley 41⁄4 L 1939 -- 41 Bentley Mark V Standard saloons Silver Dawn 1953 Silver Cloud 1956 Silver Shadow 1972 Postwar Phantoms Phantom IV limousine by Hooper 1953 Phantom V sedanca de ville by James Young 1961 Phantom VI limousine Phantom VI limousine Aircraft ( edit ) Rolls - Royce Thrust Measuring Rig Rolls - Royce Mustang Mk. X References ( edit ) Jump up ^ see Companies House -- 00087989 LIMITED incorporated 15 March 1906 and its accounts Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce shares will fly . The Times , Wednesday , April 29 , 1987 ; pg. 25 ; Issue 62755 ^ Jump up to : Rolls - Royce Motors Holdings Limited . The Times , Monday , May 07 , 1973 ; pg. 23 ; Issue 58775 ^ Jump up to : UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved 6 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Pugh , Peter ( 2001 ) . The Magic of a Name -- The Rolls - Royce Story : The First 40 Years . Icon Books . ISBN 1 - 84046 - 151 - 9 . Jump up ^ The earlier models having been based on a Decauville owned by Royce . Jump up ^ Oldham , Wilton ( 1967 ) . The hyphen in Rolls - Royce : A biography of Claude Johnson . Foulis . ISBN 0 - 85429 - 017 - 6 . Jump up ^ Location of Springfield Rolls - Royce factory Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce for the unsentimental . The Daily Telegraph , Thursday , April 30 , 1987 , Issue 41009 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Broken Rules That Led To The Downfall of Rolls - Royce . The Times Friday , Feb 05 , 1971 ; pg. 15 ; Issue 58091 Jump up ^ The Rolls - Royce RB. 211 22 developed for Lockheed , was a different engine than originally proposed to McDonnell Douglas for the DC - 10 . The RB211 was a member of the Advanced Technology Engine family that included the RB. 207 for the Airbus A. 300 and the RB. 203 for the FH - 228 . Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce collapse : state takeover move . The Times , Friday , Feb 05 , 1971 ; pg. 1 ; Issue 58091 Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce former chief defends signing of RB 211 contract with Lockheed . The Times , Thursday , Dec 02 , 1971 ; pg. 21 ; Issue 58340 ^ Jump up to : Rolls - Royce : a juicy liquidation . The Times , Thursday , Dec 22 , 1977 ; pg. 15 ; Issue 60193 Jump up ^ TI chairman pleads for full Rolls - Royce assets price . The Times , Friday , Apr 14 , 1972 ; pg. 15 ; Issue 58452 Jump up ^ NEB challenges Rolls valuation . The Times , Friday , Jul 30 , 1976 ; pg. 17 ; Issue 59769 Jump up ^ Independent inquiry for any dispute on R-R assets . The Times , Saturday , Mar 20 , 1971 ; pg. 7 ; Issue 58126 Jump up ^ Lockheed warning on bankruptcy . The Times , Wednesday , May 19 , 1971 ; pg. 21 ; Issue 58176 Jump up ^ `` RB. 211 negotiations '' , Flight International , 4 March 1971 Jump up ^ TriStar engines surprisingly quiet . The Times , Wednesday , Jun 02 , 1971 ; pg. 15 ; Issue 58188 Jump up ^ Licence for TriStar , the ' quietest jetliner ' . The Times , Monday , Apr 17 , 1972 ; pg. 19 ; Issue 58454 . Jump up ^ No signs of R-R Motors sell - out by institutions . The Times , Thursday , Aug 02 , 1973 ; pg. 17 ; Issue 58850 Jump up ^ Vickers. The Times , Friday , Sep 26 , 1980 ; pg. 26 ; Issue 60734 Jump up ^ Rolls - Royce drops 1971 from title . The Times , Tuesday , Dec 07 , 1976 ; pg. 19 ; Issue 59880 Jump up ^ Rolls Royce . The Times Friday , Mar 17 , 1978 ; pg. 23 ; Issue 60259 ^ Jump up to : Rolls - Royce Prospectus . The Daily Telegraph , Thursday , April 30 , 1987 , Issue 41009 , p. 19 - 32 Jump up ^ R-R surges to 62p premium . The Times , Thursday , May 21 , 1987 ; pg. 25 ; Issue 62774 Jump up ^ Rolls Royce . The Times , Wednesday , Oct 06 , 1965 ; pg. 8 ; Issue 56445 Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Silver Ghost This car was ordered with its Barker body painted silver specifically to publicize their new 40 / 50 hp model which ran `` with extraordinary stealthiness '' . Its name `` The Silver Ghost '' was carried on a special repoussé plaque on its dashboard . It was finished with green leather , silver - plated fittings , aluminium dashboard Jump up ^ Ritual Stolly swimming , `` the best bit of kit we ever had '' Jump up ^ The price for the aero engines division was not fixed until June 1973 but more than seven years passed before the liquidation was complete Jump up ^ In 2017 it is company number 00087989 and its name is 00087989 Limited External links ( edit ) `` Lessons for Tomorrow from the Old Rolls - Royce '' a 1973 Flight article by Francis Rodwell Banks Catalogue of the Rolls - Royce Joint Shop Stewards ' Combine archives , held at the Modern Records Centre , University of Warwick British car industry -- companies and marques Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Rolls - Royce Rolls - Royce Limited Rolls - Royce Limited & Bentley Rolls - Royce Motors Rolls - Royce Motors ( Vickers ) BMW & VW Group BMW Bentley Bentley Volkswagen Group Armstrong Siddeley Siddeley - Deasy Armstrong Whitworth Armstrong Siddeley Bristol Siddeley Rolls - Royce Limited Rolls - Royce plc Aston Martin Aston Martin Aston Martin Lagonda Ford PAG Aston Martin Lagonda Lagonda Lagonda Jaguar SS Cars Jaguar Jaguar & Daimler BMH BLMC / British Leyland Jaguar & Daimler Ford ( PAG ) Tata Daimler Daimler BSA BSA Lanchester Lanchester Rover Rover Company Rover Company Rover Company Austin Rover Group & Land Rover Group ( BL plc ) Rover Group ( BAe ) Rover Group ( BMW ) MG Rover Group ( PVH ) Land Rover Ford ( PAG ) Alvis Alvis BAE Systems Standard Standard Standard Triumph Leyland Motors British Motor Heritage Triumph Dawson Triumph BMW Riley Riley Nuffield Organisation BMC BMH MG Morris Garages ( MG ) Rover Group ( BMW ) MG Rover Group ( PVH ) SAIC & NAC SAIC Morris Morris Morris Wolseley Wolseley Austin Austin Austin Vanden Plas Vanden Plas Mini BMW Princess BMC BLMC / British Leyland Austin - Healey Austin ( BMC ) & Donald Healey Jensen Jensen Motors Britcar Holdings Jensen Cars Reliant Reliant Reliant Bond Bond AC AC Cars ( several ownership & company name changes ) Argyll Argyll Argyll Bristol Cars Bristol Cars Caterham Caterham Crossley Crossley Dutton Dutton Dutton Ginetta Ginetta Gordon - Keeble Peerless & Warwick Gordon - Keeble Jowett Jowett Blackburn Lea - Francis Lea - Francis Lotus Lotus General Motors Europe Proton McLaren McLaren Marcos Marcos Marcos Marcos Morgan Morgan Napier Napier Turner Turner TVR TVR Westfield Westfield Potenza Sports Cars GTM GTM Vauxhall Vauxhall Motors General Motors General Motors Europe Opel Vulcan Vulcan Hillman Hillman Humber Rootes Chrysler Europe ( Chrysler ) Peugeot ( PSA ) Humber Humber Singer Singer Rootes Sunbeam Sunbeam S.T.D. Motors Rootes ( as Sunbeam - Talbot ) Rootes Rootes Talbot Talbot Marque 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Rolls - Royce Motor Cars timeline Type 1900s 1910s 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Ownership Independent Vickers plc VW Group BMW Luxury car 10 hp 15 hp V - 8 20 hp Twenty 20 / 25 25 / 30 Wraith WWII Silver Dawn Silver Cloud Silver Shadow Silver Spirit / Dawn Silver Seraph Ghost Ultra-luxury car 30 hp 40 / 50 hp ( Silver Ghost ) Phantom I / II / III Silver Wraith Silver Wraith II Silver Spur Ghost Extended Wheelbase Phantom IV Phantom V / VI Touring Limousine Park Ward Phantom Convertible Corniche / II / III / IV Corniche V Phantom Drophead Coupé Camargue Silver Spirit Hooper 2 Door Phantom Coupé Wraith Rolls - Royce Limited aero engines Piston engines By name : Buzzard Condor Crecy Eagle ( V - 12 ) Eagle XVI ( X-16 ) Eagle ( H - 24 ) Exe Falcon Goshawk Griffon Hawk Kestrel Merlin Pennine Peregrine `` R '' Vulture By company designation : PV12 Type H Type G Type F Type R Rocket engines Larch Rolls - Royce RZ. 2 Turbojets Avon Derwent Nene Olympus Olympus 593 RB106 RB108 RB145 RB162 RB176 Soar Tay Thames Viper Welland Turbofans Adour Conway M45H Medway Pegasus RB153 RB168 - 62 RB175 RB178 RB193 RB199 RB202 RB211 RB220 RB235 Spey Trent ( RB203 ) Turboprops / Turboshafts Clyde Dart Gem Gnome Nimbus Trent Tweed Tyne Rolls - Royce Barnoldswick ( RB ) designations RB23 RB37 RB39 RB41 RB44 RB50 RB53 RB80 RB82 RB93 RB106 RB108 RB109 RB140 RB141 RB142 RB145 RB146 RB153 RB162 RB163 RB168 RB168 - 62 RB172 RB174 RB175 RB176 RB177 RB178 RB181 RB193 RB199 RB202 RB203 RB211 RB220 RB235 RB410 RB508 Aero - derivative industrial and marine engines Piston engines : Rolls - Royce Meteor Rolls - Royce Meteorite Gas turbines : Marine Olympus Marine Spey Designers R.W.H. Bailey Alan Arnold Griffith Ernest Hives Stanley Hooker Gordon Lewis Adrian Lombard Cyril Lovesey Harry Ricardo Arthur Rowledge Henry Royce Arthur Rubbra Spirito Mario Viale See also Rolls - Royce plc aero engines Original companies of FT 30 in the United Kingdom As of 1 July 1935 Associated Portland Cement Austin Motor Bass Bolsover Colliery Callenders Cables & Construction Coats Courtaulds Distillers Dorman Long Dunlop Rubber Electrical & Musical Industries Fine Spinners and Doublers General Electric Company Guest Keen & Nettlefolds Harrods Hawker Siddeley Imperial Chemical Industries Imperial Tobacco International Tea Co . Stores London Brick Murex Patons and Baldwins Pinchin Johnson & Associates Rolls - Royce Tate & Lyle Turner & Newall United Steel Companies Vickers - Armstrongs Watney Combe & Reid FW Woolworth & Co Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rolls-Royce_Limited&oldid=845296387 '' Categories : Rolls - Royce Car manufacturers of the United Kingdom Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers Automotive companies of the United Kingdom Engine manufacturers Rocket engine manufacturers Defunct aircraft engine manufacturers of the United Kingdom Defunct motor vehicle manufacturers of the United Kingdom Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange 1906 establishments in England Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1906 Vehicle manufacturing companies disestablished in 1987 British brands Motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States British companies established in 1906 Hidden categories : Use British English from July 2011 Use dmy dates from July 2011 Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2018 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego Bahasa Indonesia Italiano മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Piemontèis Română Русский Scots Türkçe Українська 粵語 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 10 June 2018 , at 20 : 53 . 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where did the name rolls royce come from

Rolls - Royce Limited owned a British luxury car and aero engine manufacturing business founded in 1904 by Charles Stewart Rolls and Frederick Henry Royce . Rolls - Royce Limited was incorporated on 15 March 1906 as a vehicle for their ownership of their Rolls - Royce business . Their business quickly developed a reputation for superior engineering quality and for manufacturing the `` best car in the world '' , building on FH Royce 's existing standing . Rolls - Royce became a leading manufacturer of piston aero - engines after it was brought into building them by the First World War .

Precedent - wikipedia Precedent Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Precedence . In common law legal systems , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` precedent '' as a `` rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases '' . Common law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) , and delegated legislation ( in U.K. parlance ) or regulatory law ( in U.S. parlance ) ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) . Case law , in common law jurisdictions , is the set of decisions of adjudicatory tribunals or other rulings that can be cited as precedent . In most countries , including most European countries , the term is applied to any set of rulings on law which is guided by previous rulings , for example , previous decisions of a government agency . Essential to the development of case law is the publication and indexing of decisions for use by lawyers , courts and the general public , in the form of law reports . While all decisions are precedent ( though at varying levels of authority as discussed throughout this article ) , some become `` leading cases '' or `` landmark decisions '' that are cited especially often . Contents ( hide ) 1 Principle 1.1 Case law in common law systems 2 Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification 2.1 Verticality 2.2 Horizontality 2.3 Federalism and parallel state and federal courts 2.4 Binding precedent 2.4. 1 Binding precedent in English law 2.4. 2 `` Super stare decisis '' 2.5 Persuasive precedent 2.5. 1 Lower courts 2.5. 2 Higher courts in other circuits 2.5. 3 Horizontal courts 2.5. 4 Statements made in obiter dicta 2.5. 5 Dissenting opinions 2.5. 6 Treatises , restatements , law review articles 2.5. 7 Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions 2.6 Nonprecedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules 2.7 Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case 2.7. 1 Res judicata , claim preclusion 2.7. 2 collateral estoppel , issue preclusion 2.7. 3 law of the case 2.8 Splits , tensions 2.8. 1 Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism 2.8. 2 Splits among different areas of law 2.8. 3 Conflicts 2.9 Matter of first impression 3 Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems 3.1 Civil law systems 3.2 Mixed or bijuridical systems 3.3 Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions 4 Critical analysis 4.1 Court formulations 4.2 Academic study 5 Application 5.1 Development 5.2 United States legal system 5.3 English legal system 5.3. 1 The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent 5.3. 2 Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds 6 Rules of statutory interpretation 6.1 Statutory interpretation in the U.K. 6.2 Statutory Interpretation in the United States 7 Practical application 7.1 Judicial resistance 7.2 Structural considerations 7.3 Originalism 7.4 Advantages and disadvantages 7.5 Criticism of precedent 7.6 Agreement with precedent 8 See also 9 Notes Principle ( edit ) Stare decisis ( Anglo - Latin pronunciation : / ˈsteɪriː / or / stɑːreɪ / / dɪˈsaɪsɪs / ) is a legal principle by which judges are obligated to respect the precedent established by prior decisions . The words originate from the phrasing of the principle in the Latin maxim Stare decisis et non quieta movere : `` to stand by decisions and not disturb the undisturbed '' . In a legal context , this means that courts should abide by precedent and not disturb settled matters . The principle can be divided into two components : A decision made by a superior court , or by the same court in an earlier decision , is binding precedent that the court itself and all its inferior courts must follow . A court may overturn its own precedent , but should do so only if there is a strong reason to do so , and even in that case , should be guided by principles from superior , lateral and inferior courts . The second principle , regarding persuasive precedent , reflects the broad precedent guidance a court may draw upon in reaching all of its decisions . Case law in common law systems ( edit ) In the common law tradition , courts decide the law applicable to a case by interpreting statutes and applying precedent which record how and why prior cases have been decided . Unlike most civil law systems , common law systems follow the doctrine of stare decisis , by which most courts are bound by their own previous decisions in similar cases , and all lower courts should make decisions consistent with previous decisions of higher courts . For example , in England , the High Court and the Court of Appeal are each bound by their own previous decisions , but the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is able to deviate from its earlier decisions , although in practice it rarely does so . Generally speaking , higher courts do not have direct oversight over day - to - day proceedings in lower courts , in that they can not reach out on their own initiative ( sua sponte ) at any time to reverse or overrule judgments of the lower courts . Normally , the burden rests with litigants to appeal rulings ( including those in clear violation of established case law ) to the higher courts . If a judge acts against precedent and the case is not appealed , the decision will stand . A lower court may not rule against a binding precedent , even if the lower court feels that the precedent is unjust ; the lower court may only express the hope that a higher court or the legislature will reform the rule in question . If the court believes that developments or trends in legal reasoning render the precedent unhelpful , and wishes to evade it and help the law evolve , the court may either hold that the precedent is inconsistent with subsequent authority , or that the precedent should be distinguished by some material difference between the facts of the cases . If that judgment goes to appeal , the appellate court will have the opportunity to review both the precedent and the case under appeal , perhaps overruling the previous case law by setting a new precedent of higher authority . This may happen several times as the case works its way through successive appeals . Lord Denning , first of the High Court of Justice , later of the Court of Appeal , provided a famous example of this evolutionary process in his development of the concept of estoppel starting in the High Trees case : Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd ( 1947 ) K.B. 130 . Judges may refer to various types of persuasive authority to reach a decision in a case . Widely cited non-binding sources include legal encyclopedias such as Corpus Juris Secundum and Halsbury 's Laws of England , or the published work of the Law Commission or the American Law Institute . Some bodies are given statutory powers to issue Guidance with persuasive authority or similar statutory effect , such as the Highway Code . In federal or multi-jurisdictional law systems there may exist conflicts between the various lower appellate courts . Sometimes these differences may not be resolved and it may be necessary to distinguish how the law is applied in one district , province , division or appellate department . Usually only an appeal accepted by the court of last resort will resolve such differences and , for many reasons , such appeals are often not granted . Any court may seek to distinguish its present case from that of a binding precedent , in order to reach a different conclusion . The validity of such a distinction may or may not be accepted on appeal . An appellate court may also propound an entirely new and different analysis from that of junior courts , and may or may not be bound by its own previous decisions , or in any case may distinguish the decisions based on significant differences in the facts applicable to each case . Or , a court may view the matter before it as one of `` first impression , '' not governed by any controlling precedent . Where there are several members of a court , there may be one or more judgments given ; only the ratio decidendi of the majority can constitute a binding precedent , but all may be cited as persuasive , or their reasoning may be adopted in argument . Quite apart from the rules of precedent , the weight actually given to any reported judgment may depend on the reputation of both the court and the judges . Categories and classifications of precedent , and effect of classification ( edit ) Verticality ( edit ) Generally , a common law court system has trial courts , intermediate appellate courts and a supreme court . The inferior courts conduct almost all trial proceedings . The inferior courts are bound to obey precedent established by the appellate court for their jurisdiction , and all supreme court precedent . The Supreme Court of California 's explanation of this principle is that ( u ) nder the doctrine of stare decisis , all tribunals exercising inferior jurisdiction are required to follow decisions of courts exercising superior jurisdiction . Otherwise , the doctrine of stare decisis makes no sense . The decisions of this court are binding upon and must be followed by all the state courts of California . Decisions of every division of the District Courts of Appeal are binding upon all the justice and municipal courts and upon all the superior courts of this state , and this is so whether or not the superior court is acting as a trial or appellate court . Courts exercising inferior jurisdiction must accept the law declared by courts of superior jurisdiction . It is not their function to attempt to overrule decisions of a higher court . An Intermediate state appellate court is generally bound to follow the decisions of the highest court of that state . The application of the doctrine of stare decisis from a superior court to an inferior court is sometimes called vertical stare decisis . Horizontality ( edit ) The idea that a judge is bound by ( or at least should respect ) decisions of earlier judges of similar or coordinate level is called horizontal stare decisis . In the United States federal court system , the intermediate appellate courts are divided into thirteen `` circuits , '' each covering some range of territory ranging in size from the District of Columbia alone up to seven states . Each panel of judges on the court of appeals for a circuit is bound to obey the prior appellate decisions of the same circuit . Precedent of a United States court of appeals may be overruled only by the court en banc , that is , a session of all the active appellate judges of the circuit , or by the United States Supreme Court , not simply by a different three - judge panel . When a court binds itself , this application of the doctrine of precedent is sometimes called horizontal stare decisis . The state of New York has a similar appellate structure as it is divided into four appellate departments supervised by the final New York Court of Appeals . Decisions of one appellate department are not binding upon another , and in some cases the departments differ considerably on interpretations of law . Federalism and parallel state and federal courts ( edit ) In federal systems the division between federal and state law may result in complex interactions . In the United States , state courts are not considered inferior to federal courts but rather constitute a parallel court system . When a federal court rules on an issue of state law , the federal court must follow the precedent of the state courts , under the Erie doctrine . If an issue of state law arises during a case in federal court , and there is no decision on point from the highest court of the state , the federal court must either attempt to predict how the state courts would resolve the issue by looking at decisions from state appellate courts , or , if allowed by the constitution of the relevant state , submit the question to the state 's courts . On the other hand , when a state court rules on an issue of federal law , the state court is bound only by rulings of the Supreme Court , but not by decisions of federal district or circuit courts of appeals However some states have adopted a practice of considering themselves bound by rulings of the court of appeals embracing their states , as a matter of comity rather than constitutional obligation . In practice , however , judges in one system will almost always choose to follow relevant case law in the other system to prevent divergent results and to minimize forum shopping . Binding precedent ( edit ) Precedent that must be applied or followed is known as binding precedent ( alternately metaphorically precedent , mandatory or binding authority , etc . ) . Under the doctrine of stare decisis , a lower court must honor findings of law made by a higher court that is within the appeals path of cases the court hears . In state and federal courts in the United States of America , jurisdiction is often divided geographically among local trial courts , several of which fall under the territory of a regional appeals court . All appellate courts fall under a highest court ( sometimes but not always called a `` supreme court '' ) . By definition , decisions of lower courts are not binding on courts higher in the system , nor are appeals court decisions binding on local courts that fall under a different appeals court . Further , courts must follow their own proclamations of law made earlier on other cases , and honor rulings made by other courts in disputes among the parties before them pertaining to the same pattern of facts or events , unless they have a strong reason to change these rulings ( see Law of the case re : a court 's previous holding being binding precedent for that court ) . In law , a binding precedent ( also known as a mandatory precedent or binding authority ) is a precedent which must be followed by all lower courts under common law legal systems . In English law it is usually created by the decision of a higher court , such as the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom , which took over the judicial functions of the House of Lords in 2009 . In Civil law and pluralist systems precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Binding precedent relies on the legal principle of stare decisis . Stare decisis means to stand by things decided . It ensures certainty and consistency in the application of law . Existing binding precedent from past cases are applied in principle to new situations by analogy . One law professor has described mandatory precedent as follows : Given a determination as to the governing jurisdiction , a court is `` bound '' to follow a precedent of that jurisdiction only if it is directly in point . In the strongest sense , `` directly in point '' means that : ( 1 ) the question resolved in the precedent case is the same as the question to be resolved in the pending case , ( 2 ) resolution of that question was necessary to the disposition of the precedent case ; ( 3 ) the significant facts of the precedent case are also presented in the pending case , and ( 4 ) no additional facts appear in the pending case that might be treated as significant . In extraordinary circumstances a higher court may overturn or overrule mandatory precedent , but will often attempt to distinguish the precedent before overturning it , thereby limiting the scope of the precedent . Under the U.S. legal system , courts are set up in a hierarchy . At the top of the federal or national system is the Supreme Court , and underneath are lower federal courts . The state court systems have hierarchy structures similar to that of the federal system . The U.S. Supreme Court has final authority on questions about the meaning of federal law , including the U.S. Constitution . For example , when the Supreme Court says that the First Amendment applies in a specific way to suits for slander , then every court is bound by that precedent in its interpretation of the First Amendment as it applies to suits for slander . If a lower court judge disagrees with a higher court precedent on what the First Amendment should mean , the lower court judge must rule according to the binding precedent . Until the higher court changes the ruling ( or the law itself is changed ) , the binding precedent is authoritative on the meaning of the law . Lower courts are bound by the precedent set by higher courts within their region . Thus , a federal district court that falls within the geographic boundaries of the Third Circuit Court of Appeals ( the mid-level appeals court that hears appeals from district court decisions from Delaware , New Jersey , Pennsylvania , and the Virgin Islands ) is bound by rulings of the Third Circuit Court , but not by rulings in the Ninth Circuit ( Alaska , Arizona , California , Guam , Hawaii , Idaho , Montana , Nevada , Northern Mariana Islands , Oregon , and Washington ) , since the Circuit Courts of Appeals have jurisdiction defined by geography . The Circuit Courts of Appeals can interpret the law how they want , so long as there is no binding Supreme Court precedent . One of the common reasons the Supreme Court grants certiorari ( that is , they agree to hear a case ) is if there is a conflict among the circuit courts as to the meaning of a federal law . There are three elements needed for a precedent to work . Firstly , the hierarchy of the courts needs to be accepted , and an efficient system of law reporting . ' A balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting from the binding effect of previous decisions , and on the other side the avoidance of undue restriction on the proper development of the law ( 1966 Practice Statement ( Judicial Precedent ) by Lord Gardiner L.C. ) ' . Binding precedent in English law ( edit ) Judges are bound by the law of binding precedent in England and Wales and other common law jurisdictions . This is a distinctive feature of the English legal system . In Scotland and many countries throughout the world , particularly in mainland Europe , civil law means that judges take case law into account in a similar way , but are not obliged to do so and are required to consider the precedent in terms of principle . Their fellow judges ' decisions may be persuasive but are not binding . Under the English legal system , judges are not necessarily entitled to make their own decisions about the development or interpretations of the law . They may be bound by a decision reached in a previous case . Two facts are crucial to determining whether a precedent is binding : The position in the court hierarchy of the court which decided the precedent , relative to the position in the court trying the current case . Whether the facts of the current case come within the scope of the principle of law in previous decisions . In a conflict of laws situation , jus cogens erga omnes norms and principles of the common law such as in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights , to a varying degree in different jurisdictions , are deemed overriding which means they are used to `` read down '' legislation , that is giving them a particular purposive interpretation , for example applying European Court of Human Rights jurisprudence of courts ( case law ) . `` Super stare decisis '' ( edit ) `` Super stare decisis '' is a term used for important precedent that is resistant or immune from being overturned , without regard to whether correctly decided in the first place . It may be viewed as one extreme in a range of precedential power , or alternatively , to express a belief , or a critique of that belief , that some decisions should not be overturned . In 1976 , Richard Posner and William Landes coined the term `` super-precedent , '' in an article they wrote about testing theories of precedent by counting citations . Posner and Landes used this term to describe the influential effect of a cited decision . The term `` super-precedent '' later became associated with different issue : the difficulty of overturning a decision . In 1992 , Rutgers professor Earl Maltz criticized the Supreme Court 's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey for endorsing the idea that if one side can take control of the Court on an issue of major national importance ( as in Roe v. Wade ) , that side can protect its position from being reversed `` by a kind of super-stare decisis '' . The controversial idea that some decisions are virtually immune from being overturned , regardless of whether they were decided correctly in the first place , is the idea to which the term `` super stare decisis '' now usually refers . The concept of super-stare decisis ( or `` super-precedent '' ) was mentioned during the interrogations of Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Samuel Alito before the Senate Judiciary Committee . Prior to the commencement of the Roberts hearings , the chair of that committee , Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania , wrote an op / ed in the New York Times referring to Roe as a `` super-precedent '' . He revisited this concept during the hearings , but neither Roberts nor Alito endorsed the term or the concept . Persuasive precedent ( edit ) Persuasive precedent ( also persuasive authority ) is precedent or other legal writing that is not binding precedent but that is useful or relevant and that may guide the judge in making the decision in a current case . Persuasive precedent includes cases decided by lower courts , by peer or higher courts from other geographic jurisdictions , cases made in other parallel systems ( for example , military courts , administrative courts , indigenous / tribal courts , state courts versus federal courts in the United States ) , statements made in dicta , treatises or academic law reviews , and in some exceptional circumstances , cases of other nations , treaties , world judicial bodies , etc . In a `` case of first impression '' , courts often rely on persuasive precedent from courts in other jurisdictions that have previously dealt with similar issues . Persuasive precedent may become binding through its adoption by a higher court . In civil law and pluralist systems , as under Scots law , precedent is not binding but case law is taken into account by the courts . Lower courts ( edit ) A lower court 's opinion may be considered as persuasive authority if the judge believes they have applied the correct legal principle and reasoning . Higher courts in other circuits ( edit ) A court may consider the ruling of a higher court that is not binding . For example , a district court in the United States First Circuit could consider a ruling made by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit as persuasive authority . Horizontal courts ( edit ) Courts may consider rulings made in other courts that are of equivalent authority in the legal system . For example , an appellate court for one district could consider a ruling issued by an appeals court in another district . Statements made in obiter dicta ( edit ) Courts may consider obiter dicta in opinions of higher courts . Dicta of a higher court , though not binding , will often be persuasive to lower courts . The phrase obiter dicta is usually translated as `` other things said '' , but due to the high number of judges and individual concurring opinions , it is often hard to distinguish from the ratio decidendi ( reason for the decision ) . For these reasons , the obiter dicta may often be taken into consideration by a court . A litigant may also consider obiter dicta if a court has previously signaled that a particular legal argument is weak and may even warrant sanctions if repeated . Dissenting opinions ( edit ) A case decided by a multi-judge panel could result in a split decision . While only the majority opinion is considered precedential , an outvoted judge can still publish a dissenting opinion . Common patterns for dissenting opinions include : an explanation of how the outcome of the case might be different on slightly different facts , in an attempt to limit the holding of the majority planting seeds for a future overruling of the majority opinion A judge in a subsequent case , particularly in a different jurisdiction , could find the dissenting judge 's reasoning persuasive . In the jurisdiction of the original decision , however , a judge should only overturn the holding of a court lower or equivalent in the hierarchy . A district court , for example , could not rely on a Supreme Court dissent as a basis to depart from the reasoning of the majority opinion . However , lower courts occasionally cite dissents , either for a limiting principle on the majority , or for propositions that are not stated in the majority opinion and not inconsistent with that majority , or to explain a disagreement with the majority and to urge reform ( while following the majority in the outcome ) . Treatises , restatements , law Review articles ( edit ) Courts may consider the writings of eminent legal scholars in treatises , restatements of the law , and law reviews . The extent to which judges find these types of writings persuasive will vary widely with elements such as the reputation of the author and the relevance of the argument . Persuasive effect of decisions from other jurisdictions ( edit ) The courts of England and Wales are free to consider decisions of other jurisdictions , and give them whatever persuasive weight the English court sees fit , even though these other decisions are not binding precedent . Jurisdictions that are closer to modern English common law are more likely to be given persuasive weight ( for example Commonwealth states such as Canada , Australia , or New Zealand ) . Persuasive weight might be given to other common law courts , such as from the United States , most often where the American courts have been particularly innovative , e.g. in product liability and certain areas of contract law . In the United States , in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , the concept of a U.S. court considering foreign law or precedent has been considered controversial by some parties . The Supreme Court splits on this issue . This critique is recent , as in the early history of the United States , citation of English authority was ubiquitous . One of the first acts of many of the new state legislatures was to adopt the body of English common law into the law of the state . See here . Citation to English cases was common through the 19th and well into the 20th centuries . Even in the late 20th and early 21st centuries , it is relatively uncontroversial for American state courts to rely on English decisions for matters of pure common ( i.e. judge - made ) law . Within the federal legal systems of several common - law countries , and most especially the United States , it is relatively common for the distinct lower - level judicial systems ( e.g. state courts in the United States and Australia , provincial courts in Canada ) to regard the decisions of other jurisdictions within the same country as persuasive precedent . Particularly in the United States , the adoption of a legal doctrine by a large number of other state judiciaries is regarded as highly persuasive evidence that such doctrine is preferred . A good example is the adoption in Tennessee of comparative negligence ( replacing contributory negligence as a complete bar to recovery ) by the 1992 Tennessee Supreme Court decision McIntyre v. Balentine ( by this point all US jurisdictions save Tennessee , five other states , and the District of Columbia had adopted comparative negligence schemes ) . Moreover , in American law , the Erie doctrine requires federal courts sitting in diversity actions to apply state substantive law , but in a manner consistent with how the court believes the state 's highest court would rule in that case . Since such decisions are not binding on state courts , but are often very well - reasoned and useful , state courts cite federal interpretations of state law fairly often as persuasive precedent , although it is also fairly common for a state high court to reject a federal court 's interpretation of its jurisprudence . Non-precedential decisions : unpublished decisions , non-publication and depublication , noncitation rules ( edit ) Main article : Non-publication of legal opinions in the United States Non-publication of opinions , or unpublished opinions , are those decisions of courts that are not available for citation as precedent because the judges making the opinion deem the case as having less precedential value . Selective publication is the legal process which a judge or justices of a court decide whether a decision is to be or not published in a reporter . `` Unpublished '' federal appellate decisions are published in the Federal Appendix . Depublication is the power of a court to make a previously published order or opinion unpublished . Litigation that is settled out of court generates no written decision , and thus has no precedential effect . As one practical effect , the U.S. Department of Justice settles many cases against the federal government simply to avoid creating adverse precedent . Res judicata , claim preclusion , collateral estoppel , issue preclusion , law of the case ( edit ) Several rules may cause a decision to apply as narrow `` precedent '' to preclude future legal positions of the specific parties to a case , even if a decision is non-precedential with respect to all other parties . Res judicata , claim preclusion ( edit ) Main article : res judicata Once a case is decided , the same plaintiff can not sue the same defendant again on any claim arising out of the same facts . The law requires plaintiffs to put all issues on the table in a single case , not split the case . For example , in a case of an auto accident , the plaintiff can not sue first for property damage , and then personal injury in a separate case . This is called res judicata or claim preclusion ( `` ' Res judicata ' '' is the traditional name going back centuries ; the name shifted to `` claim preclusion '' in the United States over the late 20th century ) . Claim preclusion applies regardless of the plaintiff wins or loses the earlier case , even if the later case raises a different legal theory , even the second claim is unknown at the time of the first case . Exceptions are extremely limited , for example if the two claims for relief must necessarily be brought in different courts ( for example , one claim might be exclusively federal , and the other exclusively state ) . Collateral estoppel , issue preclusion ( edit ) Main article : collateral estoppel Once a case is finally decided , any issues decided in the previous case may be binding against the party that lost the issue in later cases , even in cases involving other parties . For example , if a first case decides that a party was negligent , then other plaintiffs may rely on that earlier determination in later cases , and need not re-prove the issue of negligence . For another example , if a patent is shown to be invalid in a case against one accused infringer , that same patent is invalid against all other accused infringers -- invalidity need not be re-proved . Again , there are limits and exceptions on this principle . The principle is called collateral estoppel or issue preclusion . Law of the case ( edit ) Main article : law of the case Within a single case , once there 's been a first appeal , both the lower court and the appellate court itself will not further review the same issue , and will not re-review an issue that could have been appealed in the first appeal . Exceptions are limited to three `` exceptional circumstances : '' ( 1 ) when substantially different evidence is raised at a subsequent trial , ( 2 ) when the law changes after the first appeal , for example by a decision of a higher court , or ( 3 ) when a decision is clearly erroneous and would result in a manifest injustice . This principle is called `` law of the case '' . Splits , tensions ( edit ) On many questions , reasonable people may differ . When two of those people are judges , the tension among two lines of precedent may be resolved as follows . Jurisdictional splits : disagreements among different geographical regions or levels of federalism ( edit ) If the two courts are in separate , parallel jurisdictions , there is no conflict , and two lines of precedent may persist . Courts in one jurisdiction are influenced by decisions in others , and notably better rules may be adopted over time . Splits among different areas of law ( edit ) Courts try to formulate the common law as a `` seamless web '' so that principles in one area of the law apply to other areas . However , this principle does not apply uniformly . Thus , a word may have different definitions in different areas of the law , or different rules may apply so that a question has different answers in different legal contexts . Judges try to minimize these conflicts , but they arise from time to time , and under principles of ' stare decisis ' , may persist for some time . Conflicts ( edit ) Matter of first impression ( edit ) A matter of first impression ( known as primae impressionis in Latin ) is a legal case in which there is no binding authority on the matter presented . Such a case can set forth a completely original issue of law for decision by the courts . A first impression case may be a first impression in only a particular jurisdiction . In that situation , courts will look to holdings of other jurisdictions for persuasive authority . In the latter meaning , the case in question can not be decided through referring to and / or relying on precedent . Since the legal issue under consideration has never been decided by an appeals court and , therefore , there is no precedent for the court to follow , the court uses analogies from prior rulings by appeals courts , refers to commentaries and articles by legal scholars , and applies its own logic . In cases of first impression , the trial judge will often ask both sides ' attorneys for legal briefs . In some situations , a case of first impression may exist in a jurisdiction until a reported appellate court decision is rendered . Contrasting role of case law in common law , civil law , and mixed systems ( edit ) The different roles of case law in civil law and common law traditions create differences in the way that courts render decisions . Common law courts generally explain in detail the legal rationale behind their decisions , with citations of both legislation and previous relevant judgments , and often an exegesis of the wider legal principles . These are called ratio decidendi and constitute a precedent binding on other courts ; further analyses not strictly necessary to the determination of the current case are called obiter dicta , which have persuasive authority but are not technically binding . By contrast , decisions in civil law jurisdictions are generally very short , referring only to statutes . The reason for this difference is that these civil law jurisdictions apply legislative positivism -- a form of extreme legal positivism -- which holds that legislation is the only valid source of law because it has been voted on democratically ; thus , it is not the judiciary 's role to create law , but rather to interpret and apply statute , and therefore their decisions must reflect that . Civil law systems ( edit ) Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the legislative positivist principle that only the legislature may make law . Instead , the civil law system relies on the doctrine of jurisprudence constante , according to which if a court has adjudicated a consistent line of cases that arrive at the same holdings using sound reasoning , then the previous decisions are highly persuasive but not controlling on issues of law . This doctrine is similar to stare decisis insofar as it dictates that a court 's decision must condone a cohesive and predictable result . In theory , lower courts are generally not bound by the precedents of higher courts . In practice , the need for predictability means that lower courts generally defer to the precedent of higher courts . As a result , the precedent of courts of last resort , such as the French Cassation Court and the Council of State , is recognized as being de facto binding on lower courts . The doctrine of jurisprudence constante also influences how court decisions are structured . In general , court decisions of common law jurisdictions give a sufficient ratio decidendi as to guide future courts . The ratio is used to justify a court decision on the basis of previous case law as well as to make it easier to use the decision as a precedent for future cases . By contrast , court decisions in some civil law jurisdictions ( most prominently France ) tend to be extremely brief , mentioning only the relevant legislation and codal provisions and not going into the ratio decidendi in any great detail . This is the result of the legislative positivist view that the court is only interpreting the legislature 's intent and therefore detailed exposition is unnecessary . Because of this , ratio decidendi is carried out by legal academics ( doctrinal writers ) who provide the explanations that in common law jurisdictions would be provided by the judges themselves . In other civil law jurisdictions , such as the German - speaking countries , ratio decidendi tend to be much more developed than in France , and courts will frequently cite previous cases and doctrinal writers . However , some courts ( such as German courts ) have less emphasis on the particular facts of the case than common law courts , but have more emphasis on the discussion of various doctrinal arguments and on finding what the correct interpretation of the law is . The mixed systems of the Nordic countries are sometimes considered a branch of the civil law , but they are sometimes counted as separate from the civil law tradition . In Sweden , for instance , case law arguably plays a more important role than in some of the continental civil law systems . The two highest courts , the Supreme Court ( Högsta domstolen ) and the Supreme Administrative Court ( Högsta förvaltningsdomstolen ) , have the right to set precedent which has persuasive authority on all future application of the law . Appellate courts , be they judicial ( hovrätter ) or administrative ( kammarrätter ) , may also issue decisions that act as guides for the application of the law , but these decisions are persuasive , not controlling , and may therefore be overturned by higher courts . Mixed or bijuridical systems ( edit ) Some mixed systems , such as Scots law in Scotland , South - African law , and the law of Quebec and Louisiana , do not fit into the civil vs. common law dichotomy because they mix portions of both . Such systems may have been heavily influenced by the common law tradition ; however , their private law is firmly rooted in the civil law tradition . Because of their position between the two main systems of law , these types of legal systems are sometimes referred to as `` mixed '' systems of law . Louisiana courts , for instance , operate under both stare decisis and jurisprudence constante . In South Africa , the precedent of higher courts is absolutely or fully binding on lower courts , whereas the precedent of lower courts only has persuasive authority on higher courts ; horizontally , precedent is prima facie or presumptively binding between courts . Role of academics in civil law jurisdictions ( edit ) Law professors in common law traditions play a much smaller role in developing case law than professors in civil law traditions . Because court decisions in civil law traditions are brief and not amenable to establishing precedent , much of the exposition of the law in civil law traditions is done by academics rather than by judges ; this is called doctrine and may be published in treatises or in journals such as Recueil Dalloz in France . Historically , common law courts relied little on legal scholarship ; thus , at the turn of the twentieth century , it was very rare to see an academic writer quoted in a legal decision ( except perhaps for the academic writings of prominent judges such as Coke and Blackstone ) . Today academic writers are often cited in legal argument and decisions as persuasive authority ; often , they are cited when judges are attempting to implement reasoning that other courts have not yet adopted , or when the judge believes the academic 's restatement of the law is more compelling than can be found in precedent . Thus common law systems are adopting one of the approaches long common in civil law jurisdictions . Critical Analysis ( edit ) Court formulations ( edit ) Justice Louis Brandeis , in a heavily footnoted dissent to Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 405 -- 411 ( 1932 ) , explained ( citations and quotations omitted ) : Stare decisis is not ... a universal , inexorable command . `` The rule of stare decisis , though one tending to consistency and uniformity of decision , is not inflexible . Whether it shall be followed or departed from is a question entirely within the discretion of the court , which is again called upon to consider a question once decided . '' Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right . This is commonly true even where the error is a matter of serious concern , provided correction can be had by legislation . But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions . The Court bows to the lessons of experience and the force of better reasoning , recognizing that the process of trial and error , so fruitful in the physical sciences , is appropriate also in the judicial function ... In cases involving the Federal Constitution the position of this Court is unlike that of the highest court of England , where the policy of stare decisis was formulated and is strictly applied to all classes of cases . Parliament is free to correct any judicial error ; and the remedy may be promptly invoked . The reasons why this Court should refuse to follow an earlier constitutional decision which it deems erroneous are particularly strong where the question presented is one of applying , as distinguished from what may accurately be called interpreting , the Constitution . In the cases which now come before us there is seldom any dispute as to the interpretation of any provision . The controversy is usually over the application to existing conditions of some well - recognized constitutional limitation . This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause when the question is whether a statute is unreasonable , arbitrary or capricious ; of cases under the equal protection clause when the question is whether there is any reasonable basis for the classification made by a statute ; and of cases under the commerce clause when the question is whether an admitted burden laid by a statute upon interstate commerce is so substantial as to be deemed direct ... The United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit has stated : A judicial precedent attaches a specific legal consequence to a detailed set of facts in an adjudged case or judicial decision , which is then considered as furnishing the rule for the determination of a subsequent case involving identical or similar material facts and arising in the same court or a lower court in the judicial hierarchy . The United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit has stated : Stare decisis is the policy of the court to stand by precedent ; the term is but an abbreviation of stare decisis et non quieta movere -- `` to stand by and adhere to decisions and not disturb what is settled '' . Consider the word `` decisis '' . The word means , literally and legally , the decision . Under the doctrine of stare decisis a case is important only for what it decides -- for the `` what '' , not for the `` why '' , and not for the `` how '' . Insofar as precedent is concerned , stare decisis is important only for the decision , for the detailed legal consequence following a detailed set of facts . Justice McHugh of the High Court of Australia in relation to precedents remarked in Perre v Apand : ( T ) hat is the way of the common law , the judges preferring to go ' from case to case , like the ancient Mediterranean mariners , hugging the coast from point to point , and avoiding the dangers of the open sea of system or science . Academic study ( edit ) Precedent viewed against passing time can serve to establish trends , thus indicating the next logical step in evolving interpretations of the law . For instance , if immigration has become more and more restricted under the law , then the next legal decision on that subject may serve to restrict it further still . The existence of submerged precedent ( reasoned opinions not made available through conventional legal research sources ) has been identified as a potentially distorting force in the evolution of law . Scholars have recently attempted to apply network theory to precedent in order to establish which precedent is most important or authoritative , and how the court 's interpretations and priorities have changed over time . Application ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Early English common law did not have or require the stare decisis doctrine for a range of legal and technological reasons : During the formative period of the common law , the royal courts constituted only one among many fora in which in the English could settle their disputes . The royal courts operated alongside and in competition with ecclesiastic , manorial , urban , mercantile , and local courts . Royal courts were not organised into a hierarchy , instead different royal courts ( exchequer , common pleas , king 's bench , and chancery ) were in competition with each other . Substantial law on almost all matters was neither legislated nor codified , eliminating the need for courts to interpret legislation . Common law 's main distinctive features and focus were not substantial law , which was customary law , but procedural . The practice of citing previous cases was not to find binding legal rules but as evidence of custom . Customary law was not a rational and consistent body of rules and does not require a system of binding precedent . Before the printing press , the state of the written records of cases rendered the stare decisis doctrine utterly impracticable . These features changed over time , opening the door to the doctrine of stare decisis : By the end of the eighteenth century , the common law courts had absorbed most of the business of their nonroyal competitors , although there was still internal competition among the different common law courts themselves . During the nineteenth century , legal reform movements in both England and the United States brought this to an end as well by merging the various common law courts into a unified system of courts with a formal hierarchical structure . This and the advent of reliable private case reporters made adherence to the doctrine of stare decisis practical and the practice soon evolved of holding judges to be bound by the decisions of courts of superior or equal status in their jurisdiction . United States legal system ( edit ) Stare decisis applies to the holding of a case , rather than to obiter dicta ( `` things said by the way '' ) . As the United States Supreme Court has put it : `` dicta may be followed if sufficiently persuasive but are not binding . '' In the United States Supreme Court , the principle of stare decisis is most flexible in constitutional cases : Stare decisis is usually the wise policy , because in most matters it is more important that the applicable rule of law be settled than that it be settled right ... But in cases involving the Federal Constitution , where correction through legislative action is practically impossible , this Court has often overruled its earlier decisions ... This is strikingly true of cases under the due process clause . -- Burnet v. Coronado Oil & Gas Co. , 285 U.S. 393 , 406 -- 407 , 410 ( 1932 ) ( Brandeis , J. , dissenting ) . For example , in the years 1946 -- 1992 , the U.S. Supreme Court reversed itself in about 130 cases . The U.S. Supreme Court has further explained as follows : ( W ) hen convinced of former error , this Court has never felt constrained to follow precedent . In constitutional questions , where correction depends upon amendment , and not upon legislative action , this Court throughout its history has freely exercised its power to reexamine the basis of its constitutional decisions . -- Smith v. Allwright , 321 U.S. 649 , 665 ( 1944 ) . The United States Supreme Court has stated that where a court gives multiple reasons for a given result , each alternative reason that is `` explicitly '' labeled by the court as an `` independent '' ground for the decision is not treated as `` simply a dictum '' . English legal system ( edit ) The doctrine of binding precedent or stare decisis is basic to the English legal system . Special features of the English legal system include the following : The Supreme Court 's ability to override its own precedent ( edit ) The British House of Lords , as the court of last appeal outside Scotland before it was replaced by the UK Supreme Court , was not strictly bound to always follow its own decisions until the case London Street Tramways v London County Council ( 1898 ) AC 375 . After this case , once the Lords had given a ruling on a point of law , the matter was closed unless and until Parliament made a change by statute . This is the most strict form of the doctrine of stare decisis ( one not applied , previously , in common law jurisdictions , where there was somewhat greater flexibility for a court of last resort to review its own precedent ) . This situation changed , however , after the issuance of the Practice Statement of 1966 . It enabled the House of Lords to adapt English law to meet changing social conditions . In R v G & R 2003 , the House of Lords overruled its decision in Caldwell 1981 , which had allowed the Lords to establish mens rea ( `` guilty mind '' ) by measuring a defendant 's conduct against that of a `` reasonable person , '' regardless of the defendant 's actual state of mind . However , the Practice Statement has been seldom applied by the House of Lords , usually only as a last resort . As of 2005 , the House of Lords has rejected its past decisions no more than 20 times . They are reluctant to use it because they fear to introduce uncertainty into the law . In particular , the Practice Statement stated that the Lords would be especially reluctant to overrule themselves in criminal cases because of the importance of certainty of that law . The first case involving criminal law to be overruled with the Practice Statement was Anderton v Ryan ( 1985 ) , which was overruled by R v Shivpuri ( 1986 ) , two decades after the Practice Statement . Remarkably , the precedent overruled had been made only a year before , but it had been criticised by several academic lawyers . As a result , Lord Bridge stated he was `` undeterred by the consideration that the decision in Anderton v Ryan was so recent . The Practice Statement is an effective abandonment of our pretention to infallibility . If a serious error embodied in a decision of this House has distorted the law , the sooner it is corrected the better . '' Still , the House of Lords has remained reluctant to overrule itself in some cases ; in R v Kansal ( 2002 ) , the majority of House members adopted the opinion that R v Lambert had been wrongly decided and agreed to depart from their earlier decision . Distinguishing precedent on legal ( rather than fact ) grounds ( edit ) A precedent does not bind a court if it finds there was a lack of care in the original `` Per Incuriam '' . For example , if a statutory provision or precedent had not been brought to the previous court 's attention before its decision , the precedent would not be binding . Rules of statutory interpretation ( edit ) Main article : Statutory interpretation One of the most important roles of precedent is to resolve ambiguities in other legal texts , such as constitutions , statutes , and regulations . The process involves , first and foremost , consultation of the plain language of the text , as enlightened by the legislative history of enactment , subsequent precedent , and experience with various interpretations of similar texts . Statutory interpretation in the UK ( edit ) A judge 's normal aids include access to all previous cases in which a precedent has been set , and a good English dictionary . Judges and barristers in the U.K use three primary rules for interpreting the law . Under the literal rule , the judge should do what the actual legislation states rather than trying to do what the judge thinks that it means . The judge should use the plain everyday ordinary meaning of the words , even if this produces an unjust or undesirable outcome . A good example of problems with this method is R v Maginnis ( 1987 ) , in which several judges in separate opinions found several different dictionary meanings of the word supply . Another example is Fisher v Bell , where it was held that a shopkeeper who placed an illegal item in a shop window with a price tag did not make an offer to sell it , because of the specific meaning of `` offer for sale '' in contract law . As a result of this case , Parliament amended the statute concerned to end this discrepancy . The golden rule is used when use of the literal rule would obviously create an absurd result . There are two ways in which the golden rule can be applied : a narrow method , and a broad method . Under the narrow method , when there are apparently two contradictory meanings to the wording of a legislative provision , or the wording is ambiguous , the least absurd is to be preferred . Under the broad method , the court modifies the literal meaning in such a way as to avoid the absurd result . An example of the latter approach is Adler v George ( 1964 ) . Under the Official Secrets Act 1920 it was an offence to obstruct HM Forces `` in the vicinity of '' a prohibited place . Adler argued that he was not in the vicinity of such a place but was actually in it . The court chose not to read the statutory wording in a literal sense to avoid what would otherwise be an absurd result , and Adler was convicted . The mischief rule is the most flexible of the interpretation methods . Stemming from Heydon 's Case ( 1584 ) , it allows the court to enforce what the statute is intended to remedy rather than what the words actually say . For example , in Corkery v Carpenter ( 1950 ) , a man was found guilty of being drunk in charge of a carriage , although in fact he only had a bicycle . Statutory interpretation in the United States ( edit ) In the United States , the courts have stated consistently that the text of the statute is read as it is written , using the ordinary meaning of the words of the statute . `` ( I ) n interpreting a statute a court should always turn to one cardinal canon before all others ... ( C ) ourts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there . '' Connecticut Nat'l Bank v. Germain , 112 S. Ct. 1146 , 1149 ( 1992 ) . Indeed , `` ( w ) hen the words of a statute are unambiguous , then , this first canon is also the last : ' judicial inquiry is complete . ' '' `` A fundamental rule of statutory construction requires that every part of a statute be presumed to have some effect , and not be treated as meaningless unless absolutely necessary . '' Raven Coal Corp. v. Absher , 153 Va . 332 , 149 S.E. 541 ( 1929 ) . `` In assessing statutory language , unless words have acquired a peculiar meaning , by virtue of statutory definition or judicial construction , they are to be construed in accordance with their common usage . '' Muller v. BP Exploration ( Alaska ) Inc. , 923 P. 2d 783 , 787 -- 88 ( Alaska 1996 ) . However , most legal texts have some lingering ambiguity -- inevitably , situations arise in which the words chosen by the legislature do not address the precise facts in issue , or there is some tension among two or more statutes . In such cases , a court must analyze the various available sources , and reach a resolution of the ambiguity . The `` Canons of statutory construction '' are discussed in a separate article . Once the ambiguity is resolved , that resolution has binding effect as described in the rest of this article . Practical application ( edit ) Although inferior courts are bound in theory by superior court precedent , in practice a judge may believe that justice requires an outcome at some variance with precedent , and may distinguish the facts of the individual case on reasoning that does not appear in the binding precedent . On appeal , the appellate court may either adopt the new reasoning , or reverse on the basis of precedent . On the other hand , if the losing party does not appeal ( typically because of the cost of the appeal ) , the lower court decision may remain in effect , at least as to the individual parties . Judicial resistance ( edit ) Occasionally , a lower court judge explicitly states personal disagreement with the judgment he or she has rendered , but that he or she is required to do so by binding precedent . Note that inferior courts can not evade binding precedent of superior courts , but a court can depart from its own prior decisions . Structural considerations ( edit ) In the United States , stare decisis can interact in counterintuitive ways with the federal and state court systems . On an issue of federal law , a state court is not bound by an interpretation of federal law at the district or circuit level , but is bound by an interpretation by the United States Supreme Court . On an interpretation of state law , whether common law or statutory law , the federal courts are bound by the interpretation of a state court of last resort , and are required normally to defer to the precedent of intermediate state courts as well . Courts may choose to obey precedent of international jurisdictions , but this is not an application of the doctrine of stare decisis , because foreign decisions are not binding . Rather , a foreign decision that is obeyed on the basis of the soundness of its reasoning will be called persuasive authority -- indicating that its effect is limited to the persuasiveness of the reasons it provides . Originalism ( edit ) Originalism is an approach to interpretation of a legal text in which controlling weight is given to the intent of the original authors ( at least the intent as inferred by a modern judge ) . In contrast , a non-originalist looks at other cues to meaning , including the current meaning of the words , the pattern and trend of other judicial decisions , changing context and improved scientific understanding , observation of practical outcomes and `` what works , '' contemporary standards of justice , and stare decisis . Both are directed at interpreting the text , not changing it -- interpretation is the process of resolving ambiguity and choosing from among possible meanings , not changing the text . The two approaches look at different sets of underlying facts that may or may not point in the same direction -- stare decisis gives most weight to the newest understanding of a legal text , while originalism gives most weight to the oldest . While they do n't necessarily reach different results in every case , the two approaches are in direct tension . Originalists such as Justice Antonin Scalia argue that `` Stare decisis is not usually a doctrine used in civil law systems , because it violates the principle that only the legislature may make law . '' Justice Scalia argues that America is a civil law nation , not a common law nation . By principle , originalists are generally unwilling to defer to precedent when precedent seems to come into conflict with the originalist 's own interpretation of the Constitutional text or inferences of original intent ( even in situations where there is no original source statement of that original intent ) . However , there is still room within an originalist paradigm for stare decisis ; whenever the plain meaning of the text has alternative constructions , past precedent is generally considered a valid guide , with the qualifier being that it can not change what the text actually says . Originalists vary in the degree to which they defer to precedent . In his confirmation hearings , Justice Clarence Thomas answered a question from Senator Strom Thurmond , qualifying his willingness to change precedent in this way : I think overruling a case or reconsidering a case is a very serious matter . Certainly , you would have to be of the view that a case is incorrectly decided , but I think even that is not adequate . There are some cases that you may not agree with that should not be overruled . Stare decisis provides continuity to our system , it provides predictability , and in our process of case - by - case decision - making , I think it is a very important and critical concept . A judge that wants to reconsider a case and certainly one who wants to overrule a case has the burden of demonstrating that not only is the case incorrect , but that it would be appropriate , in view of stare decisis , to make that additional step of overruling that case . -- Possibly he has changed his mind , or there are a very large body of cases which merit `` the additional step '' of ignoring the doctrine ; according to Scalia , `` Clarence Thomas does n't believe in stare decisis , period . If a constitutional line of authority is wrong , he would say , let 's get it right . '' Professor Caleb Nelson , a former clerk for Justice Thomas and law professor at the University of Virginia , has elaborated on the role of stare decisis in originalist jurisprudence : American courts of last resort recognize a rebuttable presumption against overruling their own past decisions . In earlier eras , people often suggested that this presumption did not apply if the past decision , in the view of the court 's current members , was demonstrably erroneous . But when the Supreme Court makes similar noises today , it is roundly criticized . At least within the academy , conventional wisdom now maintains that a purported demonstration of error is not enough to justify overruling a past decision ... ( T ) he conventional wisdom is wrong to suggest that any coherent doctrine of stare decisis must include a presumption against overruling precedent that the current court deems demonstrably erroneous . The doctrine of stare decisis would indeed be no doctrine at all if courts were free to overrule a past decision simply because they would have reached a different decision as an original matter . But when a court says that a past decision is demonstrably erroneous , it is saying not only that it would have reached a different decision as an original matter , but also that the prior court went beyond the range of indeterminacy created by the relevant source of law ... Americans from the Founding on believed that court decisions could help `` liquidate '' or settle the meaning of ambiguous provisions of written law . Later courts generally were supposed to abide by such `` liquidations . '' ... To the extent that the underlying legal provision was determinate , however , courts were not thought to be similarly bound by precedent that misinterpreted it ... Of the Court 's current members , Justices Scalia and Thomas seem to have the most faith in the determinacy of the legal texts that come before the Court . It should come as no surprise that they also seem the most willing to overrule the Court 's past decisions ... Prominent journalists and other commentators suggest that there is some contradiction between these Justices ' mantra of `` judicial restraint '' and any systematic re-examination of precedent . But if one believes in the determinacy of the underlying legal texts , one need not define `` judicial restraint '' solely in terms of fidelity to precedent ; one can also speak of fidelity to the texts themselves . -- Advantages and disadvantages ( edit ) There are disadvantages and advantages of binding precedent , as noted by scholars and jurists . Criticism of precedent ( edit ) In a 1997 book , attorney Michael Trotter blamed over-reliance by American lawyers on binding and persuasive authority , rather than the merits of the case at hand , as a major factor behind the escalation of legal costs during the 20th century . He argued that courts should ban the citation of persuasive precedent from outside their jurisdiction , with two exceptions : ( 1 ) cases where the foreign jurisdiction 's law is the subject of the case , or ( 2 ) instances where a litigant intends to ask the highest court of the jurisdiction to overturn binding precedent , and therefore needs to cite persuasive precedent to demonstrate a trend in other jurisdictions . The disadvantages of stare decisis include its rigidity , the complexity of learning law , the differences between some cases may be very small and appear illogical , and the slow growth or incremental changes to the law that are in need of major overhaul . An argument often used against the system is that it is undemocratic as it allows judges , which may or may not be elected , to make law . Regarding constitutional interpretations , there is concern that over-reliance on the doctrine of stare decisis can be subversive . An erroneous precedent may at first be only slightly inconsistent with the Constitution , and then this error in interpretation can be propagated and increased by further precedent until a result is obtained that is greatly different from the original understanding of the Constitution . Stare decisis is not mandated by the Constitution , and if it causes unconstitutional results then the historical evidence of original understanding can be re-examined . In this opinion , predictable fidelity to the Constitution is more important than fidelity to unconstitutional precedent . See also the living tree doctrine . Agreement with precedent ( edit ) A counter-argument ( in favor of the advantages of stare decisis ) is that if the legislature wishes to alter the case law ( other than constitutional interpretations ) by statute , the legislature is empowered to do so . Critics sometimes accuse particular judges of applying the doctrine selectively , invoking it to support precedent that the judge supported anyway , but ignoring it in order to change precedent with which the judge disagreed . There is much discussion about the virtue of using stare decisis . Supporters of the system , such as minimalists , argue that obeying precedent makes decisions `` predictable '' . For example , a business person can be reasonably assured of predicting a decision where the facts of his or her case are sufficiently similar to a case decided previously . This parallels the arguments against retroactive ( ex post facto ) laws banned by the U.S. Constitution . See also ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Precedent Look up precedent in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Library resources about Precedent Resources in your library Case citation Case of first impression Commanding precedent Custom ( law ) Distinguish First impression Law of Citations ( Roman concept ) Legal opinion Memorandum opinion Persuasive precedent Precedent book Question of fact Qiyas Ratio decidendi Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pattinson , Shaun D ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) . `` The Human Rights Act and the doctrine of precedent '' . Legal Studies . 35 ( 1 ) : 142 -- 164 . doi : 10.1111 / lest. 12049 . ISSN 1748 - 121X . Jump up ^ Black 's Law Dictionary , p. 1059 ( 5th ed. 1979 ) . ^ Jump up to : Adeleye , Gabriel et al. World Dictionary of Foreign Expressions : a Resource for Readers and Writers , page 371 ( 1999 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kmiec , Keenan . The Origin and Current Meanings of `` Judicial Activism '' , California Law Review ( 2004 ) : Some instances of disregarding precedent are almost universally considered inappropriate . For example , in a rare showing of unity in a Supreme Court opinion discussing judicial activism , Justice Stevens wrote that a circuit court `` engaged in an indefensible brand of judicial activism '' when it `` refused to follow '' a `` controlling precedent '' of the Supreme Court . The rule that lower courts should abide by controlling precedent , sometimes called `` vertical precedent , '' can safely be called settled law . It appears to be equally well accepted that the act of disregarding vertical precedent qualifies as one kind of judicial activism . `` Horizontal precedent , '' the doctrine requiring a court `` to follow its own prior decisions in similar cases , '' is a more complicated and debatable matter ... ( A ) cademics argue that it is sometimes proper to disregard horizontal precedent . Professor Gary Lawson , for example , has argued that stare decisis itself may be unconstitutional if it requires the Court to adhere to an erroneous reading of the Constitution . `` If the Constitution says X and a prior judicial decision says Y , a court has not merely the power , but the obligation , to prefer the Constitution . '' In the same vein , Professors Ahkil Amar and Vikram Amar have stated , `` Our general view is that the Rehnquist Court 's articulated theory of stare decisis tends to improperly elevate judicial doctrine over the Constitution itself . '' It does so , they argue , `` by requiring excessive deference to past decisions that themselves may have been misinterpretations of the law of the land . For Lawson , Akhil Amar , and Vikram Amar , dismissing erroneous horizontal precedent would not be judicial activism ; instead , it would be appropriate constitutional decisionmaking . -- Walton Myers Jump up ^ http://www.fjc.gov/public/pdf.nsf/lookup/CivilLaw.pdf/$file/CivilLaw.pdf Jump up ^ Coale & Dyrek , `` First Impressions '' , Appellate Advocate ( Winter 2012 ) . Jump up ^ Auto Equity Sales , Inc. v. Superior Court , 57 Cal . 2d 450 ( 1962 ) . Jump up ^ `` Mandatory v. Persuasive '' . Faculty.law.lsu.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ People v. Leonard , 40 Cal . 4th 1370 , 1416 ( 2007 ) ( Ninth Circuit decisions do not bind Supreme Court of California ) . Jump up ^ `` 51 Texas Law Review 1972 - 1973 Binding Effect of Federal Declaratory Judgments on State Courts Comment '' . Heinonline.org . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ United States federal courts Jump up ^ Wrabley , Colin E. `` Applying Federal Court of Appeals ' Precedent : Contrasting Approaches to Applying Court of Appeals ' Federal Law Holdings and Erie State Law Predictions , 3 Seton Hall Circuit Rev. 1 ( 2006 ) '' ( PDf ) . m.reedsmith.com . Jump up ^ Marjorie D. Rombauer , Legal Problem Solving : Analysis , Research and Writing , pp. 22 - 23 ( West Publishing Co. , 3d ed. 1978 ) . ( Rombauer was a professor of law at the University of Washington . ) Jump up ^ Sinclair , Michael . `` Precedent , Super-Precedent '' Archived 2007 - 07 - 04 at the Wayback Machine. , George Mason Law Review ( 14 Geo . Mason L. Rev. 363 ) ( 2007 ) Jump up ^ Landes , William & Posner , Richard . `` Legal Precedent : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis '' , 19 Journal of Law and Economics 249 , 251 ( 1976 ) . Jump up ^ Hayward , Allison . The Per Curiam Opinion of Steel : Buckley v. Valeo as Superprecedent ? , Cato Supreme Court Review 195 , 202 , ( 2005 - 2006 ) . Jump up ^ Maltz , Earl . `` Abortion , Precedent , and the Constitution : A Comment on Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey '' , 68 Notre Dame L. Rev. 11 ( 1992 ) , quoted by Rosen , Jeffrey.So , Do You Believe in ' Superprecedent ' ? , New York Times ( 2005 - 10 - 30 ) . Jump up ^ Benac , Nancy ( 2005 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Roberts Repeatedly Dodges Roe v. Wade '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 31 . Jump up ^ Coale & Couture , Loud Rules , 34 Pepperdine L. Rev. 3 ( 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` first impression '' . TheFreeDictionary.com . Jump up ^ Allegheny General Hospital v. NLRB , 608 F. 2d 965 , 969 - 970 ( 3rd Cir. 1979 ) ( footnote omitted ) , as quoted in United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ United States Internal Revenue Serv . v. Osborne ( In re Osborne ) , 76 F. 3d 306 , 96 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) paragr . 50,185 ( 9th Cir. 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Y . McCuskey , Clarity and Clarification : Grable Federal Questions in the Eyes of Their Beholders , 91 NEB . L. REV. 387 , 427 - 430 ( 2012 ) . Jump up ^ James H. Fowler and Sangick Jeon , `` The Authority of Supreme Court Precedent , '' Social Networks ( 2007 ) , doi : 10.1016 / j. socnet. 2007.05. 001 Jump up ^ Hasnas , John . HAYEK , THE COMMON LAW , AND FLUID DRIVE ( PDF ) . 1 . NYU Journal of Law & Liberty . pp. 92 -- 93 . Jump up ^ Central Green Co. v. United States , 531 U.S. 425 ( 2001 ) , quoting Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 , 627 ( 1935 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ Congressional Research Service , Supreme Court Decisions Overruled by Subsequent Decision Archived 2012 - 01 - 13 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1992 ) . Jump up ^ `` FindLaw Cases and Codes '' . Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ See O'Gilvie v. United States , 519 U.S. 79 , 84 ( 1996 ) . Jump up ^ Martin , Jacqueline ( 2005 ) . The English Legal System ( 4th ed . ) , p. 25 . London : Hodder Arnold . ISBN 0 - 340 - 89991 - 3 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` The Golden Rule '' . Lawade.com . Retrieved 29 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Part E - The rules of statutory interpretation - The golden rule '' . Labspace . Retrieved 11 December 2012 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , State Oil Co. v. Khan , 93 F. 3d 1358 ( 7th Cir. 1996 ) , in which Judge Richard Posner followed the applicable Supreme Court precedent , while harshly criticizing it , which led the Supreme Court to overrule that precedent in State Oil Co. v. Khan , 522 U.S. 3 ( 1997 ) ; see also the concurring opinion of Chief Judge Walker in National Abortion Federation v. Gonzalez , 437 F. 3d 278 ( 2d Cir. 2006 ) . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Hilton vs. Carolina Pub . Rys . Comm'n. , 502 U.S. 197 , 202 , 112 S. Ct. 560 , 565 ( 1991 ) ( `` we will not depart from the doctrine of stare decisis without some compelling justification '' ) . Jump up ^ A Matter of Interpretation . Jump up ^ Thomas , Clarence ( 1991 ) . ( U.S. ) Senate Confirmation Hearings . qtd . by Jan Crawford Greenburg on PBS ( June 2003 ) Accessed 8 January 2007 UTC . Jump up ^ Ringel , Jonathan ( 2004 ) . `` Fulton County Daily Report - The Bombshell in the Clarence Thomas Biography '' . www.dailyreportonline.com . Jump up ^ Nelson , Caleb ( 2001 ) . `` Stare Decisis and Demonstrably Erroneous Precedent '' ( PDF ) . Virginia Law Review , 84 Va L. Rev. 1 , 2001 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Michael H. Trotter , Profit and the Practice of Law : What 's Happened to the Legal Profession ( Athens , GA : University of Georgia Press , 1997 ) , 161 - 163 . Jump up ^ https://isistatic.org/journal-archive/ma/14_01/mcclellan.pdf Jump up ^ Berland , David ( 2011 ) . Note , `` Stopping the Pendulum : Why Stare Decisis Should Constrain the Court from Further Modification of the Search Incident to Arrest Exception '' . University of Illinois Law Review ( 2011 U. Ill . L. Rev. 695 ) . 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a is a guide to be followed in later cases

In common law legal systems , a precedent , or authority , is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts . Common law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes , and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained . The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis . Black 's Law Dictionary defines `` precedent '' as a `` rule of law established for the first time by a court for a particular type of case and thereafter referred to in deciding similar cases '' . Common law precedent is a third kind of law , on equal footing with statutory law ( statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies ) , and delegated legislation ( in U.K. parlance ) or regulatory law ( in U.S. parlance ) ( regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies ) .

Climate of Pakistan - wikipedia Climate of Pakistan Jump to : navigation , search Pakistan map of Köppen climate classification . Pakistan recorded one of the highest temperatures in the world -- 53.5 ° C ( 128.3 ° F ) -- on 26 May 2010 , the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan , but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia . As Pakistan is located on a great landmass north of the Tropic of Cancer ( between latitudes 25 ° and 36 ° N ) , it has a continental type of climate characterized by extreme variations of temperature , both seasonally and daily . Very high altitudes modify the climate in the cold , snow - covered northern mountains ; temperatures on the Balochistan Plateau are somewhat higher . Along the coastal strip , the climate is modified by sea breezes . In the rest of the country , temperatures reach great heights in the summer ; the mean temperature during June is 38 ° F ( 3 ° C ) in the plains , the highest temperatures can exceed 47 ° C ( 117 ° F ) . In the summer , hot winds called Loo blow across the plains during the day . Trees shed their leaves to avoid loss of moisture . The dry , hot weather is broken occasionally by dust storms and thunderstorms that temporarily lower the temperature . Evenings are cool ; the diurnal variation in temperature may be as much as 11C to 17C . Winters are cold , with minimum mean temperatures in Punjab of about 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) in January , and sub-zero temperatures in the far north and Balochistan . Regions where Snow Falls in Pakistan ( Region : Northern half of Azad Kashmir , Gilgit -- Baltistan , Extreme northern Punjab , Northern half of Khyber - Pakhtunkhawa province and Northern Balochistan . Personal estimation . ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The monsoon and the Western Disturbance are the two main factors which alter the weather over Pakistan ; otherwise , Continental air prevails for rest of the year . Following are the main factors that influence the weather over Pakistan . Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country . These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan . Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh , central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab . Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan , FATA , Chitral and Gilgit -- Baltistan . Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat . These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding , even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country . Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November . They affect the coastal localities of the country . Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June , They are locally known as Andhi . These dust storms are quite violent . Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter . Heat waves occur during May and June , especially in southern Punjab , central Balochistan and interior Sindh . Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir . Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country . Pakistan has four seasons : a cool , dry winter from December through February ; a hot , dry spring from March through May ; the summer rainy season , or southwest monsoon period , from June through September ; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November . The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location . The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2 ° C in January to an average daily high of 38 ° C in June . Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August , averaging about 255 millimeters in each of those two months . The remainder of the year has significantly less rain , amounting to about fifty millimeters per month . Hailstorms are common in the spring . Pakistan 's largest city , Karachi , which is also the country 's industrial center , is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain . Only July and August average more than twenty - five millimeters of rain in the Karachi area ; the remaining months are exceedingly dry . The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad , ranging from an average daily low of 13 ° C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34 ° C on summer days . Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab , the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort . In Islamabad , there are cold winds from the north of Pakistan . Contents ( hide ) 1 Extreme weather events 1.1 Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded 1.2 Tropical cyclones and tornadoes 1.3 Drought 1.4 Floods 1.4. 1 2010 Floods 1.4. 2 2011 Sindh floods 2 See also 3 References Extreme weather events ( edit ) Highest temperature and rainfall ever recorded ( edit ) Main article : List of extreme weather records in Pakistan The weather extremes in Pakistan include high and low temperatures , heaviest rainfall and flooding . The highest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan is 53.5 ° C ( 128.3 ° F ) which was recorded in Mohenjo - daro , Sindh on 26 May 2010 . It was not only the hottest temperature ever recorded in Pakistan but also the hottest reliably measured temperature ever recorded on the continent of Asia. and the fourth highest temperature ever recorded on earth . The highest rainfall of 620 millimetres ( 24 in ) was recorded in Islamabad during 24 hours on 24 July 2001 . The record - breaking rain fell in just 10 hours . It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the previous 100 years . Tropical cyclones and tornadoes ( edit ) Main article : Tropical cyclones and tornadoes in Pakistan Each year before the onset of monsoon that is 15 April to 15 July and also after its withdrawal that is 15 September to 15 December , there is always a distinct possibility of the cyclonic storm to develop in the north Arabian Sea . Cyclones form in the Arabian sea often results in strong winds and heavy rainfall in Pakistan 's coastal areas . However tornadoes mostly occur during spring season that is March and April usually when a Western Disturbance starts effecting the northern parts of the country . It is also speculated that cycles of tornado years may be correlated to the periods of reduced tropical cyclone activity . Drought ( edit ) Main article : Drought in Pakistan The drought has become a frequent phenomenon in the country . Already , the massive droughts of 1998 - 2002 has stretched the coping abilities of the existing systems to the limit and it has barely been able to check the situation from becoming a catastrophe . The drought of 1998 - 2002 is considered worst in 50 years . According to the Economic Survey of Pakistan , the drought was one of the most significant factors responsible for the less than anticipated growth performance . The survey terms it as the worst drought in the history of the country . According to the government , 40 percent of the country 's water needs went unmet . Floods ( edit ) Main articles : Monsoon of South Asia and List of floods in Pakistan Pakistan has seen many floods , the worst and most destructive is the recent 2010 Pakistan floods , other floods which caused destruction in the history of Pakistan , include the flood of 1950 , which killed 2910 people ; on 1 July 1977 heavy rains and flooding in Karachi , killed 248 people , according to Pakistan meteorological department 207 millimetres ( 8.1 in ) of rain fell in 24 hours . In 1992 flooding during Monsoon season killed 1,834 people across the country , in 1993 flooding during Monsoon rains killed 3,084 people , in 2003 Sindh province was badly affected due to monsoon rains causing damages in billions , killed 178 people , while in 2007 Cyclone Yemyin submerged lower part of Balochistan Province in sea water killing 380 people . Before that it killed 213 people in Karachi on its way to Balochistan . 2010 floods ( edit ) Main article : 2010 Pakistan floods 2010 July floods swept 20 % of Pakistan 's land , the flood is the result of unprecedented Monsoon rains which lasted from 28 July to 31 July 2010 . Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North eastern Punjab were badly affected during the monsoon rains when dams , rivers and lakes overflowed . By mid-August , according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission ( FFC ) , the floods had caused the deaths of at least 1,540 people , while 2,088 people had received injuries , 557,226 houses had been destroyed , and over 6 million people had been displaced . One month later , the data had been updated to reveal 1,781 deaths , 2,966 people with injuries , and more than 1.89 million homes destroyed . The flood affected more than 20 million people exceeding the combined total of individuals affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , the 2005 Kashmir earthquake and the 2010 Haiti earthquake . The flood is considered as worst in Pakistan 's history affecting people of all four provinces and Gilgit -- Baltistan and Azad Kashmir region of Pakistan . 2011 Sindh floods ( edit ) Main article : 2011 Sindh floods The 2011 Sindh floods began during the monsoon season in mid-August 2011 , resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh , Eastern Balochistan , and Southern Punjab . The floods have caused considerable damage ; an estimated 270 civilians have been killed , with 5.3 million people and 1.2 million homes affected . Sindh is a fertile region and often called the `` breadbasket '' of the country ; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy is said to be extensive . At least 1.7 million acres of arable land has been inundated as a result of the flooding . The flooding has been described as the worst since the 2010 Pakistan floods , which devastated the entire country . Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh province . See also ( edit ) Climate of Islamabad Climate of Karachi Climate of Lahore Climate of Rawalpindi Climate of Peshawar Climate of Quetta Climate of Multan Climate of Hyderabad Climate of Nawabshah Climate of Gwadar 2001 Islamabad Cloud Burst List of extreme weather records in Pakistan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html/entrynum=1559&tstamp= Jump up ^ `` Pakistan - Climate '' . countrystudies.us . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wunder Blog : Weather Underground '' . Wunderground.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakmet.com.pk : Extreme Heat wave in Pakistan '' . Pakmet.com.pk . Archived from the original on 18 February 2011 . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 07 - 09 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 01 . Jump up ^ Platform , International Recovery . `` Sorry , there has been a problem - ' assets / publication / 9 + sept / Drought / drought + coping + in + afghanistan. pdf ' can not be found - International Recovery Platform '' ( PDF ) . www.recoveryplatform.org . Retrieved 7 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn.com : Heavy Rain in Karachi '' . Dawn.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Ahmadani A ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` Heavily Funded FFC Fails to Deliver '' . TheNation . Retrieved October 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Singapore Red Cross ( September 15 , 2010 ) . `` Pakistan Floods : The Deluge of Disaster - Facts & Figures as of 15 September 2010 '' . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ South Asia , BBC News ( 14 August 2010 ) . `` Floods affect 20m people -- Pakistan PM Gilani '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Floods in Pakistan worse than tsunami , Haiti '' . gulfnews . Retrieved 12 August 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Dawn.com : 2010 Pakistan Floods '' . Dawn.com . Retrieved 6 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Pakistan floods : Oxfam launches emergency aid response '' . BBC World News South Asia . 14 September 2011 . Retrieved 15 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Floods worsen , 270 killed : officials '' . The Express Tribune . September 13 , 2011 . Retrieved September 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 26 . 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the main cause of winter rainfall in pakistan is

Western Disturbances mostly occur during the winter months and cause light to moderate showers in southern parts of the country while moderate to heavy showers with heavy snowfall in the northern parts of the country . These westerly waves are robbed of most of the moisture by the time they reach Pakistan . Fog occurs during the winter season and remains for weeks in upper Sindh , central Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab . Southwest Monsoon occurs in summer from the month of June till September in almost whole Pakistan excluding western Balochistan , FATA , Chitral and Gilgit -- Baltistan . Monsoon rains bring much awaited relief from the scorching summer heat . These monsoon rains are quite heavy by nature and can cause significant flooding , even severe flooding if they interact with westerly waves in the upper parts of the country . Tropical Storms usually form during the summer months from late April till June and then from late September till November . They affect the coastal localities of the country . Dust storms occur during summer months with peak in May and June , They are locally known as Andhi . These dust storms are quite violent . Dust storms during the early summer indicate the arrival of the monsoons while dust storms in the autumn indicate the arrival of winter . Heat waves occur during May and June , especially in southern Punjab , central Balochistan and interior Sindh . Thunderstorms most commonly occur in northern Punjab , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir . Continental air prevails during the period when there is no precipitation in the country .

Christmas tree - Wikipedia Christmas tree Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Christmas tree ( disambiguation ) . Glade jul by Viggo Johansen ( 1891 ) A young woman decorates the Christmas tree , painting by Marcel Rieder ( 1862 -- 1942 ) from 1898 Christmas tree in Bethlehem , behind it Church of the Nativity , 2014 A Christmas tree is a decorated tree , usually an evergreen conifer such as spruce , pine , or fir or an artificial tree of similar appearance , associated with the celebration of Christmas . The modern Christmas tree was developed in medieval Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) and early modern Germany , where Protestant Germans brought decorated trees into their homes . It acquired popularity beyond the Lutheran areas of Germany and the Baltic countries during the second half of the 19th century , at first among the upper classes . The tree was traditionally decorated with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , ( and ) sweetmeats '' . In the 18th century , it began to be illuminated by candles , which were ultimately replaced by Christmas lights after the advent of electrification . Today , there is a wide variety of traditional ornaments , such as garlands , baubles , tinsel , and candy canes . An angel or star might be placed at the top of the tree to represent the Angel Gabriel or the Star of Bethlehem from the Nativity . Edible items such as gingerbread , chocolate and other sweets are also popular and are tied to or hung from the tree 's branches with ribbons . In the Western Christian tradition , Christmas trees are variously erected on days such as the first day of Advent or even as late as Christmas Eve depending on the country ; customs of the same faith hold that the two traditional days when Christmas decorations , such as the Christmas tree , are removed are Twelfth Night and , if they are not taken down on that day , Candlemas , the latter of which ends the Christmas - Epiphany season in some denominations . The Christmas tree is sometimes compared with the `` Yule - tree '' , especially in discussions of its folkloric origins . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Possible predecessors 1.1. 1 Georgia 1.1. 2 Poland 1.1. 3 Estonia , Latvia and Germany 1.2 18th to early 20th centuries 1.2. 1 Germany 1.2. 2 Adoption by European nobility 1.2. 3 Britain 1.2. 4 North America 1.3 1935 to present 1.3. 1 Public Christmas trees 1.3. 2 Chrismon trees 2 Customs and traditions 2.1 Setting up and taking down 2.2 Decoration 3 Production 3.1 Natural trees 3.2 Artificial trees 4 Environmental issues 5 Religious issues 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Possible predecessors ( edit ) From Northern Antiquities , an English translation of the Prose Edda from 1847 . Painted by Oluf Olufsen Bagge . The relevance of ancient pre-Christian customs to the 16th - century German initiation of the Christmas tree custom is disputed . Resistance to the custom was often because of its supposed Lutheran origins . Other sources have offered a connection between the first documented Christmas trees in Alsace around 1600 and pre-Christian traditions . For example , according to the Encyclopædia Britannica , `` The use of evergreen trees , wreaths , and garlands to symbolize eternal life was a custom of the ancient Egyptians , Chinese , and Hebrews . Tree worship was common among the pagan Europeans and survived their conversion to Christianity in the Scandinavian customs of decorating the house and barn with evergreens at the New Year to scare away the devil and of setting up a tree for the birds during Christmas time . '' During the Roman mid-winter festival of Saturnalia , houses were decorated with wreaths of evergreen plants , along with other antecedent customs now associated with Christmas . The modern Christmas tree is frequently traced to the symbolism of trees in pre-Christian winter rites , wherein Viking and Saxon worshiped trees . The story of Saint Boniface cutting down Donar 's Oak illustrates the pagan practices in 8th century among the Germans . A later folk version of the story adds the detail that an evergreen tree grew in place of the felled oak , telling them about how its triangular shape reminds humanity of the Trinity and how it points to heaven . Alternatively , it is identified with the `` tree of paradise '' of medieval mystery plays that were given on 24 December , the commemoration and name day of Adam and Eve in various countries . In such plays , a tree decorated with apples ( to represent the forbidden fruit ) and wafers ( to represent the Eucharist and redemption ) was used as a setting for the play . Like the Christmas crib , the Paradise tree was later placed in homes . The apples were replaced by round objects such as shiny red balls . At the end of the Middle Ages , an early predecessor appears referred in the Regiment of the Order of Cister around 1400 , in Alcobaça , Portugal . The Regiment of the local high - Sacristans of the Cistercian Order refers to what may be considered one of the oldest references to the Christmas tree : `` Note on how to put the Christmas branch , scilicet : On the Christmas eve , you will look for a large Branch of green laurel , and you shall reap many red oranges , and place them on the branches that come of the laurel , specifically as you have seen , and in every orange you shall put a candle , and hang the Branch by a rope in the pole , which shall be by the candle of the altar - mor . '' Modern Christmas trees originated during the Renaissance of early modern Germany . Its 16th - century origins are sometimes associated with Protestant Christian reformer Martin Luther , who is said to have first added lighted candles to an evergreen tree . The first recorded Christmas tree can be found on the keystone sculpture of a private home in Turckheim , Alsace ( then part of Germany , today France ) , dating 1576 . Georgia ( edit ) Chichilaki , a Georgian Christmas tree variety Georgians have their own traditional Christmas tree called Chichilaki , made from dried up hazelnut or walnut branches that are shaped to form a small coniferous tree . These pale - colored ornaments differ in height from 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) to 3 meters ( 9.8 feet ) . Chichilakis are most common in the Guria and Samegrelo regions of Georgia near the Black Sea , but they can also be found in some stores around the capital of Tbilisi . Georgians believe that Chichilaki resembles the famous beard of St. Basil the Great , because Eastern Orthodox Church commemorates St. Basil on January 1 . Poland ( edit ) There was an old pagan custom , associated with Koliada , of suspending a branch of fir , spruce or pine called Podłaźniczka from the ceiling . The branches were decorated with apples , nuts , cookies , colored paper , stars made of straw , ribbons and colored wafers . Some people believed that the tree had magical powers that were linked with harvesting and success in the next year . In the late 18th and early 19th century , these traditions were almost completely replaced by the German custom of decorating the Christmas tree . Estonia , Latvia and Germany ( edit ) Girl with Christmas tree , painting 1892 by Franz Skarbina ( 1849 -- 1910 ) Customs of erecting decorated trees in wintertime can be traced to Christmas celebrations in Renaissance - era guilds in Northern Germany and Livonia . The first evidence of decorated trees associated with Christmas Day are trees in guildhalls decorated with sweets to be enjoyed by the apprentices and children . In Livonia ( present - day Estonia and Latvia ) , in 1441 , 1442 , 1510 and 1514 , the Brotherhood of Blackheads erected a tree for the holidays in their guild houses in Reval ( now Tallinn ) and Riga . On the last night of the celebrations leading up to the holidays , the tree was taken to the Town Hall Square , where the members of the brotherhood danced around it . A Bremen guild chronicle of 1570 reports that a small tree decorated with `` apples , nuts , dates , pretzels and paper flowers '' was erected in the guild - house for the benefit of the guild members ' children , who collected the dainties on Christmas Day . In 1584 , the pastor and chronicler Balthasar Russow in his Chronica der Provinz Lyfflandt ( 1584 ) wrote of an established tradition of setting up a decorated spruce at the market square , where the young men `` went with a flock of maidens and women , first sang and danced there and then set the tree aflame '' . After the Protestant Reformation , such trees are seen in the houses of upper - class Protestant families as a counterpart to the Catholic Christmas cribs . This transition from the guild hall to the bourgeois family homes in the Protestant parts of Germany ultimately gives rise to the modern tradition as it developed in the 18th and 19th centuries . 18th to early 20th centuries ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) A little Christmas tree on the table , painting by Ludwig Blume - Siebert in 1888 By the early 18th century , the custom had become common in towns of the upper Rhineland , but it had not yet spread to rural areas . Wax candles , expensive items at the time , are found in attestations from the late 18th century . Along the lower Rhine , an area of Roman Catholic majority , the Christmas tree was largely regarded as a Protestant custom . As a result , it remained confined to the upper Rhineland for a relatively long period of time . The custom did eventually gain wider acceptance beginning around 1815 by way of Prussian officials who emigrated there following the Congress of Vienna . In the 19th century , the Christmas tree was taken to be an expression of German culture and of Gemütlichkeit , especially among emigrants overseas . A decisive factor in winning general popularity was the German army 's decision to place Christmas trees in its barracks and military hospitals during the Franco - Prussian War . Only at the start of the 20th century did Christmas trees appear inside churches , this time in a new brightly lit form . Adoption by European nobility ( edit ) Christmas tree painting 1877 by H.J. Overbeek In the early 19th century , the custom became popular among the nobility and spread to royal courts as far as Russia . Princess Henrietta of Nassau - Weilburg introduced the Christmas tree to Vienna in 1816 , and the custom spread across Austria in the following years . In France , the first Christmas tree was introduced in 1840 by the duchesse d'Orléans . In Denmark a Danish newspaper claims that the first attested Christmas tree was lit in 1808 by countess Wilhemine of Holsteinborg . It was the aging countess who told the story of the first Danish Christmas tree to the Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen in 1865 . He had published a fairy - tale called The Fir - Tree in 1844 , recounting the fate of a fir - tree being used as a Christmas tree . Britain ( edit ) An engraving published in the 1840s of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert created a craze for Christmas trees . The Christmas Tree 1911 by Albert Chevallier Tayler Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote : After dinner ... we then went into the drawing - room near the dining - room ... There were two large round tables on which were placed two trees hung with lights and sugar ornaments . All the presents being placed round the trees ... After Victoria 's marriage to her German cousin Prince Albert , by 1841 the custom became even more widespread as wealthier middle - class families followed the fashion . In 1842 a newspaper advert for Christmas trees makes clear their smart cachet , German origins and association with children and gift - giving . An illustrated book , The Christmas Tree , describing their use and origins in detail , was on sale in December 1844 . On 2 January 1846 Elizabeth Fielding ( née Fox Strangways ) wrote from Laycock Abbey to William Henry Fox - Talbot : `` Constance is extremely busy preparing the Bohemian Xmas Tree . It is made from Caroline 's description of those she saw in Germany '' . In 1847 Prince Albert wrote : `` I must now seek in the children an echo of what Ernest ( his brother ) and I were in the old time , of what we felt and thought ; and their delight in the Christmas - trees is not less than ours used to be '' . A boost to the trend was given in 1848 when The Illustrated London News , in a report picked up by other papers , described the trees in Windsor Castle in detail and showed the main tree , surrounded by the royal family , on its cover . In fewer than ten years their use in better - off homes was widespread . By 1856 a northern provincial newspaper contained an advert alluding casually to them , as well as reporting the accidental death of a woman whose dress caught fire as she lit the tapers on a Christmas tree . They had not yet spread down the social scale though , as a report from Berlin in 1858 contrasts the situation there where `` Every family has its own '' with that of Britain , where Christmas trees were still the preserve of the wealthy or the `` romantic '' . Their use at public entertainments , charity bazaars and in hospitals made them increasingly familiar however , and in 1906 a charity was set up specifically to ensure even poor children in London slums ' who had never seen a Christmas tree ' would enjoy one that year . Anti-German sentiment after World War I briefly reduced their popularity but the effect was short - lived and by the mid-1920s the use of Christmas trees had spread to all classes . In 1933 a restriction on the importation of foreign trees led to the `` rapid growth of a new industry '' as the growing of Christmas trees within Britain became commercially viable due to the size of demand . By 2013 the number of trees grown in Britain for the Christmas market was approximately 8 million and their display in homes , shops and public spaces a normal part of the Christmas season . North America ( edit ) First published image of a Christmas tree , frontispiece to Hermann Bokum 's 1836 The Stranger 's Gift The Queen 's Christmas tree at Windsor Castle published in The Illustrated London News , 1848 The tradition was introduced to North America in the winter of 1781 by Hessian soldiers stationed in the Province of Québec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) to garrison the colony against American attack . General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel and his wife , the Baroness von Riedesel , held a Christmas party for the officers at Sorel , delighting their guests with a fir tree decorated with candles and fruits . The Christmas tree became very common in the United States in the early nineteenth century . The first image of a Christmas tree was published in 1836 as the frontispiece to The Stranger 's Gift by Hermann Bokum . The first mention of the Christmas tree in American literature was in a story in the 1836 edition of The Token and Atlantic Souvenir , titled `` New Year 's Day , '' by Catherine Maria Sedgwick , where she tells the story of a German maid decorating her mistress 's tree . Also , a woodcut of the British Royal family with their Christmas tree at Windsor Castle , initially published in The Illustrated London News December 1848 , was copied in the United States at Christmas 1850 , in Godey 's Lady 's Book . Godey 's copied it exactly , except for the removal of the Queen 's tiara and Prince Albert 's moustache , to remake the engraving into an American scene . The republished Godey 's image became the first widely circulated picture of a decorated evergreen Christmas tree in America . Art historian Karal Ann Marling called Prince Albert and Queen Victoria , shorn of their royal trappings , `` the first influential American Christmas tree '' . Folk - culture historian Alfred Lewis Shoemaker states , `` In all of America there was no more important medium in spreading the Christmas tree in the decade 1850 -- 60 than Godey 's Lady 's Book '' . The image was reprinted in 1860 , and by the 1870s , putting up a Christmas tree had become even more common in America . Several cities in the United States with German connections lay claim to that country 's first Christmas tree : Windsor Locks , Connecticut , claims that a Hessian soldier put up a Christmas tree in 1777 while imprisoned at the Noden - Reed House , while the `` First Christmas Tree in America '' is also claimed by Easton , Pennsylvania , where German settlers purportedly erected a Christmas tree in 1816 . In his diary , Matthew Zahm of Lancaster , Pennsylvania , recorded the use of a Christmas tree in 1821 , leading Lancaster to also lay claim to the first Christmas tree in America . Other accounts credit Charles Follen , a German immigrant to Boston , for being the first to introduce to America the custom of decorating a Christmas tree . August Imgard , a German immigrant living in Wooster , Ohio , is said to be the first to popularize the practice of decorating a tree with candy canes . In 1847 , Imgard cut a blue spruce tree from a woods outside town , had the Wooster village tinsmith construct a star , and placed the tree in his house , decorating it with paper ornaments , gilded nuts and Kuchen . German immigrant Charles Minnegerode accepted a position as a professor of humanities at the College of William & Mary in Williamsburg , Virginia , in 1842 , where he taught Latin and Greek . Entering into the social life of the Virginia Tidewater , Minnigerode introduced the German custom of decorating an evergreen tree at Christmas at the home of law professor St. George Tucker , thereby becoming another of many influences that prompted Americans to adopt the practice at about that time . An 1853 article on Christmas customs in Pennsylvania defines them as mostly `` German in origin '' , including the Christmas tree , which is `` planted in a flower pot filled with earth , and its branches are covered with presents , chiefly of confectionary , for the younger members of the family . '' The article distinguishes between customs in different states however , claiming that in New England generally `` Christmas is not much celebrated '' , whereas in Pennsylvania and New York it is . When Edward H. Johnson was vice president of the Edison Electric Light Company , a predecessor of Con Edison , he created the first known electrically illuminated Christmas tree at his home in New York City in 1882 . Johnson became the `` Father of Electric Christmas Tree Lights '' . The lyrics sung in the United States to the German tune O Tannenbaum begin `` O Christmas tree ... '' , giving rise to the mistaken idea that the German word Tannenbaum ( fir tree ) means `` Christmas tree '' , the German word for which is instead Weihnachtsbaum . 18th to early 20th century representations The Christmas tree by Winslow Homer , 1858 Christmas in the Netherlands , c. 1899 Illustration for Harper 's Bazaar , published 1 January 1870 . Christmas tree depicted as Christmas card by Prang & Co . ( Boston ) 1880 Vera Komissarzhevskaya as Nora in Ibsen 's A Doll 's House ( c. 1904 ) . Photo by Elena Mrozovskaya An Italian American family on Christmas , 1924 1935 to present ( edit ) A Christmas tree from 1951 , in a home in New York state In Russia , the Christmas tree was banned after the October Revolution but then reinstated as a New - year spruce ( Новогодняя ёлка , Novogodnyaya yolka ) in 1935 . It became a fully secular icon of the New Year holiday , for example , the crowning star was regarded not as a symbol of Bethlehem Star , but as the Red star . Decorations , such as figurines of airplanes , bicycles , space rockets , cosmonauts , and characters of Russian fairy tales , were produced . This tradition persists after the fall of the USSR , with the New Year holiday outweighing the Christmas ( 7 January ) for a wide majority of Russian people . The TV special A Charlie Brown Christmas ( 1965 ) was influential on the pop culture surrounding the Christmas tree . Aluminum Christmas trees were popular during the early 1960s in the US . They were satirized in the Charlie Brown show and came to be seen as symbolizing the commercialization of Christmas . The term Charlie Brown Christmas tree , describing any poor - looking or malformed little tree , also derives from the 1965 TV special , based on the appearance of Charlie Brown 's Christmas tree . 1935 to present Christmas tree with presents Christmas Tree in the cozy room at the Wisconsin Governor 's mansion . Christmas tea with Christmas Tree at an espresso shop in Eugene , Oregon A Soviet - era ( 1960s ) New Year tree decoration depicting a cosmonaut Christmas Trees in church An aluminum Christmas tree Public Christmas trees ( edit ) An early example of a public Christmas celebration tree for the unemployed in Prague Since the early 20th century , it has become common in many cities , towns , and department stores to put up public Christmas trees outdoors , such as the Macy 's Great Tree in Atlanta ( since 1948 ) , the Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree in New York City , and the large Christmas tree at Victoria Square in Adelaide . The use of fire retardant allows many indoor public areas to place real trees and be compliant with code . Licensed applicants of fire retardant solution spray the tree , tag the tree , and provide a certificate for inspection . Real trees are popular with high end visual merchandising displays around the world . Leading global retailers such as Apple often place real trees in their window displays . In 2009 , Apple placed two Fraser fir trees in every one of its retail establishments . The United States ' National Christmas Tree has been lit each year since 1923 on the South Lawn of the White House . Today , the lighting of the National Christmas Tree is part of what has become a major holiday event at the White House . President Jimmy Carter lit only the crowning star atop the tree in 1979 in honor of the Americans being held hostage in Iran . The same was true in 1980 , except that the tree was fully lit for 417 seconds , one second for each day the hostages had been in captivity . During most of the 1970s and 1980s , the largest decorated Christmas tree in the world was put up every year on the property of the National Enquirer in Lantana , Florida . This tradition grew into one of the most spectacular and celebrated events in the history of southern Florida , but was discontinued on the death of the paper 's founder in the late 1980s . In some cities , a charity event called the Festival of Trees is organized , in which multiple trees are decorated and displayed . The giving of Christmas trees has also often been associated with the end of hostilities . After the signing of the Armistice in 1918 the city of Manchester sent a tree , and £ 500 to buy chocolate and cakes , for the children of the much - bombarded town of Lille in northern France . In some cases the trees represent special commemorative gifts , such as in Trafalgar Square in London , where the City of Oslo , Norway presents a tree to the people of London as a token of appreciation for the British support of Norwegian resistance during the Second World War ; in Boston , where the tree is a gift from the province of Nova Scotia , in thanks for rapid deployment of supplies and rescuers to the 1917 ammunition ship explosion that leveled the city of Halifax ; and in Newcastle upon Tyne , where the main civic Christmas tree is an annual gift from the city of Bergen , in thanks for the part played by soldiers from Newcastle in liberating Bergen from Nazi occupation . Norway also annually gifts a Christmas tree to Washington , D.C. as a symbol of friendship between Norway and the US and as an expression of gratitude from Norway for the help received from the US during World War II . Public Christmas trees Christmas tree in Milan , Italy , 2008 Christmas tree in Vatican City , 2007 Christmas tree in Salerno old town , Italy , 2008 . Trafalgar Square Christmas tree Rockefeller Center Christmas Tree Christmas tree on the Römerberg in Frankfurt ( 2008 ) in Lisbon ( 2005 ) , at 75 metres ( 246 feet ) the tallest Christmas tree in Europe . Boston 's Christmas Tree . An Árbol navideño luminoso in Madrid ( 2011 ) Christmas tree in Warsaw Christmas tree in South Coast Plaza , California Christmas tree in Stockholm at NK shopping mall Christmas trees in Ocean Terminal , Harbour City , Hong Kong Chrismon trees ( edit ) A Chrismon tree in the nave of St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral in Oviedo , Florida A `` Chrismon tree '' is a Christmas tree decorated with explicitly Christian symbols in white and gold . First introduced by North American Lutherans in 1957 , the practice has rapidly spread to other Christian denominations , including Anglicans , Catholics , Methodists , and the Reformed . `` Chrismon '' ( plural `` Chrismons '' ) was adopted for the type of Christmas decoration and explained as a portmanteau of `` Christ - monogram '' ( a Christogram ) . Customs and traditions ( edit ) Setting up and taking down ( edit ) ( hide ) This section has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section may be confusing or unclear to readers . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A candle on a Christmas tree Both setting up and taking down a Christmas tree are associated with specific dates . Traditionally , Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve ( 24 December ) or , in the traditions celebrating Christmas Eve rather than the first day of Christmas , 23 December , and then removed the day after Twelfth Night ( 5 January ) ; to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck , and that to avoid bad luck from affecting the house 's residents , the tree must be left up until after the following Twelfth Night passes . In many areas , it has become customary to set up one 's Christmas tree at the beginning of the Advent season . Some families in the U.S. and Canada will put up a Christmas tree a week prior to American Thanksgiving ( the fourth Thursday of November ) , and Christmas decorations can show up even earlier in retail stores , often the day after Halloween ( 31 October ) . In Canada many families wait until after Remembrance Day , as to show respect to fallen soldiers . Some households do not put up the tree until the second week of December , and leave it up until 6 January ( Epiphany ) . In Germany , traditionally the tree is put up on 24 December and taken down on 7 January , though many start one or two weeks earlier , and in Roman Catholic homes the tree may be kept until February 2 ( Candlemas ) . In Italy , Ireland and Argentina , along with many countries in Latin America , the Christmas tree is put up on 8 December ( Immaculate Conception day ) and left up until 6 January . In Australia , the Christmas tree is usually put up on 1 December , which occurs about a 2 weeks before the school summer holidays ( except for South Australia , where most people put up their tree after in late November following the completion of the Adelaide Christmas Pageant , a time frame that has started to filter into other states as the official time Christmas decorations and in store Santa Claus start to appear ) and is left up until it is taken down . Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than 2 February , the feast of the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple ( Candlemas ) , when the Christmas season effectively closes . Superstitions say that it is a bad sign if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve . Decoration ( edit ) Main article : Christmas ornament This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) White House Christmas tree Christmas ornaments at the Christmas market , Strasbourg Christmas ornaments are decorations ( usually made of glass , metal , wood , or ceramics ) that are used to decorate a Christmas tree . The first decorated trees were adorned with apples , white candy canes and pastries in the shapes of stars , hearts and flowers . Glass baubles were first made in Lauscha , Germany , and also garlands of glass beads and tin figures that could be hung on trees . The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilled artisans with clay molds . Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree . Silvered saran - based tinsel was introduced later . Delicate mold - blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of the glass factories in the Thuringian Forest , especially in Lauscha in the late 19th century , and have since become a large industry , complete with famous - name designers . Baubles are another common decoration , consisting of small hollow glass or plastic spheres coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective , with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration . Lighting with electric lights ( Christmas lights or , in the United Kingdom , fairy lights ) is commonly done . A tree - topper , sometimes an angel but more frequently a star , completes the decoration . In the late 1800s , home - made white Christmas trees were made by wrapping strips of cotton batting around leafless branches creating the appearance of a snow - laden tree . In the 1940s and 1950s , popularized by Hollywood films in the late 1930s , flocking was very popular on the West Coast of the United States . There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners . In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow . Decorations A transparent Christmas bauble A golden bauble decorating a Christmas tree Christmas baubles A snowman - shaped decoration painted as a baseball A toy bear Christmas decoration . Fabergé egg as a Christmas decoration . Christmas decorations Red ornamented Christmas bauble Christmas baubles Production ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree production Undecorated Christmas trees for sale Each year , 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America , and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe . In 1998 , there were about 15,000 growers in America ( a third of them `` choose and cut '' farms ) . In that same year , it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees . By 2016 that had climbed to $2.04 billion for natural trees and a further $1.86 billion for artificial trees . In Europe , 75 million trees worth € 2.4 billion ( $3.2 billion ) are harvested annually . Father and son with their dog collecting a tree in the forest , painting by Franz Krüger ( 1797 -- 1857 ) Trees on sale at a Christmas market in Vienna , painting by Carl Wenzel Zajicek ( 1908 ) A grower in Waterloo , Nova Scotia , prunes balsam fir trees in October . The tree must experience three frosts to stabilize the needles before cutting . Natural trees ( edit ) See also : Christmas tree cultivation The most commonly used species are fir ( Abies ) , which have the benefit of not shedding their needles when they dry out , as well as retaining good foliage color and scent ; but species in other genera are also used . In northern Europe most commonly used are : Norway spruce Picea abies ( the original tree , generally the cheapest ) Silver fir Abies alba Nordmann fir Abies nordmanniana Noble fir Abies procera Serbian spruce Picea omorika Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Swiss pine Pinus cembra In North America , Central America and South America most commonly used are : Douglas fir Pseudotsuga menziesii Balsam fir Abies balsamea Fraser Fir Abies fraseri Grand fir Abies grandis Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis Noble fir Abies procera Red fir Abies magnifica White fir Abies concolor Pinyon pine Pinus edulis Jeffrey pine Pinus jeffreyi Scots pine Pinus sylvestris Stone pine Pinus pinea ( as small table - top trees ) Norfolk Island pine Araucaria heterophylla Several other species are used to a lesser extent . Less - traditional conifers are sometimes used , such as giant sequoia , Leyland cypress , Monterey cypress and eastern juniper . Various types of spruce tree are also used for Christmas trees ( including the blue spruce and , less commonly , the white spruce ) ; but spruces begin to lose their needles rapidly upon being cut , and spruce needles are often sharp , making decorating uncomfortable . Virginia pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States ; however , its winter color is faded . The long - needled eastern white pine is also used there , though it is an unpopular Christmas tree in most parts of the country , owing also to its faded winter coloration and limp branches , making decorating difficult with all but the lightest ornaments . Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used , particularly in Oceania , and in Australia , some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees . But , by far , the most common tree is the Monterey pine . Adenanthos sericeus or Albany woolly bush is commonly sold in southern Australia as a potted living Christmas tree . Hemlock species are generally considered unsuitable as Christmas trees due to their poor needle retention and inability to support the weight of lights and ornaments . Some trees , frequently referred to as `` living Christmas trees '' , are sold live with roots and soil , often from a plant nursery , to be stored at nurseries in planters or planted later outdoors and enjoyed ( and often decorated ) for years or decades . Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio . However , when done improperly , the combination of root loss caused by digging , and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree 's health ; additionally , the warmth of an indoor climate will bring the tree out of its natural winter dormancy , leaving it little protection when put back outside into a cold outdoor climate . Often Christmas trees are a large attraction for living animals , including mice and spiders . Thus , the survival rate of these trees is low . However , when done properly , replanting provides higher survival rates . European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally grown , unsheared trees , while in North America ( outside western areas where trees are often wild - harvested on public lands ) there is a preference for close - sheared trees with denser foliage , but less space to hang decorations . In the past , Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests , but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms . Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted . According to the United States Department of Agriculture 's agriculture census for 2007 , 21,537 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas tree market in America , 5,717.09 square kilometres ( 1,412,724 acres ) were planted in Christmas trees . A Christmas tree farm near New Germany , Nova Scotia , Canada . The life cycle of a Christmas tree from the seed to a 2 - metre ( 7 ft ) tree takes , depending on species and treatment in cultivation , between 8 and 12 years . First , the seed is extracted from cones harvested from older trees . These seeds are then usually grown in nurseries and then sold to Christmas tree farms at an age of 3 -- 4 years . The remaining development of the tree greatly depends on the climate , soil quality , as well as the cultivation and how the trees are tended by the Christmas tree farmer . Artificial trees ( edit ) Main article : Artificial Christmas tree An artificial Christmas tree A lighted artificial Christmas tree with ornaments The first artificial Christmas trees were developed in Germany during the 19th century , though earlier examples exist . These `` trees '' were made using goose feathers that were dyed green. , as one response by Germans to continued deforestation . Feather Christmas trees ranged widely in size , from a small 2 - inch ( 51 mm ) tree to a large 98 - inch ( 2,500 mm ) tree sold in department stores during the 1920s . Often , the tree branches were tipped with artificial red berries which acted as candle holders . Over the years , other styles of artificial Christmas trees have evolved and become popular . In 1930 , the U.S. - based Addis Brush Company created the first artificial Christmas tree made from brush bristles . Another type of artificial tree is the aluminum Christmas tree , first manufactured in Chicago in 1958 , and later in Manitowoc , Wisconsin , where the majority of the trees were produced . Most modern artificial Christmas trees are made from plastic recycled from used packaging materials , such as polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) . Approximately 10 % of artificial Christmas trees are using virgin suspension PVC resin ; despite being plastic most artificial trees are not recyclable or biodegradable . Other trends have developed in the early 2000s as well . Optical fiber Christmas trees come in two major varieties ; one resembles a traditional Christmas tree . One Dallas - based company offers `` holographic mylar '' trees in many hues . Tree - shaped objects made from such materials as cardboard , glass , ceramic or other materials can be found in use as tabletop decorations . Upside - down artificial Christmas trees became popular for a short time and were originally introduced as a marketing gimmick ; they allowed consumers to get closer to ornaments for sale in retail stores and opened up floor space for more products . Artificial trees became increasingly popular during the late 20th century . Users of artificial Christmas trees assert that they are more convenient , and , because they are reusable , much cheaper than their natural alternative . They are also considered much safer as natural trees can be a significant fire hazard . Between 2001 and 2007 artificial Christmas tree sales in the U.S. jumped from 7.3 million to 17.4 million . Currently it is estimated that around 58 % of Christmas trees used in the United States are artificial while numbers in the United Kingdom are indicated to be around 66 % . Artificial trees A tree with fibre optic lights Christmas tree and presents Athens , Greece White Christmas tree Spanish artificial Christmas tree A chrismon tree ( St. Alban 's Anglican Cathedral , Oviedo , Florida ) An artificial Aluminum Christmas tree Artificial tree Environmental issues ( edit ) Poinsettia flowers arranged into the conical shape of a `` Christmas tree '' , topped with a `` Star of Bethlehem '' , in San Diego ( 2005 ) The debate about the environmental impact of artificial trees is ongoing . Generally , natural tree growers contend that artificial trees are more environmentally harmful than their natural counterparts . However , trade groups such as the American Christmas Tree Association , continue to refute that artificial trees are more harmful to the environment , and maintain that the PVC used in Christmas trees has excellent recyclable properties . Christmas tree recycling point ( point recyclage de sapins ) in Paris , 22 January 2010 Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting , often providing suitable habitat for wildlife . Alternately , live trees can be donated to livestock farmers of such animals like goats who find that such trees uncontaminated by chemical additives are excellent fodder . In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it sometimes involves heavy input of pesticides . Concerns have been raised about people cutting down old and rare conifers , such as the Keteleeria evelyniana and Abies fraseri , for Christmas trees . Discarded trees curbside in North Hollywood , Los Angeles Real or cut trees are used only for a short time , but can be recycled and used as mulch , wildlife habitat , or used to prevent erosion . Real trees are carbon - neutral , they emit no more carbon dioxide by being cut down and disposed of than they absorb while growing . However , emissions can occur from farming activities and transportation . An independent life - cycle assessment study , conducted by a firm of experts in sustainable development , states that a natural tree will generate 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) of greenhouse gases every year ( based on purchasing 5 km ( 3.1 miles ) from home ) whereas the artificial tree will produce 48.3 kg ( 106 lb ) over its lifetime . Some people use living Christmas or potted trees for several seasons , providing a longer life cycle for each tree . Living Christmas trees can be purchased or rented from local market growers . Rentals are picked up after the holidays , while purchased trees can be planted by the owner after use or donated to local tree adoption or urban reforestation services . Most artificial trees are made of recycled PVC rigid sheets using tin stabilizer in the recent years . In the past , lead was often used as a stabilizer in PVC , but is now banned by Chinese laws . The use of lead stabilizer in Chinese imported trees has been an issue of concern among politicians and scientists over recent years . A 2004 study found that while in general artificial trees pose little health risk from lead contamination , there do exist `` worst - case scenarios '' where major health risks to young children exist . A 2008 United States Environmental Protection Agency report found that as the PVC in artificial Christmas trees aged it began to degrade . The report determined that of the 50 million artificial trees in the United States approximately 20 million were 9 or more years old , the point where dangerous lead contamination levels are reached . A professional study on the life - cycle assessment of both real and artificial Christmas trees revealed that one must use an artificial Christmas tree at least 20 years to leave an environmental footprint as small as the natural Christmas tree . Religious issues ( edit ) A 1931 edition of the Soviet magazine Bezbozhnik , distributed by the League of Militant Atheists , depicting an Orthodox Christian priest being forbidden to cut down a tree for Christmas The Christmas tree was first used by German Lutherans in the 16th century , with records indicating that a Christmas tree was placed in the Cathedral of Strassburg in 1539 , under the leadership of the Protestant Reformer , Martin Bucer . In the United States , these `` German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . '' When decorating the Christmas tree , many individuals place a star at the top of the tree symbolizing the Star of Bethlehem , a fact recorded by The School Journal in 1897 . Professor David Albert Jones of Oxford University writes that in the 19th century , it became popular for people to also use an angel to top the Christmas tree in order to symbolize the angels mentioned in the accounts of the Nativity of Jesus . Under the Marxist - Leninist doctrine of state atheism in the Soviet Union , after its foundation in 1917 , Christmas celebrations -- along with other religious holidays -- were prohibited as a result of the Soviet anti-religious campaign . The League of Militant Atheists encouraged school pupils to campaign against Christmas traditions , among them being the Christmas tree , as well as other Christian holidays , including Easter ; the League established an anti-religious holiday to be the 31st of each month as a replacement . With the Christmas tree being prohibited in accordance with Soviet anti-religious legislation , people supplanted the former Christmas custom with New Year 's trees . In 1935 the tree was brought back as New Year tree and became a secular , not a religious holiday . Pope John Paul II introduced the Christmas tree custom to the Vatican in 1982 . Although at first disapproved of by some as out of place at the centre of the Roman Catholic Church , the Vatican Christmas Tree has become an integral part of the Vatican Christmas celebrations , and in 2005 Pope Benedict XVI spoke of it as part of the normal Christmas decorations in Catholic homes . In 2004 , Pope John Paul called the Christmas tree a symbol of Christ . This very ancient custom , he said , exalts the value of life , as in winter what is evergreen becomes a sign of undying life , and it reminds Christians of the `` tree of life '' of Genesis 2 : 9 , an image of Christ , the supreme gift of God to humanity . In the previous year he said : `` Beside the crib , the Christmas tree , with its twinkling lights , reminds us that with the birth of Jesus the tree of life has blossomed anew in the desert of humanity . The crib and the tree : precious symbols , which hand down in time the true meaning of Christmas . '' The Catholic Church 's official Book of Blessings has a service for the blessing of the Christmas tree in a home . Likewise the Protestant Episcopal Church in The Anglican Family Prayer Book , which has the imprimatur of The Rt. Rev. Catherine S. Roskam of the Anglican Communion , has long had a ritual titled Blessing of a Christmas Tree , as well as Blessing of a Crèche , for use in the church and the home . In 2005 , the city of Boston renamed the spruce tree used to decorate the Boston Common a `` Holiday Tree '' rather than a `` Christmas Tree '' . The name change drew a poor response from the public and it was reversed after the city was threatened with several lawsuits . Chrismon trees are a variety developed in 1957 by a Lutheran laywoman in Virginia , as a specifically religious version appropriate for a church 's Christmas celebrations , although most Christian churches continue to display the traditional Christmas tree in their sanctuaries during Christmastide . See also ( edit ) Badnjak Christmas traditions Christmas tree controversies Eiresione Festive ecology Festivus pole Hanukkah bush Kadomatsu Legend of the Christmas Spider Tree worship Weihnachten Yule log References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Perry , Joe ( 27 September 2010 ) . Christmas in Germany : A Cultural History . University of North Carolina Press . p. 32 . ISBN 9780807899410 . A chronicle from Stasbourg , written in 1604 and widely seen as the first account of a Christmas tree in German - speaking lands , records that Protestant artisans brought fir trees into their homes in the holiday season and decorated them with `` roses made of colored paper , apples , wafers , tinsel , sweetmeats , etc . '' ... The Christmas tree spread out in German society from the top down , so to speak . It moved from elite households to broader social strata , from urban to rural areas , from the Protestant north to the Catholic south , and from Prussia to other German states . Jump up ^ Christmas trees were hung in St. George 's Church , Sélestat since 1521 : Selestat.fr -- Office de la Culture de Sélestat -- The history of the Christmas tree since 1521 Archived December 18 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Dunphy , John J. ( 26 November 2010 ) . From Christmas to Twelfth Night in Southern Illinois . Arcadia Publishing Incorporated . p. 28 . ISBN 9781614232537 . Having a Christmas tree became so closely identified with following Luther 's path that German Catholics initially wanted nothing to do with this symbol of Protestantism . Their resistance endured until the nineteenth century , when Christmas trees finally began finding their way into Catholic homes . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) ^ Jump up to : Mandryk , DeeAnn ( 25 October 2005 ) . Canadian Christmas Traditions . James Lorimer & Company . p. 67 . ISBN 9781554390984 . The eight - pointed star became a popular manufactured Christmas ornament around the 1840s and many people place a star on the top of their Christmas tree to represent the Star of Bethlehem . ^ Jump up to : Jones , David Albert ( 27 October 2011 ) . Angels . Oxford University Press . p. 24 . ISBN 9780191614910 . The same ambiguity is seen in that most familiar of angels , the angel on top of the Christmas tree . This decoration , popularized in the nineteenth century , recalls the place of the angels in the Christmas story ( Luke 2.9 -- 18 ) . ^ Jump up to : Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 386 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Christmas trees in the countryside did not appear until World War I , although Slovenians of German ancestry were decorating trees before then . Traditionally , the family decorates their Christmas tree on Christmas Eve with electric lights , tinsel , garlands , candy canes , other assorted ornaments , and topped with an angel figure or star . The tree and Nativity scene remain until Candlemas ( February 2 ) , when they are removed . Jump up ^ `` Candlemas '' . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . Any Christmas decorations not taken down by Twelfth Night ( January 5th ) should be left up until Candlemas Day and then taken down . Jump up ^ Daniel J. Foley ( 1999 ) . The Christmas Tree . Omnigraphics . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 55888 - 286 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Greg Dues ( 2008 ) . Advent and Christmas . Bayard . pp. 13 -- 15 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58595 - 722 - 4 . Next to the Nativity scene , the most popular Christmas tradition is to have a Christmas tree in the home . This custom is not the same as bringing a Yule tree or evergreens into the home , originally popular during the month of the winter solstice in Germany . ^ Jump up to : Sheryl Karas ( 1998 ) . The Solstice Evergreen : history , folklore , and origins of the Christmas tree . Aslan . pp. 103 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 944031 - 75 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gillian Cooke , A Celebration of Christmas , 1980 , page 62 : `` Martin Luther has been credited with the creation of the Christmas tree ... The Christmas tree did not spring fully fledged into ... tree was slow to spread from its Alsatian home , partly because of resistance to its supposed Lutheran origins . '' Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 2012 . ^ Jump up to : BBC Religion & Ethics -- Did the Romans invent Christmas ? Jump up ^ Fritz Allhoff , Scott C. Lowe ( 2010 ) . Christmas . John Wiley & Sons . His biographer , Eddius Stephanus , relates that while Boniface was serving as a missionary near Geismar , Germany , he had enough of the locals ' reverence for the old gods . Taking an axe to an oak tree dedicated to Norse god Thor , Boniface chopped the tree down and dared Thor to zap him for it . When nothing happened , Boniface pointed out a young fir tree amid the roots of the oak and explained how this tree was a more fitting object of reverence as it pointed towards the Christian heaven and its triangular shape was reminiscent of the Christian trinity . Jump up ^ The story , not recounted in the vitae written in his time , appears in a BBC Devon website , `` Devon Myths and Legends '' , and in a number of educational storybooks , including St. Boniface and the Little Fir Tree : A Story to Color by Jenny Melmoth and Val Hayward ( Warrington : Alfresco Books 1999 ISBN 1 - 873727 - 15 - 1 ) , The Brightest Star of All : Christmas Stories for the Family by Carrie Papa ( Abingdon Press 1999 ISBN 978 - 0 - 687 - 64813 - 9 ) and `` How Saint Boniface Kept Christmas Eve '' by Mary Louise Harvey in The American Normal Readers : Fifth Book , 207 - 22 . Silver , Burdett and Co. 1912 . Jump up ^ Philip Lazowski ( 2004 ) . Understanding Your Neighbor 's Faith . KTAV Publishing House . pp. 203 -- 04 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88125 - 811 - 0 . Jump up ^ Michael P. Foley ( 2005 ) . Why Do Catholics Eat Fish on Friday ? . Palgrave Macmillan . p. 18 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6967 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ann Ball ( 1997 ) . Catholic Traditions in Crafts . Our Sunday Visitor . p. 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87973 - 711 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 2003 . The modern Christmas tree ... originated in western Germany . The main prop of a popular medieval play about Adam and Eve was a fir tree hung with apples ( paradise tree ) representing the Garden of Eden . The Germans set up a paradise tree in their homes on December 24 , the religious feast day of Adam and Eve . They hung wafers on it ( symbolizing the host , the Christian sign of redemption ) ; in a later tradition , the wafers were replaced by cookies of various shapes . Candles , too , were often added as the symbol of Christ . In the same room , during the Christmas season , was the Christmas pyramid , a triangular construction of wood , with shelves to hold Christmas figurines , decorated with evergreens , candles , and a star . By the 16th century , the Christmas pyramid and paradise tree had merged , becoming the Christmas tree . Jump up ^ Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal ( National Library of Portugal ) - Codices Alcobacenses ( ( 1 ) ) ; ( BN : cod . alc . CLI / 64 , Page . 330 ) Translated ( `` Nota de como has de poer o ramo de natal , scilicet : Em vespera de natal , buscarás huu grande Ramo de loureiro verde , e colherás muitas laranjas vermelhas e poer lhas has metidas pelos ramos que dele procedem specificadamente segundo já viste . E em cada hua laranja , poeras hua candea . E pendurarás o dicto Ramo per hua corda na polee que ha de star acerca da lampada do altar moor '' ) Jump up ^ `` History of Christmas Trees '' . History . Retrieved 15 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Helen Haidle ( 2002 ) . Christmas Legends to Remember ' . p. 119 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56292 - 534 - 5 . Jump up ^ Debbie Trafton O'Neal , David LaRochelle ( 2001 ) . Before and After Christmas . Augsburg Fortress . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8066 - 4156 - 0 . Jump up ^ Ehrsam , Roger ( 1999 ) . Le Vieux Turckheim . Ville de Turckheim : Jérôme Do Bentzinger . ISBN 290623883X . Jump up ^ Friedrich Amelung ( 1885 ) . Geschichte der Revaler Schwarzenhäupter : von ihrem Ursprung an bis auf die Gegenwart : nach den urkundenmäßigen Quellen des Revaler Schwarzenhäupter - Archivs 1 , Die erste Blütezeit von 1399 -- 1557 ( History of the Tallinn Blackheads : from their origins until the present day : from the testimonial sources of the Tallinn Blackheads archive. 1 : The first golden age of 1399 -- 1557 ) ( in German ) . Reval : Wassermann . Jump up ^ Ingeborg Weber - Kellermann ( 1978 ) . Das Weihnachtsfest . Eine Kultur - und Sozialgeschichte der Weihnachtszeit ( Christmas : A cultural and social history of Christmastide ) ( in German ) . Bucher . p. 22 . ISBN 3 - 7658 - 0273 - 5 . Man kann als sicher annehmen daß die Luzienbräuche gemeinsam mit dem Weinachtsbaum in Laufe des 19 . Jahrhunderts aus Deutschland über die gesellschaftliche Oberschicht der Herrenhöfe nach Schweden gekommen sind . ( English : One can assume with certainty that traditions of lighting , together with the Christmas tree , crossed from Germany to Sweden in the 19th century via the princely upper classes . ) Jump up ^ Johannes Marbach ( 1859 ) . Die heilige Weihnachtszeit nach Bedeutung , Geschichte , Sitten und Symbolen ( The holy Christmas season for meaning , history , customs and symbols ) ( in German ) . p. 416 . Was ist auch eine deutsche Christenfamilie am Christabend ohne Christbäumchen ? Zumal in der Fremde , unter kaltherzigen Engländern und frivolen Franzosen , unter den amerikanischen Indianern und den Papuas von Australien . Entbehren doch die nichtdeutschen Christen neben dem Christbäumchen noch so viele Züge deutscher Gemüthlichkeit . ( English : What would a German Christian family do on Christmas Eve without a Christmas tree ? Especially in foreign lands , among cold - hearted Englishmen and frivolous Frenchmen , among the American Indians and the Papua of Australia . Apart from the Christmas tree , the non-German Christians suffer from a lack of a great many traits of German ' Gemütlichkeit ' . ) Jump up ^ Jan Hermelink ( 2003 ) . `` Weihnachtsgottesdienst '' ( Christmas worship ) . In Christian Grethlein ; Günter Ruddat . Liturgisches Kompendium ( in German ) . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht . p. 290 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 525 - 57211 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Danmarks første juletræ blev tændt i 1808 '' . Kristelig Dagblad . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bingham , John ( 25 December 2015 ) . `` Queen 's Christmas Day message : Monarch quotes from Bible to address a nation shaken by year of atrocities '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 25 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Stow , John ( 1603 ) . Survey of London . London : John Windet . Against the feast of Christmas every man 's house , as also the parish churches , were decked with holm , ivy , bays , and whatsoever the season of the year afforded to be green . Jump up ^ `` The History of the Christmas Tree at Windsor '' . Jump up ^ In 1829 the diarist Greville , visiting Panshanger country house , describes three small Christmas trees `` such as is customary in Germany '' , which Princess Lieven had put up . Hole , Christine ( 1950 ) . English Custom and Usage . London : B.T. Batsford Ltd. p. 16 . Jump up ^ Queen Victoria ( 1912 ) . Reginald Brett , 2nd Viscount Esher , ed . The girlhood of Queen Victoria : a selection from Her Majesty 's diaries . J. Murray . p. 61 . Jump up ^ Marie Claire Lejeune . Compendium of symbolic and ritual plants in Europe . Man & Culture . p. 550 . ISBN 90 - 77135 - 04 - 9 . Jump up ^ '' GERMAN CHRISTMAS TREES . The nobility and gentry are respectfully informed that these handsome JUVENILE CHRISTMAS PRESENTS are supplied and elegantly fitted up ... '' : Times ( London , England ) 20 December 1842 , p. 1 . Jump up ^ The Christmas Tree : published by Darton and Clark , London . `` The ceremony of the Christmas tree , so well known throughout Germany , bids fair to be welcomed among us , with the other festivities of the season , especially now the Queen , within her own little circle , has set the fashion , by introducing it on the Christmas Eve in her own regal palace . '' Book review of The Christmas Tree from the Weekly Chronicle , 14 December 1844 , quoted in an advert headlined `` A new pleasure for Christmas '' in The Times , 23 December 1844 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Caroline Augusta Edgcumbe , née Feilding , Lady Mt Edgcumbe ( 1808 -- 1881 ) ; William Henry Fox - Talbot 's half - sister . Jump up ^ Correspondence of William Henry Fox - Talbot , British Library , London , Manuscripts -- Fox Talbot Collection , envelope 20179 ( 2 ) . Jump up ^ Godfrey and Margaret Scheele ( 1977 ) . The Prince Consort , Man of many Facets : The World and The Age of Prince Albert . Oresko Books . p. 78 . ISBN 9780905368061 . Jump up ^ At the beginning of the year the custom was well - enough known for The Times to compare the January budget of 1848 with gifts handed out beneath `` the Christmas tree '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 21 January 1848 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Special Christmas supplement edition , published 23 December 1848 . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1848 . p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Now the best Christmas box / You can give to the young / Is not toys , nor fine playthings , / Nor trees gaily hung ... '' : Manchester Guardian , Saturday , January 05 , 1856 , p. 6 . Jump up ^ Manchester Guardian , 24 January 1856 , p. 3 : the death of Caroline Luttrell of Kilve Court , Somerset . Jump up ^ The Times ( London , England ) , 28 December 1858 , p. 8 . Jump up ^ The Poor Children 's Yuletide Association . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1906 , p. 2 '' `` The association sent 71 trees ' bearing thousands of toys ' to the poorest districts of London . '' Jump up ^ `` A Merry Christmas '' : The Times ( London , England ) , 27 December 1918 , p. 2 : `` ... the so - called `` Christmas tree '' was out of favour . Large stocks of young firs were to be seen at Covent Garden on Christmas Eve , but found few buyers . It was remembered that the ' Christmas tree ' has enemy associations . '' Jump up ^ The next year a charity fair in aid of injured soldiers featured ' a huge Christmas - tree ' . ' St. Dunstan 's Christmas Fair ' . The Times ( London , England ) , 20 December 1919 , p. 9 . Jump up ^ ' Poor families in Lewisham and similar districts are just as particular about the shape of their trees as people in Belgravia ... ' ' Shapely Christmas Trees ' : The Times ( London , England ) , 17 December 1926 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ Christmas Tree Plantations . The Times ( London , England ) , 11 December 1937 , p. 11 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree grower Ivor Dungey gets award '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Emmy E. Werner ( 2006 ) . In Pursuit of Liberty : Coming of Age in the American Revolution . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 115 . ISBN 9780275993061 . ^ Jump up to : Alfred Lewis Shoemaker ( 1999 ) ( 1959 ) . Christmas in Pennsylvania : a folk - cultural study . Stackpole Books . pp. 52 -- 53 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 0328 - 2 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! Celebrating America 's greatest holiday . Harvard University Press . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Joseph Wenzel IV ( 30 November 2015 ) . `` First Decorated Christmas Tree in Windsor Locks '' . WFSB . Archived from the original on 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 2 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Christmas '' . Gareth Marples . Retrieved December 2 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England '' . Harvard University Gazette . December 12 , 1996 . Archived from the original on August 23 , 1999 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` They 're Still Cheering Man Who Gave America Christmas Tree '' . Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune . 24 December 1938 . Retrieved 16 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Charles Minnigerode ( 1814 -- 1894 ) '' . Encyclopedia Virginia . Virginia Foundation for the Humanities . Jump up ^ ' Notes and Queries ' , volume 8 ( 217 ) , 24 December 1853 , p. 615 Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of Electric Christmas Lighting in America '' . oldchristmastreelights.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Santa Claus '' . Jump up ^ `` 1 мая собираются праздновать 59 % россиян '' ( May 1 going to celebrate 59 % of Russians ) ( in Russian ) . April 27 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . New Year is among the most important holidays for 81 % of Russians , while Christmas is such only for 19 % , ranking after Victory Day , Easter , International Women 's Day . Jump up ^ Belk , Russell ( 2000 ) . `` Materialism and the Modern U.S. Christmas '' . Advertising & Society Review . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lighting of the National Christmas Tree '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on January 15 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Flashback Blog : The World 's Largest Decorated Christmas Tree '' . The Palm Beach Post . December 3 , 2009 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Retrieved March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ ' Manchester 's Gift To Lille ... ( FROM G. WARD PRICE . ) ' The Times ( London , England ) , 21 December 1918 , p. 7 Jump up ^ `` Town twinning : Bergen , Norway '' . Newcastle City Council . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` DC : Christmas Tree Lighting at Union Station '' . Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2012 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weaver Jr. , J. Dudley ( 2002 ) . Presbyterian Worship : A Guide for Clergy . Geneva Press . p. 79 . ISBN 9780664502188 . Jump up ^ Segler , Franklin M. ; Bradley , Randall ( 1 October 2006 ) . Christian Worship : Its Theology and Practice , Third Edition . B&H Publishing Group . p. 222 . A Chrismon tree is an evergreen tree adorned with symbols of Christ . The symbols are white and gold , and the three has white lights . Jump up ^ Morris - Pierce , Elizabeth ; Berger , Stephen A. ; Dreher , Eulonda A. ; Russel W. Dalton ; D. Andrew Richardson ; Jeanne Mueller ; Judith Hale Wood ; Ellen Edgar ; James Edgar ( 1 January 2002 ) . In Search of Christmas . CSS Publishing . p. 27 . ISBN 9780788019166 . Chrismons were first used in 1957 to decorate a Christmas tree in the Lutheran Church of the Ascension in Danville , Virginia . Jump up ^ Crump , William D. ( 15 September 2001 ) . The Christmas Encyclopedia , 3d ed . McFarland . p. 71 . ISBN 9780786468270 . Over time , the popularity of the Chrismons tree grew and spread to other denominations around the world , while Chrismons themselves have become meaningful decorations throughout the year . Jump up ^ `` Chrismon Tree '' . St. John 's Anglican Church . Archived from the original on 9 December 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . A number of ladies of St. John 's have been hard at work producing beautiful Chrismons ( Christian Monograms ) out of wire and beads to decorate a `` Chrismon Tree '' that will be put up and dedicated on the First Sunday in Advent Jump up ^ Glavich , Mary Kathleen ( 2010 ) . Leading Young Catholics Into Scripture . Twenty - Third Publications . p. 36 . ISBN 9781585958009 . A parallel Advent activity is the more recent custom of making a Chrismon tree ( Christ + monogram ) . The Chrismon tree bears symbols of Jesus from the New Testament . While the children hang their symbols , related Scripture texts might be read . Possible figures for the Chrismon tree are Mary , Joseph , the star , manger , shepherd , angel , sheep , three kings , gifts , fish , dove , grapes , wheat , vine , crown , rock , alpha and omega symbols , Chi - Rho , anchor , and cross . The symbols are usually white and gold . Jump up ^ First United Methodist Church , Midland , Texas : Offering Christ , 1885 -- 1985 : One Hundred Years on Main Street in Downtown Midland . Taylor Publishing Company . 1985 . Jump up ^ `` Advent & Christmas at BRC '' . Brunswick Reformed Church . Retrieved 4 December 2014 . Jump up ^ so in The Lutheran Witness , Volume 83 ( 1964 ) , p. 548 `` the Chrismon ( from CHRISt - MONogram ) tree '' , and in James Edgar , Ellen Edgar , A Chrismon Service ( 1981 ) , p. 2 . The word 's actual etymology , from Middle Latin ( Landulf of Milan , 12th century ) crismon , is less than clear : George Henry Lane - Fox Pitt - Rivers , The riddle of the ' Labarum ' and the origin of Christian symbols , Allen & Unwin , 1966 , p. 28 ; `` I can find no roots , etymology or grounds for the adoption of the word adopted by some Christians , ' Chrismon ' , which is supposed to mean the ' Monogram of Christ ' , and which appears in some dictionaries ( i.e. Funk and Wagnalis , 1922 ) . '' Jump up ^ Stookey , Laurence Hull ( 1 December 2011 ) . Calendar : Christ 's Time for the Church . Abingdon Press . p. 107 . ISBN 9781426728044 . Beyond that the term `` Chrismon '' is used loosely to refer to symbols related to Christ , including the orb , crown , fish , star , anchor , and a wide variety of forms on the cross . All of these , often made in materials of gold and white , are used on a pine or fir tree in place of the more usual multicolored ornaments used on trees at home . Lights are also usually of clear glass rather than being colored . Jump up ^ Peter Mazar ( 2000 ) . School Year , Church Year : Customs and Decorations for the Classroom . Liturgy Training Publications . p. 161 . ISBN 1568542402 . Jump up ^ `` Customs of the Weeks after Epiphany '' . Holy Trinity ( German ) Catholic Church , Boston . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Superstitions '' . Snopes.com . December 2006 . Jump up ^ Gary A. Chastagner and D. Michael Benson ( 2000 ) . `` The Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved December 8 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Yanofsky , David ( 21 December 2017 ) . `` What the Christmas tree industrial complex looks like from space '' . Quartz . Retrieved 24 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Living Christmas Trees '' . Clemson University . Retrieved July 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree '' . Department of Forestry , Michigan State University . Archived from the original on 15 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BLM and Forest Service Christmas tree permits available '' . Bureau of Land Management . November 30 , 2004 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Census of Agriculture : Specialty Crops ( Volume 2 , Subject Series , Part 8 ) '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2009 . Table 1 , page 1 . Jump up ^ `` Unsere kleine Baumschule -- Wissenswertes '' ( Our little nursery : Trivia ) ( in German ) . 2010 . Archived from the original on November 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Bruce David Forbes ( 2007 ) . Christmas : A Candid History . University of California Press . pp. 121 -- 22 . ISBN 0 - 5202 - 5104 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : James Hewitt ( 2007 ) . The Christmas Tree . Lulu.com . pp. 33 -- 36 . ISBN 1430308206 . ^ Jump up to : Broderick Perkins ( December 12 , 2003 ) . `` Faux Christmas Tree Crop Yields Special Concerns '' . Realty Times . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Silverthorne ( 1994 ) . Christmas in Texas . Texas A&M University Press . p. 62 . ISBN 0 - 8909 - 6578 - 1 . Jump up ^ Karal Ann Marling ( 2000 ) . Merry Christmas ! : Celebrating America 's Greatest Holiday . Harvard University Press . pp. 58 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 674 - 00318 - 7 . Jump up ^ Peter Cole ( 2002 ) . Christmas Trees : Fun and Festive Ideas . Chronicle Books . p. 23 . ISBN 0 - 8118 - 3577 - 4 . Jump up ^ Cassandra A. Fortin ( October 26 , 2008 ) . `` It 's beginning to look a lot like Christmas ( 1958 ) '' . The Baltimore Sun . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Candice Gaukel Andrews ( 2006 ) . Great Wisconsin Winter Weekends . Big Earth Publishing . p. 178 . ISBN 1 - 9315 - 9971 - 8 . Jump up ^ Jennifer Berry ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Fake Christmas Trees Not So Green '' . LiveScience . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Katherine Neer ( December 2006 ) . `` How Christmas Trees Work '' . howStuffWorks . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Table - top Christmas Tree '' . Popular Mechanics : 117 . January 1937 . Jump up ^ `` Glass Christmas Tree , one - day course listing '' . Diablo Glass School . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Demand Grows for Upside Down Christmas Tree '' ( Audio ) . All Things Considered . NPR . November 9 , 2005 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Safety '' . About.com . ^ Jump up to : Sharon Caskey Hayes ( November 26 , 2008 ) . `` Grower says real Christmas trees are better for environment than artificial ones '' . Kingsport Times - News . Kingsport , Tennessee . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas Tree Resource : Your Source On Xmas Decorations '' . Christmas Tree Source . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Facts on PVC Used in Artificial Christmas Trees '' . American Christmas Tree Association . Archived from the original on December 29 , 2008 . Retrieved December 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Goats , elk happy to munch on your used Christmas trees '' . CBC News . Dec 29 , 2014 . Retrieved 1 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Pesticides & Wildlife Christmas Trees '' . ipm.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Engineer Update : Old Christmas trees protect town beach '' . United States Army Corps of Engineers . March 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree recycling begins Friday in Columbia County '' . The Augusta Chronicle . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling your tree can be a gift for environment '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved 26 December 2014 . Jump up ^ David Biello ( December 4 , 2008 ) . `` I 'm Dreaming of a Green Christmas ( Tree ) '' ( podcast transcript ) . Scientific American . Retrieved December 22 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Life Cycle Assessment ( LCA ) of Christmas trees -- A study ends the debate over which Christmas tree , natural or artificial , is most ecological '' . Ellipsos Inc . December 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on December 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Recycling Your Tree : Real Christmas Trees are Recyclable '' . National Christmas Tree Association . Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Maas , R.P. ; Patch , S.C. ; Pandolfo , T.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Artificial Christmas trees : How real are the lead exposure risks ? '' . Journal of environmental health . 67 ( 5 ) : 20 -- 24 , 32 . PMID 15628192 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , R. ; Brown , M.J. ; Kashtock , M.E. ; et al. ( 2008 ) . `` Lead Exposures in U.S. Children , 2008 : Implications for Prevention '' . Environmental Health Perspectives. 116 ( 10 ) : 1285 -- 1293 . doi : 10.1289 / ehp. 11241 . PMC 2569084 . PMID 18941567 ... Retrieved December 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Senn , Frank C. ( 2012 ) . Introduction to Christian Liturgy . Fortress Press . p. 118 . ISBN 9781451424331 . The Christmas tree as we know it seemed to emerge in Lutheran lands in Germany in the sixteenth century . Although no specific city or town has been identified as the first to have a Christmas tree , records for the Cathedral of Strassburg indicate that a Christmas tree was set up in that church in 1539 during Martin Bucer 's superintendency . Jump up ^ `` The Christmas Tree '' . Lutheran Spokesman. 29 -- 32 . 1936 . The Christmas tree became a widespread custom among German Lutherans by the eighteenth century . Jump up ^ Kelly , Joseph F. ( 2010 ) . The Feast of Christmas . Liturgical Press . p. 94 . ISBN 9780814639320 . German Lutherans brought the decorated Christmas tree with them ; the Moravians put lighted candles on those trees . Jump up ^ Blainey , Geoffrey ( 24 October 2013 ) . A Short History of Christianity . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 418 . ISBN 9781442225909 . Many Lutherans continued to set up a small fir tree as their Christmas tree , and it must have been a seasonal sight in Bach 's Leipzig at a time when it was virtually unknown in England , and little known in those farmlands of North America where Lutheran immigrants congregated . Jump up ^ Wells , Dorothy ( 1897 ) . `` Christmas in Other Lands '' . The School Journal . E.L. Kellogg & Company . 55 : 697 -- 8 . Christmas is the occasional of family reunions . Grandmother always has the place of honor . As the time approaches for enjoying the tree , she gathers her grandchildren about her , to tell them the story of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christ child , with the meaning of the Christmas tree ; how the evergreen is meant to represent the life everlasting , the candle lights to recall the light of the world , and the star at the top of the tree is to remind them of the star of Bethlehem . Jump up ^ Jennifer Eremeeva ( 15 Dec 2010 ) . `` And so , is this Christmas ? '' . Russia Beyond the Headlines . Russian Christians adhere to the Eastern Orthodox calendar , which lags 13 days behind the modern day calendar . This discrepancy was corrected in 1918 , by the fledgling Bolshevik regime , but Christmas never reverted to December 25th in Russia , because the Bolsheviks began a systematic campaign to phase out traditional religious holidays and replace them with Soviet ones . Christmas was shifted to New Year 's Eve . At the beginning , stringent measures were put in place to see off any holdover of the old days : Christmas trees , introduced to Russia by Tsar Peter The Great in the 17th Century , were banned in 1916 by the Holy Synod as too German . The Bolsheviks kept the tree ban in place . Stalin declared Ded Moroz `` an ally of the priest and kulak , '' and outlawed him from Russia . Jump up ^ Connelly , Mark ( 2000 ) . Christmas at the Movies : Images of Christmas in American , British and European Cinema . I.B. Tauris . p. 186 . ISBN 9781860643972 . A chapter on representations of Christmas in Soviet cinema could , in fact be the shortest in this collection : suffice it to say that there were , at least officially , no Christmas celebrations in the atheist socialist state after its foundation in 1917 . ^ Jump up to : Echo of Islam . MIG. 1993 . In the former Soviet Union , fir trees were usually put up to mark New Year 's day , following a tradition established by the officially atheist state . Jump up ^ Ramet , Sabrina Petra ( 10 November 2005 ) . Religious Policy in the Soviet Union . Cambridge University Press . p. 138 . ISBN 9780521022309 . The League sallied forth to save the day from this putative religious revival . Antireligioznik obliged with so many articles that it devoted an entire section of its annual index for 1928 to anti-religious training in the schools . More such material followed in 1929 , and a flood of it the next year . It recommended what Lenin and others earlier had explicitly condemned -- carnivals , farces , and games to intimidate and purge the youth of religious belief . It suggested that pupils campaign against customs associated with Christmas ( including Christmas trees ) and Easter . Some schools , the League approvingly reported , staged an anti-religious day on the 31st of each month . Not teachers but the League 's local set the programme for this special occasion . Jump up ^ Dice , Elizabeth A. ( 2009 ) . Christmas and Hanukkah . Infobase Publishing . p. 44 . ISBN 9781438119717 . The Christmas tree , or Yolka , is another tradition that was banned during the Soviet era . To keep the custom alive , people decorated New Year 's trees instead . Jump up ^ Margaret Stenhouse ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` The Vatican Christmas Tree '' . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2013 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pre-Christmas Reflection : May Our Spirits Open to the True Spiritual Light '' . Zenit News Agency . December 21 , 2005 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Christmas tree is symbol of Christ , says Pope -- And a Sign of ' Undying Life ' '' . Zenit News Agency . December 19 , 2004 . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2007 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Urbi et Orbi message of His Holiness Pope John Paul II , Christmas 2003 '' ( in Latin ) . December 25 , 2003 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Order for the Blessing of a Christmas Tree '' . Crossroads Initiative . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kitch , Anne E. ( 2004 ) . The Anglican Family Prayer Book . Morehouse Publishing . p. 125 . Jump up ^ `` Boston 's ' Holiday Tree ' Sparks Controversy '' . The Harvard Crimson . November 28 , 2005 . Retrieved January 8 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` At Christmas , what 's in a name ? '' . ABC News . November 29 , 2005 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Vipperman , Heather F. `` Chrismons Ministry '' . History . Lutheran Church . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Christmas tree . Wikisource has the text of the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Christmas . 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who introduced the first christmas tree to england

Although the tradition of decorating the home with evergreens was long established , the custom of decorating an entire small tree was unknown in Britain until some two centuries ago . At the time of the personal union with Hanover , George III 's German - born wife , Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz , introduced a Christmas tree at a party she gave for children in 1800 . The custom did not at first spread much beyond the royal family . Queen Victoria as a child was familiar with it and a tree was placed in her room every Christmas . In her journal for Christmas Eve 1832 , the delighted 13 - year - old princess wrote :

Greenhouse effect - wikipedia Greenhouse effect Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Greenhouse ( disambiguation ) . A representation of the exchanges of energy between the source ( the Sun ) , Earth 's surface , the Earth 's atmosphere , and the ultimate sink outer space . The ability of the atmosphere to capture and recycle energy emitted by Earth 's surface is the defining characteristic of the greenhouse effect . Energy flow between the sun , the atmosphere and earth 's surface . Earth 's energy budget The greenhouse effect is the process by which radiation from a planet 's atmosphere warms the planet 's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere . If a planet 's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases ( i.e. , greenhouse gases ) they will radiate energy in all directions . Part of this radiation is directed towards the surface , warming it . The intensity of the downward radiation -- that is , the strength of the greenhouse effect -- will depend on the atmosphere 's temperature and on the amount of greenhouse gases that the atmosphere contains . Earth 's natural greenhouse effect is critical to supporting life . Human activities , primarily the burning of fossil fuels and clearing of forests , have intensified the natural greenhouse effect , causing global warming . The mechanism is named after a faulty analogy with the effect of solar radiation passing through glass and warming a greenhouse . The way a greenhouse retains heat is fundamentally different , as a greenhouse works mostly by reducing airflow and thus retaining warm air inside the structure . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Mechanism 3 Greenhouse gases 4 Role in climate change 5 Real greenhouses 6 Related effects 6.1 Anti-greenhouse effect 6.2 Runaway greenhouse effect 7 Bodies other than Earth 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of climate change science The existence of the greenhouse effect was argued for by Joseph Fourier in 1824 . The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838 and reasoned from experimental observations by John Tyndall in 1859 , who measured the radiative properties of specific greenhouse gases . The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 , who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide . However , the term `` greenhouse '' was not used to refer to this effect by any of these scientists ; the term was first used in this way by Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 . Mechanism Earth receives energy from the Sun in the form of ultraviolet , visible , and near - infrared radiation . Of the total amount of solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere , about 26 % is reflected to space by the atmosphere and clouds and 19 % is absorbed by the atmosphere and clouds . Most of the remaining energy is absorbed at the surface of Earth . Because the Earth 's surface is colder than the photosphere of the Sun , it radiates at wavelengths that are much longer than the wavelengths that were absorbed . Most of this thermal radiation is absorbed by the atmosphere , thereby warming it . In addition to the absorption of solar and thermal radiation , the atmosphere gains heat by sensible and latent heat fluxes from the surface . The atmosphere radiates energy both upwards and downwards ; the part radiated downwards is absorbed by the surface of Earth . This leads to a higher equilibrium temperature than if the atmosphere were absent . The solar radiation spectrum for direct light at both the top of Earth 's atmosphere and at sea level An ideal thermally conductive blackbody at the same distance from the Sun as Earth would have a temperature of about 5.3 ° C. However , because Earth reflects about 30 % of the incoming sunlight , this idealized planet 's effective temperature ( the temperature of a blackbody that would emit the same amount of radiation ) would be about − 18 ° C. The surface temperature of this hypothetical planet is 33 ° C below Earth 's actual surface temperature of approximately 14 ° C . The basic mechanism can be qualified in a number of ways , none of which affect the fundamental process . The atmosphere near the surface is largely opaque to thermal radiation ( with important exceptions for `` window '' bands ) , and most heat loss from the surface is by sensible heat and latent heat transport . Radiative energy losses become increasingly important higher in the atmosphere , largely because of the decreasing concentration of water vapor , an important greenhouse gas . It is more realistic to think of the greenhouse effect as applying to a `` surface '' in the mid-troposphere , which is effectively coupled to the surface by a lapse rate . The simple picture also assumes a steady state , but in the real world , there are variations due to the diurnal cycle as well as the seasonal cycle and weather disturbances . Solar heating only applies during daytime . During the night , the atmosphere cools somewhat , but not greatly , because its emissivity is low . Diurnal temperature changes decrease with height in the atmosphere . Within the region where radiative effects are important , the description given by the idealized greenhouse model becomes realistic . Earth 's surface , warmed to a temperature around 255 K , radiates long - wavelength , infrared heat in the range of 4 -- 100 μm . At these wavelengths , greenhouse gases that were largely transparent to incoming solar radiation are more absorbent . Each layer of atmosphere with greenhouses gases absorbs some of the heat being radiated upwards from lower layers . It reradiates in all directions , both upwards and downwards ; in equilibrium ( by definition ) the same amount as it has absorbed . This results in more warmth below . Increasing the concentration of the gases increases the amount of absorption and reradiation , and thereby further warms the layers and ultimately the surface below . Greenhouse gases -- including most diatomic gases with two different atoms ( such as carbon monoxide , CO ) and all gases with three or more atoms -- are able to absorb and emit infrared radiation . Though more than 99 % of the dry atmosphere is IR transparent ( because the main constituents -- N , O , and Ar -- are not able to directly absorb or emit infrared radiation ) , intermolecular collisions cause the energy absorbed and emitted by the greenhouse gases to be shared with the other , non-IR - active , gases . Greenhouse gases Main article : Greenhouse gas By their percentage contribution to the greenhouse effect on Earth the four major gases are : Atmospheric gases only absorb some wavelengths of energy but are transparent to others . The absorption patterns of water vapor ( blue peaks ) and carbon dioxide ( pink peaks ) overlap in some wavelengths . Carbon dioxide is not as strong a greenhouse gas as water vapor , but it absorbs energy in longer wavelengths ( 12 - 15 micrometers ) that water vapor does not , partially closing the `` window '' through which heat radiated by the surface would normally escape to space . ( Illustration NASA , Robert Rohde ) water vapor , 36 -- 70 % carbon dioxide , 9 -- 26 % methane , 4 -- 9 % ozone , 3 -- 7 % It is not physically realistic to assign a specific percentage to each gas because the absorption and emission bands of the gases overlap ( hence the ranges given above ) . The major non-gas contributor to Earth 's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on the radiative properties of the atmosphere . Role in Climate Change Main article : Global warming The Keeling Curve of atmospheric CO concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory . Strengthening of the greenhouse effect through human activities is known as the enhanced ( or anthropogenic ) greenhouse effect . This increase in radiative forcing from human activity is attributable mainly to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels . According to the latest Assessment Report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , `` atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide , methane and nitrous oxide are unprecedented in at least the last 800,000 years . Their effects , together with those of other anthropogenic drivers , have been detected throughout the climate system and are extremely likely to have been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century '' . CO is produced by fossil fuel burning and other activities such as cement production and tropical deforestation . Measurements of CO from the Mauna Loa observatory show that concentrations have increased from about 313 parts per million ( ppm ) in 1960 to about 389 ppm in 2010 . It reached the 400 ppm milestone on May 9 , 2013 . The current observed amount of CO exceeds the geological record maxima ( ~ 300 ppm ) from ice core data . The effect of combustion - produced carbon dioxide on the global climate , a special case of the greenhouse effect first described in 1896 by Svante Arrhenius , has also been called the Callendar effect . Over the past 800,000 years , ice core data shows that carbon dioxide has varied from values as low as 180 ppm to the pre-industrial level of 270 ppm . Paleoclimatologists consider variations in carbon dioxide concentration to be a fundamental factor influencing climate variations over this time scale . Real greenhouses A modern Greenhouse in RHS Wisley The `` greenhouse effect '' of the atmosphere is named by analogy to greenhouses which become warmer in sunlight . However , a greenhouse is not primarily warmed by the `` greenhouse effect '' . `` Greenhouse effect '' is actually a misnomer since heating in the usual greenhouse is due to the reduction of convection , while the `` greenhouse effect '' works by preventing absorbed heat from leaving the structure through radiative transfer . A greenhouse is built of any material that passes sunlight usually glass , or plastic . The sun warms the ground and contents inside just like the outside , which then warms the air . Outside , the warm air near the surface rises and mixes with cooler air aloft , keeping the temperature lower than inside , where the air continues to heat up because it is confined within the greenhouse . This can be demonstrated by opening a small window near the roof of a greenhouse : the temperature will drop considerably . It was demonstrated experimentally ( R.W. Wood , 1909 ) that a ( not heated ) `` greenhouse '' with a cover of rock salt ( which is transparent to infrared ) heats up an enclosure similarly to one with a glass cover . Thus greenhouses work primarily by preventing convective cooling . Heated greenhouses are yet another matter , having an internal source of heating they leak heat out , which must be prevented . So it again makes sense to try to prevent radiative cooling through the use of adequate glazing . Related effects Anti-greenhouse effect See also : Anti-greenhouse effect The anti-greenhouse effect is a mechanism similar and symmetrical to the greenhouse effect : greenhouse effect is about atmosphere letting radiation in , while not letting thermal radiation out , which warms the body surface ; anti-greenhouse effect is about atmosphere NOT letting radiation in , while letting thermal radiation out , which lowers the equilibrium surface temperature . Such an effect has been cited about Titan Runaway greenhouse effect See also : runaway greenhouse effect A runaway greenhouse effect occurs if positive feedbacks lead to the evaporation of all greenhouse gases into the atmosphere . A runaway greenhouse effect involving carbon dioxide and water vapor has long ago been hypothesized to have occurred on Venus , this idea is still largely accepted . Bodies other than Earth In the Solar System , there are also greenhouse effects on Mars , Venus , and Titan . The greenhouse effect on Venus is particularly large because its dense atmosphere consists mainly of carbon dioxide . The greenhouse effect on Mars is small as its atmosphere is tenuous. . Titan has an anti-greenhouse effect , in that its atmosphere absorbs solar radiation but is relatively transparent to outgoing infrared radiation . Pluto is also colder than would be expected because evaporation of nitrogen cools it . See also Global warming portal Environment portal Earth 's energy budget References Jump up ^ `` Annex II Glossary '' . Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Retrieved 15 October 2010 . ^ Jump up to : A concise description of the greenhouse effect is given in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report , `` What is the Greenhouse Effect ? '' FAQ 1.3 - AR4 WGI Chapter 1 : Historical Overview of Climate Change Science , IIPCC Fourth Assessment Report , Chapter 1 , page 115 : `` To balance the absorbed incoming ( solar ) energy , the Earth must , on average , radiate the same amount of energy back to space . Because the Earth is much colder than the Sun , it radiates at much longer wavelengths , primarily in the infrared part of the spectrum ( see Figure 1 ) . Much of this thermal radiation emitted by the land and ocean is absorbed by the atmosphere , including clouds , and reradiated back to Earth . This is called the greenhouse effect . '' Stephen H. Schneider , in Geosphere - biosphere Interactions and Climate , Lennart O. Bengtsson and Claus U. Hammer , eds. , Cambridge University Press , 2001 , ISBN 0 - 521 - 78238 - 4 , pp. 90 - 91 . E. Claussen , V.A. Cochran , and D.P. Davis , Climate Change : Science , Strategies , & Solutions , University of Michigan , 2001 . p. 373 . A. Allaby and M. Allaby , A Dictionary of Earth Sciences , Oxford University Press , 1999 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 280079 - 5 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Vaclav Smil ( 2003 ) . The Earth 's Biosphere : Evolution , Dynamics , and Change . MIT Press . p. 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69298 - 4 . Jump up ^ IPCC AR4 WG1 ( 2007 ) , Solomon , S. ; Qin , D. ; Manning , M. ; Chen , Z. ; Marquis , M. ; Averyt , K.B. ; Tignor , M. ; Miller , H.L. , eds. , Climate Change 2007 : The Physical Science Basis , Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88009 - 1 ( pb : 978 - 0 - 521 - 70596 - 7 ) ^ Jump up to : Schroeder , Daniel V. ( 2000 ) . An introduction to thermal physics . San Francisco , California : Addison - Wesley . pp. 305 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 321 - 27779 - 1 ... this mechanism is called the greenhouse effect , even though most greenhouses depend primarily on a different mechanism ( namely , limiting convective cooling ) . ^ Jump up to : Wood , R.W. ( 1909 ) . `` Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse '' . Philosophical Magazine . 17 : 319 -- 320 . doi : 10.1080 / 14786440208636602 . When exposed to sunlight the temperature rose gradually to 65 ° C. , the enclosure covered with the salt plate keeping a little ahead of the other because it transmitted the longer waves from the Sun , which were stopped by the glass . In order to eliminate this action the sunlight was first passed through a glass plate . '' `` it is clear that the rock - salt plate is capable of transmitting practically all of it , while the glass plate stops it entirely . This shows us that the loss of temperature of the ground by radiation is very small in comparison to the loss by convection , in other words that we gain very little from the circumstance that the radiation is trapped . Jump up ^ John Tyndall , Heat considered as a Mode of Motion ( 500 pages ; year 1863 , 1873 ) Jump up ^ Isaac M. Held ; Brian J. Soden ( Nov 2000 ) . `` Water Vapor Feedback and Global Warming '' . Annual Review of Energy and the Environment . Annual Reviews . 25 : 441 -- 475 . doi : 10.1146 / annurev. energy. 25.1. 441 . Jump up ^ Easterbrook , Steve . `` Who first coined the term `` Greenhouse Effect '' ? `` . Serendipity . Retrieved 11 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Ekholm N ( 1901 ) . `` On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes '' . Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society . 27 ( 117 ) : 1 -- 62 . Bibcode : 1901QJRMS ... 27 ... 1E . doi : 10.1002 / qj. 49702711702 . Jump up ^ `` NASA Earth Fact Sheet '' . Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry , by Daniel J. Jacob , Princeton University Press , 1999 . Chapter 7 , `` The Greenhouse Effect '' `` . Acmg.seas.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Solar Radiation and the Earth 's Energy Balance '' . Eesc.columbia.edu . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report . Chapter 1 : Historical overview of climate change science page 97 Jump up ^ The elusive `` absolute surface air temperature , '' see GISS discussion ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , John F.B. ( 1989 ) . `` THE `` GREENHOUSE '' EFFECT AND CLIMATE CHANGE '' ( PDF ) . Reviews of Geophysics . American Geophysical Union . 27 ( 1 ) : 115 -- 139 . Bibcode : 1989RvGeo ... 27 ... 115M . doi : 10.1029 / RG027i001p00115 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Water vapour : feedback or forcing ? '' . RealClimate. 6 April 2005 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Kiehl , J.T. ; Kevin E. Trenberth ( February 1997 ) . `` Earth 's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society . 78 ( 2 ) : 197 -- 208 . Bibcode : 1997BAMS ... 78 ... 197K . ISSN 1520 - 0477 . doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1997 ) 078 < 0197 : EAGMEB > 2.0.CO ; 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2006 - 03 - 30 . Retrieved 2006 - 05 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` NASA : Climate Forcings and Global Warming '' . January 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Enhanced greenhouse effect -- Glossary '' . Nova . Australian Academy of Scihuman impact on the environment . 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Enhanced Greenhouse Effect '' . Ace.mmu.ac.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Synthesis Report : Summary for Policymakers ( p. 4 ) Jump up ^ IPCC Fourth Assessment Report , Working Group I Report `` The Physical Science Basis '' Chapter 7 Jump up ^ `` Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- Mauna Loa '' . NOAA . Jump up ^ http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/05/130510-earth-co2-milestone-400-ppm/ Jump up ^ Hansen J. ( February 2005 ) . `` A slippery slope : How much global warming constitutes `` dangerous anthropogenic interference '' ? `` . Climatic Change . 68 ( 333 ) : 269 -- 279 . doi : 10.1007 / s10584 - 005 - 4135 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Deep ice tells long climate story '' . BBC News . 2006 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 04 . Jump up ^ Hileman B ( 2005 - 11 - 28 ) . `` Ice Core Record Extended '' . Chemical & Engineering News . 83 ( 48 ) : 7 . Jump up ^ Bowen , Mark ; Thin Ice : Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World 's Highest Mountains ; Owl Books , 2005 . Jump up ^ Temperature change and carbon dioxide change , U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Jump up ^ Brian Shmaefsky ( 2004 ) . Favorite demonstrations for college science : an NSTA Press journals collection . NSTA Press . p. 57 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87355 - 242 - 4 . Jump up ^ Oort , Abraham H. ; Peixoto , José Pinto ( 1992 ) . Physics of climate . New York : American Institute of Physics . ISBN 0 - 88318 - 711 - 6 ... the name water vapor - greenhouse effect is actually a misnomer since heating in the usual greenhouse is due to the reduction of convection Jump up ^ > ENERGY EFFECTS DURING USING THE GLASS WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES IN A HEATED GREENHOUSE , Sławomir Kurpaska , Technical Sciences 17 ( 4 ) , 2014 , 351 -- 360 Jump up ^ `` Titan : Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse : : Astrobiology Magazine - earth science - evolution distribution Origin of life universe - life beyond : : Astrobiology is study of earth '' . Astrobio.net . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Jump up ^ Kasting , James F. ( 1991 ) . `` Runaway and moist greenhouse atmospheres and the evolution of Earth and Venus . '' . Planetary Sciences : American and Soviet Research / Proceedings from the U.S. - U.S.S.R. Workshop on Planetary Sciences . Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems ( CETS ) . pp. 234 -- 245 . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Rasool , I. ; De Bergh , C. ( Jun 1970 ) . `` The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO in the Venus Atmosphere '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 226 ( 5250 ) : 1037 -- 1039 . Bibcode : 1970Natur. 226.1037 R. ISSN 0028 - 0836 . PMID 16057644 . doi : 10.1038 / 2261037a0 . Jump up ^ McKay , C. ; Pollack , J. ; Courtin , R. ( 1991 ) . `` The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan '' . Science . 253 ( 5024 ) : 1118 -- 1121 . PMID 11538492 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 11538492 . Jump up ^ `` Pluto Colder Than Expected '' . SPACE.com. 2006 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 15 . Further reading Businger , Joost Alois ; Fleagle , Robert Guthrie ( 1980 ) . An introduction to atmospheric physics . International geophysics series ( 2nd ed . ) . San Diego : Academic . ISBN 0 - 12 - 260355 - 9 . Henderson - Sellers , Ann ; McGuffie , Kendal ( 2005 ) . A climate modelling primer ( 3rd ed . ) . New York : Wiley . ISBN 0 - 470 - 85750 - 1 . Schelling , Thomas C. ( 2002 ) . `` Greenhouse Effect '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 1st ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . 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who coined the term greenhouse effect or atmosphere effect

The existence of the greenhouse effect was argued for by Joseph Fourier in 1824 . The argument and the evidence were further strengthened by Claude Pouillet in 1827 and 1838 and reasoned from experimental observations by John Tyndall in 1859 , who measured the radiative properties of specific greenhouse gases . The effect was more fully quantified by Svante Arrhenius in 1896 , who made the first quantitative prediction of global warming due to a hypothetical doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide . However , the term `` greenhouse '' was not used to refer to this effect by any of these scientists ; the term was first used in this way by Nils Gustaf Ekholm in 1901 .

Ron Hale - Wikipedia Ron Hale This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Ron Hale ( 1946 - 01 - 02 ) January 2 , 1946 ( age 72 ) Grand Rapids , Michigan Ron Hale ( born January 2 , 1946 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Dr. Roger Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan 's Hope for its entire run ( 1975 -- 1989 ) . He played the recurring role of Mike Corbin , the father of mobster Sonny Corinthos in the ABC soap opera General Hospital . Filmography ( edit ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 , TV Series ) - Walt Driscoll ( 1969 ) A Lovely Way To Die ( 1968 ) - ( uncredited ) Me , Natalie ( 1969 ) - Stanley Dexter Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1973 , TV Series ) - Dr. Jim Abbott All the President 's Men ( 1976 ) - Frank Sturgis Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 - 1989 , TV Series ) - Dr. Roger Coleridge Matlock ( 1989 , TV Series ) - Eldon Williams MacGyver ( 1990 , TV Series ) - Mike Travers Original Intent ( 1992 ) - Dr. Johnson Trial by Jury ( 1994 ) - Bailiff The Dark Mist ( 1996 ) - Pentakis Port Charles ( 1997 , TV Series ) - Mike Corbin The Brothers Flub ( 1999 ) - Squish ( voice ) Sunstorm ( 2001 ) - Jack Intimate Portrait ( 2003 , TV Series , Vanessa Marcil ) - Himself General Hospital ( 1996 - 2010 , TV Series ) - Mike Corbin The Ghost and The Whale ( 2017 ) - Father Reinhart References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.filmreference.com/film/87/Ron-Hale.html External links ( edit ) Ron Hale on IMDb This article about an American television actor or actress born in the 1940s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_Hale&oldid=837147951 '' Categories : 1946 births American male soap opera actors American male television actors Living people American television actor , 1940s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles lacking in - text citations from March 2013 All articles lacking in - text citations Articles with hCards All stub articles Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 01 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

who plays sonny's father mike on general hospital

Ron Hale ( born January 2 , 1946 ) is an American actor best known for his role as Dr. Roger Coleridge on the ABC soap opera Ryan 's Hope for its entire run ( 1975 -- 1989 ) . He played the recurring role of Mike Corbin , the father of mobster Sonny Corinthos in the ABC soap opera General Hospital .

Van ' t Hoff factor - wikipedia Van ' t Hoff factor Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The van ' t Hoff factor i ( \ displaystyle i ) ( named after J.H. van ' t Hoff ) is a measure of the effect of a solute upon colligative properties such as osmotic pressure , relative lowering in vapor pressure , boiling - point elevation and freezing - point depression . The van ' t Hoff factor is the ratio between the actual concentration of particles produced when the substance is dissolved and the concentration of a substance as calculated from its mass . For most non-electrolytes dissolved in water , the van ' t Hoff factor is essentially 1 . For most ionic compounds dissolved in water , the van ' t Hoff factor is equal to the number of discrete ions in a formula unit of the substance . This is true for ideal solutions only , as occasionally ion pairing occurs in solution . At a given instant a small percentage of the ions are paired and count as a single particle . Ion pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte solutions . This causes the measured van ' t Hoff factor to be less than that predicted in an ideal solution . The deviation for the van ' t Hoff factor tends to be greatest where the ions have multiple charges . Contents ( hide ) 1 Dissociated solutes 2 Associated solutes 3 Physical significance of i ( \ displaystyle i ) 4 See also Dissociated solutes ( edit ) The degree of dissociation is the fraction of the original solute molecules that have dissociated . It is usually indicated by the Greek symbol α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) . There is a simple relationship between this parameter and the van ' t Hoff factor . If a fraction α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) of the solute dissociates into n ( \ displaystyle n ) ions , then i = α n + ( 1 − α ) = 1 + α ( n − 1 ) . ( \ displaystyle i = \ alpha n+ ( 1 - \ alpha ) = 1 + \ alpha ( n - 1 ) . ) For example , the dissociation KCl ⇌ K + Cl yields n = 2 ( \ displaystyle n = 2 ) ions , so that i = 1 + α ( \ displaystyle i = 1 + \ alpha ) For dissociation va n't hoff factor ; i > 1 ( \ displaystyle i > 1 ) Associated solutes ( edit ) Similarly , if a fraction α ( \ displaystyle \ alpha ) of n ( \ displaystyle n ) moles of solute associate to form one mole of an n - mer ( dimer , trimer , etc . ) , then i = 1 − ( 1 − 1 n ) α . ( \ displaystyle i = 1 - \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) \ right ) \ alpha . ) For the dimerisation of acetic acid in benzene 2CH COOH ⇌ ( CH COOH ) 2 moles of acetic acid associate to form 1 mole of dimer , so that i = 1 − ( 1 − 1 2 ) α = 1 − α 2 . ( \ displaystyle i = 1 - \ left ( 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) \ right ) \ alpha = 1 - ( \ frac ( \ alpha ) ( 2 ) ) . ) For association va n't hoff factor ; i < 1 ( \ displaystyle i < 1 ) Physical significance of i ( \ displaystyle i ) ( edit ) Dimerization of a carboxylic acid by formation of hydrogen bonds ( shown as dotted lines ) When solute particles associate in solution , i ( \ displaystyle i ) is less than 1 . For example , carboxylic acids such as acetic acid ( ethanoic acid ) or benzoic acid form dimers in benzene , so that the number of solute particles is half the number of acid molecules . When solute particles dissociate in solution , i ( \ displaystyle i ) is greater than 1 ( e.g. sodium chloride in water , potassium chloride in water , magnesium chloride in water ) . When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution , i ( \ displaystyle i ) equals 1 ( e.g. glucose in water ) . The value of i ( \ displaystyle i ) is the actual number of particles in solution after dissociation divided by the number of formula units initially dissolved in solution and means the number of particles per formula unit of the solute when a solution is dilute . Association of molecules ( i < 1 ) : i = 1 − n − 1 n α ( \ displaystyle i = 1 - ( \ frac ( n - 1 ) ( n ) ) \ alpha ) . See also ( edit ) Colligative properties Thermodynamic activity Solutions Raoult 's law Van ' t Hoff equation Dissociation ( chemistry ) Osmosis Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Van_%27t_Hoff_factor&oldid=790373585 '' Categories : Physical chemistry Dimensionless numbers Jacobus Henricus van ' t Hoff Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from January 2009 All articles lacking sources Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Italiano Latviešu Nederlands Português Русский Slovenčina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2017 , at 09 : 58 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

the vant hoff factor for a dilute aqueous solution of glucose is

When solute particles neither dissociate nor associate in solution , i ( \ displaystyle i ) equals 1 ( e.g. glucose in water ) .

City block - wikipedia City block Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see City block ( disambiguation ) . Diagram of an example of a rectangular city block as seen from above , surrounded by streets . The block is divided into lots which were numbered by the developer as shown in red here and as shown in plats . The addresses on this example 800 block are shown in black and the adjacent blocks are the 700 and 900 blocks . An alley shown in light gray runs lengthwise down the middle of the block . Streets are shown in dark gray . Sidewalks are shown in light gray . Avenues are shown in green with walkways shown in light gray from every lot to the street . Chicago in 1857 . Blocks of 80 , 40 , and 10 acres establish a street grid at the outskirts which continues into the more finely divided downtown area . A city block , urban block or simply block is a central element of urban planning and urban design . A city block is the smallest area that is surrounded by streets . City blocks are the space for buildings within the street pattern of a city , and form the basic unit of a city 's urban fabric . City blocks may be subdivided into any number of smaller land lots usually in private ownership , though in some cases , it may be other forms of tenure . City blocks are usually built - up to varying degrees and thus form the physical containers or ' streetwalls ' of public space . Most cities are composed of a greater or lesser variety of sizes and shapes of urban block . For example , many pre-industrial cores of cities in Europe , Asia and the Middle - east tend to have irregularly shaped street patterns and urban blocks , while cities based on grids have much more regular arrangements . Contents ( hide ) 1 Grid plan 2 Structure variations 2.1 Superblock 2.1. 1 Definitions and typologies 2.1. 2 History and usage 2.1. 2.1 Superblocks in North America , the UK and Australasia 2.1. 2.2 Barcelona 's super illes 2.1. 2.3 Superblocks in Japan 2.2 Sub-structure 2.3 Perimeter block 3 Uses 3.1 As a unit of distance 3.2 Online uses of blocks 4 See also 5 References 5.1 Further reading Grid plan ( edit ) In most cities of the world that were planned , rather than developing gradually over a long period of time , streets are typically laid out on a grid plan , so that city blocks are square or rectangular . Using the perimeter block development principle , city blocks are developed so that buildings are located along the perimeter of the block , with entrances facing the street , and semi-private courtyards in the rear of the buildings . This arrangement is intended to provide good social interaction among people . Since the spacing of streets in grid plans varies so widely among cities , or even within cities , it is difficult to generalize about the size of a city block . However , as reference points , the standard square blocks of Portland , Houston , and Sacramento are 264 by 264 feet ( 80 m × 80 m ) , 330 by 330 feet ( 100 m × 100 m ) , and 410 by 410 feet ( 120 m × 120 m ) respectively ( to the street center line ) . Oblong blocks range considerably in width and length . The standard block in Manhattan is about 264 by 900 feet ( 80 m × 274 m ) ; and in some U.S. cities standard blocks are as wide as 660 feet ( 200 m ) . The blocks in Calgary , Canada , are 330 by 560 feet ( 100 m × 170 m ) , while those in Edmonton , Canada are 197 by 560 feet ( 60 m × 171 m ) . The blocks in central Melbourne , Australia , are 330 by 660 feet ( 100 m × 200 m ) , formed by splitting the square blocks in an original grid with a narrow street down the middle . In Chicago , Illinois and Minneapolis , Minnesota , a typical city block is 660 by 330 feet ( 200 m × 100 m ) ( w × h ) , meaning that 16 east - west blocks or 8 north - south blocks measure one mile . Many world cities have grown by accretion over time rather than being planned from the outset . For this reason , a regular pattern of even , square or rectangular city blocks is not so common among European cities , for example . An exception is represented by those cities that were founded as Roman military settlements , and that often preserve the original grid layout around two main orthogonal axes . One notable example is Turin , Italy . Following the example of Philadelphia , New York City adopted the Commissioners ' Plan of 1811 for a more extensive grid plan . By the middle of the 20th century , the adoption of the uniform , rectilinear block subsides almost completely and more picturesque layouts prevailed , with random sized and either curvilinear or non-orthogonal blocks and corresponding street patterns . In much of the United States and Canada , the addressing systems follow a block and lot number system , in which each block of a street is allotted 100 building numbers . Structure variations ( edit ) The concept of city block can be generalized as a superblock or sub-block . Superblock ( edit ) A superblock or super-block is an area of urban land bounded by arterial roads that is the size of multiple typically - sized city blocks . Within the superblock , the local road network , if any , is designed to serve local needs only . Definitions and typologies ( edit ) Within the broad concept of a superblock , various typologies emerge based primarily on the internal road networks within the superblock , their historical context , and whether they are auto - centric or pedestrian - centric . The context in which superblocks are being studied or conceived gives rise to varying definitions . An internal road network characterised by cul - de-sacs is typical of auto - centric suburban development primarily in Western countries throughout the 20 century . The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture 's definition is rooted within this typically suburban conception : `` Area containing residential accommodation , shops , schools , offices , etc. , with public open space ( e.g. a green ) , surrounded by roads and penetrated by cul - de-sac service - roads . It is linked to other super-blocks and a town centre by means of paths over or under the roads ( e.g. in Radburn planning ) . '' Though the aim of such superblocks is generally to minimise traffic within the superblock by directing it to arterial roads , the effect in many cases has been to entrench automobile dependence by limiting pedestrian permeability , particularly in low - density subdivisions with low pedestrian permeability . Superblocks can also contain an orthogonal internal road network , including ones based on a grid plan or quasi-grid plan . This typology is prevalent in Japan and China , for example . Chen defines the supergrid and superblock urban morphology in this context as follows : `` The Supergrid is a large - scale net of wide roads that defines a series of cells or Superblocks , each containing a network of narrower streets . '' Superblocks can also be retroactively superimposed on pre-existing grid plan by changing the traffic rules and streetscape of internal streets within the superblock , as in the case of Barcelona 's superilles ( Catalan for superblocks ) . Each superilla comprises nine city blocks , with speed limits on the internal roads slowed to 10 - 20km / h and through traffic disallowed , with through travel only possible on the perimeter roads . History and usage ( edit ) Superblocks in North america , the UK and australasia ( edit ) A one square km superblock sector in Milton Keynes framed by major roads on a grid configuration . The road network within the sector uses dead - ended streets complemented by bike and foot paths which connect the entire sector and beyond A diagramatic illustration of the streets ( blue ) , paths ( green ) and open spaces ( yellow ) in a `` Pedestrian Pocket '' superblock ( after P. Calthorpe and D. Kelbaugh ) . Stuyvesant Town road and path network plan showing the looped streets and the connecting paths through the open space . It is an example of the superblock concept and of the idea of `` filtered permeability '' . Superblocks were popular during the early and mid-20th century auto - centric suburban development , arising from modernist ideas in architecture and urban planning . Planning in this era was based upon the distance and speed scales for the automobile and discounted the pedestrian and cyclist modes , as obsolete transportation vehicles . A superblock is much larger than a traditional city block , with a greater setback for buildings , and is typically bounded by widely spaced , high - speed , arterial or circulating routes rather than by local streets . Superblocks are often found in suburbs or planned cities , or are the result of urban renewal of the mid-20th century , where a street hierarchy has replaced the traditional grid . In a residential area of a suburb , the interior of the superblock is typically served by dead - ended or looped streets . The discontinuous streets served the automobile as longer distances , and the extra fuel required to go between destinations , was not a concern , but at the pedestrian scale , the discontinuity of the roads added to the distance that must be traveled . The discontinuity inside the superblock forced car dependency , discouraged errand walking , and forced more traffic onto the fewer continuous streets , increasing demand for through streets , which led ultimately to these streets having more travel lanes added for cars , thereby making it more difficult for any pedestrian to cross such streets . In this way , superblocks cut up the city into isolated units , expanded automobile dominance , and made it impossible for pedestrians and cyclists to get anywhere outside of the superblock . Superblocks can also be found in central city areas , where they are more often associated with institutional , educational , recreational and corporate rather than residential uses . Urban planner Clarence Perry argued for use of superblocks and related ideas in his `` neighborhood unit '' plan , which aimed to organize space in a way that was more `` pedestrian - friendly '' and provided open plazas and other space for residents to socialize . Planners , today , now know that the street discontinuity and the multi-lane roads associated with superblocks have caused the decline of pedestrian and bicycle use every where this `` sprawl '' pattern is present . The traditional urban block diffused automobile traffic onto several narrower roads at slower speeds . This more finely connected network of narrower roads better allowed the pedestrian and cyclist realms to flourish . The superblock , at the scale only suitable for automobiles , and not pedestrians , was the means for ultimate automobile dominance by the end of the 20th century . The same intention to facilitate pedestrian movement and socializing is captured by an influential 1989 conceptual design of a Pedestrian Pocket ( see diagram ) . It is , similarly , a superblock composed of nine normal city blocks clustered around a light rail station and a central open space . Its circulation pattern consists primarily of a dense pedestrian network which is complementary to but independent from the car network . Access by car is provided by means of three loops . This superblock differs from Perry 's concept in that it makes it impossible for cars to traverse it rather than very difficult ; it is car - impermeable . In the 1930s , superblocks were often used in urban renewal public housing projects in American cities . In using superblocks , housing projects aimed to eliminate back alleys , which were often associated with slum conditions . Superblocks are also used when functional units such as rail yards or shipyards , inherited from the 19th and early 20th centuries , are too big to fit in an average city block . A contemporary function which reflects ancient practices that also requires larger than typical blocks is the sports stadium or arena . Just as the Colosseum in ancient Rome , sports complexes require superblocks . The Providence Park stadium in Portland , for example , takes up four normal city blocks as does the equally large Greensboro Coliseum in North Carolina . Other contemporary institutions , establishments or functions that use superblocks are : city halls like Government Center , Boston and Toronto City Hall ; regional general hospitals or specialized medical centres ; convention and exhibition centers , such as Exhibition Place in Toronto and the Boston Convention and Exhibition Center ; and downtown enclosed Shopping Malls such as Eaton Centre in Toronto , echoing the large gallerias of the 19th century . Cultural complexes , such as the Lincoln Center in New York City , often occupy a superblock achieved through the consolidation of regular city blocks . A recent superblock user is the merchandise distribution centre , which can range in area from one to ten city blocks . Most notably , however , the largest superblocks in contemporary cities are used by university and college campuses such as Massachusetts Institute of Technology , the University of Illinois at Chicago , the City College of New York , Columbia University and the University of Alberta in Edmonton . The `` campus '' impact on the city block structure is quite prominent particularly in small university towns such as Waterloo , Ontario or Ithaca , New York where the university superblock counts for a sizeable portion of the total city area . Campuses , in general , are fully walkable and sociable environments within the superblock structure . On some university campuses the extensive and exclusive pedestrian path network at grade is supplemented with below grade paths . New Urbanists would argue that separating circulation modes effectively kills the social interaction that bolsters urban areas . Additional users of the superblock concept are large national or multinational corporations who constructed campuses in the late 1900s and 2000s . Examples of superblock campuses include Google in Mountain View , California ; and Apple and Hewlett - Packard in San Jose , California . Another well - known commercial superblock is the World Trade Center site in New York City , where several streets of Manhattan 's downtown grid were removed and de-mapped to make room for the center . Complicated superblock designs implemented in Troieschyna neighborhood ( Kiev , Ukraine ) . Social and housing agencies in the U.S. , Canada and the UK used the superblock model for large housing projects such as Regent Park in Toronto and Benny Farm in Montreal , Canada . In New York City , the Stuyvesant Town private market , residential development superblock takes up about 18 normal city blocks and provides a large green amenity for its residents and neighbours . It uses crescent ( loop ) rather than dead - ended streets inside the superblock and an extensive network of paths that provide excellent connectivity within the block and to the neighbouring areas ( see drawing ) . Where the superblock is used for housing projects like Stuyvesant Town , the advantages sought are an improved separation of vehicular and pedestrian circulation , enhanced tranquility and reduced accident risk within the neighbourhood . In 2003 , Vauban ( a rail suburb of Freiburg , Germany ) was constructed with similar goals . Its layout consists mainly of a superblock with a central pedestrian spine and a few narrow looped and dead - ended streets . The British new town of Milton Keynes is built around a grid of one - kilometre square superblocks ( see drawing ) . Superblocks have been proposed as a potential solution to road space prioritisation and increased pedestrian flows in the CBD of Melbourne , Australia . The City of Melbourne 's 2018 Transport Discussion Paper : City Space suggests , based on the example of Barcelona 's superilles , that `` ' Superblocks ' could be applied in Melbourne to make streets in the central city safer , greener , more inclusive and more vibrant . '' Barcelona 's super Illes ( edit ) The superblock concept has been applied retroactively in Barcelona 's La Ribera and Gràcia districts , which both have a medieval street network with narrow and irregular streets , since 1993 . In these two cases it resulted in an increase of journeys on foot ( over 10 % ) and by bicycle ( > 15 % ) and in a higher level of commercial and service activity . Superblocks , or super illes in the native Catalan , are now being superimposed in the Eixample District 's famous Ildefons Cerdà - designed late 19 century grid plan . Each superilla comprises nine city blocks , or illes , in which the internal traffic flows have been altered to disallow through traffic , and speed limits on internal roads reduced . After entering a superilla from a perimeter road , vehicles are only able to circumnavigate one city block and return out to the same perimeter road again , meaning that local access to garages and businesses is maintained , but making it impossible to cut through to the other side . Speed limits have also been reduced to 20km / h initially . It was estimated that this could be implemented city - wide for less than € 20 million , simply by changing traffic signals . It is planned to further reduce speeds to 10km / h and remove on - street parking by building more off - street car parks . This is intended to make the internal streets safer for pedestrians and create more space for playing games , sports , and cultural activities such as outdoor cinemas . The concept was initially spurred by a redesign of the city 's bus network that consolidated bus routes into a simpler orthogonal network , with more frequent services . With many streets freed from buses as a result , and the idea was formulated to create the superilles in order to reduce traffic , cut the high levels of air and noise pollution in the city , and reallocate space to pedestrians and cyclists . The superilles have been met with criticism and resistance from some residents however , who have complained about the dramatically increased distance for some previously short car trips , and the increased traffic on the arterial perimeter roads . This is , however , a necessary part of the strategy to discourage driving and boost the number of trips made by active transport modes or on the revamped bus network . Superblocks in Japan ( edit ) Superblocks have been the prevalent mode of urban land use planning in Japan , even being described as the `` sine qua non of Japanese urban design '' , present in all medium to large Japanese cities to a greater or lesser degree . Cities are typically arranged around a system of wide arterial roads , often approximating a grid and flanked by generous sidewalks , and an orthogonal network of narrow internal streets , normally operating as shared zones with no sidewalks . The grid plan layout of Japanese cities such as Kyoto and Nara dates back to the eighth century , which were in turn derived from Chinese grid models . The system of superblocks were created mostly in the early to mid 20 century by physically widening arterial roads , superimposing the supergrid and superblock structure in a physical sense . This contrasts with the Barcelona model wherein the superblock model was imposed through changed traffic signalling rather than physical street widening . They further contrast to Western auto - centric models described above as they are typically characterised by highly walkable and cycle - able street networks , featuring high - density mixed use development and supported by highly effective and efficient public transport systems . Resulting largely from planning controls which link building height with street width , Japanese superblocks are typically characterised by a ' hard shell ' of tall buildings with commercial uses along the perimeter arterial roads , with a ' soft yolk ' of low - rise residential use in the centre . The spatial structure of superblocks can also be analysed , per a taxonomy detailed by Barrie Shelton , through the classification of roads as ' global ' , being the arterial roads which provide for cross-city travel , ' local ' roads , which provide local access to buildings within the superblock , and ' glocal ' roads , which may cross the entire superblock , allowing through travel , and in many instances into neighbouring superblocks . Glocal roads differ from global roads however , in that they are narrow , have lower speed limits , and do not form part of the ' supergrid ' structure . Shelton also describes the sidewalks of the global arterial roads as functioning as streets in themselves , or ' sidewalk streets ' , operating in a similar manner to the local streets . Sub-structure ( edit ) Same diagram of first illustration ( see introduction ) , enhancing the `` blocks without sidewalks '' , enfolded by the tiny green line . They are , with the inner alley and the sidewalks , sub-structures of the city block . In a geoprocessing perspective there are two complementary ways of modeling city blocks : with sidewalks : using a direct geometric representation of the usual concept of city blocks . Not only sidewalks , but also inner alleys , common gardens , etc . Some street parts , such as a street greenway , isolated and with no related lot , can be also represented as a block without sidewalks . without sidewalks : represented by polygon obtained by the external border of the union of a set of touching land lots ( illustration opposite ) . Always a block without sidewalks is within a block with sidewalks . The geometric subtraction of a block without sidewalks from block with sidewalks , contains the sidewalk , the alley , and any other non-lot sub-structure . Perimeter block ( edit ) A perimeter block is a type of city block which is built up on all sides surrounding a central space that is semi-private . They may contain a mixture of uses , with commercial or retail functions on the ground floor . Perimeter blocks are a key component of many European cities and are an urban form that allows very high urban densities to be achieved without high - rise buildings . Uses ( edit ) As a unit of distance ( edit ) In North American English and Australian English , the word `` block '' is used as an informal unit of distance . For example , someone giving directions might say , `` It 's three blocks from here '' . In British English the term is very rarely used to express a measure of distance owing to blocks not being used in town or city planning in most countries . However it is often used to describe a short walk around the local area , as in `` walk around the block '' . Online uses of blocks ( edit ) There have been online innovations and websites such as msnbc. com - owned EveryBlock , which uses geo - specific feeds from neighborhood blogs , Flickr , Yelp , Craigslist , YouTube , Twitter , Facebook and other aggregated data to give readers a picture of what is going on in their town or neighborhood down to the block . See also ( edit ) Census block Grid plan Manhattan distance Urban design Urban planning References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Frey , Hildebrand Frey ( 1999 ) . Designing the City : Towards a More Sustainable Urban Form . E & FN Spon . ISBN 0 - 419 - 22110 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Google Maps '' . Google Maps . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Jump up ^ https://www.cityofchicago.org/dam/city/depts/cdot/StreetandSitePlanDesignStandards407.pdf Jump up ^ Hudson , Horace B. ( Horace Bushnell ) ( 12 September 2017 ) . `` Hudson 's dictionary of Minneapolis and vicinity ; a handbook for strangers and residents '' . Minneapolis , The Hudson publishing company . Retrieved 12 September 2017 -- via Internet Archive . Jump up ^ Curl , James Stevens ( 2006 ) . A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture , 2ed . Oxford : Oxford University Press . super-block . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 172648 - 4 . Jump up ^ Xiaofei , Chen , ( 2017 - 08 - 29 ) . `` A Comparative Study of Supergrid and Superblock Urban Structure in China and Japan Rethinking the Chinese Superblocks : Learning from Japanese Experience '' . ^ Jump up to : Bausells , Marta ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) . `` Superblocks to the rescue : Barcelona 's plan to give streets back to residents '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Keating , W. Dennis , Norman Krumholz ( 2000 ) . `` Neighborhood Planning '' . Journal of Planning Education and Research . 20 ( 1 ) : 111 -- 114 . doi : 10.1177 / 073945600128992546 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` The Pedestrian Pocket Book : A New Suburban Design Strategy - Calthorpe Associates '' . www.calthorpe.com . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Ben - Joseph , Eran , Terry S. Szold ( 2005 ) . Regulating Place : Standards and the Shaping of Urban America . Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 94874 - 6 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment http://www.cabe.org.uk/case-studies/vauban Jump up ^ `` Barcelona Metropolis - Salvador Rueda - Sustainable Urban Expansions : the Legacy of the Cerdà Plan '' . lameva.Barcelona.cat . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Superblocks , Barcelona Answer to Car - Centric City -- Cities of the Future '' . Cities of the Future . 2016 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Barcelona 's Car - Taming Superblock Plan Faces a Backlash '' . CityLab . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 14 . Jump up ^ Shelton , Barrie ( 2012 ) . Learning from the Japanese city : looking East in urban design . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . p. 141 . ISBN 9780415554398 . ^ Jump up to : Shelton , Barrie ( 2012 ) . Learning from the Japanese city : looking East in urban design . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . p. 142 . ISBN 9780415554398 . Jump up ^ Popham , Peter ( 1985 ) Tokyo : the City at the End of the World . Tokyo : Kodansha International , p. 48 , cited in Shelton , Barrie ( 2012 ) Learning from the Japanese city : looking East in urban design . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge , p. 8 . Jump up ^ Edwards , Brian : `` The European perimeter block '' in Courtyard Housing : Past , Present and Future , Taylor & Francis , 2004 Jump up ^ `` Web Publishing Roll - Up : Rise and Advise '' . CMSWire.com . Retrieved 12 September 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Jacobs , Jane ( 1961 ) . The Death and Life of Great American Cities . Random House . The Great American Grid : Block Size Dimensions Wikimedia Commons has media related to City blocks . ( hide ) Real estate developments Commercial Airport Business park Commercial area Mixed - use development Office building Port inland Retail park Riverfront Shopping mall / center Shopping streets and districts Warehouse District Industrial Business cluster Industrial district Industrial park Technology centers Residential Bungalow court City block Company town Golf course community Gated community Housing estate Intentional community Mixed - use development Model dwellings for the poor Multi-family residential Private community Public housing Residential area Retirement community Revenue house Single room occupancy Subdivision Tract housing Science / Education Campus Research park list Satellite campus Science park Municipal Arcology Garden city movement Model village Planned cities Planned community Urban open space parks Buildings Apartment House types Skyscraper Tower block Villa Miscellaneous Brownfield land Cemetery Cluster development Construction Context theory Eminent domain Greenfield land Greyfield land Land - use planning Park Parking Playground Redevelopment Regional planning Urban design Urban planning Zoning Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=City_block&oldid=841546099 '' Categories : Urban studies and planning terminology Urban design Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 14 : 05 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the average distance of a city block

Since the spacing of streets in grid plans varies so widely among cities , or even within cities , it is difficult to generalize about the size of a city block . However , as reference points , the standard square blocks of Portland , Houston , and Sacramento are 264 by 264 feet ( 80 m × 80 m ) , 330 by 330 feet ( 100 m × 100 m ) , and 410 by 410 feet ( 120 m × 120 m ) respectively ( to the street center line ) . Oblong blocks range considerably in width and length . The standard block in Manhattan is about 264 by 900 feet ( 80 m × 274 m ) ; and in some U.S. cities standard blocks are as wide as 660 feet ( 200 m ) . The blocks in Calgary , Canada , are 330 by 560 feet ( 100 m × 170 m ) , while those in Edmonton , Canada are 197 by 560 feet ( 60 m × 171 m ) . The blocks in central Melbourne , Australia , are 330 by 660 feet ( 100 m × 200 m ) , formed by splitting the square blocks in an original grid with a narrow street down the middle . In Chicago , Illinois and Minneapolis , Minnesota , a typical city block is 660 by 330 feet ( 200 m × 100 m ) ( w × h ) , meaning that 16 east - west blocks or 8 north - south blocks measure one mile .

Harpy eagle - wikipedia Harpy eagle Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the harpy eagle of the Americas . For the harpy eagle of New Guinea , see Papuan eagle . Harpy eagle Conservation status Near Threatened ( IUCN 3.1 ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Aves Order : Accipitriformes Family : Accipitridae Subfamily : Harpiinae Genus : Harpia Vieillot , 1816 Species : H. harpyja Binomial name Harpia harpyja ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) The harpy eagle is rare throughout its range , which extends from Mexico to Brazil ( throughout its territory ) and Argentina ( Only the north ) . The harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) is a neotropical species of eagle . It is also called the American harpy eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan eagle , which is sometimes known as the New Guinea harpy eagle or Papuan harpy eagle . It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the rainforest , and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world . It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper ( emergent ) canopy layer . Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of its former range , and it is nearly extirpated in Central America . In Brazil , the harpy eagle is also known as royal - hawk ( in Portuguese : gavião - real ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Taxonomy 2 Description 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behavior 4.1 Feeding 4.2 Breeding 5 Status and conservation 5.1 National initiatives 6 Popular culture 7 References 8 External links Taxonomy ( edit ) The harpy eagle was first described by Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758 as Vultur harpyja , after the mythological beast harpy . The only member of the genus Harpia , the harpy eagle is most closely related to the crested eagle ( Morphnus guianensis ) and the New Guinea harpy eagle ( Harpyopsis novaeguineae ) , the three composing the subfamily Harpiinae within the large family Accipitridae . Previously thought to be related , the Philippine eagle has been shown by DNA analysis to belong elsewhere in the raptor family , as it is related to the Circaetinae . The species name harpyja and the word harpy in the common name harpy eagle both come from Ancient Greek hárpuia ( ἅρπυια ) . They refer to the Harpies of Ancient Greek mythology . These were wind spirits that took the dead to Hades , and were said to have a body like an eagle and the face of a human . Description ( edit ) The upper side of the harpy eagle is covered with slate - black feathers , and the underside is mostly white , except for the feathered tarsi , which are striped black . A broad black band across the upper breast separates the gray head from the white belly . The head is pale grey , and is crowned with a double crest . The upper side of the tail is black with three gray bands , while the underside of it is black with three white bands . The iris is gray or brown or red , the cere and bill are black or blackish and the tarsi and toes are yellow . The plumage of males and females are identical . The tarsus is up to 13 cm ( 5.1 in ) long . Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to 9 kg ( 13 to 20 lb ) . One source states that adult females can weigh up to 10 kg ( 22 lb ) . An exceptionally large captive female , `` Jezebel '' , weighed 12.3 kg ( 27 lb ) . Being captive , this large female may not be representative of the weight possible in wild harpy eagles due to differences in the food availability . The male , in comparison , is much smaller and weighs only about 4 to 4.8 kg ( 8.8 to 10.6 lb ) . Harpy eagles are 86.5 -- 107 cm ( 2 ft 10 in -- 3 ft 6 in ) long and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm ( 5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in ) . Among the standard measurements , the wing chord measures 54 -- 63 cm ( 1 ft 9 in -- 2 ft 1 in ) , the tail measures 37 -- 42 cm ( 1 ft 3 in -- 1 ft 5 in ) , the tarsus is 11.4 -- 13 cm ( 4.5 -- 5.1 in ) long , and the exposed culmen from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm ( 1.7 to 2.6 in ) . Upper body of an adult in captivity It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle alongside the Philippine eagle , which is somewhat longer on average , and the Steller 's sea eagle , which is slightly heavier on average . The wingspan of the harpy eagle is relatively small , an adaptation that increases maneuverability in forested habitats and is shared by other raptors in similar habitats . The wingspan of the harpy eagle is surpassed by several large eagles who live in more open habitats , such as those in the Haliaeetus and Aquila genera . The extinct Haast 's eagle was significantly larger than all extant eagles , including the harpy . This species is largely silent away from the nest . There , the adults give a penetrating , weak , melancholy scream , with the incubating males ' call described as `` whispy screaming or wailing '' . The females ' calls while incubating are similar , but are lower - pitched . While approaching the nest with food , the male calls out `` rapid chirps , goose - like calls , and occasional sharp screams '' . Vocalization in both parents decreases as the nestlings age , while the nestlings become more vocal . The nestlings call chi - chi - chi ... chi - chi - chi - chi , seemingly in alarm in response to rain or direct sunlight . When humans approach the nest , the nestlings have been described as uttering croaks , quacks , and whistles . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Rare throughout its range , the harpy eagle is found from Mexico ( almost extinct ) , through Central America and into South America to as far south as Argentina . The eagle is most common in Brazil , where it is found across the entire national territory . With the exception of some areas of Panama , the species is almost extinct in Central America , subsequent to the logging of much of the rainforest there . The harpy eagle inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and may occur within such areas from the canopy to the emergent vegetation . They typically occur below an elevation of 900 m ( 3,000 ft ) , but have been recorded at elevations up to 2,000 m ( 6,600 ft ) . Within the rainforest , they hunt in the canopy or sometimes on the ground , and perch on emergent trees looking for prey . They do not generally occur in disturbed areas , but regularly visit semiopen forest / pasture mosaic , mainly in hunting forays . Harpies , however , can be found flying over forest borders in a variety of habitats , such as cerrados , caatingas , buriti palm stands , cultivated fields , and cities . They have been found in areas where high - grade forestry is practiced . Behavior ( edit ) Feeding ( edit ) Feeding at Zoo Miami , USA The harpy eagle is an actively hunting carnivore and is an apex predator . Adults are near the top of a food chain but are preyed upon by snakes , jaguars and the much smaller ocelot . Its main prey are tree - dwelling mammals and a majority of the diet has been shown to focus on sloths and monkeys . Research conducted by Aguiar - Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a nesting site in Parintins , Amazonas , Brazil , collected remains from prey offered to the nestling by its parents and after sorting them , concluded , in terms of individuals preyed upon , the harpy 's prey basis was composed in 79 % by sloths from two species : Bradypus variegatus amounting to 39 % of the individual prey base , and Choloepus didactylus to 40 % ; various monkeys amounted to 11.6 % of the same prey base . In a similar research venture in Panama , where a couple of captive - bred subadults was released , 52 % of the male 's captures and 54 % of the female 's were of two sloth species ( Bradypus variegatus and Choloepus hoffmanni ) . At one Venezuelan nest , the remains comprised sloths . Monkeys regularly taken can include capuchin monkeys , saki monkeys , howler monkeys , titi monkeys , squirrel monkeys , and spider monkeys . Smaller monkeys , such as tamarins and marmosets , are seemingly ignored as prey by this species . At several nest in Guyana , monkeys made up about 37 % of the prey remains found at the nests . Similarly , cebid monkeys made up 35 % of the remains found at 10 nests in Amazonian Ecuador . Other partially arboreal and even land mammals are also preyed on given the opportunity , including porcupines , squirrels , opossums , anteaters , armadillos , and even relatively large carnivores such as kinkajous , coatis , and tayras . In the Pantanal , a pair of nesting eagles preyed largely on the porcupine ( Coendou prehensilis ) and the agouti ( Dasyprocta azarae ) . The eagle may also attack bird species such as macaws : At the Parintins research site , the red - and - green macaw made up for 0.4 % of the prey base , with other birds amounting to 4.6 % . '' Other parrots have also been preyed on , as well as cracids such as curassows and other birds like seriemas . Additional prey items reported include reptiles such as iguanas , tejus , and snakes . Snakes up to 5 cm ( 2.0 in ) in diameter have been observed to be cut in half , then the pieces are swallowed whole . On occasion , larger prey such as capybaras , peccaries , and deer are taken and they are usually taken to a stump or low branch and partially eaten , since they are too heavy to be carried whole to the nest . Red brocket deer , a species commonly weighing over 30 kg ( 66 lb ) , have been reportedly taken and , in such cases , the eagle may have to tear it into pieces or feed on it at the killing site rather than fly with it , as it would be too heavy . The harpy has been recorded as taking domestic livestock , including chickens , lambs , goats , and young pigs , but this is extremely rare under normal circumstances . They control the population of mesopredators such as capuchin monkeys which prey extensively on bird 's eggs and which ( if not naturally controlled ) may cause local extinctions of sensitive species . Harpy eagle in flight Harpy eagles routinely take prey weighing more than 7 kg ( 15 lb ) . They possess the largest talons of any living eagle . They have been recorded as lifting prey up to equal their own body weight . That allows the birds to snatch a live sloth from tree branches , as well as other huge prey items . Males usually take relatively smaller prey , with a typical range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg ( 1.1 to 5.5 lb ) or about half their own weight . The larger females take larger prey , with a minimum recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg ( 6.0 lb ) . Adult female harpies regularly grab large male howler or spider monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to 9 kg ( 13 to 20 lb ) in flight and fly off without landing , an enormous feat of strength . Prey items taken to the nest by the parents are normally medium - sized , having been recorded from 1 to 4 kg ( 2.2 to 8.8 lb ) . The prey brought to the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg ( 3.3 lb ) , while the prey brought to the nest by females averaged 3.2 kg ( 7.1 lb ) . Sometimes , harpy eagles are `` sit - and - wait '' predators ( common in forest - dwelling raptors ) . In harpies , this consists of perching and watching for long times from a high perch near an opening , a river , or a salt - lick ( where many mammals go to feed for nutrients ) . The more common hunting technique of the species is perch - hunting , which consists of scanning around for prey activity while briefly perched between short flights from tree to tree . When prey is spotted , the eagle quickly dives and grabs the prey . On occasion , they may also hunt by flying within or above the canopy . They have also been observed tail - chasing , a predation style common to hawks that hunt birds , the genus Accipiter . This comprises the eagle pursuing another bird in flight , rapidly dodging among trees and branches . Breeding ( edit ) In ideal habitats , nests would be fairly close together . In some parts of Panama and Guyana , active nests were located 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) away from one another , while they are within 5 km ( 3.1 mi ) of each other in Venezuela . In Peru , the average distance between nests was 7.4 km ( 4.6 mi ) and the average area occupied by each breeding pairs was estimated at 4,300 ha ( 11,000 acres ) . In less ideal areas , with fragmented forest , breeding territories were estimated at 25 km ( 16 mi ) . The female harpy eagle lays two white eggs in a large stick nest , which commonly measures 1.2 m ( 3.9 ft ) deep and 1.5 m ( 4.9 ft ) across and may be used over several years . Nests are located high up in a tree , usually in the main fork , at 16 to 43 m ( 52 to 141 ft ) , depending on the stature of the local trees . The harpy often builds its nest in the crown of the kapok tree , one of the tallest trees in South America . In many South American cultures , it is considered bad luck to cut down the kapok tree , which may help safeguard the habitat of this stately eagle . The bird also uses other huge trees on which to build its nest , such as the Brazil nut tree . A nesting site found in the Brazilian Pantanal was built on a cambará tree ( Vochysia divergens ) . No display is known between pairs of eagles , and they are believed to mate for life . A pair of harpy eagles usually only raises one chick every 2 -- 3 years . After the first chick hatches , the second egg is ignored and normally fails to hatch unless the first egg perishes . The egg is incubated around 56 days . When the chick is 36 days old , it can stand and walk awkwardly . The chick fledges at the age of 6 months , but the parents continue to feed it for another 6 to 10 months . The male captures much of the food for the incubating female and later the eaglet , but also takes an incubating shift while the female forages and also brings prey back to the nest . Breeding maturity is not reached until birds are 4 to 6 years of age . Adults can be aggressive toward humans who disturb the nesting site or appear to be a threat to its young . Status and conservation ( edit ) Subadult , `` Panama '' , in Belize Zoo Although the harpy eagle still occurs over a considerable range , its distribution and populations have dwindled considerably . It is threatened primarily by habitat loss due to the expansion of logging , cattle ranching , agriculture , and prospecting . Secondarily , it is threatened by being hunted as an actual threat to livestock and / or a supposed one to human life , due to its great size . Although not actually known to prey on humans and only rarely on domestic stock , the species ' large size and nearly fearless behavior around humans reportedly make it an `` irresistible target '' for hunters . Such threats apply throughout its range , in large parts of which the bird has become a transient sight only ; in Brazil , it was all but wiped out from the Atlantic rainforest and is only found in appreciable numbers in the most remote parts of the Amazon basin ; a Brazilian journalistic account of the mid-1990s already complained that at the time it was only found in significant numbers in Brazilian territory on the northern side of the Equator . Scientific 1990s records , however , suggest that the harpy Atlantic Forest population may be migratory . Subsequent research in Brazil has established that , as of 2009 , the harpy eagle , outside the Brazilian Amazon , is critically endangered in Espírito Santo , São Paulo and Paraná , endangered in Rio de Janeiro , and probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul ( where there is a recent ( March 2015 ) record for the Parque Estadual do Turvo ) ( 1 ) and Minas Gerais -- the actual size of their total population in Brazil is unknown . Globally , the harpy eagle is considered Near Threatened by IUCN and threatened with extinction by CITES ( appendix I ) . The Peregrine Fund until recently considered it a `` conservation - dependent species '' , meaning it depends on a dedicated effort for captive breeding and release to the wild , as well as habitat protection , to prevent it from reaching endangered status , but now has accepted the Near Threatened status . The harpy eagle is considered critically endangered in Mexico and Central America , where it has been extirpated in most of its former range ; in Mexico , it used to be found as far north as Veracruz , but today probably occurs only in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque . It is considered as Near Threatened or Vulnerable in most of the South American portion of its range ; at the southern extreme of its range , in Argentina , it is found only in the Parana Valley forests at the province of Misiones . It has disappeared from El Salvador , and almost so from Costa Rica . National initiatives ( edit ) Adult at São Paulo Zoo , Brazil Various initiatives for restoration of the species are in place in various countries . Since 2002 , Peregrine Fund initiated a conservation and research program for the harpy eagle in the Darién Provinceboom . A similar -- and grander , given the dimensions of the countries involved -- research project is occurring in Brazil , at the National Institute of Amazonian Research , through which 45 known nesting locations ( updated to 62 , only three outside the Amazonian basin and all three inactive ) are being monitored by researchers and volunteers from local communities . A harpy eagle chick has been fitted with a radio transmitter that allows it to be tracked for more than three years via a satellite signal sent to the Brazilian National Institute for Space Research . Also , a photographic recording of a nest site in the Carajás National Forest was made for the Brazilian edition of National Geographic Magazine . Adult in Belize In Belize , the Belize Harpy Eagle Restoration Project began in 2003 with the collaboration of Sharon Matola , founder and director of the Belize Zoo and the Peregrine Fund . The goal of this project was the re-establishment of the harpy eagle within Belize . The population of the eagle declined as a result of forest fragmentation , shooting , and nest destruction , resulting in near extirpation of the species . Captive - bred harpy eagles were released in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize , chosen for its quality forest habitat and linkages with Guatemala and Mexico . Habitat linkage with Guatemala and Mexico were important for conservation of quality habitat and the harpy eagle on a regional level . As of November 2009 , 14 harpy eagles have been released and are monitored by the Peregrine Fund , through satellite telemetry . In January 2009 , a chick from the all - but - extirpated population in the Brazilian state of Paraná was hatched in captivity at the preserve kept in the vicinity of the Itaipu Dam by the Brazilian / Paraguayan state - owned company Itaipu Binacional . In September 2009 , an adult female , after being kept captive for 12 years in a private reservation , was fitted with a radio transmitter before being restored to the wild in the vicinity of the Pau Brasil National Park ( formerly Monte Pascoal NP ) , in the state of Bahia . In December 2009 , a 15th harpy eagle was released into the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area in Belize . The release was set to tie in with the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 , in Copenhagen . The 15th eagle , nicknamed `` Hope '' by the Peregrine officials in Panama , was the `` poster child '' for forest conservation in Belize , a developing country , and the importance of these activities in relation to climate change . The event received coverage from Belize 's major media entities , and was supported and attended by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize , Vinai Thummalapally , and British High Commissioner to Belize , Pat Ashworth . In Colombia , as of 2007 , an adult male and a subadult female confiscated from wildlife trafficking were restored to the wild and monitored in Paramillo National Park in Córdoba , and another couple was being kept in captivity at a research center for breeding and eventual release . A monitoring effort with the help of volunteers from local Native American communities is also being made in Ecuador , including the joint sponsorship of various Spanish universities -- this effort being similar to another one going on since 1996 in Peru , centered around a native community in the Tambopata Province , Madre de Dios Region . Another monitoring project , begun in 1992 , was operating as of 2005 in the state of Bolívar , Venezuela . Popular culture ( edit ) The harpy eagle is the national bird of Panama and is depicted on the coat of arms of Panama . The 15th harpy eagle released in Belize , named `` Hope '' , was dubbed `` Ambassador for Climate Change '' , in light of the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 . The harpy eagle was the inspiration behind the design of Fawkes the Phoenix in the Harry Potter film series . A live harpy eagle was used to portray the now - extinct Haast 's eagle in BBC 's Monsters We Met . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : BirdLife International . ( 2017 ) . Harpia harpyja . The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi : 10.2305 / IUCN. UK. 2017 - 1. RLTS. T22695998A110872388. en Jump up ^ `` Aves de Rapina BR Gavião - Real ( Harpia harpyja ) '' . avesderapinabrasil.com . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Tingay , Ruth E. ; Katzner , Todd E. ( 23 February 2011 ) . Rt - Eagle Watchers Z . Cornell University Press . pp. 167 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 5814 - 9 . Jump up ^ The illustrated atlas of wildlife . University of California Press . 2009 . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 25785 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` It works ! '' . gaviaoreal.inpa.gov.br . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . Jump up ^ Linnaeus , C ( 1758 ) . Systema naturae per regna tria naturae , secundum classes , ordines , genera , species , cum characteribus , differentiis , synonymis , locis . Tomus I. Editio decima , reformata ( in Latin ) . Holmiae . ( Laurentii Salvii ) . p. 86 . V. occipite subcristato . Jump up ^ Lerner , Heather R.L. ; Mindell , David P. ( November 2005 ) . `` Phylogeny of eagles , Old World vultures , and other Accipitridae based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA '' ( PDF ) . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 37 ( 2 ) : 327 -- 346 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2005.04. 010 . PMID 15925523 . Retrieved 31 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) . Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 89 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33922 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Ferguson - Lees , J. ; Christie , David A. ( 2001 ) . Raptors of the world . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . pp. 717 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 12762 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Howell , Steve N.G. ( 30 March 1995 ) . A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 854012 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Thiollay , J.M. ( 1994 ) . Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) . p. 191 in : del Hoy , J , A. Elliott , & J. Sargatal , eds. ( 1994 ) . Handbook of the Birds of the World . Vol. 2 . New World Vultures to Guineafowl . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona . ISBN 84 - 87334 - 15 - 6 Jump up ^ Trinca , C.T. ; Ferrari , S.F. & Lees , A.C. `` Curiosity killed the bird : arbitrary hunting of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja on an agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian Amazonia '' ( PDF ) . Cotinga . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 28 . Jump up ^ Wood , The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats . Sterling Pub Co Inc. ( 1983 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85112 - 235 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , R.J. ( 1984 ) . The Growth and Development of Birds , Wiley , ISBN 0 - 471 - 90345 - 0 Jump up ^ Arent , L.A. ( 2007 ) . Raptors in Captivity . Hancock House , Washington . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88839 - 613 - 6 Jump up ^ Sagip Eagle . Gbgm-umc.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian miscellaneous collections ( 1862 ) . Archive.org . Retrieved on 2013 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Museum of New Zealand ( 1998 ) . Giant eagle ( Aquila moorei ) , Haast 's eagle , or Pouakai . Accessed 4 June 2011 Jump up ^ `` Identification -- Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) -- Neotropical Birds '' . Neotropical.birds.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 13 . ^ Jump up to : Rettig , N. ( 1978 ) . `` Breeding behavior of the Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) '' . Auk. 95 ( 4 ) : 629 -- 643 . JSTOR 4085350 . Jump up ^ `` Gavião - real , uma das maiores aves de rapina do mundo -- Terra Brasil '' . noticias.terra.com.br . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . ^ Jump up to : Weidensaul , Scott ( 2004 ) . The Raptor Almanac : A Comprehensive Guide to Eagles , Hawks , Falcons , and Vultures . New York , New York : Lyons Press . pp. 280 -- 81 . ISBN 1 - 58574 - 170 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Rettig , N. , K. Hayes ( 1995 ) . Remote world of the harpy eagle . National Geographic , 187 ( 2 ) : 40 -- 49 . Jump up ^ Sigrist , Tomas ( 2013 ) Ornitologia Brasileira . Vinhedo : Avis Brasilis . ISBN 978 - 85 - 60120 - 25 - 3 . p. 192 Jump up ^ `` Harpy Eagle Releases in Panama and Belize '' . The Peregrine Fund . Jump up ^ Santos , D.W. ( 2011 ) . WA548962 , Harpia harpyja ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) . Wiki Aves -- A Enciclopédia das Aves do Brasil ... Retrieved August 30 , 2013 ^ Jump up to : Aguiar - Silva , F. Helena ( 2014 ) . `` Food Habits of the Harpy Eagle , a Top Predator from the Amazonian Rainforest Canopy '' . Journal of Raptor Research . 48 ( 1 ) : 24 -- 35 . doi : 10.3356 / JRR - 13 - 00017.1 . Jump up ^ Touchton , Janeene M. ; Yu - Cheng Hsu ; Palleroni , Alberto ( 2002 ) . `` Foraging ecology of reintroduced captive - bred subadult harpy eagles ( Harpia harpiya ) on Barro Colorado Island , Panama '' ( PDF ) . Ornitologia Neotropical . The Neotropical Ornithological Society . 13 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Izor , R.J. ( 1985 ) . `` Sloths and other mammalian prey of the Harpy Eagle '' . pp. 343 -- 346 in G.G. Montgomery ( ed . ) , The evolution and ecology of armadillos , sloths , and vermilinguas . Smithsonian Institution , Washington , D.C. Jump up ^ Muñiz - López , R. , O. Criollo , and A. Mendúa. ( 2007 ) . Results of five years of the `` Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) Research Program '' in the Ecuadorian tropical forest . pp. 23 -- 32 in K. L Bildstein , D.R. Barber , and A. Zimmerman ( eds . ) , Neotropical raptors . Hawk Mountain Sanctuary , Orwigsburg , PA . Jump up ^ Aves de Rapina BR Gavião - Real ( Harpia harpyja ) . Avesderapinabrasil.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Aguiar - Silva ( 2007 ) . `` Dieta do gavião - real Harpia harpyja ( Aves : Accipitridae ) em florestas de terra firme de Parintins , Amazonas , Brasil '' . Thesis ^ Jump up to : Bierregaard , R.O. 1994 . `` Harpy Eagle '' . Page 191 in J. del Hoyo , A. Elliott , and J. Sargatal ( editors ) . Handbook of birds of the world . Volume 2 . Lynx Edicions , Barcelona , Spain . ^ Jump up to : San Diego Zoo 's Animal Bytes : Harpy Eagle . Sandiegozoo.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Capybara . akronzoo.org Jump up ^ Mazama americana ( Red Brocket ) . Iucnredlist.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Shaner , K. 2011 . `` Harpia harpyja '' ( On - line ) , Animal Diversity Web . Accessed August 21 , 2012 Jump up ^ `` Gavião - real '' . Brasil 500 Pássaros ( in Portuguese ) . Eletronorte . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2010 . Retrieved July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Piper , Ross ( 2007 ) , Extraordinary Animals : An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals , Greenwood Press . Jump up ^ Hughes , Holly ( 29 January 2009 ) . Frommer 's 500 Places to See Before They Disappear . John Wiley & Sons . p. 178 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 43162 - 7 . Jump up ^ Harpia ( gavião - real ) . Avesderapinabrasil.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Vaughan , Adam ( July 6 , 2010 ) . `` Monkey - eating eagle divebombs BBC filmmaker as he fits nest - cam '' . guardian.co.uk . Jump up ^ Talia Salanotti , researcher for the Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian Research , cf . O Globo , May the 13th . 2009 ; abridgement available at Maior águia das Américas , gavião - real sofre com destruição das florestas ; on the random killing of harpies in frontier regions , see Cristiano Trapé Trinca , Stephen F. Ferrari and Alexander C. Lees Curiosity killed the bird : arbitrary hunting of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja on an agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian Amazonia . Cotinga 30 ( 2008 ) : 12 -- 15 Jump up ^ `` Senhora dos ares '' , Globo Rural , ISSN 0102 - 6178 , 11 : 129 , July 1996 , pp. 40 and 42 Jump up ^ Alluvion of the Lower Schwalm near Borken . Birdlife.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Where an adult male was observed in August 2005 at the preserve kept by mining corporation Vale do Rio Doce at Linhares : cf . Srbek - Araujo , Ana C. ; Chiarello , Adriano G. ( 2006 ) . `` Registro recente de harpia , Harpia harpyja ( Linnaeus ) ( Aves , Accipitridae ) , na Mata Atlântica da Reserva Natural Vale do Rio Doce , Linhares , Espírito Santo e implicações para a conservação regional da espécie '' . Revista Brasileira de Zoologia. 23 ( 4 ) : 1264 . doi : 10.1590 / S0101 - 81752006000400040 . Jump up ^ Nevertheless , in 2006 , an adult female -- probably during migration -- was seen and photographed at the vicinity of Tapira , in the Minas Gerais cerrado : cf . Oliveira , Adilson Luiz de ; Silva , Robson Silva e ( 2006 ) . `` Registro de Harpia ( Harpia harpyja ) no cerrado de Tapira , Minas Gerais , Brasil '' ( PDF ) . Revista Brasileira de Ornitologia. 14 ( 4 ) : 433 -- 434 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Couto , Clarice . `` Viva a Rainha '' . Globo Rural . 25 ( 288 ) : 65 . Jump up ^ The Misiones Green Corridor . Redyaguarete.org.ar . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ For a map of the species historical and current range , see Fig. 1 in Lerner , Heather R.L. ; Johnson , Jeff A. ; Lindsay , Alec R. ; Kiff , Lloyd F. ; Mindell , David P. ( 2009 ) . Ellegren , Hans , ed . `` It 's not too Late for the Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) : High Levels of Genetic Diversity and Differentiation Can Fuel Conservation Programs '' . PLoS ONE . 4 ( 10 ) : e7336 . Bibcode : 2009PLoSO ... 4.7336 L . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0007336 . PMC 2752114 . PMID 19802391 . Jump up ^ Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja . Globalraptors.org . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Projecto Gavião - real INPA ; Globo Rural , 25 : 288 , page 62 Jump up ^ Rosa , João Marcos ( 2011 - 06 - 22 ) . Mirada alemã : um olhar crítico sobre o seu próprio trabalho . abril.com.br Jump up ^ THE BELIZE HARPY EAGLE RESTORATION PROGRAM ( BHERP ) . belizezoo.org Jump up ^ G1 > Brasil -- NOTÍCIAS -- Ave rara no Brasil nasce no Refúgio Biológico de Itaipu . G1.globo.com . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Revista Globo Rural , 24 : 287 , September 2009 , 20 Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Hope , the Harpy Eagle '' . 7 News Belize. 2009 - 12 - 14 . Jump up ^ Márquez C. , Gast - Harders F. , Vanegas V.H. , Bechard M. ( 2006 ) . Harpia harpyja ( L. , 1758 ) . siac.net.co Jump up ^ `` Sponsorship and Exhibition at ATBC OTS '' ( PDF ) . International Conference Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation and the Organization for Tropical Studies . 23 -- 27 June 2013 , San José , Costa Rica . 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 3 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Piana , Renzo P . `` The Harpy Eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) in the Infierno Native Community '' . inkaways.com Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Programa de conservación del águila arpía . Ecoportal.net ( 2005 - 12 - 15 ) . Retrieved on 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Goldish , Meish ( 2007 ) . Bald Eagles : A Chemical Nightmare . Bearport Publishing Company , Incorporated . p. 29 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59716 - 505 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Raptor Education Soars in Toledo '' . The Belize Zoo and Tropical Education Center . 2013 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` The Importance of Hope , the Harpy Eagle '' . 7 News Belize . December 14 , 2009 . Retrieved 2 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Lederer , Roger J. ( 2007 ) . Amazing Birds : A Treasury of Facts and Trivia about the Avian World . Barron 's Educational Series , Incorporated . p. 106 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7641 - 3593 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Nature -- Haast 's eagle videos , news and facts '' . bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 25 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harpia harpyja . Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Harpy . Harpy eagle Facts and Pictures on AnimalSpot.net Harpy eagle videos , photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection San Diego Zoo info about the harpy eagle Harpy eagle information and photo Photoguide : How to Identify a Harpy Eagle on Perunature Taxon identifiers Wd : Q53745 ADW : Harpia_harpyja ARKive : harpia - harpyja BioLib : 21338 eBird : hareag1 Fossilworks : 137202 GBIF : 2480516 iNaturalist : 5321 ITIS : 560358 IUCN : 22695998 NCBI : 202280 Species+ : 3792 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harpy_eagle&oldid=833116350 '' Categories : IUCN Red List near threatened species Harpiinae Eagles Birds of Central America Native birds of Southern Mexico Birds of Panama Birds of the Amazon Basin Birds of Brazil Birds of Colombia Birds of Venezuela Birds of the Guianas Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Endangered biota of Mexico National symbols of Panama Birds described in 1758 Hidden categories : CS1 Latin - language sources ( la ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with ' species ' microformats Articles containing Portuguese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano עברית Қазақша Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Simple English Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 44 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 19 : 06 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

where does the harpy eagle live in the rainforest

The harpy eagle ( Harpia harpyja ) is a neotropical species of eagle . It is also called the American harpy eagle to distinguish it from the Papuan eagle , which is sometimes known as the New Guinea harpy eagle or Papuan harpy eagle . It is the largest and most powerful raptor found in the rainforest , and among the largest extant species of eagles in the world . It usually inhabits tropical lowland rainforests in the upper ( emergent ) canopy layer . Destruction of its natural habitat has caused it to vanish from many parts of its former range , and it is nearly extirpated in Central America . In Brazil , the harpy eagle is also known as royal - hawk ( in Portuguese : gavião - real ) .

Captain ( ice Hockey ) - wikipedia Captain ( ice Hockey ) Jump to : navigation , search Shane Doan , wearing the `` C '' as captain of the Arizona Coyotes . In ice hockey , the captain is the player designated by his team as the only person authorized to speak with the game officials regarding rule interpretations when he is on the ice . At most levels of play each team must designate one captain and a number of alternate captains ( usually two ) who speak to the officials when the captain is on the bench . The captain wears a `` C '' on his sweater , while the alternate captains wear an `` A '' . Officially the captain has no other responsibility or authority , although he may , depending on the league or individual team , have various informal duties , such as participation in pre-game ceremonies or other events outside the game . As with most team sports that designate captains , the captain is usually a well - respected player and a de facto team leader . Contents ( hide ) 1 Responsibilities and importance 2 Selection 3 Alternate captains 4 Designation on uniform 5 NHL captains 5.1 Records 5.2 Stanley Cup Finals 5.3 Minority captains 5.4 Goaltender captains 6 See also 7 References Responsibilities and importance ( edit ) Captains Nicklas Lidstrom of the Detroit Red Wings ( right ) and Ryan Getzlaf of the Anaheim Ducks ( middle ) talk with a referee . According to International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) and National Hockey League ( NHL ) rules , the only player allowed to speak with referees about rule interpretations is the captain , or , if the captain is not on the ice , an alternate captain . Although the rules do not specify any other distinction between the captain and his teammates , the captain has numerous responsibilities to the team , particularly in North American professional hockey . The captain is a dressing room leader , and also represents the players ' concerns to management . The captain is often considered the primary representative of the team to the public , and sometimes is responsible for organizing the team 's social functions and performing ceremonial on - ice functions , such as award presentations or ceremonial faceoffs . Selection ( edit ) NHL teams need not designate the same player as captain from game to game , though most teams do . For instance , in the 1985 -- 86 , when Boston Bruins captain Terry O'Reilly retired , Ray Bourque and Rick Middleton were named as co-captains of the team . Middleton wore the `` C '' during home games and Bourque for road games during the season 's first half , and the two switched for the second half . This arrangement continued until Middleton retired in 1988 and Bourque became the sole captain . Some teams name two ( such as the Buffalo Sabres during the 2005 -- 06 and 2006 -- 07 NHL seasons ) or three ( such as the Vancouver Canucks during the 1990 -- 91 season ) captains for a season . Some teams rotate captains rather than keep one for an extended period of time ( the Minnesota Wild rotated captaincy every one or two months until the 2009 -- 10 season , when Mikko Koivu was named the first permanent captain since the franchise 's inception ) . During each NHL game , however , only one player can officially be designated as captain . Captains are selected by different means : in some instances , teams have held votes among their players to choose a team captain , while on other occasions , the choice was made by team management . Captains are often chosen due to their seniority in the game and years of service with their current club . However , franchise players -- current or emerging stars -- have also been named captains . Though not required , many captains have previously served as alternate captains of their team . The rules of the IIHF , NHL and Hockey Canada do not permit goaltenders to be designated as on - ice captains , due to the logistical challenge of having the goaltender relay rules discussions between referees and coaches and then return to the crease . The NHL introduced a rule prohibiting the goaltender from being a captain following the 1947 -- 48 season ( see § Goaltender captains below ) . In the NCAA , there is no position - based restriction on the team captain . Alternate captains ( edit ) Luc Robitaille in 2005 : the `` A '' is commonly on the left side of the jersey Teams may designate alternate captains , also often erroneously called `` assistant captains '' . Alternate captains wear the letter `` A '' on their jerseys in the same manner that team captains wear the `` C '' . In the NHL , teams may appoint a captain and up to two alternate captains , or they may appoint three alternate captains and no captain . A team commonly has three alternate captains when the team has not selected a captain , or when the serving captain is injured and misses a game . International and USA amateur rules do not allow this ; they stipulate that `` each team shall appoint a Captain and no more than two Alternate Captains . '' In the Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) , Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) , Western Hockey League ( WHL ) and minor leagues under the jurisdiction of Hockey Canada , teams are allowed to have a captain with up to three alternate captains . If the team chooses to not appoint a captain , they are not permitted to appoint a fourth alternate captain . When the captain is off the ice or unavailable for the game , any alternate captain on the ice is responsible for fulfilling the captain 's official role as liaison to the referees . NHL teams may choose alternate captains from game to game or appoint regular alternate captains for the season . In North America , alternate captains perform many of the same leadership and team building roles as the captain . In the 1969 -- 70 season , the Boston Bruins had three alternate captains ( Johnny Bucyk , Phil Esposito and Ed Westfall ) instead of a captain sporting the `` C . '' However , as Bucyk was the most senior of the alternate captains , he was first one to be presented the Stanley Cup when the team won the championship in 1970 and 1972 . In the NCAA , a team can designate a single alternate captain to assume the role of captain , should the captain be unavailable due to injury or penalty . Designation on uniform ( edit ) See also : Hockey jersey § Design The letter `` C '' or `` A '' is attached to the jersey of the team 's captain and alternate captains ( commonly sewn at higher levels of play , though removable insignia exist so the `` C '' or `` A '' designation can be easily changed ) . The designation is traditionally placed on the left side of the sweater , though the IIHF , NHL and NCAA rules specify only that it must be in a `` conspicuous location on the front '' of the player 's sweater . Two teams in the NHL have sweaters where the positioning of the crest on the front leaves insufficient space on the left for the letter : the Detroit Red Wings , who place the letter on the right side of the home and road jerseys since the 2007 -- 08 season , and the Arizona Coyotes , who moved their captains ' patches to the right side when they updated their uniforms in 2015 - 2016 . NHL captains ( edit ) Main article : List of current NHL captains and alternate captains Records ( edit ) Steve Yzerman served as the captain of the Detroit Red Wings for 20 years ( 1986 -- 87 to 2005 -- 06 ) and 1,303 games during that time , the longest term in the history of the NHL by both years and games . Daniel Alfredsson holds the record as the longest - serving European captain serving for 14 years ( 1999 -- 00 to 2012 -- 13 ) . The Boston Bruins ' Ray Bourque was previously the longest - tenured captain in NHL history from 1985 -- 86 to 1999 -- 00 , being co-captain for the first three seasons . Brian Bellows was the youngest captain in NHL history , serving as the interim captain of the Minnesota North Stars from January 1984 until May 1984 . The youngest permanent NHL captain in history is Connor McDavid , announced as Captain by the Edmonton Oilers on October 5 , 2016 , at the age of 19 years and 266 days . Player is still active as captain of their team . Youngest NHL captains Name Team Birth date Captaincy announced Age at announcement First game as captain Age at first game Type Bellows , Brian Brian Bellows Minnesota North Stars 000000001964 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1964 000000001984 - 01 - 10 - 0000 January 10 , 1984 † 7003707000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 131 days Interim Connor McDavid Edmonton Oilers 000000001997 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 , 1997 000000002016 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2016 7003720500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 266 days October 12 , 2016 7003721200000000000 ♠ 19 years , 273 days Permanent Landeskog , Gabriel Gabriel Landeskog Colorado Avalanche 000000001992 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 , 1992 000000002012 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 2012 7003722500000000000 ♠ 19 years , 286 days January 19 , 2013 7003736200000000000 ♠ 20 years , 57 days Permanent Crosby , Sidney Sidney Crosby Pittsburgh Penguins 000000001987 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 , 1987 000000002007 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 , 2007 7003723700000000000 ♠ 19 years , 297 days 000000002007 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 , 2007 7003736400000000000 ♠ 20 years , 59 days Permanent Lecavalier , Vincent Vincent Lecavalier Tampa Bay Lightning 000000001980 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1980 000000002000 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2000 7003725400000000000 ♠ 19 years , 315 days 000000002000 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2000 7003725400000000000 ♠ 19 years , 315 days Permanent Toews , Jonathan Jonathan Toews Chicago Blackhawks 000000001988 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 , 1988 000000002008 - 07 - 18 - 0000 July 18 , 2008 7003738500000000000 ♠ 20 years , 80 days 000000002008 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 , 2008 7003746900000000000 ♠ 20 years , 164 days Permanent Yzerman , Steve Steve Yzerman Detroit Red Wings 000000001965 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 1965 000000001986 - 10 - 07 - 0000 October 7 , 1986 7003782100000000000 ♠ 21 years , 151 days 000000001986 - 10 - 09 - 0000 October 9 , 1986 7003782300000000000 ♠ 21 years , 153 days Permanent Schoenfeld , Jim Jim Schoenfeld Buffalo Sabres 000000001952 - 09 - 04 - 0000 September 4 , 1952 000000001974 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 , 1974 7003803200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 362 days 000000001974 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 1974 7003807500000000000 ♠ 22 years , 40 days Permanent Table Notes : † An exact date for Brian Bellows ' captaincy has not yet been determined . The previous captain , Craig Hartsburg , was injured on January 3 , 1984 , and Bellows became interim captain shortly thereafter in January 1984 . Stanley Cup finals ( edit ) Charlie Gardiner was the first NHL captain born in Europe to lead his team to a Stanley Cup title ( 1934 ) . Derian Hatcher became the first American - born captain to win the Stanley Cup in 1999 . Daniel Alfredsson was the first European - born and trained captain to lead an NHL team to the Stanley Cup Final ( 2007 ) , while Nicklas Lidstrom was the first captain born and trained in Europe to lead an NHL team to a Stanley Cup title ( 2008 ) , followed by Zdeno Chara ( 2011 ) . Mark Messier was the first NHL player to win the Stanley Cup as captain of two different teams : the Edmonton Oilers in 1990 and the New York Rangers in 1994 . Sidney Crosby became the youngest captain in the NHL to win the Stanley Cup in 2009 at 21 years 10 months . The youngest captain to lead his team to the Stanley Cup in the history of the trophy is Mike Grant of the 1895 Montreal Victorias , who was 21 years and 2 months at the time . Minority captains ( edit ) Dirk Graham became the first NHL captain of African descent when he was named captain of the Chicago Blackhawks in March 1989 . Jarome Iginla , who became captain of the Calgary Flames in 2003 , has been cited by ESPN as the first black captain in NHL history . Goaltender captains ( edit ) In NHL history , there have been seven goaltenders who served as official team captains : John Ross Roach ( Toronto St. Patricks ) : 1924 -- 25 season George Hainsworth ( Montreal Canadiens ) : 1932 -- 33 season Roy Worters ( New York Americans ) : 1932 -- 33 season Alex Connell ( Ottawa Senators ) : 1932 -- 33 season Charlie Gardiner ( Chicago Black Hawks ) : 1933 -- 34 season Bill Durnan ( Montreal Canadiens ) : latter half of 1947 -- 48 season Roberto Luongo ( Vancouver Canucks ) : 2009 - 2010 season The Hockey Hall of Fame displays a picture of Toronto Maple Leafs goaltender Turk Broda wearing the captain 's `` C , '' but he never actually served in that capacity , and he was actually wearing Toronto team Captain Syl Apps ' sweater . Prior to the 1948 -- 49 season , the NHL made a change to the rules , prohibiting goalies from being captains or alternate captains . This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens , who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games , resulting in unscheduled timeouts . This rule is sometimes referred to as the `` Durnan Rule . '' Although the Canucks appointed goaltender Roberto Luongo as its team captain for the 2008 -- 09 and 2009 -- 10 seasons , since he could not be his team 's official captain during games , Willie Mitchell was the on - ice captain , serving as liaison to the officials , and Henrik Sedin and Mattias Öhlund performed ceremonial aspects of the position such as pre-game faceoffs . Japanese goaltender Yutaka Fukufuji is currently designated an alternate captain of an Asia League Ice Hockey team , the Nikkō Ice Bucks . See also ( edit ) Captain ( sports ) List of current AHL captains List of current SHL captains and alternate captains List of Team Canada captains Positions on the hockey rink Forwards : Left wing Centre Right wing Defencemen : Left defenceman Right defenceman Goaltender : Goaltender Power forward Enforcer Grinder Pest Two - way forward Stay - at - home defenceman Captain Head coach Referees and linesmen References ( edit ) Duplacey , James ( 1996 ) . Diamond , Dan , ed . The annotated rules of hockey . Lyons & Burford . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 466 - 6 . Notes ^ Jump up to : `` SI Flashback : Stanley Cup 1997 '' . CNN . ^ Jump up to : International Ice Hockey Federation . `` IIHF Rule Book '' ( PDF ) . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : National Hockey League ( 2007 ) . `` National Hockey League Official Rules '' . Triumph Books . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 25 , 2005 . Retrieved October 20 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Sittler 's longest year , '' Frank Orr , Toronto Star , March 16 , 1980 , p . C3 . ^ Jump up to : National Collegiate Athletic Association ( August 2008 ) . 2008 -- 10 NCAA Men 's and Women 's Ice Hockey Rules and Interpretations . Indianapolis , Indiana : National Collegiate Athletic Association . p. 178 . ISSN 0735 - 9195 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 14 Captain of Team '' . Retrieved September 15 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Ontario Hockey League ( 2009 ) . `` Ontario Hockey League Official Rules 2009 -- 2010 '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 4 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( 2009 ) . `` QMJHL Official Rules '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Western Hockey League ( 2008 ) . `` Western Hockey League Official Rules 2008 -- 2009 '' . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hockey Canada ( 2008 ) . Referee 's Case Book / Rule Combination 2008 -- 2010 ( PDF ) . Hockey Canada . ISBN 978 - 1 - 897355 - 04 - 6 . Retrieved January 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Steve Yzerman '' . NHL.com . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2006 . Retrieved September 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` McDavid 's Dedication To Craft Leads To Captaincy '' . NHL.com . October 5 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Landeskog Named Avalanche Captain '' . The Associated Press via Yahoo Sports . August 15 , 2013 . Retrieved August 20 , 2013 . Last September , he ( Landeskog ) became the youngest captain in league history at 19 years , 286 days , 11 days younger than Sidney Crosby was when he was named captain of the Pittsburgh Penguins in 2007 . Jump up ^ `` CROSBY BECOMES YOUNGEST CAPTAIN IN NHL HISTORY '' . May 31 , 2007 . Archived from the original on June 2 , 2009 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Penguins -- Recap : Pittsburgh @ Carolina -- 10 / 05 / 2007 '' . October 5 , 2007 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Tampa Bay Lightning History 1999 -- 2000 '' . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` NHL.com Game Summary , Game 0888 , Wednesday , March 1 , 2000 , Washington Capitals at Tampa Bay Lightning '' . Retrieved April 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Toews Named 34th Captain In Team History '' ( Press release ) . chicagoblackhawks.com . July 18 , 2008 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Burnside , Scott ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Too young to lead the Blackhawks ? Toews says : Bring it on '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Ziehm , Len ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` 5 things Hawks must do on ice to make changes count '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ ESPN.com ( October 10 , 2008 ) . `` Box Score : Chicago vs. New York Rangers , October 10 , 2008 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 18 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Detroit Free Press ( 2006 ) . `` Captain , My Captain '' . The Captain . Detroit Free Press . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57243 - 935 - 1 . Red Wings coach Jacques Demers named Steve Yzerman team captain on October 7 , 1986 . Jump up ^ 1986 -- 87 Detroit Red Wings season showing their first game played on October 9 , 1986 at the Quebec Nordiques and Steve Yzerman 's career stats showing he played in all 80 games that season . Jump up ^ `` Class of 1996 , Jim Schoenfeld , Buffalo Sabres Defenseman '' . April 15 , 2009 . In September 1974 , at age 22 , Schoenfeld became the NHL 's youngest captain ... Jump up ^ `` 1963 NHL DRAFT PICK , Gerry Meehan '' . April 15 , 2009 . Buffalo Captain : October 1971 to Oct. 14 , 1974 Jump up ^ `` Brian Bellows , 1982 NHL DRAFT PICK '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2008 . Became youngest team captain in Minnesota history as a 19 - year - old when he filled in for injured Craig Hartsburg after Hartsburg was injured on Jan. 10 , 1984 . Bellows continued to wear the `` C '' through the end of 1983 -- 84 season . Jump up ^ `` 1979 draft pick -- Dirk Graham '' . hockeydraftcentral.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Iginla becomes first black captain in NHL history '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ TSN.CA STAFF ( September 30 , 2008 ) . `` CANUCKS NAME GOALTENDER LUONGO AS TEAM CAPTAIN '' . http://www.tsn.ca . Retrieved February 23 , 2009 . The Montreal Canadiens ' Bill Durnan was the last goaltender to serve as captain in the 1947 -- 48 season . Prior to 1948 -- 49 , the NHL passed a rule prohibiting goalies to act as captain or assistants in what could be called the `` Durnan Rule . '' The Canadiens keeper left his crease so much to argue calls that opponents protested saying that Durnan 's actions gave the Canadiens unscheduled timeouts during strategic points in games . External link in publisher = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Next captain of the Canucks is Luongo '' . September 30 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved October 1 , 2008 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Captain_(ice_hockey)&oldid=800741875 '' Categories : Ice hockey people Ice hockey terminology Leadership positions in sports Ice hockey captaincy Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2010 CS1 errors : external links Use mdy dates from May 2017 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Latviešu Русский Slovenščina 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 15 September 2017 , at 11 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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can a goalie be a captain in the nhl

Prior to the 1948 -- 49 season , the NHL made a change to the rules , prohibiting goalies from being captains or alternate captains . This was in response to complaints from opponents of the Montreal Canadiens , who complained that Durnan left his crease to argue with the referee at strategic points during games , resulting in unscheduled timeouts . This rule is sometimes referred to as the `` Durnan Rule . ''

Bear in the Big Blue House - wikipedia Bear in the Big Blue House Bear in the Big Blue House Genre Children 's television series Created by Mitchell Kriegman Developed by The Jim Henson Company Directed by Mitchell Kriegman Dean Gordon Richard A. Fernandes Hugh Martin Jim Martin Lisa Simon Tom Guaddarrama Chuck Vinson Starring Noel MacNeal Peter Linz Tyler Bunch Vicki Eibner Voices of Lynne Thigpen Geoffrey Holder Opening theme `` Welcome to the Blue House '' Bill Obrecht Peter Lurye Ending theme `` Welcome to the Blue House '' ( Instrumental ) Bill Obrecht Peter Lurye Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 118 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) Mitchell Kriegman Brian Henson Alex Rockwell Producer ( s ) Richard A. Fernandes Running time 25 minutes Production company ( s ) Shadow Projects Jim Henson Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Release Original network Playhouse Disney Picture format 4 : 3 480i ( SDTV ) Audio format Dolby Surround Original release October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) -- April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Bear in the Big Blue House is an American children 's television series created by Mitchell Kriegman and produced by Jim Henson Television for Disney Channel 's Playhouse Disney preschool television block . Debuting on October 20 , 1997 , it aired its last episode on April 28 , 2006 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Episodes 3 Characters 3.1 Main 3.2 Supporting 4 Locations 5 Cancellation 6 Songs 7 International airings 8 Awards 9 References 10 External links Plot Bear lives in the Big Blue House with his friends Ojo , Tutter , Treelo , Pip , Pop , and Shadow . He and his friends have many adventures together . Those normally include solving problems , sharing , cooperating with each other , and developing social / life skills . Each episode opens with the welcome song . The other characters in the show then make their appearance , and the theme and plot of the show then comes to place . Throughout the episode , the theme ( ex ; `` sleep '' , `` doctors '' , `` Thanksgiving '' ) is learned about , and a lesson is learned at the end of the episode . Songs and jokes accompany the episode . Bear acts as a caregiver towards Ojo the bear cub , Treelo the lemur , Tutter the mouse , and Pip and Pop , who are two otters . The character `` Shadow '' narrates a segment with shadow puppets in each episode . Most of the segments are in song , while some are simply a short story relating to the episode 's theme . At the end of the program , Bear sings the goodbye song with Luna , the moon . Episodes Main article : List of Bear in the Big Blue House episodes Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 26 October 20 , 1997 ( 1997 - 10 - 20 ) November 24 , 1997 ( 1997 - 11 - 24 ) 39 January 6 , 1998 ( 1998 - 01 - 06 ) February 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 02 - 01 ) 26 July 1 , 1999 ( 1999 - 07 - 01 ) December 7 , 1999 ( 1999 - 12 - 07 ) Surprise Party September 3 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 03 ) 18 September 9 , 2002 ( 2002 - 09 - 09 ) November 3 , 2003 ( 2003 - 11 - 03 ) 5 8 April 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 21 ) April 28 , 2006 ( 2006 - 04 - 28 ) Characters Main Bear ( performed by Noel MacNeal ) -- The protagonist of the series , he is a large bear who is very kind and lovable . He is tall and has light brown fur . Bear acts a caregiver to Pip , Pop , Ojo , Treelo and Tutter . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Tutter ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A small light blue mouse who loves cheese . He lives in a mousehole in the kitchen of Bear 's house . He is considered the show 's breakout character . He was designed and built by Paul Andrejco . Pip and Pop ( performed by Peter Linz and Tyler Bunch ) -- Two purple otter twins who live in the otter pond by the Big Blue House . They were designed by Paul Andrejco . Ojo ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A curious red bear cub who has a wild imagination and is good friends with Treelo . She was designed and built by Paul Andrejco . Treelo ( performed by Tyler Bunch ) -- A white , blue , and green lemur who is playful , loves to dance , always active and good friends with Ojo . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Shadow ( performed by Peter Linz , voiced by Tara Mooney ) -- A shadow girl who is always laughing , telling stories , and sneaking up on Bear . Luna the Moon ( operated by Peter Linz , voiced by Lynne Thigpen ) -- A talking moon . At the end of every episode Bear walks out onto the balcony and discusses the episode 's theme with her and sings `` The Goodbye Song '' with her at the end while a montage of the day 's events play . She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Ed Christie . `` Luna '' means `` moon '' in Italian and Spanish . Ray the Sun ( operated by Peter Linz , voiced by Geoffrey Holder ) -- A talking sun who would often rise ( or set ) at the beginning of some episodes , starting from Season Two . He will also occasionally tell Bear what the weather will be like throughout the day . Sometimes , he also sings the `` Good Morning song '' . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Supporting Grandma Flutter ( performed by Alice Dinnean in 1997 -- 1998 , Vicki Eibner from 1998 -- 2003 ) -- Tutter 's grandmother who has a dance called `` The Grandma Mambo '' . She has a granddaughter named Baby Blotter . She was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Michael Schupbach and Kip Rathke . Cousin Whiner ( performed by Victor Yerrid ) -- One of Tutter 's cousins . Uncle `` Jet Set Tutter '' ( performed by Tim Lagasse ) -- Tutter 's uncle . Doc Hogg ( performed by Tyler Bunch ) -- A pig who is the local physician . He was designed by Paul Andrejco and built by Eric Englehardt . Benny the Bat ( performed by James Kroupa ) -- A fruit bat living in the attic of the house . He is a recycled version of Leah the Fruit Bat from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Jeremiah Tortoise ( performed by James Kroupa ) -- An elderly tortoise living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled and hair - added version of Penelope the Yellow - Footed Tortoise from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Lois ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A Blue - footed booby living in Woodland Valley . She usually mishears things that her friends are saying . She is a recycled version of Milton the Blue - footed Booby from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show . '' Annette ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- An armadillo who runs the Woodland Valley Cinema and is very shy . She is a recycled version of Dooley the Armadillo from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Henrietta Vanderpreen ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- An ostrich who is the editor of Woodland House Wonderful , a magazine of interest to residents of Woodland Valley . She is a recycled version of Lydia the Ostrich from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Skippy - A blind red squirrel living in Woodland Valley that wears sunglasses and uses a cane . He is good friends with Treelo . He is a recycled version of Gabe the Squirrel from `` Telling Stories with Tomie dePaola '' . Big Old Bullfrog ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A bullfrog living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled version of Bufo the Toad from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Jacques the Beaver ( performed by Peter Linz ) -- A French beaver living in Woodland Valley . He is a recycled version of Morton the Beaver from `` Jim Henson 's Animal Show '' . Miss Maxwell ( performed by Jennifer Barnhart ) -- A mouse who is a teacher at the Mouse School . Rita Mouse ( performed by Anney McKilligan ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . She needs some help with painting but is very good at soccer . Keisha ( performed by Vicki Eibner ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . Moss ( performed by Noel MacNeal ) -- A mouse who attends Mouse School with Tutter . Cousin Titter ( performed by Sean Choi ) Harry the Duck ( performed by Eric Jacobson ) -- A duck who has been seen several times through the show who addresses bear as `` Mister Bear '' and quacks repeatedly when he is upset . He was designed by Paul Andrejco . Otto and Etta Otter ( performed by James Kroupa and Vicki Eibner ) -- Pip and Pop 's grandparents who run the Woodland Valley Library . Ursa ( performed by Carmen Osbahr ) -- Bear 's old friend from Mexico that appeared twice in `` And to All a Good Night '' and `` You Never Know . '' Several of these characters appeared in a music video for the We Are Family Foundation . Bear also appeared as a celebrity in the 2002 revival of The Hollywood Squares ; he notably appeared in Whoopi Goldberg 's final episode . Locations Woodland Valley -- Woodland Valley is the area / village in which events on the show are situated . The Big Blue House is the main landmark , but there is also a general store , post office , mall , library , movie theater , mouse school , and many other locations . Many of these are not seen ( or not seen in much detail ) until the fourth season . In `` History , Herstory , Bearstory , '' Jeremiah Tortoise reveals that his grandfather Hepahestus Tortoise was the town 's first settler . He initially decided to call it Who 'd Have Thought I Would Land in This Valley Valley , but decided it was too long and changed it to Would Land Valley . Jeremiah says he 's been trying to get the official spelling changed for years . Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley . The Big Blue House -- The Big Blue House is where most of the main action of the series Bear in the Big Blue House takes place . Located in Woodland Valley , it looks somewhat small from the outside , but large and roomy on the inside . Bear lives here and runs a sort of daycare / group - home . Tutter has his mousehole in the house , while most of the other young characters only spend the day here . The Big Blue House is often described as warm and cozy . The Big Blue House has five rooms . The kitchen and the living room are downstairs . Bear has his very own swing where he sometimes sits and reads in the living room . Tutter 's mousehole is in the kitchen . The front - door , where Bear greets the viewers at the beginning of each episode , is also downstairs . Upstairs are the bathroom and Bear 's bedroom . Finally , Bear stores various items in the attic . There 's also a landing there where Bear visits each night to talk with his friend Luna , the moon . Bear once gave the following directions on how to reach the Big Blue House : just take the path that leads into the woods , make the right past the big oak , go right , past the pond and then you 're there . Otter Pond -- Pip and Pop often hang out at the Otter Pond . It is also home to Harry the Duck , his mom , and his sister , Hallie . Additionally , various other creatures sometimes hang out at the Otter Pond , including Benny , Christine , and Big Old Bullfrog . The general area of the Otter Pond is filled with plants , including bushes filled with berries . Bear and Ojo visit there to pick berries for triple - berry pie in `` If at First You Do n't Succeed ... '' The Otter Pond was the site of a special nighttime party in `` And to All a Good Night . '' Woodland Valley Library -- The Woodland Valley Library is a place for everyone in Woodland Valley to go for research and resources . It is managed by Otto and Etta Otter . It is located directly in the center of the town . In addition to books , it also offers DVDs , CD - ROMs , Internet access and various other resources . Woodland Valley Library is featured in the two - part `` Welcome to Woodland Valley '' story . A tree falls on the library and the entire community works together to help get it cleaned up . There is damage to the collection and so donations are made . When Ojo discovers two unnamed opossums ( voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and Brad Garrett ) living in the tree that fell , the tree itself is made into a part of the library as the Book Nook . The library is featured in the song , `` Everything 's Great About the Library . '' Harry the Duck wonders what 's so great about the library and so Tutter , Treelo , Pip and Pop sing a song to explain it . They tell him that there 's something for everyone at the library , but the library is a place to read , so you have to keep your voices down ; no disturbing allowed . Woodland Valley Cinema -- The Woodland Valley Cinema is a local movie theater for everyone in Woodland Valley to relax and watch films . Annette is the owner of the movie theater and does all the jobs from box office to ticket taker . The screening room has three rows of seats in the auditorium and a concession stand . The concession stand accepts dollars and cents as payment instead of clams , Woodland Valley 's official currency . Woodland Valley Cinema was first introduced in `` Welcome to Woodland Valley . '' However , in `` Words , Words , Words , '' the Woodland Valley Gazette says the movie theater is named `` Woodland Valley Multiplex . '' Woodland Valley Post Office -- The Woodland Valley Post Office is Woodland Valley 's own facility for posting , receipt , sorting , handling , transmission or delivery of mail . The post office also sells stamps for stamp collections and does clammygrams if asked . Jeremiah Tortoise works there in addition to running his general store . Most of the mail ends up arriving late due to Jeremiah Tortoise , who is slow at delivering the mail . In `` A Strange Bird , '' Bear received a two - week - old postcard from a penguin named Puck from the South Pole and finds out Puck is paying a visit to the Big Blue House today . The store accepts clams , Woodland Valley 's official currency , as payment and it has to be exact change only . Woodland Valley Post Office was first introduced in `` Read My Book '' and was seen more in later episodes . Mouse School -- The Mouse School is a fun place to learn for Tutter and his classmates , including Keisha , Luke , Lily , Rita , and Moss . Learning and other activities are overseen by Miss Maxwell . It 's a one - room schoolhouse , but there 's plenty of places to play and an occasional field trip . Tutter first begins attending Mouse School in the fourth season . He joins the school soccer team , coached by Bear , but considers quitting in `` Show Your Stuff . '' In `` Teacher Appreciation Day , '' Tutter joins with Lily to figure out a way to show Miss Maxwell how much the mice kids all appreciate her . Tutter holds a sleepover for his Mouse School classmates in `` Tutter 's First Big Sleepover Bash . '' Doc Hogg 's Office -- Doc Hogg 's Office is where Doc Hogg treats his patients on Bear in the Big Blue House . Bear , Tutter and Ojo visited the office when Tutter hurt his tail in `` That Healing Feeling . '' The office has a waiting room with toys and books to keep children entertained . Sequoia City -- Sequoia City is a neighboring town of Woodland Valley , and Woodland Valley may be considered a suburb of it . They are known to have a baseball team called the `` Big Bats . '' Sequoia City is the hometown for two radio stations that reach Woodland Valley ; WWTL ( a news and weather station ) and Bear 's favorite music station WCHA - CHA . Sequoia City was one of the locations on a signpost in `` The Great Bandini . '' The other location names on that signpost ( other than the library ) have not been used again , but Sequoia City has been mentioned in other episodes . Bear and the kids of the Big Blue House went on vacation at a nice hotel in Sequoia City in `` This Is Your Life , Bear . '' River City -- River City is a town mentioned on Bear in the Big Blue House . Not much is known about it , but Grandma Flutter was an all - star player for their baseball team : the River City Rodents . Cancellation Bear in the Big Blue House was initially produced from 1997 to 2006 . The voice actress for `` Luna '' the moon was played by Lynne Thigpen , who abruptly died due to a cerebral hemorrhage in 2003 . Thigpen 's death led to a three - year hiatus of Bear in the Big Blue House . A planned film version of Bear was also put on hold . Two years after Thigpen 's death , Tara Mooney , who voiced the character Shadow , in an interview with Ray D'Arcy on Today FM stated : `` The crew 's hearts just were n't in it anymore '' . Thigpen 's friends and family established a non-profit foundation , The Lynne Thigpen - Bobo Lewis Foundation , to help young actors and actresses learn how to survive and succeed in New York theater and to mentor the next generation of Broadway stars . After the hiatus and the spin - off Breakfast with Bear , new episodes returned to the Disney Channel in April 2006 , with the last episode airing on April 28 , 2006 . Thigpen was posthumously nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for voicing Luna the moon in Bear in the Big Blue House , but lost to Jeff Corwin . Songs `` Welcome to the Blue House '' `` What 's That Smell ? '' `` The Bear Cha - Cha - Cha '' `` Dear Grandma '' `` Happy , Happy Birthday '' `` Good Morning '' `` Brush , Brush Bree '' `` Look at You Now '' `` That 's My Name '' `` Everybody Say Ah '' `` Great to Be at Home '' `` Go to Bed , Sleepy Head '' `` Take Time to Smell the Cheese '' `` Clean Up the House '' `` Oops ! I Goofed Again '' `` Quiet Time '' `` Otter Love '' `` Shape of a Bear '' `` Baby , Baby '' `` When You Make Yourself a Friend '' `` Oh , Boy '' You Go , Ojo '' `` Need a Little Help Today '' `` Goodbye Song '' International airings The show was shown throughout the world including in the United Kingdom on five and Playhouse Disney UK , on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Australia and on RTÉ Two in Ireland . Awards Daytime Emmy Awards 2000 -- Outstanding Sound Mixing -- Peter Hefter and John Alberts ( won ) ( Tied with Bill Nye the Science Guy and Honey , I Shrunk the Kids : The TV Show ) 2000 -- Outstanding Directing in a Children 's Series -- Mitchell Kriegman , Richard A. Fernandes and Dean Gordon ( won ) 2003 -- Outstanding Directing in a Children 's Series -- Mitchell Kriegman and Dean Gordon ( won ) Parent 's Choice Gold Award Winner -- 2000 , 2002 Director 's Guild Award -- Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Children 's Programs - `` Episode 225 : Love Is All You Need '' References Jump up ^ Kimball , Trevor ( 8 January 2007 ) . `` Bear in the Big Blue House : Disney Has Big Plans '' . TV Series Finale . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Heffley , Lynne ( 20 October 1997 ) . `` Preschoolers Will Grin and ' Bear ' New Henson Series '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : DefunctTV : The History of Bear in the Big Blue House ( YouTube ) . Defunctland . June 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Grego , Melissa ( 15 May 2000 ) . `` Emmy time for ' Rosie ' & ' Bill Nye ' '' . Variety . Penske Business Media , LLC . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Genes , Lori ; Eggart , Harry ; Sanner , Stacey ; Nedler , Barrie ( 10 May 2003 ) . `` THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF TELEVISION OF ARTS AND SCIENCES PRESENTS THE 30TH ANNUAL DAYTIME EMMY AWARDS IN 42 CATEGORIES '' ( PDF ) . National Television Academy . New York : Emmy Online . Retrieved 3 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 Parents ' Choice Award - Winning Television '' . Parents ' Choice Award. 2000 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Parents ' Choice Award - Winning Television '' . Parents ' Choice Award. 2002 . Retrieved 19 December 2014 . 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what is bear in the big blue house

Bear in the Big Blue House is an American children 's television series created by Mitchell Kriegman and produced by Jim Henson Television for Disney Channel 's Playhouse Disney preschool television block . Debuting on October 20 , 1997 , it aired its last episode on April 28 , 2006 .

Salvadoran cuisine - wikipedia Salvadoran cuisine Jump to : navigation , search The pupusa is a Mesoamerican dish of Salvadoran Mayan origin . The oldest direct evidence of pupusa preparations in the world comes from a 1,400 - year - old Maya site , Joya de Cerén , in El Salvador . Loroco is a Mesoamerican plant widely used in Salvadoran dishes , such as pupusas Izote flower is a Mesoamerican flower widely used in Salvadoran cuisine . It is often mixed with scrambled eggs or lemon . Salvadoran tortillas are a staple of the Salvadoran diet . These are thicker ( 5 mm ) than Mexican tortillas , about 10 cm in diameter . Yuca is eaten fried or boiled with salads , as a side dish or in the yuca frita dish . The oldest direct evidence of cassava cultivation in the world comes from a 1,400 - year - old Maya site , Joya de Cerén , in El Salvador . Salvadorian cuisine is a style of cooking derived from the nation of El Salvador . The traditional cuisine consists of food from Native American cuisine , indigenous Lenca , Maya , Pipil and European Spanish peoples . Many of the dishes are made with maize ( corn ) . El Salvador 's most notable dish is the pupusa , a thick handmade corn flour or rice flour tortilla stuffed with cheese , chicharrón ( cooked pork meat ground to a paste consistency ) , refried beans or loroco ( a vine flower bud native to Central America ) . There are also vegetarian options , often with ayote ( a type of squash ) or garlic . Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed with shrimp or spinach which are served with salsa roja , a simple yet flavorful Salvadoran cooked tomato sauce , often served with curtido . Pollo encebollado is another popular Salvadoran dish that contains chicken simmered with onions . Salvadoran cheeses , queso duro ( hard cheese ) , queso fresco ( fresh cheese ) , and cuajada , are eaten with meals . Two other typical Salvadoran dishes are yuca frita and panes rellenos . Yuca frita is deep fried cassava root served with curtido ( a pickled cabbage , onion and carrot topping ) and chicharron with pepesca ( fried baby sardines ) . The Yuca is sometimes served boiled instead of fried . Panes Rellenos ( `` Stuffed Bread '' ) are warm submarine sandwiches . The turkey or chicken is marinated and then roasted with Pipil spices and hand - pulled . This sandwich is traditionally served with turkey or chicken , tomato , and watercress along with cucumber , cabbage , mayonnaise , . Other well - known Salvadoran dishes include carne guisada ( saucy beef with potatoes and carrots ) , lomo entomatado ( beef with tomatoes ) , carne asada ( grilled steak , usually served with a type of Salvadoran salsa called chimol ) , pasteles de carne ( meat pies ) , pollo guisado con hongos ( chicken with mushrooms ) , pacaya planta ( palm flowers breaded in cornmeal , fried and served with tomato sauce ) , pavo salvadoreño ( roast turkey with sauce , often eaten for Christmas ) , ceviche de camarones ( lime - cooked shrimp ) , and pescado empanizado ( breaded , fried fish fillets ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types of tamales 2 Soups and salads 3 Salpicón de res 4 Panes rellenos 5 Desserts 6 Beverages 6.1 Alcoholic beverages 7 Seafood 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Types of tamales ( edit ) El Salvador is known for different types of tamales , which are usually wrapped in plantain leaves . These tamales include : Tamales de elote ( Fresh corn cakes ) Tamales pisques ( Tamales stuffed with black beans ) Tamales de pollo ( Tamales stuffed with chicken and potatoes ) Ticucos ( `` Travelers '' tamales ) Soups and salads ( edit ) Sopa de pata Soups and salads are popular among Salvadorans of every social level . Sopa de pata is a soup made from the tripe of a cow , plantain , corn , tomatoes , cabbage and spices , locally a delicacy . Sopa de res is a soup made from beef shank , beef bone with meat , carrots , plantain , corn , potatoes , zucchini , and many other ingredients . Gallo en chicha is a soup made with rooster , corn , dulce de tapa , and sometimes other things . Sopa de pescado is a soup made out of fish or seafood with corn flour , tomatoes , green peppers , cumin , achiote and other ingredients , very popularly eaten for the Christian holiday of Good Friday . Sopa de pollo is a chicken stew with tomatoes , green peppers , guisquil , carrots , potatoes , consommé , and other ingredients . Sopa de gallina india is a chicken broth with vegetables . Some people add lorocos and cream . Sopa de frijoles ( Bean soup ) is a red bean soup which is one of the main dishes not lacking in the diet of Salvadorans . Salpicón de res ( edit ) Salpicón is a refreshing salad that is great as a topping for tostadas or wrapped in fresh corn tortillas . It is especially easy to make in large quantities for parties and family gatherings . Panes rellenos ( edit ) Panes rellenos ( stuffed bread ) is a warm chicken or turkey submarine sandwich , similar to a hoagie . The chicken or turkey is marinated and then roasted with Pipil spices and hand - pulled . This sandwich is traditionally served with tomatoes and watercress . Desserts ( edit ) Güisquil filled with melted cheese Alguashte is a seasoning typical of Salvadoran cuisine made from ground pepitas ( pumpkin seeds ) . Alguashte likely has Mayan origins , as pepitas have been consumed in Mesoamerica for several centuries Salvadoran desserts include pan dulce , semita , Salvadoran quesadilla ( a type of cheese - based pastry , similar to the Honduran rosquillo and unrelated to the Mexican quesadilla ) , torta de yema , marquezote , salpores , poleada ( vanilla custard ) , arroz con leche ( rice pudding ) , atol de elote , atol de piña , empanadas de platano ( plantain patties ) , and many others . The dulce de leche of El Salvador has a soft , crumbly texture , with an almost crystallized form . Fruits are widely consumed , the most popular being mangoes , coconuts , papayas , and bananas . Sometimes fruit with ice cream and cinnamon sprinkled on top is served . Beverages ( edit ) Teenagers usually drink cokas ( soft drinks ) like Coca - Cola , while young and old alike drink coffee , El Salvador 's top export . Viejitas , `` little old ladies '' , are biscuits dipped in morning coffee . A very popular soda that originated in El Salvador is Kolachampan , which is a soda with sugar cane flavor . Minutas , shaved ice flavored with fruit flavored syrup , and horchata , a beverage made from rice milk and a mix of spices such as cinnamon , peanut beverage , ajonjolí ( sesame seeds ) and morro , are popular throughout the country and enjoyed on a hot day . Licuados are like the minutas with added fresh fruit and ( sometimes ) milk . Refrescos refer to lemonades or other sweetened fruit drinks . Other drinks include Arrayán , Chuco and Chilate . Another popular beverage is ensalada ( `` salad '' ) , made of pineapple juice with finely chopped fruits , usually apples , marañón , mamey , and watercress . Tamarindo juice is consumed in all of El Salvador . Coconuts are sold at roadside estansas throughout the country . Typically , they are chopped with machetes and a straw is inserted so that the coconut water can be consumed . Adults drink coconut milk , mixed with vodka , as an aperitif . Vinagre de piña is a drink of trimmed pineapples mixed with piloncillo and water and set aside to ferment for a few weeks or even months . Alcoholic beverages ( edit ) The most common alcoholic beverage in El Salvador is beer ( cerveza ) . The most popular brand name is Pilsener ( brand ) . Suprema is considered the premier local brew . Both of these and other popular beers are made by Industrias La Constancia . More recently , Cerveza Cadejo has become increasingly popular in El Salvador . Cadejo is a microbrewery based in San Salvador that was inspired by US microbreweries . The company releases several lines and has become increasingly popular among young adults in El Salvador . The national liquor of El Salvador is Tick Tack , a sugar cane distillate . Tick Tack has similar flavors to Cachaca . Seafood ( edit ) Salvadorans eat a large variety of seafood . Salvadoran Banana and ceviches are made with clams , oysters , fish , shrimp , snails , octopus , squid , and a type of black clam called conchas by locals . Cocktails and ceviches are prepared with a type of tomato and chopped onion sauce or a dark sauce called Salsa Perring , which is a local way of pronouncing Lee & Perrins Worcestershire sauce , and both are sprinkled with lemon juice . Salvadorans also eat fried crabs and lobsters or fried fish with garlic and lemon . Shrimps are also eaten roasted , al ajillo ( aal - aheejo : means in garlic ) , or in butter . There is also a type of seafood soup called mariscada ( maareescaadaa ) , which contains fish , clams , octopus , squid , shrimp , and crab . See also ( edit ) Chicha Chuco Chilate Alguashte Sopa de pata Güisquil References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Cocinando Con Ingrid ( 13 November 2014 ) . `` VIEJITAS PAN SALVADOREÑO - RECETAS RAPIDAS - recetas de El Salvador '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Cadejo Brewing Company - Pagína de Inicio - Acceder al sitio web de Cadejo '' . www.cervezacadejo.com . Jump up ^ Padgitt , Natasha ( 17 June 2013 ) . `` Brewing Local Pride '' . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks Cookbook has a recipe / module on Salvadoran cuisine Eating the Salvadoran way Bibliography of books on El Salvador cooking , from the Library of Congress ( in Spanish ) El Salvador articles History Pre-Columbian history Spanish conquest New Spain Captaincy General ( Guatemalan ) 1811 Independence Movement Federal Republic of Central America World War II History of El Salvador ( 1931 -- 79 ) Salvadoran Civil War ( 1979 -- 1992 ) Geography Biota Cities Earthquakes Islands National parks Rivers Volcanism Water resources Politics Administrative divisions Constitution Court system Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law enforcement Legislative Assembly Military Political parties Presidents Economy Central bank Coffee production Currency Energy Telecommunications Tourism Transport Society Abortion Crime Demographics Regions by HDI Education Gender Inequality Languages Religion Water supply and sanitation Culture Anthem Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Music Public holidays Sport Television Outline Index Category Portal North American cuisine Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands Cuisines Regional African North West list Americas North South list Asian Central South list Caribbean Caucasian European Central Eastern list Global Latin American Mediterranean Middle - 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what are some famous foods in el salvador

El Salvador 's most notable dish is the pupusa , a thick handmade corn flour or rice flour tortilla stuffed with cheese , chicharrón ( cooked pork meat ground to a paste consistency ) , refried beans or loroco ( a vine flower bud native to Central America ) . There are also vegetarian options , often with ayote ( a type of squash ) or garlic . Some adventurous restaurants even offer pupusas stuffed with shrimp or spinach which are served with salsa roja , a simple yet flavorful Salvadoran cooked tomato sauce , often served with curtido . Pollo encebollado is another popular Salvadoran dish that contains chicken simmered with onions . Salvadoran cheeses , queso duro ( hard cheese ) , queso fresco ( fresh cheese ) , and cuajada , are eaten with meals .

Switzerland - wikipedia Switzerland Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sovereign state . For other uses , see Switzerland ( disambiguation ) . `` Swiss '' and `` Swiss Confederation '' redirect here . For other uses , see Swiss ( disambiguation ) and Swiss Confederation ( disambiguation ) . Swiss Confederation Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft ( German ) Confédération suisse ( French ) Confederazione Svizzera ( Italian ) Confederaziun svizra ( Romansh ) Confoederatio Helvetica ( Latin ) Flag Coat of arms Motto : ( traditional ) `` Unus pro omnibus , omnes pro uno '' ( Latin ) `` One for all , all for one '' Anthem : `` Swiss Psalm '' Location of Switzerland ( green ) in Europe ( green & dark grey ) Capital None ( de jure ) Bern ( de facto ) 46 ° 57 ′ N 7 ° 27 ′ E  /  46.950 ° N 7.450 ° E  / 46.950 ; 7.450 Largest city Zürich Official languages German French Italian Romansh Demonym English : Swiss , German : Schweizer ( in ) , French : Suisse ( sse ) , Italian : svizzero / svizzera , or elvetico / elvetica , Romansh : Svizzer / Svizra Government Federal semi-direct democracy under multi-party parliamentary directorial republic Federal Council Alain Berset ( President ) Ueli Maurer ( Vice President ) Doris Leuthard Simonetta Sommaruga Johann Schneider - Ammann Guy Parmelin Ignazio Cassis Federal Chancellor Walter Thurnherr Legislature Federal Assembly Upper house Council of States Lower house National Council History Foundation date c. 1300 ( traditionally 1 August 1291 ) Peace of Westphalia 24 October 1648 Restoration 7 August 1815 Federal state 12 September 1848 Area Total 41,285 km ( 15,940 sq mi ) ( 132nd ) Water ( % ) 4.2 Population 2016 estimate 8,401,120 ( 99th ) 2015 census 8,327,126 Density 202 / km ( 523.2 / sq mi ) ( 63rd ) GDP ( PPP ) 2017 estimate Total $517 billion ( 39th ) Per capita $61,360 ( 9th ) GDP ( nominal ) 2017 estimate Total $681 billion ( 19th ) Per capita $80,837 ( 2nd ) Gini ( 2015 ) 29.5 low 19th HDI ( 2015 ) 0.939 very high 2nd Currency Swiss franc ( CHF ) Time zone CET ( UTC + 1 ) Summer ( DST ) CEST ( UTC + 2 ) Date format dd. mm. yyyy ( AD ) Drives on the right Calling code + 41 Patron saint St Nicholas of Flüe ISO 3166 code CH Internet TLD . ch Website www.admin.ch Switzerland ( / ˈswɪtsərlənd / ) , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central Europe , and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41,285 km ( 15,940 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva . The establishment of the Old Swiss Confederacy dates to the late medieval period , resulting from a series of military successes against Austria and Burgundy . Swiss independence from the Holy Roman Empire was formally recognized in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 . The country has a history of armed neutrality going back to the Reformation ; it has not been in a state of war internationally since 1815 and did not join the United Nations until 2002 . Nevertheless , it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace - building processes around the world . In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross , Switzerland is home to numerous international organisations , including the second largest UN office . On the European level , it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association , but notably not part of the European Union or the European Economic Area . However , it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties . Spanning the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe , Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions : German , French , Italian and Romansh . Although the majority of the population are German speaking , Swiss national identity is rooted in a common historical background , shared values such as federalism and direct democracy , and Alpine symbolism . Due to its linguistic diversity , Switzerland is known by a variety of native names : Schweiz ( ˈʃvaɪts ) ( German ) ; Suisse ( sɥis ( ə ) ) ( French ) ; Svizzera ( ˈzvittsera ) ( Italian ) ; and Svizra ( ˈʒviːtsrɐ ) or ( ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ ) ( Romansh ) . On coins and stamps , Latin ( frequently shortened to `` Helvetia '' ) is used instead of the four living languages . Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world , with the highest nominal wealth per adult and the eighth - highest per capita gross domestic product according to the IMF . Switzerland ranks at or near the top globally in several metrics of national performance , including government transparency , civil liberties , quality of life , economic competitiveness , and human development . Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities in the world in terms of quality of life , with the former ranked second globally , according to Mercer . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Early history 2.2 Old Swiss Confederacy 2.3 Napoleonic era 2.4 Federal state 2.5 Modern history 3 Geography 3.1 Climate 3.2 Environment 4 Politics 4.1 Direct democracy 4.2 Administrative divisions 4.3 Foreign relations and international institutions 4.4 Military 4.5 The capital or Federal City issue 5 Economy and labour law 5.1 Education and science 5.2 Switzerland and the European Union 5.3 Energy , infrastructure and environment 6 Demographics 6.1 Languages 6.2 Health 6.3 Urbanisation 6.3. 1 Largest towns 6.4 Religion 7 Culture 7.1 Literature 7.2 Media 7.3 Sports 7.4 Cuisine 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links Etymology Main article : Name of Switzerland The English name Switzerland is a compound containing Switzer , an obsolete term for the Swiss , which was in use during the 16th to 19th centuries . The English adjective Swiss is a loan from French Suisse , also in use since the 16th century . The name Switzer is from the Alemannic Schwiizer , in origin an inhabitant of Schwyz and its associated territory , one of the Waldstätten cantons which formed the nucleus of the Old Swiss Confederacy . The Swiss began to adopt the name for themselves after the Swabian War of 1499 , used alongside the term for `` Confederates '' , Eidgenossen ( literally : comrades by oath ) , used since the 14th century . The data code for Switzerland , CH , is derived from Latin Confoederatio Helvetica ( English : Helvetic Confederation ) . The toponym Schwyz itself was first attested in 972 , as Old High German Suittes , ultimately perhaps related to swedan ' to burn ' ( cf. Old Norse svíða ' to singe , burn ' ) , referring to the area of forest that was burned and cleared to build . The name was extended to the area dominated by the canton , and after the Swabian War of 1499 gradually came to be used for the entire Confederation . The Swiss German name of the country , Schwiiz , is homophonous to that of the canton and the settlement , but distinguished by the use of the definite article ( d'Schwiiz for the Confederation , but simply Schwyz for the canton and the town ) . The Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica was neologized and introduced gradually after the formation of the federal state in 1848 , harking back to the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic , appearing on coins from 1879 , inscribed on the Federal Palace in 1902 and after 1948 used in the official seal . ( The ISO banking code , `` CHF '' for the Swiss franc , is taken from the state 's Latin name ) . Helvetica is derived from the Helvetii , a Gaulish tribe living on the Swiss plateau before the Roman era . Helvetia appears as a national personification of the Swiss confederacy in the 17th century with a 1672 play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach . History Main article : History of Switzerland Switzerland has existed as a state in its present form since the adoption of the Swiss Federal Constitution in 1848 . The precursors of Switzerland established a protective alliance at the end of the 13th century ( 1291 ) , forming a loose confederation of states which persisted for centuries . Early history Main articles : Early history of Switzerland and Switzerland in the Roman era The oldest traces of hominid existence in Switzerland date back about 150,000 years . The oldest known farming settlements in Switzerland , which were found at Gächlingen , have been dated to around 5300 BC . Founded in 44 BC by Lucius Munatius Plancus , Augusta Raurica was the first Roman settlement on the Rhine and is now among the most important archaeological sites in Switzerland . The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures , named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel . La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC , possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations . One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii . Steadily harassed by the Germanic tribes , in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia , but Julius Caesar 's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte , in today 's eastern France , forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland . In 15 BC , Tiberius , who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother , Drusus , conquered the Alps , integrating them into the Roman Empire . The area occupied by the Helvetii -- the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica -- first became part of Rome 's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province , while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia . Sometime around the start of the Common Era , the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa , now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers , near the town of Windisch , an outskirt of Brugg . The first and second century AD was an age of prosperity for the population living on the Swiss plateau . Several towns , like Aventicum , Iulia Equestris and Augusta Raurica , reached a remarkable size , while hundreds of agricultural estates ( Villae rusticae ) were founded in the countryside . Around 260 AD , the fall of the Agri Decumates territory north of the Rhine transformed today 's Switzerland into a frontier land of the Empire . Repeated raids by the Alamanni tribes provoked the ruin of the Roman towns and economy , forcing the population to find shelter near Roman fortresses , like the Castrum Rauracense near Augusta Raurica . The Empire built another line of defence at the north border ( the so - called Donau - Iller - Rhine - Limes ) , but at the end of the fourth century the increased Germanic pressure forced the Romans to abandon the linear defence concept , and the Swiss plateau was finally open to the settlement of Germanic tribes . In the Early Middle Ages , from the end of the 4th century , the western extent of modern - day Switzerland was part of the territory of the Kings of the Burgundians . The Alemanni settled the Swiss plateau in the 5th century and the valleys of the Alps in the 8th century , forming Alemannia . Modern - day Switzerland was therefore then divided between the kingdoms of Alemannia and Burgundy . The entire region became part of the expanding Frankish Empire in the 6th century , following Clovis I 's victory over the Alemanni at Tolbiac in 504 AD , and later Frankish domination of the Burgundians . Throughout the rest of the 6th , 7th and 8th centuries the Swiss regions continued under Frankish hegemony ( Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties ) . But after its extension under Charlemagne , the Frankish Empire was divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843 . The territories of present - day Switzerland became divided into Middle Francia and East Francia until they were reunified under the Holy Roman Empire around 1000 AD . By 1200 , the Swiss plateau comprised the dominions of the houses of Savoy , Zähringer , Habsburg , and Kyburg . Some regions ( Uri , Schwyz , Unterwalden , later known as Waldstätten ) were accorded the Imperial immediacy to grant the empire direct control over the mountain passes . With the extinction of its male line in 1263 the Kyburg dynasty fell in AD 1264 ; then the Habsburgs under King Rudolph I ( Holy Roman Emperor in 1273 ) laid claim to the Kyburg lands and annexed them extending their territory to the eastern Swiss plateau . Old Swiss Confederacy Main article : Old Swiss Confederacy Further information : Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy , Reformation in Switzerland , and Early Modern Switzerland The 1291 Bundesbrief ( Federal charter ) The Old Swiss Confederacy was an alliance among the valley communities of the central Alps . The Confederacy , governed by nobles of various cantons , facilitated management of common interests and ensured peace on the important mountain trade routes . The Federal Charter of 1291 agreed between the rural communes of Uri , Schwyz , and Unterwalden is considered the confederacy 's founding document , even though similar alliances are likely to have existed decades earlier . The Old Swiss Confederacy from 1291 ( dark green ) to the sixteenth century ( light green ) and its associates ( blue ) . In the other colours are shown the subject territories . By 1353 , the three original cantons had joined with the cantons of Glarus and Zug and the Lucerne , Zürich and Bern city states to form the `` Old Confederacy '' of eight states that existed until the end of the 15th century . The expansion led to increased power and wealth for the confederation . By 1460 , the confederates controlled most of the territory south and west of the Rhine to the Alps and the Jura mountains , particularly after victories against the Habsburgs ( Battle of Sempach , Battle of Näfels ) , over Charles the Bold of Burgundy during the 1470s , and the success of the Swiss mercenaries . The Swiss victory in the Swabian War against the Swabian League of Emperor Maximilian I in 1499 amounted to de facto independence within the Holy Roman Empire . The Old Swiss Confederacy had acquired a reputation of invincibility during these earlier wars , but expansion of the confederation suffered a setback in 1515 with the Swiss defeat in the Battle of Marignano . This ended the so - called `` heroic '' epoch of Swiss history . The success of Zwingli 's Reformation in some cantons led to inter-cantonal religious conflicts in 1529 and 1531 ( Wars of Kappel ) . It was not until more than one hundred years after these internal wars that , in 1648 , under the Peace of Westphalia , European countries recognised Switzerland 's independence from the Holy Roman Empire and its neutrality . During the Early Modern period of Swiss history , the growing authoritarianism of the patriciate families combined with a financial crisis in the wake of the Thirty Years ' War led to the Swiss peasant war of 1653 . In the background to this struggle , the conflict between Catholic and Protestant cantons persisted , erupting in further violence at the First War of Villmergen , in 1656 , and the Toggenburg War ( or Second War of Villmergen ) , in 1712 . Napoleonic era Main articles : Switzerland in the Napoleonic era , Helvetic Republic , and Act of Mediation The Act of Mediation was Napoleon 's attempt at a compromise between the Ancien Régime and a Republic . In 1798 , the revolutionary French government conquered Switzerland and imposed a new unified constitution . This centralised the government of the country , effectively abolishing the cantons : moreover , Mülhausen joined France and Valtellina valley , the Cisalpine Republic , separating from Switzerland . The new regime , known as the Helvetic Republic , was highly unpopular . It had been imposed by a foreign invading army and destroyed centuries of tradition , making Switzerland nothing more than a French satellite state . The fierce French suppression of the Nidwalden Revolt in September 1798 was an example of the oppressive presence of the French Army and the local population 's resistance to the occupation . When war broke out between France and its rivals , Russian and Austrian forces invaded Switzerland . The Swiss refused to fight alongside the French in the name of the Helvetic Republic . In 1803 Napoleon organised a meeting of the leading Swiss politicians from both sides in Paris . The result was the Act of Mediation which largely restored Swiss autonomy and introduced a Confederation of 19 cantons . Henceforth , much of Swiss politics would concern balancing the cantons ' tradition of self - rule with the need for a central government . In 1815 the Congress of Vienna fully re-established Swiss independence and the European powers agreed to permanently recognise Swiss neutrality . Swiss troops still served foreign governments until 1860 when they fought in the Siege of Gaeta . The treaty also allowed Switzerland to increase its territory , with the admission of the cantons of Valais , Neuchâtel and Geneva . Switzerland 's borders have not changed since , except for some minor adjustments . Federal state Main articles : Restoration and Regeneration ( Switzerland ) and Switzerland as a federal state The first Federal Palace in Bern ( 1857 ) . One of the three cantons presiding over the Tagsatzung ( former legislative and executive council ) , Bern was chosen as the federal capital in 1848 , mainly because of its closeness to the French - speaking area . The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary . After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839 , civil war ( the Sonderbundskrieg ) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance ( the Sonderbund ) . The war lasted for less than a month , causing fewer than 100 casualties , most of which were through friendly fire . Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century , it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland . The war convinced most Swiss of the need for unity and strength towards its European neighbours . Swiss people from all strata of society , whether Catholic or Protestant , from the liberal or conservative current , realised that the cantons would profit more if their economic and religious interests were merged . Thus , while the rest of Europe saw revolutionary uprisings , the Swiss drew up a constitution which provided for a federal layout , much of it inspired by the American example . This constitution provided for a central authority while leaving the cantons the right to self - government on local issues . Giving credit to those who favoured the power of the cantons ( the Sonderbund Kantone ) , the national assembly was divided between an upper house ( the Council of States , two representatives per canton ) and a lower house ( the National Council , with representatives elected from across the country ) . Referendums were made mandatory for any amendment of this constitution . This new constitution also brought a legal end to nobility in Switzerland . Inauguration in 1882 of the Gotthard Rail Tunnel connecting the southern canton of Ticino , the longest in the world at the time A system of single weights and measures was introduced and in 1850 the Swiss franc became the Swiss single currency . Article 11 of the constitution forbade sending troops to serve abroad , with the exception of serving the Vatican , though the Swiss were still obliged to serve Francis II of the Two Sicilies with Swiss Guards present at the Siege of Gaeta in 1860 , marking the end of foreign service . An important clause of the constitution was that it could be re-written completely if this was deemed necessary , thus enabling it to evolve as a whole rather than being modified one amendment at a time . This need soon proved itself when the rise in population and the Industrial Revolution that followed led to calls to modify the constitution accordingly . An early draft was rejected by the population in 1872 but modifications led to its acceptance in 1874 . It introduced the facultative referendum for laws at the federal level . It also established federal responsibility for defence , trade , and legal matters . In 1891 , the constitution was revised with unusually strong elements of direct democracy , which remain unique even today . Modern history Main articles : Switzerland during the World Wars and Modern history of Switzerland General Ulrich Wille , Commander - in - Chief of the Swiss Army during World War I Switzerland was not invaded during either of the world wars . During World War I , Switzerland was home to Vladimir Illych Ulyanov ( Vladimir Lenin ) and he remained there until 1917 . Swiss neutrality was seriously questioned by the Grimm -- Hoffmann Affair in 1917 , but it was short - lived . In 1920 , Switzerland joined the League of Nations , which was based in Geneva , on condition that it was exempt from any military requirements . During World War II , detailed invasion plans were drawn up by the Germans , but Switzerland was never attacked . Switzerland was able to remain independent through a combination of military deterrence , concessions to Germany , and good fortune as larger events during the war delayed an invasion . Under General Henri Guisan central command , a general mobilisation of the armed forces was ordered . The Swiss military strategy was changed from one of static defence at the borders to protect the economic heartland , to one of organised long - term attrition and withdrawal to strong , well - stockpiled positions high in the Alps known as the Reduit . Switzerland was an important base for espionage by both sides in the conflict and often mediated communications between the Axis and Allied powers . Switzerland 's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis . Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners . Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942 , leaving Switzerland completely surrounded , with the exception of Liechtenstein , by the Axis . Over the course of the war , Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross , based in Geneva , played an important part during the conflict . Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy , but not until the end of the 20th century . During the war , the Swiss Air Force engaged aircraft of both sides , shooting down 11 intruding Luftwaffe planes in May and June 1940 , then forcing down other intruders after a change of policy following threats from Germany . Over 100 Allied bombers and their crews were interned during the war . Between 1940 and 1945 , Switzerland was bombed by the Allies causing fatalities and property damage . Among the cities and towns bombed were Basel , Brusio , Chiasso , Cornol , Geneva , Koblenz , Niederweningen , Rafz , Renens , Samedan , Schaffhausen , Stein am Rhein , Tägerwilen , Thayngen , Vals , and Zürich . Allied forces explained the bombings , which violated the 96th Article of War , resulted from navigation errors , equipment failure , weather conditions , and errors made by bomber pilots . The Swiss expressed fear and concern that the bombings were intended to put pressure on Switzerland to end economic cooperation and neutrality with Nazi Germany . Court - martial proceedings took place in England and the U.S. Government paid 62,176,433.06 in Swiss francs for reparations of the bombings . After the war , the Swiss government exported credits through the charitable fund known as the Schweizerspende and also donated to the Marshall Plan to help Europe 's recovery , efforts that ultimately benefited the Swiss economy . During the Cold War , Swiss authorities considered the construction of a Swiss nuclear bomb . Leading nuclear physicists at the Federal Institute of Technology Zürich such as Paul Scherrer made this a realistic possibility . In 1988 , the Paul Scherrer Institute was founded in his name to explore the therapeutic uses of neutron scattering technologies . Financial problems with the defence budget and ethical considerations prevented the substantial funds from being allocated , and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968 was seen as a valid alternative . All remaining plans for building nuclear weapons were dropped by 1988 . Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote . Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959 , while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and , after resistance , in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden ( one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde ) in 1990 . After obtaining suffrage at the federal level , women quickly rose in political significance , with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp , who served from 1984 -- 1989 , and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999 . In 2003 , by granting the Swiss People 's Party a second seat in the governing cabinet , the Parliament altered the coalition which had dominated Swiss politics since 1959 . Switzerland joined the Council of Europe in 1963 . In 1979 areas from the canton of Bern attained independence from the Bernese , forming the new canton of Jura . On 18 April 1999 the Swiss population and the cantons voted in favour of a completely revised federal constitution . In 2002 Switzerland became a full member of the United Nations , leaving the Vatican City as the last widely recognised state without full UN membership . Switzerland is a founding member of the EFTA , but is not a member of the European Economic Area . An application for membership in the European Union was sent in May 1992 , but not advanced since the EEA was rejected in December 1992 when Switzerland was the only country to launch a referendum on the EEA . There have since been several referendums on the EU issue ; due to a mixed reaction from the population the membership application has been frozen . Nonetheless , Swiss law is gradually being adjusted to conform with that of the EU , and the government has signed a number of bilateral agreements with the European Union . Switzerland , together with Liechtenstein , has been completely surrounded by the EU since Austria 's entry in 1995 . On 5 June 2005 , Swiss voters agreed by a 55 % majority to join the Schengen treaty , a result that was regarded by EU commentators as a sign of support by Switzerland , a country that is traditionally perceived as independent and reluctant to enter supranational bodies . Geography Main article : Geography of Switzerland Physical map of Switzerland Köppen climate classification types of Switzerland Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west - central Europe , Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres ( 15,940 sq mi ) . The population is about 8 million , resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre ( 500 / sq mi ) . The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half . In the largest Canton of Graubünden , lying entirely in the Alps , population density falls to 27 / km2 ( 70 / sq mi ) . Switzerland lies between latitudes 45 ° and 48 ° N , and longitudes 5 ° and 11 ° E. It contains three basic topographical areas : the Swiss Alps to the south , the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau , and the Jura mountains on the west . The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central - south of the country , comprising about 60 % of the country 's total area . The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau . Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found , totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres ( 410 sq mi ) . From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers , such as the Rhine , Inn , Ticino and Rhône , which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe . The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe , among which are included Lake Geneva ( also called le Lac Léman in French ) , Lake Constance ( known as Bodensee in German ) and Lake Maggiore . Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes , and contains 6 % of Europe 's stock of fresh water . Lakes and glaciers cover about 6 % of the national territory . The largest lake is Lake Geneva , in western Switzerland shared with France . The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva . Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and , like the Lake Geneva , an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany . While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camargue region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands , about 1,000 kilometres ( 620 miles ) apart , both springs are only about 22 kilometres ( 14 miles ) apart from each other in the Swiss Alps . Contrasted landscapes between the regions of the Matterhorn and Lake Lucerne 48 of Switzerland 's mountains are 4,000 metres ( 13,000 ft ) above sea in altitude or higher . At 4,634 m ( 15,203 ft ) , Monte Rosa is the highest , although the Matterhorn ( 4,478 m or 14,692 ft ) is often regarded as the most famous . Both are located within the Pennine Alps in the canton of Valais , on the border with Italy . The section of the Bernese Alps above the deep glacial Lauterbrunnen valley , containing 72 waterfalls , is well known for the Jungfrau ( 4,158 m or 13,642 ft ) Eiger and Mönch , and the many picturesque valleys in the region . In the southeast the long Engadin Valley , encompassing the St. Moritz area in canton of Graubünden , is also well known ; the highest peak in the neighbouring Bernina Alps is Piz Bernina ( 4,049 m or 13,284 ft ) . The more populous northern part of the country , comprising about 30 % of the country 's total area , is called the Swiss Plateau . It has greater open and hilly landscapes , partly forested , partly open pastures , usually with grazing herds , or vegetables and fruit fields , but it is still hilly . There are large lakes found here and the biggest Swiss cities are in this area of the country . Climate The Swiss climate is generally temperate , but can vary greatly between the localities , from glacial conditions on the mountaintops to the often pleasant near Mediterranean climate at Switzerland 's southern tip . There are some valley areas in the southern part of Switzerland where some cold - hardy palm trees are found . Summers tend to be warm and humid at times with periodic rainfall so they are ideal for pastures and grazing . The less humid winters in the mountains may see long intervals of stable conditions for weeks , while the lower lands tend to suffer from inversion , during these periods , thus seeing no sun for weeks . A weather phenomenon known as the föhn ( with an identical effect to the chinook wind ) can occur at all times of the year and is characterised by an unexpectedly warm wind , bringing air of very low relative humidity to the north of the Alps during rainfall periods on the southern face of the Alps . This works both ways across the alps but is more efficient if blowing from the south due to the steeper step for oncoming wind from the south . Valleys running south to north trigger the best effect . The driest conditions persist in all inner alpine valleys that receive less rain because arriving clouds lose a lot of their content while crossing the mountains before reaching these areas . Large alpine areas such as Graubünden remain drier than pre-alpine areas and as in the main valley of the Valais wine grapes are grown there . The wettest conditions persist in the high Alps and in the Ticino canton which has much sun yet heavy bursts of rain from time to time . Precipitation tends to be spread moderately throughout the year with a peak in summer . Autumn is the driest season , winter receives less precipitation than summer , yet the weather patterns in Switzerland are not in a stable climate system and can be variable from year to year with no strict and predictable periods . Contrasted climates between the most glaciated area in western Eurasia ( Aletsch Glacier ) , the cold temperate Jura ( Vallée de Joux ) , the southern canton of Ticino ( Lake Lugano ) , and the western canton of Vaud and its vine terraces ( Lake Geneva ) Environment Switzerland 's ecosystems can be particularly fragile , because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies . The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable , with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes , and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing . The climatic , geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change . Nevertheless , according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index , Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment , due to its high scores on environmental public health , its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy ( hydropower and geothermal energy ) , and its control of greenhouse gas emissions . Politics Main article : Politics of Switzerland The Swiss Federal Council in 2016 with President Johann Schneider - Ammann ( front , centre ) The Federal Constitution adopted in 1848 is the legal foundation of the modern federal state . It is among the oldest constitutions in the world . A new Constitution was adopted in 1999 , but did not introduce notable changes to the federal structure . It outlines basic and political rights of individuals and citizen participation in public affairs , divides the powers between the Confederation and the cantons and defines federal jurisdiction and authority . There are three main governing bodies on the federal level : the bicameral parliament ( legislative ) , the Federal Council ( executive ) and the Federal Court ( judicial ) . The Federal Palace , seat of the Federal Assembly and the Federal Council The Swiss Parliament consists of two houses : the Council of States which has 46 representatives ( two from each canton and one from each half - canton ) who are elected under a system determined by each canton , and the National Council , which consists of 200 members who are elected under a system of proportional representation , depending on the population of each canton . Members of both houses serve for 4 years and only serve as members of parliament part - time ( so - called `` Milizsystem '' or Citizen legislature ) . When both houses are in joint session , they are known collectively as the Federal Assembly . Through referendums , citizens may challenge any law passed by parliament and through initiatives , introduce amendments to the federal constitution , thus making Switzerland a direct democracy . The Federal Council constitutes the federal government , directs the federal administration and serves as collective Head of State . It is a collegial body of seven members , elected for a four - year mandate by the Federal Assembly which also exercises oversight over the Council . The President of the Confederation is elected by the Assembly from among the seven members , traditionally in rotation and for a one - year term ; the President chairs the government and assumes representative functions . However , the president is a primus inter pares with no additional powers , and remains the head of a department within the administration . The Swiss government has been a coalition of the four major political parties since 1959 , each party having a number of seats that roughly reflects its share of electorate and representation in the federal parliament . The classic distribution of 2 CVP / PDC , 2 SPS / PSS , 2 FDP / PRD and 1 SVP / UDC as it stood from 1959 to 2003 was known as the `` magic formula '' . Following the 2015 Federal Council elections , the seven seats in the Federal Council were distributed as follows : 1 seat for the Christian Democratic People 's Party ( CVP / PDC ) , 2 seats for the Free Democratic Party ( FDP / PRD ) , 2 seats for the Social Democratic Party ( SPS / PSS ) , 2 seats for the Swiss People 's Party ( SVP / UDC ) . The function of the Federal Supreme Court is to hear appeals against rulings of cantonal or federal courts . The judges are elected by the Federal Assembly for six - year terms . Direct democracy Main article : Voting in Switzerland The Landsgemeinde is an old form of direct democracy , still in practice in two cantons . Direct democracy and federalism are hallmarks of the Swiss political system . Swiss citizens are subject to three legal jurisdictions : the municipality , canton and federal levels . The 1848 / 1999 federal constitution defines a system of direct democracy ( sometimes called half - direct or representative direct democracy because it is aided by the more commonplace institutions of a representative democracy ) . The instruments of this system at the federal level , known as popular rights ( German : Volksrechte , French : droits populaires , Italian : Diritti popolari ) , include the right to submit a federal initiative and a referendum , both of which may overturn parliamentary decisions . By calling a federal referendum , a group of citizens may challenge a law passed by parliament , if they gather 50,000 signatures against the law within 100 days . If so , a national vote is scheduled where voters decide by a simple majority whether to accept or reject the law . Any 8 cantons together can also call a constitutional referendum on a federal law . Similarly , the federal constitutional initiative allows citizens to put a constitutional amendment to a national vote , if 100,000 voters sign the proposed amendment within 18 months . The Federal Council and the Federal Assembly can supplement the proposed amendment with a counter-proposal , and then voters must indicate a preference on the ballot in case both proposals are accepted . Constitutional amendments , whether introduced by initiative or in parliament , must be accepted by a double majority of the national popular vote and the cantonal popular votes . Administrative divisions Main article : Cantons of Switzerland The Swiss Confederation consists of 20 cantons and 6 half cantons : Canton ID Capital Canton ID Capital Aargau 19 Aarau * Nidwalden 7 Stans * Appenzell Ausserrhoden 15 Herisau * Obwalden 6 Sarnen * Appenzell Innerrhoden 16 Appenzell Schaffhausen 14 Schaffhausen * Basel - Landschaft 13 Liestal Schwyz 5 Schwyz * Basel - Stadt 12 Basel Solothurn 11 Solothurn Bern Bern St. Gallen 17 St. Gallen Fribourg 10 Fribourg Thurgau 20 Frauenfeld Geneva 25 Geneva Ticino 21 Bellinzona Glarus 8 Glarus Uri Altdorf Grisons 18 Chur Valais 23 Sion Jura 26 Delémont Vaud 22 Lausanne Lucerne Lucerne Zug 9 Zug Neuchâtel 24 Neuchâtel Zürich Zürich * These cantons are known as half - cantons and are thus represented by only one councillor ( instead of two ) in the Council of States . The cantons have a permanent constitutional status and , in comparison with the situation in other countries , a high degree of independence . Under the Federal Constitution , all 26 cantons are equal in status . Each canton has its own constitution , and its own parliament , government and courts . However , there are considerable differences between the individual cantons , most particularly in terms of population and geographical area . Their populations vary between 15,000 ( Appenzell Innerrhoden ) and 1,253,500 ( Zürich ) , and their area between 37 km ( 14 sq mi ) ( Basel - Stadt ) and 7,105 km ( 2,743 sq mi ) ( Graubünden ) . The cantons comprise a total of 2,485 municipalities . Within Switzerland there are two enclaves : Büsingen belongs to Germany , Campione d'Italia belongs to Italy . Foreign relations and International institutions Main article : Foreign relations of Switzerland Traditionally , Switzerland avoids alliances that might entail military , political , or direct economic action and has been neutral since the end of its expansion in 1515 . Its policy of neutrality was internationally recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815 . Only in 2002 did Switzerland become a full member of the United Nations and it was the first state to join it by referendum . Switzerland maintains diplomatic relations with almost all countries and historically has served as an intermediary between other states . Switzerland is not a member of the European Union ; the Swiss people have consistently rejected membership since the early 1990s . However , Switzerland does participate in the Schengen Area . The monochromatically reversed Swiss flag became the symbol of the Red Cross Movement , founded in 1863 by Henry Dunant . A large number of international institutions have their seats in Switzerland , in part because of its policy of neutrality . Geneva is the birthplace of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and the Geneva Conventions and , since 2006 , hosts the United Nations Human Rights Council . Even though Switzerland is one of the most recent countries to have joined the United Nations , the Palace of Nations in Geneva is the second biggest centre for the United Nations after New York , and Switzerland was a founding member and home to the League of Nations . Apart from the United Nations headquarters , the Swiss Confederation is host to many UN agencies , like the World Health Organization ( WHO ) , the International Labour Organization ( ILO ) , the International Telecommunication Union ( ITU ) , the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and about 200 other international organisations , including the World Trade Organization and the World Intellectual Property Organization . The annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos bring together top international business and political leaders from Switzerland and foreign countries to discuss important issues facing the world , including health and the environment . Additionally the headquarters of the Bank for International Settlements ( BIS ) are located in Basel since 1930 . Furthermore , many sport federations and organisations are located throughout the country , such as the International Basketball Federation in Geneva , the Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) in Nyon , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) and the International Ice Hockey Federation both in Zürich , the International Cycling Union in Aigle , and the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne . Military Main articles : Swiss Armed Forces and Pontifical Swiss Guard A Swiss Air Force F / A-18 Hornet at Axalp Air Show The Swiss Armed Forces , including the Land Forces and the Air Force , are composed mostly of conscripts , male citizens aged from 20 to 34 ( in special cases up to 50 ) years . Being a landlocked country , Switzerland has no navy ; however , on lakes bordering neighbouring countries , armed military patrol boats are used . Swiss citizens are prohibited from serving in foreign armies , except for the Swiss Guards of the Vatican , or if they are dual citizens of a foreign country and reside there . The structure of the Swiss militia system stipulates that the soldiers keep their Army issued equipment , including all personal weapons , at home . Some organisations and political parties find this practice controversial but mainstream Swiss opinion is in favour of the system . Compulsory military service concerns all male Swiss citizens ; women can serve voluntarily . Men usually receive military conscription orders for training at the age of 18 . About two thirds of the young Swiss are found suited for service ; for those found unsuited , various forms of alternative service exist . Annually , approximately 20,000 persons are trained in recruit centres for a duration from 18 to 21 weeks . The reform `` Army XXI '' was adopted by popular vote in 2003 , it replaced the previous model `` Army 95 '' , reducing the effectives from 400,000 to about 200,000 . Of those , 120,000 are active in periodic Army training and 80,000 are non-training reserves . Swiss built Mowag Eagles of the Land Forces Overall , three general mobilisations have been declared to ensure the integrity and neutrality of Switzerland . The first one was held on the occasion of the Franco - Prussian War of 1870 -- 71 . The second was in response to the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914 . The third mobilisation of the army took place in September 1939 in response to the German attack on Poland ; Henri Guisan was elected as the General - in - Chief . Because of its neutrality policy , the Swiss army does not currently take part in armed conflicts in other countries , but is part of some peacekeeping missions around the world . Since 2000 the armed force department has also maintained the Onyx intelligence gathering system to monitor satellite communications . Following the end of the Cold War there have been a number of attempts to curb military activity or even abolish the armed forces altogether . A notable referendum on the subject , launched by an anti-militarist group , was held on 26 November 1989 . It was defeated with about two thirds of the voters against the proposal . A similar referendum , called for before , but held shortly after the 11 September attacks in the US , was defeated by over 78 % of voters . Gun politics in Switzerland are unique in Europe in that a relatively high percentage ( 29 % ) of citizens are legally armed . The large majority of firearms kept at home are issued by the Swiss army , but ammunition is no longer issued . The capital or Federal city issue Until 1848 the rather loosely coupled Confederation did not know a central political organisation , but representatives , mayors , and Landammänner met several times a year at the capital of the Lieu presiding the Confederal Diet for one year . Until 1500 the legates met most of the time in Lucerne , but also in Zürich , Baden , Bern , Schwyz etc. , but sometimes also at places outside of the confederation , such as Constance . From the Swabian War in 1499 onwards until Reformation , most conferences met in Zurich . Afterwards the town hall at Baden , where the annual accounts of the common people had been held regularly since 1426 , became the most frequent , but not the sole place of assembly . After 1712 Frauenfeld gradually dissolved Baden . From 1526 , the Catholic conferences were held mostly in Lucerne , the Protestant conferences from 1528 mostly in Aarau , the one for the legitimation of the French Ambassador in Solothurn . At the same time the syndicate for the Ennetbirgischen Vogteien located in the present Ticino met from 1513 in Lugano and Locarno . After the Helvetic Republic and during the Mediation from 1803 until 1815 the Confederal Diet of the 19 Lieus met at the capitals of the directoral cantons Fribourg , Berne , Basel , Zurich , Lucerne and Soleure . After the Long Diet from 6 April 1814 to 31 August 1815 took place in Zurich to replace the constitution and the enhancement of the Confedration to 22 cantons by the admission of the cantons of Valais , Neuchâtel and Geneva to full members , the directoral cantons of Lucerne , Zurich and Berne took over the diet in two - year turns . In 1848 , the federal constitution provided that details concerning the federal institutions , such as their locations , should be taken care of by the Federal Assembly ( BV 1848 Art . 108 ) . Thus on 28 November 1848 , the Federal Assembly voted in majority to locate the seat of government in Berne . And , as a prototypical federal compromise , to assign other federal institutions , such as the Federal Polytechnical School ( 1854 , the later ETH ) to Zurich , and other institutions to Lucerne , such as the later SUVA ( 1912 ) and the Federal Insurance Court ( 1917 ) . In 1875 , a law ( RS 112 ) fixed the compensations owed by the city of Bern for the federal seat . According to these living fundamental federalistic feelings further federal institutions were subsequently attributed to Lausanne ( Federal Supreme Court in 1872 , and EPFL in 1969 ) , Bellinzona ( Federal Criminal Court , 2004 ) , and St. Gallen ( Federal Administrative Court and Federal Patent Court , 2012 ) . The 1999 new constitution , however , does not contain anything concerning any Federal City . In 2002 a tripartite committee has been asked by the Swiss Federal Council to prepare the `` creation of a federal law on the status of Bern as a Federal City '' , and to evaluate the positive and negative aspects for the city and the canton of Bern if this status were awarded . After a first report the work of this committee was suspended in 2004 by the Swiss Federal Council , and work on this subject has not resumed since . Thus as of today , no city in Switzerland has the official status either of capital or of Federal City , nevertheless Berne is commonly referred to as `` Federal City '' ( German : Bundesstadt , French : ville fédérale , Italian : città federale ) . Economy and Labour law Main article : Economy of Switzerland See also : Banking in Switzerland , Taxation in Switzerland , and Federal budget of Switzerland The Omega Speedmaster worn on the moon during the Apollo missions . In terms of value , Switzerland is responsible for half of the world production of watches . Switzerland has a stable , prosperous and high - tech economy and enjoys great wealth , being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings . In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms ( with `` wealth '' being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets ) , while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013 . It has the world 's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty - sixth largest by purchasing power parity . It is the twentieth largest exporter , despite its small size . Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010 , while also providing large coverage through public services . The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan . If adjusted for purchasing power parity , Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita , according to the World Bank and IMF ( ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook ) . The World Economic Forum 's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland 's economy as the most competitive in the world , while ranked by the European Union as Europe 's most innovative country . For much of the 20th century , Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin ( by GDP -- per capita ) . In 2007 the gross median household income in Switzerland was an estimated 137,094 USD at Purchasing power parity while the median income was 95,824 USD . Switzerland also has one of the world 's largest account balances as a percentage of GDP . The Greater Zürich Area , home to 1.5 million inhabitants and 150,000 companies , is one of the most important economic centres in the world . Switzerland is home to several large multinational corporations . The largest Swiss companies by revenue are Glencore , Gunvor , Nestlé , Novartis , Hoffmann - La Roche , ABB , Mercuria Energy Group and Adecco . Also , notable are UBS AG , Zurich Financial Services , Credit Suisse , Barry Callebaut , Swiss Re , Tetra Pak , The Swatch Group and Swiss International Air Lines . Switzerland is ranked as having one of the most powerful economies in the world . Switzerland 's most important economic sector is manufacturing . Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals , health and pharmaceutical goods , scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments . The largest exported goods are chemicals ( 34 % of exported goods ) , machines / electronics ( 20.9 % ) , and precision instruments / watches ( 16.9 % ) . Exported services amount to a third of exports . The service sector -- especially banking and insurance , tourism , and international organisations -- is another important industry for Switzerland . Slightly more than 5 million people work in Switzerland ; about 25 % of employees belonged to a trade union in 2004 . Switzerland has a more flexible job market than neighbouring countries and the unemployment rate is very low . The unemployment rate increased from a low of 1.7 % in June 2000 to a peak of 4.4 % in December 2009 . The unemployment rate decreased to 3.2 % in 2014 without further decrease in 2015 and 2016 . Population growth from net immigration is quite high , at 0.52 % of population in 2004 . The foreign citizen population was 21.8 % in 2004 , about the same as in Australia . GDP per hour worked is the world 's 16th highest , at 49.46 international dollars in 2012 . The Engadin Valley . Tourism constitutes an important revenue for the less industrialised alpine regions . Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards ; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries . Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business , currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index . The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonisation with the European Union . According to Credit Suisse , only about 37 % of residents own their own homes , one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe . Housing and food price levels were 171 % and 145 % of the EU - 25 index in 2007 , compared to 113 % and 104 % in Germany . The Swiss Federal budget had a size of 62.8 billion Swiss francs in 2010 , which is an equivalent 11.35 % of the country 's GDP in that year ; however , the regional ( canton ) budgets and the budgets of the municipalities are not counted as part of the federal budget and the total rate of government spending is closer to 33.8 % of GDP . The main sources of income for the federal government are the value - added tax ( 33 % ) and the direct federal tax ( 29 % ) and the main expenditure is located in the areas of social welfare and finance & tax . The expenditures of the Swiss Confederation have been growing from 7 % of GDP in 1960 to 9.7 % in 1990 and to 10.7 % in 2010 . While the sectors social welfare and finance & tax have been growing from 35 % in 1990 to 48.2 % in 2010 , a significant reduction of expenditures has been occurring in the sectors of agriculture and national defence ; from 26.5 % in to 12.4 % ( estimation for the year 2015 ) . Agricultural protectionism -- a rare exception to Switzerland 's free trade policies -- has contributed to high food prices . Product market liberalisation is lagging behind many EU countries according to the OECD . Nevertheless , domestic purchasing power is one of the best in the world . Apart from agriculture , economic and trade barriers between the European Union and Switzerland are minimal and Switzerland has free trade agreements worldwide . Switzerland is a member of the European Free Trade Association ( EFTA ) . Education and Science Main articles : Education in Switzerland and Science and technology in Switzerland Some Swiss scientists who played a key role in their discipline ( clockwise ) : Leonhard Euler ( mathematics ) Louis Agassiz ( glaciology ) Auguste Piccard ( aeronautics ) Albert Einstein ( physics ) Education in Switzerland is very diverse because the constitution of Switzerland delegates the authority for the school system to the cantons . There are both public and private schools , including many private international schools . The minimum age for primary school is about six years in all cantons , but most cantons provide a free `` children 's school '' starting at four or five years old . Primary school continues until grade four , five or six , depending on the school . Traditionally , the first foreign language in school was always one of the other national languages , although recently ( 2000 ) English was introduced first in a few cantons . At the end of primary school ( or at the beginning of secondary school ) , pupils are separated according to their capacities in several ( often three ) sections . The fastest learners are taught advanced classes to be prepared for further studies and the matura , while students who assimilate a little more slowly receive an education more adapted to their needs . The campus of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ( ETHZ ) . There are 12 universities in Switzerland , ten of which are maintained at cantonal level and usually offer a range of non-technical subjects . The first university in Switzerland was founded in 1460 in Basel ( with a faculty of medicine ) and has a tradition of chemical and medical research in Switzerland . The largest university in Switzerland is the University of Zurich with nearly 25,000 students . The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ( ETHZ ) and the University of Zurich are listed 20th and 54th respectively , on the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities . The two institutes sponsored by the federal government are the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich ( ETHZ ) in Zürich , founded 1855 and the EPFL in Lausanne , founded 1969 as such , which was formerly an institute associated with the University of Lausanne . In addition , there are various Universities of Applied Sciences . In business and management studies , the University of St. Gallen , ( HSG ) is ranked 329th in the world according to QS World University Rankings and the International Institute for Management Development ( IMD ) , was ranked first in open programmes worldwide by the Financial Times . Switzerland has the second highest rate ( almost 18 % in 2003 ) of foreign students in tertiary education , after Australia ( slightly over 18 % ) . As might befit a country that plays home to innumerable international organisations , the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies , located in Geneva , is not only continental Europe 's oldest graduate school of international and development studies , but also widely believed to be one of its most prestigious . Many Nobel Prize laureates have been Swiss scientists . They include the world - famous physicist Albert Einstein in the field of physics , who developed his Special relativity while working in Bern . More recently Vladimir Prelog , Heinrich Rohrer , Richard Ernst , Edmond Fischer , Rolf Zinkernagel and Kurt Wüthrich received Nobel Prizes in the sciences . In total , 113 Nobel Prize winners in all fields stand in relation to Switzerland and the Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded nine times to organisations residing in Switzerland . The LHC tunnel . CERN is the world 's largest laboratory and also the birthplace of the World Wide Web . Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world 's largest laboratory , CERN , dedicated to particle physics research . Another important research centre is the Paul Scherrer Institute . Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide ( LSD ) , diazepam ( Valium ) , the scanning tunnelling microscope ( Nobel prize ) and Velcro . Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurised balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world 's oceans . Switzerland Space Agency , the Swiss Space Office , has been involved in various space technologies and programmes . In addition it was one of the 10 founders of the European Space Agency in 1975 and is the seventh largest contributor to the ESA budget . In the private sector , several companies are implicated in the space industry such as Oerlikon Space or Maxon Motors who provide spacecraft structures . Switzerland and the European Union Main article : Switzerland -- European Union relations Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union ( EU ) and European countries through bilateral agreements . In March 2001 , the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU . In recent years , the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways , in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness . The economy grew at 3 % in 2010 , 1.9 % in 2011 , and 1 % in 2012 . Full EU membership is a long - term objective of some in the Swiss government , but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party . The western French - speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU , however , with far from a significant share of the population . The government has established an Integration Office under the Department of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Economic Affairs . To minimise the negative consequences of Switzerland 's isolation from the rest of Europe , Bern and Brussels signed seven bilateral agreements to further liberalise trade ties . These agreements were signed in 1999 and took effect in 2001 . This first series of bilateral agreements included the free movement of persons . A second series covering nine areas was signed in 2004 and has since been ratified , which includes the Schengen Treaty and the Dublin Convention besides others . They continue to discuss further areas for cooperation . In 2006 , Switzerland approved 1 billion francs of supportive investment in the poorer Southern and Central European countries in support of cooperation and positive ties to the EU as a whole . A further referendum will be needed to approve 300 million francs to support Romania and Bulgaria and their recent admission . The Swiss have also been under EU and sometimes international pressure to reduce banking secrecy and to raise tax rates to parity with the EU . Preparatory discussions are being opened in four new areas : opening up the electricity market , participation in the European GNSS project Galileo , cooperating with the European centre for disease prevention and recognising certificates of origin for food products . On 27 November 2008 , the interior and justice ministers of European Union in Brussels announced Switzerland 's accession to the Schengen passport - free zone from 12 December 2008 . The land border checkpoints will remain in place only for goods movements , but should not run controls on people , though people entering the country had their passports checked until 29 March 2009 if they originated from a Schengen nation . On 9 February 2014 , Swiss voters narrowly approved by 50.3 % a ballot initiative launched by the national conservative Swiss People 's Party ( SVP / UDC ) to restrict immigration , and thus reintroducing a quota system on the influx of foreigners . This initiative was mostly backed by rural ( 57.6 % approvals ) and suburban agglomerations ( 51.2 % approvals ) , and isolated towns ( 51.3 % approvals ) of Switzerland as well as by a strong majority ( 69.2 % approval ) in the canton of Ticino , while metropolitan centres ( 58.5 % rejection ) and the French - speaking part ( 58.5 % rejection ) of Switzerland rather rejected it . Some news commentators claim that this proposal de facto contradicts the bilateral agreements on the free movement of persons from these respective countries . In December 2016 , a compromise with the European Union was attained effectively canceling quotas on EU citizens but still allowing for favorable treatment of Swiss - based job applicants . Energy , infrastructure and environment See also : Energy in Switzerland , Transport in Switzerland , Waste management in Switzerland , and Environment of Switzerland Switzerland has the tallest dams in Europe , among which the Mauvoisin Dam , in the Alps . Hydroelectricity is the most important domestic source of energy in the country . Electricity generated in Switzerland is 56 % from hydroelectricity and 39 % from nuclear power , resulting in a nearly CO-free electricity - generating network . On 18 May 2003 , two anti-nuclear initiatives were turned down : Moratorium Plus , aimed at forbidding the building of new nuclear power plants ( 41.6 % supported and 58.4 % opposed ) , and Electricity Without Nuclear ( 33.7 % supported and 66.3 % opposed ) after a previous moratorium expired in 2000 . However , as a reaction to the Fukushima nuclear disaster , the Swiss government announced in 2011 that it plans to end its use of nuclear energy in the next 2 or 3 decades . In November 2016 , Swiss voters rejected a proposal by the Green Party to accelerate the phaseout of nuclear power ( 45.8 % supported and 54.2 % opposed ) . The Swiss Federal Office of Energy ( SFOE ) is the office responsible for all questions relating to energy supply and energy use within the Federal Department of Environment , Transport , Energy and Communications ( DETEC ) . The agency is supporting the 2000 - watt society initiative to cut the nation 's energy use by more than half by the year 2050 . Entrance of the new Lötschberg Base Tunnel , the third - longest railway tunnel in the world , under the old Lötschberg railway line . It is the first completed tunnel of the greater project NRLA . The most dense rail network in Europe of 5,250 kilometres ( 3,260 mi ) carries over 596 million passengers annually ( as of 2015 ) . In 2015 , each Swiss citizen travelled on average 2,550 kilometres ( 1,580 mi ) by rail , which makes them the keenest rail users . Virtually 100 % of the network is electrified . The vast majority ( 60 % ) of the network is operated by the Swiss Federal Railways ( SBB CFF FFS ) . Besides the second largest standard gauge railway company BLS AG two railways companies operating on narrow gauge networks are the Rhaetian Railway ( RhB ) in the southeastern canton of Graubünden , which includes some World Heritage lines , and the Matterhorn Gotthard Bahn ( MGB ) , which co-operates together with RhB the Glacier Express between Zermatt and St. Moritz / Davos . On 31 May 2016 the world 's longest and deepest railway tunnel and the first flat , low - level route through the Alps , the 57.1 - kilometre long ( 35.5 mi ) Gotthard Base Tunnel , opened as the largest part of the New Railway Link through the Alps ( NRLA ) project after 17 years of realization . It starts its daily business for passenger transport on 11 December 2016 replacing the old , mountainous , scenic route over and through the St Gotthard Massif . Switzerland has a publicly managed road network without road tolls that is financed by highway permits as well as vehicle and gasoline taxes . The Swiss autobahn / autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette ( toll sticker ) -- which costs 40 Swiss francs -- for one calendar year in order to use its roadways , for both passenger cars and trucks . The Swiss autobahn / autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km ( 1,018 mi ) ( as of 2000 ) and has , by an area of 41,290 km ( 15,940 sq mi ) , also one of the highest motorway densities in the world . Zürich Airport is Switzerland 's largest international flight gateway , which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012 . The other international airports are Geneva Airport ( 13.9 million passengers in 2012 ) , EuroAirport Basel - Mulhouse - Freiburg which is located in France , Bern Airport , Lugano Airport , St. Gallen - Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport . Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland . Its main hub is Zürich . Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world ; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003 . With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group ( EIG ) . The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world , with 66 % to 96 % of recyclable materials being recycled , depending on the area of the country . The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world . Switzerland developed an efficient system to recycle old newspapers and cardboard materials . Publicly organised collection by volunteers and economical railway transport logistics started as early as 1865 under the leadership of the notable industrialist Hans Caspar Escher ( Escher Wyss AG ) when the first modern Swiss paper manufacturing plant was built in Biberist . Switzerland also has an economic system for garbage disposal , which is based mostly on recycling and energy - producing incinerators due to a lack of space for open pit garbage disposals . As in other European countries , the Illegal disposal of garbage is not tolerated but usually the enforcement of such laws is limited to violations that involve the unlawful disposal of garbage bags at traffic intersections and public areas . In some cities , stickers need to be purchased that allow for identification of disposable garbage . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Switzerland and Swiss people Further information : List of Swiss people Population density in Switzerland ( 2016 ) Percentage of foreigners in Switzerland ( 2016 ) In 2012 , Switzerland 's population slightly exceeded eight million . In common with other developed countries , the Swiss population increased rapidly during the industrial era , quadrupling between 1800 and 1990 . Growth has since stabilised , and like most of Europe , Switzerland faces an ageing population , albeit with consistent annual growth projected into 2035 , due mostly to immigration and a fertility rate close to replacement level . As of 2012 , resident foreigners made up 23.3 % of the population , one of the largest proportions in the developed world . Most of these ( 64 % ) were from European Union or EFTA countries . Italians were the largest single group of foreigners , with 15.6 % of total foreign population , followed closely by Germans ( 15.2 % ) , immigrants from Portugal ( 12.7 % ) , France ( 5.6 % ) , Serbia ( 5.3 % ) , Turkey ( 3.8 % ) , Spain ( 3.7 % ) , and Austria ( 2 % ) . Immigrants from Sri Lanka , most of them former Tamil refugees , were the largest group among people of Asian origin ( 6.3 % ) . Additionally , the figures from 2012 show that 34.7 % of the permanent resident population aged 15 or over in Switzerland ( around 2.33 million ) , had an immigrant background . A third of this population ( 853,000 ) held Swiss citizenship . Four fifths of persons with an immigration background were themselves immigrants ( first generation foreigners and native - born and naturalised Swiss citizens ) , whereas one fifth were born in Switzerland ( second generation foreigners and native - born and naturalised Swiss citizens ) . In the 2000s , domestic and international institutions expressed concern about what was perceived as an increase in xenophobia , particularly in some political campaigns . In reply to one critical report , the Federal Council noted that `` racism unfortunately is present in Switzerland '' , but stated that the high proportion of foreign citizens in the country , as well as the generally unproblematic integration of foreigners `` , underlined Switzerland 's openness . Languages Main article : Linguistic geography of Switzerland Official languages in Switzerland ( 2017 ) : German ( 63.5 % ) French ( 22.5 % ) Italian ( 8.1 % ) Romansh ( 0.5 % ) Switzerland has four official languages : mainly German ( spoken by 63.3 % of the population in 2014 ) ; French ( 22.7 % ) in the west ; and Italian ( 8.1 % ) in the south . The fourth official language , Romansh ( 0.5 % ) , is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden , and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German , French , and Italian , and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh . However , federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh . In 2013 , the languages most spoken at home among permanent residents aged 15 and older were Swiss German ( 60.1 % ) , French ( 23.4 % ) , Standard German ( 10.1 % ) , and Italian ( 8.4 % ) . More than two - fifths ( 42.6 % ) of the permanent resident population indicated speaking more than one language regularly . Other languages spoken at home included English ( 4.6 % ) , Portuguese ( 3.5 % ) , Albanian ( 2.6 % ) , Serbian and Croatian ( 2.5 % ) , Spanish ( 2.2 % ) , and Turkish ( 1.3 % ) . The federal government is obliged to communicate in the official languages , and in the federal parliament simultaneous translation is provided from and into German , French and Italian . Aside from the official forms of their respective languages , the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms . The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically : in the German - speaking regions , Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century , especially in the media , such as radio and television , and are used as an everyday language , while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication ( c.f. diglossic usage of a language ) . Conversely , in the French - speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared ( only 6.3 % of the population of Valais , 3.9 % of Fribourg , and 3.1 % of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century ) , while in the Italian - speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation . The principal official languages ( German , French , and Italian ) have terms , not used outside of Switzerland , known as Helvetisms . German Helvetisms are , roughly speaking , a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German , which do not appear either in Standard German , nor in other German dialects . These include terms from Switzerland 's surrounding language cultures ( German Billett from French ) , from similar term in another language ( Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion ) . The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms , which are equally known as Helvetisms . The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary , phrases , and pronunciation , but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise . Duden , one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German , is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms . Current French dictionaries , such as the Petit Larousse , include several hundred Helvetisms . Learning one of the other national languages at school is compulsory for all Swiss pupils , so many Swiss are supposed to be at least bilingual , especially those belonging to linguistic minority groups . Health Main article : Healthcare in Switzerland Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies , which in turn are required to accept every applicant . While the cost of the system is among the highest , it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes ; patients who are citizens have been reported as being , in general , highly satisfied with it . In 2012 , life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women -- the highest in the world . However , spending on health is particularly high at 11.4 % of GDP ( 2010 ) , on par with Germany and France ( 11.6 % ) and other European countries , but notably less than spending in the USA ( 17.6 % ) . From 1990 , a steady increase can be observed , reflecting the high costs of the services provided . With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies , health spending will likely continue to rise . Urbanisation Main article : Towns of Switzerland Urbanisation in the Rhone Valley ( outskirts of Sion ) Between two thirds and three quarters of the population live in urban areas . Switzerland has gone from a largely rural country to an urban one in just 70 years . Since 1935 urban development has claimed as much of the Swiss landscape as it did during the previous 2,000 years . This urban sprawl does not only affect the plateau but also the Jura and the Alpine foothills and there are growing concerns about land use . However , from the beginning of the 21st century , the population growth in urban areas is higher than in the countryside . Switzerland has a dense network of towns , where large , medium and small towns are complementary . The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence . The weight of the largest metropolitan areas , which are Zürich , Geneva -- Lausanne , Basel and Bern tend to increase . In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests . In addition the two main centres of Zürich and Geneva are recognised for their particularly great quality of life . Largest towns Largest towns in Switzerland Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ) , Neuchâtel , 2016 Rank Name Canton Pop . Rank Name Canton Pop . Zürich Geneva Zürich Zürich 402,762 11 Thun Bern 43,568 Basel Lausanne Geneva Geneva 198,979 12 Köniz Bern 40,938 Basel Basel - Stadt 175,940 13 La Chaux - de-Fonds Neuchâtel 38,965 Lausanne Vaud 137,810 14 Fribourg Fribourg 38,829 5 Bern Bern 133,115 15 Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,148 6 Winterthur Zürich 109,775 16 Vernier Geneva 34,983 7 Lucerne Luzern 81,592 17 Chur Graubünden 34,880 8 St. Gallen St. Gallen 75,481 18 Sion Valais 33,999 9 Lugano Ticino 63,932 19 Uster Zürich 34,319 10 Biel / Bienne Bern 54,456 20 Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 33,772 Religion Main article : Religion in Switzerland Religion ( age 15 + ) in Switzerland -- 2014 Affiliation % of Swiss population Christianity 71.5 71.5 Roman Catholic 38.0 38 Swiss Reformed 26.0 26 Eastern Orthodox 2.2 2.2 Evangelical Protestant 1.7 1.7 Lutheran 1.0 Anglican 0.1 0.1 Old Catholic or other Christian 2.5 2.5 Non-Christian faiths 6.5 6.5 Muslim 5.0 5 Buddhist 0.5 0.5 Hindu 0.5 0.5 Jewish 0.2 0.2 Other non-Christian faith 0.3 0.3 Unaffiliated * 22.0 22 * of whom : 42 % theistic / ietsistic , 32 % atheistic , 25 % agnostic Switzerland has no official state religion , though most of the cantons ( except Geneva and Neuchâtel ) recognise official churches , which are either the Roman Catholic Church or the Swiss Reformed Church . These churches , and in some cantons also the Old Catholic Church and Jewish congregations , are financed by official taxation of adherents . Christianity is the predominant religion of Switzerland ( about 71 % of resident population and 75 % of Swiss citizens ) , divided between the Roman Catholic Church ( 38.21 % of the population ) , the Swiss Reformed Church ( 26.93 % ) , further Protestant churches ( 2.89 % ) and other Christian denominations ( 2.79 % ) . There has been a recent rise in Evangelicalism . Immigration has established Islam ( 4.95 % ) and Eastern Orthodoxy ( around 2 % ) as sizeable minority religions . According to a 2015 poll by Gallup International , 12 % of Swiss people self - identified as `` convinced atheists . '' As of the 2000 census other Christian minority communities included Neo-Pietism ( 0.44 % ) , Pentecostalism ( 0.28 % , mostly incorporated in the Schweizer Pfingstmission ) , Methodism ( 0.13 % ) , the New Apostolic Church ( 0.45 % ) , Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 0.28 % ) , other Protestant denominations ( 0.20 % ) , the Old Catholic Church ( 0.18 % ) , other Christian denominations ( 0.20 % ) . Non-Christian religions are Hinduism ( 0.38 % ) , Buddhism ( 0.29 % ) , Judaism ( 0.25 % ) and others ( 0.11 % ) ; 4.3 % did not make a statement . 21.4 % in 2012 declared themselves as unchurched i.e. not affiliated with any church or other religious body ( Agnostic , Atheist , or just not related to any official religion ) . The country was historically about evenly balanced between Catholic and Protestant , with a complex patchwork of majorities over most of the country . Geneva converted to Protestantism in 1536 , just before John Calvin arrived there . It became known internationally as the Protestant Rome , being base for such reformers as Theodore Beza or William Farel . Zürich became another stronghold around the same time , with Huldrych Zwingli and Heinrich Bullinger , later joined by fleeing Peter Martyr Vermigli , taking the lead there . One canton , Appenzell , was officially divided into Catholic and Protestant sections in 1597 . The larger cities and their cantons ( Bern , Geneva , Lausanne , Zürich and Basel ) used to be predominantly Protestant . Central Switzerland , the Valais , the Ticino , Appenzell Innerrhodes , the Jura , and Fribourg are traditionally Catholic . The Swiss Constitution of 1848 , under the recent impression of the clashes of Catholic vs. Protestant cantons that culminated in the Sonderbundskrieg , consciously defines a consociational state , allowing the peaceful co-existence of Catholics and Protestants . A 1980 initiative calling for the complete separation of church and state was rejected by 78.9 % of the voters . Some traditionally Protestant cantons and cities nowadays have a slight Catholic majority , not because they were growing in members , quite the contrary , but only because since about 1970 a steadily growing minority became not affiliated with any church or other religious body ( 21.4 % in Switzerland , 2012 ) especially in traditionally Protestant regions , such as Basel - City ( 42 % ) , canton of Neuchâtel ( 38 % ) , canton of Geneva ( 35 % ) , canton of Vaud ( 26 % ) , or Zürich city ( city : > 25 % ; canton : 23 % ) . Culture Main article : Culture of Switzerland See also : Music of Switzerland , Swiss folklore , and Alpine culture Alphorn concert in Vals Three of Europe 's major languages are official in Switzerland . Swiss culture is characterised by diversity , which is reflected in a wide range of traditional customs . A region may be in some ways strongly culturally connected to the neighbouring country that shares its language , the country itself being rooted in western European culture . The linguistically isolated Romansh culture in Graubünden in eastern Switzerland constitutes an exception , it survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn and strives to maintain its rare linguistic tradition . Switzerland is home to many notable contributors to literature , art , architecture , music and sciences . In addition the country attracted a number of creative persons during time of unrest or war in Europe . Some 1000 museums are distributed through the country ; the number has more than tripled since 1950 . Among the most important cultural performances held annually are the Paléo Festival , Lucerne Festival , the Montreux Jazz Festival , the Locarno International Film Festival and the Art Basel . Alpine symbolism has played an essential role in shaping the history of the country and the Swiss national identity . Nowadays some concentrated mountain areas have a strong highly energetic ski resort culture in winter , and a hiking ( ger : das Wandern ) or Mountain biking culture in summer . Other areas throughout the year have a recreational culture that caters to tourism , yet the quieter seasons are spring and autumn when there are fewer visitors . A traditional farmer and herder culture also predominates in many areas and small farms are omnipresent outside the cities . Folk art is kept alive in organisations all over the country . In Switzerland it is mostly expressed in music , dance , poetry , wood carving and embroidery . The alphorn , a trumpet - like musical instrument made of wood , has become alongside yodeling and the accordion an epitome of traditional Swiss music . Literature Main article : Literature of Switzerland Jean - Jacques Rousseau was not only a writer but also an influential philosopher of the eighteenth century ( his statue in Geneva ) . As the Confederation , from its foundation in 1291 , was almost exclusively composed of German - speaking regions , the earliest forms of literature are in German . In the 18th century , French became the fashionable language in Bern and elsewhere , while the influence of the French - speaking allies and subject lands was more marked than before . Among the classics of Swiss German literature are Jeremias Gotthelf ( 1797 -- 1854 ) and Gottfried Keller ( 1819 -- 1890 ) . The undisputed giants of 20th century Swiss literature are Max Frisch ( 1911 -- 91 ) and Friedrich Dürrenmatt ( 1921 -- 90 ) , whose repertoire includes Die Physiker ( The Physicists ) and Das Versprechen ( The Pledge ) , released in 2001 as a Hollywood film . Prominent French - speaking writers were Jean - Jacques Rousseau ( 1712 -- 1778 ) and Germaine de Staël ( 1766 -- 1817 ) . More recent authors include Charles Ferdinand Ramuz ( 1878 -- 1947 ) , whose novels describe the lives of peasants and mountain dwellers , set in a harsh environment and Blaise Cendrars ( born Frédéric Sauser , 1887 -- 1961 ) . Also Italian and Romansh - speaking authors contributed but in more modest way given their small number . Probably the most famous Swiss literary creation , Heidi , the story of an orphan girl who lives with her grandfather in the Alps , is one of the most popular children 's books ever and has come to be a symbol of Switzerland . Her creator , Johanna Spyri ( 1827 -- 1901 ) , wrote a number of other books on similar themes . Media Main article : Media of Switzerland The freedom of the press and the right to free expression is guaranteed in the federal constitution of Switzerland . The Swiss News Agency ( SNA ) broadcasts information around - the - clock in three of the four national languages -- on politics , economics , society and culture . The SNA supplies almost all Swiss media and a couple dozen foreign media services with its news . Switzerland has historically boasted the greatest number of newspaper titles published in proportion to its population and size . The most influential newspapers are the German - language Tages - Anzeiger and Neue Zürcher Zeitung NZZ , and the French - language Le Temps , but almost every city has at least one local newspaper . The cultural diversity accounts for a large number of newspapers . The government exerts greater control over broadcast media than print media , especially due to finance and licensing . The Swiss Broadcasting Corporation , whose name was recently changed to SRG SSR , is charged with the production and broadcast of radio and television programmes . SRG SSR studios are distributed throughout the various language regions . Radio content is produced in six central and four regional studios while the television programmes are produced in Geneva , Zürich and Lugano . An extensive cable network also allows most Swiss to access the programmes from neighbouring countries . Sports Main article : Sport in Switzerland Ski area over the glaciers of Saas - Fee Skiing , snowboarding and mountaineering are among the most popular sports in Switzerland , the nature of the country being particularly suited for such activities . Winter sports are practised by the natives and tourists since the second half of the 19th century with the invention of bobsleigh in St. Moritz . The first world ski championships were held in Mürren ( 1931 ) and St. Moritz ( 1934 ) . The latter town hosted the second Winter Olympic Games in 1928 and the fifth edition in 1948 . Among the most successful skiers and world champions are Pirmin Zurbriggen and Didier Cuche . The most prominently watched sports in Switzerland are football , ice hockey , Alpin skiing , `` Schwingen '' , and tennis . The headquarters of the international football 's and ice hockey 's governing bodies , the International Federation of Association Football ( FIFA ) and International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) , are located in Zürich . Actually many other headquarters of international sports federations are located in Switzerland . For example , the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) , IOC 's Olympic Museum and the Court of Arbitration for Sport ( CAS ) are located in Lausanne . Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup , and was the joint host , with Austria , of the UEFA Euro 2008 tournament . The Swiss Super League is the nation 's professional football club league . Europe 's highest football pitch , at 2,000 metres ( 6,600 ft ) above sea level , is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium . Many Swiss also follow ice hockey and support one of the 12 teams of the National League , which is the most attended league in Europe . In 2009 , Switzerland hosted the IIHF World Championship for the 10th time . It also became World Vice-Champion in 2013 . The numerous lakes make Switzerland an attractive place for sailing . The largest , Lake Geneva , is the home of the sailing team Alinghi which was the first European team to win the America 's Cup in 2003 and which successfully defended the title in 2007 . Tennis has become an increasingly popular sport , and Swiss players such as Martina Hingis , Roger Federer , and most recently , Stanislas Wawrinka have won multiple Grand Slams . Roger Federer has won a record 19 Grand Slam singles titles , making him the most successful men 's tennis player ever . Motorsport racecourses and events were banned in Switzerland following the 1955 Le Mans disaster with exception to events such as Hillclimbing . During this period , the country still produced successful racing drivers such as Clay Regazzoni , Sébastien Buemi , Jo Siffert , Dominique Aegerter , successful World Touring Car Championship driver Alain Menu , 2014 24 Hours of Le Mans winner Marcel Fässler and 2015 24 Hours Nürburgring winner Nico Müller . Switzerland also won the A1GP World Cup of Motorsport in 2007 -- 08 with driver Neel Jani . Swiss motorcycle racer Thomas Lüthi won the 2005 MotoGP World Championship in the 125cc category . In June 2007 the Swiss National Council , one house of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland , voted to overturn the ban , however the other house , the Swiss Council of States rejected the change and the ban remains in place . Traditional sports include Swiss wrestling or `` Schwingen '' . It is an old tradition from the rural central cantons and considered the national sport by some . Hornussen is another indigenous Swiss sport , which is like a cross between baseball and golf . Steinstossen is the Swiss variant of stone put , a competition in throwing a heavy stone . Practised only among the alpine population since prehistoric times , it is recorded to have taken place in Basel in the 13th century . It is also central to the Unspunnenfest , first held in 1805 , with its symbol the 83.5 stone named Unspunnenstein . Cuisine Main article : Swiss cuisine Fondue is melted cheese , into which bread is dipped The cuisine of Switzerland is multifaceted . While some dishes such as fondue , raclette or rösti are omnipresent through the country , each region developed its own gastronomy according to the differences of climate and languages . Traditional Swiss cuisine uses ingredients similar to those in other European countries , as well as unique dairy products and cheeses such as Gruyère or Emmental , produced in the valleys of Gruyères and Emmental . The number of fine - dining establishments is high , particularly in western Switzerland . Chocolate has been made in Switzerland since the 18th century but it gained its reputation at the end of the 19th century with the invention of modern techniques such as conching and tempering which enabled its production on a high quality level . Also a breakthrough was the invention of solid milk chocolate in 1875 by Daniel Peter . The Swiss are the world 's largest consumers of chocolate . Due to the popularisation of processed foods at the end of the 19th century , Swiss health food pioneer Maximilian Bircher - Benner created the first nutrition - based therapy in form of the well - known rolled oats cereal dish , called Birchermüesli . The most popular alcoholic drink in Switzerland is wine . Switzerland is notable for the variety of grapes grown because of the large variations in terroirs , with their specific mixes of soil , air , altitude and light . Swiss wine is produced mainly in Valais , Vaud ( Lavaux ) , Geneva and Ticino , with a small majority of white wines . Vineyards have been cultivated in Switzerland since the Roman era , even though certain traces can be found of a more ancient origin . The most widespread varieties are the Chasselas ( called Fendant in Valais ) and Pinot noir . The Merlot is the main variety produced in Ticino . See also Index of Switzerland - related articles Outline of Switzerland Switzerland -- Wikipedia book Notes ^ Jump up to : Bern is referred to as `` federal city '' ( German : Bundesstadt , French : ville fédérale , Italian : città federale ) . Swiss law does not designate a capital as such , but the federal parliament and government are located in Bern , while the federal courts are located in other cities . Jump up ^ The original date of the Rütlischwur was 1307 ( reported by Aegidius Tschudi in the 16th century ) and is just one among several comparable treaties between more or less the same parties during that period . The date of the Federal Charter of 1291 was selected in 1891 for the official celebration of the `` Confederacy 's 600th anniversary '' . Jump up ^ A solemn declaration of the Tagsatzung declared the Federal Constitution adopted on 12 September 1848 . A resolution of the Tagsatzung of 14 September 1848 specified that the powers of the institutions provided for by the 1815 Federal Treaty would expire at the time of the constitution of the Federal Council , which took place on 16 November 1848 . Jump up ^ There are several definitions . See Geography of Switzerland # Western or Central Europe ? . Jump up ^ Swiss Standard German spelling and pronunciation . The Swiss German name is sometimes spelled as Schwyz or Schwiiz ( ˈʃʋiːt͡s ) . Schwyz is also the standard German ( and international ) name of one of the Swiss cantons . Jump up ^ The latter is the common Sursilvan pronunciation . Jump up ^ As shown in this image , the current members of the council are ( as of January 2016 , from left to right ) : Federal Councillor Alain Berset , Federal Councillor Didier Burkhalter , Vice-President Doris Leuthard , President Johann Schneider - Ammann , Federal Councillor Ueli Maurer , Federal Councillor Simonetta Sommaruga , Federal Councillor Guy Parmelin and Federal Chancellor Corina Casanova Jump up ^ Since 1999 , an initiative can also be in the form of a general proposal to be elaborated by Parliament , but because it is considered less attractive for various reasons , this form of initiative has yet to find any use . Jump up ^ That is a majority of 23 cantonal votes , because the result of the popular vote in the six traditional half - cantons each counts as half the vote of one of the other cantons . Jump up ^ In 2008 , the ETH Zürich was ranked 15th in the field Natural Sciences and Mathematics by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities and the EPFL in Lausanne was ranked 18th in the field Engineering / Technology and Computer Sciences by the same ranking . Jump up ^ Nobel prizes in non-science categories included . References ^ Jump up to : Georg Kreis : Federal city in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 20 March 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Holenstein , André ( 2012 ) . `` Die Hauptstadt existiert nicht '' ( PDF ) ( scientific article ) . UniPress -- Forschung und Wissenschaft an der Universität Bern ( in German ) ( 152 : Sonderfall Hauptstatdtregion ) . Berne : Department Communication , University of Berne : 16 -- 19 . doi : 10.7892 / boris. 41280 . Retrieved 7 May 2017 . Als 1848 ein politisch - administratives Zentrum für den neuen Bundesstaat zu bestimmen war , verzichteten die Verfassungsväter darauf , eine Hauptstadt der Schweiz zu bezeichnen und formulierten stattdessen in Artikel 108 : `` Alles , was sich auf den Sitz der Bundesbehörden bezieht , ist Gegenstand der Bundesgesetzgebung . '' Die Bundesstadt ist also nicht mehr und nicht weniger als der Sitz der Bundesbehörden . Jump up ^ Andreas Kley : Federal constitution in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 3 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bevölkerungsbestand am Ende des 2 . Quartals 2016 '' ( Recent monthly and quarterly figures : provisional data ) ( XLS ) ( official statistics ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ) , Swiss Confederation . 6 October 2016 . 1155 - 1500 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Jacqueline Kucera , Athena Krummenacher , eds. ( 22 November 2016 ) . Switzerland 's population 2015 ( PDF ) ( official report ) . Swiss Statistics . Neuchâtel , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office ( FSO ) , Swiss Confederation . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` 5 . Report for Selected Countries and Subjects : Switzerland '' . Washington , DC , U.S. : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 1 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income -- EU - SILC survey '' ( Eurostat Data Explorer ) . Brussels , Belgium : European Commission . 15 November 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Human Development Report '' ( PDF ) . United Nations Development Programme. 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas Fleiner , Alexander Misic , Nicole Töpperwien ( 5 August 2005 ) . Swiss Constitutional Law . Kluwer Law International . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 9041124043 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Prof. Dr. Adrian Vatter ( 2014 ) . Das politische System der Schweiz ( The Political System of Switzerland ) . Studienkurs Politikwissenschaft ( in German ) . Baden - Baden : UTB Verlag . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8252 - 4011 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Zimmer , Oliver ( 12 January 2004 ) ( originally published : October 1998 ) . `` In Search of Natural Identity : Alpine Landscape and the Reconstruction of the Swiss Nation '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . London : Society for Comparative Study of Society and History . 40 ( 4 ) : 637 -- 665 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417598001686 -- via Cambridge Journals . Jump up ^ Josef Lang ( 14 December 2015 ) . `` Die Alpen als Ideologie '' . Tages - Anzeiger ( in German ) . Zürich , Switzerland . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Subir Ghosh ( 9 October 2010 ) . `` US is still by far the richest country , China fastest growing '' . Digital Journal . Canada . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Simon Bowers ( 19 October 2011 ) . `` Franc 's rise puts Swiss top of rich list '' . The Guardian . London , UK . Retrieved 14 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Swiss and German cities dominate ranking of best cities in the world '' . City Mayors . London , UK : Mercer Consulting . 28 April 2009 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ OED Online Etymology Dictionary etymonline.com . Retrieved on 25 June 2009 Jump up ^ Room , Adrian ( 2003 ) Placenames of the World . London : MacFarland and Co. , ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1814 - 1 . Jump up ^ Switzerland , the Catholic Encyclopedia newadvent.org . Retrieved on 26 January 2010 Jump up ^ On Schwyzers , Swiss and Helvetians Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , Federal Department of Home Affairs , admin.ch . Jump up ^ Züritütsch , Schweizerdeutsch ( p. 2 ) Archived 15 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine . schweizerdeutsch.ch . Retrieved on 26 January 2010 Jump up ^ Kanton Schwyz : Kurzer historischer Überblick Archived 15 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine . sz.ch . 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Jump up ^ Swiss border ( `` Les principales rectifications postérieures à 1815 concernent la vallée des Dappes en 1862 ( frontière Vaud - France , env. 7 , 5 km2 ) , la valle di Lei en 1952 ( Grisons - Italie , 0 , 45 km2 ) , l'Ellhorn en 1955 ( colline revendiquée par la Suisse pour des raisons militaires , Grisons - Liechtenstein ) et l'enclave allemande du Verenahof dans le canton de Schaffhouse en 1967 . '' ) in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland ... It should be noticed that in valle di Lei Italy got in exchange a territory of the same area . See here Jump up ^ http://www.diesbach.com/sghcf/n/noblesse.html Jump up ^ Histoire de la Suisse , Éditions Fragnière , Fribourg , Switzerland Jump up ^ Lenin and the Swiss non-revolution swissinfo.ch . 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Handbuch der Schweizer Politik -- Manuel de la politique suisse ( in German and French ) ( 5 ed . ) . Zürich , Switzerland : Verlag Neue Zürcher Zeitung , NZZ libro . ISBN 978 - 3 - 03823 - 866 - 9 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Andreas Gross : Popular rights in German , French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland , 22 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Kaufmann , Bruno ( 18 May 2007 ) . `` How direct democracy makes Switzerland a better place '' . The Telegraph . London , UK . Retrieved 9 December 2009 . ^ Jump up to : `` Addresses of administrative authorities '' . Berne , Switzerland : ch.ch , A service of the Confederation , cantons and communes . Retrieved 24 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Enclaves of the world Archived 18 September 2009 at the Wayback Machine . enclaves.webs.com . 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Jump up ^ `` Vorlage Nr. 502 : Übersicht : Volksinitiative ' Moratorium Plus -- Für die Verlängerung des Atomkraftwerk - Baustopps und die Begrenzung des Atomrisikos ( MoratoriumPlus ) ' '' ( official site ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Berne , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Chancellery. 18 May 2003 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Vorlage Nr. 501 : Übersicht : Volksinitiative ' Strom ohne Atom -- Für eine Energiewende und schrittweise Stilllegung der Atomkraftwerke ( Strom ohne Atom ) ' '' ( official site ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Berne , Switzerland : Swiss Federal Chancellery. 18 May 2003 . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Martin Enserink ( 25 May 2011 ) . `` Switzerland to Phase Out Nuclear Energy ; E.U. Strikes Deal on ' Stress Tests ' '' . Science . Washington DC , U.S. : American Association for the Advancement of Science . Retrieved 6 December 2016 . Jump up ^ Urs Geiser . `` Swiss nuclear plants to remain on grid '' . 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Retrieved on 2 December 2009 Jump up ^ W3design . `` Swiss Recycling '' . Swissrecycling.ch . Archived from the original on 23 April 2010 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Global Green Economy Index '' ( PDF ) . Dual Citizen LLC . Retrieved 20 October 2014 . Jump up ^ History of paper manufacturing in German , Retrieved 3 May 2011 Jump up ^ Richtig Entsorgen ( Kanton Basel - Stadt ) Archived 24 November 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( 1.6 MiB ) -- Wilde Deponien sind verboten ... Für die Beseitigung widerrechtlich deponierter Abfälle wird zudem eine Umtriebsgebühr von Fr. 200. -- oder eine Busse erhoben ( page 90 ) Jump up ^ `` Swiss population to grow 12.5 per cent by 2035 '' . SWI . SWI . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Population -- Key figures , 2012 '' . www.bfs.admin.ch ( Statistics ) ( in English , German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Statistical Office , 2013 . 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Jump up ^ `` Patients are very satisfied with `` Hospital Switzerland '' '' ( Patienten mit `` Spital Schweiz '' sehr zufrieden ) ( in German ) . Berne , Switzerland : ANQ Nationaler Verein für Qualitätsentwicklung in Spitälern und Kliniken. 5 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 April 2015 . Die Antworten erreichten auf einer Skala von 1 bis 10 durchschnittliche Werte zwischen 9 und 9 , 4 . Jump up ^ `` Zufriedenheit durch Vertrauen : Kurzbericht zur grossen Ärztestudie '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . Berne , Switzerland : gfs. bern , 20 Minuten Online , comparis.ch. 10 October 2012 . p. 9 . Retrieved 9 April 2015 . Mehrheitliche 91 Prozent sind mit `` ihrem '' Hausarzt mehr oder weniger dezidiert zufrieden . Jump up ^ Rico Kütscher ( 28 June 2014 ) . `` Kundenzufriedenheit : Krankenkassen sollten Effizienz und Image verbessern '' . Neue Zürcher Zeitung , NZZ ( in German ) . Zürich , Switzerland . Retrieved 8 April 2015 . Wie es um die Kundenzufriedenheit in der Branche generell steht , zeigt eine 2013 im Auftrag von `` K - Tipp '' durchgeführte repräsentative Umfrage unter Versicherten , die in den vergangenen zwei Jahren Leistungen von ihrer Krankenkasse in Anspruch genommen haben . Beim Testsieger Concordia waren rund 73 % der Versicherten `` sehr zufrieden '' . Bei grossen Krankenkassen wie der CSS und Helsana betrug dieser Anteil 70 % beziehungsweise 63 % . Groupe Mutuel erreichte rund 50 % , und die Billigkasse Assura kam auf 44 % . Dies illustriert , dass die Zufriedenheit durchaus hoch ist -- dass es aber auch Potenzial für Effizienzsteigerungen bei Krankenkassen gibt . Jump up ^ `` Components of population change -- Data , indicators : Deaths , mortality and life expectancy '' . Swiss Federal Statistical Office , Neuchâtel 2013 . 2012 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Human Capital Report , Insight Report '' . World Economic Forum. 2013 . pp. 480 , 12 , 14,478 -- 481 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 5 October 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` OECD. StatExtracts , Health , Health Status , Life expectancy , Total population at birth , 2011 '' ( Online Statistics ) . stats.oecd.org/ . OECD 's iLibrary. 2013 . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Data on Health and Accident Insurance '' . Swiss Federal Office of Public Health ( FOPH ) 2012 Edition ( Flyer , A4 , 2 pages ) . 19 December 2012 . p. 2 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 November 2013 . ^ Jump up to : OECD and WHO survey of Switzerland 's health system oecd.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ Where people live swissworld.org . Retrieved on 26 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Städte und Agglomerationen unter der Lupe Archived 15 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . admin.ch . Retrieved on 26 June 2009 Jump up ^ Swiss countryside succumbs to urban sprawl swissinfo.ch . Retrieved on 30 June 2009 Jump up ^ Enquête représentative sur l'urbanisation de la Suisse ( Pronatura ) Archived 30 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . gfs-zh.ch . Retrieved on 30 June 2009 Jump up ^ Swiss plateau swissworld.org . Retrieved on 29 June 2009 Jump up ^ Quality of living mercer.com . Retrieved on 26 June 2009 Jump up ^ Swiss Federal Statistical Office - STAT - TAB , online database -- Ständige und nichtständige Wohnbevölkerung nach institutionellen Gliederungen , Geburtsort und Staatsangehörigkeit ( in German ) accessed 30 August 2017 Jump up ^ `` Erhebung zur Sprache , Religion und Kultur 2014 : Religiöse und spirituelle Praktiken und Glaubensformen in der Schweiz '' ( PDF ) . www.bfs.admin.ch ( Statistics ) ( in German ) . Neuchâtel ; Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office . 2016 . Retrieved 22 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Die Kirchensteuern August 2013 '' . www.estv.admin.ch ( Document ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Berne : Schweizerische Steuerkonferenz SSK , Swiss Federal Tax Administration FTA , Federal Depertment of Finance FDF. 2013 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach Religions - / Konfessionszugehörigkeit , 2011 -- 2013 '' . www.bfs.admin.ch ( Statistics ) ( in German ) . Neuchâtel ; Switzerland : Swiss Federal Statistical Office . 2015 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 29 May 2015 . Retrieved 29 May 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Wohnbevölkerung nach Religionszugehörigkeit 1910 -- 2013 '' . www.bfs.admin.ch ( in German ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Statistical Office . 2015 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 15 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Evangelical Churches Growing Fast in Switzerland '' . Christian Post . Retrieved 7 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Gallup International Religiosity Index '' ( PDF ) . Washington Post . WIN - Gallup International . April 2015 . Jump up ^ Bovay , Claude ; Broquet , Raphaël ( 30 September 2005 ) . Eidgenössische Volkszählung 2000 : Religionslandschaft in der Schweiz ( PDF ) ( Publication ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Statistical Office , December 2004 . pp. 122 -- 129 . ISBN 3 - 303 - 16073 - 2 . Retrieved 22 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Volksabstimmung vom 2 . März 1980 admin.ch . Retrieved on 2010 Jump up ^ `` Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach Religions - / Konfessionszugehörigkeit , 2012 '' . www.bfs.admin.ch ( Statistics ) ( in German , French , and Italian ) . Neuchâtel : Swiss Federal Statistical Office . 2014 . Archived from the original ( XLS ) on 6 January 2012 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Swiss culture swissworld.org . Retrieved on 1 December 2009 Jump up ^ European Year of Intercultural Dialogue Dr Michael Reiterer . Retrieved on 1 December 2009 Jump up ^ Switzerland : culture traveldocs.com . Retrieved on 1 December 2009 Jump up ^ Museums swissworld.org . Retrieved on 2 December 2009 Jump up ^ Lucerne Festival nytimes.com . Retrieved on 15 December 2010 Jump up ^ Montreux Jazz Festival Retrieved on 26 August 2013 Jump up ^ Film festivals swissworld.org . Retrieved on 2 December 2009 Jump up ^ Mountains and hedgehogs . swissworld.org . Retrieved on 1 December 2009 Jump up ^ Folk music swissworld.org . Retrieved on 2 December 2009 Jump up ^ Culture of Switzerland europe-cities.com . Retrieved on 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ Art in literature cp-pc.ca . Retrieved on 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ From Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition , Swiss literature ^ Jump up to : Literature swissworld.org , Retrieved on 23 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Press and the media Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine . ch.ch . Retrieved on 25 June 2009 ^ Jump up to : Press in Switzerland pressreference.com . Retrieved on 25 June 2009 Jump up ^ Sport in Switzerland europe-cities.com . Retrieved on 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ A brief history of bobsleigh Archived 13 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine . fibt.com . Retrieved on 2 November 2009 Jump up ^ `` Meist gesehene Sendungen SRF seit 2011 '' ( PDF ) ( in German ) . SRF. 1 July 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The world 's most amazing football pitches -- in pictures '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . 8 June 2014 . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Geering . `` Hockeyarenas.net '' . Hockeyarenas.net . Retrieved 3 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IIHF World Championships 2009 official website '' . Iihf.com. 10 May 2009 . Retrieved 29 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Roger Federer 's Grand Slam Titles sportsillustrated.cnn.com . Retrieved on 14 June 2010 Jump up ^ Wikinews : Switzerland lifts ban on motor racing Jump up ^ `` Swiss vote against racing '' . Grandprix.com . Inside F1 , Inc. 10 October 2007 . Retrieved 13 June 2014 . Jump up ^ Hornussen swissroots.org . Retrieved on 25 January 2010 Jump up ^ Tradition and history interlaken.ch . Retrieved on 25 January 2010 Jump up ^ Zürcher Geschnetzeltes Zürcher Geschnetzeltes , engl. : sliced meat Zürich style Jump up ^ Flavors of Switzerland theworldwidegourmet.com . Retrieved on 24 June 2009 Jump up ^ Michelin Guide Switzerland 2010 attests to the high quality of gourmet cooking with one new 2 star restaurant and 8 new one star Archived 27 April 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Press information , Michelin . Retrieved on 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ Swiss region serves up food with star power usatoday.com . Retrieved on 14 December 2009 Jump up ^ Chocolate swissworld.org . Retrieved on 24 June 2009 Jump up ^ Swiss Chocolate germanworldonline.com ( 4 December 2009 ) . Retrieved on 14 June 2010 Jump up ^ Wine - producing Switzerland in short Archived 9 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . swisswine.ch . Retrieved on 24 June 2009 Jump up ^ Table 38 . Top wine consuming nations per capita , 2006 winebiz.com . Retrieved on 14 June 2010 Bibliography Church , Clive H. ( 2004 ) The Politics and Government of Switzerland . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 69277 - 2 . Dalton , O.M. ( 1927 ) The History of the Franks , by Gregory of Tours . Oxford : The Clarendon Press . Fahrni , Dieter. ( 2003 ) An Outline History of Switzerland . From the Origins to the Present Day . 8th enlarged edition . Pro Helvetia , Zürich . ISBN 3 - 908102 - 61 - 8 von Matt , Peter : Das Kalb vor der Gotthardpost . Zur Literatur und Politik in der Schweiz . Carl Hanser Verlag , München , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 3 - 446 - 23880 - 0 , S. 127 -- 138 . Historical Dictionary of Switzerland ( 2002 -- ) . Published electronically and in print simultaneously in three national languages of Switzerland . 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where is switzerland located on the world map

Switzerland ( / ˈswɪtsərlənd / ) , officially the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic in Europe . It consists of 26 cantons , and the city of Bern is the seat of the federal authorities . The country is situated in Western - Central Europe , and is bordered by Italy to the south , France to the west , Germany to the north , and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east . Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps , the Swiss Plateau and the Jura , spanning an area of 41,285 km ( 15,940 sq mi ) . While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory , the Swiss population of approximately eight million people is concentrated mostly on the plateau , where the largest cities are to be found : among them are the two global cities and economic centres Zürich and Geneva .

American entry into World war I - wikipedia American entry into World war I Jump to : navigation , search The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe . As U.S. President , it was Wilson who made the key policy decisions over foreign affairs : while the country was at peace , the domestic economy ran on a laissez - faire basis , with American banks making huge loans to Britain and France -- funds that were in large part used to buy munitions , raw materials and food from across the Atlantic . Until 1917 , Wilson made minimal preparations for a land war and kept the United States Army on a small peacetime footing , despite increasing demands for enhanced preparedness . He did however expand the United States Navy . In 1917 , with Russia experiencing political upheaval following widespread disillusionment there over the war , and with Britain and France low on credit , Germany appeared to have the upper hand in Europe , while Germany 's ally , the Ottoman Empire , clung stubbornly to its possessions in the Middle East . In the same year , Germany decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare against any vessel approaching British waters ; this attempt to starve Britain into surrender was balanced against the knowledge that it would almost certainly bring the United States into the war . Germany also made a secret offer to help Mexico regain territories lost in the Mexican -- American War in an encoded telegram known as the Zimmermann Telegram , which was intercepted by British Intelligence . Publication of that communique outraged Americans just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic . Wilson then asked Congress for `` a war to end all wars '' that would `` make the world safe for democracy '' , and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6 , 1917 . On December 7 , 1917 , the U.S. declared war on Austria - Hungary . U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Main issues 1.1 Naval blockade 1.1. 1 The strategy behind the blockade 1.2 Business considerations 1.3 Views of the elites 2 Public opinion 2.1 Parties 2.2 Workers , farmers , and African Americans 2.3 South 2.4 German Americans 2.5 Christian churches and pacifists 2.6 Jewish Americans 2.7 Irish - Americans 2.8 Pro-Allied immigrants 2.9 Popular pacifism 2.10 German agents 3 Preparedness movement 3.1 Size of military 3.2 Navy 4 Decision for war 4.1 Decision making 4.2 Zimmermann Telegram 4.3 Sinking of American merchant ships 5 Public opinion , moralism , and national interest 6 Declaration of war 6.1 Germany 6.2 Austria - Hungary 7 See also 8 Footnotes 9 Bibliography 9.1 Historiography 10 Primary sources 11 External links Main issues ( edit ) Further information : Diplomatic history of World War I and Presidency of Woodrow Wilson Naval blockade ( edit ) Britain used its large navy to prevent cargo vessels entering German ports , mainly by intercepting them in the North Sea between the coasts of Scotland and Norway . The wider sea approaches to Britain and France , their distance from German harbours and the smaller size of the German surface fleet all made it harder for Germany to reciprocate . Instead , Germany used submarines to lie in wait for , and then sink , merchant ships heading for enemy ports . The United States insisted on maintaining the traditional rights of ships registered in neutral countries and protested strongly against American ships being intercepted or sunk : the British seized American ships for supposed violations , while the Germans sank them -- often without warning , in violation of international law that said sailors must be allowed an opportunity to reach their lifeboats . After several violations , Germany stopped this practice but in early 1917 she decided to resume unrestricted submarine warfare , in the hope that this would starve out the British before the Americans could make any effective military retaliation . The Strategy behind the blockade ( edit ) The British Royal Navy successfully stopped the shipment of most war supplies and food to Germany . Neutral American ships that tried to trade with Germany were seized or turned back by the Royal Navy who viewed such trade as in direct conflict with the Allies ' war efforts . The strangulation came about very slowly , because Germany and its allies controlled extensive farmlands and raw materials . It was eventually successful because Germany and Austria - Hungary had decimated their agricultural production by taking so many farmers into their armies . By 1918 , German cities were on the verge of starvation ; the front - line soldiers were on short rations and were running out of essential supplies . Germany also considered a blockade . `` England wants to starve us '' , said Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the man who built the German fleet and who remained a key advisor to the Kaiser Wilhelm II . `` We can play the same game . We can bottle her up and destroy every ship that endeavors to break the blockade '' . Unable to challenge the more powerful Royal Navy on the surface , Tirpitz wanted to scare off merchant and passenger ships en route to Britain . He reasoned that since the island of Britain depended on imports of food , raw materials , and manufactured goods , scaring off a substantial number of the ships would effectively undercut its long - term ability to maintain an army on the Western Front . While Germany had only nine long - range U-boats at the start of the war , it had ample shipyard capacity to build the hundreds needed . However , the United States demanded that Germany respect the international agreements upon `` freedom of the seas '' , which protected neutral American ships on the high seas from seizure or sinking by either belligerent . Furthermore , Americans insisted that the drowning of innocent civilians was barbaric and grounds for a declaration of war . The British frequently violated America 's neutral rights by seizing ships . Wilson 's top advisor , Colonel Edward M. House commented that , `` The British have gone as far as they possibly could in violating neutral rights , though they have done it in the most courteous way '' . When Wilson protested British violations of American neutrality , the British backed down . German submarines torpedoed ships without warning , causing sailors and passengers to drown . Berlin explained that submarines were so vulnerable that they dared not surface near merchant ships that might be carrying guns and which were too small to rescue submarine crews . Britain armed most of its merchant ships with medium calibre guns that could sink a submarine , making above - water attacks too risky . In February 1915 , the United States warned Germany about misuse of submarines . On April 22 , the German Imperial Embassy warned U.S. citizens against boarding vessels to Britain , which would have to face German attack . On May 7 , Germany torpedoed the British passenger liner RMS Lusitania , sinking her . This act of aggression caused the loss of 1,198 civilian lives , including 128 Americans . The sinking of a large , unarmed passenger ship , combined with the previous stories of atrocities in Belgium , shocked Americans and turned public opinion hostile to Germany , although not yet to the point of war . Wilson issued a warning to Germany that it would face `` strict accountability '' if it sank more neutral U.S. passenger ships . Berlin acquiesced , ordering its submarines to avoid passenger ships . By January 1917 , however , Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff decided that an unrestricted submarine blockade was the only way to achieve a decisive victory . They demanded that Kaiser Wilhelm order unrestricted submarine warfare be resumed . Germany knew this decision meant war with the United States , but they gambled that they could win before America 's potential strength could be mobilized . However , they overestimated how many ships they could sink and thus the extent Britain would be weakened . Finally , they did not foresee that convoys could and would be used to defeat their efforts . They believed that the United States was so weak militarily that it could not be a factor on the Western Front for more than a year . The civilian government in Berlin objected , but the Kaiser sided with his military . Business considerations ( edit ) The beginning of war in Europe coincided with the end of the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 in America . Exports to belligerent nations rose rapidly over the first four years of the War from $824.8 million in 1913 to $2.25 billion in 1917 . Loans from American financial institutions to the Allied nations in Europe also increased dramatically over the same period . Economic activity towards the end of this period boomed as government resources aided the production of the private sector . Between 1914 and 1917 , industrial production increased 32 % and GNP increased by almost 20 % . The improvements to industrial production in the United States outlasted the war . The capital build - up that had allowed American companies to supply belligerents and the American army resulted in a greater long - run rate of production even after the war had ended in 1918 . In 1913 , J.P. Morgan , Jr. took over the House of Morgan , an American - based investment bank consisting of separate banking operations in New York , London , and Paris , after the death of his father , J. Pierpont Morgan . The House of Morgan offered assistance in the wartime financing of Britain and France from the earliest stages of the war in 1914 through America 's entrance in 1917 . J.P. Morgan & Co. , the House of Morgan 's bank in New York , was designated as the primary financial agent to the British government in 1914 after successful lobbying by the British ambassador , Sir Cecil Spring Rice . The same bank would later take a similar role in France and would offer extensive financial assistance to both warring nations . J.P. Morgan &Co . became the primary issuer of loans to the French government by raising money from American investors . Morgan , Harjes , the House of Morgan 's French affiliated bank , controlled the majority of the wartime financial dealings between the House of Morgan and the French government after primary issuances of debt in American markets . Relations between the House of Morgan and the French government became tense as the war raged on with no end in sight . France 's ability to borrow from other sources diminished , leading to greater lending rates and a depressing of the value of the franc . After the war , in 1918 , J.P. Morgan & Co. continued to aid the French government financially through monetary stabilization and debt relief . Because America was still a declared neutral state , the financial dealings of American banks in Europe caused a great deal of contention between Wall Street and the U.S. government . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan strictly opposed financial support of warring nations and wanted to ban loans to the belligerents in August 1914 . He told President Wilson that `` refusal to loan to any belligerent would naturally tend to hasten a conclusion of the war . '' Wilson at first agreed , but then reversed himself when France argued that if it was legal to buy American goods then it was legal to take out credits on the purchase . J.P. Morgan issued loans to France including one in March 1915 and , following negotiations with the Anglo - French Financial Commission , another joint loan to Britain and France in October 1915 , the latter amounting to US $500,000,000 . Although the stance of the U.S. government was that stopping such financial assistance could hasten the end of the war and therefore save lives , little was done to insure adherence to the ban on loans , in part due to pressure from Allied governments and American business interests . The American steel industry had faced difficulties and declining profits during the Recession of 1913 -- 1914 . As war began in Europe , however , the increased demand for tools of war began a period of heightened productivity that alleviated many U.S. industrial companies from the low - growth environment of the recession . Bethlehem Steel took particular advantage of the increased demand for armaments abroad . Prior to American entrance into the War , these companies benefitted from unrestricted commerce with sovereign customers abroad . After President Wilson issued his declaration of war , the companies were subjected to price controls created by the U.S. Trade Commission in order to insure that the U.S. military would have access to the necessary armaments . By the end of the war in 1918 , Bethlehem Steel had produced 65,000 pounds of forged military products and 70 million pounds of armor plate , 1.1 billion pounds of steel for shells , and 20.1 million rounds of artillery ammunition for Britain and France . Bethlehem Steel took advantage of the domestic armaments market and produced 60 % of the American weaponry and 40 % of the artillery shells used in the War . Even with price controls and a lower profit margin on manufactured goods , the profits resulting from wartime sales expanded the company into the third largest manufacturing company in the country . Bethlehem Steel became the primary arms supplier for the United States and other allied powers again in 1939 . Views of the elites ( edit ) Historians divide the views of American political and social leaders into four distinct groupings -- the camps were mostly informal : The first of these were the Non-Interventionists , a loosely affiliated and politically diverse anti-war movement which sought to keep the United States out of the war altogether . Members of this group tended to view the war as a clash between British imperialism and German militarism , both of which they regarded as equally corrupt . Others were pacifists , who objected on moral grounds . Prominent leaders included Democrats like former Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , industrialist Henry Ford and publisher William Randolph Hearst ; Republicans Robert M. La Follette , Senator from Wisconsin and George W. Norris , Senator from Nebraska ; and Progressive Party activist Jane Addams . At the far - left end of the political spectrum the Socialists , led by their perennial candidate for President Eugene V. Debs and movement veterans like Victor L. Berger and Morris Hillquit , were staunch anti-militarists and opposed to any US intervention , branding the conflict as a `` capitalist war '' that American workers should avoid . However , after the US did join the war in April , 1917 a schism developed between the anti-war Party majority and a pro-war faction of Socialist writers , journalists and intellectuals led by John Spargo , William English Walling and E. Haldeman - Julius . This group founded the rival Social Democratic League of America to promote the war effort among their fellow Socialists . Next were the more moderate Liberal - Internationalists . This bipartisan group reluctantly supported a declaration of war against Germany with the postwar goal of establishing collective international security institutions designed to peacefully resolve future conflicts between nations and to promote liberal democratic values more broadly . This groups 's views were advocated by interest groups such as the League to Enforce Peace . Adherents included US President Woodrow Wilson , his influential advisor Edward M. House , former President William Howard Taft , famed inventor Alexander Graham Bell , Wall Street financier Bernard Baruch and Harvard University President Abbott Lawrence Lowell . Finally , there were the so - called Atlanticists . Ardently pro-Entente , they had strongly championed American intervention in the war since 1915 . Their primary political motivation was to both prepare the US for war with Germany and to forge an enduring military alliance with Great Britain . This group actively supported the Preparedness Movement and was strong among the Anglophile political establishment of the northeast , boasting such luminaries as former President Theodore Roosevelt , Major General Leonard Wood , prominent attorney and diplomat Joseph Hodges Choate , former Secretary of War Henry Stimson , journalist Walter Lippman and Senators Henry Cabot Lodge , Sr. of Massachusetts and Elihu Root of New York . Public opinion ( edit ) A cosmopolitan group of upper and upper - middle class businessmen based in the largest cities took the lead in promoting military preparedness and in defining how far America could be pushed around before it would fight back . Many public figures hated war -- Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan was the most prominent , and he resigned when he thought Wilson had become too bellicose . Grassroots opposition to American entry came especially from German and Irish elements . Parties ( edit ) A surprising factor in the development of American public opinion was how little the political parties became involved . Wilson and the Democrats in 1916 campaigned on the slogan `` He kept us out of war ! '' , saying a Republican victory would mean war with both Mexico and Germany . His position probably was critical in winning the Western states . Charles Evans Hughes , the GOP candidate , insisted on downplaying the war issue . The Socialist party talked peace . Socialist rhetoric declared the European conflict to be `` an imperialist war '' . It won 2 % of the 1916 vote for Eugene V. Debs , blamed the war on capitalism and pledged total opposition . `` A bayonet '' , its propaganda said , `` was a weapon with a worker at each end '' . When war began , however , about half the Socialists , typified by Congressman Meyer London , supported the decision and sided with the pro-Allied efforts . The rest , led by Debs , remained ideological and die - hard opponents . Many socialists came under investigation from the Espionage Act of 1917 and many suspected of treason were arrested , including Debs . This would only increase the Socialist 's anti-war groups in resentment toward the American government . Workers , farmers , and African Americans ( edit ) The working class was relatively quiet , and tended to divide along ethnic lines . At the beginning of the war , neither working men nor farmers took a large interest in the debates on war preparation . Samuel Gompers , head of the AFL labor movement , denounced the war in 1914 as `` unnatural , unjustified , and unholy '' , but by 1916 he was supporting Wilson 's limited preparedness program , against the objections of Socialist union activists . In 1916 the labor unions supported Wilson on domestic issues and ignored the war question . The war at first disrupted the cotton market ; Britain blockaded shipments to Germany , and prices fell from 11 cents a pound to only 4 cents . By 1916 , however , the British decided to bolster the price to 10 cents to avoid losing Southern support . The cotton growers seem to have moved from neutrality to intervention at about the same pace as the rest of the nation . Midwestern farmers generally opposed the war , especially those of German and Scandinavian descent . The Midwest became the stronghold of isolationism ; other remote rural areas also saw no need for war . The African - American community did not take a strong position one way or the other . A month after congress declared war , W.E.B. Du Bois called on African - Americans to `` fight shoulder to shoulder with the world to gain a world where war shall be no more '' . Once war began and black men were drafted , they worked to achieve equality . Many had hoped the community 's help in the war efforts abroad would earn civil rights at home . When such civil liberties were still not granted , many African - Americans grew tired of waiting for recognition of their rights as American citizens . South ( edit ) There was a strong antiwar element in the white South and border states . In rural Missouri for example , distrust of powerful Eastern influences focused on the risk that Wall Street would lead America into war . Across the South poor white farmers warned each other that `` a rich man 's war meant a poor man 's fight , '' and they wanted nothing of it . Congressman James Hay , Democrat of Virginia was the powerful chairman of the House Committee on Military Affairs . He repeatedly blocked prewar efforts to modernize and enlarge the army . Preparedness was not needed because Americans were already safe , he insisted in January 1915 : Isolated as we are , safe in our vastness , protected by a great navy , and possessed of an army sufficient for any emergency that may arise , we may disregard the lamentations and predictions of the militarists . German Americans ( edit ) German Americans by this time usually had only weak ties to Germany ; however , they were fearful of negative treatment they might receive if the United States entered the war ( such mistreatment was already happening to German - descent citizens in Canada and Australia ) . Almost none called for intervening on Germany 's side , instead calling for neutrality and speaking of the superiority of German culture . As more nations were drawn into the conflict , however , the English - languages press increasingly supporting Britain , while the German - American media called for neutrality while also defending Germany 's position . Chicago 's Germans worked to secure a complete embargo on all arms shipments to Europe . In 1916 , large crowds in Chicago 's Germania celebrated the Kaiser 's birthday , something they had not done before the war . German Americans in early 1917 still called for neutrality , but proclaimed that if a war came they would be loyal to the United States . By this point , they had been excluded almost entirely from national discourse on the subject . Once war started , they were harassed in so many ways that historian Carl Wittke noted in 1936 , it was `` one of the most difficult and humiliating experiences suffered by an ethnic group in American history . '' German - American Socialists in Milwaukee , Wisconsin actively campaigned against entry into the war . Christian Churches and pacifists ( edit ) Come on in , America , the Blood 's Fine ! ( 1917 ) by M.A. Kempf . Leaders of most religious groups ( except the Episcopalians ) tended to pacifism , as did leaders of the woman 's movement . The Methodists and Quakers among others were vocal opponents of the war . President Wilson , who was a devout Presbyterian , would often frame the war in terms of good and evil in an appeal for religious support of the war . A concerted effort was made by pacifists including Jane Addams , Oswald Garrison Villard , David Starr Jordan , Henry Ford , Lillian Wald , and Carrie Chapman Catt . Their goal was to encourage Wilson 's efforts to mediate an end of the war by bringing the belligerents to the conference table . Finally in 1917 Wilson convinced some of them that to be truly anti-war they needed to support what he promised would be `` a war to end all wars '' . Once war was declared , the more liberal denominations , which had endorsed the Social Gospel , called for a war for righteousness that would help uplift all mankind . The theme -- an aspect of American exceptionalism -- was that God had chosen America as his tool to bring redemption to the world . American Catholic bishops maintained a general silence toward the issue of intervention . Millions of Catholics lived in both warring camps , and Catholic Americans tended to split on ethnic lines in their opinions toward American involvement in the war . At the time , heavily Catholic towns and cities in the East and Midwest often contained multiple parishes , each serving a single ethnic group , such as Irish , German , Italian , Polish , or English . American Catholics of Irish and German descent opposed intervention most strongly . Pope Benedict XV made several attempts to negotiate a peace . All of his efforts were rebuffed by both the Allies and the Germans , and throughout the war the Vatican maintained a policy of strict neutrality . Jewish Americans ( edit ) Jewish American sympathies likewise broke along ethnic lines , with recently arrived Yiddish speaking Jews inclined to Zionism , and the established German - American Jewish community largely opposed to it . In 1914 -- 1916 , there were few Jewish forces in favor of American entry into the war . Many regarded Britain as hostile to Jewish interests . New York City , with its well - organized element numbering 1.5 million Jews , was the center of antiwar activism . The different Jewish communities worked together during the war years to provide relief to Jewish communities in Eastern Europe . Of greatest concern to Jews was the tsarist regime in Russia because it was notorious for tolerating pogroms and following anti-Semitic policies . As historian Joseph Rappaport reported through his study of Yiddish press during the war , `` The pro-Germanism of America 's immigrant Jews was an inevitable consequence of their Russophobia '' . The fall of the tsarist regime in March 1917 removed a major obstacle for many Jews who refused to support tsarism . The draft went smoothly in New York City , and left - wing opposition to the war largely collapsed when Zionists saw the possibility of using the war to demand a state of Israel . Irish - Americans ( edit ) The most effective domestic opponents of the war were Irish - American Catholics . They had little interest in the continent , but were neutral about helping the United Kingdom because it had recently enacted the Government of Ireland Act 1914 , allowing Irish Home Rule . However , the Act was suspended until the war ended . John Redmond and the Irish Parliamentary Party ( IPP ) declared that Irish Volunteers should support America 's pro-Allied war efforts first ; his political opponents argued that it was not the time to support Britain in its attempt to `` strengthen and expand her empire '' . The attacks on the IPP and pro-Allied press showed a firm belief that a German victory would hasten the achievement of Irish independence . Yet rather than proposing intervention on behalf of the Germans , Irish American leaders and organizations focused on demanding American neutrality . But the increased contact between militant Irish nationalists and German agents in the United States only fueled concerns of where the primary loyalties of Irish Americans lay . Nevertheless , close to 1,000 Irish - born Americans died fighting with the U.S. armed forces in WWI . The Easter Rising in Dublin in April 1916 was crushed within a week and its leaders executed by firing squad . The mainstream American press treated the uprising as foolish and misguided , and theorized it was largely inspired by the Germans . Overall public opinion remained faithfully pro-British . Irish - Americans dominated the Democratic party in many large cities so Wilson had to take account of their views . They did not prevent him from being hostile to Germany , but they did force him to keep his distance from Britain . Indeed , Irish - American pressure influenced the United States into not accepting Britain 's war aims as its own and define its own objectives , primarily self - determination . The Irish - American community thought they had Wilson 's promise to promote Irish independence in exchange for their support of his war policies , but after the war they were bitterly disappointed by his refusal to support them in 1919 . Wilson saw the Irish situation purely as an internal UK matter and did not perceive the dispute and the unrest in Ireland as comparable to the plight of the various nationalities in Europe as a fall - out from World War I . The progress of the Irish Race Conventions give a flavour of the differing and changing opinions during the war . Pro-Allied immigrants ( edit ) Some British immigrants worked actively for intervention . London - born Samuel Insull , Chicago 's leading industrialist , for example , enthusiastically provided money , propaganda , and means for volunteers to enter the British or Canadian armies . After the United States ' entry , Insull directed the Illinois State Council of Defense , with responsibility for organizing the state 's mobilization . Immigrants from eastern Europe usually cared more about politics in their homeland than politics in the United States . Spokesmen for Slavic immigrants hoped that an Allied victory would bring independence for their homelands . Large numbers of Hungarian immigrants who were liberal and nationalist in sentiment , and sought an independent Hungary , separate from the Austro - Hungarian Empire lobbied in favor of the war and allied themselves with the Atlanticist or Anglophile portion of the population . This community was largely pro-British and anti-German in sentiment . Albanian - Americans in communities such as Boston also campaigned for entry into the war and were overwhelmingly pro-British and anti-German , as well as hopeful the war would lead to an independent Albania which would be free from the Ottoman Empire . Polish , Slovak , and Czech immigrants were enthusiastically pro-war and generally pro-British . Popular pacifism ( edit ) The song `` I Did n't Raise My Boy To Be A Soldier '' was a hit in 1915 , selling 650,000 copies . Its expression of popular pacifist sentiment `` helped make the pacifist movement a hard , quantifiable political reality to be reckoned with . '' Henry Ford supported the pacifist cause by sponsoring a large - scale private peace mission , with numerous activists and intellectuals aboard the `` Peace Ship ' ( the ocean liner Oscar II ) . Ford chartered the ship in 1915 and invited prominent peace activists to join him to meet with leaders on both sides in Europe . He hoped to create enough publicity to prompt the belligerent nations to convene a peace conference and mediate an end to the war . The mission was widely mocked by the press , which wrote about the `` Ship of Fools . '' Infighting between the activists , mockery by the press contingent aboard , and an outbreak of influenza marred the voyage . Four days after the ship arrived in neutral Norway , a beleaguered and physically ill Ford abandoned the mission and returned to the United States ; he had demonstrated that independent small efforts accomplished nothing . German agents ( edit ) On July 24 , 1915 , the German embassy 's commercial attaché , Heinrich Albert , left his briefcase on a train in New York City , where an alert Secret Service agent , Frank Burke , snatched it up . Wilson let the newspapers publish the contents , which indicated a systematic effort by Berlin to subsidize friendly newspapers and block British purchases of war materials . Berlin 's top espionage agent , debonnaire Franz Rintelen von Kleist was spending millions to finance sabotage in Canada , stir up trouble between the United States and Mexico and to incite labor strikes . The British were engaged in propaganda too , though not illegal espionage . But they did not get caught . Germany took the blame as Americans grew ever more worried about the vulnerability of a free society to subversion . Indeed , one of the main fears Americans of all stations had in 1916 -- 1919 was that spies and saboteurs were everywhere . This sentiment played a major role in arousing fear of Germany , and suspicions regarding everyone of German descent who could not `` prove '' 100 % loyalty . Preparedness movement ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : Preparedness Movement By 1915 , Americans were paying much more attention to the war . The sinking of the Lusitania had a strong effect on public opinion because of the deaths of American civilians . That year , a strong `` Preparedness '' movement emerged . Proponents argued that the United States needed to immediately build up strong naval and land forces for defensive purposes ; an unspoken assumption was that America would fight sooner or later . General Leonard Wood ( still on active duty after serving a term as Chief of Staff of the Army ) , former president Theodore Roosevelt , and former secretaries of war Elihu Root and Henry Stimson were the driving forces behind Preparedness , along with many of the nation 's most prominent bankers , industrialists , lawyers and scions of prominent families . Indeed , there emerged an `` Atlanticist '' foreign policy establishment , a group of influential Americans drawn primarily from upper - class lawyers , bankers , academics , and politicians of the Northeast , committed to a strand of Anglophile internationalism . Representative was Paul D. Cravath , one of New York 's foremost corporation lawyers . For Cravath , in his mid-fifties when the war began , the conflict served as an epiphany , sparking an interest in international affairs that dominated his remaining career . Fiercely Anglophile , he strongly supported American intervention in the war and hoped that close Anglo - American cooperation would be the guiding principle of postwar international organization . The advertisement of The Battle Cry of Peace film The Preparedness movement had a `` realistic '' philosophy of world affairs -- they believed that economic strength and military muscle were more decisive than idealistic crusades focused on causes like democracy and national self - determination . Emphasizing over and over the weak state of national defenses , they showed that America 's 100,000 - man Army even augmented by the 112,000 National Guardsmen , was outnumbered 20 to one by Germany 's army , which was drawn from a smaller population . Similarly in 1915 , the armed forces of Great Britain and the British empire ( the world 's most powerful military and economic power at the time ) , France , Russia , the Austro - Hungarian empire , Ottoman empire , Italy , Bulgaria , Romania , Serbia , Belgium , Japan and Greece were all larger and more experienced than the United States military , in many cases significantly so . Reform to them meant UMT or `` universal military training '' . They proposed a national service program under which the 600,000 men who turned 18 every year would be required to spend six months in military training , and afterwards be assigned to reserve units . The small regular army would primarily be a training agency . Antimilitarists complained the plan would make America resemble Germany ( which required two years ' active duty ) . Advocates retorted that military `` service '' was an essential duty of citizenship , and that without the commonality provided by such service the nation would splinter into antagonistic ethnic groups . One spokesman promised that UMT would become `` a real melting pot , under which the fire is hot enough to fuse the elements into one common mass of Americanism '' . Furthermore , they promised , the discipline and training would make for a better paid work force . Hostility to military service was strong at the time , and the program failed to win approval . In World War II , when Stimson as Secretary of War proposed a similar program of universal peacetime service , he was defeated . Underscoring its commitment , the Preparedness movement set up and funded its own summer training camps at Plattsburgh , New York , and other sites , where 40,000 college alumni became physically fit , learned to march and shoot , and ultimately provided the cadre of a wartime officer corps . Suggestions by labor unions that talented working - class youth be invited to Plattsburgh were ignored . The Preparedness movement was distant not only from the working classes but also from the middle - class leadership of most of small - town America . It had had little use for the National Guard , which it saw as politicized , localistic , poorly armed , ill trained , too inclined to idealistic crusading ( as against Spain in 1898 ) , and too lacking in understanding of world affairs . The National Guard on the other hand was securely rooted in state and local politics , with representation from a very broad cross section of American society . The Guard was one of the nation 's few institutions that ( in some northern states ) accepted blacks on an equal footing . The Democratic party saw the Preparedness movement as a threat . Roosevelt , Root and Wood were prospective Republican presidential candidates . More subtly , the Democrats were rooted in localism that appreciated the National Guard , and the voters were hostile to the rich and powerful in the first place . Working with the Democrats who controlled Congress , Wilson was able to sidetrack the Preparedness forces . Army and Navy leaders were forced to testify before Congress to the effect that the nation 's military was in excellent shape . In fact neither the Army nor Navy was in shape for war . The Navy had fine ships but Wilson had been using them to threaten Mexico , and the fleet 's readiness had suffered . The crews of the Texas and the New York , the two newest and largest battleships , had never fired a gun , and the morale of the sailors was low . In addition , it was outnumbered and outgunned by the British , German , French and Italian navies . The Army and Navy air forces were tiny in size . Despite the flood of new weapons systems unveiled by the British , Germans , French , Austro - Hungarians , Italians and others in the war in Europe , the Army was paying scant attention . For example , it was making no studies of trench warfare , poison gas , heavy artillery or tanks , and was utterly unfamiliar with the rapid evolution of Aerial warfare . The Democrats in Congress tried to cut the military budget in 1915 . The Preparedness movement effectively exploited the surge of outrage over the Lusitania in May 1915 , forcing the Democrats to promise some improvements to the military and naval forces . Wilson , less fearful of the Navy , embraced a long - term building program designed to make the fleet the equal of the British Royal Navy by the mid-1920s , although this would not be achieved until World War II . `` Realism '' was at work here ; the admirals were Mahanians and they therefore wanted a surface fleet of heavy battleships second to none -- that is , equal to Britain . The facts of submarine warfare ( which necessitated destroyers , not battleships ) and the possibilities of imminent war with Germany ( or with Britain , for that matter ) , were simply ignored . Wilson 's program for the army touched off a firestorm . Secretary of War Lindley Garrison adopted many of the proposals of the Preparedness leaders , especially their emphasis on a large federal reserves and abandonment of the National Guard . Garrison 's proposals not only outraged the localistic politicians of both parties , they also offended a strongly held belief shared by the liberal wing of the Progressive movement . They felt that warfare always had a hidden economic motivation . Specifically , they warned the chief warmongers were New York bankers ( like J.P. Morgan ) with millions at risk , profiteering munition makers ( like Bethlehem Steel , which made armor , and DuPont , which made powder ) and unspecified industrialists searching for global markets to control . Antiwar critics blasted them . These special interests were too powerful , especially , Senator La Follette noted , in the conservative wing of the Republican Party . The only road to peace was disarmament , reiterated Bryan . Garrison 's plan unleashed the fiercest battle in peacetime history over the relationship of military planning to national goals . In peacetime , War Department arsenals and Navy yards manufactured nearly all munitions that lacked civilian uses , including warships , artillery , naval guns , and shells . Items available on the civilian market , such as food , horses , saddles , wagons , and uniforms were always purchased from civilian contractors . Armor plate ( and after 1918 , airplanes ) were exceptions that have caused unremitting controversy for a century . After World War II , the arsenals and Navy yards were much less important than giant civilian aircraft and electronic firms , which became the second half of the `` military - industrial complex '' Peace leaders like Jane Addams of Hull House and David Starr Jordan of Stanford redoubled their efforts , and now turned their voices against the President because he was `` sowing the seeds of militarism , raising up a military and naval caste '' . Many ministers , professors , farm spokesmen and labor union leaders joined in , with powerful support from a band of four dozen southern Democrats in Congress who took control of the House Military Affairs Committee . Wilson , in deep trouble , took his cause to the people in a major speaking tour in early 1916 , a warmup for his reelection campaign that fall . Wilson seems to have won over the middle classes , but had little impact on the largely ethnic working classes and the deeply isolationist farmers . Congress still refused to budge , so Wilson replaced Garrison as Secretary of War with Newton Baker , the Democratic mayor of Cleveland and an outspoken opponent of preparedness . ( Garrison 's kept quiet , but felt Wilson was `` a man of high ideals but no principles '' . ) The upshot was a compromise passed in May 1916 , as the war raged on and Berlin was debating whether America was so weak it could be ignored . The Army was to double in size to 11,300 officers and 208,000 men , with no reserves , and a National Guard that would be enlarged in five years to 440,000 men . Summer camps on the Plattsburg model were authorized for new officers , and the government was given $20 million to build a nitrate plant of its own . Preparedness supporters were downcast , the antiwar people were jubilant . America would now be too weak to go to war . Colonel Robert L. Bullard privately complained that `` Both sides ( Britain and Germany ) treat us with scorn and contempt ; our fool , smug conceit of superiority has been exploded in our faces and deservedly . '' The House gutted the naval plans as well , defeating a `` big navy '' plan by 189 to 183 , and scuttling the battleships . The battle of Jutland ( May 31 / June 1 , 1916 ) was used by the navalists to argue for the primacy of seapower ; they then took control in the Senate , broke the House coalition , and authorized a rapid three - year buildup of all classes of warships . A new weapons system , naval aviation , received $3.5 million , and the government was authorized to build its own armor - plate factory . The very weakness of American military power encouraged Berlin to start its unrestricted submarine attacks in 1917 . It knew this meant war with America , but it could discount the immediate risk because the U.S. Army was negligible and the new warships would not be at sea until 1919 by which time the war would be over , with Germany victorious . The notion that armaments led to war was turned on its head : refusal to arm in 1916 led to war in 1917 . Size of military ( edit ) Americans felt an increasing need for a military that could command respect ; as one editor put it , `` The best thing about a large army and a strong navy is that they make it so much easier to say just what we want to say in our diplomatic correspondence . '' Berlin thus far had backed down and apologized when Washington was angry , thus boosting American self - confidence . America 's rights and America 's honor increasingly came into focus . The slogan `` Peace '' gave way to `` Peace with Honor '' . The Army remained unpopular , however . A recruiter in Indianapolis noted that , `` The people here do not take the right attitude towards army life as a career , and if a man joins from here he often tries to go out on the quiet '' . The Preparedness movement used its easy access to the mass media to demonstrate that the War Department had no plans , no equipment , little training , no reserves , a laughable National Guard , and a wholly inadequate organization for war . Motion pictures like The Battle Cry of Peace ( 1915 ) depicted invasions of the American homeland that demanded action . Navy ( edit ) Main article : History of the United States Navy § Preparing for war 1914 -- 1917 The readiness and capability of the U.S. Navy was a matter of controversy . The press at the time reported that the only thing the military was ready for was an enemy fleet attempting to seize New York harbor -- at a time when the German battle fleet was penned up by the Royal Navy . The Navy Secretary Josephus Daniels was a journalist with pacifist leanings . He had built up the educational resources of the Navy and made its Naval War College in Newport , Rhode Island an essential experience for would - be admirals . However , he alienated the officer corps with his moralistic reforms , including no wine in the officers ' mess , no hazing at the Naval Academy , and more chaplains and YMCAs . Daniels , as a newspaperman , knew the value of publicity . In 1915 he set up the Naval Consulting Board headed by Thomas Edison to obtain the advice and expertise of leading scientists , engineers , and industrialists . It popularized technology , naval expansion , and military preparedness , and was well covered in the media . But according to Coletta he ignored the nation 's strategic needs , and disdaining the advice of its experts , Daniels suspended meetings of the Joint Army and Navy Board for two years because it was giving unwelcome advice , chopped in half the General Board 's recommendations for new ships , reduced the authority of officers in the Navy yards where ships were built and repaired , and ignored the administrative chaos in his department . Bradley Fiske , one of the most innovative admirals in American naval history , in 1914 was Daniels ' top aide ; he recommended a reorganization that would prepare for war , but Daniels refused . Instead he replaced Fiske in 1915 and brought in for the new post of Chief of Naval Operations an unknown captain , William Benson . Chosen for his compliance , Benson proved a wily bureaucrat who was more interested in preparing for an eventual showdown with Britain than an immediate one with Germany . Benson told Sims he `` would as soon fight the British as the Germans '' . Proposals to send observers to Europe were blocked , leaving the Navy in the dark about the success of the German submarine campaign . Admiral William Sims charged after the war that in April 1917 , only ten percent of the Navy 's warships were fully manned ; the rest lacked 43 % of their seamen . Light antisubmarine ships were few in number , as if Daniels had been unaware of the German submarine menace that had been the focus of foreign policy for two years . The Navy 's only warfighting plan , the `` Black Plan '' assumed the Royal Navy did not exist and that German battleships were moving freely about the Atlantic and the Caribbean and threatening the Panama Canal . Daniels ' tenure would have been even less successful save for the energetic efforts of Assistant Secretary Franklin D. Roosevelt , who effectively ran the Department . His most recent biographer concludes that , `` it is true that Daniels had not prepared the navy for the war it would have to fight . '' Decision for war ( edit ) `` Hurting Their Feelings '' : Political cartoon from November 9 , 1915 , shows the British lion and John Bull reading a newspaper about American war protests and crying , while American ships and cargo appear in the harbor behind them By 1916 a new factor was emerging -- a sense of national self - interest and American nationalism . The unbelievable casualty figures in Europe were sobering -- two vast battles caused over one million casualties each . Clearly this war would be a decisive episode in the history of the world . Every American effort to find a peaceful solution was frustrated . Decision making ( edit ) Kendrick Clements claims bureaucratic decision - making was one of the main sources pushing the United States to declaring war on Germany and aligning itself with the Allies . He cites the State Department 's demand that Germany 's submarines obey outdated , 18th century sailing laws as one of the first missteps by the United States bureaucracy regarding the war . By doing so , the United States had essentially given Germany the choice of whether or not the U.S. would enter the war . Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan spent most of the fall of 1914 out of contact with the State Department , leaving the more conservative Robert Lansing with the ability to shape American foreign policy at the time . One of these decisions was made in response to British protests that the Germans were using U.S. radio towers to send messages to their warships . Immediately prior to the war starting in 1914 , Britain had cut all cable communications leading out of Germany , including the trans - Atlantic cable . The US Government permitted German embassies to use the US cable lines for `` proper '' diplomatic business . Germany argued that usage of the towers was necessary to allow efficient contact between the U.S. and Germany . Lansing responded by requiring both sides to give the U.S. Navy copies of the messages they sent over the towers . The French and British were still able to use the cables , forcing Germany to be the only belligerent required to provide the U.S. with their messages . This and other seemingly small decisions made by Lansing during this time would eventually stack up , shifting American support towards the Allies . Zimmermann Telegram ( edit ) Main article : Zimmermann Telegram Once Germany had decided on unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917 , and knowing it would be attacking all American ships in the North Atlantic , it tried to line up new allies , especially Mexico . Arthur Zimmermann , the German foreign minister , sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico on January 16 , 1917 . Zimmerman invited Mexico ( knowing their resentment towards America since the 1848 Mexican Cession ) to join in a war against the United States . Germany promised to pay for Mexico 's costs and to help it recover the territory annexed by the U.S. in 1848 . These territories included the present day states of California , Nevada , Utah , most of Arizona , about half of New Mexico and a quarter of Colorado . British intelligence intercepted and decoded the telegram and passed it to the Wilson administration . The White House would release it to the press on March 1st . Anger grew further as the Germans began sinking American ships , even as isolationists in the Senate launched a filibuster to block legislation for arming American merchant ships to defend themselves . Sinking of American merchant ships ( edit ) In early 1917 Berlin forced the issue . Its declared decision on 31 January 1917 to target neutral shipping in a designated war - zone became the immediate cause of the entry of the United States into the war . Five American merchant ships went down in March . Outraged public opinion now overwhelmingly supported Wilson when he asked Congress for a declaration of war on April 2 , 1917 . Public opinion , moralism , and national interest ( edit ) Historians such as Ernest R. May have approached the process of American entry into the war as a study in how public opinion changed radically in three years ' time . In 1914 most Americans called for neutrality , seeing the war a dreadful mistake and were determined to stay out . By 1917 the same public felt just as strongly that going to war was both necessary and wise . Military leaders had little to say during this debate , and military considerations were seldom raised . The decisive questions dealt with morality and visions of the future . The prevailing attitude was that America possessed a superior moral position as the only great nation devoted to the principles of freedom and democracy . By staying aloof from the squabbles of reactionary empires , it could preserve those ideals -- sooner or later the rest of the world would come to appreciate and adopt them . In 1917 this very long - run program faced the severe danger that in the short run powerful forces adverse to democracy and freedom would triumph . Strong support for moralism came from religious leaders , women ( led by Jane Addams ) , and from public figures like long - time Democratic leader William Jennings Bryan , the Secretary of State from 1913 to 1916 . The most important moralist of all was President Woodrow Wilson -- the man who dominated decision making so totally that the war has been labelled , from an American perspective , `` Wilson 's War '' . In 1917 Wilson won the support of most of the moralists by proclaiming `` a war to make the world safe for democracy . '' If they truly believed in their ideals , he explained , now was the time to fight . The question then became whether Americans would fight for what they deeply believed in , and the answer turned out to be a resounding `` Yes '' . Antiwar activists at the time and in the 1930s , alleged that beneath the veneer of moralism and idealism there must have been ulterior motives . Some suggested a conspiracy on the part of New York City bankers holding $3 billion of war loans to the Allies , or steel and chemical firms selling munitions to the Allies . The interpretation was popular among left - wing Progressives ( led by Senator Robert La Follette of Wisconsin ) and among the `` agrarian '' wing of the Democratic party -- including the chairman of the tax - writing Ways and Means Committee of the House . He strenuously opposed war , and when it came he rewrote the tax laws to make sure the rich paid the most . ( In the 1930s neutrality laws were passed to prevent financial entanglements from dragging the nation into a war . ) In 1915 , Bryan thought that Wilson 's pro-British sentiments had distorted his policies , so he became the first Secretary of State ever to resign in protest . However , historian Harold C. Syrett argues that business supported neutrality . Other historians state that the pro-war element was animated not by profit but by disgust with what Germany actually did , especially in Belgium , and the threat it represented to American ideals . Belgium kept the public 's sympathy as the Germans executed civilians , and English nurse Edith Cavell . American engineer Herbert Hoover led a private relief effort that won wide support . Compounding the Belgium atrocities were new weapons that Americans found repugnant , like poison gas and the aerial bombardment of innocent civilians as Zeppelins dropped bombs on London . Even anti-war spokesmen did not claim that Germany was innocent , and pro-German scripts were poorly received . Randolph Bourne criticized the moralist philosophy claiming it was a justification by American intellectual and power elites , like President Wilson , for going to war unnecessarily . He argues that the push for war started with the Preparedness movement , fueled by big business . While big business would not push much further than Preparedness , benefitting the most from neutrality , the movement would eventually evolve into a war - cry , led by war - hawk intellectuals under the guise of moralism . Bourne believes elites knew full well what going to war would entail and the price in American lives it would cost . If American elites could portray the United States ' role in the war as noble , they could convince the generally isolationist American public war would be acceptable . Above all , American attitudes towards Germany focused on the U-boats ( submarines ) , which sank the Lusitania in 1915 and other passenger ships `` without warning '' . That appeared to Americans as an unacceptable challenge to America 's rights as a neutral country , and as an unforgivable affront to humanity . After repeated diplomatic protests , Germany agreed to stop . But in 1917 the Germany military leadership decided that `` military necessity '' dictated the unrestricted use of their submarines . The Kaiser 's advisors felt America was enormously powerful economically but too weak militarily to make a difference . Declaration of war ( edit ) Germany ( edit ) On April 2 , 1917 , Wilson asked a special joint session of Congress to declare war on the German Empire , stating , `` We have no selfish ends to serve '' . To make the conflict seem like a better idea , he painted the conflict idealistically , stating that the war would `` make the world safe for democracy '' and later that it would be a `` war to end war '' . The United States had a moral responsibility to enter the war , Wilson proclaimed . The future of the world was being determined on the battlefield , and American national interest demanded a voice . Wilson 's definition of the situation won wide acclaim , and , indeed , has shaped America 's role in world and military affairs ever since . Wilson believed that if the Central Powers won , the consequences would be bad for the United States . Germany would have dominated the continent and perhaps would gain control of the seas as well . Latin America could well have fallen under Berlin 's control . The dream of spreading democracy , liberalism , and independence would have been shattered . On the other hand , if the Allies had won without help , there was a danger they would carve up the world without regard to American commercial interests . They were already planning to use government subsidies , tariff walls , and controlled markets to counter the competition posed by American businessmen . The solution was a third route , a `` peace without victory '' , according to Wilson . On April 6 , 1917 , Congress declared war . In the Senate , the resolution passed 82 to 6 , with Senators Harry Lane , William J. Stone , James Vardaman , Asle Gronna , Robert M. La Follette , Sr. , and George W. Norris voting against it . In the House , the declaration passed 373 to 50 , with Claude Kitchin , a senior Democrat , notably opposing it . Another opponent was Jeannette Rankin , who alone voted against entry into both World War I and World War II . Nearly all of the opposition came from the West and the Midwest . Austria - Hungary ( edit ) The United States Senate , in a 74 to 0 vote , declared war on Austria - Hungary on December 7 , 1917 , citing Austria - Hungary 's severing of diplomatic relations with the United States , its use of unrestricted submarine warfare and its alliance with Germany . The declaration passed in the United States House of Representatives by a vote of 365 to 1 . See also ( edit ) World War I portal Causes of World War I Diplomatic history of World War I United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South during the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . pp. 1 -- 5 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 7589 - 6 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Harry Elmer . The Genesis of the World War ( 1925 ) pp. 590 -- 591 Jump up ^ `` World War One '' . BBC History . Jump up ^ Link , Arthur S. ( 1972 ) . Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . New York : Harper & Row . pp. 252 -- 282 . ^ Jump up to : H.J. Res. 169 : Declaration of War with Austria - Hungary , WWI , United States Senate ^ Jump up to : Jennifer K. Elsea ; Matthew C. Weed ( April 18 , 2014 ) . `` Declarations of War and Authorizations for the Use of Military Force : Historical Background and Legal Implications '' ( PDF ) . p. 9 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 10 , 2006 . Retrieved July 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Eric W. Osborne , Britain 's economic blockade of Germany , 1914 -- 1919 ( 2004 ) Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 115 quote from Dec 1914 . Jump up ^ C.R.M.F. Cruttwell , A history of the Great War , 1914 -- 1918 ( 2007 ) p. 191 Jump up ^ Edward House , The intimate papers of Colonel House : Vol 2 ( 1928 ) p. 73 Jump up ^ Duffy , Michael ( August 22 , 2009 ) . `` U.S. ' Strict Accountability ' Warning to Germany , 10 February 1915 '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 Jump up ^ Spencer Tucker , The Great War , 1914 -- 18 ( 1997 ) p. 133 Jump up ^ Ernest May , The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) p. 414 Jump up ^ Krakow , Ira . `` World War I - The Most Unpopular War In Our History '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Horn , Martin ( Spring 2000 ) . `` A Private Bank at War : J.P. Morgan &Co. and France , 1914 -- 1918 '' . Business History Review . 1 . 74 : 85 -- 112 . doi : 10.2307 / 3116353 . Jump up ^ Global Financial Data . `` Industrial Output 1909 -- 1930 '' . Retrieved March 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kendrick , John W. ( 1961 ) . `` Productivity Trends in the United States '' . National Bureau of Economic Research : 1 -- 50 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands ( 2003 ) . Woodrow Wilson : The American Presidents Series : The 28th President , 1913 -- 1921 . Henry Holt . pp. 55 -- 56 . ^ Jump up to : Cuff , Robert D. ; Urofsky , Melvin I. ( Autumn 1970 ) . `` The Steel Industry and Price - Fixing during World War I '' . The Business History Review . 3 . 44 ( 3 ) : 291 -- 306 . doi : 10.2307 / 3112615 . ^ Jump up to : Metz , Lance E. ( November 2006 ) . `` Bethlehem Steel : The Rise and Fall of An Industrial Giant '' . Pennsylvania Legacies. 6 ( 2 ) : 10 -- 15 . Jump up ^ James Weinstein , `` Anti-War Sentiment and the Socialist Party , 1917 -- 1918 . '' Political Science Quarterly 74 # 2 ( 1959 ) : 215 -- 239 . in JSTOR Jump up ^ Ross A. Kennedy , The Will to Believe : Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( Kent State University Press , 2009 ) Jump up ^ Charles Chatfield , For peace and justice : pacifism in America , 1914 -- 1941 ( 1973 ) ch 1 Jump up ^ Nicole Anderson Yanoso ( 2016 ) . The Irish and the American Presidency . Transaction Publishers . pp. 90 -- 91 . Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - American and World War I ( Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 ) , ch 1 . Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson ( 2009 ) pp. 341 -- 2 , 352 , 360 Jump up ^ Merlo J. Pusey , Charles Evans Hughes ( 1951 ) vol 1 , p. 356 Jump up ^ Bernard J. Brommel , `` The pacifist speechmaking of Eugene V. Debs . '' Quarterly Journal of Speech 52.2 ( 1966 ) : 146 - 154 . Jump up ^ Seymour Martin Lipset and Gary Marks , It did n't happen here : why socialism failed in the United States ( 2001 ) p. 184 Jump up ^ John Whiteclay Chambers ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to American Military History . Oxford UP . p. 203 . Jump up ^ Lawrence O. Christensen , `` World War I in Missouri , '' Missouri Historical Review , 90 ( 1996 ) , 330 - 354 , 410 - 428 . Jump up ^ Edwin Costrell , How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1940 ) Jump up ^ John C. Crighton , Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( 1947 ) Jump up ^ Joseph A. McCartin , Labor 's Great War : The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations , 1912 -- 1921 ( 1998 ) pp. 34 , 57 Jump up ^ McCorkle , James L. , Jr. ( 1981 ) . `` Mississippi from Neutrality to War ( 1914 -- 1917 ) '' . Journal of Mississippi History . 43 ( 2 ) : 85 -- 125 . Jump up ^ Arthur S. Link , Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era ( 1954 ) pp. 169 -- 72 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , The great silent majority : Missouri 's resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World War '' ( 1992 ) p. 170 Jump up ^ Mark Ellis , `` America 's Black Press , 1914 -- 18 , '' History Today , Sept 1991 , Vol. 41 , Issue 9 Jump up ^ Panikos Panayi , `` Minorities in Wartime : National and Racial Groupings in Europe , North America , and Australia During the Two World Wars '' ( 1992 ) p. 171 Jump up ^ Christopher C. Gibbs , Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I ( 1988 ) Jump up ^ Jeanette Keith ( 2004 ) . Rich Man 's War , Poor Man 's Fight : Race , Class , and Power in the Rural South During the First World War . U. of North Carolina Press . p. 85 . Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 quote , p. 386 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Leslie V. Tischauser , The Burden of Ethnicity : The German Question in Chicago , 1914 -- 1941 ( Garland , 1990 ) pp. 21 -- 23 Jump up ^ Frederick C. Luebke , Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I ( 1974 ) pp. 200 -- 207 Jump up ^ Carl Wittke , German - Americans and the World War ( with Special Emphasis on Ohio 's German - Language Press ) ( Columbus , Ohio , 1936 ) , p. 209 Jump up ^ See Wisconsin Historical Society , `` World War I , at home and in the trenches '' Jump up ^ John F. Piper , The American Churches in World War I ( 1985 ) . Jump up ^ Samuel S. Hill , Charles H. Lippy , and Charles Reagan Wilson , Encyclopedia of Religion in the South ( 2005 ) p. 297 Jump up ^ Patterson , David S. ( 1971 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson and the Mediation Movement 1914 -- 1917 '' . The Historian. 33 ( 4 ) : 535 -- 556 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1540 - 6563.1971. tb01164. x . Jump up ^ Piper , John F. , Jr. ( 1970 ) . `` The American Churches in World War I '' . Journal of the American Academy of Religion . 38 ( 2 ) : 147 -- 155 . JSTOR 1461171 . doi : 10.1093 / jaarel / XXXVIII. 2.147 . Jump up ^ Gamble , Richard M. ( 2003 ) . The War for Righteousness : Progressive Christianity , the Great War , and the Rise of the Messianic Nation . Wilmington : ISI Books . ISBN 1 - 932236 - 16 - 3 . Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War ( 2003 ) , 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Mary Ann Irwin , and Ann Marie Wilson ; `` ' The Air is Becoming Full of War ' : Jewish San Francisco and World War I , '' Pacific Historical Review 74 # 3 ( 2005 ) : 331 - 66 Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , `` Private and Organized American Jewish Overseas Relief ( 1914 -- 1938 ) , '' American Jewish Historical Quarterly 57 # 1 ( 1967 ) 52 -- 106 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Zosa Szajkowski , Jews , Wars , and Communism . Vol . I : The Attitude of American Jews to World War I , the Russian Revolutions of 1917 , and Communism ( 1914 -- 1945 ) ( New York : KTAV , 1973 ) includes a great deal of undigested information . Jump up ^ Joseph Rappaport , Jewish Immigrants and World War I : A Study of Yiddish Attitudes ( 1951 ) , p. 78 Jump up ^ Henry L. Feingold ( 2007 ) . `` Silent No More '' : Saving the Jews of Russia , the American Jewish Effort , 1967 -- 1989 . Syracuse UP . p. 13 . Jump up ^ Sterba , Good Americans ( 2003 ) , 68 -- 69 , 76 , 79 , 167 - 69 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 164 Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 174 Jump up ^ Smolenyak , Megan . `` How Many Irish - Born Died in Service to the U.S. in WWI ? '' . Irish America . Retrieved April 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Malcolm Campbell , Ireland 's New Worlds , ( 2008 ) , p. 170 Jump up ^ Leary , William M. , Jr. ( 1967 ) . `` Woodrow Wilson , Irish Americans , and the Election of 1916 '' . Journal of American History . 54 ( 1 ) : 57 -- 72 . JSTOR 1900319 . doi : 10.2307 / 1900319 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Billy . `` Woodrow Wilson '' . Ulstervirginia.com . http://www.ulstervirginia.com/woodrowwilson.asp . Retrieved November 10 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Forrest ( 2004 ) . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon . Washington : Beard Books . pp. 162 -- 187 . ISBN 1 - 58798 - 243 - 9 . Jump up ^ O'Grady , Joseph ( 1967 ) . The Immigrants ' Influence on Wilson 's Peace Policies . Lexington : University of Kentucky Press . Jump up ^ The Hungarian - Americans by Steven Béla Várdy ; Twayne Publishers , 1985 page 87 -- 99 Jump up ^ Christopher M. Sterba , Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants During the First World War , ( 2003 ) p. 31 -- 32 Jump up ^ Michael T. Urbanski , `` Money , War , and Recruiting an Army : The Activities of Connecticut Polonia During World War I , '' Connecticut History ( 2007 ) 46 # 1 pp. 45 -- 69 . Jump up ^ The Albanian - American Odyssey : A Pilot Study of the Albanian Community of Boston , Massachusetts Front Cover Dennis L. Nagi AMS Press , Jan 1 , 1989 , pp. 33 -- 35 Jump up ^ Mark W. van Wienen ( 1997 ) . Partisans and Poets : The Political Work of American Poetry in the Great War . Cambridge UP . p. 57 . Jump up ^ Barbara S. Kraft , The Peace Ship : Henry Ford 's Pacifist Adventure in the First World War ( 1978 ) p. 81 Jump up ^ Max Wallace , The American Axis ( New York , New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2003 ) , pp. 224 -- 225 . Jump up ^ H.C. Peterson , Propaganda for war : The campaign against American neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1968 ) Jump up ^ Link 3 : 556ff Jump up ^ George C. Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 . '' Journal of Southern History ( 1964 ) 30 # 4 pp. 383 -- 404 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Roberts , Priscilla ( 2005 ) . `` Paul D. Cravath , the First World War , and the Anglophile Internationalist Tradition '' . Australian Journal of Politics and History . 51 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 215 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8497.2005. 00370. x . Jump up ^ `` World War I facts , information , pictures Encyclopedia.com articles about World War I '' . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Scott Manning ( 2007 - 01 - 04 ) . `` World War I : Troop Statistics '' . Scottmanning.com . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chambers 93 ; Weigley Army 345 Jump up ^ Very few young men from wealthy or prominent families considered a career in the Army or Navy then or at any time in American history . The highest social background of cadets , exemplified by George Patton , West Point 1909 , and Lucius Clay , 1918 , was oldest son of a locally prominent family . Jump up ^ Link , Woodrow Wilson , pp. 179ff Jump up ^ Herring , `` James Hay and the Preparedness Controversy , 1915 -- 1916 , '' p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Paolo Coletta , American Secretaries of the Navy ( 1980 ) 2 : 526 - 41 Jump up ^ Theodore A. Thelander , `` Josephus Daniels and the Publicity Campaign for Naval and Industrial Preparedness before World War I , '' North Carolina Historical Review ( 1966 ) 43 # 3 pp. 316 -- 332 Jump up ^ Lee A. Craig ( 2013 ) . Josephus Daniels : His Life and Times . U. North Carolina Press . pp. 364 -- 65 . Jump up ^ Kendrick A. Clements , `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I . '' Presidential Studies Quarterly ( 2004 ) 34 # 1 pp. 62 -- 82 . Jump up ^ Cooper , Woodrow Wilson ( 2011 ) pp. 378 -- 79 Jump up ^ Thomas Boghardt , The Zimmermann Telegram : Intelligence , Diplomacy , and America 's Entry into World War I ( 2012 ) Excerpt and text search , summarized in Thomas Boghardt 's The Zimmermann Telegram : Diplomacy , Intelligence and The American Entry into World War I ( 2003 ) online Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 250 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . On January 31 , Ambassador Bernstorff presented ( ... ) Germany 's response to Wilson 's recent ' peace without victory ' plea ( ... ) : his nation was about to launch an unrestricted submarine campaign , thereby declaring total maritime war against all neutrals . After February 1 , the communique noted , German U-boats would sink without warning belligerent and neutral ships found in a designated zone comprising waters around Great Britain , France , and Italy , and in the eastern Mediterranean . The Admiralty made one minor exception : it would permit one American steamer a week to sail between New York and Falmouth ( ... ) . Initially Germany would grant a period of grace , during which its submarines would not harm neutral ships that either were en route to the war zone or had already arrived . Jump up ^ Compare : Doenecke , Justus D. ( 2011 ) . Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry Into World War I. Studies in Conflict , Diplomacy and Peace Series . University Press of Kentucky . p. 286 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 07 . Several factors led to Wilson 's choice . Germany 's U-boat warfare was paramount . Had it not been for Berlin 's announcement of January 31 , the president probably would not have issued a call to arms . Jump up ^ Justus D. Doenecke , Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) ch 10 ^ Jump up to : May , Ernest R. ( 1966 ) . The World War and American isolation , 1914 -- 1917 . Jump up ^ Knock , Thomas J. ( 1995 ) . To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order . Jump up ^ Syrett , Harold C. ( 1945 ) . `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 32 ( 2 ) : 215 -- 230 . JSTOR 1898209 . doi : 10.2307 / 1898209 . Jump up ^ Robert W. Cherny , A righteous cause : the life of William Jennings Bryan ( 1994 ) p. 144 Jump up ^ Syrett , `` The Business Press and American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 , '' Jump up ^ The German army executed over 6,500 French and Belgian civilians between August and November 1914 , usually in near - random large - scale shootings of civilians ordered by junior German officers . Horne , John ; Kramer , Alan ( 2001 ) . German Atrocities , 1914 : A History of Denial . New Haven : Yale U.P. ISBN 0 - 300 - 08975 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bonadio , Felice A. ( 1959 ) . `` The Failure of German Propaganda in the United States , 1914 -- 1917 '' . Mid America . 41 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 57 . Jump up ^ Bourne , Randolph . `` The War and the Intellectuals . '' N.p. : n.p. , n.d. 133 - 46 . Print . Jump up ^ DISASTER BEARS OUT EMBASSY 'S WARNING ; German Advertisement Practically Foretold Lusitania 's Fate on Day She Sailed . AND IS REPEATED TODAY Passengers Also Said to Have Received Telegrams -- Shipping Men Heard of Threats . Jump up ^ Germany , U-Boats and the Lusitania Jump up ^ The Lusitania Jump up ^ for detailed coverage of the speech see NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes Jump up ^ John Milton Cooper , Jr. , Woodrow Wilson : A Biography ( 2011 ) pp. 383 -- 89 Jump up ^ Simon Newton Dexter North ; et al. ( 1918 ) . The American Year Book : A Record of Events and Progress . Thomas Nelson & Sons . pp. 10 -- 11 . Bibliography ( edit ) After war was declared war bond posters demonized Germany Ambrosius , Lloyd E. `` Woodrow Wilson and George W. Bush : Historical Comparisons of Ends and Means in Their Foreign Policies , '' Diplomatic History , 30 ( June 2006 ) , 509 -- 43 . Arnett , Alex Mathews . Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. 1937 . OCLC 1278853 Kitchen was an antiwar Democrat in the House Bassett , John Spencer . Our War with Germany : A History ( 1919 ) online edition Brands , H.W. Theodore Roosevelt ( 2001 ) OCLC 50431515 , full biography online edition Clements , Kendrick A. `` Woodrow Wilson and World War I , '' Presidential Studies Quarterly 34 : 1 ( 2004 ) . pp. 62 +. online edition Clifford , J. Garry . Citizen Soldiers : The Plattsburgh Training Camp Movement , 1913 -- 1920 ( 1972 ) Cooper , John Milton . The vanity of power : American isolationism and the First World War , 1914 - 1917 ( 1969 ) . Cooper , John Milton . Woodrow Wilson . A Biography ( 2009 ) , Major scholarly biography . Costrell , Edwin . How Maine viewed the war , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1940 ) OCLC 475605726 Crighton , John C. Missouri and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 : a study in public opinion ( University of Missouri , 1947 ) OCLC 831309569 Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) ISBN 0 - 8131 - 0955 - 8 OCLC 38842092 Cummins , Cedric Clisten . Indiana public opinion and the World War , 1914 -- 1917 , ( 1945 ) Davis , Allen F. American Heroine : The Life and Legend of Jane Addams . ( Oxford University Press , 1973 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 501694 - 7 OCLC 714527 Doenecke , Justus D. Nothing Less Than War : A New History of America 's Entry into World War I ( 2011 ) 433 pages ; comprehensive history online ISBN 978 - 0 - 8131 - 3002 - 6 OCLC 682895305 Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Early , Frances H. A World without War : How U.S. Feminists and Pacifists Resisted World War I. ( Syracuse University Press , 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8156 - 2764 - 5 OCLC 36800616 Esposito , David M. The Legacy of Woodrow Wilson : American War Aims in World War I. ( Praeger , 1996 ) 159pp online edition ISBN 0 - 275 - 95493 - 5 OCLC 33244422 Finnegan , John P. Against the Specter of a Dragon : The Campaign for American Military Preparedness , 1914 -- 1917 . ( 1975 ) . ISBN 0 - 8371 - 7376 - 0 OCLC 983933 Floyd , M. Ryan ( 2013 ) . Abandoning American Neutrality : Woodrow Wilson and the Beginning of the Great War , August 1914 - December 1915 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 137 - 33411 - 4 OCLC 836748335 Fordham , Benjamin O. `` Revisionism reconsidered : exports and American intervention in World War I . '' International Organization 61 # 2 ( 2007 ) : 277 - 310 . Gibbs , Christopher C. The Great Silent Majority : Missouri 's Resistance to World War I. 1988 . ISBN 0 - 8262 - 0683 - 2 OCLC 17676727 Grubbs , Frank L. The Struggle for Labor Loyalty : Gompers , the A.F. of L. , and the Pacifists , 1917 -- 1920 . 1968 . OCLC 640024383 Hannigan , Robert E. The Great War and American Foreign Policy , 1914 - 24 ( 2016 ) excerpt ; online at Questia Herman , Sondra . Eleven Against War : Studies in American Internationalist Thought , 1898 -- 1921 . 1969 . OCLC 23333 Higham , Robin and Dennis E. Showalter , eds . Researching World War I : A Handbook . 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28850 - X OCLC 51922814 , 475pp ; highly detailed historiography , online edition Hodgson , Godfrey . Woodrow Wilson 's Right Hand : The Life of Colonel Edward M. House . 2006 . ISBN 0 - 300 - 09269 - 5 OCLC 61864854 335pp Kazal , Russell A. Becoming Old Stock : The Paradox of German - American Identity. 2004 . 390 , pp. ISBN 0 - 691 - 05015 - 5 OCLC 52509620 German Americans in Philadelphia ponder the war . Kazin , Michael . War Against War : The American Fight for Peace , 1914 - 1918 ( 2017 ) . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Keene , Jennifer D. `` Americans Respond : Perspectives on the Global War , 1914 - 1917 . '' Geschichte und Gesellschaft 40.2 ( 2014 ) : 266 - 286 . online Kennedy , David M. Over Here : The First World War and American Society ( 1982 ) , covers politics & economics & society online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 502729 - 9 OCLC 6085939 Kennedy , Ross A. `` Preparedness , '' in Ross A. Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson 2013 . pp. 270 -- 86 ISBN 978 - 1 - 4443 - 3737 - 2 OCLC 808244737 Kennedy , Ross A. Woodrow Wilson , World War I , and America 's Strategy for Peace and Security ( 2009 ) . Koistinen , Paul . Mobilizing for Modern War : The Political Economy of American Warfare , 1865 -- 1919 Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 1997 . Knock , Thomas J. To End All Wars : Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order New York : Oxford University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 507501 - 3 OCLC 25317305 Lemnitzer , Jan Martin . `` Woodrow Wilson 's Neutrality , the Freedom of the Seas , and the Myth of the ' Civil War Precedents ' . '' Diplomacy & Statecraft 27.4 ( 2016 ) : 615 - 638 . Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era , 1910 -- 1917 . 1972 . Link , Arthur S. Wilson : The Struggle for Neutrality : 1914 -- 1915 ( 1960 ) ; Wilson : Confusions and Crises : 1915 -- 1916 ( 1964 ) ; Wilson : Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace : 1916 -- 1917 ( 1965 ) all 3 volumes are online at ACLS e-books Link , Arthur S. Wilson the Diplomatist : A Look at His Major Foreign Policies Baltimore : Johns Hopkins Press , 1957 . online edition OCLC 475072 Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World , 1913 -- 1921 . 1982 . online edition Link , Arthur S. Woodrow Wilson : Revolution , War , and Peace . Arlington Heights , IL : AHM Pub . Corp. , 1979 . online edition ISBN 0 - 88295 - 798 - 8 OCLC 5244770 Livermore , Seward W. Politics Is Adjourned : Woodrow Wilson and the War Congress , 1916 -- 1918 . 1966 . Luebke , Frederick C. Bonds of Loyalty : German - Americans and World War I. Dekalb : Northern Illinois University Press , 1974 . ISBN 0 - 87580 - 045 - 9 OCLC 865969 McCallum , Jack . Leonard Wood : Rough Rider , Surgeon , Architect of American Imperialism . New York : New York University Press , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8147 - 5699 - 7 OCLC 60402000 McDonald , Forrest . Insull : The Rise and Fall of a Billionaire Utility Tycoon ( 2004 ) May , Ernest R . The World War and American Isolation , 1914 -- 1917 ( 1959 ) online at ACLS e-books , highly influential study Nash , George H. Life of Herbert Hoover : The Humanitarian , 1914 -- 1917 ( Life of Herbert Hoover , Vol. 2 ) ( 1988 ) O'Toole , Patricia . When Trumpets Call : Theodore Roosevelt after the White House . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2005 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 86477 - 0 OCLC 56921011 Perkins , Bradford . The Great Rapprochement : England and the United States , 1895 -- 1914 1968 . Peterson , H.C. Propaganda for War : The Campaign Against American Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . Norman , OK : University of Oklahoma Press , 1968 . Rothwell , V.H. British War Aims and Peace Diplomacy , 1914 -- 1918 . 1971 . Safford , Jeffrey J. Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy , 1913 -- 1921 . 1978 . Smith , Daniel . The Great Departure : The United States and World War I , 1914 -- 1920 . 1965 . Sterba , Christopher M. Good Americans : Italian and Jewish Immigrants during the First World War . 2003 . 288 pp. online edition ISBN 0 - 19 - 514754 - 5 OCLC 49576532 Tuchman , Barbara W. ( 1985 ) . The Zimmermann Telegram . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32425 - 0 . Tucker , Robert W. Woodrow Wilson and the Great War : Reconsidering America 's Neutrality , 1914 -- 1917 . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 2629 - 2 Unger , Nancy C. Fighting Bob La Follette : The Righteous Reformer Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . ISBN 0 - 8078 - 2545 - X OCLC 42861557 Venzon , Anne Cipriano , ed . The United States in the First World War : An Encyclopedia New York : Garland Pub. , 1995 . ISBN 0 - 8240 - 7055 - 0 OCLC 32013365 Ward , Robert D . `` The Origin and Activities of the National Security League , 1914 -- 1919 . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 ( 1960 ) : 51 -- 65 . online at JSTOR Witcover , Jules . Sabotage at Black Tom : Imperial Germany 's Secret War in America . Chapel Hill , NC : Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 912697 - 98 - 9 OCLC 18379558 Historiography ( edit ) Doenecke , Justus D. `` Neutrality Policy and the Decision for War . '' in Ross Kennedy ed. , A Companion to Woodrow Wilson ( 2013 ) pp. 243 -- 69 Online ; covers the historiography Keene , Jennifer D. `` Remembering the `` Forgotten War '' : American Historiography on World War I . '' Historian 78 # 3 ( 2016 ) : 439 -- 468 . Primary sources ( edit ) The Papers of Woodrow Wilson edited by Arthur S. Link complete in 69 vol , at major academic libraries . Annotated edition of all of WW 's letters , speeches and writings plus many letters written to him Wilson , Woodrow . Why We Are at War ( 1917 ) six war messages to Congress , Jan - April 1917 External links ( edit ) NY Times main headline , April 2 , 1917 , President Calls for War Declaration , Stronger Navy , New Army of 500,000 Men , Full Cooperation With Germany 's Foes President Wilson 's War Address Map of Europe at the time of the US declaration of war on Germany at omniatlas.com World War I : Declarations of War from Around the Globe - How America Entered the Great War Today in History : U.S. Enters World War I ( hide ) Woodrow Wilson 28th President of the United States ( 1913 -- 1921 ) 34th Governor of New Jersey ( 1911 -- 1913 ) 13th President of Princeton University ( 1902 -- 1910 ) Presidency 1913 inauguration Suffrage Parade 1917 inauguration The New Freedom Clayton Antitrust Act Farm Loan Act Federal Employees ' Compensation Act Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Act Federal Income Tax amendment Federal Trade Commission Act Federal Trade Commission Revenue Act of 1913 Flag Day National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics Occupation of Haiti Bryan -- Chamorro Treaty Philippine Autonomy Act World War I entry campaigns home front Committee on Public Information Espionage Act of 1917 Selective Service Act of 1917 Four Minute Men Sedition Act of 1918 National War Labor Board The Inquiry American Commission to Negotiate Peace Paris Peace Conference , 1919 Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Fourteen Points League of Nations charter 1919 Nobel Peace Prize Silent Sentinels Women 's Suffrage amendment Roosevelt desk Judicial appointments Supreme Court Cabinet State of the Union Address 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1920 Life Birthplace and Presidential Library papers and manuscripts Boyhood home in Georgia Boyhood home in South Carolina Princeton University president Summer White House ( Harlakenden Shadow Lawn ) Woodrow Wilson House Gravesite Books Congressional Government When a Man Comes to Himself The New Freedom ( 1913 ) Elections New Jersey gubernatorial election , 1910 1912 Democratic National Convention 1912 U.S. presidential election 1916 Democratic National Convention 1916 U.S. presidential election Legacy Wilsonianism Woodrow Wilson Foundation Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial Woodrow Wilson Bridge Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation U.S. Postage stamps U.S. Currency Popular culture Wilson ( 1944 film ) Profiles in Courage ( 1965 series ) Wilson ( 2013 book ) Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century ( 2002 documentary ) Family Joseph Ruggles Wilson ( father ) Jessie Janet Woodrow ( mother ) Ellen Axson Wilson ( wife , 1885 -- 1914 ; death ) Edith Bolling Wilson ( wife , 1915 -- 1924 ) Margaret Wilson ( daughter ) Jessie Wilson Sayre ( daughter ) Eleanor Wilson McAdoo ( daughter ) William McAdoo ( son - in - law ) Francis Sayre , Jr. ( grandson ) James Woodrow ( maternal uncle ) Related Progressive Era Jefferson Literary and Debating Society ← William Howard Taft Warren G. Harding → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American_entry_into_World_War_I&oldid=802397205 '' Categories : United States in World War I United States home front during World War I Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Articles needing additional references from September 2017 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Bahasa Indonesia Edit links This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 22 : 31 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when did the u.s. enter world war 1

The American entry into World War I came in April 1917 , after more than two and a half years of efforts by President Woodrow Wilson to keep the United States out of the war . Apart from an Anglophile element urging early support for the British , American public opinion reflected that of the president : the sentiment for neutrality was particularly strong among Irish Americans , German Americans and Scandinavian Americans , as well as among church leaders and among women in general . On the other hand , even before World War I had broken out , American opinion had been more negative toward Germany than towards any other country in Europe . Over time , especially after reports of atrocities in Belgium in 1914 and following the sinking of the passenger liner RMS Lusitania in 1915 , the American people increasingly came to see Germany as the aggressor in Europe .

Bonus Army - wikipedia Bonus Army Bonus Army Conflict Bonus Army marchers ( left ) confront the police . Date July 28 , 1932 Location Washington D.C. , United States Result Pyrrhic victory , Bonus Army dispersed , demands rejected , Herbert Hoover loses 1932 Presidential election Belligerents Bonus Army U.S. Army Commanders and leaders Walter W. Waters Herbert Hoover Douglas MacArthur George S. Patton Strength 17,000 veterans 26,000 others 500 infantry 500 cavalry 6 M1917 light tanks 800 policemen Casualties and losses First day 2 dead ; 1,017 injured , total unknown At least 69 police injured The Bonus Army were the 43,000 marchers -- 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans , their families , and affiliated groups -- who gathered in Washington , D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash - payment redemption of their service certificates . Organizers called the demonstrators the `` Bonus Expeditionary Force '' , to echo the name of World War I 's American Expeditionary Forces , while the media referred to them as the `` Bonus Army '' or `` Bonus Marchers '' . The contingent was led by Walter W. Waters , a former sergeant . Many of the war veterans had been out of work since the beginning of the Great Depression . The World War Adjusted Compensation Act of 1924 had awarded them bonuses in the form of certificates they could not redeem until 1945 . Each certificate , issued to a qualified veteran soldier , bore a face value equal to the soldier 's promised payment compound interest . The principal demand of the Bonus Army was the immediate cash payment of their certificates . On July 28 , U.S. Attorney General William D. Mitchell ordered the veterans removed from all government property . Washington police met with resistance , shots were fired and two veterans were wounded and later died . President Herbert Hoover then ordered the Army to clear the marchers ' campsite . Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur commanded the infantry and cavalry supported by six tanks . The Bonus Army marchers with their wives and children were driven out , and their shelters and belongings burned . A second , smaller Bonus March in 1933 at the start of the Roosevelt administration was defused in May with an offer of jobs with the Civilian Conservation Corps at Fort Hunt , Virginia , which most of the group accepted . Those who chose not to work for the CCC by the May 22 deadline were given transportation home . In 1936 , Congress overrode President Roosevelt 's veto and paid the veterans their bonus nine years early . Contents 1 Background 2 March 3 Police shooting 4 Army intervention 5 Aftermath 6 See also 7 Notes 7.1 Bibliography 8 Further reading 9 External links Background ( edit ) Members of the Bonus Army camped out on the lawn of the U.S. Capitol building The practice of war - time military bonuses began in 1776 , as payment for the difference between what a soldier earned and what he could have earned had he not enlisted . The practice derived from British legislation passed in the 1592 -- 93 session of Parliament to provide medical care and maintenance for disabled veterans and bonuses for serving soldiers . Similar legislation for disabled veterans later only progressively passed by the North American colonies , beginning with Virginia in 1624 . In 1781 , most of the Continental Army was demobilized . Two years later , hundreds of Pennsylvania war veterans marched on Philadelphia , then the nation 's capital , surrounded the State House , where the U.S. Congress was in session , and demanded back pay . Congress fled to Princeton , New Jersey , and several weeks later , the U.S. Army expelled the war veterans from Philadelphia . In August 1776 , Congress adopted the first national pension law providing half pay for life for disabled veterans . Considerable pressure was applied to expand benefits to match the British system for serving soldiers and sailors but had little support from the colonial government until mass desertions at the Battle of Valley Forge that threatened the existence of the Continental Army led George Washington to become a strong advocate . Congress progressively passed legislation from 1788 covering pensions and bonuses , eventually extending eligibility to widows in 1836 . Before World War I , the soldiers ' military service bonus ( adjusted for rank ) was land and money ; a Continental Army private received 100 acres ( 40 ha ) and $80.00 ( 2017 : $1,968.51 ) at war 's end , while a major general received 1,100 acres ( 450 ha ) . In 1855 , Congress increased the land - grant minimum to 160 acres ( 65 ha ) , and reduced the eligibility requirements to fourteen days of military service or one battle ; moreover , the bonus also applied to veterans of any Indian war . The provision of land eventually became a major political issue , particularly in Tennessee where almost 40 % of arable land had been given to veterans as part of their bonus . By 1860 , 73,500,000 acres ( 29,700,000 ha ) had been issued and lack of available arable land led to the program 's abandonment and replacement with a cash - only system . Breaking with tradition , the veterans of the Spanish -- American War did not receive a bonus and after World War I , that became a political matter when they received only a $60 bonus . The American Legion , created in 1919 , led a political movement for an additional bonus . Cinderella stamp ( USA , 1932 ) supporting the Bonus Army On May 15 , 1924 , President Calvin Coolidge vetoed a bill granting bonuses to veterans of World War I , saying : `` patriotism ... bought and paid for is not patriotism . '' Congress overrode his veto a few days later , enacting the World War Adjusted Compensation Act . Each veteran was to receive a dollar for each day of domestic service , up to a maximum of $500 , and $1.25 for each day of overseas service , up to a maximum of $625 ( 2017 : $8,903.62 ) . Amounts of $50 or less were immediately paid . All other amounts were issued as Certificates of Service maturing in 20 years . There were 3,662,374 Adjusted Service Certificates issued , with a combined face value of $3.64 billion ( 2017 : $51.8 billion ) . Congress established a trust fund to receive 20 annual payments of $112 million that , with interest , would finance the 1945 disbursement of the $3.638 billion for the veterans . Meanwhile , veterans could borrow up to 22.5 % of the certificate 's face value from the fund ; but in 1931 , because of the Great Depression , Congress increased the maximum value of such loans to 50 % of the certificate 's face value . Although there was congressional support for the immediate redemption of the military service certificates , Hoover and Republican congressmen opposed such action and reasoned that the government would have to increase taxes to cover the costs of the payout and so any potential economic recovery would be slowed . The Veterans of Foreign Wars continued to press the federal government to allow the early redemption of military service certificates . The first march of the unemployed was Coxey 's Army in 1894 , when armies of men from various regions streamed to Washington as a `` living petition '' to demand that the federal government create jobs by investing in public infrastructure projects In January 1932 , a march of 25,000 unemployed Pennsylvanians , dubbed `` Cox 's Army '' , had marched on Washington , D.C. , the largest demonstration to date in the nation 's capital , setting a precedent for future marches by the unemployed . March ( edit ) Bonus Army Camp Most of the Bonus Army camped in a `` Hooverville '' on the Anacostia Flats , a swampy , muddy area across the Anacostia River from the federal core of Washington , just south of the 11th Street Bridges ( now Section C of Anacostia Park ) . Approximately 10,000 veterans , women and children lived in the shelters in which they built from materials dragged out of a junk pile nearby , which included old lumber , packing boxes and scrap tin covered with roofs of thatched straw . The camps were tightly controlled by the veterans , who laid out streets , built sanitation facilities , and held daily parades . To live in the camps , veterans were required to register and to prove they had been honorably discharged . The Superintendent of the D.C. Police , Pelham D. Glassford , worked with camp leaders to maintain order . On June 15 , 1932 , the US House of Representatives passed the Wright Patman Bonus Bill to move forward the date for World War I veterans to receive their cash bonus . The Bonus Army massed at the U.S. Capitol on June 17 as the U.S. Senate voted on the Bonus Bill . The bill was defeated by a vote of 62 -- 18 . Police shooting ( edit ) On July 28 , 1932 , President Hoover ordered the Secretary of War to disperse the protesters . Towards the late afternoon , cavalry , infantry , tanks and machine guns pushed the `` Bonusers '' out of Washington . The troops injured more than one hundred marchers in the process . When the veterans moved back into the camp , police drew their revolvers and shot at the veterans , two of whom , William Hushka and Eric Carlson , died later . Hushka ( 1895 -- July 28 , 1932 ) was an immigrant to the United States from Lithuania . When the US entered World War I in 1917 , he sold his butcher shop in St. Louis , Missouri , and joined the army . After the war , he lived in Chicago . Hushka is buried in Arlington National Cemetery . Carlson ( 1894 -- August 2 , 1932 ) was a veteran from Oakland , California . He fought in the trenches of France in World War I. He was interred in Arlington National Cemetery . On July 28 under prodding from the White House the D.C. Commissioners ordered Glassford to clear their buildings , rather than letting them drift away as he had recommended . An Army intelligence report said that the BEF intended to occupy the Capitol permanently and instigate fighting which would be a signal for Communist uprisings in all major cities . At least part of the Marine Corps garrison in Washington would side with the revolutionaries ; hence Marine units eight blocks from the Capitol were never called upon ( the report of July 5 , 1932 by Conrad H. Lanza in upstate New York was not declassified until 1991 ) . When two veterans were shot the commissioners asked the White House for federal troops . Hoover passed the request to Secretary Hurley who told MacArthur to take action . At 1.40 pm MacArthur ordered General Perry Miles to assemble them on the Ellipse immediately south of the White House . Within the hour the 3rd Cavalry led by Patton crossed the Memorial Bridge , with the 12th Infantry arriving by steamer about an hour later . At 4 pm Miles told MacArthur that the troops were ready , and MacArthur ( like Eisenhower , by now in service uniform ) said that Hoover wanted him on hand to take the rap if ... However twice that evening Hoover sent instructions to MacArthur not to cross the Anacostia bridge that night , both of which he ignored ; shortly after 9 p.m. he ordered Miles to cross the bridge and evict the Bonus Army from its encampment Army intervention ( edit ) At 4 : 45 p.m. , commanded by General Douglas MacArthur , the 12th Infantry Regiment , Fort Howard , Maryland , and the 3rd Cavalry Regiment , supported by six M1917 light tanks commanded by Maj . George S. Patton , formed in Pennsylvania Avenue while thousands of civil service employees left work to line the street and watch . The Bonus Marchers , believing the troops were marching in their honor , cheered the troops until Patton ordered the cavalry to charge them , which prompted the spectators to yell , `` Shame ! Shame ! '' Shacks that members of the Bonus Army erected on the Anacostia Flats burning after its confrontation with the army . After the cavalry charged , the infantry , with fixed bayonets and tear gas ( adamsite , an arsenical vomiting agent ) entered the camps , evicting veterans , families , and camp followers . The veterans fled across the Anacostia River to their largest camp , and Hoover ordered the assault stopped . MacArthur chose to ignore the president and ordered a new attack , claiming that the Bonus March was an attempt to overthrow the US government ; 55 veterans were injured and 135 arrested . A veteran 's wife miscarried . When 12 - week - old Bernard Myers died in the hospital after being caught in the tear gas attack , a government investigation reported he died of enteritis , and a hospital spokesman said the tear gas `` did n't do it any good . '' During the military operation , Major Dwight D. Eisenhower , later the 34th president of the United States , served as one of MacArthur 's junior aides . Believing it wrong for the Army 's highest - ranking officer to lead an action against fellow American war veterans , he strongly advised MacArthur against taking any public role : `` I told that dumb son - of - a-bitch not to go down there , '' he said later . `` I told him it was no place for the Chief of Staff . '' Despite his misgivings , Eisenhower later wrote the Army 's official incident report that endorsed MacArthur 's conduct . Aftermath ( edit ) Joe Angelo , a decorated hero from the war who had saved Patton 's life during the Meuse - Argonne offensive on September 26 , 1918 , approached him the day after to sway him . Patton , however , dismissed him quickly . This episode was said to represent the proverbial essence of the Bonus Army , each man the face of each side : Angelo the dejected loyal soldier ; Patton the unmoved government official unconcerned with past loyalties . Though the Bonus Army incident did not derail the careers of the military officers involved , it proved politically disastrous for Hoover , and it is considered a contributing factor to his losing the 1932 election in a landslide to Franklin D. Roosevelt . Police Superintendent Glassford was not pleased with the decision to have the Army intervene , believing that the police could have handled the situation . He soon resigned as superintendent . MGM released the movie Gabriel Over the White House in March 1933 , the month Roosevelt was sworn in as president . Produced by William Randolph Hearst 's Cosmopolitan Pictures , it depicted a fictitious President Hammond who , in the film 's opening scenes , refuses to deploy the military against a march of the unemployed and instead creates an `` Army of Construction '' to work on public works projects until the economy recovers . First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt judged the movie 's treatment of veterans superior to Hoover 's . During the presidential campaign of 1932 , Roosevelt had opposed the veterans ' bonus demands . When they organized a second demonstration in May 1933 , he provided the marchers with a campsite in Virginia and provided them three meals a day . Administration officials , led by presidential confidant Louis Howe , tried to negotiate an end to the protest . Roosevelt arranged for his wife , Eleanor , to visit the site unaccompanied . She lunched with the veterans and listened to them perform songs . She reminisced about her memories of seeing troops off to World War I and welcoming them home . The most that she could offer was a promise of positions in the newly created Civilian Conservation Corps ( CCC ) . One veteran commented , `` Hoover sent the army , Roosevelt sent his wife . '' In a press conference following her visit , the First Lady described her reception as courteous and praised the marchers , highlighting how comfortable she felt despite critics of the marchers who described them as communists and criminals . Roosevelt later issued an executive order allowing the enrollment of 25,000 veterans in the CCC , exempting them from the normal requirement that applicants be unmarried and under the age of 25 . Congress , with Democrats holding majorities in both houses , passed the Adjusted Compensation Payment Act in 1936 , authorizing the immediate payment of the $2 billion in World War I bonuses , and then overrode Roosevelt 's veto of the measure . The House vote was 324 to 61 , and the Senate vote was 76 to 19 . See also ( edit ) List of protest marches on Washington , D.C. On - to - Ottawa Trek by Canadian veterans , 1935 Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Take Job in the Forest or Go Home ' Is Alternative Given to Bonus Boys '' , Middlesboro ( Kentucky ) Daily News , May 17 , 1933 , p1 ; `` Bonus Marchers Weaken ; Accept Jobs in Ax Corps '' , Milwaukee Journal , May 20 , 1933 , p1 Jump up ^ Graves , Will . `` Pension Acts An Overview of Revolutionary War Pension and Bounty Land Legislation and the Southern Campaigns Pension Transcription Project '' . Southern Campaigns Revolutionary War Pension Statements & Rosters . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : David Greenberg , Calvin Coolidge ( NY : Henry Holt , 2006 ) , 78 -- 9 ^ Jump up to : `` BLS Inflation Calculator '' . Bureau of Labor Statistics . US Government , Department of Labor . Retrieved January 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 29 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 37 - 8 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 34 Jump up ^ Stephen R. Ortiz , `` The ' New Deal ' for Veterans : The Economy Act , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , and the Origins of the New Deal , '' Journal of Military History , vol. 70 ( 2006 ) , 434 -- 5 Jump up ^ Donald L. McMurry , `` Coxey 's Army '' , 1930 ( page cite needed ) . Jump up ^ `` '' The Bonus Army '' Eyewitness to History ( 2000 ) `` . Jump up ^ Glass , Andrew ( 2009 ) . `` House passes bonus bill for WWI veterans , June 15 , 1932 '' . POLITICO . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` The Bonus Army '' . Encyclopedia.com . Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Veteran dies of wounds , '' August 2 , 1932 , accessed August 30 , 2011 ^ Jump up to : TIME : `` Heroes : Battle of Washington , '' August 8 , 1932 , accessed August 30 , 2011 : `` Last week William Hushka 's Bonus for $528 suddenly became payable in full when a police bullet drilled him dead in the worst public disorder the capital has known in years . '' Jump up ^ FindAGrave Jump up ^ Mentioned in `` The March of the Bonus Army '' video , 30 min . Retrieved from answer.com 2011 - 2 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` Bonus Army Spectacle , U.S. Capital , 1932 : What Really Happened '' , Section VI . Two Shootings at Glassford Camp from Suburban Emergency Management Project ( SEMP ) , Biot Report # 635 : July 18 , 2009 . Retrieved 2011 - 2 - 8 Jump up ^ Bonus Expeditionary Force Martyrs Hushka & Carlson ( 1932 ) , DC Labor Map , retrieved 2011 - 2 - 8 Jump up ^ Smith , Jean Edward ( 2012 ) . Eisenhower in War and Peace . New York : Random House . pp. 109 -- 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 64429 - 3 . Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 182 - 3 Jump up ^ Dickson and Allen , 170 - 4 , 180 Jump up ^ Wukovits , John F. ( 2006 ) . Eisenhower . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . p. 43 . ISBN 0 - 230 - 61394 - 2 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Este , Carlo ( 2002 ) . Eisenhower : A Soldier 's Life . New York : Henry Holt & Co. p. 223 . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 5687 - 4 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Hirshson , Stanley P. General Patton. Harper Collins Publishers 2002 . New York , New York . Jump up ^ Historynet.com reproduction of `` The ' Bonus Army ' War in Washington , '' Wyatt Kingseed , Anerican History magazine , June 2004 , accessed 31 Jan 2018 Jump up ^ Internet Movie Database : Gabriel Over the White House ( 1933 ) , accessed December 15 , 2010 ^ Jump up to : Blanche Wiesen Cook , Eleanor Roosevelt ( NY : Viking , 1999 ) , vol. 2 , 44 -- 6 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Governor Lays Plans for Trip , '' October 17 , 1932 , accessed December 18 , 2010 Jump up ^ Jenkins 2003 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ H.W. Brands , Traitor to his Class : The Privileged Life and Radical Presidency of Franklin Delano Roosevelt ( NY : Doubleday , 2008 ) , 391 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bonus Bill Becomes Law '' , January 28 , 1936 , accessed December 20 , 2010 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` House Swiftly Overrides Bonus Veto by Roosevelt '' , January 25 , 1936 , accessed September 3 , 2011 Jump up ^ New York Times : `` Bonus Bill Becomes Law '' , January 28 , 1936 , accessed September 3 , 2011 Bibliography ( edit ) Burner , David . ( 1979 ) . Herbert Hoover : A Public Life . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46134 - 7 . Daniels , Roger . ( 1971 ) . The Bonus March : An Episode of the Great Depression . Westport , CT : Greenwood Publishing . ISBN 0837151740 Dickson , Paul , and Thomas B. Allen . ( 2004 ) . The Bonus Army : An American Epic . New York : Walker and Company . ISBN 0 - 8027 - 1440 - 4 . Dickson , Paul , and Thomas B. Allen . `` Marching On History , '' in Smithsonian , February 2003 James , D. Clayton . ( 1970 ) . The Years of MacArthur , Volume I , 1880 -- 1941 . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . OCLC 36211265 Jenkins , Roy ( 2003 ) . Franklin Delano Roosevelt . New York : Times Books . ISBN 9780805069594 . Lisio , Donald J. ( 1974 ) . The President and Protest : Hoover , Conspiracy , and the Bonus Riot . Columbia , MO : University of Missouri Press . ISBN 082620158X Smith , Richard Norton . ( 1984 ) . An Uncommon Man : The Triumph of Herbert Hoover . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 46034 - X . Liebovich , Louis W. ( 1994 ) . Bylines in Despair : Herbert Hoover , the Great Depression , and the U.S. News Media ISBN 0 - 275 - 94843 - 9 Bennett , Michael J. ( 1999 ) . When Dreams Come True : The GI Bill and the Making of Modern America ISBN 1 - 57488 - 218 - X Perret , Geoffrey ( 1996 ) . `` MacArthur and the Marchers '' in MHQ : the Quarterly Journal of Military History . Vol 8 , No 2 American Historical Publication , Inc Further reading ( edit ) Morrow , Felix . ( 1932 ) . The Bonus March . International Pamphlets No. 31 . New York : International Publishers . OCLC 12546840 Ortiz , Stephen R. 2006 . `` Rethinking the Bonus March : Federal Bonus Policy , the Veterans of Foreign Wars , and the Origins of a Protest Movement '' . Journal of Policy History . 18 , no . 3 : 275 -- 303 . Rawl , Michael J. ( 2006 ) . Anacostia Flats . Baltimore : Publish America . ISBN 978 - 1 - 413 - 79778 - 7 . Smith , Gene . ( 1970 ) . The Shattered Dream : Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression . New York : William Morrow and Company . OCLC 76078 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bonus Army . Sheilah Kast ( February 13 , 2005 ) . `` Soldier Against Soldier : The Story of the Bonus Army '' . NPR : Weekend Edition Sunday . The Bonus Army ( EyeWitness to History ) Vets Owe Debt to WWI 's `` Bonus Army from military.com FBI file on the Bonus Army The Sad Tale of the Bonus Marchers Memory : The Bonus Army March , Library of Congress Paul Dickson & Thomas B. Allen on The Bonus Army : An American Epic , a lecture recorded at the Pritzker Military Museum & Library Coordinates : 38 ° 52 ′ 0.3 '' N 76 ° 59 ′ 53 '' W  /  38.866750 ° N 76.99806 ° W  / 38.866750 ; - 76.99806 Herbert Hoover 31st President of the United States ( 1929 -- 1933 ) 3rd United States Secretary of Commerce ( 1921 -- 1928 ) Presidency 1929 inauguration Hoover Dam Federal Farm Board Wall Street Crash of 1929 Hooverville Bonus Army Banana Wars U.S. occupation of Nicaragua U.S. occupation of Haiti London Naval Treaty Hoover Moratorium Stimson Doctrine Cabinet Medicine Ball Cabinet Hooverball State of the Union Address , 1929 1930 Judicial appointments Supreme Court Hoover desk Other events Sons of Gwalia mine Zinc Corporation Commission for Relief in Belgium University Foundation Belgian American Educational Foundation American Relief Administration Russian Famine Relief Act U.S. Food Administration Commission for Polish Relief Finnish Relief Fund Hoover Commission Life Early life Birthplace and childhood home National Historic Site Hoover -- Minthorn House Lou Henry Hoover House Rapidan Camp Legacy Presidential Library , Museum , and gravesite Hoover Institution Library and Archives Hoover Tower Hoover Institution Herbert C. Hoover Building U.S. Postage stamp Hoover Medal Hoover Chair Hoover Field Books Freedom Betrayed English translation of De re metallica Elections Republican National Convention , 1920 1928 1932 1940 United States presidential election , 1928 1932 Family Lou Henry Hoover ( wife ) Herbert Hoover Jr. ( son ) Allan Hoover ( son ) Margaret Hoover ( great - granddaughter ) Jesse Hoover ( father ) Hulda Randall ( Minthorn ) Hoover ( mother ) ← Calvin Coolidge Franklin D. Roosevelt → Armed conflicts involving the United States Armed Forces listed chronologically Domestic Shays ' Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion John Fries Rebellion German Coast uprising Mormon War Dorr Rebellion Bleeding Kansas Utah War Civil War Brooks -- Baxter War Range War Lincoln County War Johnson County War Coal Creek War Homestead strike Battle of Blair Mountain Bonus Army Battle of Athens Foreign Revolutionary War Cherokee War of 1776 Northwest Indian War Cherokee War of 1786 Coldwater Indian War Cherokee - Franklin War of 1788 Southwest Territory Indian War Quasi-War First Barbary War Tecumseh 's War War of 1812 Creek War Second Barbary War First Seminole War First Sumatran expedition Second Seminole War Second Sumatran expedition Ivory Coast Expedition Mexican -- American War Jicarilla War Battle of the Diablo Mountains First Fiji Expedition Third Seminole War Second Opium War Antelope Hills expedition Battle of Little Robe Creek Second Fiji Expedition Battle of Pease River First Battle of Adobe Walls Formosa Expedition Korean Expedition Spanish -- American War Philippine -- American War Boxer Rebellion Santo Domingo Affair Mexican Revolution United States occupation of Nicaragua First United States occupation of Nicaragua United States occupation of Haiti United States occupation of the Dominican Republic World War I Russian Civil War Posey War Second United States occupation of Nicaragua World War II Korean War Vietnam War 1958 Lebanon crisis Laotian Civil War Bay of Pigs Invasion Communist insurgency in Thailand Korean DMZ Conflict Dominican Civil War Insurgency in Bolivia Cambodian Civil War Shaba II Operation Eagle Claw Gulf of Sidra incident Lebanese Civil War Invasion of Grenada Action in the Gulf of Sidra 1986 bombing of Libya Tanker War 1989 air battle near Tobruk Operation Just Cause Gulf War Iraqi no - fly zones Somali Civil War Bosnian War Operation Uphold Democracy Kosovo War Operation Infinite Reach USS Cole bombing Afghanistan War Al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen Operation Enduring Freedom -- Horn of Africa Iraq War Second Liberian Civil War United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti War in North - West Pakistan Insurgency in the Maghreb Libyan Civil War Operation Enduring Freedom -- Philippines Intervention against ISIL Iraq Syria Cameroon Libya Yemeni Civil War Related articles List of conflicts in the U.S. List of wars involving the U.S. Timeline of U.S. military operations Length of U.S. participation in wars Overseas expansion Military history Covert regime - change actions Casualties of war Peace movement List of anti-war organizations Conscientious objector War on Terror Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonus_Army&oldid=856713265 '' Categories : 1932 in Washington , D.C. 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who made the bonus army that marched on washington

The Bonus Army were the 43,000 marchers -- 17,000 U.S. World War I veterans , their families , and affiliated groups -- who gathered in Washington , D.C. in the summer of 1932 to demand cash - payment redemption of their service certificates . Organizers called the demonstrators the `` Bonus Expeditionary Force '' , to echo the name of World War I 's American Expeditionary Forces , while the media referred to them as the `` Bonus Army '' or `` Bonus Marchers '' . The contingent was led by Walter W. Waters , a former sergeant .

Never Be the Same ( Camila Cabello song ) - wikipedia Never Be the Same ( Camila Cabello song ) 2018 single by Camila Cabello `` Never Be the Same '' Single by Camila Cabello from the album Camila Released January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Format Digital download Genre Pop Length 3 : 47 Label Epic Syco Songwriter ( s ) Camila Cabello Adam Feeney Leo Rami Dawod Jacob Ludwig Olofsson Noonie Bao Sasha Yatchenko Producer ( s ) Frank Dukes Jarami Camila Cabello singles chronology `` Havana '' ( 2017 ) `` Never Be the Same '' ( 2018 ) `` Sangria Wine '' ( 2018 ) Kane Brown singles chronology `` Heaven '' ( 2017 ) Heaven 2017 `` Never Be the Same '' ( 2018 ) Never Be the Same2018 `` Lose It '' ( 2018 ) Lose It2018 Music video `` Never Be the Same '' on YouTube `` Never Be the Same '' is a song by Cuban - American singer Camila Cabello from her debut studio album , Camila ( 2018 ) . The song was written by Cabello , Noonie Bao and Sasha Yatchenko , in collaboration with its producers Frank Dukes and the production duo Jarami , formed by Leo Rami Dawod and Jacob Ludwig Olofsson . It was released digitally on December 7 , 2017 from the album 's pre-order and was sent to US contemporary hit radio on January 9 , 2018 , as the album 's second single . Cabello gave her first televised performance of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in January 2018 . The song has reached the top 10 in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , the UK and the US . A second version of the single , featuring country singer Kane Brown , was released on April 27 , 2018 . Contents 1 Composition 2 Critical reception 3 Commercial performance 4 Music video 5 Live performances 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References 10 External links Composition ( edit ) `` Never Be the Same '' has been described as a `` dark '' pop ballad . A NME writer described it as `` bombastic '' electro . The upbeat track features Cabello singing falsetto in the pre-chorus . According to sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing on Musicnotes.com , `` Never Be the Same '' is composed in the key of C major and set in common time at a slow tempo of 65 beats per minute . Cabello 's voice ranges from a low of D to a high of G , and the music has a C -- G -- Dm -- F chord progression . Additionally , it features booming drums and echoed effects . Lyrically , it incorporates themes of a pain - is - pleasure type of love . The song depicts `` a melodrama about addictive love '' , as described by a The Daily Telegraph editor . The album includes two versions of the song . The first one contains lines such as `` Nicotine , heroin , morphine , you 're all I need , '' which is substituted in the radio edit version : `` Nicotine , rushing me , touching me '' . Critical reception ( edit ) Newsday 's Glenn Gamboa wrote in his album review , `` Cabello is at her peak on ( '' Never Be the Same `` ) which shows off what sets her apart from the pop pack . ( ... ) That she can quickly switch to her full voice for the desperate chorus is the mark of a star . '' In Rolling Stone , Rob Sheffield considered that Cabello `` really hits her stride in `` Never Be the Same , '' which sounds like Brian Eno 's alien - prog masterwork Another Green World souped up into sputtering glitz - pop ( ... ) It 's ( Cabello ) at her best -- even at her most tormented , she sounds totally confident and totally herself . '' Regarding the second version featuring Kane Brown , Chris Parton of Rolling Stone commented , `` his inclusion gives the love - struck track an addictive new layer of intrigue , as ( Brown ) croons and shows off a much brighter , more expressive vocal register than he does on `` What Ifs '' , his chart - topping duet with Lauren Alaina . '' In an unfavorable review , Patrick Ryan of USA Today felt the song was `` overproduced '' with `` frequently indecipherable lyrics '' . Commercial performance ( edit ) The song entered at number 61 on the US Billboard Hot 100 as the week 's top debut with 30,000 copies sold and 6.1 million streams for its first week of release . It fell to number 98 in its second week on the Hot 100 . The song fell off the chart the following week ; however , it later re-entered at number 71 , following the premiere of the unofficial music video posted on Cabello 's personal YouTube channel . Following the release of the parent album and being sent to radio as a single , `` Never Be the Same '' ascended from number 65 to number 30 , becoming her fourth solo top 40 Hot 100 entry . In its 20th charting week , it ascended from number 13 to 6 , aided by the Kane Brown remix , thus becoming her third top 10 as a solo artist . The song has also been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . It became her third single to reach number one on the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart , making Cabello the sixth solo female to top that chart with the first two singles from her debut album . It has spent a total of four week atop the Mainstream Top 40 chart . In the United Kingdom , `` Never Be the Same '' entered the UK Singles Chart at number 41 on the chart dated December 21 , 2017 . It rose to number seven in its sixth week , following the release of the album . The song has been certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) . Music video ( edit ) An accompanying but unofficial music video for `` Never Be the Same '' was released on Cabello 's personal YouTube channel on December 29 , 2017 . The video is a montage of real footage , which includes Cabello 's infancy , childhood and adolescence . It mainly includes footage from moments she had in 2017 , such as receiving awards at the 2017 MTV EMAs and Billboard Women in Music , performing live and also clips from her previous music videos , `` Crying in the Club '' and `` Havana '' . The official music video , directed by Grant Singer , was released on March 8 , 2018 . The video features a mix of professional shots with Cabello wearing couture in modern landscapes , juxtaposed against amateurish footage of her in a robe in a hotel room . Live performances ( edit ) Cabello gave the first televised performance of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon on January 10 , 2018 . She sung in front of a screen that projected clips of herself , Marilyn Monroe 's movie scenes , storms and a variety of landscapes . She also performed the song on Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show and Dancing on Ice . Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2018 ) Peak position Argentina Anglo ( Monitor Latino ) 19 Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 15 Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) 5 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 19 Canada AC ( Billboard ) 28 Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) Colombia ( National - Report ) 51 Croatia ( HRT ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) 54 Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 12 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 34 Ecuador ( National - Report ) 29 France ( SNEP ) 56 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 30 Greece ( IFPI ) 8 Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) 9 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 85 Latvia ( Latvijas Top 40 ) 5 Lebanon ( Lebanese Top 20 ) 9 Malaysia ( RIM ) 6 Mexico Airplay ( Billboard ) 7 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 27 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 8 Norway ( VG - lista ) 25 Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) 63 Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) 33 Portugal ( AFP ) Romania ( Airplay 100 ) 23 Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) Singapore ( RIAS ) 10 Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) 36 Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) 16 Slovenia ( SloTop50 ) 35 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 38 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 39 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 23 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 7 US Billboard Hot 100 6 US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) 7 US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Dance / Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 8 Venezuela English ( Record Report ) Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 3 × Platinum 210,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Gold 15,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 Mexico ( AMPROFON ) Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) Platinum 30,000 Poland ( ZPAV ) Platinum 20,000 Portugal ( AFP ) Gold 5,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Gold 20,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Gold 20,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Platinum 600,000 United States ( RIAA ) 2 × Platinum 2,000,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Version Label Ref . Various December 7 , 2017 Digital download ( as promotional single ) Original Epic Syco United States January 9 , 2018 Contemporary hit radio Epic Italy April 13 , 2018 Sony Various April 27 , 2018 Digital download Kane Brown remix Epic Syco References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Camila '' by Camila Cabello on iTunes `` . iTunes ( US ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Camila Cabello Drops Two New Tracks Off Upcoming Debut , ' Never Be The Same ' & ' Real Friends ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on December 8 , 2017 . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Willman , Chris ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello , Kane Brown Team Up for Pop - Country ' Never Be the Same ' Duet '' . Variety . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello freaks out as `` Never Be the Same '' becomes a country duet `` . WIXX . January 18 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Parton , Chris ( April 28 , 2018 ) . `` Hear Camila Cabello 's Remix of ' Never Be the Same ' With Country Singer Kane Brown '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Levine , Nick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello -- ' Camila ' Review '' . NME . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Collar , Matt ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Camila -- Camila Cabello '' . AllMusic . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.musicnotes.com/sheetmusic/mtd.asp?ppn=MN0180120#ProductDetails Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Drops Two New Songs : ' Real Friends ' and ' Never Be the Same ' ( Listen ) '' . Variety . December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McCormick , Neil ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello 's debut album is pop with a side of salsa -- review '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved January 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gamboa , Glenn ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Camila ' review : Camila Cabello 's powerful solo debut '' . Newsday . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Sheffield , Rob ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` Review : Camila Cabello Eschews Bangers on Personal , Low - Key Solo Album '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Patrick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Review : ' Camila ' confidently looks beyond ' Havana ' on solo debut album '' . USA Today . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Chart Moves : Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Launches as Top Debut '' . Retrieved December 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran & Beyonce 's ' Perfect ' No. 1 on Hot 100 , Camila Cabello 's ' Havana ' Back Up to No. 2 '' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Earns First Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 With ' Havana , ' Featuring Young Thug '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Drake 's ' Nice for What ' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 , Post Malone 's ' Psycho ' No. 2 & Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` American single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello 's ' Never Be the Same ' Hits No. 1 on Pop Songs Airplay Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello 's `` Never Be The Same '' Wins Close Pop Radio Race ; Enjoys 4th Week At # 1 `` . Headline Planet . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` British single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 19 , 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Never Be the Same in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ Nied , Mike ( 29 December 2017 ) . `` Camila Cabello 's `` Never Be The Same '' Visual Features Home Video Footage `` . www.idolator.com . Retrieved 27 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello - Never Be The Same '' . YouTube . December 29 , 2017 . Retrieved March 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` camila on Instagram : `` # NeverBeTheSameVideoThursday '' . Instagram . Retrieved March 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Maher , Natalie ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Wears Couture and Hangs in Hotel Rooms in Artful ' Never Be the Same ' Video '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brandle , Lars ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` Watch Camila Cabello 's Explosive Performance of ' Never Be the Same ' on ' Tonight Show ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello performs ' Never Be the Same ' live on ' GMA ' '' . abc news . January 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Aniftos , Rania ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Performs ' Never Be The Same ' On ' Ellen ' : Watch '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Iasimone , Ashley ( February 18 , 2018 ) . `` Camila Cabello Lights Up ' Dancing on Ice ' With ' Never Be the Same ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Anglo Argentina -- Del 12 al 18 de Marzo , 2018 '' . Monitor Latino . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Colombia '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on May 7 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Croatia ARC TOP 100 '' . HRT . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201817 into search . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201803 into search . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Ecuador '' ( in Spanish ) . National - Report . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2018 . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Le Top de la semaine : Top Singles Téléchargés -- SNEP ( Week 3 , 2018 ) '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved February 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Irish-charts.com -- Discography Camila Cabello '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Latvijas Top 40 '' . Latvijas Radio . 20 February 2018 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2018 . Retrieved February 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Official Lebanese Top 20 '' . The Official Lebanese Top 20 . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 6 ( 02 / 02 / 2018 - 08 / 02 / 2018 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico Airplay : April 21 , 2018 '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Listy bestsellerów , wyróżnienia : : Związek Producentów Audio - Video '' . Polish Airplay Top 100 . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be The Same '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved January 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Airplay 100 -- May 20 , 2018 '' ( in Romanian ) . Kiss FM . May 20 , 2018 . Retrieved May 20 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 `` '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201821 into search . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201803 into search . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SloTop50 -- Slovenian official singles chart '' . slotop50.si . Retrieved 5 September 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Dance Mix / Show Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Anglo '' ( in Spanish ) . Record Report . May 5 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - Accreditations - 2018 Singles '' . ARIA . Retrieved 21 August 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Retrieved August 30 , 2018 . Enter Camila Cabello in the field Interpret . Enter Never Be the Same in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Music Canada . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Certificaciones '' ( in Spanish ) . Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas . Retrieved September 25 , 2018 . Type Camila Cabello in the box under the ARTISTA column heading and Never Be the Same in the box under TÍTULO Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Polish single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( in Polish ) . Polish Society of the Phonographic Industry . Retrieved October 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com - Singles Top 100 ( 10 / 2018 ) '' . Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish single certifications -- Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Productores de Música de España . Retrieved June 6 , 2018 . Select single under `` Chart '' , enter 2018 in the field `` Year '' . Select the certification month in the field `` Semana '' . Click on `` Search Charts '' . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved March 23 , 2018 . Type Camila Cabello in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Never Be the Same and see certification . Jump up ^ `` Camila Cabello -- Never Be the Same '' . Radio Airplay . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . External links ( edit ) Audio on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Camila Cabello Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Camila Singles `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' `` Bad Things '' `` Crying in the Club '' `` Havana '' `` Never Be the Same '' `` Sangria Wine '' `` Consequences '' Promotional singles `` I Have Questions '' `` OMG '' `` Real Friends '' Featured singles `` Love Incredible '' `` Hey Ma '' `` Know No Better '' `` Beautiful '' Related articles Fifth Harmony Taylor Swift 's Reputation Stadium Tour Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Never_Be_the_Same_(Camila_Cabello_song)&oldid=865973500 '' Categories : 2010s ballads 2018 singles Camila Cabello songs 2017 songs Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Pop ballads Songs written by Noonie Bao Songs written by Camila Cabello Syco Music singles Songs written by Frank Dukes Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) Pages containing links to subscription - only content CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Polish - language sources ( pl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) Articles with short description Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All pages needing factual verification Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from September 2018 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip Singlechart usages for Canada Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac Singlechart usages for Czech Republic Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Czechdigital Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Hungarystream Singlechart usages for Ireland3 Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Philippines Singlechart usages for Poland Singlechart usages for Portugal Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart usages for Slovakia Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart making named ref Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboarddanceairplay Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Mexico Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Poland Certification Table Entry usages for Spain Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 27 October 2018 , at 11 : 57 ( UTC ) . 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camila cabello never be the same release date

`` Never Be the Same '' is a song by Cuban - American singer Camila Cabello from her debut studio album , Camila ( 2018 ) . The song was written by Cabello , Noonie Bao and Sasha Yatchenko , in collaboration with its producers Frank Dukes and the production duo Jarami , formed by Leo Rami Dawod and Jacob Ludwig Olofsson . It was released digitally on December 7 , 2017 from the album 's pre-order and was sent to US contemporary hit radio on January 9 , 2018 , as the album 's second single . Cabello gave her first televised performance of the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in January 2018 . The song has reached the top 10 in Australia , Ireland , New Zealand , the UK and the US . A second version of the single , featuring country singer Kane Brown , was released on April 27 , 2018 .

Caribbean Community - Wikipedia Caribbean Community Jump to : navigation , search Caribbean Community Communauté Caribéenne ( French ) Caribische Gemeenschap ( Dutch ) Comunidad del Caribe ( Spanish ) Flag Anthem : Celebrating CARICOM Dark green : Full CARICOM members . Lime green : Associate CARICOM members . Pistachio : Observers . Seat of Secretariat Georgetown , Guyana Largest cities In Member States Port - au - Prince , Haiti Languages Official languages English , French , Dutch , Spanish Other languages Jamaican Patois , Caribbean Creole English , Antillean French Creole , Haitian Creole , Portuguese , Papiamento , Sranan Tongo , Caribbean Hindustani , Chinese , Arabic , Yoruba , Tamil , Javanese , Indonesian , Indigenous languages Type Supranational organisation Member states 15 full members ( show ) Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St Kitts & Nevis Saint Lucia St Vincent & Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago 5 associates ( show ) Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks & Caicos Islands 8 observers ( show ) Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Leaders Secretary - General Irwin LaRocque Chairman Dean Barrow Establishment Treaty of Chaguaramas 4 July 1973 Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas Area Total 458,480 km ( 177,020 sq mi ) Population 2015 estimate 17,775,192 Density 34.8 / km ( 90.1 / sq mi ) GDP ( PPP ) 2012 estimate Total $107.82 billion Per capita $6,439 GDP ( nominal ) 2010 estimate Total $64,771 billion ( 65 ) Per capita $8,116 ( 67 ) HDI ( 2012 ) 0.719 high Website CARICOM.org The Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) is an organization of fifteen Caribbean nations and dependencies whose main objective is to promote economic integration and cooperation among its members , to ensure that the benefits of integration are equitably shared , and to coordinate foreign policy . The organization was established in 1973 . Its major activities involve coordinating economic policies and development planning ; devising and instituting special projects for the less - developed countries within its jurisdiction ; operating as a regional single market for many of its members ( Caricom Single Market ) ; and handling regional trade disputes . The secretariat headquarters is in Georgetown , Guyana . CARICOM is an official United Nations Observer . Established mainly by the English - speaking parts of the Caribbean , CARICOM has become multilingual in practice with the addition of Dutch - speaking Suriname on 4 July 1995 and French - ( and Haitian Kreyòl - ) speaking Haiti on 2 July 2002 . Furthermore , it was suggested that Spanish should also become a working language . In July 2012 , CARICOM announced that they were considering making French and Dutch official languages . In 2001 , the heads of government signed a revised Treaty of Chaguaramas that cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into a Caribbean ( CARICOM ) Single Market and Economy . Part of the revised treaty establishes and implements the Caribbean Court of Justice . Since 2013 , the CARICOM - bloc and the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Commission via an Economic Partnership Agreements known as CARIFORUM signed in 2008 . The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment . Within the agreement under Article 234 , the European Court of Justice also carries dispute resolution mechanisms between CARIFORUM and the European Union states . Contents ( hide ) 1 Membership 2 Organizational structure 2.1 Chairmanship 2.2 Heads of government 2.3 Secretariat 2.4 Organs and bodies 2.4. 1 Community Council 2.5 Institutions 2.6 Associate institutions 3 The CARICOM Standard and CARICOM Song 4 History 4.1 Haiti invasion 5 Statistics 6 Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations 6.1 Association of Caribbean States 6.2 Community of Latin American and Caribbean States 6.3 OHADAC Project 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Membership ( edit ) See also : Member states of the Caribbean Community Currently CARICOM has 15 full members , 5 associate members and 8 observers . All of the associate members are British overseas territories , and it is currently not established what the role of the associate members will be . The observers are states which engage in at least one of CARICOM 's technical committees . CARICOM Members Status Name Join date Notes Full member Antigua and Barbuda 4 July 1974 Bahamas 4 July 1983 Not part of customs union Barbados 1 August 1973 Belize 1 May 1974 Dominica 1 May 1974 Grenada 1 May 1974 Guyana 1 August 1973 Haiti 2 July 2002 Provisional membership on 4 July 1998 Jamaica 1 August 1973 Montserrat 1 May 1974 British overseas territory Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 July 1974 Joined as Saint Christopher - Nevis - Anguilla Saint Lucia 1 May 1974 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 May 1974 Suriname 4 July 1995 Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1973 Founder of the Organization before handing over to Guyana Associate Anguilla July 1999 British overseas territory Bermuda 2 July 2003 British overseas territory British Virgin Islands July 1991 British overseas territory Cayman Islands 16 May 2002 British overseas territory Turks and Caicos Islands July 1991 British overseas territory Observer Aruba Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Colombia Curaçao Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Commonwealth of the USA Sint Maarten Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Venezuela Organizational structure ( edit ) Structures comprised by the overall Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) . Under Article 4 CARICOM breaks its 15 member states into two groups : Less Developed Countries ( LDCs ) and More Developed Countries ( MDCs ) . The countries of CARICOM which are designated as Less Developed Countries ( LDCs ) are : Antigua & Barbuda Belize Commonwealth of Dominica Grenada Republic of Haiti Montserrat Federation of St. Kitts & Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent & the Grenadines The countries of CARICOM which are designated as More Developed Countries ( MDCs ) are : Commonwealth of the Bahamas Barbados Co-operative Republic of Guyana Jamaica Republic of Suriname Republic of Trinidad & Tobago Chairmanship ( edit ) The post of Chairman ( Head of CARICOM ) is held in rotation by the regional Heads of State ( for the republics ) and Heads of Government ( for the realms ) of CARICOM 's 15 member states . Heads of Government ( edit ) CARICOM contains a quasi-Cabinet of the individual Heads of Government . These heads are given specific specialised portfolios of responsibility for overall regional development and integration . Secretariat ( edit ) Secretariat of the Caribbean Community , The term of office of the Secretary - General is five years , which may be renewed . ( Chief Administrative Organ ) Secretary - General of the Caribbean Community , the CARICOM Secretary General ( Chief Executive ) handles foreign and community relations . Deputy Secretary - General of the Caribbean Community , handles human and social Development . General Counsel of the Caribbean Community , handles trade and economic integration . The goal statement of the CARICOM Secretariat is : To provide dynamic leadership and service , in partnership with Community institutions and Groups , toward the attainment of a viable , internationally competitive and sustainable Community , with improved quality of life for all . Organs and bodies ( edit ) Principal organs Organ Description CARICOM Heads of Government Consisting of the various heads of Government from each member state Standing Committee of Ministers Ministerial responsibilities for specific areas , for example the Standing Committee of Ministers responsible for Health will consist of Ministers of Health from each member state Community Council ( edit ) The Community Council consists of ministers responsible for community affairs and any other Minister designated by the member states in their absolute discretion . It is one of the community 's principal organs ; the other is the Conference of the Heads of Government . It is supported by four other organs and three bodies . Secondary organs Secondary organ Abbreviation Council for Finance and Planning COFAP Council for Foreign and Community Relations COFCOR Council for Human and Social Development COHSOD Council for Trade and Economic Development COTED Bodies Body Description Legal Affairs Committee provides legal advice Budget Committee examines the draft budget and work programme of the Secretariat and submits recommendations to the Community Council . Committee of the Central Bank Governors provides recommendations to the COFAP on monetary and financial matters . Institutions ( edit ) The 23 designated institutions of CARICOM are as follows : Institutions Institution Abbreviation Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDEMA Caribbean Meteorological Institute CMI Caribbean Meteorological Organisation CMO Caribbean Food Corporation CFC Caribbean Environment Health Institute CEHI Caribbean Agriculture Research and Development Institute CARDI Caribbean Regional Centre for the Education and training of Animal Health and Veterinary Public Health Assistants REPAHA Assembly of Caribbean Community Parliamentarians ACCP Caribbean Centre for Development Administration CARICAD Caribbean Food and Nutrition Institute CFNI CARICOM Implementation Agency for Crime and Security IMPACS Caribbean Examinations Council CXC CARICOM Single Market and Economy CSME Caribbean Court of Justice CCJ CARICOM Competition Commission CCC Caribbean Regional Fisheries Mechanism CRFM Caribbean Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality CROSQ Caribbean Telecommunications Union CTU Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre CCCCC Caribbean Organisation of Tax Administrators COTA Council of Legal Education CLE Caribbean Aviation Safety and Securing Oversight System CASSOS Caribbean Regional Information and Translation Institute CRITI The Caribbean Court of Justice will act in its `` original jurisdiction '' , as settlement unit for disputes on the functioning of the Caribbean ( CARICOM ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) . Additionally the states of CARICOM voted to supplement original jurisdiction with `` appellate jurisdiction '' under this the former colonies of the United Kingdom will have effectively replaced the Privy Council in London , United Kingdom with the CCJ . The CCJ is based in Port of Spain , Trinidad and Tobago . The majority of member states however , continue to utilize the Privy Council as their final appellate court and three member states do not use the CCJ for either its original jurisdiction or its appellate jurisdiction because they have either not signed the Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas ( the Bahamas and Haiti ) or are a current British colony ( Montserrat ) . Associate institutions ( edit ) The six designated associate institutions of CARICOM are as follows : Associate institutions Associate institution Abbreviation Caribbean Development Bank CDB University of Guyana UG University of the West Indies UWI Caribbean Law Institute / Caribbean Law Institute Centre CLI / CLIC Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States OECS West Indies Cricket Board WICB The CARICOM standard and CARICOM song ( edit ) The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain , Trinidad . The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown , Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government . The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau , Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government . The flag features a blue background , but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower , a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea . The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community , two interlocking Cs . The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain , symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past . The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region . For CARICOM 's 40th anniversary , a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013 to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride . A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat . Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three , from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica in March 2014 . Henderson won a US $10,000 prize . Her song was produced by her husband , Roland Delsol Jr. , and arranged by Earlson Matthew . It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir . It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago . A second - place entry titled My CARICOM came from Jamaican Adiel Thomas who won US $5,000 , and a third - place song titled One CARICOM by Carmella Lawrence of St. Kitts and Nevis , won US $2,500 . The other songs from the top - ten finalists ( in no particular order ) were : One Region one Caribbean from Anguilla , One Caribbean Family from Jamaica , CARICOM 's Light from St. Vincent & the Grenadines , We Are CARICOM from Dominica , Together As one from Dominica , Blessed CARICOM from Jamaica , Together We Rise from Jamaica . The first official performance of Celebrating CARICOM by Henderson took place on Tuesday 1 July 2014 at the opening ceremony for the Thirty - Fifth Regional Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government in Antigua and Barbuda . History ( edit ) CARICOM , originally the Caribbean Community and Common Market , was established by the Treaty of Chaguaramas which took effect on 1 August 1973 . The first four signatories were Barbados , Jamaica , Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago . CARICOM superseded the 1965 -- 1972 Caribbean Free Trade Association ( CARIFTA ) organised to provide a continued economic linkage between the English - speaking countries of the Caribbean after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation , which lasted from 3 January 1958 to 31 May 1962 . A revised Treaty of Chaguaramas established the Caribbean Community including the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) and was signed by the CARICOM Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community on 5 July 2001 at their Twenty - Second Meeting of the Conference in Nassau , The Bahamas . The revised treaty cleared the way to transform the idea of a common market CARICOM into the Caribbean ( CARICOM ) Single Market and Economy . Part of the revised treaty includes the establishing and implementing the Caribbean Court of Justice . Since 2013 the CARICOM - bloc and with the Dominican Republic have been tied to the European Union via an Economic Partnership Agreements signed in 2008 known as CARIFORUM . The treaty grants all members of the European Union and CARIFORUM equal rights in terms of trade and investment . Under Article 234 of the agreement , the European Court of Justice handles dispute resolution between CARIFORUM and European Union states . Haiti invasion ( edit ) In March 2004 , tensions became strained between member - state Haiti and the rest of the Caribbean Community bloc . Democratically elected President Jean - Bertrand Aristide phoned other CARICOM heads of government and stated that he had been kidnapped by France and the United States and taken out of the country . CARICOM announced that no democratically elected government in CARICOM should have its leader deposed . The fourteen other heads of government sought to have Aristide visit Jamaica and share his account of events with them . The move to fly Jean - Bertrand Aristide to Jamaica from where he was in Africa infuriated the unelected interim Haitian prime minister , Gérard Latortue . Latortue announced he would take steps to take Haiti out of CARICOM . CARICOM announced it would vote on suspending recognition of Latortue 's régime before he could do so . They did ; Haitian officials were suspended from the councils of CARICOM . This did not stop Latortue , who announced that he would continue a part of his plan to suspend Haiti from CARICOM . Haiti 's membership remained effectively suspended from 29 February 2004 through early June 2006 . Following the democratic election of René Préval as President of Haiti , he gave the opening address at the Council of Ministers meeting in July . Statistics ( edit ) See also : Trade bloc Population and economic statistics of full and associate members Member Membership Land area ( km ) Population ( 2016 ) GDP ( PPP ) Millions USD GDP Per Capita ( PPP ) USD ( 2015 ) Human Development Index ( 2015 ) Anguilla associate 91 14,764 0.108 8,800 Antigua & Barbuda full member 442.6 100,963 1,920 23,523 0.786 Bahamas full member 10,010 391,232 8,800 24,505 0.792 Barbados full member 430 284,996 4,500 16,670 0.795 Belize full member 22,806 366,954 2,800 8,321 0.706 Bermuda associate 54 61,666 5,085 - British Virgin Islands associate 151 30,661 - Cayman Islands associate 264 60,765 1,939 - Dominica full member 751 73,543 730 11,163 0.726 Grenada full member 344 107,317 1,210 13,572 0.754 Guyana full member 214,970 773,303 5,200 7,537 0.638 Haiti full member 27,560 10,847,334 17,600 1,757 0.493 Jamaica full member 10,831 2,881,355 23,600 8,771 0.730 Montserrat full member 102 5,152 0.043 - Saint Kitts and Nevis full member 261 54,821 1,160 24,476 0.765 Saint Lucia full member 606 178,015 1,880 11,710 0.735 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines full member 389 109,643 1,160 10,937 0.722 Suriname full member 156,000 558,368 8,800 16,253 0.725 Trinidad & Tobago full member 5,128 1,364,962 40,600 32,573 0.780 Turks and Caicos Islands associate 948 34,900 0.845 - Full members members only 432,510 16,743,693 107,815 6,439 0.719 Thousands of Caricom nationals live within other member states of the Community . An estimated 30,000 Jamaicans legally reside in other CARICOM member states , mainly in the Bahamas ( 5,600 ) , Antigua & Barbuda ( estimated 12,000 ) , Barbados and Trinidad & Tobago ) . Also , an estimated 150 Jamaicans live and work in Montserrat . A November 21 , 2013 estimated put 16,958 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad & Tobago , as according to the records of the Office of the Chief Immigration Officer , their entry certificates would have since expired . By October 2014 , the estimated Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad and Tobago was 19,000 along with an estimated 7,169 Barbadians and 25,884 Guyanese residing illegally . An estimated 8,000 Trinidadians and Tobagonians live in Jamaica . Exclusive Economic Zones of the member states of the CARICOM . Considering them , the total area reaches the 2 300 297 km2 . Barbados hosts a large diaspora population of Guyanese , of whom ( in 2005 ) 5,032 lived there permanently as citizens , permanent residents , immigrants ( with immigrant status ) and Caricom skilled nationals ; 3,200 were residing in Barbados temporarily under work permits , as students , or with `` reside and work '' status . A further 2,000 - 3,000 Guyanese were estimated to be living illegally in Barbados at the time . Migration between Barbados and Guyana has deep roots , going back over 150 years , with the most intense period of Barbadian migration to then - British Guiana occurring between 1863 and 1886 , although as late as the 1920s and 1930s Barbadians were still leaving Barbados for British Guiana . Migration between Guyana and Suriname also goes back a number of years . An estimated 50,000 Guyanese had migrated to Suriname by 1986 In 1987 an estimated 30 - 40,000 Guyanese were in Suriname . Many Guyanese left Suriname in the 1970s and 1980s , either voluntarily by expulsion . Over 5,000 were expelled in January 1985 alone . in the instability Suriname experienced following independence , both coups and civil war . In 2013 an estimated 11,530 Guyanese had emigrated to Suriname and 4,662 Surinamese to Guyana . Relationship to other supranational Caribbean organisations ( edit ) Parts of this article ( those related to Anguilla ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2012 ) Supranational Caribbean Organisations Association of Caribbean states ( edit ) CARICOM was instrumental in the formation of the Association of Caribbean States ( ACS ) on 24 July 1994 . The original idea for the Association came from a recommendation of the West Indian Commission , established in 1989 by the CARICOM heads of state and government . The Commission advocated both deepening the integration process ( through the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ) and widening it through a separate regional organization encompassing all states in the Caribbean . CARICOM accepted the commission 's recommendations and opened dialogue with other Caribbean states , the Central American states and the Latin American nations of Colombia , Venezuela and Mexico which border the Caribbean , for consultation on the proposals of the West Indian Commission . At an October 1993 summit the heads of state and government of CARICOM and the presidents of the then - Group of Three ( Colombia , Mexico and Venezuela ) formally decided to create an association grouping all states of the Caribbean basin . A work schedule for its formation was adopted . The aim was to create the association in less than a year , an objective which was achieved with the formal creation of the ACS . Community of Latin American and Caribbean states ( edit ) CARICOM was also involved in the formation of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States ( CELAC ) on 3 December 2010 . The idea for CELAC originated at the Rio Group -- Caribbean Community Unity Summit on 23 February 2010 in Mexico . OHADAC Project ( edit ) In May 2016 , Caricom 's court of original jurisdiction , the CCJ , signed a memorandum of understanding ( MOU ) with the ACP Legal Association based in Guadeloupe recognizing and supporting the goals of implementing a harmonized business law framework in the Caribbean through ACP Legal Association 's OHADAC Project . OHADAC is the acronym for the French `` Organisation pour l'Harmonisation du Droit des Affaires en les Caraïbes '' , which translates into English as `` Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in the Caribbean '' . The OHADAC Project takes inspiration from a similar organisation in Africa and aims to enhance economic integration across the entire Caribbean and facilitate increased trade and international investment through unified laws and alternative dispute resolution methods . See also ( edit ) Geography portal North America portal Caribbean portal Caribbean Community portal Projects of the Caribbean Community SIDS CSME Petrocaribe Association of Caribbean States North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ) North American Union ( NAU ) Union of South American Nations ( UNASUR ) Community of Latin American and Caribbean States Commonwealth of Nations African , Caribbean and Pacific Group of States CARIFORUM OHADAC ( Organisation for the Harmonization of Business Law in the Caribbean ) Caribbean Financial Action Task Force Caribbean Initiative Languages of the Caribbean Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute ( CARDI ) Caribbean Knowledge and Learning Network List of regional organizations by population References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.caricomstats.org/Files/Databases/vital%20statistics/Mid%20year_%20population.pdf Jump up ^ List of countries by HDI Jump up ^ Ramjeet , Oscar ( 2009 - 04 - 16 ) . `` CARICOM countries will speak with one voice in meetings with US and Canadian leaders '' . Caribbean Net News . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 16 . Jump up ^ https://www.un.org/en/sections/member-states/intergovernmental-organizations/index.html Jump up ^ http://www.caricom.org/jsp/speeches/awardceremony_outstandingstudents_applewhaite.jsp?null&prnf=1 Jump up ^ `` Communiqué Issued at the Conclusion of the Thirty - Third Regular Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government of the Caribbean Community , 4 - 6 July 2012 , Gros Islet , Saint Lucia '' , `` Heads of Government recognized that , although English was the official language of the Community , the facility to communicate in their languages could enhance the participation of Haiti and Suriname in the integration process . They therefore requested the conduct of a study to examine the possibilities and implications , including costs , of introducing French and Dutch . '' ^ Jump up to : Caribbean moves afoot to restructure CARIFORUM , Peter Richards , Tuesday April 12th 2011 ^ Jump up to : `` Letter : Privy Council and EPA '' , October 8 , 2009 , Jamaica Gleaner Jump up ^ `` CIA World Factbook '' . Central Intelligence Agency . 2017 . p. 971 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas Jump up ^ Regional Portfolios of CARICOM Heads of Government ^ Jump up to : CARICOM Standard Jump up ^ Flag of the Caribbean Community and Common Market ^ Jump up to : `` History created as new CARICOM song is launched '' . ^ Jump up to : WORD Version of CARICOM song competition Fact Sheet ^ Jump up to : `` CARICOM Song Competition : Terms of Reference '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ Original Treaty of Chaguaramas Archived October 11 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Aristide accuses U.S. of coup d'état '' . Canadian Broadcast Corporation . 2004 - 03 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Aristide launches kidnap lawsuit '' . BBC News . 2004 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM '' . Trinidadandtobagonews.com . Retrieved 2011 - 03 - 25 . Jump up ^ CIA World Factbook : Land area rankings : https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html Jump up ^ `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=89&pr.y=9&sy=2013&ey=2013&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=subject&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=PPPGDP&grp=0&a= ^ Jump up to : 30,000 Jamaicans residing in other CARICOM member states Jump up ^ Jamaicans of the Bahamas ^ Jump up to : Prime Minister Golding calls on Jamaicans in Antigua and Barbuda to cooperate with government and people there Jump up ^ Close to 17,000 Jamaicans residing illegally in Trinidad Jump up ^ 7,000 illegal Bajans in T&T Jump up ^ Bissessar celebrates new Trinidad and Tobago High Commission Jump up ^ Guyanese , British and Americans among illegal immigrants living in Barbados Jump up ^ Mudheads in Barbados , a lived experience Jump up ^ `` Ethnologue Languages of Suriname '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Guyanese Creole Survey Report '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Guyanese vital in Suriname '' . Jump up ^ `` Nervous Neighbours - Guyana and Suriname '' . Jump up ^ `` Guyana Migration Profiles '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Evolution of the Association of Caribbean States '' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` ' ' Mexidata ' ' ( English ) March 1 , 2010 '' . Mexidata.info . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Acuerdan crear Comunidad de Estados Latinoamericanos y Caribeños '' . Associated Press . February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` América Latina crea una OEA sin Estados Unidos '' . El País . February 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ US Embassy Cable - Mexico 's Latin American Summit 22 - 23 February Jump up ^ Rio Group approves its expansion at Unity Summit ^ Jump up to : CCJ signs MOU on harmonising business law in Caribbean External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Caricom . Official website Official Blog CARICOM Today CARICOM Representation Office in Haiti ( CROH ) CARICOM Statistics : Statistical information compiled through the CARICOM Secretariat Radio CARICOM : the voice of the Caribbean Community ( Press Release ) Caricom Law : Website and online database of the CARICOM Legislative Drafting Facility ( CLDF ) Caricom Trade Support Programme : Government of Trinidad and Tobago CARICOM Trade Support Programme Loan Rapid Exchange System for Dangerous Non-food Consumer Goods ( CARREX ) : Front end for Consumer Product Incident Reporting PANCAP : Pan Caribbean Partnership Against HIV / AIDS CARICOM Regional Organisation for Standards and Quality ( CROSQ ) `` CARICOM ( Revised Treaty ) '' ( PDF ) . ( 573 KB ) EU Style Structure Evident in CARICOM Haiti suspends ties with CARICOM Jamaica Gleaner News - Haiti could return to CARICOM Haiti re-admitted ? Caricom and Haiti : The raising of the Caribbean 's ' Iron Curtain ' How viable is a single Caribbean currency ? Part II How viable is a single Caribbean currency ? Part III The Dominican Republic in Caricom ? Yes , we can Bureau recommends re-examination of Dominican Republic 's proposed membership in CARICOM Guyana Journal ( 2007 - 07 ) : Advancing Integration Between Caricom and Central America EDITORIAL : We may just have to dump CARICOM , July 4 , 2010 , Jamaica Gleaner Commentary : Gleaner newspaper suggests disbanding CARICOM , July 5 , 2010 , Caribbean Net News Does Caricom have a future ? , 6 July 2010 , BBC.co.uk That elusive governance structure , 7 July 2010 , BBC.co.uk Caribbean Community ( CARICOM ) Secretariat ( Secretary - General ) Members Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Dominica Grenada Guyana Haiti Jamaica Montserrat St. Kitts and Nevis St. Lucia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago Associate members Anguilla Bermuda British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Turks and Caicos Islands Observers Aruba Colombia Curaçao Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Sint Maarten Venezuela Institutions Common Fund for Commodities ( CFC ) Court of Justice ( CCJ ) Disaster Emergency Management ( CDEMA ) Examinations Council ( CXC ) Meteorological Institute ( CMI ) Meteorological Organisation ( CMO ) Public Health Agency ( CARPHA ) Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) Related organizations CARIFORUM Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States ( OECS ) Member of the Community but not of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy ( CSME ) British overseas territory awaiting entrustment to join the CSME Caribbean articles History Timeline Taíno -- Arawak Spanish Caribbean ( 1492 -- 1898 ) Dutch Caribbean ( 1554 -- 1863 ) British Caribbean ( 1586 -- 1834 ) French Caribbean ( 1625 -- 1817 ) Baltic - 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CARICOM Members Status Name Join date Notes Full member Antigua and Barbuda 4 July 1974 Bahamas 4 July 1983 Not part of customs union Barbados 1 August 1973 Belize 1 May 1974 Dominica 1 May 1974 Grenada 1 May 1974 Guyana 1 August 1973 Haiti 2 July 2002 Provisional membership on 4 July 1998 Jamaica 1 August 1973 Montserrat 1 May 1974 British overseas territory Saint Kitts and Nevis 26 July 1974 Joined as Saint Christopher - Nevis - Anguilla Saint Lucia 1 May 1974 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1 May 1974 Suriname 4 July 1995 Trinidad and Tobago 1 August 1973 Founder of the Organization before handing over to Guyana Associate Anguilla July 1999 British overseas territory Bermuda 2 July 2003 British overseas territory British Virgin Islands July 1991 British overseas territory Cayman Islands 16 May 2002 British overseas territory Turks and Caicos Islands July 1991 British overseas territory Observer Aruba Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Colombia Curaçao Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Dominican Republic Mexico Puerto Rico Commonwealth of the USA Sint Maarten Country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands Venezuela

Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) - Wikipedia Black Widow ( Natasha Romanova ) For other Marvel Comics characters of the same name , see Black Widow ( Marvel Comics ) . Black Widow Black Widow # 1 ( April 2010 ) . Cover art by Daniel Acuña . Publication information Publisher Marvel Comics First appearance Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) Created by Stan Lee Don Rico Don Heck In - story information Alter ego Natalia Alianovna Romanova Team affiliations S.H.I.E.L.D. Avengers Champions KGB Marvel Knights Mighty Avengers Lady Liberators Thunderbolts Secret Avengers Heroes for Hire Partnerships Captain America Daredevil Hawkeye Winter Soldier Notable aliases Natalie Rushman , Laura Matthers , Mary Farrell , Natasha Romanoff , Oktober , Yelena Belova Abilities Expert tactician , hand - to - hand combatant and secret agent Slowed aging , and enhanced immune system Expert marksman and mastery of various other weapons via gauntlets : grappling hook knock out gas taser explosives tear gas pellets radio transmitter Natalia Alianovna Romanova ( Russian : Наталья Альяновна `` Наташа '' Романова ; alias : Natasha Romanoff ; Russian : Наташа Романофф ) , colloquial : Black Widow ( Russian : Чёрная Вдова ; transliterated Chyornaya Vdova ) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . Created by editor and plotter Stan Lee , scripter Don Rico , and artist Don Heck , the character debuted in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . The character was introduced as a Russian spy , an antagonist of the superhero Iron Man . She later defected to the United States , becoming an agent of the fictional spy agency S.H.I.E.L.D. , and a member of the superhero team the Avengers . Scarlett Johansson portrays the character Black Widow ( Natasha Romanoff ) in films as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe . Contents 1 Publication history 1.1 Limited series and specials 2 Fictional character biography 2.1 Early life 2.2 The Avengers 2.3 S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil 2.4 The Champions 2.5 21st century 2.6 Civil War / Initiative 2.7 Thunderbolts 2.8 Heroic Age 2.9 Fear Itself 2.10 Ends of the Earth 2.11 Secret Wars 2.12 Secret Empire 2.13 Clone of Natasha Romanova 3 Powers and abilities 3.1 Equipment 4 Supporting characters 5 Other versions 6 In other media 6.1 Television 6.2 Film 6.3 Video games 6.4 Motion comics 6.5 Live performances 6.6 Novels 7 Reception 8 Collected editions 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Publication history ( edit ) Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) , the debut of Black Widow . Cover art by Jack Kirby and Paul Reinman The Black Widow 's first appearances were as a recurring , non-costumed , Russian - spy antagonist in the feature `` Iron Man '' , beginning in Tales of Suspense # 52 ( April 1964 ) . Five issues later , she recruits the besotted costumed archer and later superhero Hawkeye to her cause . Her government later supplies her with her first Black Widow costume and high - tech weaponry , but she eventually defects to the United States after appearing , temporarily brainwashed against the U.S. , in the superhero - team series The Avengers # 29 ( July 1966 ) . The Widow later becomes a recurring ally of the team before officially becoming its sixteenth member many years later . The Black Widow was visually updated in 1970 : The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 ( July 1970 ) reintroduced her with shoulder - length red hair ( instead of her former short black hair ) , a skintight black costume , and wristbands which fired spider threads . This would become the appearance most commonly associated with the character . In short order , The Black Widow starred in her own series in Amazing Adventures # 1 -- 8 ( Aug. 1970 -- Sept. 1971 ) , sharing that split book with the feature Inhumans . The Black Widow feature was dropped after only eight issues ( the Inhumans feature followed soon , ending with issue 10 ) . Immediately after her initial solo feature ended , the Black Widow co-starred in Daredevil # 81 -- 124 ( Nov. 1971 -- Aug. 1975 ) , of which # 93 - 108 were cover titled Daredevil and the Black Widow . Daredevil writer Gerry Conway recounted , `` It was my idea to team up Daredevil and the Black Widow , mainly because I was a fan of Natasha , and thought she and Daredevil would have interesting chemistry . '' Succeeding writers , however , felt that Daredevil worked better as a solo hero , and gradually wrote the Black Widow out of the series . She was immediately recast into the super-team series The Champions as the leader of the titular superhero group , which ran for 17 issues ( Oct. 1975 -- Jan. 1978 ) . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , the Black Widow appeared frequently as both an Avengers member and a freelance agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. She starred in a serialized feature within the omnibus comic - book series Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 ( Aug. 1983 -- March 1984 ) , written by George Pérez and Ralph Macchio , with art by penciller Perez . These stories were later collected in the oversized one - shot Black Widow : Web of Intrigue # 1 ( June 1999 ) . The Widow guest - starred in issues of Solo Avengers , Force Works , Iron Man , Marvel Team - Up , and other comics . She had made frequent guest appearances in Daredevil since the late 1970s . She starred in a three - issue arc , `` The Fire Next Time '' , by writer Scott Lobdell and penciller Randy Green , in Journey into Mystery # 517 -- 519 ( Feb. -- April 1998 ) . A new ongoing Black Widow comic title debuted in April 2010 . The first story arc was written by Marjorie Liu with art by Daniel Acuna . Beginning with issue # 6 ( Sept. 2010 ) , the title was written by Duane Swierczynski , with artwork by Manuel Garcia and Lorenzo Ruggiero . Black Widow appeared as a regular character throughout the 2010 -- 2013 Secret Avengers series , from issue # 1 ( July 2010 ) through its final issue # 37 ( March 2013 ) . Black Widow appears in the 2013 Secret Avengers series by Nick Spencer and Luke Ross . Black Widow appears in a relaunched ongoing series by writer Nathan Edmondson and artist Phil Noto . The first issue debuted in January 2014 . In October 2015 , it was announced that Mark Waid and Chris Samnee would be launching a new Black Widow series for 2016 as part of Marvel 's post-Secret Wars relaunch . The first issue was released in March 2016 . Limited series and specials ( edit ) Aside from the arcs in Marvel Fanfare and Journey into Mystery , the Black Widow has starred in four limited series and four graphic novels . The three - issue Black Widow ( June - Aug. 1999 ) , under the Marvel Knights imprint , starred Romanova and fully introduced her appointed successor , Captain Yelena Belova , who had briefly appeared in an issue of the 1999 series Inhumans . The writer for the story arc , `` The Itsy - Bitsy Spider '' was Devin K. Grayson while J.G. Jones was the artist . The next three - issue , Marvel Knights mini-series , also titled Black Widow ( Jan . - March 2001 ) featured both Black Widows in the story arc `` Breakdown '' , by writers Devin Grayson and Greg Rucka with painted art by Scott Hampton . Romanova next starred in another solo miniseries titled Black Widow : Homecoming ( Nov. 2004 - April 2005 ) , also under the Marvel Knights imprint and written by science fiction novelist Richard K. Morgan , with art initially by Bill Sienkiewicz and later by Sienkiewicz over Goran Parlov layouts . A six - issue sequel , Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her ( Nov. 2005 -- April 2006 ; officially Black Widow 2 : The Things They Say About Her in the series ' postal indicia ) , by writer Morgan , penciller Sean Phillips , and inker Sienkiewicz , picks up immediately where the previous miniseries left off , continuing the story using many of the same characters . She starred in the solo graphic novel Black Widow : The Coldest War ( April 1990 ) , and co-starred in three more : Punisher / Black Widow : Spinning Doomsday 's Web ( Dec. 1992 ) ; Daredevil / Black Widow : Abattoir ( July 1993 ) ; and Fury / Black Widow : Death Duty ( June 1995 ) , also co-starring Marvel UK 's Night Raven . Black Widow is also featured in the short story Love Is Blindness in I Heart Marvel : Marvel Ai ( 2006 ) # 1 ( April 2006 ) , where she instigates a humorous fight with Elektra over Daredevil 's affections . The comic is stylized to look like Japanese animation and uses images , not words , inside the speech and thought bubbles to convey what the characters are saying / thinking . In 2010 , the year in which the character , called only Natasha Romanoff , made her film debut in Iron Man 2 , the Black Widow received two separate miniseries . Black Widow and the Marvel Girls was an all - ages , four - issue series that chronicled her adventures with various women of the Marvel Universe , including Storm , She - Hulk , the Enchantress , and Spider - Woman . It was written by Paul Tobin , with art by Salvador Espin and Takeshi Miyazawa . The second four - issue miniseries , Black Widow : Deadly Origin , was written by Paul Cornell , and featured art by Tom Raney and John Paul Leon . Fictional character biography ( edit ) Early life ( edit ) First costume ( and bouffant hairdo ) . From The Avengers # 36 ( Jan. 1967 ) , art by Don Heck . Natasha was born in Stalingrad ( now Volgograd ) , Russia . The first and best - known Black Widow is a Russian agent trained as a spy , martial artist , and sniper , and outfitted with an arsenal of high - tech weaponry , including a pair of wrist - mounted energy weapons dubbed her `` Widow 's Bite '' . She wears no costume during her first few appearances but simply evening wear and a veil . Romanova eventually defects to the U.S. for reasons that include her love for the reluctant - criminal turned superhero archer , Hawkeye . First hints to Natalia Romanova 's childhood come by Ivan Petrovich , who is introduced as her middle - aged chauffeur and confidant in the Black Widow 's 1970s Amazing Adventures . The man tells Matt Murdock how he had been given custody of little Natasha by a woman just before her death during the Battle of Stalingrad in autumn 1942 . He had consequently felt committed to raise the orphan as a surrogate father and she had eventually trained as a Soviet spy , being eager to help her homeland . In another flashback , set in the fictional island of Madripoor in 1941 , Petrovich helps Captain America and the mutant Logan , who would later become the Canadian super-agent and costumed hero Wolverine , to rescue Natasha from Nazis . A revised , retconned origin establishes her as being raised from very early childhood by the U.S.S.R. 's `` Black Widow Ops '' program , rather than solely by Ivan Petrovitch . Petrovitch had taken her to Department X , with other young female orphans , where she was brainwashed , and trained in combat and espionage at the covert `` Red Room '' facility . There , she is biotechnologically and psycho - technologically enhanced -- an accounting that provides a rationale for her unusually long and youthful lifespan . During that time she had some training under Winter Soldier , and the pair even had a short romance . Each Black Widow is deployed with false memories to help ensure her loyalty . Romanova eventually discovers this , including the fact that she had never , as she had believed , been a ballerina . She further discovers that the Red Room is still active as `` 2R '' . Natasha was arranged by the KGB to marry the renowned Soviet test pilot Alexei Shostakov . However , when the Soviet government decided to make Alexei into their new operative , the Red Guardian , he is told that he can have no further contact with his wife . Natasha is told that he had died and is trained as a secret agent separately . The Avengers ( edit ) Romanova grew up to serve as a femme fatale . She was assigned to assist Boris Turgenov in the assassination of Professor Anton Vanko for defecting from the Soviet Union , which served as her first mission in the United States . Natasha and Turgenov infiltrated Stark Industries as part of the plan . She attempted to manipulate information from American defense contractor Tony Stark , and inevitably confronted his superhero alter ego , Iron Man . The pair then battled Iron Man , and Turgenov steals and wears the Crimson Dynamo suit . Vanko sacrificed himself to save Iron Man , killing Turgenov in the process , using an unstable experimental laser light pistol . Romanova later meets the criminal archer Hawkeye and sets him against Iron Man , and later helped Hawkeye battle Iron Man . Natasha once more attempted to get Hawkeye to help her destroy Iron Man . The pair almost succeeded , but when Black Widow was injured , Hawkeye retreated to get her to safety . During this period , Romanova was attempting to defect from the Soviet Union and began falling in love with Hawkeye , weakening her loyalty to her country . When her employers learned the truth , the KGB had her gunned down , sending her to a hospital , convincing Hawkeye to go straight and seek membership in the Avengers . The Red Room kidnaps and brainwashes her again , and with the Swordsman and the first Power Man , she battles the Avengers . She eventually breaks free from her psychological conditioning ( with the help of Hawkeye ) , and does successfully defect , having further adventures with Spider - Man , with Hawkeye and with Daredevil . She ultimately joins the Avengers as a costumed heroine herself . S.H.I.E.L.D. and Daredevil ( edit ) Promotional art for Black Widow : The Things They Say About Her # 1 ( Nov. 2005 ) , by Bill Sienkiewicz . Later still , she begins freelancing as an agent of the international espionage group S.H.I.E.L.D. She is sent on a secret S.H.I.E.L.D. mission to China by Nick Fury . There , with the Avengers , she battles Col. Ling , Gen. Brushov , and her ex-husband the Red Guardian . For a time , as writer Les Daniels noted in a contemporaneous study in 1971 , ... her left - wing upbringing was put to better use , and she has lately taken to fighting realistic oppressor - of - the - people types . She helps young Puerto Ricans clean up police corruption and saves young hippies from organized crime ... ( The splash page of Amazing Adventures # 3 ( Nov. 1970 ) ) reflects the recent trend toward involving fantastic characters in contemporary social problems , a move which has gained widespread publicity for Marvel and its competitor , DC . During her romantic involvement with Matt Murdock in San Francisco , she operates as an independent superhero alongside Murdock 's alter ego , Daredevil . There she tries unsuccessfully to find a new career for herself as a fashion designer . Eventually , her relationship with Murdock stagnates , and after briefly working with Avengers finally breaks up with Murdock , fearing that playing `` sidekick '' is sublimating her identity . During a HYDRA attempt to take over S.H.I.E.L.D. , she is tortured to such an extent that she regresses back to an old cover identity of schoolteacher Nancy Rushman , but she is recovered by Spider - Man in time to help Nick Fury and Shang - Chi work out what had happened and restore her memory , with `` Nancy '' developing an attraction to Spider - Man before her memory is restored during the final fight against Madam Viper , Boomerang and the Silver Samurai . She later returns to Matt Murdock 's life to find he is romantically involved with another woman , Heather Glenn , prompting her to leave New York . Natasha ultimately realizes that Matt still only thinks of her in platonic terms , and elects to restrain herself from any advances . The Champions ( edit ) After their breakup , the Widow moves to Los Angeles and becomes leader of the newly created and short - lived super team known as The Champions , consisting of her , Ghost Rider ( Johnny Blaze ) , Hercules ( with whom she has a brief romance ) , and former X-Men Angel and Iceman . Her friends usually call her `` Natasha '' , the informal version of `` Natalia '' . She has sometimes chosen the last - name alias `` Romanoff '' -- evidently as a private joke on those who are not aware that Russian family names use different endings for males and females . She has been hinted to be a descendant of the deposed House of Romanov and a relation to Nicholas II of Russia . 21st century ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Natasha crosses Daredevil 's ( Matt Murdock ) path again when he attempts to slay an infant he believes to be the Anti-Christ while under the influence of mind - altering drugs . After Daredevil 's one - time love , Karen Page , dies protecting the child , Natasha reconciles with Murdock , revealing she still loves him , but noting that he is too full of anger to commit to a relationship with her . Natasha is challenged by Yelena Belova , a graduate from the training program through which Natasha herself was taught the espionage trade , who is the first to ever surpass Natasha 's marks and considers herself the rightful successor to the `` Black Widow '' mantle . Natasha refers to her as `` little one '' and `` rooskaya ( meaning `` Russian '' ) , and encourages her to discover her individuality rather than live in blind service , asking her `` why be Black Widow , when you can be Yelena Belova ? '' After several confrontations , Natasha subjects Yelena to intense psychological manipulation and suffering in order to teach her the reality of the espionage business , and an angry but disillusioned Yelena eventually returns home and temporarily quits being a spy . Although Matt Murdock is appalled by the cruelty of Natasha 's treatment of Yelena , Nick Fury describes the action as Natasha 's attempt at saving Yelena 's life . After bringing the Avengers and the Thunderbolts together to overcome Count Nefaria , Natasha supported Daredevil 's short - lived efforts to form a new super-team to capture the Punisher , originally believed to be Nick Fury 's murderer . Despite recruitment endeavors , however , this vigilante group folded shortly after she and her teammate Dagger fought an army of renegade S.H.I.E.L.D. androids ; ironically , she soon afterward worked with both Daredevil and Punisher against the European crime syndicate managed by the Brothers Grace . Months later , her pursuit of war criminal Anatoly Krylenko led to a clash with Hawkeye , whose pessimism regarding heroic activities now rivaled her own . Shortly after the Scarlet Witch 's insanity seemingly killed Hawkeye , and again disbanded the Avengers , Natasha , weary of espionage and adventure , travelled to Arizona but was targeted . Andrea discovers that other women had been trained in the Black Widow Program , and all are now being hunted down and killed by the North Institute on behalf of the corporation Gynacon . Natasha 's investigations led her back to Russia , where she was appalled to learn the previously unimagined extent of her past manipulation , and she discovered the Widows were being hunted because Gynacon , having purchased Russian biotechnology from Red Room 's successor agency 2R , wanted all prior users of the technology dead . Natasha finds and kills the mastermind of the Black Widow murders : Ian McMasters , Gynacon 's aging CEO , who intended to use part of their genetic structure to create a new chemical weapon . After killing McMasters , she clashed with operatives of multiple governments to help Sally Anne Carter , a girl Natasha had befriended in her investigations , whom she rescued with help from Daredevil and Yelena Belova . She soon returned the favor for Daredevil by reluctantly working with Elektra Natchios to protect his new wife , Milla Donovan , from the FBI and others , although Yelena proved beyond help when she agreed to be transformed into the new Super-Adaptoid by A.I.M. and HYDRA . Civil War / initiative ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the Superhero Civil War , Natasha becomes a supporter of the Superhuman Registration Act and a member of the taskforce led by Iron Man . Afterward , the registered Natasha joins the reconstituted Avengers . S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury is presumed killed , and deputy director Maria Hill incapacitated , so Natasha assumes temporary command of S.H.I.E.L.D. as the highest - ranking agent present . Later , Tony Stark assigns Natasha to convey the late Captain America 's shield to a secure location , but is intercepted by her former lover , Bucky Barnes , the Winter Soldier , who steals the shield . Natasha and the Falcon then rescue Barnes from the Red Skull 's minions , and bring him to the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier , where Stark convinces Bucky to become the new Captain America . Afterward , Natasha accompanies Bucky as his partner for a brief time until she is called back by S.H.I.E.L.D. She later rejoins him and Falcon for the final confrontation with the Red Skull , helping to rescue Sharon Carter . She and Bucky have restarted their relationship . She later plays an important role in the capture of Hercules . However , due to her respect of the Greek god , she let him go . Soon Natasha , along with the rest of the Avengers , gets involved in the current Skrull invasion . Afterwards , she stayed as Bucky 's partner . She also assists former director Maria Hill in delivering a special form of data to Bucky . Thunderbolts ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Norman Osborn discovered Yelena Belova breaking into an abandoned S.H.I.E.L.D. facility , and offered her the position of field leader of the new Thunderbolts . On her first mission , she and Ant - Man take control of Air Force One with the Goblin , Doc Samson , and the new President aboard . It was suggested she faked her apparent death ( as the Adaptoid ) but it is never explained how . A conversation with the Ghost implies that Yelena is working as a mole for someone else and that she may even be someone else disguised as Yelena . She is later seen talking privately through a comm - link to Nick Fury . Osborn orders Yelena to lead the current Thunderbolts to kill former Thunderbolt , Songbird . Fury orders `` Yelena '' to rescue and retrieve Songbird , for the information she might possess about Osborn and his operations . Yelena finds Songbird , and reveals to her that she was really Natasha Romanova in disguise . She tries delivering Songbird to Fury , but the Thunderbolts have also followed them . The trio are captured as Osborn reveals he had been impersonating Fury in messages all along to set Natasha up in order to strengthen the Thunderbolts and lead him to Fury . She and Songbird are brought to be executed but manage to escape when Ant - Man , Headsmen and Paladin turn on the rest of the Thunderbolts and let them go . Heroic Age ( edit ) At the start of the `` Heroic Age , '' Natasha is recruited by Steve Rogers into a new black - ops wing of the Avengers , dubbed the Secret Avengers . She travels to Dubai with her new teammate , Valkyrie , where they steal a dangerous artifact which the Beast then studies , noting that it seems like a distant cousin of the Serpent Crown . In the story `` Coppelia '' , she encounters a teenage clone of herself , code named `` Tiny Dancer '' , whom she rescues from an arms dealer . Fear Itself ( edit ) During the `` Fear Itself '' storyline , Black Widow and Peregrine are sent on a mission to free hostages being held in a Marseille cathedral by Rapido . He and a group of mercenaries are trying to exploit the panic over the events in Paris to steal France 's nuclear arsenal . Ends of the Earth ( edit ) During the `` Ends of the Earth '' storyline , involving one of Doctor Octopus ' schemes , Natasha is one of only three heroes left standing after the Sinister Six defeat the Avengers , joining Silver Sable and Spider - Man to track the Six ( albeit because she was closest to Sable 's cloaked ship after the Avengers were defeated rather than for her prowess ) . She is later contacted by the Titanium Man to warn her and her allies about Doctor Octopus ' attempt to rally other villains against Spider - Man . She is knocked out along with Hawkeye by Iron Man during a battle against the Avengers when they were temporarily under Octavius ' remote control . Secret Wars ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the incursion event between Earth - 616 and Earth - 1610 , Natasha is involved in the final battle between the Marvel Universe 's superheroes and the Ultimate Universe 's Children of Tomorrow . She pilots a ship holding a handpicked few to restart humanity after the universe ends , copiloted by Jessica Drew . Her ship is shot down during the battle though , and she is killed in the ensuing explosion . As the evacuation of Earth - 616 begins in light of the fact that Earth - 1610 is about to come crashing down as part of the `` Last Days '' storyline , Black Widow is seen standing atop a building with Captain America who gives her a list of people to save and bring aboard the lifeboat . As she tells Sam she ca n't save them all , Sam explains it 's Natasha 's job to assist in the effort to save as many people as possible before Earth as they know it is destroyed . As she leaves , her mind transitions to Cold War Russia , where a young Natasha ( here called Natalia ) speaks with two Russian functionaries in the infamous `` Red Room '' . She is given her first mission : travel to Cuba and locate a family called the Comienzas , who are at risk from Raúl Castro 's regime and who may have information of vital importance to Russia . She is told to rendezvous with another agent , her classmate Marina , and befriend the family under the guise of a Russian businesswoman . Natasha assures them of her competency and leaves . When one of the officers questions her youth , the other assures him , `` she 's a killer . She will not disappoint . '' Natasha meets Marina in Cuba and the two friends catch up before meeting with the Comienzas that night at a local bar . Using her talent for deception , she casually and politely convinces the husband and wife that she 's seeking inside information to help her import various goods into the country . The Comienzas explain they ca n't reveal said information , prompting Natasha to later explain to Marina that the family might need `` a little push '' . Not too soon she effectively began terrorizing the family into desperation . First , she plants an American flag on their doorstep to mimic someone accusing them of defecting to the United States . Later after meeting with one of the Russian officers from the Red Room to report her progress , she detonated a car bomb outside their home when the first attempt did n't make them `` nearly desperate enough '' . Following the car bomb explosion , Natasha declares the family is indeed desperate enough to reproach for information . Before letting Natasha go , the officer announces she has one additional task before her mission is over : Marina has become too much enamored with her civilian guise , and is now a security risk . Natasha will have to eliminate her . Flipping to the present , Black Widow is saving as many people as she can , but she quickly flashback to Havana . Natasha and her then Red Room partner Marina are trying to help a family defect . Natasha 's orders are simple : Kill the parents and make it public . When Natasha asks if she should kill the child too , her boss looks horrified that she would be so OK with that and tells her no . Having no problem following orders she sets up a meet and using a sniper rifle she takes out the pair without blinking . Next she shoots Marina 's boyfriend then Marina herself . Next she shoots Marina 's cat . Flipping back to the present , Black Widow is back saving people from the incursion as the reason that triggered Natasha 's flashback is revealed ... a man she saved is holding his cat . This dark , heartless side of the Black Widow shows why she is trying so hard to do good today . Secret Empire ( edit ) This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) During the `` Secret Empire '' storyline , Black Widow appears as a member of the underground resistance at the time when most of the United States has been taken over by Hydra and Captain America who was brainwashed by Red Skull 's clone using the powers of the sentient Cosmic Cube Kobik into believing that he was a Hydra sleeper agent . While Hawkeye assembles a strike force of Hercules and Quicksilver to find the Cosmic Cube fragments , Black Widow sets off to kill Rogers herself reasoning that even if Rick 's theory is true , the man Rogers was would prefer to die than be used in this manner . She finds herself followed by the Champions as she establishes her version of the Red Room . While preparing to shoot Captain America with a sniper rifle , she rushes to prevent Miles Morales from killing him as predicted by Ulysses , and is struck by his shield , breaking her neck and killing her . Despite the return of the real Steve Rogers and the downfall of Hydra , Natasha 's death , along with other casualties , remains . Clone of Natasha Romanova ( edit ) However , while observing a dictator who recently rose to power due to his support of Hydra , Bucky witnesses the man being assassinated in such a manner that he believes only Natasha could have pulled off the kill , and believes he sees the Black Widow depart from her chosen vantage point . It was later discovered that Black Widow was actually cloned by the Black Widow Ops Program following her death . It 's member Ursa Major bribed Epsilon Red to let him add her current memories while secretly disposing of the bad programming . The Black Widow Ops Program tasked the clone into taking out the remnants of Hydra and S.H.I.E.L.D. She revealed herself to Winter Soldier and Hawkeye while also killing Orphan Maker . To keep them from interfering , the Black Widow clone locked Winter Soldier and Hawkeye in a safe room within the Red Room . The Black Widow clone rose to the ranks of the Red Room while secretly persuading the recruits to turn against their masters . When Winter Soldier and Hawkeye arrived at the Red Room , the Black Widow clone dropped her cover where she began to kill her superiors , liberate the recruits , and destroy all the clones and Epsilon Red . When the authorities arrived , Black Widow left the Red Room where she left a note for Hawkeye to stop following her and for Winter Soldier to join her in ending the Red Room . During the `` Infinity Countdown '' storyline , the Black Widow clone traced a dead drop signal left by a revived Wolverine in Madripoor . She discovered that Wolverine had left the Space Infinity Gem in her care . The Black Widow clone meets up with Doctor Strange who wants to dispose of the Space Stone . Doctor Strange did not want to take it as he knows what would happen if they are in the same proximity . She is among the Infinity Gem holders who are contacted by Doctor Strange stating that they need to reform the Infinity Watch in order to safeguard the Infinity Gems from such calamities like Thanos . Powers and abilities ( edit ) The Black Widow has been enhanced by biotechnology that makes her body resistant to aging and disease and heals at an above human rate ; as well as psychological conditioning that suppresses her memory of true events as opposed to implanted ones of the past without the aid of specially designed system suppressant drugs . The white blood cells in her body are efficient enough to fight off any microbe , foreign body and others from her body , keeping her healthy and immune to most , if not all infections , diseases and disorders . Her agility is greater than that of an Olympic gold medalist . She can coordinate her body with balance , flexibility , and dexterity easily . Romanova has a gifted intellect . She displays an uncanny affinity for psychological manipulation and can mask her real emotions perfectly . Like Steve Rogers , she possesses the ability to quickly process multiple information streams ( such as threat assessment ) and rapidly respond to changing tactical situations . The Black Widow is a world class athlete , gymnast , acrobat , aerialist capable of numerous complex maneuvers and feats , expert martial artist ( including Jiu jitsu , Aikido , Boxing , Judo , Karate , Savate , Ninjutsu , various styles of Kung Fu and Kenpo ) , marksman and weapons specialist as well as having extensive espionage training . She is also an accomplished ballerina . Romanova is an expert tactician . She is a very effective strategist , tactician , and field commander . She has led the Avengers and even S.H.I.E.L.D. on one occasion . Equipment ( edit ) The Black Widow uses a variety of equipment invented by Soviet scientists and technicians , with later improvements by S.H.I.E.L.D. scientists and technicians . She usually wears distinctively shaped bracelets which fire the Widow 's Bite electro - static energy blasts that can deliver charges up to 30,000 volts , as well as `` Widow 's Line '' grappling hooks , tear gas pellets , and a new element introduced during her ongoing series during the `` Kiss or Kill '' arc called the `` Widow 's Kiss '' -- an aerosol instant knock - out gas she has modified . She wears a belt of metallic discs ; some are disc - charges containing plastic explosives , while others have been shown to be compartments for housing other equipment . Her costume consists of synthetic stretch fabric equipped with micro-suction cups on fingers and feet , enabling her to adhere to walls and ceilings . In the 2006 `` Homecoming '' mini-series , she was seen using knives , unarmed combat , and various firearms , but she has since begun using her bracelets again . While in disguise as Yelena Belova , when infiltrating the then Osborn - sanctioned Thunderbolts during `` Dark Reign '' , she used a specialized multi-lens goggle / head - carapace that demonstrated various technical abilities enhancing vision and communication . Later , she has used a modified gun based on her Widow 's Bite wrist cartridge , during her adventures alongside the new Captain America . Supporting characters ( edit ) Main article : List of Black Widow characters Other versions ( edit ) Main article : Alternative versions of Black Widow In other media ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Black Widow was to be paired with Daredevil in a proposed live - action 1975 series created by and starring Angie Bowie as Black Widow with Ben Carruthers as Daredevil . However , the series never got past the development stage as no studio would take on the project . Black Widow appeared in the Iron Man portion of The Marvel Super Heroes , voiced by Peg Dixon . Black Widow appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode `` Deadly is the Black Widow 's Bite '' , voiced by Lena Headey . Black Widow appeared in The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes , voiced by Vanessa Marshall . Black Widow appears in Iron Man : Armored Adventures , voiced by Ashleigh Ball . Black Widow appears in Avengers Assemble , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Maximum Overload , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Ultimate Spider - Man : Web Warriors , with Laura Bailey reprising the role . She appears in the episodes `` Avenging Spider - Man , Part 1 and 2 '' and `` Contest of Champions , Part 2 '' . Black Widow appears in the anime series , Marvel Disk Wars : The Avengers . Agent Carter features Dottie Underwood ( Bridget Regan ) , a 1946 precursor to Black Widow who is an operative of Leviathan . Black Widow appears in the television special Lego Marvel Super Heroes : Avengers Reassembled , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in the Spider - Man episode `` Spider - Island '' Part 2 , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Black Widow appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther : Trouble in Wakanda , voiced again by Laura Bailey . Film ( edit ) Scarlett Johansson as Natasha Romanoff in Iron Man 2 In 2004 , Lionsgate Entertainment announced that a Black Widow motion picture , featuring the Natasha Romanova version , was in the script stage by screenwriter - director David Hayter . Lionsgate subsequently dropped the project . The Ultimate version of Black Widow appears in the Ultimate Avengers animated direct - to - video movie and its sequel , Ultimate Avengers 2 , voiced by Olivia d'Abo . Scarlett Johansson portrays Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning in 2010 . Johansson made her debut appearance in Iron Man 2 . She was cast after a scheduling conflict forced Emily Blunt to drop out of the part . Johansson reprised the role in The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and will do so again for Infinity War 's untitled 2019 sequel . Feige indicated interest in doing a solo Black Widow film in September 2010 and in February 2014 , development work had begun on it , with Jac Schaeffer hired in January 2018 to write the script . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct . Previously , director Neil Marshall had expressed interest in directing the film . Black Widow appears in the 2013 direct - to - video anime film Iron Man : Rise of Technovore , voiced by Clare Grant . Black Widow teams up with The Punisher in the anime film Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher , voiced by Jennifer Carpenter . Video games ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the 2005 Punisher video game . She appears in one level as a non-playable character ( NPC ) who fights alongside the Punisher . Black Widow was voiced by Saffron Henderson . Black Widow appears in the video game Marvel : Ultimate Alliance , voiced by Nika Futterman . She is an exclusive character in the PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) version , and in all other versions of the game as a non-playable character ; a sub-plot in the game has various heroes investigating the possibility that she is a traitor , although Fury later confirms that she was just conducting a discreet investigation into Doctor Doom 's plans . A mod available for the PC version of the game unlocks her as a playable character . Black Widow appears in Spider - Man : Web of Shadows , voiced by Salli Saffioti . Nika Futterman reprises her role in Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 , appearing as a boss if the player chooses to fight for the anti-Registration side . Black Widow appears in the Iron Man 2 video game , voiced by Catherine Campion . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad : The Infinity Gauntlet video game , voiced by Grey DeLisle . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online , voiced by Laura Bailey . Black Widow is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel : Avengers Alliance . Black Widow appears as a Heroes vs Heralds card in Ultimate Marvel vs Capcom 3 . If Hawkeye defeats Street Fighter 's Crimson Viper , he 'll say , `` Black Widow you ai n't . '' Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Contest of Champions , and was granted to every player for participation in the Ultron tie - in quests . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the 2012 fighting game Marvel Avengers : Battle for Earth . Black Widow is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet as part of `` Marvel Costume Kit 5 '' . Black Widow is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes , voiced by Julianne Buescher . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel Super Heroes voiced by Laura Bailey . She serves as one of the main story characters . Black Widow is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics . Black Widow appears as a playable character in Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes and Disney Infinity 3.0 , again voiced by Laura Bailey . Four variants of Black Widow appear in the mobile game Marvel Puzzle Quest , the most recent of which being added to the game in September 2016 . Black Widow appears as a playable character in the mobile game Marvel : Future Fight . Black Widow is a playable character in Lego Marvel 's Avengers , voiced by Scarlett Johansson . A teenage version of Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Avengers Academy , voiced by Alison Brie . Black Widow appears as a downloadable character in Marvel vs. Capcom : Infinite . Black Widow appears as a playable character in Marvel Powers United VR , again voiced by Laura Bailey . Motion Comics ( edit ) Black Widow appears in the Spider - Woman motion comics voiced by JoEllen Anklam . During this appearance she is masquerading as Yelena Belova . Live performances ( edit ) Black Widow appears in Marvel Universe : LIVE ! as a member of the Avengers . Novels ( edit ) There are two Black Widow books in the Black Widow YA series , by Margaret Stohl . Black Widow : Forever Red ( 2015 ) Black Widow : Red Vengeance ( 2016 ) Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic The Death of Captain America . Black Widow appears in the prose novel adaptation of the event comic Civil War . Black Widow appears in Avengers : Everybody Wants To Rule The World which is a tie - in to Avengers : Age of Ultron . Reception ( edit ) The Black Widow was ranked as the 176th greatest comic book character in Wizard magazine . IGN also ranked her as the 74th greatest comic book character stating that wherever conspiracy and treachery are afoot , you can expect the Black Widow to appear to save the day , and as # 42 on their list of the `` Top 50 Avengers '' . She was ranked 31st in Comics Buyer 's Guide 's `` 100 Sexiest Women in Comics '' list . Collected editions ( edit ) # Title Material Collected Publication Date ISBN Black Widow vol. 1 : Homecoming Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 6 May 11 , 2005 0 - 7851 - 1493 - 9 Black Widow vol. 2 : The Things They Say About Her Black Widow vol. 3 , # 1 -- 6 June 7 , 2006 0 - 7851 - 1768 - 7 Black Widow : The Sting of the Widow Tales of Suspense # 52 , The Amazing Spider - Man # 86 , Amazing Adventures vol. 2 # 1 -- 8 , and Daredevil # 81 September 2 , 2009 0 - 7851 - 3794 - 7 Black Widow : Deadly Origin Black Widow : Deadly Origin # 1 -- 4 March 17 , 2010 0 - 7851 - 4301 - 7 Black Widow : Web of Intrigue Marvel Fanfare # 10 -- 13 , Bizarre Adventures # 25 , and Black Widow : The Coldest War April 7 , 2010 0 - 7851 - 4474 - 9 Black Widow & The Marvel Girls Black Widow & The Marvel Girls # 1 - 4 April 21 , 2010 978 - 0785146995 Black Widow : The Name of the Rose Black Widow vol. 4 # 1 -- 5 and material from Enter the Heroic Age one - shot January 5 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 4354 - 8 Black Widow : Kiss or Kill Black Widow vol. 4 # 6 -- 8 and material from Iron Man : Kiss and Kill one - shot August 10 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 4701 - 2 Hawkeye & Mockingbird / Black Widow : Widowmaker Solo Avengers # 16 -- 18 , Widowmaker # 1 -- 4 April 20 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 5205 - 9 Black Widow : The Itsy - Bitsy Spider Black Widow vol. 1 , # 1 -- 3 ; Black Widow vol. 2 , # 1 -- 3 November 16 , 2011 0 - 7851 - 5827 - 8 Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes Marvel 's the Avengers : Black Widow Strikes # 1 - 3 September 19 , 2012 978 - 0785165682 Captain America and Black Widow Captain America and Black Widow 636 - 640 February 26 , 2013 978 - 0785165286 Volume 5 The Finely Woven Thread Black Widow Vol. 5 # 1 - 6 , All - New Marvel Now ! Point One July 29 , 2014 978 - 0785188193 The Tightly Tangled Web Black Widow Vol. 5 # 7 - 12 , The Punisher ( 2014 ) # 9 February 3 , 2015 978 - 0785188209 Last Days Black Widow Vol. 5 # 13 - 20 October 13 , 2015 0785192530 Volume 6 SHIELD 's Most Wanted Black Widow Vol. 6 # 1 - 6 136 November 8 , 2016 978 - 0785199755 No More Secrets Black Widow Vol. 6 # 7 - 12 May 9 , 2017 978 - 0785199762 See also ( edit ) List of Russian superheroes List of Marvel Comics superhero debuts References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wolverine : Origins # 16 ( Sept. 2007 ) ^ Jump up to : Carson , Lex ( December 2010 ) . `` Daredevil and the Black Widow : A Swinging Couple of Crimefighters '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 45 ) : 31 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Walker , Karen ( July 2013 ) . `` ' We 'll Keep on Fighting ' Til the End ' : The Story of the Champions '' . Back Issue ! . Raleigh , North Carolina : TwoMorrows Publishing ( 65 ) : 17 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel Comics Solicitations for April 2010 '' . 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Jump up ^ White , Brett ( July 25 , 2013 ) . `` ' Avengers : Age Of Ultron ' To Feature Lots More Black Widow And Hawkeye '' . MTV . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maresca , Rachel ( September 29 , 2013 ) . `` Scarlett Johansson flaunts curves in new magazine photo shoot , reveals details on ' The Avengers ' sequel '' . Daily News . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2013 . Retrieved September 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Fleming , Jr , Mike ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Daniel Bruhl To Play Villain In ' Captain America : Civill War ' '' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Heller , Corinne ( November 29 , 2017 ) . `` Ranking the Avengers : Infinity War , Makeovers , From Captain America 's Beard to Blonde Black Widow '' . E ! News . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 22 , 2017 ) . `` Black Widow Heads to Japan in Avengers 4 Set Photos '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2017 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . 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Comics Alliance . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Forever Red ' by Margaret Stohl : EW Review '' . EW.com. 2015 - 10 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ Loftus , Hikari ( 2015 - 10 - 10 ) . `` YA author Margaret Stohl helps create new Marvel superhero in ' Black Widow : Forever Red ' '' . DeseretNews.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow : Taking Red Vengeance '' . News.marvel.com . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hama , Larry ( November 18 , 2014 ) . The Death Of Captain America Prose Novel . Marvel . ISBN 978 - 0785189978 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Moore , Stuart ( March 15 , 2016 ) . Civil War Illustrated Prose Novel . Marvel . ISBN 978 - 0785195863 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Montgomery , Paul ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Avengers : Everybody Wants to Rule the World - Coming in 2015 '' . Marvel Comics . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Wizard 's top 200 characters . External link consists of a forum site summing up the top 200 characters of Wizard Magazine since the real site that contains the list is broken '' . Wizard magazine . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Black Widow is number 74 '' . IGN . Retrieved May 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Top 50 Avengers '' . IGN. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Frankenhoff , Brent ( 2011 ) . Comics Buyer 's Guide Presents : 100 Sexiest Women in Comics . Krause Publications . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4402 - 2988 - 0 . External links ( edit ) Black Widow at Marvel.com Richard Morgan on Black Widow in an interview by Francesco Troccoli , August 2008 `` Richard K. Morgan Talks Marvel 's Black Widow '' , Comic Book Resources , November 16 , 2004 Black Widow at Comics2Film Black Widow at the Grand Comics Database Natasha Romanova at the Marvel Directory Natasha Romanova at Don Markstein 's Toonopedia Natasha Romanova at the Comic Book DB Black Widow Characters Claire Voyant Natasha Romanoff Yelena Belova Supporting characters Iron Man Captain America Crimson Dynamo Daredevil Nick Fury Hawkeye Maria Hill Mockingbird Winter Soldier Falcon Teams Avengers Mighty Secret Champions Heroes for Hire Lady Liberators Red Room S.H.I.E.L.D. Thunderbolts Enemies A.I.M. 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who plays black widow in the avengers movie

In 2004 , Lionsgate Entertainment announced that a Black Widow motion picture , featuring the Natasha Romanova version , was in the script stage by screenwriter - director David Hayter . Lionsgate subsequently dropped the project . The Ultimate version of Black Widow appears in the Ultimate Avengers animated direct - to - video movie and its sequel , Ultimate Avengers 2 , voiced by Olivia d'Abo . Scarlett Johansson portrays Natasha Romanoff / Black Widow in the Marvel Cinematic Universe , beginning in 2010 . Johansson made her debut appearance in Iron Man 2 . She was cast after a scheduling conflict forced Emily Blunt to drop out of the part . Johansson reprised the role in The Avengers ( 2012 ) , Captain America : The Winter Soldier ( 2014 ) , Avengers : Age of Ultron ( 2015 ) , Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) , Avengers : Infinity War ( 2018 ) and will do so again for Infinity War 's untitled 2019 sequel . Feige indicated interest in doing a solo Black Widow film in September 2010 and in February 2014 , development work had begun on it , with Jac Schaeffer hired in January 2018 to write the script . That July , Cate Shortland was hired to direct . Previously , director Neil Marshall had expressed interest in directing the film . Black Widow appears in the 2013 direct - to - video anime film Iron Man : Rise of Technovore , voiced by Clare Grant . Black Widow teams up with The Punisher in the anime film Avengers Confidential : Black Widow & Punisher , voiced by Jennifer Carpenter .

Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) - Wikipedia Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Alice in Wonderland Theatrical release poster Directed by Tim Burton Produced by Richard D. Zanuck Joe Roth Suzanne Todd Jennifer Todd Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Based on Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll Starring Johnny Depp Anne Hathaway Helena Bonham Carter Crispin Glover Matt Lucas Mia Wasikowska Music by Danny Elfman Cinematography Dariusz Wolski Edited by Chris Lebenzon Production company Walt Disney Pictures Roth Films The Zanuck Company Team Todd Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date February 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 25 ) ( London ) March 5 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 05 ) ( United States ) Running time 109 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $150 -- $200 million Box office $1.025 billion Alice in Wonderland is a 2010 American fantasy adventure film directed by Tim Burton from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton . The film stars Johnny Depp , Anne Hathaway , Helena Bonham Carter , Crispin Glover , Matt Lucas and Mia Wasikowska , and features the voices of Alan Rickman , Stephen Fry , Michael Sheen , and Timothy Spall . Based on Lewis Carroll 's fantasy novels , Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass , the film tells the story of a nineteen - year - old Alice Kingsleigh ( stated in the film to be a daughter of Charles Kingsley ) , who is told that she can restore the White Queen to her throne , with the help of the Mad Hatter . She is the only one who can slay the Jabberwock , a dragon - like creature that is controlled by the Red Queen and terrorizes Underland 's inhabitants . The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and shot in the United Kingdom and the United States . The film premiered in London at the Odeon Leicester Square on February 25 , 2010 , and was released in Australia on March 4 , 2010 , and the following day in the United Kingdom and the United States through the Disney Digital 3D , RealD 3D , and IMAX 3D formats as well as in conventional theaters . It is also the second - highest - grossing film of 2010 . Alice in Wonderland received mixed reviews upon release ; although praised for its visual style and special effects , the film was criticized for its lack of narrative coherence and overuse of computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . At the 83rd Academy Awards , Alice in Wonderland won Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design , and was also nominated for Best Visual Effects . The film generated over $1 billion in ticket sales and became the fifth - highest - grossing film of all time during its theatrical run . The film started a trend of live - action fairy tale and fantasy films being green - lit , particularly from Walt Disney Studios . A sequel , titled Alice Through the Looking Glass , was released on May 27 , 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 2.1 Voice cast 3 Production 4 Music 4.1 Score 4.2 Almost Alice 5 Release 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 6 Reception 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical reaction 6.3 Accolades 7 Impact 8 Sequel 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) Troubled by a strange recurring dream and mourning the loss of her father , 19 - year - old Alice Kingsleigh attends a garden party at Lord Ascot 's estate . There , she is confronted by an unwanted marriage proposal to Lord Ascot 's son , Hamish and the stifling expectations of the society in which she lives . Unsure of how to proceed , she pursues a rabbit wearing a blue waistcoat and accidentally falls into a large rabbit hole under a tree . She emerges in a forest where she is greeted by Nivens McTwisp the White Rabbit , Mallymkun the Dormouse , the Dodo , the Talking Flowers , and Tweedledee and Tweedledum . They argue over whether Alice is `` the right Alice '' who must slay Iracebeth of Grims the Red Queen 's Jabberwocky and restore Mirana of Marmoral the White Queen to power , as foretold by Absolem the Caterpillar and his prophetic scroll . The group is then ambushed by the Bandersnatch and a group of playing - card soldiers led by Ilosovic Stayne the Knave of Hearts . Alice , Tweedledum and Tweedledee escape into the woods . The Knave steals the Caterpillar 's scroll . Mallymkun leaves the others behind with one of the Bandersnatch 's eyes in her possession . Tweedle Dum and Tweedle Dee are then captured by the Red Queen 's Jubjub bird . The Knave informs the Red Queen that Alice threatens her reign , and the soldiers and Bayard the Bloodhound are ordered to find Alice immediately . Meanwhile , the Cheshire Cat guides Alice to Thackery Earwicket the March Hare and Tarrant Hightopp the Mad Hatter . The Hatter helps Alice avoid capture by allowing himself to be seized instead . Later , Alice is found by Bayard the Bloodhound ; but Alice insists upon helping the Hatter . At the Red Queen 's citadel and palace ( which is named Salazan Grum ) , the Red Queen is unaware of Alice 's true identity and therefore welcomes her as a guest , named Um from Umbridge . Alice learns that the Vorpal sword , the only weapon capable of killing the Jabberwock , is locked inside the den of the Bandersnatch . The Knave attempts to seduce Alice , but she rebuffs him , causing a jealous Red Queen to order that Alice be beheaded . Alice obtains the sword and befriends the Bandersnatch by returning its eye . She then escapes on the back of the grateful Bandersnatch and delivers the sword to the White Queen . The Cheshire Cat saves the Hatter from the executioner , and the Hatter calls for rebellion against the Red Queen . The rebellion is quickly put down by the Jubjub bird , but the resistance flees to the White Queen 's castle , and both armies prepare for battle . Former caterpillar Absolem advises Alice to fight the Jabberwocky just before completing his transformation into a pupa . On the appointed day , the White Queen and the Red Queen gather their armies on a chessboard - like battlefield and send Alice and the Jabberwocky to decide the battle in single combat . Encouraged by the advice of her late father , Alice fights the Jabberwocky among the ruins surrounding the battlefield and finally jumps from the remains of a spiral staircase onto the Jabberwocky 's neck and beheads it . During this fight , a falling masonry stone kills the Jubjub bird . The White Queen banishes the Red Queen and the Knave into exile . After the Hatter performs a celebration dance called Futterwacken , the White Queen gives Alice a vial of the Jabberwocky 's purple blood whose power will bring her whatever she wishes . She decides to rejoin the everyday world , after saying farewell to his friends ( especially the Hatter ) . Back in England , Lord Ascot takes Alice as his apprentice with the idea of establishing oceanic trade routes to Hong Kong . As the story closes , Alice prepares to set off on a trading ship . A light - blue butterfly with dark vein markings lands on her shoulder , and Alice recognizes him as Absolem . Cast ( edit ) Helena Bonham Carter as the Red Queen . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased to three times its original size in the film . Mia Wasikowska as Alice Kingsleigh . When creating the character , screenwriter Linda Woolverton researched how young women were expected to behave in the Victorian era and then made her the opposite . Wasikowska read Carroll 's books as a child and re-read them to prepare for her role . She also watched Jan Švankmajer 's Alice . She said , `` When we were kids , my mum would pop it in the VCR player . We would be disturbed , and would n't really understand it , but we could n't look away because it was too intriguing . So I had kept that feeling about Alice , a kind of haunting feeling . '' Although facing pressures to conform to society 's expectations , Alice grows into a stronger - willed and empowered heroine who chooses her own path ; Independent columnist Liz Hoggard praised Alice as a role model for girls , describing the character as `` stubborn , brave , ( and ) non-girlie '' . Mairi Ella Challen portrayed Alice as a six - year - old girl . Johnny Depp as Tarrant Hightopp , The Mad Hatter . Wasikowska said that the characters , `` both feel like outsiders and feel alone in their separate worlds , and have a special bond and friendship . '' Burton explained that Depp `` tried to find a grounding to the character ... as opposed to just being mad . '' Burton also said that , `` In a lot of versions it 's a very one - note kind of character and you know ( Depp 's ) goal was to try and bring out a human side to the strangeness of the character . '' The orange hair is an allusion to the mercury poisoning suffered by hatters who used mercury to cure felt ; Depp believes that the character `` was poisoned ... and it was coming out through his hair , through his fingernails and eyes '' . Depp and Burton decided that the Hatter 's clothes , skin , hair , personality and accent would change throughout the film to reflect his emotions . In an interview with Depp , the character was paralleled to `` a mood ring , ( as ) his emotions are very close to the surface '' . The Hatter is `` made up of different people and their extreme sides '' , with a gentle voice much like the character 's creator Lewis Carroll reflecting the lighter personality and with a Scottish Glaswegian accent ( which Depp modeled after Gregor Fisher 's Rab C. Nesbitt character ) reflecting a darker , more dangerous personality . Illusionary dancer David `` Elsewhere '' Bernal doubled for Depp during the `` Futterwacken '' sequence near the end of the film . Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters : the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated , obstreperous , impatient , and quick to anger . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen . The character hates animals , and chooses to use them as servants and furniture . It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband , the King . The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell , a toddler , stating that , `` The Red Queen is just like a toddler , because she 's got a big head and she 's a tyrant . '' Anne Hathaway as Mirana of Marmoreal , the White Queen . She was one of few characters that did not require digital manipulation . Hathaway summed up her character with a caption on a magnet of Happy Bunny holding a knife ; `` Cute but psycho . Things even out . '' According to Hathaway , `` She comes from the same gene pool as the Red Queen . She really likes the dark side , but she 's so scared of going too far into it that she 's made everything appear very light and happy . But she 's living in that place out of fear that she wo n't be able to control herself . '' Hathaway described her interpretation of the White Queen as `` a punk - rock vegan pacifist '' , with inspiration drawn from Debbie Harry , Greta Garbo , and the artwork of Dan Flavin . Burton said that the White Queen 's appearance was inspired by Nigella Lawson . Crispin Glover played Ilosovic Stayne , the Knave of Hearts . The Knave of Hearts is arrogant and tricky . While he follows the Red Queen 's every order , he is the only one capable of calming her dramatic mood swings . Glover said , `` The Red Queen has a fair amount of short - tempered reactions to things that people do , and so ( the Knave ) has to be quite diplomatic . '' The Red Queen believes that the Knave of Hearts is her lover , but this proves to be false . Matt Lucas portrayed both Tweedledee and Tweedledum . Burton commented on the mixture of animation and Lucas , saying that `` It 's a weird mixture of things which gives his characters the disturbing quality that they so richly deserve . '' The characters are portrayed through a combination of CGI and live - action , with Lucas 's face digitally composited to a full animated body . While performing the character , Lucas had to wear a teardrop - shaped motion capture suit and walk on stilts . In order to play both characters , Lucas was doubled by Ethan Cohn . Frances de la Tour as Imogene , Alice 's aunt . She is suffering from severe delusions and is constantly awaiting her fictional fiancé whom she believes to be a prince . Leo Bill as Hamish Ascot , Alice 's would - be fiancé . Marton Csokas makes a cameo appearance as Alice 's deceased father in the film 's opening scene and Alice 's mother is played by Lindsay Duncan . Lord and Lady Ascot are played by Tim Pigott - Smith and Geraldine James , respectively . Eleanor Tomlinson and Eleanor Gecks play the Cathaway sisters , who bear a strong resemblance to Tweedledum and Tweedledee . Jemma Powell appears briefly as Alice 's sister , Margaret , while Margaret 's unfaithful husband Lowell is played by John Hopkins . Voice cast ( edit ) Michael Sheen voiced Nivens McTwisp , the White Rabbit . Sheen said the character `` is such an iconic character that ( he ) did n't feel like ( he ) should break the mold too much . '' Burton said the quality he wanted most in his clock - watching bunny was a twitchiness , also commenting that `` ( in ) any incarnation of the ( White Rabbit ) through the years , there 's that sort of nervousness of a rabbit . '' Alan Rickman voiced Absolem , the Caterpillar . Rickman was originally going to have his face composited onto the animated Caterpillar . He was filmed recording his voice in the studio , but the idea was eventually scrapped . The animators did , however , try to give Absolem 's face characteristics similar to Rickman 's . Stephen Fry voiced Chess , the Cheshire Cat . Burton stated that the character had a creepy quality in addition to tapping into his own hatred of cats . The role was intended to be played by Michael Sheen but he changed his role to the White Rabbit due to scheduling conflicts . Barbara Windsor voiced Mallymkun , the Dormouse . Burton said that he sought after Windsor for the role because he was a fan of her TV show EastEnders . Her voice sealed the deal for her role as the character . Timothy Spall voiced Bayard , the Bloodhound . Although Bayard does not appear in the book , a similar character named The Puppy is likely the inspiration for the character . Paul Whitehouse voiced Thackery Earwicket , the March Hare . Burton stated that because Whitehouse is a great comedic actor , a lot of his lines came from improvisation . Michael Gough voiced Uilleam , the Dodo . Burton said that Gough was the first person he thought of for the role of the Dodo because he has `` a full life quality to his voice '' . The character only speaks three lines , that Gough recorded in a day . This would be Gough 's final acting role ; he died a year after its release , aged 94 . Gough had previously portrayed the March Hare in the 1966 TV play of the book . Christopher Lee voiced the Jabberwock . While it only had two lines , Burton said that he felt Lee to be a good match for the iconic character because he is `` an iconic guy '' . For the character , Lee had originally tried to make his voice `` burble '' ( as described in the poem `` Jabberwocky '' ) . However , Burton convinced him to use his actual voice , as he found it more intimidating and aggressive . Imelda Staunton voiced the Tall Flower Faces . Though there are many flowers that appear around Underland , only one of them speaks and one of them is clearly a caricature of Staunton . Staunton only speaks three lines that are heard very briefly at the beginning of the film . Jim Carter voiced the Red Queen 's executioner . The Executioner only speaks one line and appears extremely briefly , though Carter also voiced several other servants to the Red Queen . Frank Welker provided additional voices and vocal effects ; including roars of the Jabberwocky and Bandersnatch , squawks for the Jubjub bird , and Bayard barking . Rickman , Windsor , Fry , Gough , Lee , Staunton and Carter each took only a day to record their dialogue . Burton and Bonham Carter 's children Billy and Nell made cameo appearances as a boy and baby at the dock in the end of the film . Production ( edit ) Tim Burton signed with Walt Disney Pictures to direct two films in Disney Digital 3D , which included Alice in Wonderland and his remake of Frankenweenie . Burton developed the story because he never felt an emotional tie to the original book . He explained `` the goal is to try to make it an engaging movie where you get some of the psychology and kind of bring a freshness but also keep the classic nature of Alice . '' On prior versions , Burton said `` It was always a girl wandering around from one crazy character to another , and I never really felt any real emotional connection . '' His goal with the new film is to give the story `` some framework of emotional grounding '' and `` to try and make Alice feel more like a story as opposed to a series of events . '' Burton focused on the poem `` Jabberwocky '' as part of his structure , and refers to the described creature by the name of the poem rather than by the name `` Jabberwock '' used in the poem . Burton also stated that he does not see his version as either a sequel to any existing Alice film nor as a `` re-imagining '' . However , the idea of the climax of the story being Alice 's battle with the Queen 's champion , the Jabberwocky , was first added in the video game American McGee 's Alice , and the landscape , tower , weapons and appearance of Alice in those scenes of the film are very reminiscent of the same scenes in the game . We wanted somebody who had ... it 's hard to put into words , but just had a gravity to her , an internal life , something that you could see the wheels turning . It 's just a simple kind of power to her that we really liked . Not flamboyant , not very showy , but just somebody that 's got a lot of internal life to her . That 's why I picked her . -- Burton on casting Mia Wasikowska as Alice This film was originally set to be released in 2009 but was pushed back to March 5 , 2010 . Principal photography was scheduled for May 2008 , but did not begin until September and concluded in three months . Scenes set in the Victorian era were shot at Torpoint and Plymouth from September 1 to October 14 ( Mia Wasikowska 's birthday ) . Two hundred and fifty local extras were chosen in early August . Locations included Antony House in Torpoint , Charlestown , Cornwall and the Barbican , however , no footage from the Barbican was used . Motion capture filming began in early October at Sony Pictures Studios in Culver City , California , though the footage was later discarded . Filming also took place at Culver Studios . Burton said that he used a combination of live action and animation , without motion capture . He also noted that this was the first time he had filmed on a green screen . Filming of the green screen portions , comprising 90 % of the film , was completed after only 40 days . Many of the cast and crew felt nauseated as a result of the long hours surrounded by green , and Burton had lavender lenses fitted into his glasses to counteract the effect . Due to the constant need for digital effects to distort the actors ' physical appearances , such as the size of the Red Queen 's head or Alice 's height , visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston cited the film as being exhausting , saying it was `` The biggest show I 've ever done , ( and ) the most creatively involved I 've ever been . '' Sony Pictures Imageworks designed the visual effects sequences . Burton felt 3D was appropriate to the story 's environment . Burton and Zanuck chose to film with conventional cameras , and convert the footage into 3D during post-production ; Zanuck explained 3D cameras were too expensive and `` clumsy '' to use , and they felt that there was no difference between converted footage and those shot in the format . James Cameron , who released his 3D film Avatar in December 2009 , criticized the choice , stating , `` It does n't make any sense to shoot in 2 - D and convert to 3 - D '' . Music ( edit ) Score ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack Film score by Danny Elfman Released March 2 , 2010 Genre Orchestral , Classical , Pop Length 50 : 59 Label Walt Disney Longtime Burton collaborator Danny Elfman 's score was released March 2 , 2010 . It debuted at # 89 on the Billboard Top 200 albums chart . Almost Alice ( edit ) Main article : Almost Alice Almost Alice is a collection of various artists ' music inspired by the film . The lead single , `` Alice '' by Avril Lavigne , premiered on January 27 , 2010 on Ryan Seacrest 's radio program . Other singles include `` Follow Me Down '' by 3OH ! 3 , `` Her Name Is Alice '' by Shinedown , and `` Tea Party '' by Kerli . The album was released on March 2 , 2010 . Release ( edit ) On February 12 , 2010 , major UK cinema chains , Odeon , Vue , and Cineworld , had planned to boycott the film because of a reduction of the interval between cinema and DVD release from the usual 17 weeks to 12 ( possibly to avoid the release of the DVD clashing with the 2010 FIFA World Cup , which was Disney 's pretext for cutting short Alice 's theatrical run but UK exhibitors protested that Alice would be less threatened by the World Cup than other titles ) . A week after the announcement , Cineworld , who has a 24 % share of UK box office , chose to play the film on more than 150 screens . Cineworld 's chief executive Steve Wiener stated , `` As leaders in 3D , we did not want the public to miss out on such a visual spectacle . As the success of Avatar has shown , there is currently a huge appetite for the 3D experience '' . Shortly after , the Vue cinema chain also reached an agreement with Disney , but Odeon had still chosen to boycott in Britain , Ireland , and Italy . On February 25 , 2010 Odeon had reached an agreement and decided to show the film on March 5 , 2010 . The Royal premiere took place at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on February 25 , 2010 for the fundraiser The Prince 's Foundation for Children and The Arts where the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall attended . It also did not affect their plans to show the film in Spain , Germany , Portugal , and Austria . The film was released in the U.S. and UK , in both Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D , as well as regular theaters on March 5 , 2010 . Marketing ( edit ) Mad T Party at California Adventure , showing the Dormouse on guitar , Cheshire Cat on drums , and Alice as lead singer . On June 22 , 2009 , the first pictures of the film were released , showing Depp as the Mad Hatter , Hathaway as the White Queen , Bonham Carter as the Red Queen and Lucas as Tweedledee and Tweedledum . A new image of Alice was also released . In July , new photos emerged of Alice holding a white rabbit , the Mad Hatter with a hare , the Red Queen holding a pig , and the White Queen with a mouse . On July 22 , 2009 , a teaser trailer from the Mad Hatter 's point of view was released on IGN but was shortly taken down because Disney claimed that the trailer was not supposed to be out yet . The teaser was also planned to premiere along with a trailer of Robert Zemeckis ' film adaptation of A Christmas Carol on July 24 , 2009 for G - Force . The following day , the teaser trailer premiered at Comic - Con but the trailer shown was different from the one that leaked . The ComicCon version did n't have the Mad Hatter 's dialogue . Instead , it featured `` Time to Pretend '' by MGMT , and the clips shown were in different order than in the leaked version . The leaked version was originally to be shown to one of the three Facebook groups used to promote the film that had the most members . The groups used to promote the film are `` The Loyal Subjects of the Red Queen '' , `` The Loyal Subjects of the White Queen '' and `` The Disloyal Subjects of the Mad Hatter '' . Also at ComicCon , props from the film were displayed in an `` Alice in Wonderland '' exhibit . Costumes featured in the exhibit included the Red Queen 's dress , chair , wig , spectacles , and scepter ; the White Queen 's dress , wig and a small model of her castle ; the Mad Hatter 's suit , hat , wig , chair and table ; Alice 's dress and battle armor ( to slay the Jabberwocky ) . Other props included the `` DRINK ME '' bottles , the keys , an `` EAT ME '' pastry and stand - in models of the White Rabbit and March Hare . A nighttime party area at the Disney California Adventure theme park was created , called `` Mad T Party '' . Video Games ( edit ) Main article : Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 video game ) On July 23 , 2009 , Disney Interactive Studios announced that an Alice in Wonderland video game , developed by French game studio Étranges Libellules , would be released in the same week as the film for the Wii , Nintendo DS , and Microsoft Windows . The soundtrack was composed by video games music composer Richard Jacques . The Wii , DS , and PC versions were released on March 2 , 2010 . Disney Interactive released in 2013 the game Alice in Wonderland : A New Champion for iOS . Home Media ( edit ) Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released a three - disc Blu - ray combo pack ( which includes the Blu - ray , DVD and a digital copy ) , single - disc Blu - ray and single - disc DVD on June 1 , 2010 in the US and July 1 , 2010 in Australia . The DVD release includes three short features about the making of the film , focusing on Burton 's vision for Wonderland and the characters of Alice and the Mad Hatter . The Blu - ray version has nine additional featurettes centered on additional characters , special effects and other aspects of the film 's production . In some confusion , a small number of copies were put on shelves a week before schedule in smaller stores , but were quickly removed , although a handful of copies were confirmed purchased ahead of schedule . In its first week of release ( June 1 -- 6 , 2010 ) , it sold 2,095,878 DVD units ( equivalent to $35,441,297 ) and topped the DVD sales chart for two continuous weeks . By May 22 , 2011 , it had sold 4,313,680 units ( $76,413,043 ) . It failed to crack the 2010 top ten DVDs list in terms of units sold , but reached 10th place on that chart in terms of sales revenue . Reception ( edit ) Box Office ( edit ) Alice in Wonderland has grossed $334,191,110 in North America and $691,276,000 in other territories for a worldwide total of $1,025,467,110 against a budget of $200 million . Worldwide , it is currently the twenty - eighth - highest - grossing film and the second - highest - grossing 2010 film . It is the third - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp , the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton . The second - highest - grossing film of Anne Hathaway and the second - highest - grossing children 's book adaptation ( worldwide , as well as in North America and outside North America separately ) . On its first weekend , the film made $220.1 million worldwide , marking the second - largest opening ever for a movie not released during the summer or the holiday period ( behind The Hunger Games ) , the fourth - largest for a Disney - distributed film and the fourth - largest among 2010 films . It dominated for three consecutive weekends at the worldwide box office . On May 26 , 2010 , its 85th day of release , it became the sixth film ever to surpass the $1 billion mark and the second film that had been released by Walt Disney Studios that did so . In the United States and Canada Alice in Wonderland is the forty - fourth - highest - grossing film but out of the top 100 when adjusted for inflation . It is also the second - highest - grossing 2010 film , behind Toy Story 3 , the second - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton . The film opened on March 5 , 2010 , on approximately 7,400 screens at 3,728 theaters with $40,804,962 during its first day , $3.9 million of which came from midnight showings , ranking number one and setting a new March opening - day record . Alice earned $116.1 million on its opening weekend , breaking the record for the largest opening weekend in March ( previously held by 300 ) , the record for the largest opening weekend during springtime ( previously held by Fast and Furious ) , the largest opening weekend for a non-sequel ( previously held by Spider - Man ) and the highest one for the non-holiday , non-summer period . However , all of these records were broken by The Hunger Games ( $152.5 million ) in March 2012 . Alice made the seventeenth - highest - grossing opening weekend ever and the fifth - largest among 3D films . Opening - weekend grosses originating from 3D showings were $81.3 million ( 70 % of total weekend gross ) . This broke the record for the largest opening - weekend 3D grosses but it was later topped by Marvel 's The Avengers ( $108 million ) . It had the largest weekend per - theater average of 2010 ( $31,143 per theater ) and the largest for a PG - rated film . It broke the IMAX opening - weekend record by earning $12.2 million on 188 IMAX screens , with an average of $64,197 per site . The record was first overtaken by Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( $15.2 million ) . Alice remained in first place for three consecutive weekends at the North American box office . Alice closed in theaters on July 8 , 2010 with $334.2 million . Outside North America , Alice is the thirteenth - highest - grossing film , the highest - grossing 2010 film , the fourth - highest - grossing Disney film , the second - highest - grossing film starring Johnny Depp and the highest - grossing film directed by Tim Burton . It began with an estimated $94 million , on top of the weekend box office , and remained at the summit for four consecutive weekends and five in total . Japan was the film 's highest - grossing country after North America , with $133.7 million , followed by the UK , Ireland and Malta ( $64.4 million ) , and France and the Maghreb region ( $45.9 million ) . Critical reaction ( edit ) Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes reports that 52 % of critics have given the film a positive review based on 265 reviews ; the average score is 5.7 / 10 . The consensus is : `` Tim Burton 's Alice sacrifices the book 's minimal narrative coherence -- and much of its heart -- but it 's an undeniable visual treat '' . Metacritic rated it 53 / 100 based on 38 reviews . Todd McCarthy of Variety praised it for its `` moments of delight , humor and bedazzlement '' , but went on to say , `` But it also becomes more ordinary as it goes along , building to a generic battle climax similar to any number of others in CGI - heavy movies of the past few years '' . Michael Rechtshaffen of The Hollywood Reporter said `` Burton has delivered a subversively witty , brilliantly cast , whimsically appointed dazzler that also manages to hit all the emotionally satisfying marks '' , while as well praising its computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) , saying `` Ultimately , it 's the visual landscape that makes Alice 's newest adventure so wondrous , as technology has finally been able to catch up with Burton 's endlessly fertile imagination . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly said , `` But Burton 's Disneyfied 3 - D Alice in Wonderland , written by the girl - power specialist Linda Woolverton , is a strange brew indeed : murky , diffuse , and meandering , set not in a Wonderland that pops with demented life but in a world called Underland that 's like a joyless , bombed - out version of Wonderland . It looks like a CGI head trip gone post apocalyptic . In the film 's rather humdrum 3 - D , the place does n't dazzle -- it droops . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times awarded the film three out of four stars and wrote in his review that , `` Alice plays better as an adult hallucination , which is how Burton rather brilliantly interprets it until a pointless third act flies off the rails . '' The market research firm CinemaScore found that audiences gave the film an average rating of `` A - '' . Several reviews criticized the decision to turn Alice into a `` colonialist entrepreneur '' at the end of the film setting sail for China . Given Britain 's role in the First and Second Opium Wars during the Victorian era and the foreign domination of China through `` unequal treaties '' , China expert Kevin Slaten writes , `` Not only is it troubling imagery , for a female role model in a Disney movie , but it 's also a celebration of the exploitation that China suffered for a century . '' Game developer American McGee , best known for creating Alice and Alice : Madness Returns , was asked in a 2011 interview about Tim Burton 's interpretation of the title character since both versions share almost similar dark and twisted tone of Wonderland . McGee praised the film 's visuals and audio but criticized the lack of screen time Alice had compared to the other characters . He felt Alice did not have any purpose in the story and that she was merely used as a `` tool '' . Accolades ( edit ) Award Category Recipient Result 83rd Academy Awards Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Won Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston David Schaub Carey Villegas Sean Phillips Nominated Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won 64th British Academy Film Awards Best Costume Design Won Best Film Music Danny Elfman Nominated Best Production Design Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Nominated Best Special Visual Effects Ken Ralston David Schaub Carey Villegas Sean Phillips Nominated Best Makeup and Hair Won 68th Golden Globe Awards Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Nominated Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy Johnny Depp Nominated Best Original Score Danny Elfman Nominated 53rd Grammy Awards Best Score Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture , Television Or Other Visual Media Nominated 9th Annual Visual Effects Society Awards ( VES Awards ) Outstanding Visual Effects in a Visual Effects - Driven Feature Motion Picture Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Outstanding Compositing in a Feature Motion Picture ( Stolen Tarts ) Lisa Deaner Orde Stevanoski Aaron Kupferman Ruben Flores Nominated 15th Annual Satellite Awards Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Sean Phillips Won Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Art Direction & Production Design Robert Stromberg Stefan Dechant Nominated Best Motion Picture , Animated or Mixed Media Nominated Best Original Song Avril Lavigne Nominated 37th Saturn Awards Best Fantasy Film Won Best Costume Won Best Make - Up Nominated Best Production Design Nominated Best Special Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Costume Design Colleen Atwood Won Best Makeup Jaremy Aiello Won Best Visual Effects Ken Ralston Carey Villegas David Schaub Tom Peitzman Nominated Best Art Direction Robert Stromberg Karen O'Hara Nominated 2011 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Movie Actor Johnny Depp Won MTV Movie Awards Global Superstar Nominated Best Movie Nominated Best Villain Helena Bonham Carter Nominated National Movie Awards Best Performance Nominated Johnny Depp Nominated Best Fantasy Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Movie Nominated Favorite Drama Movie Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Fantasy Nominated Choice Movie Actor : Fantasy Johnny Depp Nominated Choice Movie : Female Scene Stealer Anne Hathaway Nominated Choice Movie Actress : Fantasy Mia Wasikowska Nominated Choice Movie : Female Breakout Star Nominated Choice Movie : Fight Mia Wasikowska vs. The Jabberwock Won 2010 Scream Awards Ultimate Scream Nominated Best Fantasy Movie Nominated Best Director Tim Burton Nominated Best Fantasy Actress Mia Wasikowska Nominated Best Breakout Performance -- Female Nominated Best Fantasy Actor Johnny Depp Nominated Best Supporting Actress Anne Hathaway Won 3 - D Top Three Nominated AD First Half of the Year Awards Best Art Direction Nominated Best Visual Effects Won Best Make Up Nominated MTV Fan Music Awards Best Movie Song Avril Lavigne Won ChartAttack 's 16th Annual Year - End Readers ' Poll Best Song Avril Lavigne Won Impact ( edit ) After the release and success of the movie , Walt Disney Pictures has announced the development of several live - action adaptations of their Animated Classics series . Maleficent , Cinderella , The Jungle Book , and Beauty and the Beast have followed to similar box - office results with the latter three also earning critical praise . Disney has also announced the development of live - action adaptations of Christopher Robin , Dumbo , Aladdin , The Lion King , Mulan , Pinocchio , Fantasia , The Sword in the Stone , The Black Cauldron , Peter Pan , The Little Mermaid , and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . The company also has plans for live - action spin - offs of One Hundred and One Dalmatians and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs . Stage adaptation Walt Disney Theatrical is in early talks with Burton and screenwriter Linda Woolverton to develop the property as a Broadway musical . Woolverton authored the screenplay for Disney 's The Lion King and is also the Tony Award - nominated book writer of Beauty and the Beast , Aida , and Lestat . Burton will also render the overall designs for the stage musical . Woolverton will adapt her screenplay for the stage production . Neither a composer nor songwriting team has been chosen yet . Direction and choreography will be done by Rob Ashford . The musical is aiming to make its world - premiere in London . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 film ) On December 7 , 2012 , Variety announced the development of a sequel to Alice in Wonderland . Linda Woolverton returned to write a screenplay . On May 31 , 2013 , James Bobin began talks to direct the sequel under the working title Alice in Wonderland : Into the Looking Glass . Johnny Depp returned as The Hatter , Mia Wasikowska reprised the role of Alice , and Helena Bonham Carter returned as the Red Queen . Several other cast members from the 2010 film also reprised their roles in the sequel . On November 22 , 2013 , it was announced that the sequel will be released on May 27 , 2016 and that Bobin would direct the film . Rhys Ifans and Sacha Baron Cohen are featured in the film . On January 21 , 2014 , the film was again retitled to Alice in Wonderland : Through the Looking Glass . The title was later reworked once again to Alice Through the Looking Glass . See also ( edit ) Film in the United States portal Disney portal Film portal 2010s portal Erethism ( also known as Mad Hatter disease ) Solipsism References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . British Film Institute . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ; Fritz , Ben ; Eller , Claudia ( February 17 , 2010 ) . `` Trouble at the tea party : Alice in Wonderland faces theater owner revolt in U.K '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved August 19 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Grover , Ronald ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Joe Roth , Back in Wonderland '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2010 . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` First look : ' Alice in Wonderland ' opens to record - setting $210 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 3 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) -- Box Office Mojo '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( May 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Avengers Storms the Billion Dollar Club -- In Just 19 DaysP '' . Time . ^ Jump up to : Rohter , Larry ( February 26 , 2010 ) . `` Drinking Blood : New Wonders of Alice 's World '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodwin , Christopher ( February 28 , 2010 ) . `` Alice from down - under land -- She 's a 20 - year - old Aussie with a hot Hollywood career who still sleeps in her childhood bed . Mia Wasikowska , star of Tim Burton ' s Alice , tells Christopher Goodwin about acting with Johnny Depp -- and a tennis ball '' . The Sunday Times . London : News International : 4 -- 5 . Jump up ^ Hoggard , Liz ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Liz Hoggard : Revenge of the life - savvy over-40s : Burton 's Alice -- a role model for girls of 2010 '' . The Independent . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Taylor , Dave ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` Review : `` Alice in Wonderland '' `` . Dave On Film . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 26 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland -- Glossary of Terms / Script ( early draft ) '' ( PDF ) . Walt Disney Pictures . JoBlo.com . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( December 22 , 2009 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland star Mia Wasikowska on Johnny Depp : ' He 's so brave and smart ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Geoff ( October 15 , 2008 ) . `` Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp , Alice in Wonderland and The Dark Knight '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved October 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Rice , Kellen ( July 22 , 2009 ) . `` Comic - Con 2009 : Tim Burton talks Wonderland '' . Blast Magazine . B Media Ventures . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Abramowitz , Rachel ( December 24 , 2009 ) . `` Johnny Depp explains how he picked his poison with the Mad Hatter '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp is Mad '' . Manila Bulletin . Yahoo !. March 2 , 2010 . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ McDaniel , Matt ( January 20 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp Sets Sail on Fourth Pirates Movie '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Archived from the original on January 24 , 2010 . Retrieved January 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ MacDonald , Stuart ( March 14 , 2010 ) . `` Rab C Nesbitt inspired Mad Hatter accent says Johnny Depp '' . The Times . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hoffmann , Sharon ( June 1 , 2010 ) . `` Johnny Depp 's body double and other ' Alice in Wonderland ' secrets '' . The Kansas City Star . p . D3 . Jump up ^ `` The inhabitants of Alice in Wonderland '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . June 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 24 , 2008 ) . `` Crispin Glover joins Alice in Wonderland '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2008 . Retrieved October 25 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Topel , Fred ( December 19 , 2008 ) . `` Alan Rickman talks about Alice in Wonderland '' . Crushable.com . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ( March 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland : The curious one that will get the kids screaming ... '' . Total Film . Future Publishing . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( June 22 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton Takes on Alice in Wonderland '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Jacks , Brian ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Anne Hathaway 's Alice In Wonderland White Queen : `` Cute But Psycho '' `` . MTV Movies Blog . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . 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Jump up ^ Grein , Paul ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` Week Ending March 7 , 2010 : Cruz Controls Hot 100 '' . Yahoo ! Music . Yahoo !. Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( January 11 , 2010 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Song To Appear On Tim Burton 's Alice In Wonderland Soundtrack '' . MTV.com . Viacom . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Tokio Hotel And Kerli Will Collaborate On Tim Burton 's Alice In Wonderland Soundtrack '' . MTV Buzzworthy Blog . Viacom . January 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved January 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lavigne , Avril ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Interview with Avril Lavigne '' . On Air with Ryan Seacrest ( Interview ) . Interview with Ryan Seacrest . Los Angeles , California : KIIS . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Movies -- News -- UK cinemas plan Alice boycott '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Dawtrey , Adam ( February 18 , 2010 ) . `` Cineworld backs off from Alice in Wonderland boycott '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 21 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Tran , Mark ( February 23 , 2010 ) . `` Odeon refuses to screen Alice in Wonderland after Disney row '' . The Guardian . London : Guardian Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fletcher , Alex ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Odeon makes U-turn on Alice boycott '' . Digital Spy . Hachette Filipacchi . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher , Geoff ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` A very important date : Alice in Wonderland will premiere in London on Feb. 25 '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp greets fans at Alice In Wonderland premiere '' . BBC News . February 26 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sciretta , Peter ( March 31 , 2009 ) . `` Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland Gets IMAX 3D Release Read more : Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland Gets IMAX 3D Release '' . / Film . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Stills '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Yahoo !. June 22 , 2009 . Retrieved June 11 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : New Alice In Wonderland Pic '' . Empire . Bauer Media Group . July 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Frost , John ( July 21 , 2009 ) . `` Be The First To See The Alice In Wonderland Teaser Trailer ! '' . The Disney Blog . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Props Totally Rock at Comic Con '' . Shockya.com . July 25 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Illusion , magic and impossible ideas come to life in upcoming Alice in Wonderland video games from Disney Interactive Studios '' . Disney Interactive Studios . July 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 23 , 2009 . Jump up ^ http://www.adweek.com/socialtimes/disney-interactive-dives-down-the-rabbit-hole-with-alice-in-wonderland-a-new-champion-on-ios/542894 Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) on DVD at dstore '' ( Press release ) . Retrieved May 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Experience more of Wonderland : Disney 's Alice in Wonderland on Disney Blu - ray & DVD '' ( Press release ) . Disney . April 16 , 2010 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling DVDs of 2010 '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland -- DVD Sales '' . the-numbers.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Daily Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Dean ( March 6 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland opens strongly at box office '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Worldwide Grosses '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved July 11 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Depp '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved September 18 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tim Burton '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved June 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Family -- Children 's Book Adaptation '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved December 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved May 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Index '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Retrieved January 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 3rd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Top Grossing Movies in Their 2nd Weekend at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( January 6 , 2010 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Persia ' Perks Up Overseas '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' Is a Billionaire '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Yearly Box Office Results '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Forecast : ' Oz ' To Cast a Spell Over Lifeless Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 22 , 2013 . That 's about half of Alice in Wonderland ( $3.9 million ) Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Mad About ' Alice ' '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top March Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening Weekends at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weekend Box Office -- THE HUNGER GAMES Hits $155 Million for Third Highest Opening of All Time ! . Collider.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report : Weekend Report : ' The Hunger Games ' Devours $152.5 Million . Boxofficemojo.com ( March 25 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ All - Time Box Office Opening Weekends . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ All - Time 3D Opening Weekends . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : Moviegoers Mad About ' Alice ' '' . Box Office Mojo . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Weekend Report : ' Harry ' Makes History '' . Box Office Mojo . July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved December 31 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Avengers ' Smashes Records '' . Box Office Mojo . May 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Biggest Opening PG Rated Movies at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2014 . Retrieved April 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Opens to Massive $210.3 M Worldwide '' . ComingSoon.net ( CraveOnline ) . March 7 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Subers , Ray . `` Weekend Report : ' Alice ' Stays Green , ' Green Zone ' Opens in Red '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for March 19 -- 21 , 2010 '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDb . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ All Time Worldwide Box Office Grosses . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Overseas Total Yearly Box Office 2010 . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Overseas Total Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . Jump up ^ Blair , Gavin ( May 24 , 2010 ) . `` ' Alice ' gets to 10 bil yen faster than ' Avatar ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 22 . Jump up ^ ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( 2010 ) . Boxofficemojo.com ( March 5 , 2010 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McCarthy , Todd ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland Review '' . Variety . Reed Business Information . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rechtshaffen , Michael ( February 25 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland -- Film Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Nielsen Business Media . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2010 . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) -- Movie Review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland Review '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Sun - Times Media Group . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` First look : Alice in Wonderland opens to record - setting $210 million '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ French , Philip ( March 7 , 2010 ) . `` Alice in Wonderland review '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland in Digital 3 - D clowns paying audience '' . Tucson Sentinel . March 17 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland review '' . Channel Online . March 16 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who else might be mad at Alice ? China '' . Real Clear World . March 12 , 2010 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Douglas , Jane . `` Alice : Madness Returns Interview '' . YouTube . Retrieved 26 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Labrecque , Jeff ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Oscar nominations are in ... The King 's Speech rules with 12 nods '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 Film Awards Nominees '' . January 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes : The King 's Speech , The Social Network and The Fighter reign supreme ; Johnny Depp earns two nominations '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 14 , 2010 . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual VES Awards 2010 : Full list of nominations '' . Visual Effects Society . 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( December 19 , 2010 ) . `` 15th Annual Satellite Award Winners '' . Press Academy . Jump up ^ `` Kids ' Choice Awards 2011 Nominees : Miley Cyrus , Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez lead '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 People 's Choice Awards Nominations '' . peopleschoice.com . Retrieved January 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Adams , Ryan ( July 25 , 2010 ) . `` 9th AD First Half of the Year Awards Winners '' . AwardsDaily . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cinderella ' Is Having A Ball Worldwide With $400 M Box Office '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Justin Kroll ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . With the recent release of `` Maleficent , '' which grossed more than $170 million worldwide in its opening weekend , Disney is working fast on its next live - action fairy - tale adaptation . Jump up ^ `` Disney developing live - action adaptation of Winnie the Pooh '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tim Burton to Direct Live - Action ' Dumbo ' for Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( October 10 , 2016 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Aladdin ' Enlists Guy Ritchie to Direct '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Evry , Max ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jon Favreau to Direct Live - Action Lion King Movie ! '' . Comingsoon.net . Jump up ^ `` ' Mulan ' Live - Action Movie Being Developed by Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Pinocchio ' - Inspired Live - Action Film Being Developed At Disney '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing ' Fantasia ' Sequence Into Live - Action Movie '' . Retrieved June 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Developing Live - Action The Sword in the Stone Remake '' . Retrieved July 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Chronicles of Prydain ' Movie in the Works at Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Max Evry . `` Disney Preparing Live - Action Peter Pan with Pete 's Dragon Director '' . Retrieved April 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( August 16 , 2016 ) . `` Lin - Manuel Miranda , Alan Menken team up for live - action Little Mermaid '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ Coggan , Devan ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Disney planning a live - action Snow White movie '' . Entertainment Weekly . Jump up ^ `` ' Fifty Shades ' Writer Kelly Marcel Tackling Disney 's Live - Action ' Cruella ' ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Plans Live - Action Film About Snow White 's Sister ( Exclusive ) '' . Retrieved March 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Tony Winner Rob Ashford to Stage Disney 's Alice in Wonderland Musical Archived March 17 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com ( March 16 , 2012 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE : Disney Eyes Tim Burton 's `` Alice in Wonderland '' for Stage Musical `` . Playbill.com . March 11 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` FREAKY FRIDAY , THE JUNGLE BOOK , Tim Burton 's ALICE IN WONDERLAND , DUMBO & FATHER OF THE BRIDE in the Works for Disney Theatrical '' . Broadwayworld.com . March 12 , 2011 . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Disney taps director for Broadway ' Alice ' . Variety.com ( March 13 , 2011 ) . Retrieved on March 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( December 7 , 2012 ) . `` Disney mad for ' Alice in Wonderland ' sequel '' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` James Bobin in Early Talks to Direct ' Alice in Wonderland ' Sequel ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsay ( 12 July 2013 ) . `` Johnny Depp Finalizing ' Alice In Wonderland 2 ′ '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 18 July 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Finke , Nikki ( 22 November 2013 ) . `` ' Alice in Wonderland 2 ' and ' The Jungle Book ' snag release dates '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 23 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Helena Bonham Carter 's Red Queen Heads Through the Looking Glass '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland 2 Cast Announced as Production Begins Today '' . Collider.com . August 4 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( 12 March 2014 ) . `` Helena Bonham Carter to Return as Red Queen in ' Through the Looking Glass ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 13 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Paur , Joey ( May 31 , 2014 ) . `` Rhys Ifans Will Play Mad Hatter 's Dad in Alice in Wonderland Sequel '' . Geek Tyrant . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Alice In Wonderland 2 Now Titled Through The Looking Glass , Sacha Baron Cohen In Talks '' . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 film ) Official website Alice in Wonderland on IMDb Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie Alice in Wonderland at Box Office Mojo Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes Alice in Wonderland at Metacritic Tim Burton Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Directorial works Feature films Pee - wee 's Big Adventure ( 1985 ) Beetlejuice ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1990 ) Batman Returns ( 1992 ) Ed Wood ( 1994 ) Mars Attacks ! ( 1996 ) Sleepy Hollow ( 1999 ) Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) Big Fish ( 2003 ) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory ( 2005 ) Corpse Bride ( 2005 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Dark Shadows ( 2012 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Big Eyes ( 2014 ) Miss Peregrine 's Home for Peculiar Children ( 2016 ) Dumbo ( 2019 ) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor ( 1971 ) Stalk of the Celery Monster ( 1979 ) Hansel and Gretel ( 1982 ) Vincent ( 1982 ) Frankenweenie ( 1984 ) Stainboy ( 2000 ) Music videos `` Bones '' `` Here with Me '' Produced only The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Cabin Boy ( 1994 ) Batman Forever ( 1995 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) 9 ( 2009 ) Abraham Lincoln : Vampire Hunter ( 2012 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Literature The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories ( 1997 ) Television series Alfred Hitchcock Presents ( `` The Jar '' , 1986 ) Faerie Tale Theatre ( `` Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp '' , 1986 ) Beetlejuice ( 1989 -- 91 ) Family Dog ( 1993 ) Lewis Carroll 's Alice Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Characters Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Alice The White Rabbit The Mouse The Dodo The Duck The Lory Eaglet Pat Bill the Lizard Puppy The Caterpillar The Duchess The Cheshire Cat The March Hare The Hatter Tarrant Hightopp The Dormouse The Queen of Hearts The King of Hearts The Knave of Hearts The Gryphon The Mock Turtle Through the Looking - Glass The Red Queen The White Queen The Red King The White King The White Knight Tweedledum and Tweedledee The Sheep Humpty Dumpty The Lion and the Unicorn Bandersnatch Jubjub Bird Locations Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Wonderland Through the Looking - Glass Looking - Glass Land The Old Sheep Shop Related topics Alice Liddell Alice 's Shop John Tenniel Theophilus Carter The Annotated Alice Mischmasch Works based on Alice in Wonderland Films and television Disney franchise Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland Translations of Through the Looking - Glass Adaptations Poems `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' `` The Mouse 's Tale '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' `` You Are Old , Father William '' `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' `` Jabberwocky '' `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' `` They told me you had been to her ... '' `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' `` The Hunting of the Snark '' Sequels A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) Automated Alice ( 1996 ) Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) Retellings The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) Parodies The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) Imitations Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) Justnowland ( 1912 ) Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) Reimagining Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) Alice ( 2009 ) Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) Film 1903 1910 1915 1931 1933 1949 1951 1966 1972 1976 1982 1985 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) 1988 ( Australian ) 1995 1999 Stage Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) Television Fushigi no Kuni no Alice Once Upon a Time Once Upon a Time in Wonderland Literary Alice in Murderland Alice in the Country of Hearts Miyuki - chan in Wonderland Video games Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) Kingdom Hearts Book Category Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film The Golden Voyage of Sinbad ( 1973 ) Doc Savage : The Man of Bronze ( 1974 / 75 ) The Holes ( 1976 ) Oh , God ! ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) The Muppet Movie ( 1979 ) Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) The Dark Crystal ( 1982 ) Something Wicked This Way Comes ( 1983 ) Ghostbusters ( 1984 ) Ladyhawke ( 1985 ) The Boy Who Could Fly ( 1986 ) The Princess Bride ( 1987 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Ghost ( 1989 / 90 ) Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Dragonheart ( 1996 ) Austin Powers ( 1997 ) The Truman Show ( 1998 ) Being John Malkovich ( 1999 ) Frequency ( 2000 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Spider - Man 2 ( 2004 ) Batman Begins ( 2005 ) Superman Returns ( 2006 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) The Curious Case of Benjamin Button ( 2008 ) Watchmen ( 2009 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 ( 2011 ) Life of Pi ( 2012 ) Her ( 2013 ) The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies ( 2014 ) Cinderella ( 2015 ) The Jungle Book ( 2016 ) VIAF : 174883897 LCCN : no2010015477 GND : 7691842 - 7 BNF : cb16191897p ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(2010_film)&oldid=825495675 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 2010s fantasy films 2010 3D films American 3D films American films American fantasy films Alice in Wonderland ( franchise ) Feminist films Films about dragons Films about size change Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films set in the 1870s Films set in castles Films set in England Films set in the Victorian era Films based on adaptations Films based on Alice in Wonderland Films based on multiple works Films scored by Danny Elfman Films directed by Tim Burton Films that won the Best Costume Design Academy Award Films whose art director won the Best Art Direction Academy Award Films shot in England High fantasy films IMAX films Films using computer - generated imagery Films produced by Joe Roth Films produced by Richard D. Zanuck Mariticide in fiction Performance capture in film Regicide in fiction Screenplays by Linda Woolverton Walt Disney Pictures films Walt Disney Records soundtracks Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from November 2010 Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from May 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Use mdy dates from March 2013 Good articles Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Limburgs Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 13 February 2018 , at 18 : 44 . 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who plays queen of hearts in alice in wonderland

Helena Bonham Carter as Iracebeth of Crims , the Red Queen . She is an amalgamation of two Carroll characters : the Red Queen and the Queen of Hearts . Her first name is a play on the word irascible because she is easily irritated , obstreperous , impatient , and quick to anger . Bonham Carter 's head was digitally increased to three times its original size on screen . The character hates animals , and chooses to use them as servants and furniture . It is implied that the Red Queen beheaded her former husband , the King . The actress took inspiration from her young daughter Nell , a toddler , stating that , `` The Red Queen is just like a toddler , because she 's got a big head and she 's a tyrant . ''

Major Crimes - wikipedia Major Crimes Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the television series . For other uses , see Major crimes . Major Crimes Genre Crime Drama Created by James Duff Starring Mary McDonnell G.W. Bailey Tony Denison Michael Paul Chan Raymond Cruz Kearran Giovanni Phillip P. Keene Graham Patrick Martin Jonathan Del Arco Robert Gossett Jon Tenney Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 92 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer ( s ) James Duff Michael M. Robin Greer Shephard Adam Belanoff Rick Wallace Location ( s ) Los Angeles , California Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) The Shephard / Robin Company Walking Entropy Warner Bros. Television Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network TNT Original release August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) -- present Chronology Preceded by The Closer External links Website www.tntdrama.com/shows/major-crimes.html Production website www.warnerbros.com/tv/major-crimes Major Crimes is an American television police procedural series starring Mary McDonnell . It is a successor spin - off of The Closer and premiered on TNT August 13 , 2012 , following that show 's finale . On December 15 , 2015 , TNT renewed the series for a 13 - episode fifth season , airing on Mondays at 10 : 00 p.m. On June 22 , 2016 , TNT ordered eight additional episodes for season five , bringing the total to 21 . Major Crimes was renewed for a 13 - episode sixth season , slated to premiere on October 31 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main cast and characters 2.2 Recurring cast and characters 3 Development and production 4 Episodes 5 Reception 6 Broadcasts 7 References 8 External links Premise ( edit ) Following the departure of Deputy Chief Brenda Leigh Johnson from the Los Angeles Police Department , Captain Sharon Raydor ( McDonnell ) is selected as the new head of its Major Crimes Division . Throughout Season 1 , she faces the challenge of earning the trust and loyalty of her officers , who are still in shock over Johnson 's exit , while trying to close the department 's highest - profile cases . Ambitious young detective Amy Sykes ( Giovanni ) also joins the Major Crimes Division . Raydor decides to house Rusty Beck ( Graham Patrick Martin ) , the key witness for the Stroh ( Billy Burke ) case , in her own home , paying for him to attend the Catholic high school her children attended . In Season 2 , Deputy District Attorney Emma Rios ( Velasquez ) is introduced as part of the prosecution team on the Stroh case . The series also stars previous cast members from The Closer such as G.W. Bailey , Tony Denison , Michael Paul Chan , Raymond Cruz , Phillip P. Keene , Robert Gossett , Jonathan Del Arco and Jon Tenney . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast and characters ( edit ) Mary McDonnell as Captain , later Commander Sharon Raydor , commanding officer of the Major Crimes Division . Prior to transferring to Major Crimes , Raydor was assigned to the Force Investigation Division . G.W. Bailey as Detective Lieutenant Louie Provenza , second - in - command of Major Crimes . Tony Denison as Detective Lieutenant Andy Flynn Michael Paul Chan as Detective Lieutenant Michael Tao Raymond Cruz as Detective Julio Sanchez Kearran Giovanni as Detective Amy Sykes Phillip P. Keene as Civilian Surveillance Coordinator Buzz Watson ( Reserve Officer ) Graham Patrick Martin as Russell `` Rusty '' Beck , Sharon Raydor 's adoptive son Jonathan Del Arco as Dr. Fernando Morales , Los Angeles County Deputy Medical Examiner ( season 2 -- present ; recurring season 1 ) Robert Gossett as Assistant Chief Russell Taylor Assistant Chief of Operations ( seasons 2 -- 5 ; recurring season 1 ) Jon Tenney as Deputy Chief Fritz Howard , retired FBI Special Agent ; currently Deputy Chief of the LAPD Special Operations Bureau , who served temporarily as the Acting Assistant Chief of Operations ( season 3 -- present ; recurring seasons 1 -- 2 ) Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Kathe Mazur as Deputy District Attorney Andrea Hobbs Nadine Velazquez as Deputy District Attorney Emma Rios ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Ransford Doherty as Medical Examiner 's Investigator Kendall Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Lieutenant Chuck Cooper ( season 2 -- ) Ever Carradine as Sharon Beck , Rusty 's biological mother ( season 3 -- ) Bill Brochtrup as Dr. Joe Bowman , Rusty 's therapist ( season 4 -- ) Rene Rosado as Gustavo Wallace , Rusty 's boyfriend ( season 4 -- ) Daniel Di Tomasso as Detective Wes Nolan , an undercover detective on temporary duty with Major Crimes ( season 5 -- ) Camryn Manheim as Deputy Chief Winnie Davis , Assistant Director of Operations ( season 5 -- ) Jessica Meraz as Detective Camila Paige ( season 6 ) Amirah Vann as FBI Special Agent Jazzma Fey ( season 6 ) Development and production ( edit ) Series promotional poster On December 10 , 2010 , TNT announced that the upcoming seventh season of The Closer , which began production in spring 2011 , would be the show 's last . The channel said the decision to retire the show was made by Kyra Sedgwick . On January 30 , 2011 , the media announced the final season would add six episodes to the usual 15 - episode order , the final six being the build toward a possible spin - off series . On May 18 , 2011 , TNT announced the spin - off , entitled Major Crimes and starring Mary McDonnell as Captain Sharon Raydor , had been picked up for a 10 - episode season . Following an average of over 7 million viewers for its first season , TNT renewed Major Crimes for a 15 - episode second season on September 27 , 2012 , which the network increased to 19 episodes in April 2013 . Season 2 premiered on June 10 , 2013 . The series was renewed for a third season of 15 episodes on August 15 , 2013 , which aired from June 9 , 2014 , through January 12 , 2015 . On July 18 , 2014 , TNT renewed Major Crimes for a 15 - episode fourth season , later expanded to 23 episodes , which aired from June 8 , 2015 , to March 14 , 2016 . Episodes ( edit ) Main article : List of Major Crimes episodes As of April 12 , 2017 , 92 episodes of Major Crimes have aired , concluding the fifth season . Season Episodes Originally aired First aired Last aired 10 August 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 13 ) October 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 15 ) 19 June 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 06 - 10 ) January 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 13 ) 19 June 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 09 ) January 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 12 ) 23 June 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 08 ) March 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 14 ) 5 21 June 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 13 ) April 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 12 ) 6 13 October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) TBA Reception ( edit ) Major Crimes received a score of 65 / 100 and `` generally favorable '' reviews based on 17 critics at Metacritic . Newsday 's Verne Gay gave the series a B+ grade , calling it `` sharply written , acted and directed '' , adding `` producers now have to turn an ( occasional ) antagonist into a full - time protagonist . Let the metamorphosis begin . '' Robert Lloyd of the Los Angeles Times called the series a `` nice balance between the tragic and comic '' , citing Mary McDonnell 's performance as `` modulated and cool , but with a blue - flame intensity '' . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker thought there were `` fundamental distinctions '' between The Closer 's Brenda Leigh Johnson and Major Crimes ' Sharon Raydor that `` render the shows very different '' , adding `` I 've always found Raydor 's serene assurance a palliative to the twitchy eccentricity of Kyra Sedgwick 's Johnson . '' Mike Hale of The New York Times thought the series `` ( made ) the dullest character from the old show the central figure of the new one , '' adding `` Major Crimes feels like a reasonably sharp black - and - white copy of The Closer , but fans of the franchise are likely to miss the color provided by Ms. Sedgwick 's vivid performance . '' The first episode , helped by the final episode of The Closer airing beforehand , had 9.5 million viewers , the largest viewership for a series premiere on basic cable . Its first season ratings were the highest for any new show on cable . Broadcasts ( edit ) Major Crimes airs on TNT in the United States . In Canada , it began airing on Super Channel on August 22 , 2012 . In Australia it airs on 9Gem . As of 2016 , Super Channel is no longer broadcasting the show . In the United Kingdom and Ireland , Major Crimes began airing on Universal Channel on March 18 , 2013 . In the fall of 2016 , Major Crimes entered broadcast syndication in the United States . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Freydkin , Donna ( June 13 , 2011 ) . `` As ' Closer ' ends , ' Major Crimes ' begins '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wightman , Catriona ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` ' Major Crimes ' star wants Kyra Sedgwick cameo '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Chris ( March 15 , 2012 ) . `` ' Dallas ' : TNT Sets Reboot Premiere Date And Full Summer Schedule '' . The Huffington Post . AOL . Retrieved March 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 15 , 2015 ) . `` TNT Renews Major Crimes , Librarians '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich , Matt ( June 23 , 2016 ) . `` Major Crimes Season 5 Gets Supersized '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Renewed for Sixth Season at TNT '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/05/major-crimes-cast-jessica-meraz-lourdes-benedicto-kandyse-mcclure-ghost-wars-1202093350/ Jump up ^ http://deadline.com/2017/06/major-crimes-amirah-vann-recur-season-6-tnt-1202115697/ Jump up ^ Fernandez , Mary Elena ( December 10 , 2010 ) . `` Kyra Sedgwick closes ' The Closer ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kyra Sedgwick calls time on The Closer '' . The Spy Report . Media Spy . December 11 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynnette ; Hibbard , James . `` TNT extends ' The Closer ' final season to ready potential spin - off -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Inside TV . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Fienberg , Daniel ( May 18 , 2011 ) . `` TNT orders ' Closer ' spinoff ' Major Crimes ' starring Mary McDonnell '' . HitFix . Retrieved May 18 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Little , Kevin ( September 27 , 2012 ) . `` TNT Renews `` Major Crimes , '' Cable 's # 1 New Series '' ( Press release ) . TNT Newsroom . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 30 , 2013 ) . `` TNT 's ' Major Crimes ' Gets Order For Four Additional Episodes , ' Perception ' For One '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Little , Kevin ( March 21 , 2013 ) . `` TNT Announces 2013 Summer Premiere Dates Lineup Includes Four New Series and Five Returning Hits '' ( Press release ) . TNT Newsroom . Retrieved April 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` ' Rizzoli & Isles ' Renewed for Season 5 , ' Major Crimes ' & ' Perception ' Renewed for Season 3 by TNT '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , March 14 , 2014 . `` TNT to Roll Out 10 Original Series This Summer Including ' Falling Skies ' , ' The Last Ship ' , ' Legends ' & More '' . Zap2it . Retrieved March 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 18 , 2014 ) . `` TNT Renews Major Crimes and Last Ship ; Falling Skies Gets Final Season '' . TVLine . PMC . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 7 , 2017 ) . `` Major Crimes Gets Season 6 Premiere Date at TNT : Watch New Trailer '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Major Crimes - Season 1 Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More '' . Metacritic . August 9 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gay , Verne ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Closer ' series finale , ' Major Crimes ' spinoff '' . Newsday . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Lloyd , Robert ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` Review : ' Major Crimes ' solves TNT 's dilemma '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Tucker , Ken ( August 10 , 2012 ) . `` TV Review : Major Crimes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Hale , Mike ( August 12 , 2012 ) . `` The New Boss , Not the Same as the Old Boss '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TNT 's ' Major Crimes ' Gets Order For Four Additional Episodes , ' Perception ' For One '' . Deadline. April 30 , 2013 . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Super Channel Major Crimes '' . Retrieved March 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Munn , Patrick ( February 6 , 2013 ) . `` Universal Channel Acquires UK Rights To ' The Closer ' Spin - Off ' Major Crimes ' '' . TVWise . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Terrence ( 12 September 2016 ) . `` Can `` Harry '' saved the syndicated talk show ? `` . TDog Media . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . External links ( edit ) Official website Major Crimes on Google+ Major Crimes on IMDb The Closer Characters Brenda Leigh Johnson Will Pope David Gabriel Andy Flynn Louie Provenza Michael Tao Russell Taylor Julio Sanchez Fritz Howard Irene Daniels Sharon Raydor Related topics Episodes Major Crimes Episodes TNT original programming Former 1988 -- 1999 Babylon 5 Crusade L.A. Heat The Lazarus Man MonsterVision The New Adventures of Robin Hood NFL on TNT The Rudy and Gogo World Famous Cartoon Show WCW Monday Nitro 2000 -- 2017 Agent X Boston 's Finest Bull The Closer Cold Justice Cold Justice : Sex Crimes The Company Dallas Dark Blue Falling Skies Franklin & Bash Hawthorne Heartland The Hero Into the West King & Maxwell Legends Leverage Memphis Beat Men of a Certain Age The Mists of Avalon Mob City Monday Mornings Murder in the First NASCAR on TNT Nightmares & Dreamscapes : From the Stories of Stephen King Perception Public Morals Proof Raising the Bar Rizzoli & Isles Salem 's Lot Saved Saving Grace Southland Trust Me . Wake Up Call Wanted Will Wimbledon Witchblade Current Animal Kingdom ( since 2016 ) Claws ( since 2017 ) Good Behavior ( since 2016 ) Inside Job ( since 2014 ) The Last Ship ( since 2014 ) The Librarians ( since 2014 ) Major Crimes ( since 2012 ) NBA on TNT ( since 1989 ) NCAA Division I Men 's Basketball Tournament ( since 2011 ) PGA Championship ( since 1991 ) Upcoming The Alienist ( TBA ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Major_Crimes&oldid=800121777 '' Categories : American crime drama television series American mystery television series English - language television programs 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series 2012 American television series debuts Fictional portrayals of the Los Angeles Police Department Police procedural television series Television series by Warner Bros. Television Television shows set in Los Angeles TNT ( TV channel ) shows Television spin - offs American LGBT - related television shows Hidden categories : Articles containing potentially dated statements from April 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Polski Português Русский Suomi Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 16 : 48 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

is major crimes a spin off of the closer

Major Crimes is an American television police procedural series starring Mary McDonnell . It is a successor spin - off of The Closer and premiered on TNT August 13 , 2012 , following that show 's finale .

The Four : Battle for Stardom - Wikipedia The Four : Battle for Stardom For the recently concluded season , see The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 2 ) . The Four : Battle for Stardom Also known as The Four Genre Reality television Created by Elwin Vitztelly de Groot Armoza Formats Directed by Phil Heyes Presented by Fergie Judges Sean Combs DJ Khaled Meghan Trainor Charlie Walk Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 14 Production Executive producer ( s ) David George Adam Sher David Eilenberg Becca Walker David Friedman Carlos King Avi Armoza Nehama Cohen Moshiko Cohen Elwin Vitztelly de Groot Producer ( s ) Sean Combs Production company ( s ) ITV Entertainment Armoza Formats Release Original network Fox Original release January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) -- present External links Website The Four : Battle for Stardom , also known as The Four , is an American reality television music competition series broadcast on Fox . Premiering on January 4 , 2018 , the show was eventually renewed for a second season which aired on June 7 , 2018 . The winner , determined by a studio audience and panelists , is awarded a recording contract with Republic Records , a division of Universal Music Group , and named iHeartRadio 's `` On the Verge '' artist . The winners of the first two seasons are Evvie McKinney and James Graham . The shows panelists originally included rapper , record producer and music manager Sean Combs , rapper and music producer DJ Khaled , singer - songwriter Meghan Trainor , and music executive Charlie Walk . However , Walk withdrew from the series prior to the season one finale following sexual assault allegations against him . Subsequent episodes have starred the other three panelists . Contents 1 Format 2 Series overview 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 3.2 Season 2 4 Reception 4.1 Awards and nominations 4.2 Ratings 5 International versions 6 References 7 External links Format ( edit ) Based on an Israeli format called The Final Four , The Four is a singing competition that differs among similar talent competitions , in that there are no stage auditions . The artists , also known as the challengers , are held in the holding room before singing in front of a live studio audience and the judges . The panel of people in the music industry ultimately decides the best challengers that compete against `` The Four '' . Their decision must be unanimous . The members consist of vocalists of varying genres , and they must win challenges against new artists to keep their seat and remain as a member of `` The Four '' . At the end of six weeks , the last singer standing among `` The Four '' wins the competition . There are two distinct rounds in The Four . In the performances round , new challengers must earn their seat by performing in front of a live studio audience , the panel of judges and `` The Four '' . After the performance , the judges then vote and make a `` Yes '' or `` No '' decision , signifying the challenger 's fate in the competition . If a challenger receives a unanimous four blue rings on stage ( four `` Yes '' votes from the panel ) , they advance to the next round of the competition . A red ring given to the challenger signifies a `` No '' , ending his or her time in the competition . Artists who advance to the challenge round can compete against a member of `` The Four '' for their seat . In a sing - off style battle , the challenger and `` The Four '' member sing against each other for their seat . After the challenge , the studio audience then votes to decide which of the two should remain in the competition . The winner locks his or her seat for the rest of the night and can not be challenged again until the next episode . Series overview ( edit ) Season First aired Last aired Winner Runner - up Other finalists Presenter Panelists January 4 , 2018 February 8 , 2018 Evvie McKinney Candice Boyd Vincint Cannady Fergie Sean Combs Meghan Trainor DJ Khaled Charlie Walk Zhavia June 7 , 2018 August 2 , 2018 James Graham Sharaya J Leah Jenea N / A Whitney Reign Notes ^ Walk withdrew from the show following episode 5 . Season synopses ( edit ) Winners and runners - up are indicated in gold and silver , respectively . Season 1 ( edit ) Main article : The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 1 ) The first season of The Four premiered on January 4 , 2018 , and concluded on February 8 , 2018 . After six episodes , Evvie McKinney was announced as the winner of the season , with Candice Boyd as the runner - up . Along with the former and latter , the final group of `` The Four '' also included Vincint Cannady and Zhavia . The Four Episode Group Members Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Original Four Lex Lu Ash Minor Elanese Lansen Blair Perkins 2nd Four Zhavia Saeed Renaud 3rd Four Cheyenne Elliot Candice Boyd Jason Warrior 4th Four Rell Jerv Tim Johnson Jr . 5th Four Nick Harrison Kendyle Paige 5.1 6th Four Evvie McKinney Vincint Cannady 5.2 Final Four Candice Boyd Zhavia 6 Season 2 ( edit ) Main article : The Four : Battle for Stardom ( season 2 ) The second season of The Four premiered on June 7 , 2018 , and concluded on August 2 , 2018 . The first members of `` The Four '' were announced on May 9 , 2018 . They included Carvena Jones , James Graham , Sharaya J , and Stephanie Zelaya . Following eight episodes , James Graham was announced as the winner of the season , with Sharaya J as the runner - up . Leah Jenea and Whitney Reign were finalists . Runner - up Sharaya J remained undefeated throughout the entirety of the season . The Four Episode Group Members Seat 1 Seat 2 Seat 3 Seat 4 Original Four Carvena Jones James Graham Stephanie Zelaya Sharaya J 2nd Four Majeste Pearson 3rd Four Jesse Kramer Whitney Reign 4th Four 5th Four Ali Caldwell 5 6th Four Noah Barlass 6 7th Four JeRonelle McGhee Leah Jenea 7 Final Four James Graham Whitney Reign 8 Reception ( edit ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Category Nominee Result Ref . 2018 Teen Choice Awards Choice TV Series : Reality The Four : Battle for Stardom Nominated Choice TV Personality DJ Khaled Nominated Meghan Trainor Nominated Ratings ( edit ) The first season of The Four was Fox 's most watched and highest - rated new unscripted series in nearly four years . Season Timeslot ( ET ) # Ep . Premiered Ended TV season Season ranking Viewers ( in millions ) Date Premiere viewers ( in millions ) Date Finale viewers ( in millions ) Thursday 8 : 00 PM 6 January 4 , 2018 3.75 February 8 , 2018 4.03 2017 -- 18 117 4.19 8 June 7 , 2018 2.43 August 2 , 2018 3.40 N / A 2.72 International versions ( edit ) Currently airing An upcoming season Status unknown No longer airing Country / Region Local title Network ( s ) Winner ( s ) Presenter ( s ) Judges Greece Cyprus The Four : Battle for Stardom ANT1 Season 1 , 2019 : Upcoming season TBA TBA Peru Los cuatro finalistas Latina Season 1 , 2018 : Javier Arias Season 2 , 2018 : José Gaona Christian Rivero Eva Ayllón Deyvis Orosco Chyno Miranda Pedro Suárez - Vértiz Los cuatro finalistas : baile Season 1 , 2018 : Karla Valentín and Carlos Antón Christian Rivero Jazmín Pinedo Pachi Valle Riesta Belén Estevez Marco Zunino Tilsa Lozano References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Evvie McKinney crowned the first - ever winner of THE FOUR : BATTLE FOR STARDOM ! '' . Fox . February 8 , 2018 . Retrieved 18 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` Suspended record exec Charlie Walk wo n't be in ' Four ' finale '' . USA Today . Retrieved October 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elber , Lynn ( 9 August 2017 ) . `` Fox picks up new singing show based on Israeli format '' . The Times of Israel . Retrieved 9 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Upadhyaya , Kayla ( 4 January 2018 ) . `` ' The Four : Battle For Stardom ' Debuts on Fox '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Schillaci , Sophie ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` Meet ' The Four 's New Season Two Contenders ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Taylor Swift , Drake , Cardi B & More Among Teen Choice Awards 2018 Nominees : See the Full List '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2018 ) . `` Olympics adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 18 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Stanley Cup clincher adjusts up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( August 3 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' adjusts up , ' Big Bang Theory ' encore adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SpotVault - The Four ( Fox ) - Summer 2018 Ratings '' . Spotted Ratings . Retrieved August 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ @ todotvnews ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` Latina estrena la primera versión latina de The Four de Armoza '' ( Latina premieres the first Latin American version of Armoza 's The Four ) . Todotvnews ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ Gonzalez , Juan Fernandez ( April 5 , 2018 ) . `` The Four prepara su salto a Perú '' ( The Four prepares for its jump to Peru ) . Televisión Hispana ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Official website A Brochure of The Final Four The Four : Battle for Stardom on IMDb Fergie Awards and nominations Discography The Dutchess `` Fergalicious '' `` Clumsy '' `` London Bridge '' `` Glamorous '' `` Here I Come '' `` Big Girls Do n't Cry '' `` Finally '' Double Dutchess `` Hungry '' `` You Already Know '' `` A Little Work '' `` Life Goes On '' `` M.I.L.F. $ '' `` L.A. Love ( La La ) '' Collaborations `` Impacto '' `` Sing '' `` Beat It 2008 '' `` Party People '' `` Just Stand Up ! '' `` Paradise City '' `` We Are the World 25 for Haiti '' `` Gettin ' Over You '' `` All of the Lights '' `` Beautiful Dangerous '' `` Netflix '' Soundtrack songs `` Labels or Love '' `` A Little Party Never Killed Nobody ( All We Got ) '' Concert tours Verizon VIP Tour Related articles Wild Orchid The Black Eyed Peas Book Category DJ Khaled Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Listennn ... the Album We the Best We Global Victory We the Best Forever Kiss the Ring Suffering from Success I Changed a Lot Major Key Grateful Singles `` Holla at Me '' `` Born - N - Raised '' `` We Takin ' Over '' `` I 'm So Hood '' `` Out Here Grindin '' `` Go Hard '' `` Fed Up '' `` Put Your Hands Up '' `` All I Do Is Win '' `` Welcome to My Hood '' `` I 'm on One '' `` Take It to the Head '' `` I Wish You Would '' `` No New Friends '' `` I Wanna Be With You '' `` They Do n't Love You No More '' `` Hold You Down '' `` How Many Times '' `` Gold Slugs '' `` For Free '' `` I Got the Keys '' `` Holy Key '' `` Do You Mind '' `` Shining '' `` I 'm the One '' `` To the Max '' `` Wild Thoughts '' `` Top Off '' `` I Believe '' `` No Brainer '' Featured singles `` 100 Million '' `` Speedin ' ( We the Best Remix ) '' `` Cash Flow '' `` Foolish ( remix ) '' `` Always Strapped ( remix ) '' `` Maybach Music 2.5 '' `` Body 2 Body ( remix ) '' `` Ima Boss ( remix ) '' `` Cold '' `` Pride n Joy '' `` Bugatti ( remix ) '' `` Dinero '' Other songs `` On Everything '' Related articles We the Best Terror Squad Cash Money Demi x Khaled Fat Joe Ace Hood NBA 2K16 Spider - Man : Homecoming ( cameo ) Meghan Trainor Discography Songs Awards and nominations Studio albums Title Thank You Extended plays Title Singles `` All About That Bass '' `` Lips Are Movin '' `` Dear Future Husband '' `` Like I 'm Gonna Lose You '' `` No '' `` Me Too '' `` Better '' `` I 'm a Lady '' `` No Excuses '' `` Let You Be Right '' `` Ca n't Dance '' `` Just Got Paid '' Featured singles `` Marvin Gaye '' `` Boys Like You '' `` Hands '' `` More than Friends '' Promotional singles `` Better When I 'm Dancin ' '' `` Watch Me Do '' Other songs `` Title '' `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Concert tours That Bass Tour MTrain Tour The Untouchable Tour Book Portal Sean Combs Discography Production discography Accolades Studio albums No Way Out Forever The Saga Continues ... Press Play Last Train to Paris No Way Out 2 Mixtapes MMM ( Money Making Mitch ) Remix albums We Invented the Remix Singles `` Ca n't Nobody Hold Me Down '' `` I 'll Be Missing You '' `` It 's All About the Benjamins '' `` Been Around the World '' `` Victory '' `` Come with Me '' `` Satisfy You '' `` Bad Boy for Life '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 1 ) '' `` I Need a Girl ( Part 2 ) '' `` Come to Me '' `` Tell Me '' `` Last Night '' `` Through the Pain ( She Told Me ) '' `` Angels '' `` Love Come Down '' `` Hello Good Morning '' `` Loving You No More '' `` Coming Home '' `` Ass on the Floor '' `` Finna Get Loose '' `` Workin ( Remix ) '' Featured singles `` No Time '' `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' `` Honey '' `` Lookin ' at Me '' `` Hate Me Now '' `` All Night Long '' `` Notorious B.I.G. '' `` Son of a Gun '' `` Show Stopper '' `` Pass the Courvoisier , Part II '' `` Bump , Bump , Bump '' `` I Do ( Wanna Get Close to You ) '' `` Shake Ya Tailfeather '' `` I Do n't Wanna Know '' `` Nasty Girl '' `` Take You There '' `` Imma Put It on Her '' `` Must Be Love '' `` Better on the Other Side `` All I Do Is Win ( Remix ) '' `` Someone to Love Me ( Naked ) '' `` Scream & Shout ( Remix ) '' Related articles Bad Boy Records Sean John P. Diddy 's Starmaker The Notorious B.I.G. I Want to Work for Diddy A Raisin in the Sun Diddy -- Dirty Money Fox programming ( current and upcoming ) Primetime 9 - 1 - 1 ( since 2018 ) Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) Beat Shazam ( since 2017 ) The Cool Kids ( since 2018 ) Cosmos : A Spacetime Odyssey ( since 2014 ) Empire ( since 2015 ) Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2002 ; since 2005 ) The Four : Battle for Stardom ( since 2018 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) Gordon Ramsay 's 24 Hours to Hell and Back ( since 2018 ) Gotham ( since 2014 ) Hell 's Kitchen ( since 2005 ) Last Man Standing ( since 2018 ) Lethal Weapon ( since 2016 ) Love Connection ( since 2017 ) MasterChef ( since 2010 ) MasterChef Junior ( since 2013 ) Miss Universe ( since 2015 ) Miss USA ( since 2016 ) The Orville ( since 2017 ) Prison Break ( 2005 -- 2009 ; since 2017 ) Rel ( since 2018 ) The Resident ( since 2018 ) Showtime at the Apollo ( since 2018 ) The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) So You Think You Can Dance ( since 2005 ) Star ( since 2016 ) News Fox News Sunday ( since 1996 ) Sports Fox College Football ( since 1999 ) MLB on Fox ( since 1996 ) Fox NASCAR ( since 2001 ) Fox NFL / Fox NFL Sunday ( since 1994 ) The OT ( since 2005 ) Fox USGA ( since 2014 ) Fox UFC ( since 2011 ) Thursday Night Football ( since 2018 ) Upcoming The Masked Singer ( 2019 ) The Passage ( 2019 ) Proven Innocent ( 2019 ) WWE SmackDown ( 2019 ) Bless the Harts ( TBA ) Mental Samurai ( TBA ) Spin the Wheel ( TBA ) See also 4Kids TV Animation Domination Animation Domination High - Def Fox Kids Speed on Fox Sunday Funday Weekend Marketplace Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Four:_Battle_for_Stardom&oldid=866224858 '' Categories : 2010s American reality television series 2018 American television series debuts American music television series Music competitions in the United States English - language television programs Fox network shows Television series by ITV Studios American television series based on Israeli television series Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 02 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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when did season 2 of the four start

The Four : Battle for Stardom , also known as The Four , is an American reality television music competition series broadcast on Fox . Premiering on January 4 , 2018 , the show was eventually renewed for a second season which aired on June 7 , 2018 . The winner , determined by a studio audience and panelists , is awarded a recording contract with Republic Records , a division of Universal Music Group , and named iHeartRadio 's `` On the Verge '' artist . The winners of the first two seasons are Evvie McKinney and James Graham .

Facebook - Wikipedia Facebook Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the social networking service . For the type of directory , see Face book . Facebook , Inc . Screenshot ( show ) Mark Zuckerberg 's profile Type of business Public Type of site Social networking service Available in Multilingual ( 140 ) Traded as NASDAQ : FB NASDAQ - 100 Component S&P 100 Component S&P 500 Component Founded February 4 , 2004 ; 13 years ago ( 2004 - 02 - 04 ) Headquarters Menlo Park , California , U.S. Coordinates 37 ° 29 ′ 05 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W  /  37.4848 ° N 122.1484 ° W  / 37.4848 ; - 122.1484 Coordinates : 37 ° 29 ′ 05 '' N 122 ° 08 ′ 54 '' W  /  37.4848 ° N 122.1484 ° W  / 37.4848 ; - 122.1484 Area served United States ( 2004 -- 2005 ) Worldwide , except blocking countries ( 2005 -- present ) Founder ( s ) Mark Zuckerberg Eduardo Saverin Andrew McCollum Dustin Moskovitz Chris Hughes Key people Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and CEO ) Sheryl Sandberg ( COO ) Industry Internet Revenue US $ 27.638 billion ( 2016 ) Operating income US $12.427 billion ( 2016 ) Net income US $10.217 billion ( 2016 ) Total assets US $64.961 billion ( 2016 ) Total equity US $59.194 billion ( 2016 ) Employees 20,658 ( June 30 , 2017 ) Subsidiaries Instagram Messenger WhatsApp Oculus VR tbh Website www.facebook.com or www.fb.com Alexa rank 3 ( October 2017 ) Registration Required Users 2 billion monthly active users ( June 2017 ) Current status Active Written in C++ , PHP ( as HHVM ) and D language Facebook is an American for - profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California . The Facebook website was launched on February 4 , 2004 , by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates , Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes . The founders had initially limited the website 's membership to Harvard students ; however , later they expanded it to higher education institutions in the Boston area , the Ivy League schools , and Stanford University . Facebook gradually added support for students at various other universities , and eventually to high school students as well . Since 2006 , anyone who claims to be at least 13 years old has been allowed to become a registered user of Facebook , though variations exist in the minimum age requirement , depending on applicable local laws . The Facebook name comes from the face book directories often given to United States university students . Facebook may be accessed by a large range of desktops , laptops , tablet computers , and smartphones over the Internet and mobile networks . After registering to use the site , users can create a user profile indicating their name , occupation , schools attended and so on . Users can add other users as `` friends '' , exchange messages , post status updates and digital photos , share digital videos and links , use various software applications ( `` apps '' ) , and receive notifications when others update their profiles or make posts . Additionally , users may join common - interest user groups organized by workplace , school , hobbies or other topics , and categorize their friends into lists such as `` People From Work '' or `` Close Friends '' . In groups , editors can pin posts to top . Additionally , users can complain about or block unpleasant people . Because of the large volume of data that users submit to the service , Facebook has come under scrutiny for its privacy policies . Facebook makes most of its revenue from advertisements which appear onscreen , marketing access for its customers to its users and offering highly selective advertising opportunities . Facebook , Inc. held its initial public offering ( IPO ) in February 2012 , and began selling stock to the public three months later , reaching an original peak market capitalization of $104 billion . On July 13 , 2015 , Facebook became the fastest company in the Standard & Poor 's 500 Index to reach a market cap of $250 billion . Facebook has more than 2 billion monthly active users as of June 2017 . As of April 2016 , Facebook was the most popular social networking site in the world , based on the number of active user accounts . Facebook classifies users from the ages of 13 to 18 as minors and therefore sets their profiles to share content with friends only . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 2003 -- 2006 : Thefacebook , Thiel investment , and name change 1.2 2006 -- 2012 : Public access , Microsoft alliance and rapid growth 1.3 2012 -- 2013 : IPO , lawsuits and one - billionth user 1.4 2013 -- present : Site developments , A4AI and 10th anniversary 2 Corporate affairs 2.1 Management 2.2 Revenue 2.2. 1 Number of advertisers 2.3 Mergers and acquisitions 2.4 Offices 3 Website 3.1 Technical aspects 3.2 History 3.2. 1 Fundraising Feature 3.3 User profile / personal timeline 3.4 News Feed 3.5 Like button 3.6 Instant messaging 3.7 Following 3.8 Comparison with Myspace 3.9 Privacy 3.10 Facebook Bug Bounty Program 4 Reception 4.1 User growth 4.2 Statistics 4.3 Awards and recognition 5 Criticisms and controversies 6 Impact 6.1 Media impact 6.2 Economic impact 6.2. 1 Facebook companies 6.3 Social impact 6.4 Emotional health impact 6.5 Political impact 6.5. 1 United States 6.6 Bans and censorship 7 In popular culture 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History Main article : History of Facebook 2003 -- 2006 : TheFacebook , Thiel investment , and name change Zuckerberg wrote a program called `` Facemash '' in 2003 while attending Harvard University as a sophomore ( second year student ) . According to The Harvard Crimson , the site was comparable to Hot or Not and used `` photos compiled from the online facebooks of nine Houses , placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the `` hotter '' person `` . Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo - views in its first four hours online . The Facemash site was quickly forwarded to several campus group list - servers , but was shut down a few days later by the Harvard administration . Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged by the administration with breach of security , violating copyrights , and violating individual privacy . Ultimately , the charges were dropped . Zuckerberg expanded on this initial project that semester by creating a social study tool ahead of an art history final exam . He uploaded all art images to a website , each of which was featured with a corresponding comments section , then shared the site with his classmates , and people started sharing notes . Original layout and name of Thefacebook , 2004 A `` face book '' is a student directory featuring photos and basic information . In 2003 , there were no universal online facebooks at Harvard , with only paper sheets distributed and private online directories . Zuckerberg told the Crimson that `` Everyone 's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard . ( ... ) I think it 's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it . I can do it better than they can , and I can do it in a week . '' In January 2004 , Zuckerberg began writing code for a new website , known as `` TheFacebook '' , with the inspiration coming from an editorial in the Crimson about Facemash , stating that `` It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many . '' On February 4 , 2004 , Zuckerberg launched `` TheFacebook '' , originally located at thefacebook.com . Six days after the site launched , Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss , and Divya Narendra accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com . They claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product . The three complained to The Harvard Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation . They later filed a lawsuit against Zuckerberg , subsequently settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares ( worth $300 million at Facebook 's IPO ) . Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College ; within the first month , more than half the undergraduates at Harvard were registered on the service . Eduardo Saverin ( business aspects ) , Dustin Moskovitz ( programmer ) , Andrew McCollum ( graphic artist ) , and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help promote the website . In March 2004 , Facebook expanded to the universities of Columbia , Stanford , and Yale . It later opened to all Ivy League colleges , Boston University , New York University , MIT , and gradually most universities in the United States and Canada . In mid-2004 , entrepreneur Sean Parker -- an informal advisor to Zuckerberg -- became the company 's president . In June 2004 , Facebook moved its operations base to Palo Alto , California . It received its first investment later that month from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel . In 2005 , the company dropped `` the '' from its name after purchasing the domain name facebook.com for US $ 200,000 . The domain facebook.com belonged to AboutFace Corporation before the purchase . This website last appeared on April 8 , 2005 ; from April 10 , 2005 to August 4 , 2005 , this domain gave a 403 error . Mark Zuckerberg , co-creator of Facebook , in his Harvard dorm room , 2005 In May 2005 , Accel Partners invested $12.7 million in Facebook , and Jim Breyer added $1 million of his own money . A high - school version of the site was launched in September 2005 , which Zuckerberg called the next logical step . ( At the time , high - school networks required an invitation to join . ) Facebook also expanded membership eligibility to employees of several companies , including Apple Inc. and Microsoft . 2006 -- 2012 : public access , Microsoft alliance and rapid Growth On September 26 , 2006 , Facebook was opened to everyone at least 13 years old with a valid email address . In late 2007 , Facebook had 100,000 business pages ( pages which allowed companies to promote themselves and attract customers ) . These started as group pages , but a new concept called company pages was planned . Pages began rolling out for businesses in May 2009 . On October 24 , 2007 , Microsoft announced that it had purchased a 1.6 % share of Facebook for $240 million , giving Facebook a total implied value of around $15 billion . Microsoft 's purchase included rights to place international advertisements on the social networking site . In October 2008 , Facebook announced that it would set up its international headquarters in Dublin , Ireland . Almost a year later , in September 2009 , Facebook said that it had turned cash - flow positive for the first time . A January 2009 Compete.com study ranked Facebook the most used social networking service by worldwide monthly active users . Entertainment Weekly included the site on its end - of - the - decade `` best - of '' list saying , `` How on earth did we stalk our exes , remember our co-workers ' birthdays , bug our friends , and play a rousing game of Scrabulous before Facebook ? '' Traffic to Facebook increased steadily after 2009 . The company announced 500 million users in July 2010 , and according to its data , half of the site 's membership used Facebook daily , for an average of 34 minutes , while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile . A company representative called the milestone a `` quiet revolution . '' In November 2010 , based on SecondMarket Inc. ( an exchange for privately held companies ' shares ) , Facebook 's value was $41 billion . The company had slightly surpassed eBay to become the third largest American web company after Google and Amazon.com . Facebook headquarters entrance sign at 1 Hacker Way , Menlo Park , California In early 2011 , Facebook announced plans to move its headquarters to the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park , California . In March 2011 , it was reported that Facebook was removing approximately 20,000 profiles every day for violations such as spam , graphic content , and underage use , as part of its efforts to boost cyber security . Release of statistics by DoubleClick showed that Facebook reached one trillion page views in the month of June 2011 , making it the most visited website tracked by DoubleClick . According to a Nielsen study , Facebook had in 2011 become the second-most accessed website in the U.S. behind Google . 2012 -- 2013 : IPO , lawsuits and one - billionth user Main article : Initial public offering of Facebook Facebook eventually filed for an initial public offering on February 1 , 2012 . Facebook held an initial public offering on May 17 , 2012 , negotiating a share price of US $38 . The company was valued at $104 billion , the largest valuation to date for a newly listed public company . Facebook began selling stock to the public and trading on the NASDAQ on May 18 , 2012 . Based on its 2012 income of $5 billion , Facebook joined the Fortune 500 list for the first time in May 2013 , ranked in position 462 . Facebook filed their S1 document with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 1 , 2012 . The company applied for a $5 billion IPO , one of the biggest offerings in the history of technology . The IPO raised $16 billion , making it the third - largest in U.S. history . The shares began trading on May 18 ; the stock struggled to stay above the IPO price for most of the day , but set a record for the trading volume of an IPO ( 460 million shares ) . The first day of trading was marred by technical glitches that prevented orders from going through ; only the technical problems and artificial support from underwriters prevented the stock price from falling below the IPO price on the day . In March 2012 , Facebook announced App Center , a store selling applications that operate via the website . The store was to be available on iPhones , Android devices , and mobile web users . Billboard on the Thomson Reuters building welcomes Facebook to NASDAQ , 2012 On May 22 , 2012 , the Yahoo ! Finance website reported that Facebook 's lead underwriters , Morgan Stanley ( MS ) , JP Morgan ( JPM ) , and Goldman Sachs ( GS ) , cut their earnings forecasts for the company in the middle of the IPO process . The stock had begun its freefall by this time , closing at 34.03 on May 21 and 31.00 on May 22 . A `` circuit breaker '' trading curb was used in an attempt to slow down the stock price 's decline . Securities and Exchange Commission Chairman Mary Schapiro , and Financial Industry Regulatory Authority ( FINRA ) Chairman Rick Ketchum , called for a review of the circumstances surrounding the IPO . Facebook 's IPO was consequently investigated , and was compared to a `` pump and dump '' scheme . A class - action lawsuit was filed in May 2012 because of the trading glitches , which led to botched orders . Lawsuits were filed , alleging that an underwriter for Morgan Stanley selectively revealed adjusted earnings estimates to preferred clients . The other underwriters ( MS , JPM , GS ) , Facebook 's CEO and board , and NASDAQ also faced litigation after numerous lawsuits were filed , while SEC and FINRA both launched investigations . It was believed that adjustments to earnings estimates were communicated to the underwriters by a Facebook financial officer , who used the information to cash out on their positions while leaving the general public with overpriced shares . By the end of May 2012 , Facebook 's stock lost over a quarter of its starting value , which led The Wall Street Journal to label the IPO a `` fiasco '' . Zuckerberg announced to the media at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had passed the monthly active users mark of one billion . The company 's data also revealed 600 million mobile users , 219 billion photo uploads , and 140 billion friend connections . 2013 -- present : site developments , A4AI and 10th anniversary On January 15 , 2013 , Facebook announced Facebook Graph Search , which provides users with a `` precise answer '' , rather than a link to an answer by leveraging the data present on its site . Facebook emphasized that the feature would be `` privacy - aware , '' returning only results from content already shared with the user . On April 3 , 2013 , Facebook unveiled Facebook Home , a user - interface layer for Android devices offering greater integration with the site . HTC announced the HTC First , a smartphone with Home pre-loaded . On April 15 , 2013 , Facebook announced an alliance across 19 states with the National Association of Attorneys General , to provide teenagers and parents with information on tools to manage social networking profiles . On April 19 , 2013 , Facebook officially modified its logo to remove the faint blue line at the bottom of the `` F '' icon . The letter F moved closer to the edge of the box . Following a campaign by 100 advocacy groups , Facebook agreed to update its policy on hate speech . The campaign highlighted content promoting domestic and sexual violence against women , and used over 57,000 tweets and more than 4,900 emails that caused withdrawal of advertising from the site by 15 companies , including Nissan UK , House of Burlesque and Nationwide UK . The social media website initially responded by stating that `` while it may be vulgar and offensive , distasteful content on its own does not violate our policies '' . It decided to take action on May 29 , 2013 , after it `` become clear that our systems to identify and remove hate speech have failed to work as effectively as we would like , particularly around issues of gender - based hate . '' On June 12 , 2013 , Facebook announced on its newsroom that it was introducing clickable hashtags to help users follow trending discussions , or search what others are talking about on a topic . A July 2013 Wall Street Journal article identified the Facebook IPO as the cause of a change in the U.S. ' national economic statistics , as the local government area of the company 's headquarters , San Mateo County , California , became the top wage - earning county in the country after the fourth quarter of 2012 . The Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the average weekly wage in the county was US $ 3,240 , 107 % higher than the previous year . It noted the wages were `` the equivalent of $168,000 a year , and more than 50 % higher than the next - highest county , New York County ( better known as Manhattan ) , at $2,107 a week , or roughly $110,000 a year . '' Facebook was blocked by the Chinese government in 2009 . In September 2013 , the South China Morning Post announced that the block would lifted in the Shanghai Free Trade Zone `` to welcome foreign companies to invest and to let foreigners live and work happily in the free - trade zone . '' However , a few days later , the People 's Daily , the official newspaper of the Communist Party of China , dismissed the earlier report , reiterating the block on Facebook . Facebook was announced as a member of The Alliance for Affordable Internet ( A4AI ) in October 2013 , when the A4AI was launched . The A4AI is a coalition of public and private organizations that includes Google , Intel and Microsoft . Led by Sir Tim Berners - Lee , the A4AI seeks to make Internet access more affordable so that access is broadened in the developing world , where only 31 % of people are online . Google will help to decrease Internet access prices so that they fall below the UN Broadband Commission 's worldwide target of 5 % of monthly income . A Reuters report , published on December 11 , 2013 , stated that Standard & Poor 's announced the placement of Facebook on its S&P 500 index `` after the close of trading on December 20 . '' Facebook announced Q4 2013 earnings of $523 million ( 20 cents per share ) , an increase of $64 million from the previous year , as well as 945 million mobile users . The company celebrated its 10th anniversary during the week of February 3 , 2014 . In each of the first three months of 2014 , over one billion users logged into their Facebook account on a mobile device . As part of the company 's second quarter results , Facebook announced in late July 2014 that mobile accounted for 62 % of its advertising revenue , which is an increase of 21 % from the previous year . In 2014 , Facebook bought Oculus VR for $2.3 billion in stock and cash , which released its first consumer virtual reality headset in 2016 . By September 2014 , Facebook 's market capitalization had risen to over $200 billion . Alongside other American technology figures like Jeff Bezos and Tim Cook , Zuckerberg hosted visiting Chinese politician Lu Wei , known as the `` Internet czar '' for his influence in the enforcement of China 's online policy , at Facebook 's headquarters on December 8 , 2014 . The meeting occurred after Zuckerberg participated in a Q&A session at Tsinghua University in Beijing , China , on October 23 , 2014 , where he attempted to converse in Mandarin -- although Facebook is banned in China , Zuckerberg is highly regarded among the people and was at the university to help fuel the nation 's burgeoning entrepreneur sector . A book of Chinese president Xi Jinping found on Zuckerberg 's office desk attracted a great deal of attention in the media , after the Facebook founder explained to Lu , `` I want them ( Facebook staff ) to understand socialism with Chinese characteristics . '' As of January 21 , 2015 , Facebook 's algorithm is programmed to filter out false or misleading content , such as fake news stories and hoaxes , and will be supported by users who select the option to flag a story as `` purposefully fake or deceitful news '' . According to Reuters , such content is `` being spread like a wildfire '' on the social media platform . Facebook maintained that `` satirical '' content , `` intended to be humorous , or content that is clearly labeled as satire , '' will be taken into account and should not be intercepted . The algorithm , however , has been accused of maintaining a `` filter bubble '' , where both material the user disagrees with and posts with a low level of likes , will also not be seen . In November 2015 , Zuckerberg prolonged period of paternity leave from 4 weeks to 4 months . On April 12 , 2016 , Zuckerberg revealed a decade - long plan for Facebook in a keynote address . His speech outlined his vision , which was centered around three main pillars : artificial intelligence , increased connectivity around the world and virtual and augmented reality . In June 2016 Facebook announced Deep Text , a natural language processing AI which will learn user intent and context in 20 languages . In July 2016 , a US $1 billion lawsuit was filed against the company alleging that it permitted the Hamas group to use it to perform assaults that ended the lives of four people . Facebook released the blueprints of Surround 360 camera on GitHub under open - source license . In September 2016 , it won an Emmy for its Visual animated short `` Henry '' . In October 2016 , Facebook announced a fee based communications tool called Workplace that aims to `` connect everyone '' while at work . Users can create profiles , see updates from co-workers on their news feed , stream live video and participate in secure group chats . Facebook annually has an Oculus Connect conference . Following the 2016 presidential election , Facebook announced that it would further combat the spread of fake news by using fact checkers from sites like FactCheck.org and Associated Press ( AP ) , making reporting hoaxes easier through crowdsourcing , and disrupting financial incentives for spammers . On January 17 , 2017 , Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg planning to open Station F , a startup incubator campus in Paris , France . On a six - monthly cycle , Facebook will work with ten to 15 data - driven startups in the location to help them develop their businesses . On April 18 , 2017 , Facebook announced the beta launch of Facebook Spaces at Facebook 's annual F8 developer conference in San Francisco . Facebook Spaces , a virtual reality app version of Facebook for the Facebook - owned Oculus VR goggles . In a virtual and shared space , users can access a curated selection of 360 - degree photos and videos using their avatar , with the support of the controller . Users can also access their own photos and videos , and any media shared on their Facebook newsfeed . The beta app is currently available in the Oculus Store . On October 16 , 2017 , Facebook acquired the anonymous compliment social media app tbh for an undisclosed amount , announcing intentions to leave the app independent , similar to Instagram and WhatsApp . Corporate affairs Management Facebook 's key management personnel consists of Mark Zuckerberg ( Chairman and Chief Executive Officer ) , Sheryl Sandberg ( Chief Operating Officer ) , David Wehner ( Chief Financial Officer ) , Mike Schroepfer ( Chief Technology Officer ) , and Chris Cox ( Chief Product Officer ) . As of June 30 , 2017 , Facebook has 20,658 employees . Revenue Revenues ( in millions US $ ) Year Revenue Growth $ 6999400000000000000 ♠ 0.4 -- 2005 $ 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 2150 % 2006 $ 7001480000000000000 ♠ 48 433 % 2007 $ 7002153000000000000 ♠ 153 219 % 2008 $ 7002280000000000000 ♠ 280 83 % 2009 $ 7002775000000000000 ♠ 775 177 % $ 7003200000000000000 ♠ 2,000 158 % 2011 $ 7003371100000000000 ♠ 3,711 86 % 2012 $ 7003508900000000000 ♠ 5,089 37 % 2013 $ 7003787200000000000 ♠ 7,872 55 % 2014 $ 7004124660000000000 ♠ 12,466 58 % 2015 $ 7004179280000000000 ♠ 17,928 44 % Most of Facebook 's revenue comes from advertising . Facebook generally has a lower clickthrough rate ( CTR ) for advertisements than most major websites . According to BusinessWeek.com , banner advertisements on Facebook have generally received one - fifth the number of clicks compared to those on the Web as a whole , although specific comparisons can reveal a much larger disparity . For example , while Google users click on the first advertisement for search results an average of 8 % of the time ( 80,000 clicks for every one million searches ) , Facebook 's users click on advertisements an average of 0.04 % of the time ( 400 clicks for every one million pages ) . Successful advertising campaigns on the site can have clickthrough rates as low as 0.05 % to 0.04 % , and CTR for ads tend to fall within two weeks . The cause of Facebook 's low CTR has been attributed to younger users enabling ad blocking software and their adeptness at ignoring advertising messages , as well as the site 's primary purpose being social communication rather than content viewing . According to digital consultancy iStrategy Labs in mid-January 2014 , three million fewer users aged between 13 and 17 years were present on Facebook 's Social Advertising platform compared to 2011 . However , Time writer and reporter Christopher Matthews stated in the wake of the iStrategy Labs results : A big part of Facebook 's pitch is that it has so much information about its users that it can more effectively target ads to those who will be responsive to the content . If Facebook can prove that theory to be true , then it may not worry so much about losing its cool cachet . A portion of Facebook revenue comes from the `` firehose '' access , bulk access to the social media data sold to the third parties . In December 2014 , a report from Frank N. Magid and Associates found that the percentage of teens aged 13 to 17 who used Facebook fell to 88 % in 2014 , down from 94 % in 2013 and 95 % in 2012 . Zuckerberg , alongside other Facebook executives , have questioned the data in such reports ; although , a former Facebook senior employee has commented : `` Mark ( Zuckerberg ) is very willing to recognize the strengths in other products and the flaws in Facebook . '' On pages for brands and products , however , some companies have reported CTR as high as 6.49 % for Wall posts . A study found that , for video advertisements on Facebook , over 40 % of users who viewed the videos viewed the entire video , while the industry average was 25 % for in - banner video ads . Chart of Facebook 's Stock The company released its own set of revenue data at the end of January 2014 and claimed : Revenues of US $2.59 billion were generated for the three months ending December 31 , 2013 ; earnings per share were 31 cents ; revenues of US $7.87 billion were made for the entirety of 2013 ; and Facebook 's annual profit for 2013 was US $1.5 billion . During the same time , independent market research firm eMarketer released data in which Facebook accounted for 5.7 per cent of all global digital ad revenues in 2013 ( Google 's share was 32.4 per cent ) . Revenue for the June 2014 quarter rose to $2.68 billion , an increase of 67 per cent over the second quarter of 2013 . Mobile advertising revenue accounted for around 62 per cent of advertising revenue , an increase of approximately 41 per cent over the comparable quarter of the previous year . Number of advertisers In February 2015 , Facebook announced that it had reached two million active advertisers with most of the gain coming from small businesses . An active advertiser is an advertiser that has advertised on the Facebook platform in the last 28 days . In March 2016 , Facebook announced that it reached three million active advertisers with more than 70 % from outside the US . Mergers and acquisitions Main article : List of mergers and acquisitions by Facebook On November 15 , 2010 , Facebook announced it had acquired the domain name fb.com from the American Farm Bureau Federation for an undisclosed amount . On January 11 , 2011 , the Farm Bureau disclosed $8.5 million in `` domain sales income '' , making the acquisition of FB.com one of the ten highest domain sales in history . In February 2014 , Facebook announced that it would be buying mobile messaging company WhatsApp for US $19 billion in cash and stock . In November 2016 Facebook acquired CrowdTangle , a social analytics company that tracks how content spreads online . CrowdTangle confirmed the acquisition in a message at their website , but company did n't disclosed financial terms of the deal . Offices In early 2011 , Facebook announced plans to move to its new headquarters , the former Sun Microsystems campus in Menlo Park . All users outside of the US and Canada have a contract with Facebook 's Irish subsidiary `` Facebook Ireland Limited '' . This allows Facebook to avoid US taxes for all users in Europe , Asia , Australia , Africa and South America . Facebook is making use of the Double Irish arrangement which allows it to pay just about 2 -- 3 % corporation tax on all international revenue . In 2010 , Facebook opened its fourth office , in Hyderabad and the first in Asia . Facebook , which in 2010 had more than 750 million active users globally including over 23 million in India , announced that its Hyderabad center would house online advertising and developer support teams and provide round - the - clock , multilingual support to the social networking site 's users and advertisers globally . With this , Facebook joins other giants like Google , Microsoft , Oracle , Dell , IBM and Computer Associates that have already set up shop . In Hyderabad , it is registered as ' Facebook India Online Services Pvt Ltd ' . Though Facebook did not specify its India investment or hiring figures , it said recruitment had already begun for a director of operations and other key positions at Hyderabad , which would supplement its operations in California , Dublin in Ireland as well as at Austin , Texas . A custom - built data center with substantially reduced ( `` 38 % less '' ) power consumption compared to existing Facebook data centers opened in April 2011 in Prineville , Oregon . In April 2012 , Facebook opened a second data center in Forest City , North Carolina , US . In June 2013 , Facebook opened a third data center in Luleå , Sweden . In November 2014 , Facebook opened a fourth data center in Altoona , Iowa , US . In September 2016 , Facebook announced a coming datacenter in Los Lunas , New Mexico in 2018 powered by renewable energy . On October 1 , 2012 , CEO Zuckerberg visited Moscow to stimulate social media innovation in Russia and to boost Facebook 's position in the Russian market . Russia 's communications minister tweeted that Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev urged the social media giant 's founder to abandon plans to lure away Russian programmers and instead consider opening a research center in Moscow . Facebook has roughly 9 million users in Russia , while domestic analogue VK has around 34 million . The establishment of a woodworking facility on the Menlo Park campus was announced at the end of August 2013 . The facility , opened in June 2013 , provides equipment , safety courses and a woodworking learning course . Employees are required to purchase materials at the in - house store . A Facebook spokesperson explained that the intention of setting up the facility is to encourage employees to think in an innovative manner because of the different environmen ; it also serves as an attractive perk for prospective employees . On November 21 , 2016 Facebook announced that it will open its new London headquarters next year and create another 500 jobs in the UK . New headquarters will be in Fitzrovia in central London at a site that is currently undergoing redevelopment . Facebook 's London - based executive , Nicola Mendelsohn said `` The UK remains one of the best places to be a tech company , '' . In August 2017 , Facebook announced the opening of new a new office in Cambridge , Massachusetts in 2018 . Facebook will occupy the top three floors of 100 Binney St in Kendall Square and share the building with the pharmaceutical employees from Bristol - Myers Squibb . The offices will be home to Facebook 's `` Connectivity Lab '' , a group focused on bringing Internet access and technology to 4 billion people who do not have access to the Internet . Entrance to Facebook 's previous headquarters in the Stanford Research Park , Palo Alto , California Entrance to Facebook headquarters complex in Menlo Park , California Inside the Facebook headquarters in 2014 Website Main articles : List of Facebook features and Facebook Platform Profile shown on Thefacebook in 2005 Previous Facebook logo in use from August 23 , 2005 until July 1 , 2015 Technical aspects The website 's primary color is blue as Zuckerberg is red - green colorblind , a realization that occurred after a test undertaken around 2007 ; he explained in 2010 : `` blue is the richest color for me -- I can see all of blue . '' Facebook is built in PHP which is compiled with HipHop for PHP , a ' source code transformer ' built by Facebook engineers that turns PHP into C++ . The deployment of HipHop reportedly reduced average CPU consumption on Facebook servers by 50 % . Facebook is developed as one monolithic application . According to an interview in 2012 with Chuck Rossi , a build engineer at Facebook , Facebook compiles into a 1.5 GB binary blob which is then distributed to the servers using a custom BitTorrent - based release system . Rossi stated that it takes approximately 15 minutes to build and 15 minutes to release to the servers . The build and release process is zero downtime and new changes to Facebook are rolled out daily . Facebook uses a combination platform based on HBase to store data across distributed machines . Using a tailing architecture , new events are stored in log files , and the logs are tailed . The system rolls these events up and writes them into storage . The user interface then pulls the data out and displays it to users . Facebook handles requests as AJAX behavior . These requests are written to a log file using Scribe ( developed by Facebook ) . Data is read from these log files using Ptail , an internally built tool to aggregate data from multiple Scribe stores . It tails the log files and pulls data out ( thus the name ) . Ptail data are separated out into three streams so they can eventually be sent to their own clusters in different data centers ( Plugin impression , News feed impressions , Actions ( plugin + news feed ) ) . Puma is used to manage periods of high data flow ( Input / Output or IO ) . Data is processed in batches to lessen the number of times needed to read and write under high demand periods ( A hot article will generate a lot of impressions and news feed impressions which will cause huge data skews ) . Batches are taken every 1.5 seconds , limited by memory used when creating a hash table . After this , data is output in PHP format ( compiled with HipHop for PHP ) . The backend is written in Java and Thrift is used as the messaging format so PHP programs can query Java services . Caching solutions are used to make the web pages display more quickly . The more and longer data is cached the less realtime it is . The data is then sent to MapReduce servers so it can be queried via Hive . This also serves as a backup plan as the data can be recovered from Hive . Raw logs are removed after a period of time . On March 20 , 2014 , Facebook announced a new open source programming language called Hack . Prior to public release , a large portion of Facebook was already running and `` battle tested '' using the new language . Facebook uses the Momentum platform from Message Systems to deliver the enormous volume of emails it sends to its users every day . History On July 20 , 2008 , Facebook introduced `` Facebook Beta '' , a significant redesign of its user interface on selected networks . The Mini-Feed and Wall were consolidated , profiles were separated into tabbed sections , and an effort was made to create a `` cleaner '' look . After initially giving users a choice to switch , Facebook began migrating all users to the new version starting in September 2008 . On December 11 , 2008 , it was announced that Facebook was testing a simpler signup process . Fundraising feature In March 2017 , Facebook announced a feature that would allow users to raise money . Users could personally fundraise using the categories education , medical and pet health , public crisis , natural disasters , emergencies and funerals . In May 2017 , Facebook added the categories community and sports and announced anyone in the U.S. eighteen and over could use the feature . Later in 2017 , Facebook announced users could start a fundraiser from within Safety Check , the Facebook feature that activates during major disasters . User profile / personal Timeline Facebook login / signup screen Each registered user on Facebook gets their own personal profile that shows their posts and content . The format of individual user pages was revamped in September 2011 and became known as `` Timeline '' , a chronological feed of a user 's stories , including status updates , photos , interactions with apps , and events . The new layout also let users add a `` cover photo '' , a large header image at the top of the Timeline . Along with the new layout , users were also given more privacy settings to control the content on the Timeline . In 2007 , Facebook launched Facebook Pages for brands and celebrities to interact with their fanbase , with more 100,000 Pages launched in November . In June 2009 , Facebook introduced a `` Usernames '' feature , allowing users to choose a unique nickname used in the URL for their personal profile , for easier sharing . In February 2014 , Facebook expanded the options for a user 's gender setting , adding a custom input field that allows users to choose from a wide range of gender identities . Users can also set which set of gender - specific pronoun should be used in reference to them throughout the site . In May 2014 , Facebook introduced a feature to allow users to ask for information not disclosed by other users on their profiles . If a user does not provide key information , such as location , hometown , or relationship status , other users can use a new `` ask '' button to send a message asking about that item to the user in a single click . News Feed Main article : News Feed On September 6 , 2006 , News Feed was announced , which appears on every user 's homepage and highlights information including profile changes , upcoming events , and birthdays of the user 's friends . This enabled spammers and other users to manipulate these features by creating illegitimate events or posting fake birthdays to attract attention to their profile or cause . Initially , the News Feed caused dissatisfaction among Facebook users ; some complained it was too cluttered and full of undesired information , others were concerned that it made it too easy for others to track individual activities ( such as relationship status changes , events , and conversations with other users ) . In response , Zuckerberg issued an apology for the site 's failure to include appropriate customizable privacy features . Since then , users have been able to control what types of information are shared automatically with friends . Users are now able to prevent user - set categories of friends from seeing updates about certain types of activities , including profile changes , Wall posts , and newly added friends . On February 23 , 2010 , Facebook was granted a patent on certain aspects of its News Feed . The patent covers News Feeds in which links are provided so that one user can participate in the same activity of another user . The patent may encourage Facebook to pursue action against websites that violate its patent , which may potentially include websites such as Twitter . One of the most popular applications on Facebook is the Photos application , where users can upload albums and photos . Facebook allows users to upload an unlimited number of photos , compared with other image hosting services such as Photobucket and Flickr , which apply limits to the number of photos that a user is allowed to upload . During the first years , Facebook users were limited to 60 photos per album . As of May 2009 , this limit has been increased to 200 photos per album . Privacy settings can be set for individual albums , limiting the groups of users that can see an album . For example , the privacy of an album can be set so that only the user 's friends can see the album , while the privacy of another album can be set so that all Facebook users can see it . Another feature of the Photos application is the ability to `` tag '' , or label , users in a photo . For instance , if a photo contains a user 's friend , then the user can tag the friend in the photo . This sends a notification to the friend that she has been tagged , and provides a link to see the photo . On June 7 , 2012 , Facebook launched its App Center to its users . It will help the users in finding games and other applications with ease . Since the launch of the App Center , Facebook has seen 150M monthly users with 2.4 times the installation of apps . The sorting and display of stories in a user 's News Feed is governed by the EdgeRank algorithm . On May 13 , 2015 , Facebook in association with major news portals launched a program `` Instant Articles '' to provide rich news experience . Instant articles provides users , access to articles on Facebook news feed without leaving the site . According to the technology news web site Gizmodo on May 9 , 2016 , Facebook curators routinely suppress or promote news that is deemed to meet a political agenda . For example , articles about Black Lives Matter would be listed even if they did not meet the trending criteria of News Feed . Likewise positive news about conservative political figures were regularly excised from Facebook pages . In January 2017 , Facebook launched Facebook Stories for iOS and Android in Ireland . The feature , following the format of Snapchat and Instagram stories , allows users to upload photos and videos that appear above friends ' and followers ' News Feeds and disappear after 24 hours . Like button Main article : Facebook like button The `` like '' button , stylized as a `` thumbs up '' icon , was first enabled on February 9 , 2009 , and enables users to easily interact with status updates , comments , photos , links shared by friends , and advertisements . Once clicked by a user , the designated content appears in the News Feeds of that user 's friends , and the button also displays the number of other users who have liked the content , including a full or partial list of those users . The like button was extended to comments in June 2010 . After extensive testing and years of questions from the public about whether it had an intention to incorporate a `` Dislike '' button , Facebook officially rolled out `` Reactions '' to users worldwide on February 24 , 2016 , letting users long - press on the like button for an option to use one of five pre-defined emotions , including `` Love '' , `` Haha '' , `` Wow '' , `` Sad '' , or `` Angry '' . Reactions were also extended to comments in May 2017 . Instant messaging Main article : Facebook Messenger Facebook Messenger is an instant messaging service and software application . Originally developed as Facebook Chat in 2008 , the company revamped its messaging service in 2010 , and subsequently released standalone iOS and Android apps in August 2011 . Over the years , Facebook has released new apps on a variety of different operating systems , launched a dedicated website interface , and separated the messaging functionality from the main Facebook app , requiring users to download the standalone apps . Facebook Messenger lets Facebook users send messages to each other . Complementing regular conversations , Messenger lets users make voice calls and video calls both in one - to - one interactions and in group conversations . Its Android app has integrated support for SMS and `` Chat Heads '' , which are round profile photo icons appearing on - screen regardless of what app is open , while both apps support multiple accounts , conversations with optional end - to - end encryption , and playing `` Instant Games '' , which are select games built into Messenger . Some features , including sending money and requesting transportation , are limited to the United States . In 2017 , Facebook has added `` Messenger Day '' , a feature that lets users share photos and videos in a story - format with all their friends with the content disappearing after 24 hours ; Reactions , which lets users tap and hold a message to add a reaction through an emoji ; and Mentions , which lets users in group conversations type @ to give a particular user a notification . In March 2015 , Facebook announced that it would start letting businesses and users interact through Messenger with features such as tracking purchases and receiving notifications , and interacting with customer service representatives . It also announced that third - party developers could integrate their apps into Messenger , letting users enter an app while inside Messenger and optionally share details from the app into a chat . In April 2016 , it introduced an API for developers to build chatbots into Messenger , for uses such as news publishers building bots to give users news through the service , and in April 2017 , it enabled the M virtual assistant for users in the U.S. , which scans chats for keywords and suggests relevant actions , such as its payments system for users mentioning money . Additionally , Facebook expanded the use of bots , incorporating group chatbots into Messenger as `` Chat Extensions '' , adding a `` Discovery '' tab for finding bots , and enabling special , branded QR codes that , when scanned , take the user to a specific bot . Following On September 14 , 2011 , Facebook added the ability for users to provide a `` Subscribe '' button on their page , which allows users to subscribe to public postings by the user without needing to add him or her as a friend . In conjunction , Facebook also introduced a system in February 2012 to verify the identity of certain accounts . In December 2012 , Facebook announced that because of user confusion surrounding its function , the Subscribe button would be re-labeled as a `` Follow '' button -- making it more similar to other social networks with similar functions . Comparison with MySpace The media often compares Facebook to Myspace , but one significant difference between the two Web sites is the level of customization . Another difference is Facebook 's requirement that users give their true identity , a demand that MySpace does not make . MySpace allows users to decorate their profiles using HTML and Cascading Style Sheets ( CSS ) , while Facebook allows only plain text . Facebook has a number of features with which users may interact . They include the Wall , a space on every user 's profile page that allows friends to post messages for the user to see ; Pokes , which allows users to send a virtual `` poke '' to each other ( a notification then tells a user that he or she has been poked ) ; Photos , that allows users to upload albums and photos ; and Status , which allows users to inform their friends of their whereabouts and actions . Facebook also allows users to tag various people in photographs . Depending on privacy settings , anyone who can see a user 's profile can also view that user 's Wall . In July 2007 , Facebook began allowing users to post attachments to the Wall , whereas the Wall was previously limited to textual content only . Facebook also differs from Myspace in the form of advertising used . Facebook uses advertising in the form of banner ads , referral marketing , and games . Myspace , on the other hand , uses Google and AdSense . There is also a difference in the userbase of each site . MySpace , initially , was much more popular with high school students , while Facebook was more popular among college students . A study by the American firm Nielsen Claritas showed that Facebook users are more inclined to use other professional networking sites , such as LinkedIn , than Myspace users . Privacy PRISM : a clandestine surveillance program under which the NSA collects user data from companies like Facebook and Yahoo ! . Facebook enables users to choose their own privacy settings and choose who can see specific parts of their profile . The website is free to its users and generates revenue from advertising , such as banner ads . Facebook requires a user 's name and profile picture ( if applicable ) to be accessible by everyone . Users can control who sees other information they have shared , as well as who can find them in searches , through their privacy settings . On November 6 , 2007 , Facebook launched Facebook Beacon , which was a part of Facebook 's advertisement system until it was discontinued in 2009 . Its purpose was to allow targeted advertisements and allowing users to share their activities with their friends . In 2010 , Facebook 's security team began expanding its efforts to reduce the risks to users ' privacy , but privacy concerns remain . Since 2010 , the National Security Agency has been taking publicly posted profile information from Facebook , among other social media services , user profiles to discover who they interact with . On November 29 , 2011 , Facebook settled Federal Trade Commission charges that it deceived consumers by failing to keep privacy promises . In August 2013 High - Tech Bridge published a study showing that links included in Facebook messaging service messages were being accessed by Facebook . In January 2014 two users filed a lawsuit against Facebook alleging that their privacy had been violated by this practice . Facebook Bug Bounty program A Facebook `` White Hat '' debit card , given to researchers who report security bugs . On July 29 , 2011 , Facebook announced its Bug Bounty Program in which security researchers will be paid a minimum of $500 for reporting security holes on Facebook 's website . Facebook 's Whitehat page for security researchers says : `` If you give us a reasonable time to respond to your report before making any information public and make a good faith effort to avoid privacy violations , destruction of data , and interruption or degradation of our service during your research , we will not bring any lawsuit against you or ask law enforcement to investigate you . '' Facebook started paying researchers who find and report security bugs by issuing them custom branded `` White Hat '' debit cards that can be reloaded with funds each time the researchers discover new flaws . `` Researchers who find bugs and security improvements are rare , and we value them and have to find ways to reward them , '' Ryan McGeehan , former manager of Facebook 's security response team , told CNET in an interview . `` Having this exclusive black card is another way to recognize them . They can show up at a conference and show this card and say ' I did special work for Facebook . ' '' India , which has the second largest number of bug hunters in the world , tops the Facebook Bug Bounty Program with the largest number of valid bugs . `` Researchers in Russia earned the highest amount per report in 2013 , receiving an average of $3,961 for 38 bugs . India contributed the largest number of valid bugs at 136 , with an average reward of $1,353 . The U.S. reported 92 issues and averaged $2,272 in rewards . Brazil and the UK were third and fourth by volume , with 53 bugs and 40 bugs , respectively , and average rewards of $3,792 and $2,950 '' , Facebook quoted in a post . Reception Most popular social networking sites by country Facebook Twitter VKontakte QZone Odnoklassniki Facenama no data User Growth CEO Mark Zuckerberg announced in August 2008 that Facebook had passed 100 million registered users . This increased to 150 million `` active '' users in January 2009 . Stan Schroeder of Mashable questioned how the measurement of `` active '' was made , though acknowledging that `` it probably means that users who 've just created an account which sits idle for a long period of time are n't included '' . The number of users continued to grow , reaching 250 million in July 2009 , 300 million in September 2009 , 400 million in February 2010 , and 500 million in July 2010 . According to the company 's data at the July 2010 announcement , half of the site 's membership used Facebook daily , for an average of 34 minutes , while 150 million users accessed the site by mobile . A company representative called the milestone a `` quiet revolution . '' Mark Zuckerberg announced to the media at the start of October 2012 that Facebook had passed the monthly active users mark of one billion . The company 's data also revealed 600 million mobile users , 219 billion photo uploads , and 140 billion friend connections . This continued to grow , reaching 1.19 billion monthly active users in October 2013 , 1.44 billion users in April 2015 , of which 1.25 billion were mobile users , 1.71 billion users in July 2016 , 1.94 billion users in March 2017 , and ultimately 2 billion users in June 2017 . In November 2015 , after skepticism about the accuracy of its `` monthly active users '' measurement , Facebook changed its definition of an `` active user '' , now defining it as a logged - in member who visits the Facebook site through the web browser or mobile app , or uses the Facebook Messenger app , in the last 30 days of the date of measurement . This excludes the use of third - party services with Facebook integration , which was previously counted . Facebook popularity . Active users of Facebook increased from just a million in 2004 to over 750 million in 2011 . Population pyramid of Facebook users by age as of January 1 , 2010 Statistics According to analytics firm comScore , Facebook is the leading social networking site based on monthly unique visitors , having overtaken main competitor MySpace in April 2008 . comScore reported that Facebook attracted over 130 million unique visitors in May 2010 , an increase of 8.6 million people . According to third - party web analytics providers , Alexa and SimilarWeb , Facebook is ranked second and first globally respectively , it is the highest - read social network on the Web , with over 20 billion visitors per month , as of 2015 . SimilarWeb , Quantcast , and Compete.com all rank the website 2nd in the U.S. in traffic . The website is the most popular for uploading photos , cumulatively with 50 billion uploaded . In 2010 , Sophos 's `` Security Threat Report 2010 '' polled over 500 firms , 60 % of which responded that they believed Facebook was the social network that `` posed the biggest threat to security , '' well ahead of MySpace , Twitter , and LinkedIn . Facebook is the most popular social networking site in several English - speaking countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . However , Facebook still receives limited adoption in countries such as Japan , where domestically created social networks are still largely preferred . In regional Internet markets , penetration on Facebook is highest in North America ( 69 percent ) , followed by Middle East - Africa ( 67 percent ) , Latin America ( 58 percent ) , Europe ( 57 percent ) , and Asia - Pacific ( 17 percent ) . Some of the top competitors were listed in 2007 by Mashable . Awards and recognition The website has won awards such as placement into the `` Top 100 Classic Websites '' by PC Magazine in 2007 , and winning the `` People 's Voice Award '' from the Webby Awards in 2008 . In a 2006 study conducted by Student Monitor , a company specializing in research concerning the college student market , Facebook was named the `` second most popular thing among undergraduates , '' tied with beer and only ranked lower than the iPod . In 2010 , Facebook won the Crunchie `` Best Overall Startup Or Product '' award for the third year in a row . However , in a July 2010 survey performed by the American Customer Satisfaction Index , Facebook received a score of 64 out of 100 , placing it in the bottom 5 % of all private - sector companies in terms of customer satisfaction , alongside industries such as the IRS e-file system , airlines , and cable companies . The reasons why Facebook scored so poorly include privacy problems , frequent changes to the website 's interface , the results returned by the News Feed , and spam . In December 2008 , the Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory ruled that Facebook is a valid protocol to serve court notices to defendants . It is believed to be the world 's first legal judgement that defines a summons posted on Facebook as legally binding . In March 2009 , the New Zealand High Court associate justice David Gendall allowed for the serving of legal papers on Craig Axe by the company Axe Market Garden via Facebook . Employers have also used Facebook as a means to keep tabs on their employees and have even been known to fire them over posts they have made . By 2005 , the use of Facebook had already become so ubiquitous that the generic verb `` facebooking '' had come into use to describe the process of browsing others ' profiles or updating one 's own . In 2008 , Collins English Dictionary declared `` Facebook '' as its new Word of the Year . In December 2009 , the New Oxford American Dictionary declared its word of the year to be the verb `` unfriend '' , defined as `` To remove someone as a ' friend ' on a social networking site such as Facebook . Criticisms and controversies Main articles : Criticism of Facebook and PRISM ( surveillance program ) Facebook 's market dominance has led to international media coverage and significant reporting of its shortcomings . Notable issues include Internet privacy , such as its widespread use of a `` like '' button on third - party websites tracking users , possible indefinite records of user information , automatic facial recognition software , and its role in the workplace , including employer - employee account disclosure . The use of Facebook can have psychological effects , including feelings of jealousy and stress , a lack of attention , and social media addiction , in some cases comparable to drug addiction . Facebook 's company tactics have also received prominent coverage , including electricity usage , tax avoidance , real - name user requirement policies , censorship , and its involvement in the United States PRISM surveillance program . Due to allowing users to publish material by themselves , Facebook has come under scrutiny for the amount of freedom it gives users , including copyright and intellectual property infringement , hate speech , incitement of rape and terrorism , fake news , and crimes , murders and violent incidents live - streamed through its Facebook Live functionality . Facebook has been banned by several governments , including Syria , China , and Iran . Facebook worked on special censorship software so it could potentially accommodate censorship demands in China . The company has also been subject to multiple litigation cases over the years , with its most prominent case concerning allegations that CEO Mark Zuckerberg broke an oral contract with Cameron Winklevoss , Tyler Winklevoss , and Divya Narendra to build the then - named `` HarvardConnection '' social network in 2004 , instead allegedly opting to steal the idea and code to launch Facebook months before HarvardConnection began . The original lawsuit was eventually settled in 2009 , with Facebook paying approximately $20 million in cash and 1.25 million shares . A new lawsuit in 2011 was dismissed . Impact Facebook on the Ad - tech 2010 Media impact In April 2011 , Facebook launched a new portal for marketers and creative agencies to help them develop brand promotions on Facebook . The company began its push by inviting a select group of British advertising leaders to meet Facebook 's top executives at an `` influencers ' summit '' in February 2010 . Facebook has now been involved in campaigns for True Blood , American Idol , and Top Gear . News and media outlets such as The Washington Post , Financial Times and ABC News have used aggregated Facebook fan data to create various infographics and charts to accompany their articles . In 2012 , beauty pageant Miss Sri Lanka Online was run exclusively using Facebook . Economic impact Facebook , Inc. has utilized growing internet markets using a social media platform to expand its user base while generating billions of dollars in revenue from Facebook 's companies . Through empirical findings , economists have been able to identify key areas where Facebook has been able to stimulate economic activity by offering a free public good in that one user will not reduce the amount available to another , while also generating positive externalities . Thus , mobile phone manufactures and carriers have been beneficiaries of Facebook 's spillover effect . Three distinct areas have been found to add the most economic impact : platform competition , the marketing place , and user behavior data . Facebook 's platform is efficient because it lowers barriers to entry and lowers costs for businesses to rapidly innovate new ideas . Scalability is accomplished with less wasted resources and monetized by collecting user behavior and usage data for targeted advertising . Facebook advertising allows firms to reasonably scale up operations to reach Facebook users . Facebook 's daily active users have increased 18 % year - over-year and burgeoning from 1 million users in 2004 , to over 1.9 billion in 2017 . Facebook is a leader among tech companies who continues to improve their carbon impact through more efficient data centers and clean renewable energy . By the end of 2016 , Facebook 's total revenue earnings were $27.638 billion , gross profit was $23.849 billion and a net income for the year was $10.188 billion . Facebook provides a development platform for many social gaming , communication , feedback , review , and other applications related to online activities . This open platform of Facebook has spawned many new businesses and added thousands of jobs to the economy . Zynga Inc. , a leading company in social gaming app development , is an example of those businesses . An econometric analysis studied the impact of Facebook on the economy in terms of the number of jobs created and the economic value of those jobs . The conservative estimate was that the app development platform of Facebook added more than 182,000 jobs in the U.S. economy in 2011 . The total economic value of the added employment was about $12 billion . Facebook companies Facebook , Inc . Facebook Payments , Inc . Atlas Instagram LLC Onavo Moves Oculus WhatsApp , Inc . Masquerade CrowdTangle Social impact Main articles : Social networking service § Social impact , Social impact of the Internet § Social networking and entertainment , and Social capital Facebook has affected the social life and activity of people in various ways . Facebook allows people using computers or mobile phones to continuously stay in touch with friends , relatives and other acquaintances wherever they are in the world , as long as there is access to the Internet . It has reunited lost family members and friends . It allows users to trade ideas , stay informed with local or global developments , and unite people with common interests and / or beliefs through open , closed and private groups and other pages . Facebook 's social impact has also changed how people communicate . Rather than having to reply to others through email , Facebook allows users to broadcast or share content to others , and thereby to engage others or be engaged with others ' posts . Facebook has been successful and more socially impactful than many other social media sites . David Kirkpatrick , technology journalist and author of The Facebook Effect , believes that Facebook is structured in a way that is not easily replaceable . He challenges users to consider how difficult it would be to move all the relationships and photos to an alternative . Facebook has let people participate in an atmosphere with the `` over the backyard fence quality '' of a small town , despite the move to larger cities . As per Pew Research Center survey , 44 percent of the overall population gets news through Facebook . Emotional health impact Studies have shown that Facebook causes negative effects on self - esteem by triggering feelings of envy , with vacation and holiday photos proving to be the largest resentment triggers . Other prevalent causes of envy include posts by friends about family happiness and images of physical beauty -- such envious feelings leave people lonely and dissatisfied with their own lives . A joint study by two German universities discovered that one out of three people were more dissatisfied with their lives after visiting Facebook , and another study by Utah Valley University found that college students felt worse about their own lives following an increase in the amount of time spent on Facebook . According to professor of psychology Susan Krauss Whitbourne , although Facebook has an upside of friending people , there is also the downside of having someone unfriend or reject another person . Whitbourne refers to unfriended persons on Facebook as victims of estrangement . Unfriending someone is seldom a mutual decision and the person often does not know he has been unfriended . One explanation is that social - media users usually split their time between Facebook and interacting in the real world . When something entertaining happens in real life , people feel the need to share it . It might seem harmless , however at some point people begin to substitute one reality with another . As a result , people start to change their behavior and even their assumptions about life , love and friendships , based on the Facebook reality . This leads to cognitive dissonance . Such a discrepancy between perceptions and beliefs can damage people 's emotional balance and lead them to experience identity confusion , relationship conflicts , changes in judgement , and even psychotic break . Political impact Further information : Social media and political communication in the United States and Social media in the 2016 U.S. Presidential campaign A man during the 2011 Egyptian protests carrying a card saying `` Facebook , # jan25 , The Egyptian Social Network '' In February 2008 , a Facebook group called `` One Million Voices Against FARC '' organized an event in which hundreds of thousands of Colombians marched in protest against the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia , better known as the FARC ( from the group 's Spanish name ) . In August 2010 , one of North Korea 's official government websites and the official news agency of the country , Uriminzokkiri , joined Facebook . During the Arab Spring many journalists made claims that Facebook played a major role in generating the 2011 Egyptian revolution . On January 14 , the Facebook page of `` We are all khaled Said '' was started by Wael Ghoniem Create Event to invite the Egyptian people to `` peaceful demonstrations '' on January 25 . According to Mashable , in Tunisia and Egypt , Facebook became the primary tool for connecting all protesters and led the Egyptian government of Prime Minister Nazif to ban Facebook , Twitter and another websites on January 26 then ban all mobile and Internet connections for all of Egypt at midnight January 28 . After 18 days , the uprising forced President Mubarak to resign . In Bahrain uprising which started on February 14 , 2011 , Facebook was utilized by the Bahraini regime as well as regime loyalists to identify , capture and prosecute citizens involved in the protests . A 20 - year - old woman named Ayat Al Qurmezi was identified as a protester using Facebook , taken from her home by masked commandos and put in prison . In 2011 , Facebook filed paperwork with the Federal Election Commission to form a political action committee under the name FB PAC . In an email to The Hill , a spokesman for Facebook said `` Facebook Political Action Committee will give our employees a way to make their voice heard in the political process by supporting candidates who share our goals of promoting the value of innovation to our economy while giving people the power to share and make the world more open and connected . '' During the Syrian civil war , the YPG , a libertarian army for Rojava has recruited westerners through Facebook in its fight against ISIL . Dozens have joined its ranks for various reasons from religious to ideological . The Facebook page 's name `` The Lions of Rojava '' comes from a Kurdish saying which translates as `` A lion is a lion , whether it 's a female or a male '' , reflecting the organization 's feminist ideology . United States Parts of this article ( those related to result of 2016 presidential election and Facebook 's effect on it ) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( February 2017 ) Facebook 's role in the American political process was demonstrated in January 2008 , shortly before the New Hampshire primary , when Facebook teamed up with ABC and Saint Anselm College to allow users to give live feedback about the `` back to back '' January 5 Republican and Democratic debates . Facebook users took part in debate groups organized around specific topics , register to vote , and message questions . Over a million people installed the Facebook application `` US Politics on Facebook '' in order to take part , and the application measured users ' responses to specific comments made by the debating candidates . This debate showed the broader community what many young students had already experienced : Facebook as a popular and powerful new way to interact and voice opinions . A poll by CBS News , UWIRE and The Chronicle of Higher Education claimed to illustrate how the `` Facebook effect '' has affected youth voting rates , support by youth of political candidates , and general involvement by the youth population in the 2008 election . The new social media , such as Facebook and Twitter , made use first of the personal computer and the Internet , and after 2010 of the smart phones to connect hundreds of millions of people , especially those under age 35 . By 2008 , politicians and interest groups were experimenting with systematic use of social media to spread their message among much larger audiences than they had previously reached . Facebook is having an impact on local government as well . Justin Smith , a Colorado sheriff uses Facebook to disseminate his ideas on matters relating to local , state , and national concerns . He also publicizes crimes , particularly those that his department solves . He has seven thousand followers on the social medium , considered a large number . Smith said that he rarely goes out in public `` when I do n't get feedback from folks. ... Facebook is an interesting tool because I think it holds candidates and elected officials more accountable . Voters know where someone stands . '' As American political strategists turn their attention to the 2016 presidential contest , they identify Facebook as an increasingly important advertising tool . Recent technical innovations have made possible more advanced divisions and subdivisions of the electorate . Most important , Facebook can now deliver video ads to small , highly targeted subsets . Television , by contrast , shows the same commercials to all viewers , and so can not be precisely tailored . Special Council Robert Mueller , contacted Facebook subsequently to the company 's disclosure that it sold ads to a Russian Spy Agency - linked company ( Internet Research Agency ) , and the Menlo Park - based company has pledged full cooperation in Mueller 's investigation , and began with providing all information about the advertisement buys by the Russian government , including the identities of the individuals and companies who made the purchases . The Daily Beast reports that Russia Used Facebook Events to Organize Anti-Immigrant Rallies on U.S. Soil . Facebook has concluded that a 225,000 - member anti-immigrant group that attempted to organize anti-Clinton rallies in Texas during the 2016 presidential campaign was `` likely operated out of Russia , '' Business Insider reports . Pro-Publica also reported on how Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ' Jew Haters . ' Facebook enabled advertisers to direct their pitches to the news feeds of almost 2,300 people who expressed interest in the topics of `` Jew hater , '' `` How to burn jews , '' or , `` History of ' why jews ruin the world . ' '' As of mid-September 2017 Facebook still does not know the extent of Russia 's advertisement purchases during the 2016 election -- or whether these unidentified ad buys are still on the site . A Facebook spokesman told CNN that there was `` no sales support . '' A company representative would not elaborate when asked by Business Insider if it plans to change its ad sales policy . The Wall Street Journal reports that Facebook shared copies of ads and account information related to the Russian ad purchases on its platform with Robert Mueller that go beyond what it shared with Congress last week . Facebook 's unusual compliance was in response to Search Warrants issued by Mueller 's Federal Grand Jury . The Financial Times reports that United States Senate Intelligence committee seeks further information about Russia links with Facebook , and are stepping up the pressure on Facebook as concerns rise about the role the social media network played in Russia 's interference in the 2016 presidential election . CNN reports that Facebook handed Russia - linked ads over to Mueller under search warrant . Congressional Committees have said Facebook is withholding key information that could illuminate the shape and extent of a Russian propaganda campaign aimed at tilting the U.S. presidential election . The Financial Times reports US lawmakers with access to sensitive intelligence have expressed fears that Russia 's campaign to influence US politics via Facebook is continuing today even as American investigators probe Moscow 's use of social media in the 2016 election . ' Being Patriotic , ' a Facebook group uncovered by The Daily Beast , is the first evidence of suspected Russian provocateurs explicitly mobilizing Trump supporters in real life . The Washington Post reports Russian operatives used Facebook ads to exploit divisions over black political activism and Muslims . The Russians took advantage of Facebook 's ability to simultaneously send contrary messages to different groups of users based on their political and demographic characteristics and also sought to sow discord among religious groups . Other ads highlighted support for Democrat Hillary Clinton among Muslim women . The ads suggest that Russian operatives worked off of evolving lists of racial , religious , political and economic themes . They used these to create pages , write posts and craft ads that would appear in user 's news feeds -- with the apparent goal of appealing to one audience and alienating another . Mark Zuckerberg responds to Trump , regrets he dismissed election concerns . The Daily Beast reports Russians Impersonated Real American Muslims to Stir Chaos on Facebook and Instagram . The Daily Beast reports that Mark Zuckerberg Blew Off Russian Troll Warnings Before the Attack on America . Bans and censorship Main article : Censorship of Facebook In many countries the social networking sites and mobile apps have been blocked temporarily or permanently , including China , Iran , and North Korea . In popular culture Facebook parade float in San Francisco Pride 2014 American author Ben Mezrich published a book in July 2009 about Zuckerberg and the founding of Facebook , titled The Accidental Billionaires : The Founding of Facebook , A Tale of Sex , Money , Genius , and Betrayal . The Social Network , a drama film directed by David Fincher and adapted from Mezrich 's book , was released October 1 , 2010 . The film is a fictional re-telling of the creation of Facebook , and the legal battles associated with it . People portrayed in the movie , including Zuckerberg , criticized its accuracy . In response to the Everybody Draw Mohammed Day controversy and the banning of the website in Pakistan , an Islamic version of the website was created , called MillatFacebook . `` You Have 0 Friends '' , an April 2010 episode of the American animated comedy series , South Park , explicitly parodied Facebook . In July 2014 , after Shakira became the first celebrity to cross over 100 million likes , Mark Zuckerberg posted a congratulatory message on the artist 's wall . Cristiano Ronaldo is the second to reach 100 million likes , ahead of Rihanna and Eminem , who had 98 million and 89 million likes respectively . On 15 March 2015 , Cristiano Ronaldo surpassed Shakira to become the most liked person on Facebook . See also Companies portal Internet portal Ambient awareness Cyberstalking List of social networking websites List of virtual communities with more than 100 million active users Six degrees of separation Social Graph Timeline of social media VK ( social networking ) WhatsApp References ^ Jump up to : `` 10 - K Annual Report '' . SEC Filings . Facebook . January 28 , 2017 . Retrieved February 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook.com Site Info '' . Alexa Internet . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Gavin ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Facebook re-write takes PHP to an enterprise past '' . The Register . Situation Publishing . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bridgwater , Adrian ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Facebook Adopts D Language '' . Dr Dobb 's . San Francisco . Jump up ^ Carlson , Nicholas ( March 5 , 2010 ) . `` At Last -- The Full Story Of How Facebook Was Founded '' . Business Insider . Axel Springer SE . 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( April 19 , 2011 ) . `` Move Over Twitter : Facebook Wants a Piece of Social TV , Too '' . tvgenius : TV Trends Blog . Archived from the original on April 26 , 2011 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook data reveal what GOP presidential candidates ' supporters ' like ' '' . The Washington Post . January 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Dembosky , April ( January 16 , 2012 ) . `` Romney tags Facebook to build momentum '' . Jump up ^ Bingham , Amy ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Social Media Opens Trove of Voter Info to Campaigns '' . ABCNews.com . Jump up ^ `` Seri Miss Sri Lanka Online Unveiled '' . FT.lk . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Levin , J. ( 2013 ) . The Economics of Internet Markets . In D. Acemoglu , M. Arellano , & E. Dekel ( Eds . ) , Advances in Economics and Econometrics : Tenth World Congress ( Econometric Society Monographs , pp. 48 - 75 ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . doi : 10.1017 / CBO9781139060011. 003 Jump up ^ `` SEC Quarterly Report '' . Facebook , Inc . March 31 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sustainability ; Our Footprint '' . FB . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ( FB ) Income Statement '' . Yahoo Finance . December 31 , 2016 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Facebook App Economy '' ( PDF ) . University of Maryland . September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Companies '' . Facebook . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Father finds daughter on Facebook after 20 years apart '' . WABC . New York . October 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook reunites father , daughter after 48 years '' . MSN India . Delhi . January 27 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Half of the World 's Online Population Uses Facebook , GlobalWebIndex . May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Impact Has Social Media Truly Had on Society '' . Business 2 Community . Jump up ^ `` How Facebook changed our lives '' . USA Today . February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Effect : How the Social Network Changed the World '' . Yahoo Finance . May 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook extends lead as news gateway : Study - The Economic Times '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Belinda ( January 22 , 2013 ) . `` RPT - Is Facebook envy making you miserable ? '' . Reuters . Thomson Reuters . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Heather ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Study : Using Facebook can make you sad '' . CNN . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Flacy , Mike ( January 22 , 2012 ) . `` Study : Why Facebook is making people sad '' . Digital Trends . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sachs , Wendy ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Facebook Envy : How Cruising Can Kill Self Esteem '' . HuffPost . AOL . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Whitbourne , Susan Krauss ( June 19 , 2012 ) . `` Unfriended ? Five Ways to Manage Online Rejection '' . Psychology Today . Jump up ^ Flores , Suzana ( 1 October 2014 ) . How Facebook Affects Our Emotions , Relationships , and Lives ( 1 ed . ) . London : Reputation Books . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Brodzinsky , Sibylla ( February 4 , 2008 ) . `` Facebook used to target Colombia 's FARC with global rally '' . The Christian Science Monitor . Boston . Retrieved August 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Laura ( August 21 , 2010 ) . `` North Korea joins Facebook '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved August 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sutter , John D. ( February 21 , 2011 ) . `` The faces of Egypt 's ' Revolution 2.0 ' '' . CNN . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hauslohner , Abigail ( January 24 , 2011 ) . `` Is Egypt About to Have a Facebook Revolution ? '' . Time . New York . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kessler , Sarah ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook & Twitter Both Blocked in Egypt '' . Mashable . Retrieved June 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook ' used to hunt down Bahrain dissidents ' '' . Retrieved September 24 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Johnson , Luke ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook forms its own Political Action Committee '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Nagesh , Gautham ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook to form its own PAC to back political candidates '' . The Hill . Washington DC . Retrieved September 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Former Israeli Female Soldier Joins Kurds to Fight ISIS '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ `` The Lions Of Rojava '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ `` Frontline Isis : The Real Story of Narin Afrini and the Kurdish Female ' Lions ' Terrorising Islamic State '' . International Business Times UK . Jump up ^ `` ABC News Joins Forces With Facebook '' . ABC News . December 18 , 2007 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Minor , Doug ( November 29 , 2007 ) . `` Saint Anselm to Host ABC Debates Jan. 5 '' . Saint Anselm College blog . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bradley , Tahman ( December 12 , 2007 ) . `` Republicans Lead off ABC News , WMUR - TV and Facebook Back - To - Back Debates in New Hampshire '' . Political Radar blog . ABC News . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2011 . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Callahan , Ezra ( January 5 , 2008 ) . `` Tune in to the ABC News / Facebook Debates , Tonight 7 pm / 6c on ABC '' . Facebook Blog . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Russell ( January 5 , 2007 ) . `` Facebook Gives Snapshot of Voter Sentiment '' . ABC News . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sullivan , Michelle ( November 3 , 2008 ) . `` Facebook Effect Mobilizes Youth Vote '' . CBS News . Retrieved March 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Carlisle , Juliet E. ; Patton , Robert C. ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Is Social Media Changing How We Understand Political Engagement ? An Analysis of Facebook and the 2008 Presidential Election '' . Political Research Quarterly . 66 ( 4 ) : 883 -- 895 . JSTOR 23612065 . doi : 10.1177 / 1065912913482758 . Jump up ^ Skogerbø , Eli ; Krumsvik , Arne H. ( 2015 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Newspapers , Facebook and Twitter '' . Journalism Practice. 9 ( 3 ) : 350 -- 366 . ISSN 1751 - 2786 . doi : 10.1080 / 17512786.2014. 950471 . Jump up ^ Jason Pohl ( July 6 , 2014 ) . `` Is Justin Smith Colorado 's most social sheriff ? '' . Fort Collins Coloradoan . Retrieved February 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Shane Goldmacher , `` Facebook the Vote : The social network at the center of American digital life could become the epicenter of the presidential race , '' National Journal Magazine June 13 , 2015 Jump up ^ Castillo , Michelle ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Facebook gave special counsel Robert Mueller data on Russian ads , report says '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Ben Collins Kevin Poulsen Spencer ( 2017 - 09 - 12 ) . `` Exclusive : Russia Used Facebook Events to Organize Anti-Immigrant Rallies on U.S. Soil '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Shuttered Facebook group that organized anti-Clinton , anti-immigrant rallies across Texas was linked to Russia '' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook Enabled Advertisers to Reach ' Jew Haters ' -- ProPublica '' . ProPublica . Julia Angwin , Madeleine Varner , Ariana Tobin. 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Facebook does n't know the full extent of Russia 's ad purchases during the 2016 election '' . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ Seetharaman , Deepa ; Tau , Byron ; Harris , Shane ( 2017 - 09 - 15 ) . `` Facebook Gave Special Counsel Robert Mueller More Details on Russian Ad Buys Than Congress '' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099 - 9660 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ Byers , Dylan . `` Facebook handed Russia - linked ads over to Mueller under search warrant '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ Leonnig , Carol D. ; Dwoskin , Elizabeth ; Timberg , Craig ( 2017 - 09 - 18 ) . `` Facebook 's openness on Russia questioned by congressional investigators '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Ben Collins Gideon Resnick Kevin Poulsen Spencer ( 2017 - 09 - 20 ) . `` Exclusive : Russians Appear to Use Facebook to Push Trump Rallies in 17 U.S. Cities '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Dwoskin , Adam Entous , Craig Timberg and Elizabeth ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Russian operatives used Facebook ads to exploit divisions over black political activism and Muslims '' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 25 . Jump up ^ Shinal , John ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Mark Zuckerberg responds to Trump , regrets he dismissed election concerns '' . CNBC . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Ackerman , Ben Collins Kevin Poulsen Spencer ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Exclusive : Russians Impersonated Real American Muslims to Stir Chaos on Facebook and Instagram '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Collins , Katie Zavadski Ben ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Zuckerberg Blew Off Russian Troll Warnings Before the Attack on America '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Hempel , Jessi ( June 25 , 2009 ) . `` The book that Facebook does n't want you to read '' . CNN . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2010 . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Social Network ( 2010 ) '' . Internet Movie DataBase . Retrieved July 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Racheff , Jeffery ( October 20 , 2010 ) . `` Mark Zuckerberg Calls The Social Network Inaccurate '' . Limelife . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hussain , Waqar ( May 27 , 2010 ) . `` Pakistanis create rival Muslim Facebook '' . Agence France - Presse . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` South Park parodies Facebook '' . The Guardian . Guardian Media Group . April 8 , 2010 . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Zuckerberg Congratulates Shakira , Singer Attains `` Most Liked Page on Facebook '' `` . OnoBello.com . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Shakira reaches 100 million ' likes ' : Do Facebook fans and Twitter followers matter ? '' . Metro UK . July 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ella Alexander ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` Shakira is Facebook 's most popular celebrity with 100million likes -- enough to fill 1,359 Maracana stadiums '' . Independent UK . London . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sorry , Shakira , Cristiano Ronaldo is the most liked person on Facebook '' . Further reading Arrington , Michael ( April 25 , 2010 ) . `` The Age of Facebook '' . TechCrunch . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . Kirkpatrick , David ( October 6 , 2006 ) . `` Why Facebook matters : It 's not just for arranging dates . And it 's not just another social network . Facebook offers sophisticated tools for maintaining social relationships '' . Fortune . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Lee , Newton ( 2014 ) . Facebook Nation : Total Information Awareness ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer Science + Business Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4939 - 1739 - 6 . Miller , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Tales from Facebook . Polity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 5209 - 2 . Muffett , Alec ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` Making Connections to Facebook More Secure '' . Facebook . Retrieved December 13 , 2016 . Schroeder , Stan ( February 7 , 2011 ) . `` Facebook Privacy : 10 Settings Every User Needs to Know '' . Mashable . Retrieved February 1 , 2015 . External links Listen to this article ( info / dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Facebook '' dated August 15 , 2009 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . 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when did facebook come out to the public

Facebook is an American for - profit corporation and an online social media and social networking service based in Menlo Park , California . The Facebook website was launched on February 4 , 2004 , by Mark Zuckerberg , along with fellow Harvard College students and roommates , Eduardo Saverin , Andrew McCollum , Dustin Moskovitz , and Chris Hughes .

List of NBA champions - wikipedia List of NBA champions This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 July 2018 . hide National Basketball Association awards and honors Championship O'Brien Trophy Brown Trophy ( defunct ) Individual awards All - Star Game MVP Bill Russell Finals MVP Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Community Assist Award Most Improved Player Most Valuable Player Rookie of the Year Sixth Man of the Year Sportsmanship Award Twyman -- Stokes Teammate of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award Honors All - NBA Team All - Rookie Team All - Defensive Team The National Basketball Association ( NBA ) ( formerly Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) from 1946 to 1949 ) Finals is the championship series for the NBA and the conclusion of the NBA 's postseason . All Finals have been played in a best - of - seven format , and contested between the winners of the Eastern Conference and the Western Conference ( formerly Divisions before 1970 ) , except in 1950 in which the Eastern Division champion faced the winner between the Western and Central Division champions . Prior to 1949 , the playoffs were instituted a three - stage tournament where the two semifinal winners played each other in the finals . The winning team of the series receives the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy . The home - and - away format in the NBA Finals is in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 5 and 7 ) during 1947 -- 1948 , 1950 -- 1952 , 1957 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1979 -- 1984 , 2014 -- present . It was previously in a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format ( the team with the better regular season record plays on their home court in Games 1 , 2 , 6 and 7 ) during 1949 , 1953 -- 1955 , and 1985 -- 2013 , in a 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1956 and 1971 and in a 1 -- 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 format during 1975 and 1978 . The Eastern Conference / Division leads the Western Conference / Division in series won ( 38 -- 32 ) . The defunct Central Division won one championship . The Boston Celtics and the Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers alone own almost half of the titles , having won a combined 33 of 72 championships . Contents 1 Champions 2 Results by teams 3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Champions The first brackets in the Western Champion and Eastern Champion columns indicate the teams ' playoff seed . The second brackets indicate the number of times that teams have appeared in an NBA Finals as well as each respective team 's NBA Finals record to date . Bold Winning team of the NBA Finals Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue Results by teams Teams Win Loss Total Year ( s ) won Year ( s ) lost Boston Celtics 17 21 1957 , 1959 , 1960 , 1961 , 1962 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1974 , 1976 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 , 2008 1958 , 1985 , 1987 , 2010 Minneapolis / Los Angeles Lakers 16 15 31 1949 , 1950 , 1952 , 1953 , 1954 , 1972 , 1980 , 1982 , 1985 , 1987 , 1988 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2009 , 2010 1959 , 1962 , 1963 , 1965 , 1966 , 1968 , 1969 , 1970 , 1973 , 1983 , 1984 , 1989 , 1991 , 2004 , 2008 Philadelphia / San Francisco / Golden State Warriors 6 10 1947 , 1956 , 1975 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 1948 , 1964 , 1967 , 2016 Chicago Bulls 6 0 6 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 -- San Antonio Spurs 5 6 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 2013 Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers 6 9 1955 , 1967 , 1983 1950 , 1954 , 1977 , 1980 , 1982 , 2001 Fort Wayne / Detroit Pistons 7 1989 , 1990 , 2004 1955 , 1956 , 1988 , 2005 Miami Heat 5 2006 , 2012 , 2013 2011 , 2014 New York Knicks 6 8 1970 , 1973 1951 , 1952 , 1953 , 1972 , 1994 , 1999 Houston Rockets 1994 , 1995 1981 , 1986 Cleveland Cavaliers 5 2016 2007 , 2015 , 2017 , 2018 St. Louis / Atlanta Hawks 1958 1957 , 1960 , 1961 Baltimore / Washington Bullets / Washington Wizards 1978 1971 , 1975 , 1979 Seattle SuperSonics / Oklahoma City Thunder 1979 1978 , 1996 , 2012 Portland Trail Blazers 1977 1990 , 1992 Milwaukee Bucks 1971 Dallas Mavericks 2011 2006 Baltimore Bullets ( original ) ( folded in 1954 ) 0 1948 -- Rochester / Cincinnati Royals / Kansas City / Sacramento Kings 0 1951 -- Phoenix Suns 0 -- 1976 , 1993 New Orleans / Utah Jazz 0 -- 1997 , 1998 New Jersey / Brooklyn Nets 0 -- 2002 , 2003 Orlando Magic 0 -- 1995 , 2009 Chicago Stags ( folded in 1950 ) 0 -- 1947 Washington Capitols ( folded in 1951 ) 0 -- 1949 Indiana Pacers 0 -- 2000 Buffalo Braves / San Diego / Los Angeles Clippers -- -- -- Charlotte Hornets / Bobcats -- -- -- Denver Nuggets -- -- -- Minnesota Timberwolves -- -- -- New Orleans Hornets / Pelicans -- -- -- Toronto Raptors -- -- -- Vancouver / Memphis Grizzlies -- -- -- Notes Jump up ^ Due to the NBA 's realignment into three divisions , the team with the best regular season record after the Divisional Finals advanced automatically to the NBA Finals while the other two teams faced off in the NBA Semifinals to determine the other finalist . Eastern Division champion Syracuse had the best regular season record among the division champions , causing Central Division ( no relation to the current Central Division ) champion Minneapolis to face Western Division champion Anderson Packers in the NBA Semifinals . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Walter A. Brown . Jump up ^ The trophy was replaced by a new design . Jump up ^ The trophy was renamed for Larry O'Brien . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until February 5 , 1999 , and all 29 teams played a shortened 50 game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Due to a lockout , the season did not start until December 25 , 2011 and all 30 teams played a shortened 66 - game regular season schedule . Jump up ^ Not affiliated with the present - day Washington Wizards who were known as the Baltimore / Capital / Washington Bullets from 1963 to 1997 . See also National Basketball Association portal NBA Playoffs Bill Russell NBA Finals Most Valuable Player Award List of NBA Development League champions List of NBA championship head coaches List of NBA players with most championships References Jump up ^ Rosen , Charley ( 2008 ) . The First Tip - Off : The Incredible Story of the Birth of the NBA . Mc - Graw Hill . pp. 211 -- 212 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 148785 - 9 . Jump up ^ Anderson , Corrie ; Reheuser , Rob ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Sporting News Official 2006 -- 2007 NBA Guide . Sporting News Books . ISBN 0 - 89204 - 854 - 9 . Jump up ^ Brown , Donald H. ( 2007 ) . A Best of Basketball Story . AuthorHouse . pp. 4 -- 5 . ISBN 1 - 4343 - 4193 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1952 -- 53 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1953 -- 54 Minneapolis Lakers Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1954 -- 55 Syracuse Nationals Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ryan , Bob ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Time to turn back clock on format '' . Boston Globe . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Windhorst , Brian ( October 23 , 2013 ) . `` Vote is unanimous to change Finals '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 1955 -- 56 Philadelphia Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1970 -- 71 Milwaukee Bucks Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1974 -- 75 Golden State Warriors Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 -- 78 Washington Bullets Schedule and Results Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Retrieved October 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Win Inaugural Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ https://www.basketball-reference.com/playoffs/ Jump up ^ `` Mikan , Lakers Begin Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . basketball-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved October 31 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers : First Champs of Newly Formed NBA '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Royals Reign , Despite Knicks ' Unlikely Comeback '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Reclaim the NBA Crown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Unstoppable in Big Apple '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Minneapolis Makes One Last Title Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Nats Win First Title of Shot - Clock Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Warriors Reign Over League 's 10th Season '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Officially Launch Their Dynasty '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Pettit Drops 50 on Celtics in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Sweep Past Minneapolis '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Hawks Force Game 7 , But Celtics Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Give Sharman Championship Sendoff '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics , Lakers Work OT to Start Rivalry '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Cousy Retires as Six - Time Champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston ' D ' at Center of Title Defense '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win Seventh Straight Finals '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Red Lights Cigar to Close Coaching Career '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Prolific Sixers Bring Ring to Philly '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Boston is Alive and Well '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` West 's Heroics Ca n't Deprive Russell of 11th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Gutsy Reed Rallies Knicks in Game 7 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big O ' Completes Bucks ' Championship Run '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Legendary Season Leads to Elusive Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Knicks Win One for the ' Aged ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Title of Post-Russell Era '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Barry 's Warriors Produce Epic Upset '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Triple - OT Classic Highlights Boston 's 13th Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy '' . NBA.com . National Basketball Association . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The trophies '' . St. Petersburg Times . Times Publishing Company . April 10 , 2003 . Retrieved July 26 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Walton , Lucas Ignite ' Blazermania ' '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ' Fat Lady ' Sings Victorious Tune for Bullets '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` DJ Leads the Way for Sonics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rookie Makes the Lakers Believe in Magic '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Return to Glory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers ' Arduous Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Moses Helps Dr. J , Sixers Reach Promised Land '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Celtics Win First Bird - Magic Finals Showdown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Kareem , Lakers Conquer the Celtic Mystique '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Frontcourt Vaults Celtics to Front of the Pack '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Magic Maneuvers Lakers Past Celtics '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Lakers Capture the Elusive Repeat '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Waiting Game Ends for Impatient Pistons '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Boys Still the Best '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls Finally Get That Championship Feeling '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Repeat is Extra Sweet for Bulls '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Paxson 's Trey Propels Bulls Into NBA History '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Houston 's Championship : Dream Come True '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rockets Earn Respect With Finals Sweep '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Bulls ' Record - Setting Season Ends in Victory '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` MJ Adds More Finals Heroics to His Legacy '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan 's Jumper Secures Chicago 's Sixth Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Donovan , John ( February 4 , 1999 ) . `` Let the semi-season begin : Expect injuries , intensity and a new champion in ' 99 '' . CNN Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` ' Little General ' Marches Spurs to First Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Shaq Makes Mark in New Millennium '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Take Two for Tinseltown '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A Sweeping Statement '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Storybook Spurs ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Motown back at # 1 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Winning is fundamental '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Wade 's world is Title Town '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Sweeping success : Spurs win it ! '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Return to Glory : Celtics Win NBA Title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 3 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` L.A. Finishes Off Magic , Claims 15th Championship '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved May 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Revenge ! Lakers outlast Celtics in Game 7 for NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Cuban finally ends silence , emerges as a champion '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Two Exhibition Games for N.B.A. Teams '' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 -- 12 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 21 , 2012 ) . `` Champs ! James ' triple - double lifts Heat to title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 20 , 2013 ) . `` LeBron leads Heat to second straight title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mahoney , Brian ( June 15 , 2014 ) . `` Spurs beat Heat 104 - 87 in Game 5 to win NBA title '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Withers , Tom ( June 16 , 2015 ) . `` Warriors win NBA title , down LeBron , Cavs 105 - 97 in Game 6 '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . Retrieved June 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NBA Finals '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 NBA Finals -- Cleveland Cavaliers vs. Golden State Warriors '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2018 . 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what teams are in the finals for nba

Year Western Champion Coach Result Eastern Champion Coach Reference 1947 Chicago Stags ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Harold Olsen 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1948 Baltimore Bullets ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Buddy Jeannette 4 -- 2 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Eddie Gottlieb 1949 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Washington Capitols ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1950 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 2 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Al Cervi 1951 Rochester Royals ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Les Harrison 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Joe Lapchick 1952 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Joe Lapchick 1953 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Joe Lapchick 1954 Minneapolis Lakers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) John Kundla 4 -- 3 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Al Cervi 1955 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Charles Eckman 3 -- 4 Syracuse Nationals ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Al Cervi 1956 Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Charles Eckman 1 -- 4 Philadelphia Warriors ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) George Senesky 1957 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Red Auerbach 1958 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Alex Hannum 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1959 Minneapolis Lakers ( 2 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) John Kundla 0 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1960 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Ed Macauley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1961 St. Louis Hawks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Paul Seymour 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1962 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 7 , 5 -- 2 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1963 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 5 -- 3 ) Fred Schaus 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 7 , 6 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1964 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 8 , 7 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1965 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Fred Schaus 1 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 9 , 8 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1966 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 10 , 5 -- 5 ) Fred Schaus 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 10 , 9 -- 1 ) Red Auerbach 1967 San Francisco Warriors ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Bill Sharman 2 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Alex Hannum 1968 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 11 , 5 -- 6 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 2 ) ( 11 , 10 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1969 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 12 , 5 -- 7 ) Butch van Breda Kolff 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 12 , 11 -- 1 ) Bill Russell 1970 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 13 , 5 -- 8 ) Joe Mullaney 3 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Red Holzman 1971 Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Larry Costello 4 -- 0 Baltimore Bullets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Gene Shue 1972 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 14 , 6 -- 8 ) Bill Sharman 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Red Holzman 1973 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 15 , 6 -- 9 ) Bill Sharman 1 -- 4 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Red Holzman Milwaukee Bucks ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Larry Costello 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 13 , 12 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Al Attles 4 -- 0 Washington Bullets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1976 Phoenix Suns ( 3 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) John MacLeod 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 14 , 13 -- 1 ) Tom Heinsohn 1977 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Jack Ramsey 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Gene Shue 1978 Seattle SuperSonics ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 3 -- 4 Washington Bullets ( 3 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Dick Motta 1979 Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Lenny Wilkens 4 -- 1 Washington Bullets ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Dick Motta 1980 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 16 , 7 -- 9 ) Paul Westhead 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 6 , 2 -- 4 ) Billy Cunningham 1981 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Del Harris 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 15 , 14 -- 1 ) Bill Fitch 1982 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 17 , 8 -- 9 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Philadelphia 76ers ( 3 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 18 , 8 -- 10 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 8 , 3 -- 5 ) Billy Cunningham 1984 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 19 , 8 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 3 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 16 , 15 -- 1 ) K.C. Jones 1985 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 20 , 9 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 17 , 15 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones 1986 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Bill Fitch 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 18 , 16 -- 2 ) K.C. Jones Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 21 , 10 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 2 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 19 , 16 -- 3 ) K.C. Jones 1988 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 22 , 11 -- 11 ) Pat Riley 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1989 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 23 , 11 -- 12 ) Pat Riley 0 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1990 Portland Trail Blazers ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Adelman 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 1 ) ( 5 , 2 -- 3 ) Chuck Daly 1991 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 24 , 11 -- 13 ) Mike Dunleavy 1 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1992 Portland Trail Blazers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rick Adelman 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1993 Phoenix Suns ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Paul Westphal 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1994 Houston Rockets ( 2 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 3 New York Knicks ( 2 ) ( 7 , 2 -- 5 ) Pat Riley 1995 Houston Rockets ( 6 ) ( 4 , 2 -- 2 ) Rudy Tomjanovich 4 -- 0 Orlando Magic ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Brian Hill Seattle SuperSonics ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) George Karl 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1997 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 5 , 5 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1998 Utah Jazz ( 1 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Jerry Sloan 2 -- 4 Chicago Bulls ( 1 ) ( 6 , 6 -- 0 ) Phil Jackson 1999 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 New York Knicks ( 8 ) ( 8 , 2 -- 6 ) Jeff Van Gundy 2000 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 25 , 12 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 2 Indiana Pacers ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Larry Bird 2001 Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 26 , 13 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Philadelphia 76ers ( 1 ) ( 9 , 3 -- 6 ) Larry Brown 2002 Los Angeles Lakers ( 3 ) ( 27 , 14 -- 13 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 0 New Jersey Nets ( 1 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Byron Scott 2003 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 2 , 2 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 2 New Jersey Nets ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Byron Scott Los Angeles Lakers ( 2 ) ( 28 , 14 -- 14 ) Phil Jackson 1 -- 4 Detroit Pistons ( 3 ) ( 6 , 3 -- 3 ) Larry Brown 2005 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 3 , 3 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 3 Detroit Pistons ( 2 ) ( 7 , 3 -- 4 ) Larry Brown 2006 Dallas Mavericks ( 4 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Avery Johnson 2 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 1 , 1 -- 0 ) Pat Riley 2007 San Antonio Spurs ( 3 ) ( 4 , 4 -- 0 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 1 , 0 -- 1 ) Mike Brown 2008 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 29 , 14 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 2 -- 4 Boston Celtics ( 1 ) ( 20 , 17 -- 3 ) Doc Rivers 2009 Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 30 , 15 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 1 Orlando Magic ( 3 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) Stan Van Gundy Los Angeles Lakers ( 1 ) ( 31 , 16 -- 15 ) Phil Jackson 4 -- 3 Boston Celtics ( 4 ) ( 21 , 17 -- 4 ) Doc Rivers 2011 Dallas Mavericks ( 3 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Rick Carlisle 4 -- 2 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 2 , 1 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2012 Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Scott Brooks 1 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 3 , 2 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2013 San Antonio Spurs ( 2 ) ( 5 , 4 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 3 -- 4 Miami Heat ( 1 ) ( 4 , 3 -- 1 ) Erik Spoelstra 2014 San Antonio Spurs ( 1 ) ( 6 , 5 -- 1 ) Gregg Popovich 4 -- 1 Miami Heat ( 2 ) ( 5 , 3 -- 2 ) Erik Spoelstra 2015 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 7 , 4 -- 3 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 2 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 2 , 0 -- 2 ) David Blatt 2016 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 8 , 4 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 3 -- 4 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 1 ) ( 3 , 1 -- 2 ) Tyronn Lue 2017 Golden State Warriors ( 1 ) ( 9 , 5 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 1 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 2 ) ( 4 , 1 -- 3 ) Tyronn Lue 2018 Golden State Warriors ( 2 ) ( 10 , 6 -- 4 ) Steve Kerr 4 -- 0 Cleveland Cavaliers ( 4 ) ( 5 , 1 -- 4 ) Tyronn Lue

Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends - wikipedia Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends Genre Sitcom Created by Iginio Straffi Delia Luchian Written by Marco Rossi Starring Emanuela Rei Giorgia Boni Theme music composer Maurizio D'Aniello Country of origin Italy Original language ( s ) Italian No. of seasons No. of episodes 78 Production Executive producer ( s ) Joanne Lee Denise Bracci Mario Anniballi Annita Romanelli Camera setup Single - camera Running time 24min Production company ( s ) Rainbow S.r.l. Release Original network Rai Gulp Netflix ( worldwide ) Original release August 29 , 2016 -- present External links Website Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends is an Italian live - action sitcom which premiered on Rai Gulp on August 29 , 2016 . The series was created by Iginio Straffi and stars Emanuela Rei and Giorgia Boni . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Episodes 3.1 Season 1 ( 2016 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2017 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2017 ) 4 Production 5 Broadcast 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) Maggie is an eccentric American girl from Portland who wins a scholarship to the Fashion Academy of Milan , a prestigious fashion school , on her sixteenth birthday . Bianca is the stylish and chic daughter of a powerful Italian fashion mogul . The two girls meet and are thrown together as roommates at the Fashion Academy , but get off to a rocky start as they have very different personalities and conflicting points of view . However , as they clash over time , they come to understand one another . Together with three of their classmates , they form a band called the MoodBoards in order to pursue their musical dreams , while simultaneously continuing their study of fashion at the Academy . At the end of the first season Maggie and Bianca discover that they are half - sisters , with same father but different mothers . In the second season , Maggie 's mother , who is a songwriter , comes to the Academy to teach , while members of the MoodBoards ' rival band , CoolGhost , attend the Academy as new students . Cast ( edit ) Emanuela Rei as Maggie Giorgia Boni as Bianca Sergio Ruggeri as Jacques Luca Murphy as Quinn Federica Corti as Nausica Federico Pedroni as Leonardo ( season 1 ) Tiffany Zhou as Yuki ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Sergio Melone as Eduard Simone Lijoi as Professor Ferrari ( season 1 ) Elia Nichols as Professor Tucker Alvaro Gradella as Headmaster Maffei Walter Leonardi as Uncle Max Clelia Piscitello as Dolores ( seasons 1 -- 2 ) Jody Cecchetto as Andrew ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) Paolo Fantoni as Felipe ( recurring , season 1 ; main , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Simona Di Bella as Susan ( recurring , season 1 ; main , season 2 ) Giovanni Bussi as Professor Falques ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) Paolo Romano as Alberto ( recurring , season 1 ; main , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Greta Bellusci as Rachel ( guest , season 1 ; main , seasons 2 -- 3 ) Maria Luisa De Crescenzo as Eloise ( season 3 ) Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date `` A Dream Come True '' August 29 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 29 ) `` Places to Call My Own '' August 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 30 ) `` A Start to Classes '' August 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 08 - 31 ) `` Fashion Photography '' September 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 01 ) 5 5 `` The Most Beautiful Day '' September 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 02 ) 6 6 `` Keep Your Lucky Charm '' September 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 03 ) 7 7 `` Model for a Day '' September 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 04 ) 8 8 `` No Escape from Love '' September 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 05 ) 9 9 `` A Mile in Her Shoes '' September 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 06 ) 10 10 `` Shock ! Extortion ! '' September 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 07 ) 11 11 `` Raiders of the Lost Exam '' September 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) 12 12 `` The Phantom of the Academy '' September 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 09 ) 13 13 `` A Perfect Concert '' September 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 10 ) 14 14 `` History Repeats Itself '' September 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 22 ) 15 15 `` Miss Venice '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 16 16 `` Our School Anniversary '' September 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 23 ) 17 17 `` A Matter of Style '' September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 18 18 `` Election Trouble '' September 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 24 ) 19 19 `` The One I Trust '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 20 20 `` No Mask , No Party '' September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) 21 21 `` Never Mention `` CoolGhost '' '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 22 22 `` Our First Challenge '' September 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 26 ) 23 23 `` Facing Semifinals '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 24 24 `` Do the Right Thing '' September 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 27 ) 25 25 `` The Great Lockart '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) 26 26 `` Year - end Fashion Show '' September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) Season 2 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Original air date 27 `` A Nightmarish Start '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 28 `` Fashion Bloggers Community '' January 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 11 ) 29 `` Polar Opposites '' January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 30 `` Something Go. Zy . '' January 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 12 ) 31 5 `` Hidden Talent '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 32 6 `` At Loggerheads ! '' January 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) 33 7 `` Each One Has His Story '' January 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 34 8 `` Knights and Princesses '' January 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 14 ) 35 9 `` The Back of the Book '' January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 36 10 `` Superpowers '' January 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 15 ) 37 11 `` Friendship Mission '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 38 12 `` A Matter of Details '' January 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 16 ) 39 13 `` Grand Gala '' January 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 17 ) 40 14 `` Leave Your Troubles '' February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) 41 15 `` Where Is Bianca ? '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 42 16 `` Reality '' February 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 13 ) 43 17 `` Strangers at School '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 44 18 `` About the Future '' February 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 14 ) 45 19 `` # staypositive '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 46 20 `` Mom 's Coming ! '' February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) 47 21 `` Creative Chaos '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 48 22 `` No Trick , No Illusion '' February 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 16 ) 49 23 `` The Worst Is the New Best '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 50 24 `` Try Again , Maggie ! '' February 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 17 ) 51 25 `` A Weird Family '' February 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) 52 26 `` The Musical '' February 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 18 ) Season 3 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) A third season aired in Italy between September 18 and December 2 , 2017 , and consisted of 26 episodes . The third season has not yet been released internationally on Netflix . Production ( edit ) Filming on a third season of the series took place during summer 2017 , and premiered in mid-September on Rai Gulp in Italy . Broadcast ( edit ) Maggie & Bianca Fashion Friends was originally televised on Rai Gulp in Italy , where the first season aired from August 29 to September 28 , 2016 . The second season aired in Italy between January 11 and February 18 , 2017 , with the third season following between September 18 and December 2 , 2017 . It also aired on Gulli in France ; Disney Channel in Germany ; Nickelodeon in Greece , Poland , Netherlands and Benelux ; Sitel TV in Macedonia ; Vizion Plus and Tip TV in Albania ; TV Cultura in Brazil ; Megamax in Hungary , Romania and Czech Republic ; Карусель in Russia and Biggs in Portugal . The series is also available on Netflix worldwide , including in the countries listed above , as well as in the United States , Canada , the United Kingdom , Ireland , Australia and New Zealand . The first season was released on Netflix on March 31 , 2017 , with the second season released on April 30 , 2018 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jeremy Dickson ( 13 October 2016 ) . `` Netflix snaps up Rainbow 's Maggie & Bianca '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Elizabeth Foster ( 22 August 2016 ) . `` Rainbow sets launch , toy plans for Maggie & Bianca '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Sara Alessi ( 23 August 2016 ) . `` Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends Series Set for Global Debut '' . TVKIDS.WS . WSN Inc . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 . Jump up ^ Maggie & Bianca Fashion Friends Trailer . Maggie & Bianca Fashion Friends English . 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 15 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Irene Rosignoli ( 7 August 2017 ) . `` Maggie & Bianca Fashion Friends , i trailer dei due episodi speciali della serie '' ( Maggie & Bianca Fashion Friends , the trailer for two special episodes of the series ) . Movie for Kids ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Carlotta De Leo ( 17 August 2017 ) . `` Il sogno internazionale di Maggie e Bianca fra musica , tv ( e moda ) '' ( Maggie 's and Bianca 's International Dream of music , TV ( and fashion ) ) . Corriere della Sera ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Ilaria Bellantoni ( 28 August 2017 ) . `` Maggie & Bianca in crociera nei luoghi del Trono di Spade '' ( Maggie & Bianca Cruising in Game of Thrones locations ) . Vogue Italia ( in Italian ) . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ Alexandra Whyte ( 8 August 2017 ) . `` Rainbow sends more series to Nickelodeon Greece '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` MAGGIE & BIANCA FASHION FRIENDS - BIGGS '' . BIGGS ( in Portuguese ) . 2018 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 27 . External links ( edit ) Maggie & Bianca : Fashion Friends on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maggie_%26_Bianca:_Fashion_Friends&oldid=856913510 '' Categories : 2016 Italian television series debuts Italian comedy television series Hidden categories : CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 10 : 18 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

when do maggie and bianca find out they are sisters

Maggie is an eccentric American girl from Portland who wins a scholarship to the Fashion Academy of Milan , a prestigious fashion school , on her sixteenth birthday . Bianca is the stylish and chic daughter of a powerful Italian fashion mogul . The two girls meet and are thrown together as roommates at the Fashion Academy , but get off to a rocky start as they have very different personalities and conflicting points of view . However , as they clash over time , they come to understand one another . Together with three of their classmates , they form a band called the MoodBoards in order to pursue their musical dreams , while simultaneously continuing their study of fashion at the Academy . At the end of the first season Maggie and Bianca discover that they are half - sisters , with same father but different mothers . In the second season , Maggie 's mother , who is a songwriter , comes to the Academy to teach , while members of the MoodBoards ' rival band , CoolGhost , attend the Academy as new students .

Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 - wikipedia Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 Jump to : navigation , search Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 ← 2015 November 7 , 2017 2019 → Nominee Vi Lyles Kenny Smith Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 71,876 49,555 Percentage 59.13 % 40.77 % Mayor before election Jennifer Roberts Democratic Elected Mayor Vi Lyles Democratic The 2017 Charlotte mayoral election took place on Tuesday , November 7 , 2017 . Party primary elections were held on Tuesday , September 12 , 2017 . Second - round primaries would have been held on Tuesday , October 10 , 2017 , if they had been necessary , but both primary winners received more than the minimum 40 percent of the vote needed to avoid a runoff . The incumbent , Democrat Jennifer Roberts , was eligible to run for a second two - year term . She ran but lost the Democratic nomination in the primary . Two members of the City Council , Democrat Vi Lyles and Republican Kenny Smith , won the primaries and advanced to face each other in the general election . Vi Lyles defeated Kenny Smith in the general election , and became the 59th mayor of Charlotte , North Carolina . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Democratic primary 2.1 Candidates 2.1. 1 Declared 2.1. 2 Declined 2.2 Endorsements 2.3 Polling 2.4 Results 3 Republican primary 3.1 Candidates 3.1. 1 Declared 3.2 Endorsements 3.3 Results 4 General election 4.1 Polling 4.2 Results 5 References Background ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , a former Mecklenburg County commissioner , was elected to her first term in 2015 when she defeated Republican Edwin Peacock III , a former Charlotte City Councilman . Democratic primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Jennifer Roberts , incumbent Joel Ford , North Carolina State Senator Vi Lyles , Charlotte City Councilwoman Constance Partee - Johnson Lucille Puckett Declined ( edit ) David Howard , former Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Jennifer Roberts Human Rights Campaign MeckPAC Equality NC New South Progressives Sierra Club Southern Piedmont Central Labor Council Unite Here Local 23 North Carolina Chapter ( show ) Joel Ford Charlotte Fire Fighters Association Real Estate and Building Industry Coalition ( show ) Vi Lyles Black Political Caucus Democracy for America Charlotte Post Charlotte Observer Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Jennifer Roberts ( D ) Joel Ford ( D ) Vi Lyles ( D ) Constance Partee - Johnson ( D ) Other Undecided Lake Research Partners June 1 -- 4 , 2017 400 ± 4.9 % 35 % 15 % 21 % -- -- 28 % Results ( edit ) Candidates Democratic Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 15,773 46.15 % Jennifer Roberts Democratic 12,375 36.21 % Joel Ford Democratic 5,452 15.95 % Constance Partee ( Connie ) Johnson Democratic 310 0.91 % Lucille Puckett Democratic 267 0.78 % Republican primary ( edit ) Candidates ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Kimberley Paige Barnette , former magistrate Barnette garnered controversy in September 2017 when her Facebook page briefly described herself as `` Republican $ Smart , White , Traditional . '' The controversy garnered national attention . Gary M. Dunn , candidate for Democratic nomination in 2013 Kenny Smith , Charlotte City Councilman Endorsements ( edit ) ( show ) Kenny Smith Fraternal Order of Police Charlotte Observer Results ( edit ) Candidates Republican Primary Election - Sept. 12 Candidate Party Votes Percent Kenny Smith Republican 7,912 88.63 % Gary M. Dunn Republican 553 6.19 % Kimberley Paige Barnette Republican 462 5.18 % General election ( edit ) Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date ( s ) administered Sample size Margin of error Vi Lyles ( D ) Kenny Smith ( R ) Undecided SurveyUSA October 18 -- 21 , 2017 517 ± 4.4 % 41 % 40 % 19 % Results ( edit ) Candidates General Election - Nov. 7 Candidate Party Votes Percent Vi Lyles Democratic 71,876 59.13 % Kenny Smith Republican 49,555 40.77 % References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Multi Year Election Schedule '' . Mecklenburg County Government . Retrieved June 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer : Vi Lyles stuns Roberts , faces Kenny Smith for Charlotte mayor ^ Jump up to : Spanberg , Erik ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` Thought election season was over in Charlotte ? Mayor 's race getting an early start '' . Charlotte Business Journal . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boyd , Paul ( February 3 , 2017 ) . `` Councilman Smith leads way with most money in mayoral race '' . WSOC - TV . Retrieved February 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` In mayoral debate , Jennifer Roberts and Vi Lyles play nice '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://apps.meckboe.org/CandidatePrint.aspx Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` LGBT groups make their picks for Charlotte mayor , council '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.meckpac.org/endorsements/2017-charlotte-mayoral-city-council-endorsements/ Jump up ^ http://equalitync.org/latest/news/turnoutCLT/ Jump up ^ http://us14.campaign-archive1.com/?u=d11fd3f059107c746d4deb4a3&id=718e797b42 Jump up ^ http://www.sierraclub.org/sites/www.sierraclub.org/files/sce/central-piedmont-group/2017%20Charlotte%20Mayor%20Endorsement.pdf Jump up ^ https://splabor.org/news/september-primary-endorsements-announced Jump up ^ https://www.jenniferrobertsformayor.com/endorsements Jump up ^ https://joelfordformayor.com/2017/08/29/charlotte-firefighters-endorse-joel-ford-for-mayor/ Jump up ^ https://rebiccharlotte.com/2017/08/08/rebic-announces-endorsements-for-charlotte-city-council-primary/ Jump up ^ Morrill , Jim ( May 22 , 2017 ) . `` Black Political Caucus has endorsed a mayoral candidate . How will it shape the primary ? '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.democracyforamerica.com/our_candidates#NC Jump up ^ Charlotte Post Editorial Board ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Post endorses Vi Lyles in Democratic mayoral primary Experience and leadership earns support '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Charlotte Observer Editorial Board ( August 23 , 2017 ) . `` Who we like in the Charlotte mayor 's race , and why '' . The Charlotte Observer . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ White , Herbert ( June 20 , 2017 ) . `` Poll : Mayor Roberts leads Lyles and Ford in Democratic campaign '' . The Charlotte Post . Retrieved June 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections Sept. 12 Primary Results ^ Jump up to : NC State Board of Elections : Candidate filings Jump up ^ LinkedIn Jump up ^ Savransky , Rebecca ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Candidate for Charlotte mayor puts ' white ' among qualifications '' . TheHill . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 07 . Jump up ^ Harrison , Steve ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` Kenny Smith formally announces mayoral bid with swipes at Mayor Roberts '' . Charlotte Observer . Retrieved March 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/politics-government/election/article175865761.html/ Jump up ^ http://www.charlotteobserver.com/opinion/editorials/article172619896.html Jump up ^ http://er.ncsbe.gov/?election_dt=11/07/2017&county_id=60&office=ALL&contest=0 ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California 's 34th Georgia 's 6th Kansas 's 4th Montana 's at - large South Carolina 's 5th Utah 's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque , NM Atlanta , GA Atlantic City , NJ Boston , MA Buffalo , NY Charlotte , NC Cincinnati , OH Cleveland , OH Detroit , MI El Paso , TX Frederick , MD Hoboken , NJ Jackson , MS Jersey City , NJ Los Angeles , CA Miami , FL Minneapolis , MN New Orleans , LA New York , NY North Miami , FL Omaha , NE Pittsburgh , PA Raleigh , NC Rochester , NY St. Louis , MO St. Paul , MN St. Petersburg , FL San Antonio , TX Seattle , WA City Houston , TX Minneapolis , MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=813627367 '' Categories : Mayoral elections in Charlotte , North Carolina North Carolina elections , 2017 United States mayoral elections , 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017 , at 12 : 01 . 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who is running for mayor in charlotte north carolina

Charlotte mayoral election , 2017 ← 2015 November 7 , 2017 2019 → Nominee Vi Lyles Kenny Smith Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 71,876 49,555 Percentage 59.13 % 40.77 % Mayor before election Jennifer Roberts Democratic Elected Mayor Vi Lyles Democratic

Jessie ( Toy Story ) - wikipedia Jessie ( Toy Story ) Jump to : navigation , search Jessie Toy Story character Jessie in a promotional image of Toy Story 3 First appearance Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Created by John Lasseter Pete Docter Ash Brannon Andrew Stanton Voiced by Joan Cusack ( films , Toy Story Toons , Toy Story of Terror ! , Toy Story That Time Forgot , video games , merchandise , attractions ) Mary Kay Bergman ( yodeling voice ; Toy Story 2 ) Kathryn Cressida ( Disney Infinity series ) Information Nickname ( s ) Jessie the Yodeling Cowgirl Jess Bazooka Jane Princess of the Prairie Cowgirl Species Humanoid pull - string doll Gender Female Occupation Toy Title Cowgirl Significant other ( s ) Buzz Lightyear Place of origin Woody 's Roundup Jessie The Yodeling Cowgirl is a fictional character from the films Toy Story 2 and Toy Story 3 . At Christmas in 1999 , the Wall Street Journal called Jessie toys among the hottest of the season . In the movie , she is a very rare toy modeled after a character on the fictional television show Woody 's Roundup , where the characters included Sheriff Woody , Jessie , Stinky Pete the Prospector and Bullseye , Woody 's horse . Her hair is formed in a ponytail braid tied with a bow . Jessie the doll has a character very similar to the one portrayed on the television show . She is excitable , brave , and very athletic . The doll , however , carries a great deal of sadness , as she was abandoned by her original owner , which left her somewhat distrustful . Years of being in storage have made her somewhat withdrawn , and noticeably afraid of the dark , to the extent of hyperventilating whenever she is inside dark enclosed spaces , or even at just the thought of being abandoned . But she longs to again be a source of joy to a child , and this wish comes true at the end of Toy Story 2 when Andy accepted her ( and Bullseye ) into his toy collection . In Toy Story 3 , while she still displays signs of the fear of the dark , storage , and being abandoned in the beginning when she and the toys mistakenly believe that they are being thrown away by Andy , throughout the rest of the film , she appears to be more loyal , confident and helpful to others , in the process developing a romantic relationship with Buzz Lightyear . She reappears in the short films Hawaiian Vacation ( released with Cars 2 ) and Small Fry ( released with The Muppets ) . Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films , while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and `` Woody 's Roundup '' TV - show voice in Toy Story 2 . Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released , so the film was dedicated to her . Jessie also makes a cameo in Monsters , Inc. as one of Boo 's toys that she gives to Sulley . In October 2000 , Jessie received the Patsy Montana Entertainer Award from the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame . She is also portrayed by Devon Dawson live on stage as a guest with Riders in the Sky in their concert and plays the guitar . Jessie is the namesake of version 8 of the Debian operating system . The code names of Debian releases are names of characters from the Toy Story films . This naming tradition came because Bruce Perens was involved in the early development of Debian while working at Pixar . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 Films 1.1. 1 Toy Story 2 1.1. 2 Toy Story 3 1.2 Other appearances 1.2. 1 Television 1.2. 2 Attractions 1.2. 3 Video games 2 Personality 3 Relationships 4 Merchandising 5 External links 6 References Appearances ( edit ) Films ( edit ) Toy Story 2 ( edit ) When Jessie is introduced , she tackles Woody with excitement about finally meeting a Woody doll . She is happy that she and the other toys are finally going to come out of storage and go to the toy museum in Japan that they are destined for . It is Jessie who introduced Woody to the facts about the character on which he is based . She shows him a large array of merchandise based on `` Woody 's Roundup '' and Stinky Pete explains how the show was canceled after the launch of Sputnik and the resulting interest in the Space Race and science fiction , diminishing the popularity of westerns . When Woody indicates that he has no intention of going to Japan , she becomes bitter , and Woody comes to suspect her of attempting to sabotage his escape , including waking Al to prevent Woody from recovering his damaged arm . After Woody is fixed , he learns Jessie 's tragic back story about her previous owner by way of her song , `` When She Loved Me '' . Woody tells Jessie that , if only she knew his owner , Andy , she might understand why he wants to return to his home . He attempts to explain his bond with his owner to her , but she interrupts him , guessing that Woody 's going to say that Andy 's a `` real special kid '' and that Woody feels like he 's alive when Andy 's playing with him because , even though he 's not moving , that 's how Andy sees him . Woody , shocked by the accuracy of her statement , asks how she knows that about him . She says simply : `` Emily was just the same . She was my whole world . '' As the song begins to play , the audience sees that Jessie once had an owner who loved her as much as Andy loves Woody . The flashback shows Emily , her horse - loving young owner , happily playing , laughing , and cuddling with Jessie . The two are clearly inseparable , with Emily even bringing her toy along with her on car rides . Emily 's childhood bedroom is designed with a Wild West - equestrian theme of sorts , with figures of horses , toy guitars , cowhide and plaid patterns , and horseshoes decorating the room . Various Jessie memorabilia , like lunchboxes , alarm clocks , and picture frames , also are present in the room ; Emily even dresses in plaid shirts , denim shorts , cowgirl boots , and a replica of Jessie 's signature cowgirl hat . However , the audience sees that , as the girl grows older into her adolescence , she begins to forget more and more about her childhood interests and begins to explore things like make - up , nail polish , and vinyl records . Jessie , who once always had a spot on the center of Emily 's bed , has now fallen through a crevice and lies underneath it , forgotten . While Emily has once loved playing pretend with her toys , now -- as the audience sees from Jessie 's point of view beneath the bed -- she prefers inviting her friends over , painting each other 's nails , listening to music . Jessie lies on the ground , ignored and unhappy , until one day , Emily finds her under the bed for the first time in several years . She takes the toy along with her to share a day on a car trip , like they did when Emily was a child . Jessie finally feels loved and happy once more , as if things will go back to the way they were . The car comes to a stop , however , and their relaxing day together is put to an end when Emily places Jessie in a donations box on the side of the road , to be given away to charity . The shocked Jessie looks on as her owner drives away and leaves her , and the song draws to a close . Jessie then states , `` You never forget kids like Emily or Andy , but they forget you . '' Woody , realizing he could easily suffer the same fate with Andy , then chooses to stay , which Jessie finds absolutely thrilling , especially when he begins to anticipate his journey to Japan in excitement . Ultimately , it is Stinky Pete that is revealed as the attempted saboteur when Woody finally decides to take Jessie and Bullseye with him back to Andy 's room . Because of Stinky Pete 's sabotage , Al packs the roundup gang into the case and heads for the airport . There , Buzz Lightyear and the toys free Woody and gets rid of the vile Stinky Pete by stuffing him into a backpack belonging to a little girl who loves to decorate her toys . Despite this , Jessie still remains trapped as the case gets loaded into the luggage transporter , while Bullseye manages to escape in time . Buzz and Woody mount Bullseye and chase after the luggage transporter , which Woody climbs onto . Woody follows the case into the plane 's cargo hold and frees Jessie from inside . When Woody offers to take Jessie to Andy 's home with him , she is rather uncertain at first , but eagerly accepts when she learns from Woody that Andy has a baby sister named Molly . However , the two toys become trapped in the cargo hold , but Woody locates another escape hatch . Using his pull - string , Woody and Jessie swing down from the plane and land on Bullseye right behind Buzz just before the plane takes off . At the very end of the film , when Andy returns from camp after the toys return home , he is pleased to have the new toys added into his collection , calling Jessie `` Bazooka Jane , '' and Buzz seems to have developed a romantic interest in her , nervously complimenting her hair . Touched and amused by this comment , Jessie , in return , describes Buzz as `` the sweetest space toy she has ever met . '' Then , Andy 's dog , Buster , has to go outside ... and Jessie finds the toy racetrack , and rides on top of a toy car , yodeling , to the door . Buzz is impressed by this to the point where his wings suddenly pop open . Shortly after , she and Buzz are seen together with Woody and Bo Peep as they watch Wheezy sing `` You 've Got a Friend in Me . '' Toy Story 3 ( edit ) In Toy Story 3 , after Andy seemingly throws them away , it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare , refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily . She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident , and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding , arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same . Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older , meaning the toys can never be outgrown . She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare , but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish and leaves to return to Andy alone , leaving Jessie hurt and saddened . Shortly after , she and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children , who roughly yet innocently abuse them , as Jessie gets her hair painted green . Afterward , Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room , allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy . They decide to return home , but are instead imprisoned in the daycare by Lotso , who had also reset Buzz into thinking he is a space ranger again and turned him against them . All the toys have left for company is Woody 's hat , which was left behind during his escape . Fearing Lotso had killed Woody , Jessie is left in her cell feeling incredibly guilty . Following another rough play date with the young children , Andy 's toys are reunited with Woody , who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends . Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody , who apologizes in return for leaving . The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self . Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this change , but is quickly won over by his Spanish lover charms . It is also only through this that Buzz finally notices Jessie 's deep romantic feelings for him . When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso , Jessie is heroically rescued from being buried in trash by Buzz , who is then nearly crushed by a falling television set . Jessie despairs over Buzz 's apparent death , but he soon emerges unscathed and with his normal personality restored by the hit . She passionately kisses him on the cheek over and over , happy to see that he is alive and to say thanks for saving her . The toys are then dumped in a landfill and are nearly killed by a trash incinerator because of Lotso 's selfishness . However , the Squeeze Toy Aliens rescue them all using a crane . Once they are safe outside the incinerator , Jessie and Buzz 's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other . While Lotso gets strapped to the grille of a garbage truck as punishment for his deeds , the toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic ; with Woody 's intervention , though , they are instead given to Bonnie , a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away . Andy plays with his toys one last time , giving her the closure to lovingly see her old owner off to college . Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie 's toys and , at one point , decides to take advantage of Buzz 's Spanish side so they can dance together to `` Hay Un Amigo En Mí '' ( a Spanish version of `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' ) . Other appearances ( edit ) Television ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story of Terror , Jessie is forced to confront her nyctophobia and claustrophobia in this half - hour story which features the rest of Bonnie 's toys looking for a disappeared Mr. Potato Head . True to classic tropes in thriller and horror narratives , each member of the search party vanishes one at time as they are hunted by an unseen stalker , with Jessie as the sole surviving `` final girl '' . She returns in Toy Story That Time Forgot Attractions ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) In Toy Story Midway Mania , Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney 's Hollywood Studios . Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch 's outdoor stage and dining area , and Woody 's Roundup Village 's meet and greet area . They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom . Woody and Jessie are featured in the North America Room of It 's a Small World . Video games ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( October 2013 ) Jessie is featured as a playable character in Disney Infinity and Disney Infinity 3.0 , voiced by Kat Cressida . Personality ( edit ) Jessie is depicted as being hyper , hearty , energetic , and outgoing , and noticeably more free - spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody . She is slightly tomboyish and her character in the television series ' Woody 's Roundup ' that spawned merchandising such as dolls like Woody and herself is portrayed as being equally bubbly , rambunctious , and adventurous , aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets . She 's also a talented yodeler . Despite Jessie 's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality , she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background , where she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily over time . She spent years afterward as a collector 's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Stinky Pete and Bull 's - Eye , and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result , thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again . For years , she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved , which she masked with her extreme playfulness , which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy : however , she still appears to be haunted by her lonely past at certain times , such as in the third film of the franchise when Andy was preparing for college ; in this film , she says `` I should have seen this coming ! It 's Emily all over again ! '' . She has green eyes , red `` yarn '' hair with a braided ponytail , fair `` plastic '' skin , rosy cheeks , pink lips , auburn eyebrows and a small nose . She also has a yellow ribbon that tied to the bottom of her ponytailed hair , white long - sleeved western - style shirt with both yellow blouse and cuffs that have red doodles , blue jeans , a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over , brown `` plastic '' boots , matching `` plastic '' belt with gold `` plastic '' buckle , crimson `` plastic '' cowgirl hat , and a pull string on her back with a white loop attached to it . Relationships ( edit ) Woody and Jessie share a sibling - like relationship . Since meeting each other in Al 's penthouse , the two share a close bond . The two are shown to have pretty heated arguments from time to time , mostly where Andy is concerned , as he 's fiercely loyal and she 's more reluctant to trust due to her past , but deeply care for each other . Both Bullseye and Jessie bonded in Woody 's Roundup . Since then the two have been inseparable . The two are almost never seen without the other being close behind . Her relationship with Buzz was only hinted at the end of Toy Story 2 when Buzz became instantly infatuated with her looks and her adventurous personality . In Toy Story 3 , their relationship had n't evolved much since Toy Story 2 , but it 's shown that Jessie is fond of Buzz , and he is protective of her . After their `` Operation : Playtime '' plan failed , Buzz gives an exceptionally sad look to Jessie as she climbs out of the box , and he also gives her sympathetic looks when she has panic attacks and when they argue about going to Sunnyside . Before getting taken to Sunnyside , Buzz is shown being a little more concerned over Jessie when she goes into a panic attack and says `` We 're being abandoned ! '' . Even later , in the demo mode which he is put in by Lotso and his henchmen , he remains attracted to Jessie , calling her a `` temptress '' with `` bewitching good looks . '' Then again , after being reset into Spanish Mode , Buzz is still shown to be attracted to her , and openly expresses this , calling her ( in Spanish ) `` my desert flower '' , dancing around her and asking her to join him in his adventures exploring the galaxy , shielding her from Mr. Potato Head when he saw him as a threat , getting jealous when she hugged Woody , showing an obvious desire to impress her , and saving her from not only being pinned under the trash , but from being crushed by a falling TV set . Jessie first shows signs of strong feelings for Buzz during this rescue and when he is first thought to have perished after the TV set falls on him , she is clearly in despair . She even kisses him on the cheek when Buzz woke up . But it is actually during the incinerator scene when they truly realize their feelings for each other , Buzz and Jessie being the first to hold hands , and after the group is rescued , only Buzz and Jessie continue to be holding hands after the claw delivers them all to safety . At the end of Toy Story 3 , the two have finally sealed their relationship , with Jessie taking the initiative for the two to dance an exciting paso doble which ends the movie . Merchandising ( edit ) Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of Toy Story 2 , as she gave them a character that they could market to girls , something the original film did not really provide . Among the items released were : Several 10 '' and 12 '' fashion - style dolls Several plush and rag doll - type dolls Action figures in the Toy Story 2 and Toy Story and Beyond lines . Wallets , purses and other accessories for girls Nightlights and other bedroom accessories Costumes and dress - up sets High - end sculptures and collectibles External links ( edit ) Official character page Jessie on IMDb References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` How Did Stores Do This Season ? Just Two Syllables : Ka - Ching ! '' , The Wall Street Journal , December 27 , 1999 . Accessed October 2 , 2008 Jump up ^ Toy Story 2 Jump up ^ Cowgirl Hall of Fame - Special Awards ( hide ) Toy Story Films Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Toy Story 4 ( 2019 ) Characters Sheriff Woody Buzz Lightyear Jessie Television Buzz Lightyear of Star Command The Adventure Begins Toy Story of Terror ! Toy Story That Time Forgot Video games Toy Story Disney 's Animated Storybook : Toy Story Toy Story 2 : Buzz Lightyear to the Rescue Toy Story Racer Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Toy Story Mania ! Toy Story 3 : The Video Game Toy Story : Smash It ! Kingdom Hearts III Shorts Toy Story Treats Toy Story Toons Hawaiian Vacation Small Fry Partysaurus Rex Attractions Buzz Lightyear RC Racer Slinky Dog Zigzag Spin Toy Story Midway Mania ! Toy Soldiers Parachute Drop Toy Story Land Woody 's All - American Roundup & Big Thunder Ranch Barbecue Woody 's Roundup Village Music `` You 've Got a Friend in Me '' `` When She Loved Me '' `` We Belong Together '' Woody 's Roundup : A Rootin ' Tootin ' Collection of Woody 's Favorite Songs Miscellaneous Toy Story : The Musical Lego Toy Story Debian naming convention Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jessie_(Toy_Story)&oldid=799997514 '' Categories : Toy Story characters Fictional cowboys and cowgirls Fictional dolls and dummies Fictional gynoids Fictional yodelers Fictional characters introduced in 1999 1990s toys Hidden categories : Articles to be expanded from October 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 September 2017 , at 01 : 43 . 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who does voice of jessie in toy story

Jessie is voiced by Joan Cusack in all the films , while Mary Kay Bergman voiced her yodels and `` Woody 's Roundup '' TV - show voice in Toy Story 2 . Bergman died just before Toy Story 2 was released , so the film was dedicated to her .

Sri Lankan passport - wikipedia Sri Lankan passport Jump to : navigation , search Sri Lankan passport The front cover of a non-biometric Sri Lankan passport . Issued by Sri Lanka Type of document Passport Purpose Identification Eligibility requirements Sri Lankan citizenship Expiration 10 years for adults and 3 years / 10 years for minors ( below 16 years of age ) . Sri Lankan passports are issued to citizens of Sri Lanka for the purpose of international travel . The Department of Immigration and Emigration is responsible for issuing Sri Lankan passports . Immigration and Emigration Department has begun to issue biometric passports according to international standards with effect from 10 August 2015 Despite undertaking such measures , successive governments in Sri Lanka have made little effort to improve visa free access for its citizens . Contents ( hide ) 1 Types 2 Cost and Validity 3 Identity information page 4 Biometric Passport 5 Sri Lankan Passport for a Dual Citizen 6 Note of passport 7 Visa requirements 8 See also 9 References 10 External links Types ( edit ) Diplomatic Passport ( Light Red ) - Issued to Sri Lankan diplomats , top ranking government officials and diplomatic couriers . Official Passport ( Red ) - Issued to individuals representing the Sri Lankan government on official / state business Ordinary Passport ( Maroon ) - Issued for ordinary travel , such as vacations and business trips Valid for all countries ( Barely affords visa free travel to any countries ) Valid for specified countries Emergency Certificate ( Silver ) Valid for India and Nepal ( for Pilgrimage and medical treatment ) Non Machine Readable Passports ( Brown ) - Issued by Sri Lanka Missions under special circumstances All newly issued passports for adults will have a maximum validity of ten years from the date of issue under the Immigrants and Emigrants Act , regardless of when the previous passport ( if any ) was issued . Cost and validity ( edit ) Type Valid countries Fee Validity Normal Basis ( 10 working days ) Urgent Basis ( same day ) Ordinary Passport For adults All countries රු. 3,000 රු. 10000 10 years Specified countries * රු. 1000 රු. 2500 For Minors ( below 16 years of age ) All countries රු. 2000 රු. 5000 3 years / 10 years Specified countries * රු. 1000 රු. 1500 Official Passport All countries රු. 3000 රු. 10000 10 years Diplomatic Passport Emergency Certificate India & Nepal රු. 500 N / A 2 years ( can be extended for further two years ) Non Machine Readable Passport & Temporary Travel Document N / A N / A රු. 2500 valid only for one way travel to Sri Lanka Specified countries * = Bahrain , Bangladesh , Iran , Iraq , India , Jordan , Kuwait , Lebanon , Maldives , Nepal , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , Syria , United Arab Emirates , Yemen In case of a lost passport , a fine of රු. 10,000 charge in addition to the passport fee . Identity information page ( edit ) The Sri Lankan passport includes the following data : Photograph of the holder ( digital image printed on page ) Type ( ' PA ' or ' PB ' for Ordinary Passport , ' PC ' for Official Passport and ' PD ' for Diplomatic Passport ) Country code ( ' LKA ' for Sri Lanka ) Passport No . ( Starting with ' N ' for Ordinary Passport , ' OL ' for Official Passport and ' D ' for Diplomatic Passport ) Surname Other Names National Status ( ' SRI LANKAN ' ) Date of Birth ( DD / MM / YYYY ) Sex ' M ' for Male and ' F ' for Female Place of Birth ( only the city or town is listed ) Date of Issue ( DD / MM / YYYY ) Date of Expiry ( DD / MM / YYYY ) Profession ID No . ( National Identity Card Number ) Holder 's Sign ( digital signature printed on page ) Authority Colombo ( digital signature of Controller General of Immigration and Emigration ) The information page ends with the Machine Readable Zone . Biometric passport ( edit ) From the 10 August 2015 , all newly issued passports are to be enabled with Biometric interfaces to allow holders to be applicable for ' Visa Waiver Programmes ' ( VWP ) available in certain countries . The passport is valid like the Machine Readable PP for 10 yrs. from issuance . The Sri Lankan passport is ranked very poorly in global visa free access lists . Citizens interested to receive this or renew their existing passport are to be photographed by authorized photo studios around the island and be present for `` fingerprint scanning ' at the office in Colombo and other major cities . A list of authorized studios are available here . IMPORTANT INFORMATION : ( as at 10 / 08 / 2015 ) All passport applicants irrespective of age should use passport Application Form K 35A All passport applicants including children should provide digital photograph through Authorized photo studio Fingerprints will be collected from all applicants above 16 years at the head office and three regional offices in Sri Lanka Applicants submitting passport applications through Sri Lanka Diplomatic Missions overseas could do so without providing fingerprints and digital photograph . Holders of such passports could provide fingerprints on their first arrival in Sri Lanka at the head office or any of the regional offices of the Department . Inclusion of children in parents passport will NO longer be allowed and children will be issued separate passports Children below 16 years of age whose passports are issued after 10 August 2015 are required to provide fingerprints to the Department upon reaching the age of 16 years . Holders of such passports living abroad should do so upon first arrival in Sri Lanka . No Emergency Certificate ( EC ) shall be issued for applicants below 60 years Sri Lankan passport for a dual citizen ( edit ) Sri Lanka allows dual citizenship . However , under the 19th amendment of that country 's constitution . An individual who holds citizenship in both Sri Lanka and another country can obtain a Sri Lankan passport . An individual who holds citizenship in both Sri Lanka and another country can obtain a Sri Lankan passport by submitting the following documents . ( Download printable versions of the Application Forms here ) Completed Application Form Photo studio acknowledgement Dual Citizenship Certificate with a photocopy . ( A copy of payment receipt for citizenship Registration may be accepted ) Foreign passport with any Sri Lankan passport if there is ( with photocopy of Bio data pages ) National Identity Card with a photocopy . Birth Certificate with a photocopy . For further information : click here to be redirected to the department 's website Note of passport ( edit ) The passport contains the following note : Sinhalese : `` මෙය දරන්නාට අවහිර බාධාවලින් තොරව නිදහසේ ගමන් කිරීමට සහ අවශ්‍යවන ආධාර ද ආරක්ෂාව ද සලස්වා දෙන ලෙසත් අදාල වගකීම් දරන සියලු දෙනාගෙන්ම ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජයේ ජනාධිපති ඉල්ලුම්කර ද අපේක්ෂාකර ද සිටී . '' Tamil : `` இதனை வைத்திருப்பவர் தங்குதடையின்றி இலகுவாகப் பிரயாணஞ் செய்ய அனுமதிக்குமாறும் வேண்டிய உதவியையும் , பாதுகாப்பையும் அளிக்குமாறும் இது தொடர்புடைய சகலரையும் இலங்கைச் ஜனநாயக சோசலிசக் குடியரசின் ஜனாதிபதி அவர்கள் வேண்டிக் கொள்கிறார்கள் . '' English : `` The President of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka requests and requires all those whom it may concern to allow the bearer to pass freely without let or hindrance and to afford the bearer such assistance and protection as may be necessary . '' Visa requirements ( edit ) Main article : Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens Countries and territories with visa - free entries or visas on arrival for holders of regular Sri Lankan passports In 2016 , Sri Lankan citizens had visa - free or visa on arrival access to 40 countries and territories , ranking the Sri Lankan passport 96th in the world according to the Visa Restrictions Index . For a middle income country such as Sri Lanka , this ranking is considered to be extremely low . No concerted effort has been made to improve the ranking . One major implication of the poor ranking has been a brain drain . Many expatriate Sri Lankans have given up their citizenship due to this . See also ( edit ) Visa requirements for Sri Lankan citizens References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Sri Lankan Govt . begins to issue biometric passports '' . 10 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Department of Immigration and Emigration - Sri Lanka Passports Africa Central CEMAC Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Congo , Republic of the Equatorial Guinea Gabon Angola Congo , Democratic Republic of the São Tomé and Príncipe Eastern Burundi Comoros Djibouti Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Rwanda Seychelles Somalia Somaliland South Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Northern Algeria Egypt Libya Morocco Sudan Tunisia Western Sahara Southern Botswana Lesotho Namibia South Africa Swaziland Western Mauritania Saint Helena ECOWAS Benin Burkina Faso Cape Verde Côte d'Ivoire Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea - Bissau Liberia Mali Niger Nigeria Senegal Sierra Leone Togo Americas Caribbean Anguilla British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Cuba Dominican Republic Montserrat Turks and Caicos Islands CARICOM Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Dominica Grenada Haiti Jamaica Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Central Costa Rica Panama CARICOM Belize Central America - 4 El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua North Bermuda Canada Greenland France ( Saint Pierre and Miquelon ) Mexico United States Iroquois League South Chile Venezuela Andean Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru CARICOM Guyana Suriname Mercosur Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Asia Central & North Afghanistan Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Russia Tajikistan Turkmenistan Uzbekistan East People 's Republic of China Hong Kong ( SAR , BN ( O ) ) Macao Japan Korea , North Korea , South Mongolia Republic of China ( Taiwan ) South Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka Southeast Brunei Burma Cambodia East Timor Indonesia Laos Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam West Abkhazia Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Bahrain Cyprus Egypt Georgia Iran Iraq Israel Jordan Kurdistan Kuwait Lebanon Northern Cyprus Oman Palestine Qatar Saudi Arabia South Ossetia Syria Turkey United Arab Emirates Yemen Europe Other Europe Abkhazia Albania Andorra Armenia Artsakh Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia and Herzegovina Faroe Islands Georgia Guernsey Iceland Isle of Man Jersey Kazakhstan Kosovo Liechtenstein Macedonia Malta , Sovereign Military Order of Moldova Monaco Montenegro Northern Cyprus Norway Russia San Marino Serbia South Ossetia Switzerland Transnistria Turkey Ukraine Vatican City European Union Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden United Kingdom Oceania Australia Aboriginal Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia , Federated States of Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Pitcairn Islands Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu International organizations Defunct passports Passport types International organizations European Union laissez - passer International Committee of the Red Cross Interpol United Nations laissez - passer Defunct British Indian Empire Czechoslovakia East Germany Korean Empire Nansen ( refugee ) Mandatory Palestine Rhodesia Soviet Union UNMIK Travel Document Yugoslavia Types Biometric Camouflage Diplomatic Fake Fantasy passport Hajj Horse Internal International Machine - readable Pet Travel document alien refugee stateless person World Notes A ) Includes Crown dependencies , British Overseas Territories , and former British plantations , crown colonies , colonies , protectorates , protected states , mandates , trust territories and other British possessions . B) The Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey are not part of the European Union , but Manxmen and Channel Islanders are citizens of the European Union ; the Isle of Man , Jersey and Guernsey , and Manxmen and Channel Islanders themselves ( unless they qualify and apply for recognition of a change in status ) , are however excluded from the benefits of the Four Freedoms of the European Union . C ) The Government of the United Kingdom also issue passports to British nationals who are not British citizens with the right of abode in the United Kingdom and who are also not otherwise citizens of the European Union . Non-EU country that has open border with Schengen Area . Russia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia . The vast majority of its population ( 80 % ) lives in European Russia , therefore Russia as a whole is included as a European country here . Turkey is a transcontinental country in the Middle East and Southeast Europe . 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Special administrative regions of China The Soviet Union was a transcontinental country located in Eurasia Commons List Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sri_Lankan_passport&oldid=809318622 '' Categories : Passports by country Sri Lankan law Talk Contents About Wikipedia Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 11 : 41 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

what is the passport issuing authority in sri lanka

Sri Lankan passports are issued to citizens of Sri Lanka for the purpose of international travel . The Department of Immigration and Emigration is responsible for issuing Sri Lankan passports .

Jerry Mathers - wikipedia Jerry Mathers Jump to : navigation , search Jerry Mathers Mathers in 2007 Gerald Patrick Mathers ( 1948 - 06 - 02 ) June 2 , 1948 ( age 69 ) Sioux City , Iowa , US Nationality American Other names Jerry Mather Education Notre Dame High School Alma mater University of California , Berkeley Occupation Actor , singer Years active 1950 -- present Known for Portrayal of Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver Home town Los Angeles , California , US Spouse ( s ) Diana Platt ( m . 1974 -- 81 ) Rhonda Gehring ( m . 197 ? -- 1997 ) Teresa Modnick ( m . 2011 ) Children Noah Mathers Mercedes Mathers Gretchen Mathers Relatives Jim Mathers ( brother ) Website www.jerrymathers.com Gerald Patrick `` Jerry '' Mathers ( born June 2 , 1948 ) is an American television , film , and stage actor . Mathers is best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver , originally broadcast from 1957 to 1963 , in which he played Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver , the younger son of the suburban couple June and Ward Cleaver ( played by Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont ) and the brother of Wally Cleaver ( played by Tony Dow ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and family 2 Early career 2.1 Leave It to Beaver 2.2 Music 3 Later career 3.1 Other ventures 4 Personal life 4.1 Diabetes 5 Filmography 6 Awards 7 Bibliography 8 References 9 External links Early Life and Family ( edit ) Mathers was born in Sioux City , Iowa , the son of a high school principal , and grew up in Rock Rapids , about 75 miles north , and in the San Fernando Valley , Los Angeles , California . He has two younger siblings , Susie Mathers McSweeney and Jim Mathers , who also became child actors . Early career ( edit ) Mathers began his career at the age of 2 when he appeared as a child model for a department store ad . Soon after , he starred in a commercial for PET Milk opposite vaudeville comedian Ed Wynn . His early movies included This is My Love ( 1954 ) , Men of the Fighting Lady ( 1954 ) , The Seven Little Foys ( 1955 ) and The Trouble with Harry ( 1955 ) . Leave It to Beaver ( edit ) Mathers in a 1959 publicity shot Mathers states that he got the role of Beaver Cleaver after telling the show 's producers he would rather be at his Cub Scout meeting than auditioning for the part . The producers found his candidness appealing and perfect for the role . Mathers played the Beaver for six years , appearing in all 234 episodes of the series . He was the first child actor ever to make a deal to get a percentage of the merchandising revenue from a television show . The Leave It to Beaver show still generates merchandise revenue today , many years after its original production run ended . The original sitcom has been shown in over 80 countries in 40 languages . Mathers has noted that the Leave It to Beaver phenomenon is worldwide . `` I can go anywhere in the world , and people know me , '' Mathers has said . `` In Japan the show 's called ' The Happy Boy and His Family . ' So I 'll be walking through the airport in Japan , and people will come up and say , ' Hi , Happy Boy ! ' '' When asked in a 2014 television interview whether he had known at the time of the filming of the Leave it to Beaver series that the show was special , and would be in perpetual syndication , Mathers responded : `` No , not at all . I had worked since I was two years old . I did movies . I did n't do any other series , but I had done a lot of movies and things like that so , in fact , every year it was a question whether we would come back for the next year ' cause you had to be picked up . So you would do 39 shows and then we would go to New York and meet all the press , and then we 'd go to Chicago to meet the ad people , then we 'd come back and take about five to six weeks off , and if we got picked up , then we 'd start again . So we did that for six years because that was the length of the contracts at those times . So that 's why there are 39 ( episodes ) for six years , and then it was off the air . Not off the air , but we did n't film any new ones ( after that . ) '' Music ( edit ) In 1962 , near the end of the run of Leave It to Beaver , Mathers recorded two songs for a single 45rpm : `` Do n't ' Cha Cry , '' and for the flip side , the twist ditty , `` Wind - Up Toy . '' During his high school years , Mathers had a band called Beaver and the Trappers . Later career ( edit ) Jerry Mathers in US Air Force uniform As he moved into his teenage years , Mathers retired from acting to concentrate on high school . He attended Notre Dame High School , in Sherman Oaks , California . During this time he led a musical band called Beaver and the Trappers . While he was still in high school , Mathers joined the United States Air Force Reserve , in 1966 . Wearing his dress uniform , Mathers and child actress Angela Cartwright presented an Emmy award to Gene Kelly in 1967 . After graduating from high school in 1967 , Mathers continued to serve in the Reserve and made the rank of Sergeant . In December 1969 , a rumor began that Mathers was killed in action in the Vietnam War . Although the origin of the rumor is unclear , Mathers never saw action and was never stationed outside of the United States . Years later , in 1980 , Mathers and Dow appeared with Bill Murray on Saturday Night Live 's Weekend Update segment , making fun of the Vietnam War death rumor . In 1973 , Mathers attended the University of California , Berkeley , and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in philosophy . He then worked as a commercial loan officer at a bank before using well - invested savings from his acting career , which began at $500 a week , to begin a career in real estate development . In 1978 , he reentered the entertainment industry . That year , he and Tony Dow starred in a production of the comedy play Boeing , Boeing which ran for ten weeks in Kansas City . Mathers and Dow then toured the dinner theater circuit in a production of So Long , Stanley for 18 months . In 1981 , he worked as a disc jockey at KEZY - AM radio in Anaheim , California . In 1983 , Mathers reprised his role in the television reunion film Still the Beaver , which also featured the majority of the original Leave It to Beaver cast . The success of the television film led to the development of a sequel series of the same name . The series began airing on the Disney Channel in 1984 , then went on to be picked up by TBS and broadcast syndication , where it was retitled The New Leave It to Beaver and ran until 1989 . Mathers has since continued his career in films and television roles . In the 1990s , he guest starred on episodes of Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Vengeance Unlimited , Diagnosis Murder , and as himself on Married ... with Children . In 1998 , Mathers released his memoirs , And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver . On June 5 , 2007 , he made his Broadway debut with a starring role as Wilbur Turnblad in the Tony winning best musical Hairspray at the Neil Simon Theater . Other ventures ( edit ) In 2009 , Mathers became the national spokesman for PhRMA and their Partnership for Prescription Assistance program . Personal Life ( edit ) Mathers has been married three times . He met his first wife , Diana Platt , in college . She attended Vallejo Senior High in California ; class of 1969 . They married in 1974 and later divorced . Mathers met his second wife , Rhonda Gehring , while touring in the production of So Long , Stanley . They have three children , a son ( Noah ) and two daughters ( Mercedes and Gretchen ) . Mathers and Gehring later divorced . Mathers married his third wife , Teresa Modnick , in Huntington Beach on January 30 , 2011 . Diabetes ( edit ) Mathers was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes in 1996 . On the advice of his doctor , Mathers enrolled in a weight loss program with Jenny Craig in May 1997 and lost over 40 lb ( 18 kg ) . He later became the first male spokesman for Jenny Craig . He has also represented a Type 2 diabetes reversal program 's publications in a television ad . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Role Notes 1952 Son of Paleface Child at Finale Uncredited 1954 Men of the Fighting Lady Richard Dodson Uncredited 1954 This Is My Love David Myer 1955 The Seven Little Foys Bryan Lincoln Foy - Age 5 Uncredited 1955 The Trouble with Harry Arnie Rogers 1956 That Certain Feeling Norman Taylor 1956 Bigger Than Life Freddie Uncredited 1957 The Shadow on the Window Petey Atlas 1958 The Deep Six Steve Innes Uncredited Back to the Beach Judge # 2 Down the Drain Policeman ( desk ) The Other Man Sergeant Dun Alternative title : Sexual Malice 1998 Playing Patti 2002 Better Luck Tomorrow Biology Teacher 2005 Angels with Angles Mr. Cohiba 2008 Will to Power Mr. Simpson Television Year Title Role Notes 1952 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet Trick Or Treating Child Episode : `` Halloween Party '' 1953 I Love Lucy Dream Little Ricky Episode : `` Ricky 's Old Girlfriend '' Uncredited 1955 Lux Video Theatre Little Boy Episode : `` The Great McGinty '' 1955 General Electric Theater Tommy Episode : `` Into the Night '' 1955 Matinee Theater Episode : `` Santa is no Saint '' 1956 Screen Directors Playhouse Peter at 5 Episode : `` It 's a Most Unusual Day '' 1957 -- 1963 Leave It to Beaver Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver 234 episodes 1963 Insight Episode : `` The Boy and the Bomb '' 1968 Batman Pop , the Stage Doorman Episode : `` The Great Escape '' Uncredited 1968 Lassie Ken Hines Episode : `` Lassie and the 4 - H Boys '' 1970 My Three Sons Joe Lawrie Episode : `` Love Thy Neighbor '' 1978 Flying High Chuck Wallace Episode : `` Fear of Cheesecake '' 1981 The Girl , the Gold Watch and Dynamite Deputy Henry Thomas Watts Television film Still the Beaver Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver Television film 1983 -- 1989 The New Leave It to Beaver Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver 101 episodes 1984 Hardcastle and McCormick Cameo Appearance Season 1 ; Episode 19 `` The Homecoming : Part 2 '' 1984 High School U.S.A. Mr. Sirota Television film The Love Boat `` Beaver '' Cleaver Episode : `` Who Killed Maxwell Thorn ? '' 1991 Married ... with Children Himself Episode : `` You Better Shop Around ( Part 2 ) '' 1991 Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose Theodore Musso Episode : `` Jerry : Portrait of a Video Junkie '' 1999 Vengeance Unlimited Lucas Zimmerman Episode : `` Friends '' 1999 Diagnosis : Murder Mr. Lustig Episode : `` Trash TV - Part One '' 2006 The War at Home Principal Episode : `` Back to School '' 2008 Mother Goose Parade Television film Awards ( edit ) Year Award Title of work 1984 Young Artist Award Former Child Star `` Lifetime Achievement '' Award Leave It to Beaver Bibliography ( edit ) And Jerry Mathers as The Beaver ; Mathers , Jerry and Fagen , Herb ; Berkley Trade ( 1998 ) Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 275 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' The Beaver ' comes back '' . Lyon County Reporter . New Century Press . June 14 , 2017 . Retrieved June 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : O'Toole , Caitlin ( May 14 , 2007 ) . `` Interview with Jerry Mathers : ' I 've Had a Charmed Life ' '' . Parade.com . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Foster , Barbara ( March 1984 ) . `` Celebrity Update '' . Orange Coast Magazine . Emmis Communications : 149 . ISSN 0279 - 0483 . Jump up ^ Jerry Mathers on auditioning for `` Leave it to Beaver '' Emmytvlegends.org video ( posted in 2010 ) ^ Jump up to : Robertson , Campbell ( June 5 , 2007 ) . `` And Jerry Mathers as ... Tracy Turnblad 's Father ? '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Mathers , the `` Beaver , '' -- Guest 02 / 13 / 2014 `` . kenboxerlive.com . Retrieved February 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Singles Review '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media , Inc. ( 0006 - 2510 ) : 25 . August 25 , 1962 . ^ Jump up to : Hammer , Josh ( February 7 , 1983 ) . `` Still the Beaver After 20 Years , Jerry Mathers Joins Tony Dow for a Bittersweet Return to Mayfield '' . People . 19 ( 5 ) . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Jump up ^ `` Sgt Jerry Mathers '' . TogetherWeServed.com. 1948 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 15 . Jump up ^ Jerry Mathers discusses the urban myth of his `` death in Vietnam '' Emmytvlegends.org video ( posted 2010 ) Jump up ^ `` Believe It to Beaver '' . Snopes.com . January 9 , 2007 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Jerry Mathers of ' Leave It to Beaver ' Now Collegian '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . April 8 , 1970 . p. 12 -- C. Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Saturday Night Live Transcripts , Rodney Dangerfield , 03 / 08 / 80 '' . JT.org . ^ Jump up to : `` The Odyssey of Child Actor Jerry Mathers : from Beaver to Banker to Real Estate Broker '' . People . 7 ( 15 ) . April 18 , 1977 . ISSN 0093 - 7673 . Jump up ^ Lamparski , Richard ( 1982 ) . Whatever Became Of ... ? Eighth Series . New York : Crown Publishers . pp. 200 -- 1 . ISBN 0 - 517 - 54855 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Mathers Taking ' Beaver ' Persona , Friends To WTBS '' . Toledo Blade . June 11 , 1986 . pp. P -- 4 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Child Star Jerry Mathers '' . Palo Verde Valley Times . North American Precis Syndicate . June 26 , 1998 . p. 10 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pulliam , John R. ( April 6 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Beav ' pitches prescription assistance '' . galesburg.com . Archived from the original on February 20 , 2010 . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Reilly , Pattie ( May 5 , 1980 ) . `` Leave It to Beaver : Tony Dow and Jerry Mathers Find a New Channel for Their Talent -- Dinner Theater '' . people.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schoenberg , Nara ( May 7 , 1999 ) . `` Catching up with the 50 - year - old Beaver '' . The Robesonian . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bersebach , Paul ( January 30 , 2011 ) . `` ' Leave it to Beaver ' star gets hitched in H.B. '' . The Orange County Register . Retrieved February 20 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Trecroci , Daniel ( August 1 , 1999 ) . `` Jerry Mathers Leaves it to Weight Loss to Control His Diabetes '' . DiabetesHealth.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2007 . Retrieved January 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mathers , Jerry ( January 16 , 2016 ) . Diabetes Solution Kit ( Television advertisement ) . Barton Publishing . I 'm Jerry Mathers , and if I can do it , you can do it . Jump up ^ `` 6th Annual Youth in Film Awards '' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Retrieved March 31 , 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jerry Mathers . Biography portal Official website Jerry Mathers at the Internet Broadway Database Jerry Mathers on IMDb Jerry Mathers at the TCM Movie Database Jerry Mathers interview video at the Archive of American Television Interview with Jerry Mathers , Montgomery Advertiser , February 10 , 2015 . VIAF : 77692892 LCCN : n83153398 MusicBrainz : 0994f3a3 - b8c0 - 49d0 - b6f5 - c152307d3e81 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Mathers&oldid=798749929 '' Categories : 1948 births 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors Male actors from Iowa American businesspeople American male child actors American child models American male film actors American memoirists American male musical theatre actors American pop musicians American male television actors American television directors Living people Notre Dame High School ( Sherman Oaks , California ) alumni Actors from Sioux City , Iowa People from Sherman Oaks , Los Angeles United States Air Force airmen United States Air Force reservists University of California , Berkeley alumni People from Rock Rapids , Iowa Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Articles with IBDb links Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français Italiano Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 3 September 2017 , at 16 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

who played beaver in leave it to beaver

Gerald Patrick `` Jerry '' Mathers ( born June 2 , 1948 ) is an American television , film , and stage actor . Mathers is best known for his role in the television sitcom Leave It to Beaver , originally broadcast from 1957 to 1963 , in which he played Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver , the younger son of the suburban couple June and Ward Cleaver ( played by Barbara Billingsley and Hugh Beaumont ) and the brother of Wally Cleaver ( played by Tony Dow ) .

Coca - Cola - Wikipedia Coca - Cola Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the beverage . For its manufacturer , see The Coca - Cola Company . `` Coca - Cola Classic '' redirects here . For the college football game , see Coca - Cola Classic ( college football ) . Coca - Cola Type Cola Manufacturer The Coca - Cola Company Country of origin United States Introduced May 8 , 1886 ; 131 years ago ( 1886 - 05 - 08 ) Color Caramel E-150d Flavor Cola Variants Diet Coke Diet Coke Caffeine - Free Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Zero Sugar Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Life Related products Pepsi RC Cola Afri - Cola Postobón Inca Kola Kola Real Cavan Cola Website www.coca-colacompany.com Coca - Cola bottle Coca - Cola , or Coke , is a carbonated soft drink produced by The Coca - Cola Company . Originally intended as a patent medicine , it was invented in the late 19th century by John Pemberton and was bought out by businessman Asa Griggs Candler , whose marketing tactics led Coca - Cola to its dominance of the world soft - drink market throughout the 20th century . The drink 's name refers to two of its original ingredients , which were kola nuts ( a source of caffeine ) and coca leaves . The current formula of Coca - Cola remains a trade secret , although a variety of reported recipes and experimental recreations have been published . The Coca - Cola Company produces concentrate , which is then sold to licensed Coca - Cola bottlers throughout the world . The bottlers , who hold exclusive territory contracts with the company , produce the finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate , in combination with filtered water and sweeteners . A typical 12 - US - fluid - ounce ( 350 ml ) can contains 38 grams ( 1.3 oz ) of sugar ( usually in the form of high fructose corn syrup ) . The bottlers then sell , distribute , and merchandise Coca - Cola to retail stores , restaurants , and vending machines throughout the world . The Coca - Cola Company also sells concentrate for soda fountains of major restaurants and foodservice distributors . The Coca - Cola Company has on occasion introduced other cola drinks under the Coke name . The most common of these is Diet Coke , along with others including Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola , Diet Coke Caffeine - Free , Coca - Cola Zero Sugar , Coca - Cola Cherry , Coca - Cola Vanilla , and special versions with lemon , lime , and coffee . Based on Interbrand 's `` best global brand '' study of 2015 , Coca - Cola was the world 's third most valuable brand , after Apple and Google . In 2013 , Coke products were sold in over 200 countries worldwide , with consumers drinking more than 1.8 billion company beverage servings each day . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 19th - century historical origins 1.2 The Coca - Cola Company 1.3 Origins of bottling 1.4 20th century 1.5 New Coke 1.6 21st century 2 Production 2.1 Ingredients 2.2 Formula of natural flavorings 2.3 Use of stimulants in formula 2.3. 1 Coca -- cocaine 2.3. 2 Kola nuts -- caffeine 2.4 Franchised production model 3 Geographic spread 4 Brand portfolio 4.1 Logo design 4.2 Contour bottle design 4.3 Types 4.4 Designer bottles 5 Competitors 6 Advertising 6.1 5 cents 6.2 Holiday campaigns 6.3 Sports sponsorship 6.4 In mass media 7 Medicinal application 8 Criticism 9 Colombian death - squad allegations 10 Use as political and corporate symbol 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links History 19th - century Historical origins Eagle Drug and Chemical House in Columbus , Georgia John Pemberton , the original inventor of Coca - Cola Believed to be the first coupon ever , this ticket for a free glass of Coca - Cola was first distributed in 1888 to help promote the drink . By 1913 , the company had redeemed 8.5 million tickets . This Coca - Cola advertisement from 1943 is still displayed in Minden , Louisiana . Early Coca - Cola vending machine at Biedenharn Museum and Gardens in Monroe , Louisiana Confederate Colonel John Pemberton , who was wounded in the American Civil War and became addicted to morphine , began a quest to find a substitute for the problematic drug . The prototype Coca - Cola recipe was formulated at Pemberton 's Eagle Drug and Chemical House , a drugstore in Columbus , Georgia , originally as a coca wine . He may have been inspired by the formidable success of Vin Mariani , a French coca wine . It is also worth noting that a Spanish drink called `` Kola Coca '' was presented at a contest in Philadelphia in 1885 , a year before the official birth of Coca - Cola . The rights for this Spanish drink were bought by Coca - Cola in 1953 . In 1885 , Pemberton registered his French Wine Coca nerve tonic . In 1886 , when Atlanta and Fulton County passed prohibition legislation , Pemberton responded by developing Coca - Cola , a nonalcoholic version of French Wine Coca . The first sales were at Jacob 's Pharmacy in Atlanta , Georgia , on May 8 , 1886 . It was initially sold as a patent medicine for five cents a glass at soda fountains , which were popular in the United States at the time due to the belief that carbonated water was good for the health . Pemberton claimed Coca - Cola cured many diseases , including morphine addiction , indigestion , nerve disorders , headaches , and impotence . Pemberton ran the first advertisement for the beverage on May 29 of the same year in the Atlanta Journal . By 1888 , three versions of Coca - Cola -- sold by three separate businesses -- were on the market . A co-partnership had been formed on January 14 , 1888 between Pemberton and four Atlanta businessmen : J.C. Mayfield , A.O. Murphey , C.O. Mullahy , and E.H. Bloodworth . Not codified by any signed document , a verbal statement given by Asa Candler years later asserted under testimony that he had acquired a stake in Pemberton 's company as early as 1887 . John Pemberton declared that the name `` Coca - Cola '' belonged to his son , Charley , but the other two manufacturers could continue to use the formula . Charley Pemberton 's record of control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name was the underlying factor that allowed for him to participate as a major shareholder in the March 1888 Coca - Cola Company incorporation filing made in his father 's place . Charley 's exclusive control over the `` Coca - Cola '' name became a continual thorn in Asa Candler 's side . Candler 's oldest son , Charles Howard Candler , authored a book in 1950 published by Emory University . In this definitive biography about his father , Candler specifically states : `` ... , on April 14 , 1888 , the young druggist ( Asa Griggs Candler ) purchased a one - third interest in the formula of an almost completely unknown proprietary elixir known as Coca - Cola . '' Old German Coca - Cola bottle opener . The deal was actually between John Pemberton 's son Charley and Walker , Candler & Co. -- with John Pemberton acting as cosigner for his son . For $50 down and $500 in 30 days , Walker , Candler & Co. obtained all of the one - third interest in the Coca - Cola Company that Charley held , all while Charley still held on to the name . After the April 14 deal , on April 17 , 1888 , one - half of the Walker / Dozier interest shares were acquired by Candler for an additional $750 . The Coca - Cola Company In 1892 , Candler set out to incorporate a second company ; `` The Coca - Cola Company '' ( the current corporation ) . When Candler had the earliest records of the `` Coca - Cola Company '' burned in 1910 , the action was claimed to have been made during a move to new corporation offices around this time . After Candler had gained a better foothold on Coca - Cola in April 1888 , he nevertheless was forced to sell the beverage he produced with the recipe he had under the names `` Yum Yum '' and `` Koke '' . This was while Charley Pemberton was selling the elixir , although a cruder mixture , under the name `` Coca - Cola '' , all with his father 's blessing . After both names failed to catch on for Candler , by the middle of 1888 , the Atlanta pharmacist was quite anxious to establish a firmer legal claim to Coca - Cola , and hoped he could force his two competitors , Walker and Dozier , completely out of the business , as well . On August 16 , 1888 , Dr. John Stith Pemberton suddenly died ; Asa G. Candler then sought to move swiftly forward to attain his vision of taking full control of the whole Coca - Cola operation . Charley Pemberton , an alcoholic , was the one obstacle who unnerved Asa Candler more than anyone else . Candler is said to have quickly maneuvered to purchase the exclusive rights to the name `` Coca - Cola '' from Pemberton 's son Charley right after Dr. Pemberton 's death . One of several stories was that Candler bought the title to the name from Charley 's mother for $300 ; approaching her at Dr. Pemberton 's funeral . Eventually , Charley Pemberton was found on June 23 , 1894 , unconscious , with a stick of opium by his side . Ten days later , Charley died at Atlanta 's Grady Hospital at the age of 40 . In Charles Howard Candler 's 1950 book about his father , he stated : `` On August 30th ( 1888 ) , he ( Asa Candler ) became sole proprietor of Coca - Cola , a fact which was stated on letterheads , invoice blanks and advertising copy . '' With this action on August 30 , 1888 , Candler 's sole control became technically all true . Candler had negotiated with Margaret Dozier and her brother Woolfolk Walker a full payment amounting to $1,000 , which all agreed Candler could pay off with a series of notes over a specified time span . By May 1 , 1889 , Candler was now claiming full ownership of the Coca - Cola beverage , with a total investment outlay by Candler for the drink enterprise over the years amounting to $2,300 . In 1914 , Margaret Dozier , as co-owner of the original Coca - Cola Company in 1888 , came forward to claim that her signature on the 1888 Coca - Cola Company bill of sale had been forged . Subsequent analysis of certain similar transfer documents had also indicated John Pemberton 's signature was most likely a forgery , as well , which some accounts claim was precipitated by his son Charley . On September 12 , 1919 , Coca - Cola Co. was purchased by a group of investors for $25 million and reincorporated . The company publicly offered 500,000 shares of the company for $40 a share . In 1986 , The Coca - Cola Company merged with two of their bottling operators ( owned by JTL Corporation and BCI Holding Corporation ) to form Coca - Cola Enterprises Inc . ( CCE ) . In December 1991 , Coca - Cola Enterprises merged with the Johnston Coca - Cola Bottling Group , Inc . Origins of bottling Bottling plant of Coca - Cola Canada Ltd . January 8 , 1941 . Montreal , Canada . The first bottling of Coca - Cola occurred in Vicksburg , Mississippi , at the Biedenharn Candy Company in 1891 . The proprietor of the bottling works was Joseph A. Biedenharn . The original bottles were Biedenharn bottles , very different from the much later hobble - skirt design of 1915 now so familiar . It was then a few years later that two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga , Tennessee , namely Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead , proposed the idea of bottling and were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar . Candler never collected his dollar , but in 1899 , Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca - Cola bottling company . Candler remained very content just selling his company 's syrup . The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for The Coca - Cola Company for decades to come . Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies , effectively becoming parent bottlers . This contract specified that bottles would be sold at 5 ¢ each and had no fixed duration , leading to the fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 . 20th century The first outdoor wall advertisement that promoted the Coca - Cola drink was painted in 1894 in Cartersville , Georgia . Cola syrup was sold as an over-the - counter dietary supplement for upset stomach . By the time of its 50th anniversary , the soft drink had reached the status of a national icon in the USA . In 1935 , it was certified kosher by Atlanta Rabbi Tobias Geffen , after the company made minor changes in the sourcing of some ingredients . Original framed Coca - Cola artist 's drawn graphic presented by The Coca - Cola Company on July 12 , 1944 to Charles Howard Candler on the occasion of Coca - Cola 's `` 1 Billionth Gallon of Coca - Cola Syrup . '' Claimed to be the first installation anywhere of the 1948 model `` Boat Motor '' styled Coca - Cola soda dispenser , Fleeman 's Pharmacy , Atlanta , Georgia . The `` Boat Motor '' soda dispenser was introduced in the late 1930s and manufactured till the late 1950s . Photograph circa 1948 . The longest running commercial Coca - Cola soda fountain anywhere was Atlanta 's Fleeman 's Pharmacy , which first opened its doors in 1914 . Jack Fleeman took over the pharmacy from his father and ran it until 1995 ; closing it after 81 years . On July 12 , 1944 , the one - billionth gallon of Coca - Cola syrup was manufactured by The Coca - Cola Company . Cans of Coke first appeared in 1955 . New Coke Main article : New Coke The Las Vegas Strip World of Coca - Cola museum in 2003 On April 23 , 1985 , Coca - Cola , amid much publicity , attempted to change the formula of the drink with `` New Coke '' . Follow - up taste tests revealed most consumers preferred the taste of New Coke to both Coke and Pepsi but Coca - Cola management was unprepared for the public 's nostalgia for the old drink , leading to a backlash . The company gave in to protests and returned to a variation of the old formula using high fructose corn syrup instead of cane sugar as the main sweetener , under the name Coca - Cola Classic , on July 10 , 1985 . 21st century On July 5 , 2005 , it was revealed that Coca - Cola would resume operations in Iraq for the first time since the Arab League boycotted the company in 1968 . In April 2007 , in Canada , the name `` Coca - Cola Classic '' was changed back to `` Coca - Cola '' . The word `` Classic '' was removed because `` New Coke '' was no longer in production , eliminating the need to differentiate between the two . The formula remained unchanged . In January 2009 , Coca - Cola stopped printing the word `` Classic '' on the labels of 16 - US - fluid - ounce ( 470 ml ) bottles sold in parts of the southeastern United States . The change is part of a larger strategy to rejuvenate the product 's image . The word `` Classic '' was removed from all Coca - Cola products by 2011 . In November 2009 , due to a dispute over wholesale prices of Coca - Cola products , Costco stopped restocking its shelves with Coke and Diet Coke for two months ; a separate pouring rights deal in 2013 saw Coke products removed from Costco food courts in favor of Pepsi . Some Costco locations ( such as the ones in Tucson , Arizona ) additionally sell imported Coca - Cola from Mexico with cane sugar instead of corn syrup from separate distributors . Coca - Cola introduced the 7.5 - ounce mini-can in 2009 , and on September 22 , 2011 , the company announced price reductions , asking retailers to sell eight - packs for $2.99 . That same day , Coca - Cola announced the 12.5 - ounce bottle , to sell for 89 cents . A 16 - ounce bottle has sold well at 99 cents since being re-introduced , but the price was going up to $1.19 . In 2012 , Coca - Cola resumed business in Myanmar after 60 years of absence due to U.S. - imposed investment sanctions against the country . Coca - Cola 's bottling plant will be located in Yangon and is part of the company 's five - year plan and $200 million investment in Myanmar . Coca - Cola with its partners is to invest USD 5 billion in its operations in India by 2020 . In 2013 , it was announced that Coca - Cola Life would be introduced in Argentina that would contain stevia and sugar . In August 2014 the company announced it was forming a long - term partnership with Monster Beverage , with the two forging a strategic marketing and distribution alliance , and product line swap . As part of the deal Coca - Cola was to acquire a 16.7 % stake in Monster for $2.15 billion , with an option to increase it to 25 % . In December 2016 , Coca - Cola bought many of the former SABMiller 's Coca - Cola operations . Production Ingredients Carbonated water Sugar ( sucrose or high - fructose corn syrup ( HFCS ) depending on country of origin ) Caffeine Phosphoric acid Caramel color ( E150d ) Natural flavorings A typical can of Coca - Cola ( 12 fl ounces / 355 ml ) contains 38 grams of sugar ( usually in the form of HFCS ) , 50 mg of sodium , 0 grams fat , 0 grams potassium , and 140 calories . On May 5 , 2014 , Coca - Cola said it is working to remove a controversial ingredient , brominated vegetable oil , from all of its drinks . Formula of natural flavorings Main article : Coca - Cola formula The exact formula of Coca - Cola 's natural flavorings ( but not its other ingredients , which are listed on the side of the bottle or can ) is a trade secret . The original copy of the formula was held in SunTrust Bank 's main vault in Atlanta for 86 years . Its predecessor , the Trust Company , was the underwriter for the Coca - Cola Company 's initial public offering in 1919 . On December 8 , 2011 , the original secret formula was moved from the vault at SunTrust Banks to a new vault containing the formula which will be on display for visitors to its World of Coca - Cola museum in downtown Atlanta . Coca - Cola Museum in Atlanta , Georgia According to Snopes , a popular myth states that only two executives have access to the formula , with each executive having only half the formula . However , several sources state that while Coca - Cola does have a rule restricting access to only two executives , each knows the entire formula and others , in addition to the prescribed duo , have known the formulation process . On February 11 , 2011 , Ira Glass said on his PRI radio show , This American Life , that TAL staffers had found a recipe in `` Everett Beal 's Recipe Book '' , reproduced in the February 28 , 1979 , issue of The Atlanta Journal - Constitution , that they believed was either Pemberton 's original formula for Coca - Cola , or a version that he made either before or after the product hit the market in 1886 . The formula basically matched the one found in Pemberton 's diary . Coca - Cola archivist Phil Mooney acknowledged that the recipe `` could ... be a precursor '' to the formula used in the original 1886 product , but emphasized that Pemberton 's original formula is not the same as the one used in the current product . Use of stimulants in formula An early Coca - Cola advertisement . When launched , Coca - Cola 's two key ingredients were cocaine and caffeine . The cocaine was derived from the coca leaf and the caffeine from kola nut , leading to the name Coca - Cola ( the `` K '' in Kola was replaced with a `` C '' for marketing purposes ) . Coca -- cocaine Pemberton called for five ounces of coca leaf per gallon of syrup , a significant dose ; in 1891 , Candler claimed his formula ( altered extensively from Pemberton 's original ) contained only a tenth of this amount . Coca - Cola once contained an estimated nine milligrams of cocaine per glass . ( For comparison , a typical dose or `` line '' of cocaine is 50 -- 75 mg . ) In 1903 , it was removed . After 1904 , instead of using fresh leaves , Coca - Cola started using `` spent '' leaves -- the leftovers of the cocaine - extraction process with trace levels of cocaine . Since then , Coca - Cola uses a cocaine - free coca leaf extract prepared at a Stepan Company plant in Maywood , New Jersey . In the United States , the Stepan Company is the only manufacturing plant authorized by the Federal Government to import and process the coca plant , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent for Coca - Cola , the Stepan Company extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt , a St. Louis , Missouri , pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify cocaine for medicinal use . Long after the syrup had ceased to contain any significant amount of cocaine , in the southeastern U.S. , `` dope '' remained a common colloquialism for Coca - Cola , and `` dope - wagons '' were trucks that transported it . Kola nuts -- caffeine Kola nuts act as a flavoring and the source of caffeine in Coca - Cola . In Britain , for example , the ingredient label states `` Flavourings ( Including Caffeine ) . '' Kola nuts contain about 2.0 to 3.5 % caffeine , are of bitter flavor , and are commonly used in cola soft drinks . In 1911 , the U.S. government initiated United States v. Forty Barrels and Twenty Kegs of Coca - Cola , hoping to force Coca - Cola to remove caffeine from its formula . The case was decided in favor of Coca - Cola . Subsequently , in 1912 , the U.S. Pure Food and Drug Act was amended , adding caffeine to the list of `` habit - forming '' and `` deleterious '' substances which must be listed on a product 's label . Coca - Cola contains 34 mg of caffeine per 12 fluid ounces ( 9.8 mg per 100 ml ) . Franchised production model The actual production and distribution of Coca - Cola follows a franchising model . The Coca - Cola Company only produces a syrup concentrate , which it sells to bottlers throughout the world , who hold Coca - Cola franchises for one or more geographical areas . The bottlers produce the final drink by mixing the syrup with filtered water and sweeteners , and then carbonate it before putting it in cans and bottles , which the bottlers then sell and distribute to retail stores , vending machines , restaurants , and food service distributors . The Coca - Cola Company owns minority shares in some of its largest franchises , such as Coca - Cola Enterprises , Coca - Cola Amatil , Coca - Cola Hellenic Bottling Company , and Coca - Cola FEMSA , but fully independent bottlers produce almost half of the volume sold in the world . Independent bottlers are allowed to sweeten the drink according to local tastes . The bottling plant in Skopje , Macedonia , received the 2009 award for `` Best Bottling Company '' . Geographic spread Since it announced its intention to begin distribution in Myanmar in June 2012 , Coca - Cola has been officially available in every country in the world except Cuba and North Korea . However , it is reported to be available in both countries as a grey import . Coca - Cola has been a point of legal discussion in the Middle East . In the early 20th century , a fatwa was created in Egypt to discuss the question of `` whether Muslims were permitted to drink Coca - Cola and Pepsi cola . '' The fatwa states : `` According to the Muslim Hanefite , Shafi'ite , etc. , the rule in Islamic law of forbidding or allowing foods and beverages is based on the presumption that such things are permitted unless it can be shown that they are forbidden on the basis of the Qur'an . '' The Muslim jurists stated that , unless the Qu'ran specifically prohibits the consumption of a particular product , it is permissible to consume . Another clause was discussed , whereby the same rules apply if a person is unaware of the condition or ingredients of the item in question . Brand portfolio This is a list of variants of Coca - Cola introduced around the world . In addition to the caffeine - free version of the original , additional fruit flavors have been included over the years . Not included here are versions of Diet Coke and Coca - Cola Zero ; variant versions of those no - calorie colas can be found at their respective articles . Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola ( 1983 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola without the caffeine . Coca - Cola Cherry ( 1985 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a cherry flavor . Was available in Canada starting in 1996 . Originally called Cherry Coke ( Cherry Coca - Cola ) in North America until 2006 . New Coke / Coca - Cola II ( 1985 -- 2002 ) - An unpopular formula change , remained after the original formula quickly returned and was later rebranded as Coca - Cola II . Golden Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) was a limited edition produced by Beijing Coca - Cola company to celebrate Beijing 's successful bid to host the Olympics . Coca - Cola with Lemon ( 2001 -- 05 ) -- Coca - Cola with a lemon flavor . Available in : Australia , American Samoa , Austria , Belgium , Brazil , China , Denmark , Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Finland , France , Germany , Hong Kong , Iceland , Korea , Luxembourg , Macau , Malaysia , Mongolia , Netherlands , New Caledonia , New Zealand , Réunion , Singapore , Spain , Switzerland , Taiwan , Tunisia , United Kingdom , United States , and West Bank - Gaza Coca - Cola Vanilla ( 2002 -- 05 ; 2007 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a vanilla flavor . Available in : Austria , Australia , China , Czech Republic , Finland , Germany , Hong Kong , New Zealand , Malaysia , Slovakia , South - Africa , Sweden , Switzerland , United Kingdom , and United States . It was reintroduced in June 2007 by popular demand . Coca - Cola with Lime ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a lime flavor . Available in Belgium , Netherlands , Singapore , Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States . Coca - Cola Raspberry ( 2005 ) -- Coca - Cola with a raspberry flavor . Was only available in New Zealand . Currently available in the United States and the United Kingdom in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain since 2009 . Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla ( 2006 -- 07 ) -- Coca - Cola with a combination of black cherry and vanilla flavor . It replaced and was replaced by Vanilla Coke in June 2007 . Coca - Cola Blāk ( 2006 -- 08 ) -- Coca - Cola with a rich coffee flavor , formula depends on country . Only available in the United States , France , Canada , Czech Republic , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Bulgaria , and Lithuania Coca - Cola Citra ( 2005 -- present ) -- Coca - Cola with a citrus flavor . Only available in Bosnia and Herzegovina , New Zealand , and Japan . Coca - Cola Orange ( 2007 ) -- Coca - Cola with an orange flavor . Was available in the United Kingdom and Gibraltar for a limited time . In Germany , Austria , and Switzerland it is sold under the label Mezzo Mix . Currently available in Coca - Cola Freestyle fountain outlets in the United States since 2009 and in the United Kingdom since 2014 . Coca - Cola Life ( 2013 -- present ) -- A version of Coca - Cola with stevia and sugar as sweeteners rather than just simply sugar . Coca - Cola Ginger ( 2016 -- present ) -- A version that mixes in the taste of ginger beer . Only available in Australia and New Zealand . Logo design The Coca - Cola logo was created by John Pemberton 's bookkeeper , Frank Mason Robinson , in 1885 . Robinson came up with the name and chose the logo 's distinctive cursive script . The writing style used , known as Spencerian script , was developed in the mid-19th century and was the dominant form of formal handwriting in the United States during that period . Robinson also played a significant role in early Coca - Cola advertising . His promotional suggestions to Pemberton included giving away thousands of free drink coupons and plastering the city of Atlanta with publicity banners and streetcar signs . Contour bottle design `` Coke bottle '' redirects here . For the song , see Coke Bottle ( song ) . The Coca - Cola bottle , called the `` contour bottle '' within the company , was created by bottle designer Earl R. Dean and Coca - Cola 's general counsel , Harold Hirsch . In 1915 , The Coca - Cola Company was represented by their general counsel to launch a competition among its bottle suppliers as well as any competition entrants to create a new bottle for their beverage that would distinguish it from other beverage bottles , `` a bottle which a person could recognize even if they felt it in the dark , and so shaped that , even if broken , a person could tell at a glance what it was . '' Chapman J. Root , president of the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute , Indiana , turned the project over to members of his supervisory staff , including company auditor T. Clyde Edwards , plant superintendent Alexander Samuelsson , and Earl R. Dean , bottle designer and supervisor of the bottle molding room . Root and his subordinates decided to base the bottle 's design on one of the soda 's two ingredients , the coca leaf or the kola nut , but were unaware of what either ingredient looked like . Dean and Edwards went to the Emeline Fairbanks Memorial Library and were unable to find any information about coca or kola . Instead , Dean was inspired by a picture of the gourd - shaped cocoa pod in the Encyclopædia Britannica . Dean made a rough sketch of the pod and returned to the plant to show Root . He explained to Root how he could transform the shape of the pod into a bottle . Root gave Dean his approval . Faced with the upcoming scheduled maintenance of the mold - making machinery , over the next 24 hours Dean sketched out a concept drawing which was approved by Root the next morning . Dean then proceeded to create a bottle mold and produced a small number of bottles before the glass - molding machinery was turned off . Chapman Root approved the prototype bottle and a design patent was issued on the bottle in November 1915 . The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Dean resolved this issue by decreasing the bottle 's middle diameter . During the 1916 bottler 's convention , Dean 's contour bottle was chosen over other entries and was on the market the same year . By 1920 , the contour bottle became the standard for The Coca - Cola Company . A revised version was also patented in 1923 . Because the Patent Office releases the Patent Gazette on Tuesday , the bottle was patented on December 25 , 1923 , and was nicknamed the `` Christmas bottle . '' Today , the contour Coca - Cola bottle is one of the most recognized packages on the planet ... `` even in the dark ! '' . As a reward for his efforts , Dean was offered a choice between a $500 bonus or a lifetime job at the Root Glass Company . He chose the lifetime job and kept it until the Owens - Illinois Glass Company bought out the Root Glass Company in the mid-1930s . Dean went on to work in other Midwestern glass factories . One alternative depiction has Raymond Loewy as the inventor of the unique design , but , while Loewy did serve as a designer of Coke cans and bottles in later years , he was in the French Army the year the bottle was invented and did not emigrate to the United States until 1919 . Others have attributed inspiration for the design not to the cocoa pod , but to a Victorian hooped dress . In 1944 , Associate Justice Roger J. Traynor of the Supreme Court of California took advantage of a case involving a waitress injured by an exploding Coca - Cola bottle to articulate the doctrine of strict liability for defective products . Traynor 's concurring opinion in Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. is widely recognized as a landmark case in U.S. law today . Types Earl R. Dean 's original 1915 concept drawing of the contour Coca - Cola bottle The prototype never made it to production since its middle diameter was larger than its base , making it unstable on conveyor belts . Final production version with slimmer middle section . Designer bottles Karl Lagerfeld is the latest designer to have created a collection of aluminum bottles for Coca - Cola . Lagerfeld is not the first fashion designer to create a special version of the famous Coca - Cola Contour bottle . A number of other limited edition bottles by fashion designers for Coca - Cola Light soda have been created in the last few years . In 2009 , in Italy , Coca - Cola Light had a Tribute to Fashion to celebrate 100 years of the recognizable contour bottle . Well known Italian designers Alberta Ferretti , Blumarine , Etro , Fendi , Marni , Missoni , Moschino , and Versace each designed limited edition bottles . Competitors Pepsi , the flagship product of PepsiCo , The Coca - Cola Company 's main rival in the soft drink industry , is usually second to Coke in sales , and outsells Coca - Cola in some markets . RC Cola , now owned by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group , the third largest soft drink manufacturer , is also widely available . Around the world , many local brands compete with Coke . In South and Central America Kola Real , known as Big Cola in Mexico , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . On the French island of Corsica , Corsica Cola , made by brewers of the local Pietra beer , is a growing competitor to Coca - Cola . In the French region of Brittany , Breizh Cola is available . In Peru , Inca Kola outsells Coca - Cola , which led The Coca - Cola Company to purchase the brand in 1999 . In Sweden , Julmust outsells Coca - Cola during the Christmas season . In Scotland , the locally produced Irn - Bru was more popular than Coca - Cola until 2005 , when Coca - Cola and Diet Coke began to outpace its sales . In the former East Germany , Vita Cola , invented during Communist rule , is gaining popularity . In India , Coca - Cola ranked third behind the leader , Pepsi - Cola , and local drink Thums Up . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Thums Up in 1993 . As of 2004 , Coca - Cola held a 60.9 % market - share in India . Tropicola , a domestic drink , is served in Cuba instead of Coca - Cola , due to a United States embargo . French brand Mecca Cola and British brand Qibla Cola are competitors to Coca - Cola in the Middle East . In Turkey , Cola Turka , in Iran and the Middle East , Zamzam Cola and Parsi Cola , in some parts of China , China Cola , in Slovenia , Cockta , and the inexpensive Mercator Cola , sold only in the country 's biggest supermarket chain , Mercator , are some of the brand 's competitors . Classiko Cola , made by Tiko Group , the largest manufacturing company in Madagascar , is a serious competitor to Coca - Cola in many regions . Laranjada is the top - selling soft drink on Madeira . Advertising This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) See also : Coca - Cola slogans An 1890s advertisement showing model Hilda Clark in formal 19th - century attire . The ad is titled Drink Coca - Cola 5 ¢ . ( US ) . Coca - Cola ghost sign in Fort Dodge , Iowa . Older Coca - Cola ghosts behind Borax and telephone ads . April 2008 . Coca - Cola delivery truck of Argentina , with the slogan `` Drink Coca - Cola -- delicious , refreshing '' . Coca - Cola 's advertising has significantly affected American culture , and it is frequently credited with inventing the modern image of Santa Claus as an old man in a red - and - white suit . Although the company did start using the red - and - white Santa image in the 1930s , with its winter advertising campaigns illustrated by Haddon Sundblom , the motif was already common . Coca - Cola was not even the first soft drink company to use the modern image of Santa Claus in its advertising : White Rock Beverages used Santa in advertisements for its ginger ale in 1923 , after first using him to sell mineral water in 1915 . Before Santa Claus , Coca - Cola relied on images of smartly dressed young women to sell its beverages . Coca - Cola 's first such advertisement appeared in 1895 , featuring the young Bostonian actress Hilda Clark as its spokeswoman . 1941 saw the first use of the nickname `` Coke '' as an official trademark for the product , with a series of advertisements informing consumers that `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . In 1971 a song from a Coca - Cola commercial called `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' , produced by Billy Davis , became a hit single . The typeface You 2 that was created for the `` Share a Coke '' campaign Coca - Cola sales booth on the Cape Verde island of Fogo in 2004 . Coke advertisement in Budapest , 2013 . Coke 's advertising is pervasive , as one of Woodruff 's stated goals was to ensure that everyone on Earth drank Coca - Cola as their preferred beverage . This is especially true in southern areas of the United States , such as Atlanta , where Coke was born . Some Coca - Cola television commercials between 1960 through 1986 were written and produced by former Atlanta radio veteran Don Naylor ( WGST 1936 -- 1950 , WAGA 1951 -- 1959 ) during his career as a producer for the McCann Erickson advertising agency . Many of these early television commercials for Coca - Cola featured movie stars , sports heroes , and popular singers . During the 1980s , Pepsi - Cola ran a series of television advertisements showing people participating in taste tests demonstrating that , according to the commercials , `` fifty percent of the participants who said they preferred Coke actually chose the Pepsi . '' Statisticians pointed out the problematic nature of a 50 / 50 result : most likely , the taste tests showed that in blind tests , most people can not tell the difference between Pepsi and Coke . Coca - Cola ran ads to combat Pepsi 's ads in an incident sometimes referred to as the cola wars ; one of Coke 's ads compared the so - called Pepsi challenge to two chimpanzees deciding which tennis ball was furrier . Thereafter , Coca - Cola regained its leadership in the market . Selena was a spokesperson for Coca - Cola from 1989 until the time of her death . She filmed three commercials for the company . During 1994 , to commemorate her five years with the company , Coca - Cola issued special Selena coke bottles . The Coca - Cola Company purchased Columbia Pictures in 1982 , and began inserting Coke - product images into many of its films . After a few early successes during Coca - Cola 's ownership , Columbia began to under - perform , and the studio was sold to Sony in 1989 . Coca - Cola has gone through a number of different advertising slogans in its long history , including `` The pause that refreshes '' , `` I 'd like to buy the world a Coke '' , and `` Coke is it '' . In 2006 , Coca - Cola introduced My Coke Rewards , a customer loyalty campaign where consumers earn points by entering codes from specially marked packages of Coca - Cola products into a website . These points can be redeemed for various prizes or sweepstakes entries . In Australia in 2011 , Coca - Cola began the `` share a Coke '' campaign , where the Coca - Cola logo was replaced on the bottles and replaced with first names . Coca - Cola used the 150 most popular names in Australia to print on the bottles . The campaign was paired with a website page , Facebook page , and an online `` share a virtual Coke '' . The same campaign was introduced to Coca - Cola , Diet Coke & Coke Zero bottles and cans in the UK in 2013 . Coca - Cola has also advertised its product to be consumed as a breakfast beverage , instead of coffee or tea for the morning caffeine . 5 cents Main article : The fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 From 1886 to 1959 , the price of Coca - Cola was fixed at five cents , in part due to an advertising campaign . Holiday campaigns Throughout the years , Coca - Cola has released limited time collector bottles for Christmas . A Freightliner Coca - Cola Christmas truck in Dresden , Germany , 2004 . The `` Holidays are coming ! '' advertisement features a train of red delivery trucks , emblazoned with the Coca - Cola name and decorated with Christmas lights , driving through a snowy landscape and causing everything that they pass to light up and people to watch as they pass through . The advertisement fell into disuse in 2001 , as the Coca - Cola company restructured its advertising campaigns so that advertising around the world was produced locally in each country , rather than centrally in the company 's headquarters in Atlanta , Georgia . In 2007 , the company brought back the campaign after , according to the company , many consumers telephoned its information center saying that they considered it to mark the beginning of Christmas . The advertisement was created by U.S. advertising agency Doner , and has been part of the company 's global advertising campaign for many years . Keith Law , a producer and writer of commercials for Belfast CityBeat , was not convinced by Coca - Cola 's reintroduction of the advertisement in 2007 , saying that `` I do n't think there 's anything Christmassy about HGVs and the commercial is too generic . '' In 2001 , singer Melanie Thornton recorded the campaign 's advertising jingle as a single , Wonderful Dream ( Holidays are Coming ) , which entered the pop - music charts in Germany at no . 9 . In 2005 , Coca - Cola expanded the advertising campaign to radio , employing several variations of the jingle . In 2011 , Coca - Cola launched a campaign for the Indian holiday Diwali . The campaign included commercials , a song , and an integration with Shah Rukh Khan 's film Ra. One . Sports sponsorship Coca - Cola was the first commercial sponsor of the Olympic games , at the 1928 games in Amsterdam , and has been an Olympics sponsor ever since . This corporate sponsorship included the 1996 Summer Olympics hosted in Atlanta , which allowed Coca - Cola to spotlight its hometown . Most recently , Coca - Cola has released localized commercials for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver ; one Canadian commercial referred to Canada 's hockey heritage and was modified after Canada won the gold medal game on February 28 , 2010 by changing the ending line of the commercial to say `` Now they know whose game they 're playing '' . Since 1978 , Coca - Cola has sponsored the FIFA World Cup , and other competitions organized by FIFA . One FIFA tournament trophy , the FIFA World Youth Championship from Tunisia in 1977 to Malaysia in 1997 , was called `` FIFA -- Coca - Cola Cup '' . In addition , Coca - Cola sponsors the annual Coca - Cola 600 and Coke Zero 400 for the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series at Charlotte Motor Speedway in Concord , North Carolina and Daytona International Speedway in Daytona , Florida . Coca - Cola has a long history of sports marketing relationships , which over the years have included Major League Baseball , the National Football League , the National Basketball Association , and the National Hockey League , as well as with many teams within those leagues . Coca - Cola has had a longtime relationship with the NFL 's Pittsburgh Steelers , due in part to the now - famous 1979 television commercial featuring `` Mean Joe '' Greene , leading to the two opening the Coca - Cola Great Hall at Heinz Field in 2001 and a more recent Coca - Cola Zero commercial featuring Troy Polamalu . Coca - Cola is the official soft drink of many collegiate football teams throughout the nation , partly due to Coca - Cola providing those schools with upgraded athletic facilities in exchange for Coca - Cola 's sponsorship . This is especially prevalent at the high school level , which is more dependent on such contracts due to tighter budgets . Coca - Cola was one of the official sponsors of the 1996 Cricket World Cup held on the Indian subcontinent . Coca - Cola is also one of the associate sponsors of Delhi Daredevils in the Indian Premier League . In England , Coca - Cola was the main sponsor of The Football League between 2004 and 2010 , a name given to the three professional divisions below the Premier League in soccer ( football ) . In 2005 , Coca - Cola launched a competition for the 72 clubs of The Football League -- it was called `` Win a Player '' . This allowed fans to place one vote per day for their favorite club , with one entry being chosen at random earning £ 250,000 for the club ; this was repeated in 2006 . The `` Win A Player '' competition was very controversial , as at the end of the 2 competitions , Leeds United A.F.C. had the most votes by more than double , yet they did not win any money to spend on a new player for the club . In 2007 , the competition changed to `` Buy a Player '' . This competition allowed fans to buy a bottle of Coca - Cola or Coca - Cola Zero and submit the code on the wrapper on the Coca - Cola website . This code could then earn anything from 50p to £ 100,000 for a club of their choice . This competition was favored over the old `` Win a Player '' competition , as it allowed all clubs to win some money . Between 1992 and 1998 , Coca - Cola was the title sponsor of the Football League Cup ( Coca - Cola Cup ) , the secondary cup tournament of England . Between 1994 and 1997 , Coca - Cola was also the title sponsor of the Scottish League Cup , renaming it the Coca - Cola Cup like its English counterpart . From 1998 to 2001 , the company were the title sponsor of the Irish League Cup in Northern Ireland , where it was named the Coca - Cola League Cup . Coca - Cola is the presenting sponsor of the Tour Championship , the final event of the PGA Tour held each year at East Lake Golf Club in Atlanta , GA . Introduced March 1 , 2010 , in Canada , to celebrate the 2010 Winter Olympics , Coca - Cola sold gold colored cans in packs of 12 355 mL ( 12 imp fl oz ; 12 US fl oz ) each , in select stores . In 2012 , Coca - Cola ( Philippines ) hosted / sponsored the Coca - Cola PBA Youngstars in the Philippines . In mass Media Coca - Cola advertised on a Volkswagen T2 in Maringá , Paraná , Brazil , 2012 . Coca - Cola has been prominently featured in countless films and television programs . Since its creation , it remains as one of the most prominent elements of the popular culture . It was a major plot element in films such as One , Two , Three , The Coca - Cola Kid , and The Gods Must Be Crazy , among many others . It provides a setting for comical corporate shenanigans in the novel Syrup by Maxx Barry . In music , in the Beatles ' song , `` Come Together '' , the lyrics say , `` He shoot Coca - Cola , he say ... '' . The Beach Boys also referenced Coca - Cola in their 1964 song `` All Summer Long '' ( i.e. `` ' Member when you spilled Coke all over your blouse ? '' ) The best selling artist of all time and worldwide cultural icon , Elvis Presley , promoted Coca - Cola during his last tour of 1977 . The Coca - Cola Company used Elvis ' image to promote the product . For example , the company used a song performed by Presley , A Little Less Conversation , in a Japanese Coca - Cola commercial . Other artists that promoted Coca - Cola include the Beatles , David Bowie , George Michael , Elton John , and Whitney Houston , who appeared in the Diet Coca - Cola commercial , among many others . Not all musical references to Coca - Cola went well . A line in `` Lola '' by the Kinks was originally recorded as `` You drink champagne and it tastes just like Coca - Cola . '' When the British Broadcasting Corporation refused to play the song because of the commercial reference , lead singer Ray Davies re-recorded the lyric as `` it tastes just like cherry cola '' to get airplay for the song . Political cartoonist Michel Kichka satirized a famous Coca - Cola billboard in his 1982 poster `` And I Love New York . '' On the billboard , the Coca - Cola wave is accompanied by the words `` Enjoy Coke . '' In Kichka 's poster , the lettering and script above the Coca - Cola wave instead read `` Enjoy Cocaine . '' Medicinal application Coca - Cola is sometimes used for the treatment of gastric phytobezoars . In about 50 % of cases studied , Coca - Cola alone was found to be effective in gastric phytobezoar dissolution . Unfortunately , this treatment can result in the potential of developing small bowel obstruction in a minority of cases , necessitating surgical intervention . Criticism Main article : Criticism of Coca - Cola Criticism of Coca - Cola has arisen from various groups , concerning a variety of issues , including health effects , environmental issues , and business practices . The drink 's coca flavoring , and the nickname `` Coke '' , remain a common theme of criticism due to the relationship with the illegal drug cocaine . In 1911 the US government seized 40 barrels and 20 kegs of Coca - Cola syrup in Chattanooga , Tennessee , alleging the caffeine in its drink was `` injurious to health '' , leading to amended food safety legislation . The Coca - Cola Company , its subsidiaries and products have been subject to sustained criticism by both consumer groups , leftist activists , and watchdogs , particularly since the early 2000s . Coca - Cola is rich in sugar , especially sucrose , which causes dental caries when consumed regularly . Besides this , the high caloric value contributes to obesity . Both are major health issues in the developed world Colombian death - squad allegations In July 2001 , the Coca - Cola company was sued over its alleged use of political far - right wing death squads ( the United Self - Defense Forces of Colombia ) to kidnap , torture , and kill Colombian bottler workers that were linked with trade union activity . Coca - Cola was sued in a US federal court in Miami by the Colombian food and drink union Sinaltrainal . The suit alleged that Coca - Cola was indirectly responsible for having `` contracted with or otherwise directed paramilitary security forces that utilized extreme violence and murdered , tortured , unlawfully detained or otherwise silenced trade union leaders '' . This sparked campaigns to boycott Coca - Cola in the UK , US , Germany , Italy , and Australia . Javier Correa , the president of Sinaltrainal , said the campaign aimed to put pressure on Coca - Cola `` to mitigate the pain and suffering '' that union members had suffered . Speaking from the Coca - Cola company 's headquarters in Atlanta , company spokesperson Rafael Fernandez Quiros said `` Coca - Cola denies any connection to any human - rights violation of this type '' and added `` We do not own or operate the plants '' . A documentary on the controversy , titled The Coca - Cola Case , was released in 2010 . Use as political and corporate symbol As sold in China Astronauts served Coca - Cola from this device on the Space Shuttle in 1995 . Coca - Cola has a high degree of identification with the United States , being considered by some an `` American Brand '' or as an item representing America . During World War II , this gave rise to brief production of the White Coke as a neutral brand . The drink is also often a metonym for the Coca - Cola Company . Coca - Cola was introduced to China in 1927 , and was very popular until 1949 . When the Cultural Revolution began in 1949 , the beverage was no longer imported into China , as it was perceived to be a symbol of decadent Western culture and the capitalist lifestyle . Importation and sales of the beverage resumed in 1979 , after diplomatic relations between the United States and China were restored . There are some consumer boycotts of Coca - Cola in Arab countries due to Coke 's early investment in Israel during the Arab League boycott of Israel ( its competitor Pepsi stayed out of Israel ) . Mecca Cola and Pepsi have been successful alternatives in the Middle East . A Coca - Cola fountain dispenser ( officially a Fluids Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus or FGBA ) was developed for use on the Space Shuttle as a test bed to determine if carbonated beverages can be produced from separately stored carbon dioxide , water , and flavored syrups and determine if the resulting fluids can be made available for consumption without bubble nucleation and resulting foam formation . FGBA - 1 flew on STS - 63 in 1995 and dispensed pre-mixed beverages , followed by FGBA - 2 on STS - 77 the next year . The latter mixed CO2 , water , and syrup to make beverages . It supplied 1.65 liters each of Coca - Cola and Diet Coke . See also Food portal Drink portal United States portal Georgia ( U.S. state ) portal Atlanta portal Coca - Cola HBC AG Coca - Cola treatment of phytobezoars Coca Colla Colalife Fanta List of Coca - Cola brands Mexican Coke OpenCola ( drink ) Premix and postmix References Jump up ^ In June 2012 , Coca - Cola announced its intentions to begin distributing in Myanmar . Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Ranking '' . Jump up ^ Elmore , 2013 , p 717 Jump up ^ Geuss , Megan ( October 2010 ) . `` First Coupon Ever '' . Wired. 18 ( 11 ) : 104 . Jump up ^ Richard Gardiner , `` The Civil War Origin of Coca - Cola in Columbus , Georgia , '' Muscogiana : Journal of the Muscogee Genealogical Society ( Spring 2012 ) , Vol. 23 : 21 -- 24 . Jump up ^ http://facstaff.columbusstate.edu/gardiner_Richard/columbus/John_Pemberton_files/pemberton_1.jpg url = missing title ( help ) . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Inventor was Local Pharmacist '' . Columbus Ledger . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Columbus helped make Coke 's success '' . Columbus Ledger - Enquirer . March 27 , 2011 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` Spanish town claims origins of Coca - Cola '' . Jump up ^ Annual Report of the Patent Office , 1885 . Retrieved April 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hayes , Jack . `` Coca - Cola Television Advertisements : Dr. John S. Pemberton '' . Nation 's Restaurant News . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ The Coca - Cola Company . `` The Chronicle Of Coca - Cola '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Harford , Tim ( May 11 , 2007 ) . `` The Mystery of the 5 - Cent Coca - Cola : Why it 's so hard for companies to raise prices '' . Slate . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Themes for Coca - Cola Advertising ( 1886 -- 1999 ) '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 32 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Candler , Charles Howard ( 1950 ) . Asa Griggs Candler . Georgia : Emory University . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 44 -- 45 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 48 -- 49 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Candler , Charles Howard ( 1950 ) . Asa Griggs Candler . Georgia : Emory University . p. 81 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( March 16 , 2000 ) . For God , Country and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . pp. 45 -- 47 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 465 - 05468 - 8 . Jump up ^ `` This Day in Georgia History -- Coca - Cola Sale Completed -- GeorgiaInfo '' . usg.edu . Jump up ^ `` Robert W. Woodruff ( 1889 -- 1985 ) '' . New Georgia Encyclopedia . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola Enterprises : Our Story '' . Coca - Cola Enterprises . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola History '' . worldofcoca-cola.com . Jump up ^ `` Chattanooga Coca - Cola History '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved August 24 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` History Of Bottling '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ First painted wall sign to advertise Coca - Cola : Cartersville , GA -- Waymarking Jump up ^ Staff , The Doctors Book of Home Remedies . Nausea : 10 Stomach - Soothing Solutions Jump up ^ Example : Flent 's Cola Syrup Label says `` For Simple Nausea associated with an upset stomach. * * These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration . This product is not intended to diagnose , treat , cure , or prevent any disease . '' Jump up ^ `` Beyond Seltzer Water : The Kashering of Coca - Cola '' . American Jewish Historical Society . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fleeman 's Pharmacy ( now the Belly General Store ) '' . Jump up ^ `` Jack Fleeman -- 86 -- Owner '' . Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Georgia . August 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke Can History '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Coke -- Top 10 Bad Beverage Ideas '' . TIME.com. April 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rory Carroll in Baghdad ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Cola wars as Coke moves on Baghdad '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ According to a Coca - Cola customer - service representative . ^ Jump up to : McKay , Betsy ( January 30 , 2009 ) . `` Coke to Omit ' Classic ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ Klinemann , Jeffrey ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` PepsiCo 's In The Club ... Store , that is , Capturing Costco Food Service Account '' . BevNET . Retrieved April 25 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fredrix , Emily and Sarah Skidmore ( November 17 , 2009 ) . `` Costco nixes Coke products over pricing dispute '' . Associated Press . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Coke cuts price on mini cans to lure shoppers '' . Asheville Citizen - Times . Associated Press . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved September 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola returns to Burma after a 60 - year absence '' . BBC News . June 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Jordan , Tony ( June 14 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola Announces Will Return to Myanmar After 60 Years '' . Bloomberg . Jump up ^ Calderon , Justin ( June 4 , 2013 ) . `` Coca - Cola starts bottling in Myanmar '' . Inside Investor . Retrieved June 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to invest Rs 28,000 cr in India '' . June 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Geller , Martinne ( June 26 , 2013 ) . `` Coke to sell ' natural ' mid-calorie cola in Argentina '' . Reuters . Retrieved June 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Beverages giant Coca - Cola acquires 16.7 pc stake in Monster for $2.15 bn '' . Pittsburgh News.Net . August 15 , 2014 . Retrieved August 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jarvis , Paul ( December 21 , 2016 ) . `` Coca - Cola Buys AB InBev Out of Africa Unit for $3.2 Billion '' . Bloomberg News . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . Coca - Cola Co. will pay $3.15 billion to buy Anheuser - Busch InBev NV out of an African bottling joint venture ... Coca - Cola also agreed to buy AB InBev 's interest in bottling operations in Zambia , Zimbabwe , Botswana , Swaziland , Lesotho , El Salvador , and Honduras for an undisclosed sum . Jump up ^ `` Home of Coca - Cola UK : Diet Coke : Coke Zero -- Coca - Cola GB '' . Letsgettogether.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Foods List '' . usda.gov . Jump up ^ `` The Daily Plate '' . The Daily Plate . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Coke , Pepsi to Drop Controversial Chemical from All Drinks '' . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola formula , after 86 years in vault , gets new home '' . csmonitor website . December 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Retrieved February 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Urban Legends Reference Pages : Cokelore ( Have a Cloak and a Smile ) '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Katie Rogers , `` ' This American Life ' bursts Coca - Cola 's bubble : What 's in that original recipe , anyway ? , '' Washington Post BlogPost , February 15 , 2011 . Retrieved February 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Brett Michael Dykes , `` Did NPR 's ' This American Life ' discover Coke 's secret formula ? , '' Archived February 17 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . The Lookout , Yahoo ! News , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ David W. Freeman , `` ' This American Life ' Reveals Coca - Cola 's Secret Recipe ( Full Ingredient List ) , '' CBS News Healthwatch blogs , February 15 , 2011 . Jump up ^ The Recipe , This American Life . Jump up ^ `` Coca - cola '' . Pponline.co.uk . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The History of Coca - Cola '' . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Cocaine Facts - How to Tell Use of Cocaine - Questions , Myths , Truth '' . www.thegooddrugsguide.com . Jump up ^ Liebowitz , Michael , R. ( 1983 ) . The Chemistry of Love . Boston : Little , Brown , & Co . Jump up ^ `` Is it true Coca - Cola once contained cocaine ? '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Retrieved February 27 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : May , Clifford D. `` How Coca - Cola Obtains Its Coca '' , The New York Times , July 1 , 1988 . Accessed April 11 , 2008 . `` A Stepan laboratory in Maywood , N.J. , is the nation 's only legal commercial importer of coca leaves , which it obtains mainly from Peru and , to a lesser extent , Bolivia . Besides producing the coca flavoring agent sold to The Coca - Cola Company , Stepan extracts cocaine from the coca leaves , which it sells to Mallinckrodt Inc. , a St. Louis pharmaceutical manufacturer that is the only company in the United States licensed to purify the product for medicinal use . '' See links for more information Jump up ^ Benson , Drew . `` Coca kick in drinks spurs export fears '' . Archived from the original on May 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dope Wagons '' . ncpedia.org . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Your Health -- You and Your Family 's GDA Questions Answered '' . Coca-cola.co.uk. April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gene A. Spiller ( 1998 ) . Caffeine Content of Some Cola Beverages . CRC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 2647 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Offices & Bottling Plants '' . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2007 . Retrieved January 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What Is the Difference Between Coca - Cola Enterprises and the Coca - Cola Company '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2012 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola : Macedonia makes the best Coke '' . Macedoniaonline.eu . June 16 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Stafford , Leon ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola to spend $30 billion to grow globally '' . The Atlanta Journal - Constitution . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Will Weissert ( May 15 , 2007 ) . `` Cuba stocks US brands despite embargo '' . USA Today . Associated Press . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Julian Ryall ( August 31 , 2012 ) . `` Coca - Cola denies ' cracking ' North Korea '' . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved August 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Liebesny , Herbert J. ( 1975 ) . The law of the Near and Middle East readings , cases , and materials . Albany : State University of New York Press . pp. 42 -- 43 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Company -- Red Spencerian Script '' . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frank Robinson , creator of the Coca - Cola logo '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Inventory : Earl R. Dean Collection '' . Vigo County Public Library . Retrieved December 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Story of the Coca - Cola Bottle '' . Coca - Cola . February 26 , 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Contour Bottle Celebrates Its 100th Birthday ! '' ( PDF ) . Coca Cola Bottlers Association . 2015 . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( 2004 ) . For God , Country , and Coca - Cola . Basic Books . p. 104 . ISBN 9780684826790 . Jump up ^ Lundy , Betty ( 1986 ) . The Bottle ( PDF ) . American Heritage Inc . pp. 98 -- 101 . ISSN 0002 - 8738 . Jump up ^ `` Snopes urban legend of the Coca - Cola bottle shape '' . Snopes.com . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Lawrence M. Friedman , American Law in the 20th century ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 2004 ) , 356 -- 357 , and Jay M. Feinman , Law 101 : Everything You Need to Know About the American Legal System , rev . ed . ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2006 ) , 165 -- 168 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Light Gets Dressed By Another Designer , Karl Lagerfeld '' . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mireles , Ricardo . `` In Mexico , Big Cola is the real thing '' . Logistics Today . Archived from the original on November 9 , 2004 . Jump up ^ `` '' About Kristall Beverage `` '' . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2003 . Retrieved January 31 , 2006 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) . Retrieved June 14 , 2006 . Archived December 19 , 2003 . Jump up ^ Murden , Terry ( January 30 , 2005 ) . Coke adds life to health drinks sector . Scotland on Sunday . Retrieved February 14 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Kripalani , Manjeet and Mark L. Clifford ( February 10 , 2003 ) `` Finally , Coke Gets It Right in India '' Archived February 7 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... BusinessWeek . Retrieved August 9 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Fizzical Facts : Coke claims 60 % mkt share in India '' , Times News Network , August 5 , 2005 Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ Barbara Mikkelson and David P. Mikkelson , `` The Claus That Refreshes , '' snopes.com , February 27 , 2001 . Retrieved June 10 , 2005 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ See George McKay ' Consumption , Coca - colonisation , cultural resistance -- and Santa Claus ' , in Sheila Whiteley , ed. ( 2008 ) Christmas , Ideology and Popular Culture . Edinburgh University Press , pp. 50 -- 70 . Jump up ^ The White Rock Collectors Association , `` Did White Rock or The Coca - Cola Company create the modern Santa Claus Advertisement ? , '' whiterocking.org , 2001 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White Rock Beverages , `` Coca - Cola 's Santa Claus : Not The Real Thing ! , '' BevNET.com , December 18 , 2006 . Retrieved January 19 , 2007 . Archived July 10 , 2007 , at WebCite Jump up ^ `` Coke means Coca - Cola '' . Coca - Cola Conversations . June 16 , 2008 . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2011 . Retrieved March 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Orozco , Cynthia E. Quintanilla Perez , Selena . The Handbook of Texas online . Retrieved on June 5 , 2006 Jump up ^ My Coke Rewards ( Official Site ) Jump up ^ Jessica Burke ( September 26 , 2011 ) . `` Sharing your Coke : marketing genius or just entirely weird ? '' . Foodmag.com.au . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Voxy.co.nz . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` For Summer Campaign , Coke Prints 150 Popular First Names on Bottles '' . DesignTAXI.com . October 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca ‐ Cola Bottles History '' . London , UK : Coca - Cola GB . 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Share a Coke : Is your name on the list ? '' . The Belfast Telegraph . Belfast , UK : Independent News & Media . May 27 , 2013 . Retrieved May 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Morning Cola Instead of Coffee ? '' . The New York Times . January 20 , 1988 . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ McGrath , Karen ( November 30 , 1987 ) . `` Soft drink for breakfast could be your cup of tea '' . Bangor Daily News . Retrieved April 9 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Nikki Sandison ( November 16 , 2007 ) . `` Coca - Cola revives popular ' holidays are coming ' ad '' . Brand Republic . Jump up ^ Stephen Armstrong ( May 14 , 2001 ) . `` Coke goes for broke '' . The Guardian . Guardian News and Media Limited . 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Jump up ^ Pia Heikkila ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` From Bollywood to the world '' . The National . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola '' . Olympic Movement . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` YouTube Post of Coca - Cola 2010 Olympic Hockey Commercial '' . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ FIFA.com . `` FIFA Partners - FIFA.com '' . FIFA.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` TOUR Championship by Coca - Cola '' . PGATour . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola to Release Gold Can Commemorating the 2010 Olympics '' . BevWire . March 1 , 2010 . Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` All Summer Long Lyrics -- Beach Boys '' . Sing365.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley is overrated '' . CNN . August 8 , 2002 . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Presley '' . YouTube . June 21 , 1977 . Retrieved August 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola celebrates 125th anniversary with ' Elvis and Coke ' '' . Rica.alfahosting.org . Archived from the original on April 25 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Elvis Music In Japanese Coca - Cola Commercial -- Misc '' . ElvisNews.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David Bowie : Coca - Cola Planet Live ( Rare Euro Promo ) FLAC -- Guitars101 -- Guitar Forums '' . Guitars101 . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Diet Coke commercial on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Coca Cola Light CM -- Elton John '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Whitney Houston -- Diet Coke Commercial ( 1986 ) '' . YouTube . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lola by The Kinks Songfacts '' . Songfacts.com . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ... And I Love New York '' . Rogallery.com . Retrieved November 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Iwamuro M. ; Okada H. ; Matsueda K. ; Inaba T. ; Kusumoto C. ; Imagawa A. ; Yamamoto K. ( 2015 ) . `` Review of the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal bezoars '' . World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 7 ( 4 ) : 336 -- 345 . doi : 10.4253 / wjge. v7. i4. 336 . PMC 4400622 . PMID 25901212 . Jump up ^ `` Stomach , Definition and Patient Education '' . Healthline . Retrieved July 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Ludy T. ; Rogers , Anne M. ; Rosenbaum , Angela ( 1991 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Coca - Cola , caffeine , and mental deficiency : Harry Hollingworth and the Chattanooga trial of 1911 '' . Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences . 27 ( 1 ) : 42 -- 55 . doi : 10.1002 / 1520 - 6696 ( 199101 ) 27 : 13.0.CO ; 2 - 1 . ISSN 1520 - 6696 . Jump up ^ `` Obesity Causes : Calorie Overload , Added Sugar , Sedentary Lifestyle , and More '' . @ berkeleywellness . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ Gupta , Prahlad ; Gupta , Nidhi ; Pawar , Atish Prakash ; Birajdar , Smita Shrishail ; Natt , Amanpreet Singh ; Singh , Harkanwal Preet ( 2013 - 12 - 29 ) . `` Role of Sugar and Sugar Substitutes in Dental Caries : A Review '' . ISRN Dentistry. 2013 : 1 -- 5 . doi : 10.1155 / 2013 / 519421 . ISSN 2090 - 4371 . PMC 3893787 . PMID 24490079 . Jump up ^ `` Coca - Cola Accused '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Coca - Cola boycott launched after killings at Colombian plants '' . theguardian.com . Guardian . July 24 , 2003 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Coke sued over death squad claims '' . bbc.co.uk . BBC . July 20 , 2001 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Coca Cola 's Role in the Assassinations of Union Leaders Explored in Powerful New Documentary . Alternet. April 22 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mark Pendergrast ( August 15 , 1993 ) . `` Viewpoints ; A Brief History of Coca - Colonization '' . The New York Times . p. 256 . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Koetse , Manya ( September 24 , 2015 ) . `` Coca Cola in China '' . Marketing . Netherlands : whatsonweibo.com . Retrieved May 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Boycott Israel Campaign page on Coca - Cola '' . Retrieved August 3 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Tagliabue , John ( December 31 , 2002 ) . `` They Choke on Coke , But Savor Mecca - Cola '' . NYTimes.com . New York Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Robert . `` Coke machines on - board the space shuttle '' . CollectSpace . Jump up ^ Orloff , Richard W. ( January 2001 ) ( Press Kit May 1996 ) . `` Space Shuttle Mission STS - 77 '' ( PDF ) . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved June 13 , 2009 . Further reading Allen , Frederick . Secret Formula : How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmanship Made Coca - Cola the Best - Known Product in the World . New York : Harper Business , 1994 . Blanding , Michael . The Coke Machine : The Dirty Truth Behind the World 's Favorite Soft Drink . New York : Avery , 2010 . Elmore , Bartow J. `` Citizen Coke : An Environmental and Political History of the Coca - Cola Company , '' Enterprise & Society ( 2013 ) 14 # 4 pp 717 -- 731 online Foster , Robert ( 2008 ) . Coca - Globalization : Following Soft Drinks from New York to New Guinea . New York : Palgrave Macmillan . Hamblin , James ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Why We Took Cocaine Out of Soda '' . The Atlantic . When cocaine and alcohol meet inside a person , they create a third unique drug called cocaethylene . Hays , Constance L. The Real Thing : Truth and Power at the Coca - Cola Company . New York : Random House , 2004 . Kahn , Ely J. , Jr . The Big Drink : The Story of Coca - Cola . New York : Random House , 1960 . Louis , Jill Chen and Harvey Z . Yazijian . The Cola Wars . New York : Everest House Publishers , 1980 . Oliver , Thomas . The Real Coke , The Real Story . New York : Random House , 1986 . Pendergrast , Mark . For God , Country , and Coca - Cola : The Unauthorized History of the Great American Soft Drink And the Company That Makes It . New York : Basic Books , 2000 . Primary sources Isdell , Neville . Inside Coca - Cola : A CEO 's Life Story of Building the World 's Most Popular Brand . With the assistance of David Beasley . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 2011 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Coca - Cola . Official website Kinescope of a live 1954 TV commercial for Coca - Cola ( Internet Archive ) Coca - Cola Advertising History Coca - Cola : Refreshing Memories -- slideshow by Life magazine China Advisory : Avoiding the Wax Tadpole -- Effective Chinese Language Trademark Strategy Chinese language trademark for Coca - Cola Varieties of Coca - Cola Regular Coca - Cola Mexican Coke New Coke ( Coke II ) Caffeine - Free Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Cherry Coca - Cola with Lime Coca - Cola Vanilla Coca - Cola Citra Coca - Cola Black Cherry Vanilla Coca - Cola BlāK Coca - Cola with Lemon Coca - Cola Raspberry Coca - Cola Orange Coca - Cola Life White Coke Low - calorie TaB Diet Coke / Coke Light Coca - Cola C2 Coca - Cola Zero Sugar Coca - Cola Light Sango Diet Coke Plus The Coca - Cola Company List of Coca - Cola brands Soft drinks A&W Root Beer ( Canada only ) Ambasa Ameyal Barq 's Beat Beverly Bjäre Julmust Cannings Chinotto Citra Coca - Cola Fanta Fioravanti Fresca Fruktime Frutonic Gold Spot Guaraná Jesus Hit Inca Kola Iron Brew Joya Kinley Kola Inglesa Krest Kuat Lemon & Paeroa Lift Lilt Limca Mare Rosso Mello Yello Mezzo Mix Mr. Pibb Nordic Mist OK Soda Pibb Xtra Pibb Zero Portello Quatro Quwat Jabal Ramblin ' Root Beer RimZim Red Flash Royal Tru Santiba Sarsi Seagram 's Senzao Smart Sparkle Sparletta Sprite Stoney Surge Tab Tanora Thums Up Tiky Urge Vault VegitaBeta Victoria Yoli Juices and teas Ayataka Cappy Capri Sun Delaware Punch Enviga Far Coast Five Alive Fruitopia Frutonic Fuze Glaceau Gold Peak Hi - C Honest Tea Innocent Maaza Matte Leão Minute Maid Nestea Oasis Odwalla Qoo Royal Tru Simply Sokenbicha Sparkle Tum - E Yummies VitaminWater ZICO Sports drinks Aquarius Powerade Monster Beverage ( 17.9 % stake ) BPM Energy Burn Formula 50 Full Throttle Lift Plus Monster Mother NOS RAC 124 Relentless Tab Energy Vault Von Dutch Bottled water AdeS Arwa Ciel Dasani Deep River Rock Malvern Water Smart Water Topo Chico Valpre Coffee - based Caribou Coffee Georgia illy Dairy - based Fairlife Swerve Vio Joint ventures Beverage Partners Worldwide Coca - Cola FEMSA Philippines ( 49 % ) Coca - Cola Hellenic ( 23.2 % ) Coca - Cola European Partners ( 18 % ) Coca - Cola Beverages Africa ( 11.3 % ) Former holdings Columbia Pictures TriStar Pictures Legal Escola v. Coca - Cola Bottling Co. ( 1944 ) POM Wonderful v. Coca - Cola ( 2014 ) Sinaltrainal v. Coca - Cola ( 2001 ) U.S. v. 40 Barrels & 20 Kegs of Coca - Cola ( ( 1916 ) Other Coca - Cola buildings and structures Criticism of Coca - Cola Coca - Cola Freestyle Limca Book of Records My Coke Rewards Cola brands Afri - Amrat Apotekarnes Auvergnat Baikal Barr Beed Big Breizh Bubba Campa Cassinelli Cavan China Classic ( UK ) Club Coca - Cola Cockta Turka Cole Cold Corsica Count Cricket Cuba Diet Coke Diet Rite Double Double Seven El Ché - Est Evoca Export Fada Faygo Fentimans Curiosity Frescolita Fritz - Fruti Fuji - Future Grandpa Graf 's Guaranito Isaac Jolly Jolt Jones Soda Kitty Kofola Real Román Kristal LA Ice Lava Like Mecca - Mr . No Name Olvi Open Pakola Pepsi Parsi Perú Polo - Cockta Pran Premium - President 's Choice Qibla RC Red Bull Red Reed 's Rola Sam 's Choice Schweppes Sinalco Tab Thums Up Topsia Triple tuKola Ubuntu Vess Virgin Vita XL Zamzam Zelal Zevia GND : 4125197 - 0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coca-Cola&oldid=825573031 '' Categories : Coca - Cola Products introduced in 1886 American drinks American inventions Cola brands Coca - Cola brands Kosher food Patent medicines Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Webarchive template webcite links CS1 German - language sources ( de ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages Use mdy dates from September 2017 Articles with hRecipes Articles with hProducts All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2004 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles needing additional references from May 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles needing clarification Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Variants View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Lumbaart Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zeêuws 中文 डोटेली Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 04 : 41 . 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the first bottling agreement with coca-cola took place in which city

It was then a few years later that two entrepreneurs from Chattanooga , Tennessee , namely Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead , proposed the idea of bottling and were so persuasive that Candler signed a contract giving them control of the procedure for only one dollar . Candler never collected his dollar , but in 1899 , Chattanooga became the site of the first Coca - Cola bottling company . Candler remained very content just selling his company 's syrup . The loosely termed contract proved to be problematic for The Coca - Cola Company for decades to come . Legal matters were not helped by the decision of the bottlers to subcontract to other companies , effectively becoming parent bottlers . This contract specified that bottles would be sold at 5 ¢ each and had no fixed duration , leading to the fixed price of Coca - Cola from 1886 to 1959 .

Australia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games - wikipedia Australia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Jump to : navigation , search Australia at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Flag of Australia CGF code AUS CGA Commonwealth Games Australia Website commonwealthgames.com.au in Gold Coast , Australia Competitors 469 in 18 sports Flag bearer Mark Knowles ( Opening ) Kurt Fearnley ( Closing ) Medals Ranked 1st Gold 80 Silver 59 Bronze 59 Total 198 Commonwealth Games appearances ( overview ) British Empire Games 1930 1934 1938 1950 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 1954 1958 1962 1966 British Commonwealth Games 1970 Commonwealth Games 1978 1982 1986 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Australia competed at the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast , Queensland between 4 and 15 April 2018 . It was Australia 's 21st appearance at the Commonwealth Games , having competed at every Games since their inception in 1930 . Australia has previously hosted the Games four times -- 1938 Sydney , 1962 Perth , 1982 Brisbane and 2006 Melbourne . Being the host nation , Australia sent a contingent of 474 athletes , participating in all of the 18 sports staged . Though only 469 competed . This was the highest number of athletes to represent Australia in a Commonwealth Games ever , eclipsing their previous record of 417 athletes at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games . Hockey athlete Mark Knowles was the country 's flag bearer during the opening ceremony . Contents ( hide ) 1 Administration 2 Competitors 3 Medallists 4 Athletics ( track and field ) 5 Badminton 6 Basketball 6.1 Men 's tournament 6.2 Women 's tournament 7 Beach volleyball 8 Boxing 9 Cycling 9.1 Road 9.2 Track 9.3 Mountain biking 10 Diving 11 Gymnastics 11.1 Artistic 11.2 Rhythmic 12 Field hockey 12.1 Men 's tournament 12.2 Women 's tournament 13 Lawn Bowls 14 Netball 15 Rugby sevens 15.1 Men 's tournament 15.2 Women 's tournament 16 Shooting 17 Squash 18 Swimming 19 Table Tennis 20 Triathlon 21 Weightlifting 21.1 Powerlifting 22 Wrestling 23 References Administration ( edit ) Steve Moneghetti was appointed Chef de Mission . He held this position at the 2010 and 2014 Games . Opening ceremony appointments included : hockey player Mark Knowles as Australian flag bearer , lawn bowler Karen Murphy taking the athletes ' oath and Australian netball coach Lisa Alexander the coaches ' oath . Kurt Fearnley in his last major multi-sport competition was the closing ceremony flag bearer . Competitors ( edit ) The following is the list of number of competitors participating at the Games per sport / discipline . Sport Men Women Total Athletics 51 56 107 Badminton 5 5 10 Basketball 12 12 24 Beach volleyball Boxing 8 5 13 Cycling 19 17 36 Diving 6 8 14 Gymnastics 5 8 13 Hockey 18 18 36 Lawn bowls 11 6 17 Netball N / A 12 12 Rugby sevens 13 13 26 Shooting 16 12 28 Squash 5 5 10 Swimming 36 33 69 Table tennis 6 6 12 Triathlon 6 6 12 Weightlifting / Powerlifting 10 9 19 Wrestling 5 7 Total 234 235 469 Medallists ( edit ) Further information : 2018 Commonwealth Games medal table and List of 2018 Commonwealth Games medal winners Medal Name Sport Event Date 01 ! Gold O'Brien , Kelland Kelland O'Brien Leigh Howard Jordan Kerby * Alexander Porter Sam Welsford Cycling Men 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Ankudinoff , Ashlee Ashlee Ankudinoff Amy Cure Annette Edmondson Alexandra Manly Cycling Women 's team pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold McCulloch , Karlee Karlee McCulloch Stephanie Morton Cycling Women 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Welsford , Sam Sam Welsford Cycling Men 's scratch race 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Cure , Amy Amy Cure Cycling Women 's scratch race 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Horton , Mack Mack Horton Swimming Men 's 400 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold Campbell , Bronte Bronte Campbell Cate Campbell Shayna Jack Emma McKeon Swimming Women 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 01 ! Gold McKeon , Emma Emma McKeon Brianna Throssell Leah Neale Ariarne Titmus Swimming Women 's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Seebohm , Emily Emily Seebohm Georgia Bohl Emma McKeon Bronte Campbell Swimming Women 's 4 × 100 metre medley relay 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Glaetzer , Matthew Matthew Glaetzer Cycling Men 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Glaetzer , Matthew Matthew Glaetzer Cycling Men 's 1 km time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold McCulloch , Karlee Karlee McCulloch Cycling Women 's 500 m time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Morton , Stephanie Stephanie Morton Cycling Women 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Morton , Stephanie Stephanie Morton Cycling Women 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Meyer , Cameron Cameron Meyer Cycling Men 's road time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Garfoot , Katrin Katrin Garfoot Cycling Women 's road time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Von Hoff , Steele Steele Von Hoff Cycling Men 's road race 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Hosking , Chloe Chloe Hosking Cycling Women 's road race 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Disken , Timothy Timothy Disken Swimming Men 's 100 m freestyle S9 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Patterson , Lakeisha Lakeisha Patterson Swimming Women 's 100 metre freestyle S9 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Patterson , Lakeisha Lakeisha Patterson Swimming Women 's 50 metre freestyle S8 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Disken , Timothy Timothy Disken Swimming Men 's 100 metre breaststroke SB8 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Aungles , Jesse Jesse Aungles Swimming Men 's 200 metre individual medley SM8 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Chalmers , Kyle Kyle Chalmers Swimming Men 's 200 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Swimming Men 's 100 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Swimming Men 's 50 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Swimming Men 's 200 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Swimming Men 's 200 metre individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Hall , Brenden Brenden Hall Swimming Men 's 100 m backstroke S9 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Titmus , Ariarne Ariarne Titmus Swimming Women 's 800 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Titmus , Ariarne Ariarne Titmus Swimming Women 's 400 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Seebohm , Emily Emily Seebohm Swimming Women 's 50 metre backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Levy , Matthew Matthew Levy Swimming Men 's 50 m freestyle S7 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Lewis , Clyde Clyde Lewis Swimming Men 's 400 m individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Cartwright , Jack Jack Cartwright Kyle Chalmers James Magnussen Cameron McEvoy James Roberts * Swimming Men 's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Larkin , Mitch Mitch Larkin Jake Packard Grant Irvine Kyle Chalmers Bradley Woodward * Matthew Wilson * David Morgan * Jack Cartwright * Swimming Men 's 4 × 100 m medley relay 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Graham , Alexander Alexander Graham Kyle Chalmers Elijah Winnington Mack Horton Swimming Men 's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold McKeon , Emma Emma McKeon Swimming Women 's 100 m butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Campbell , Cate Cate Campbell Swimming Women 's 50 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Campbell , Bronte Bronte Campbell Swimming Women 's 100 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Campbell , Cate Cate Campbell Swimming Women 's 50 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold McLoughlin , Jack Jack McLoughlin Swimming Men 's 1500 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold Backhouse , Gillian Gillian Backhouse Matt Hauser Ashleigh Gentle Jake Birtwhistle Triathlon Mixed relay 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 01 ! Gold Remkes , Christopher Christopher Remkes Gymnastics Men 's vault 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Eade , Alexandra Alexandra Eade Gymnastics Women 's floor 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Krizanic , Carla Carla Krizanic Natasha Scott Rebecca Van Asch Lawn bowls Women 's triples 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Cottrell , Kelsey Kelsey Cottrell Carla Krizanic Natasha Scott Rebecca Van Asch Lawn bowls Women 's fours 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Fehlberg , Jake Jake Fehlberg Lynne Seymour Lawn bowls Mixed para-sport pairs 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Bonnell , Tony Tony Bonnell Ken Hanson Josh Thornton Lawn bowls Open para-sport triples 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Wilson , Aaron Aaron Wilson Lawn bowls Men 's singles 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 01 ! Gold Toomey , Tia - Clair Tia - Clair Toomey Weightlifting Women 's 58 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 01 ! Gold Bird - Smith , Dane Dane Bird - Smith Athletics Men 's 20 kilometres walk 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Shelley , Michael Michael Shelley Athletics Men 's marathon 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold women 's national basketball team , Australia Australia women 's national basketball team Stephanie Blicavs Tessa Lavey Katie - Rae Ebzery Eziyoda Magbegor Liz Cambage Jenna O'Hea Cayla George Nicole Seekamp Kelsey Griffin Belinda Snell Alice Kunek Stephanie Talbot Basketball Women 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold men 's national basketball team , Australia Australia men 's national basketball team Angus Brandt Damian Martin Jason Cadee Brad Newley Cameron Gliddon Mitch Norton Chris Goulding Nathan Sobey Nick Kay Lucas Walker Daniel Kickert Jesse Wagstaff Basketball Men 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold men 's national field hockey team , Australia Australia men 's national field hockey team Daniel Beale Tyler Lovell Andrew Charter Trent Mitton Tom Craig Eddie Ockenden Matthew Dawson Flynn Ogilvie Jeremy Edwards Lachlan Sharp Jake Harvie Jacob Whetton Jeremy Hayward Tom Wickham Aaron Kleinschmidt Dylan Wotherspoon Mark Knowles ( c ) Aran Zalewski Hockey Men 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold de Rozario , Madison Madison de Rozario Athletics Women 's 1500 metres ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 01 ! Gold de Rozario , Madison Madison de Rozario Athletics Women 's marathon ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Athletics Men 's marathon ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 01 ! Gold Montag , Jemima Jemima Montag Athletics Women 's 20 kilometres walk 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold O'Hanlon , Evan Evan O'Hanlon Athletics Men 's 100m T38 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 01 ! Gold Mitchell , Kathryn Kathryn Mitchell Athletics Women 's javelin 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Marschall , Kurtis Kurtis Marschall Athletics Men 's pole vault 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Stevens , Dani Dani Stevens Athletics Women 's discus throw 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Starc , Brandon Brandon Starc Athletics Men 's high jump 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Holt , Isis Isis Holt Athletics Women 's 100 metres ( T35 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Crombie , Cameron Cameron Crombie Athletics Men 's shot put ( F38 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold McHugh , Chris Chris McHugh Damien Schumann Beach volleyball Men 's 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Sampson , Dane Dane Sampson Shooting Men 's 10 metre air rifle 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 01 ! Gold Repacholi , Daniel Daniel Repacholi Shooting Men 's 50 metre pistol 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Scanlan , Laetisha Laetisha Scanlan Shooting Women 's trap 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 01 ! Gold Qin , Esther Esther Qin Georgia Sheehan Diving Women 's synchronized 3 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 01 ! Gold Wu , Melissa Melissa Wu Diving Women 's 10 metre platform 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 01 ! Gold Bedggood , Domonic Domonic Bedggood Diving Men 's 10 metre platform 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Stridsman , Anja Anja Stridsman Boxing Women 's lightweight 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Nicolson , Skye Skye Nicolson Boxing Women 's featherweight 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Garside , Harry Harry Garside Boxing Men 's lightweight 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Tapper , Melissa Melissa Tapper Table tennis Women 's TT6 -- 10 singles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Urquhart , Donna Donna Urquhart Cameron Pilley Squash Mixed doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 01 ! Gold Alexander , Zac Zac Alexander David Palmer Squash Men 's doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 02 ! Silver Sheehan , Georgia Georgia Sheehan Diving Women 's 1 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Schluter , Liam Liam Schluter Swimming Men 's 200 m freestyle S14 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver McLoughlin , Jack Jack McLoughlin Swimming Men 's 400 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Titmus , Ariarne Ariarne Titmus Swimming Women 's 200 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Morgan , David David Morgan Swimming Men 's 200 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Barratt , Holly Holly Barratt Swimming Women 's 50 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Hodge , Timothy Timothy Hodge Swimming Men 's 100 m backstroke S9 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Hodge , Timothy Timothy Hodge Swimming Men 's 100 metre breaststroke SB8 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Campbell , Bronte Bronte Campbell Swimming Women 's 50 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Campbell , Cate Cate Campbell Swimming Women 's 100 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Seebohm , Emily Emily Seebohm Swimming Women 's 100 metre backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Ashwood , Jessica Jessica Ashwood Swimming Women 's 800 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Taylor , Laura Laura Taylor Swimming Women 's 200 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Treffers , Ben Ben Treffers Swimming Men 's 50 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Birtwhistle , Jacob Jacob Birtwhistle Triathlon Men 's event 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 02 ! Silver Ballard , Angela Angela Ballard Athletics Women 's 1500 metres ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Fearnley , Kurt Kurt Fearnley Athletics Men 's 1500 metres ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Ault - Connell , Eliza Eliza Ault - Connell Athletics Women 's marathon ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 02 ! Silver Hulley , Alex Alex Hulley Athletics Women 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Roberts , Kelsey - Lee Kelsey - Lee Roberts Athletics Women 's javelin 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 02 ! Silver Jackson , Marty Marty Jackson Athletics Men 's shot put ( F38 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 02 ! Silver Frayne , Henry Henry Frayne Athletics Men 's long jump 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 02 ! Silver Weightman , Lisa Lisa Weightman Athletics Women 's marathon 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 02 ! Silver Peacock , Hamish Hamish Peacock Athletics Men 's javelin throw 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver Clarke , Rhiannon Rhiannon Clarke Athletics Women 's 100 metres ( T38 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver women 's national field hockey team , Australia Australia women 's national field hockey team Jocelyn Bartram Rachael Lynch Edwina Bone Karri McMahon Jane Claxton Gabrielle Nance Ashlea Fey Kaitlin Nobbs Savannah Fitzpatrick Brooke Peris Jordyn Holzberger Madi Ratcliffe Emily Hurtz Grace Stewart Jodie Kenny Emily Smith Stephanie Kershaw Renee Taylor Hockey Women 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver women 's national rugby sevens team , Australia Australia women 's national rugby sevens team Charlotte Caslick Evania Pelite Emilee Cherry Alicia Quirk Dominique Du Toit Cassandra Staples Georgina Friedrichs Emma Sykes Ellia Green Emma Tonegato Demi Hayes Sharni Williams Shannon Parry Rugby sevens Women 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 02 ! Silver national netball team , Australia Australia national netball team Caitlin Bassett Madi Robinson April Brandley Gabi Simpson Courtney Bruce Caitlin Thwaites Laura Geitz Liz Watson Susan Pettitt Jo Weston Kim Ravaillion Stephanie Wood Netball Women 's tournament 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 02 ! Silver Whateley , Jason Jason Whateley Boxing Men 's heavyweight 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver Parker , Caitlin Caitlin Parker Boxing Women 's middleweight 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver Artacho del Solar , Mariafe Mariafe Artacho del Solar Taliqua Clancy Beach volleyball Women 's 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Beveridge , Nic Nic Beveridge Triathlon Men 's PWTC 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Tapp , Emily Emily Tapp Triathlon Women 's PWTC 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Wiasak , Rebecca Rebecca Wiasak Cycling Women 's individual pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Morton , Stephanie Stephanie Morton Cycling Women 's 500 m time trial 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver McCulloch , Karlee Karlee McCulloch Cycling Women 's keirin 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Godwin , Georgia Georgia Godwin Gymnastics Women 's all - around 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 02 ! Silver Brown , Georgia - Rose Georgia - Rose Brown Gymnastics Women 's balance beam 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Horton , Mack Mack Horton Swimming Men 's 200 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Woodward , Bradley Bradley Woodward Swimming Men 's 100 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Woodward , Bradley Bradley Woodward Swimming Men 's 200 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Leonhardt , Paige Paige Leonhardt Swimming Women 's 100 metre breaststroke SB9 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Cole , Ellie Ellie Cole Swimming Women 's 100 m backstroke S9 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Chalmers , Kyle Kyle Chalmers Swimming Men 's 100 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Cochrane , Blake Blake Cochrane Swimming Men 's 200 metre individual medley SM8 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Denny , Matthew Matthew Denny Athletics Men 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Cleaver , Erin Erin Cleaver Athletics Women 's long jump T38 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Stratton , Brooke Brooke Stratton Athletics Women 's long jump 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 02 ! Silver Galiabovitch , Elena Elena Galiabovitch Shooting Women 's 25 m pistol 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 02 ! Silver Evglevski , Sergei Sergei Evglevski Shooting Men 's 25 metre rapid fire pistol 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Bailey , Jim Jim Bailey Shooting Queen 's prize individual 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver Cox , Emma Emma Cox Shooting Women 's double trap 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 02 ! Silver Sherriff , Aron Aron Sherriff Barrie Lester Nathan Rice Lawn bowls Men 's triples 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 02 ! Silver Sherriff , Aron Aron Sherriff Barrie Lester Nathan Rice Brett Wilkie Lawn bowls Men 's fours 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 02 ! Silver Groves , Madeline Madeline Groves Swimming Women 's 100 m butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 02 ! Silver Bell , Kerry Kerry Bell Shooting Men 's 10 metre air pistol 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 02 ! Silver Connor , James James Connor Diving Men 's 1 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 02 ! Silver Keeney , Maddison Maddison Keeney Diving Women 's 3 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 02 ! Silver Fassina , Kaity Kaity Fassina Weightlifting Women 's 90 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze Doyle , Taylor Taylor Doyle Athletics Women 's long jump T38 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Dubler , Cedric Cedric Dubler Athletics Men 's decathlon 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Kennedy , Nina Nina Kennedy Athletics Women 's pole vault 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Lappin , Jake Jake Lappin Athletics Men 's 1500 metres ( T54 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Hough , Nicholas Nicholas Hough Athletics Men 's 110 metres hurdles 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Nielsen , Lara Lara Nielsen Athletics Women 's hammer throw 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Mathews , Luke Luke Mathews Athletics Men 's 800 metres 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 03 ! Bronze Clarke , Thomas Thomas Clarke Bradley Henderson Cycling Men 's tandem 1 km time trial B 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze Clarke , Thomas Thomas Clarke Bradley Henderson Cycling Men 's tandem sprint B 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Constable , Patrick Patrick Constable Matthew Glaetzer * Nathan Hart Jacob Schmid Cycling Men 's team sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze Fox , Daniel Daniel Fox Swimming Men 's 200 m freestyle S14 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze Wilson , Matthew Matthew Wilson Swimming Men 's 200 m breaststroke 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze McKeon , Emma Emma McKeon Swimming Women 's 200 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze Horton , Mack Mack Horton Swimming Men 's 1500 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Evans , Blair Blair Evans Swimming Women 's 400 m individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 03 ! Bronze Edmondson , Annette Annette Edmondson Cycling Women 's individual pursuit 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Robertson , Taylah Taylah Robertson Boxing Women 's flyweight 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze Scott , Kaye Kaye Scott Boxing Women 's welterweight 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze Waterman , Clay Clay Waterman Boxing Men 's light heavyweight 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze McCulloch , Karlee Karlee McCulloch Cycling Women 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Schmid , Jacob Jacob Schmid Cycling Men 's sprint 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Brown , Georgia - Rose Georgia - Rose Brown Georgia Godwin Rianna Mizzen Emily Whitehead Gymnastics Women 's artistic team all - around 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Whitehead , Emily Emily Whitehead Gymnastics Women 's vault 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Sung , Enid Enid Sung Danielle Prince Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva Gymnastics Women 's rhythmic team all - around 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze Kiroi - Bogatyreva , Alexandra Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva Gymnastics Individual ball 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Godwin , Georgia Georgia Godwin Gymnastics Women 's uneven bars 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Hall , Brenden Brenden Hall Swimming Men 's 100 m freestyle S9 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Pickett , Leiston Leiston Pickett Swimming Women 's 50 m breaststroke 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Bohl , Georgia Georgia Bohl Swimming Women 's 100 metre breaststroke 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze McConnell , Ashleigh Ashleigh McConnell Swimming Women 's 100 m backstroke S9 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Downie , Katherine Katherine Downie Swimming Women 's 200 metre individual medley SM10 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Throssell , Brianna Brianna Throssell Swimming Women 's 100 m butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 03 ! Bronze Powell , Logan Logan Powell Swimming Men 's 100 m backstroke S9 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Cochrane , Blake Blake Cochrane Swimming Men 's 100 metre breaststroke SB8 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Seebohm , Emily Emily Seebohm Swimming Women 's 100 metre backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Lewis , Clyde Clyde Lewis Swimming Men 's 200 metre individual medley 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Groves , Madeline Madeline Groves Swimming Women 's 50 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Incerti , Zac Zac Incerti Swimming Men 's 50 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze McEvoy , Cameron Cameron McEvoy Swimming Men 's 50 metre freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 10 - 0000 10 April 03 ! Bronze Cole , Ellie Ellie Cole Swimming Women 's 100 metre freestyle S9 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Beaver , Josh Josh Beaver Swimming Men 's 200 m backstroke 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze Irvine , Grant Grant Irvine Swimming Men 's 100 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze Melverton , Kiah Kiah Melverton Swimming Women 's 800 m freestyle 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze Scott , Madeleine Madeleine Scott Swimming Women 's 100 metre breaststroke SB9 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze McKeon , Emma Emma McKeon Swimming Women 's 200 metre butterfly 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 03 ! Bronze Galiabovitch , Elena Elena Galiabovitch Shooting Women 's 10 metre air pistol 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 03 ! Bronze Chaffey , Bill Bill Chaffey Triathlon Men 's PWTC 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Parker , Lauren Lauren Parker Triathlon Women 's PWTC 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Etoundi , Francois Francois Etoundi Weightlifting Men 's 77 kg 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 03 ! Bronze Coop , Brianna Brianna Coop Athletics Women 's 100 metres ( T35 ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 03 ! Bronze Trengove , Jessica Jessica Trengove Athletics Women 's marathon 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 03 ! Bronze McDermott , Nicola Nicola McDermott Athletics Women 's high jump 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 03 ! Bronze Connor , James James Connor Diving Men 's 3 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 12 - 0000 12 April 03 ! Bronze Bedggood , Domonic Domonic Bedggood Declan Stacey Diving Men 's synchronized 10 metre platform 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Smith , Anabelle Anabelle Smith Diving Women 's 3 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 03 ! Bronze Qin , Esther Esther Qin Diving Women 's 1 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Bedggood , Domonic Domonic Bedggood Matthew Carter Diving Men 's synchronized 3 metre springboard 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 03 ! Bronze Urquhart , Donna Donna Urquhart Rachael Grinham Squash Women 's doubles 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 03 ! Bronze McDonnell , Andrea Andrea McDonnell Table tennis Women 's TT6 -- 10 singles 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April * -- Athlete competed in preliminary round ( s ) but not final round Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Swimming 28 21 24 73 Cycling 14 6 23 Athletics 13 13 10 36 Lawn bowls 5 0 7 Shooting 5 9 Diving 5 11 Boxing 8 Gymnastics 5 9 Squash 0 Basketball 0 0 Triathlon 6 Weightlifting Beach volleyball 0 Field hockey 0 Table tennis 0 Netball 0 0 Rugby sevens 0 0 Total 80 59 59 198 Para Medals by sport Sport 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Swimming 7 6 8 21 Athletics 6 6 15 Lawn bowls 0 0 Table tennis 0 Triathlon 0 Cycling 0 0 Total 16 14 16 46 Medals by date Day Date 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total 5 April 5 6 15 6 April 9 5 7 21 7 April 6 8 7 21 8 April 11 8 8 27 5 9 April 8 8 6 22 6 10 April 11 5 8 24 7 11 April 7 5 13 8 12 April 6 11 9 13 April 7 12 10 14 April 10 6 19 11 15 April 5 11 Total 80 59 59 198 Medals by gender Gender 01 ! 02 ! 03 ! Total Male 40 24 25 89 Female 37 34 34 105 Mixed 0 Total 80 59 59 198 Athletics ( track and field ) ( edit ) Main article : Athletics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Athletics Australia announced an initial team of 51 athletes . On 1 March 2018 , Athletics Australia announced the final team of 109 athletes , the second - largest team in history following Melbourne in 2006 . On 6 March 2018 , Ella Nelson withdrew from the team due to injury and was replaced by Larissa Pasternatsky . Marathon runner Chris Hammer wihdrew on 1 April due to injury . On 5 April , Sally Pearson announced an Achilles tendon injury had forced her withdrawal from defending her 100 m hurdles gold medal and from the 4 x 100 m relay . Declan Carruthers was selected but did not compete in men 's pole vault due to hamstring injury . Men Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Rohan Browning 100 m 10.29 3 q 10.26 Did not advance Josh Clarke 10.56 Did not advance Trae Williams 10.28 1 Q 10.28 Did not advance Evan O'Hanlon 100 m T38 N / A 11.09 01 ! Samuel Walker N / A 11.80 6 Alex Hartmann 200 m 20.66 2 Q 20.76 Did not advance Steven Solomon 400 m 45.39 1 Q 45.55 3 q 45.64 7 Joseph Deng 800 m 1 : 45.72 3 q N / A 1 : 47.20 7 Luke Mathews 1 : 46.53 2 Q N / A 1 : 45.60 03 ! Josh Ralph 1 : 47.76 N / A Did not advance Ryan Gregson 1500 m 3 : 43.06 2 Q N / A 3 : 39.24 9 Luke Mathews 3 : 47.08 7 q N / A 3 : 47.04 12 Jordan Williamsz 3 : 47.75 5 q N / A 3 : 38.34 6 Kurt Fearnley 1500 m ( T54 ) 3 : 06.72 2 Q N / A 3 : 11.92 02 ! Jake Lappin 3 : 11.42 1 Q N / A 3 : 12.60 03 ! Samuel Rizzo 3 : 12.91 4 Q N / A 3 : 14.16 6 Morgan McDonald 5000 m N / A 14 : 11.37 8 David McNeill N / A 14 : 24.51 12 Stewart McSweyn N / A 13 : 58.96 5 Stewart McSweyn 10000 m N / A 28 : 58.22 11 Patrick Tiernan N / A DSQ Nicholas Hough 110 m hurdles 13.46 3 Q N / A 13.38 03 ! Ian Dewhurst 400 m hurdles 49.84 N / A Did not advance James Nipperess 3000 m steeplechase N / A 8 : 58.16 9 Rohan Browning Josh Clarke Jack Hale Trae Williams 4 × 100 m relay 38.78 2 Q N / A 38.58 Murray Goodwin Daniel Mowen Joshua Ralph Steven Solomon 4 × 400 m relay DSQ N / A Did not advance Liam Adams Marathon N / A 2 : 21 : 08 5 Michael Shelley N / A 2 : 16 : 46 01 ! Kurt Fearnley Marathon T54 N / A 1 : 30 : 26 GR 01 ! Jake Lappin N / A 1 : 37 : 34 6 Dane Bird - Smith 20km walk N / A 1 : 19 : 34 GR 01 ! Michael Hosking N / A 1 : 25 : 35 10 Rhydian Cowley N / A 1 : 26 : 12 11 Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Rank Distance Rank Henry Frayne Long jump 8.34 GR 1 Q 8.33 02 ! Fabrice Lapierre 7.76 12 q 7.56 12 Chris Mitrevski 7.82 11q 7.90 6 Emmanuel Fakiye Triple jump 15.70 8 Did not advance Joel Baden High jump 2.15 8 Did not advance Brandon Starc 2.21 2 q 2.32 01 ! Angus Armstrong Pole vault N / A 5.35 5 Kurtis Marschall N / A 5.70 01 ! Damien Birkinhead Shot put 20.47 3 Q 20.77 5 Mitchell Cooper Discus 59.68 5 q 60.40 5 Matthew Denny 64.67 2 Q 62.53 Benn Harradine 61.64 2 q 59.92 5 Cameron Crombie Shot Put F38 N / A 15.74 01 ! Marty Jackson N / A 13.74 02 ! Jayden Sawyer N / A 12.40 Luke Cain Javelin throw 77.43 4 q 76.99 6 Hamish Peacock 81.22 1 Q 82.59 02 ! Jack Dalton Hammer throw N / A 68.28 8 Matthew Denny N / A 74.88 02 ! Huw Peacock N / A 65.19 11 Combined events -- Decathlon Athlete Event 100 m LJ SP HJ 400 m 110H DT PV JT 1500 m Final Rank Kyle Cranston Result 11.16 7.18 13.59 1.92 49.94 15.12 43.19 4.40 62.36 4 : 31.91 7734 5 Points 825 857 703 731 817 835 730 731 773 732 Cedric Dubler Result 10.69 7.59 12.34 2.01 48.39 14.24 40.59 5.00 54.63 4 : 57.03 7983 03 ! Points 931 957 627 813 890 944 677 910 657 571 Women Track & road events Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Result Rank Result Rank Result Rank Melissa Breen 100 m 11.65 4 q 11.76 5 Did not advance Brianna Coop 100 m T35 N / A 15.63 03 ! Isis Holt N / A 13.58 01 ! Carly Salmon N / A 16.39 Rhiannon Clarke 100 m T38 N / A 13.17 02 ! Erin Cleaver N / A 14.43 5 Ella Pardy N / A 13.48 Madison Coates 200 m 23.51 2 Q 23.43 Did not advance Riley Day 23.71 3 Q 23.24 Did not advance Larissa Pasternatsky 23.55 5 q 23.64 5 Did not advance Morgan Mitchell 400 m 52.81 5 q 52.65 Did not advance Bendere Oboya 55.62 6 Did not advance Anneliese Rubie 52.32 1 Q 51.51 3 q 52.03 7 Georgia Griffth 800 m 2 : 00.73 N / A Did not advance Brittany McGowan 2 : 01.17 N / A Did not advance Keely Small 2 : 00.81 6 N / A Did not advance Zoe Buckman 1500 m 4 : 11.78 8 q N / A 4 : 06.76 12 Georgia Griffth 4 : 06.41 2 Q N / A 4 : 04.17 5 Linden Hall 4 : 08.64 3 Q N / A 4 : 03.67 Eliza Ault - Connel 1500 m ( T54 ) N / A 3 : 38.88 Angela Ballard N / A 3 : 36.85 02 ! Madison de Rozario N / A 3 : 34.06 01 ! Madeline Hills 5000 m N / A 15 : 46.92 10 Celia Sullohern N / A 15 : 34.73 5 Eloise Wellings N / A 15 : 39.02 8 Madeline Hills 10000 m N / A 32 : 01.04 8 Celia Sullohern N / A 31 : 50.75 6 Eloise Wellings N / A 32 : 51.47 16 Brianna Beahan 100 m hurdles 13.02 2 Q N / A 13.11 5 Michelle Jenneke 12.99 4 q N / A 13.07 Lauren Wells 400 m hurdles 55.73 5 N / A Did not advance Genevieve LaCaze 3000 m steeplechase N / A 9 : 42.69 5 Victoria Mitchell N / A 10 : 12.59 9 Brianna Beahan Melissa Breen Maddie Coates Riley Day 4 × 100 m relay N / A DSQ Caitlin Jones Morgan Mitchell ) Anneliese Rubie Lauren Wells 4 × 400 m relay N / A 3 : 27.43 5 Virgina Moloney Marathon N / A 2 : 58 : 54 16 Jessica Trengove N / A 2 : 34 : 09 03 ! Lisa Weightman N / A 2 : 33 : 23 02 ! Eliza Ault - Connell Marathon T54 N / A 1 : 44 : 13 02 ! Madison de Rozario N / A 1 : 44 : 00 01 ! Jemima Montag 20km walk N / A 1 : 32 : 50 01 ! Beki Smith N / A 1 : 40 : 41 6 Clare Tallent N / A DSQ Field events Athlete Event Qualification Final Distance Position Distance Position Naa Anang Long jump 6.46 5 q 6.22 9 Brooke Stratton 6.73 1 Q 6.77 02 ! Lauren Wells 6.46 2 q 6.16 11 Erin Cleaver Long jump T38 N / A 4.36 02 ! Taylor Doyle N / A 4.22 03 ! Kailyn Joseph N / A 4.06 5 Nicola McDermott High jump N / A 1.91 03 ! Cassie Purdon N / A 1.84 6 Lisa Campbell Pole vault N / A 4.00 11 Nina Kennedy N / A 4.60 03 ! Liz Parnov N / A 4.40 5 Taryn Gollshewsky Discus throw N / A 55.47 5 Kim Mulhall N / A 54.93 6 Dani Stevens N / A 68.26 GR 01 ! Kelsey - Lee Roberts Javelin throw N / A 63.89 02 ! Kathryn Mitchell N / A 68.92 GR 01 ! Alex Hulley Hammer throw N / A 68.20 02 ! Danielle McConnell N / A 59.60 8 Lara Nielsen N / A 65.03 03 ! Combined events -- Heptathlon Athlete Event 100H HJ SP 200 m LJ JT 800 m Final Rank Alysha Burnett Result 14.32 1.87 13.62 26.76 5.82 46.56 2 : 43.14 5628 9 Points 934 1067 769 732 795 794 537 Celeste Mucci Result 13.19 1.75 12.22 24.59 6.10 43.03 2 : 29.73 5915 Points 1096 916 676 925 880 726 696 Badminton ( edit ) Main article : Badminton at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of ten athletes was announced on 23 February 2018 . Singles & doubles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Anthony Joe Men 's singles Sam ( GHA ) W 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 13 Bhatti ( PAK ) W 22 -- 20 , 21 -- 18 Prannoy ( IND ) L 18 -- 21 , 11 -- 21 Did not advance Robin Middleton Ross Smith Men 's doubles N / A Adcock Lane ( ENG ) L 10 -- 21 , 18 -- 21 Did not advance Matthew Chau Sawan Serasinghe N / A Ali Bhatti ( PAK ) W 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 17 Chrisnanta Hee ( SIN ) L 21 -- 23 , 21 -- 16 , 14 -- 21 Did not advance Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu Women 's singles Migbodzi ( GHA ) W 21 -- 2 , 21 -- 3 Morris ( FAI ) W 21 -- 3 , 21 -- 2 Pusarla ( IND ) L 15 -- 21 , 9 -- 21 Did not advance Setyana Mapasa Gronya Somerville Women 's doubles N / A Bye Dean Whiteside ( FIJ ) W 21 -- 3 , 21 -- 6 Cheah Lai ( MAS ) W 21 -- 15 , 21 -- 16 Smith Walker ( ENG ) L 15 -- 21 , 15 -- 21 Reddy Ponnappa ( IND ) L 19 -- 21 , 19 -- 21 Leanne Choo Renuga Veeran N / A Ong Wong ( SIN ) L 20 -- 22 , 21 -- 16 , 18 -- 21 Did not advance Setyana Mapasa Sawan Serasinghe Mixed doubles Bye Ricketts Wynter ( JAM ) W 21 -- 17 , 21 -- 4 Lindeman Tam ( CAN ) W 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 18 C Adcock G Adcock ( ENG ) L 10 -- 21 , 14 -- 21 Did not advance Mixed team Summary Team Event Group stage Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Australia Mixed team South Africa ( RSA ) W 5 -- 0 Uganda ( UGA ) W 4 -- 1 England ( ENG ) L 5 -- 0 2 Q Singapore ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Roster Matthew Chau Wendy Chen Leanne Choo Anthony Joe Setyana Mapasa Robin Middleton Sawan Serasinghe Ross Smith Gronya Somerville Renuga Veeran Pool C Pos Team Pld MF MA MD GF GA GD PF PA PD Pts Qualification England 0 15 0 + 15 30 0 + 30 630 345 + 285 Knockout stage Australia 9 6 + 3 19 12 + 7 576 472 + 104 South Africa 12 − 9 6 24 − 18 410 592 − 182 Uganda 0 12 − 9 6 25 − 19 406 613 − 207 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 6 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 Australia 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 5 April South Africa 0 Anthony Joe Prakash Vijayanath 24 22 22 20 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu Johanita Scholtz 21 5 21 13 Sawan Serasinghe / Matthew Chau Cameron Coetzer / Bongani von Bodenstein 21 8 21 12 Setyana Mapasa / Gronya Somerville Michelle Butler - Emmett / Elsie de Villers 21 6 21 13 5 Sawan Serasinghe / Setyana Mapasa Prakash Vijayanath / Michelle Butler - Emmett 21 8 21 17 Australia Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April Uganda Ross Smith / Leanne Choo Brian Kasirye / Aisha Nakiyemba 21 13 21 15 Anthony Joe Edwin Ekiring 21 23 21 19 10 21 Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu Shamim Bangi 21 5 21 12 Robin Middleton / Ross Smith Edwin Ekiring / Brian Kasirye 21 12 21 6 5 Leanne Choo / Renuga Veeran Shamim Bangi / Aisha Nakiyemba 21 7 21 5 England 5 Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 6 April Australia 0 Chris Adcock / Gabrielle Adcock Sawan Serasinghe / Setyana Mapasa 21 15 21 15 Rajiv Ouseph Anthony Joe 21 13 21 11 Marcus Ellis / Chris Langridge Sawan Serasinghe / Matthew Chau 21 14 21 8 Chloe Birch Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu 21 15 21 15 5 Lauren Smith / Sarah Walker Setyana Mapasa / Gronya Somerville 21 17 21 19 Quarterfinal Singapore Carrara Sports and Leisure Centre , Gold Coast 7 April Australia 0 Terry Hee Yong Kai / Tan Wei Han Matthew Chau / Setyana Mapasa 21 17 18 21 21 16 Loh Kean Yew Anthony Joe 21 8 21 6 Terry Hee Yong Kai / Danny Bawa Chrisnanta Robin Middleton / Ross Smith 21 15 21 14 Yeo Jia Min Wendy Chen Hsuan - yu not played 5 Ong Ren - Ne / Crystal Wong Jia Ying Gronya Somerville / Setyana Mapasa not played Basketball ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Australia has qualified a men 's and women 's basketball teams ( as the host nation ) for a total of 24 athletes ( 12 men and 12 women ) . Team of 12 men and 12 women was announced on 7 March 2018 . Summary Team Event Preliminary round Qualifying final Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Australia men 's Men 's tournament Canada W 95 -- 55 New Zealand W 79 -- 73 Nigeria W 97 -- 55 1 Q Bye Scotland W 103 -- 46 Canada W 87 - 47 01 ! Australia women 's Women 's tournament Mozambique W 113 -- 53 Canada W 100 -- 61 England W 118 -- 55 1 Q Bye New Zealand W 109 -- 50 England W 99 -- 55 01 ! Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster Angus Brandt Jason Cadee Cameron Gliddon Chris Goulding Nick Kay Daniel Kickert Damian Martin Brad Newley Mitch Norton Nathan Sobey Lucas Walker Jesse Wagstaff On 2 April 2018 , Mitch Creek and Matt Hodgson withdrew from the team and were replaced by Mitch Norton and Lucas Walker . Pool A Team PLD PF PA PD Points Australia 0 271 183 + 88 6 New Zealand 265 204 + 61 5 Canada 197 244 - 47 Nigeria 0 187 289 - 102 Qualified for the Semifinals Qualified for the Qualifying finals 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore Australia 95 -- 55 Canada Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 13 , 22 -- 16 , 22 -- 13 , 26 -- 13 Pts : Kickert 14 Rebs : Brandt , Sobey 11 Asts : Goulding 6 Pts : Diawara 10 Rebs : Morgan 6 Asts : Tutu 6 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Gyoergyi ( NOR ) , Vincent ( IND ) 000000002018 - 04 - 07 - 0000 7 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore New Zealand 73 -- 79 Australia Scoring by quarter : 21 -- 19 , 19 -- 16 , 19 - 21 , 14 - 23 Pts : Ili 22 Rebs : Delany 6 Asts : Ili 4 Pts : Kay 21 Rebs : Sobey 6 Asts : Cadee 3 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Bermudez ( MEX ) , Liszka ( POL ) , Dodds ( GBR ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 97 -- 55 Nigeria Scoring by quarter : 23 - 17 , 25 - 10 , 28 - 14 , 21 - 14 Pts : Brandt 16 Rebs : Cadee 9 Asts : Sobey 5 Pts : Diogu 19 Rebs : Achiuwa 8 Asts : Ofoegbu 3 Cairns Convention Centre , Cairns Referees : Liszka ( POL ) , Kom Njilo ( CMR ) , Dodds ( GBR ) Semi-final 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 10 : 00 Boxscore Australia 103 -- 46 Scotland Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 4 , 28 -- 18 , 35 -- 10 , 20 -- 14 Pts : Wagstaff 17 Rebs : Brandt 6 Asts : Sobey 6 Pts : Malcolm , Fraser 9 Rebs : Murray , Nealon - Lino 4 Asts : Bunyan 6 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Leonardo Zalazar ( ARG ) , Kingsley Ojeaburu ( NGR ) Gold medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 11 : 30 Boxscore Australia 87 -- 47 Canada Scoring by quarter : 20 -- 10 , 25 -- 9 , 18 -- 10 , 24 -- 18 Pts : Goulding 11 Rebs : Sobey 8 Asts : Gliddon 5 Pts : Tutu 10 Rebs : Tutu 6 Asts : Morgan , Tutu 3 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Omar Bermúdez ( MEX ) , Wojciech Liszka ( POL ) , Leonardo Zalazar ( ARG ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Basketball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following is the Australia roster in the women 's basketball tournament of the 2018 Commonwealth Games . Australia women 's national basketball team -- 2018 Commonwealth Games roster Players Coaches Pos . # Name Age -- Date of birth Ht . Club Ctr . 2.5 ! G / F O'Hea , Jenna 7004112610000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 06 - 06 ) 6 June 1987 1.86 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Melbourne Boomers AUS ! 1.5 ! G 5 Lavey , Tessa 7003913800000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1993 - 03 - 29 ) 29 March 1993 1.71 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) Dandenong Rangers AUS ! 1.5 ! G 6 Talbot , Stephanie 7003869500000000000 ♠ 23 -- ( 1994 - 06 - 15 ) 15 June 1994 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Phoenix Mercury USA ! 1.5 ! G 7 Blicavs , Stephanie 7004101150000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1990 - 07 - 26 ) 26 July 1990 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Dandenong Rangers AUS ! 5.0 ! C 8 Cambage , Liz 7003972700000000000 ♠ 26 -- ( 1991 - 08 - 18 ) 18 August 1991 2.03 m ( 6 ft 8 in ) Dallas Wings USA ! 3.5 ! F 9 Griffin , Kelsey 7004112350000000000 ♠ 30 -- ( 1987 - 07 - 02 ) 2 July 1987 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) Connecticut Sun USA ! 1.5 ! G 10 Ebzery , Katie - Rae 7004103140000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1990 - 01 - 08 ) 8 January 1990 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Sydney Uni Flames AUS ! 2.5 ! G / F 12 Snell , Belinda ( C ) 7004135990000000000 ♠ 37 -- ( 1981 - 01 - 10 ) 10 January 1981 1.80 m ( 5 ft 11 in ) Sydney Uni Flames AUS ! 3.5 ! F 13 Magbegor , Eziyoda 7003681000000000000 ♠ 18 -- ( 1999 - 08 - 13 ) 13 August 1999 1.93 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) Melbourne Boomers AUS ! 4.5 ! F / C 15 George , Cayla 7004105660000000000 ♠ 28 -- ( 1989 - 05 - 01 ) 1 May 1989 1.94 m ( 6 ft 4 in ) Connecticut Sun USA ! 2.5 ! G / F 21 Kunek , Alice 7003995100000000000 ♠ 27 -- ( 1991 - 01 - 06 ) 6 January 1991 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) Perth Lynx AUS ! 1.5 ! G 35 Seekamp , Nicole 7003947500000000000 ♠ 25 -- ( 1992 - 04 - 26 ) 26 April 1992 1.78 m ( 5 ft 10 in ) Adelaide Lightning AUS ! Head coach Sandy Brondello Assistant coach ( es ) Cheryl Chambers Paul Goriss Legend ( C ) Team captain Club -- describes last club before the tournament Age -- describes age on 5 April 2018 Pool A Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 331 169 + 162 6 Semi-finals Canada 226 207 + 19 5 England 187 249 − 62 Qualifying finals Mozambique 0 157 276 − 119 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head results ; 3 ) Points difference ; 4 ) Points scored . ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 113 -- 53 Mozambique Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 9 , 25 -- 11 , 36 -- 14 , 27 -- 19 Pts : Cambage 24 Rebs : George 11 Asts : George , Griffin 5 Pts : Gimo 18 Rebs : Mucauro 9 Asts : Zita 3 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Matthew Bathurst ( NZL ) , Shuet Mei Ho ( SIN ) , Joyce Muchenu ( ZIM ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 18 : 30 Boxscore Australia 100 -- 61 Canada Scoring by quarter : 28 -- 7 , 22 -- 13 , 19 -- 22 , 31 -- 19 Pts : Cambage 23 Rebs : George 8 Asts : Seekamp 4 Pts : Kiss - Rusk 15 Rebs : Kiss - Rusk 9 Asts : Boiago , Colley 4 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Snehal Bendke ( IND ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) , Sandy Ng ( MAS ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 17 : 30 Boxscore England 55 -- 118 Australia Scoring by quarter : 15 -- 31 , 9 -- 30 , 18 -- 33 , 13 -- 24 Pts : Fong , Pressley , Shaw 9 Rebs : Allen 7 Asts : Fong 4 Pts : Cambage 30 Rebs : George 10 Asts : Lavey 7 Townsville Entertainment and Convention Centre , Townsville Referees : Takaki Kato ( JPN ) , Joyce Muchenu ( ZIM ) , Kingsley Ojeaburu ( NGR ) Semi-final 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 21 : 00 Boxscore Australia 109 -- 50 New Zealand Scoring by quarter : 25 -- 12 , 28 -- 16 , 30 -- 6 , 26 -- 16 Pts : Cambage 21 Rebs : Griffin , Kunek 7 Asts : O'Hea 6 Pts : Cocks , Leger - Walker , Taylor 9 Rebs : Paalvast 5 Asts : Cocks , Purcell 3 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Wojciech Liszka ( POL ) , Viola Gyoergyi ( NOR ) , Chris Dodds ( GBR ) Gold medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 20 : 30 Boxscore Australia 99 -- 55 England Scoring by quarter : 26 -- 10 , 23 -- 21 , 29 -- 16 , 21 -- 8 Pts : George , Griffin 16 Rebs : George 10 Asts : Ebzery 7 Pts : Stewart 13 Rebs : Emanuel - Carr , Vanderwal 5 Asts : Vanderwal 4 Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre , Gold Coast Referees : Christine Vuong ( CAN ) , Ryan Jones ( NZL ) , Viola Györgyi ( NOR ) Beach volleyball ( edit ) Main article : Beach volleyball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of four athletes was announced on 24 February 2018 . Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / GM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Chris McHugh Damien Schumann Men 's Cavula Korowale ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 9 ) Hodge Seabrookes ( SKN ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 3 , 21 -- 11 ) Stewart Williams ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 12 ) 1 Q Kamara Lombi ( SLE ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 12 , 21 -- 14 ) Gregory Sheaf ( ENG ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 13 , 21 -- 16 ) Pedlow Schachter ( CAN ) W 2 -- 1 ( 21 -- 19 , 18 -- 21 , 18 -- 16 ) 01 ! Mariafe Artacho Taliqua Clancy Women 's Angelopoulou Konstantinou ( CYP ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 14 , 21 -- 9 ) Stafford Williams ( GRN ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 2 , 21 -- 11 ) Beattie Coutts ( SCO ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 9 ) 1 Q Mutatsimpundu Nzayisenga ( RWA ) W 2 -- 0 ( 21 -- 9 , 21 -- 8 ) Matauata Pata ( VAN ) W 2 -- 1 ( 21 -- 19 , 16 -- 21 , 15 -- 9 ) Humana - Paredes Pavan ( CAN ) L 0 -- 2 ( 19 -- 21 , 20 -- 22 ) 02 ! Boxing ( edit ) Main article : Boxing at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of thirteen boxers was selected on 14 December 2017 . Twelve boxers were making their Commonwealth Games debut . Men Athlete Event Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Jack Bowen 56kg N / A Walker ( NIR ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Harry Garside 60kg Omar ( GHA ) W 5 -- 0 Ndevelo ( NAM ) W 5 -- 0 Collins ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 McDonagh ( WAL ) W 3 -- 2 Kaushik ( IND ) W 3 -- 2 01 ! Liam Wilson 64kg Bye Ume ( PNG ) W 5 -- 0 McCormack ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Terry Nickolas 69kg Hield ( BAH ) W 5 -- 0 Dlamini ( SWZ ) W 5 -- 0 Kumar ( IND ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Campbell Somerville 75kg Redhead ( GRN ) W RSC Yadav ( IND ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Clay Waterman 81kg N / A Lazzerini ( SCO ) W 4 -- 1 Kaonga ( ZAM ) W 4 -- 1 Lee ( WAL ) L 1 -- 4 N / A 03 ! Jason Whateley 91kg N / A Bye Sullivan ( NIR ) W 4 -- 1 Tanwar ( IND ) W 4 -- 0 Nyika ( NZL ) L 0 -- 5 02 ! Toese Vousiutu 91 + kg N / A Bye Clarke ( ENG ) L 0 -- 5 Did not advance Women Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Taylah Robertson 51kg N / A Bye Whiteside ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 N / A 03 ! Skye Nicolson 57kg Bye Ndiang ( CMR ) W 5 -- 0 Aubin - Bocher ( CAN ) W 4 -- 1 Walsh ( NIR ) W 3 -- 2 01 ! Anja Stridsman 60kg Bye Devi ( IND ) W 5 -- 0 Garton ( NZL ) W 5 -- 0 Murney ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 01 ! Kaye Scott 69kg Bye Oriola ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 Eccles ( WAL ) L 1 -- 4 N / A 03 ! Caitlin Parker 75kg Bye Gale ( ENG ) W 5 -- 0 Agoegbulem ( NGR ) W 5 -- 0 Price ( WAL ) L 1 -- 4 02 ! Cycling ( edit ) Main article : Cycling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 36 athletes was announced on 20 February 2018 . Road ( edit ) Men Athlete Event Time Rank Mitchell Docker Road race 3 : 59 : 39 43 Alex Edmondson 4 : 06 : 36 46 Mathew Hayman 3 : 58 : 07 25 Cameron Meyer 3 : 57 : 01 9 Callum Scotson 4 : 06 : 36 47 Steele Von Hoff 3 : 57 : 01 01 ! Callum Scotson Time trial 49 : 35.65 Cameron Meyer 48 : 13.04 01 ! Women Athlete Event Time Rank Tiffany Cromwell Road race 3 : 02 : 21 6 Gracie Elvin 3 : 03 : 32 22 Katrin Garfoot 3 : 02 : 47 13 Chloe Hosking 3 : 02 : 18 01 ! Shannon Malseed 3 : 05 : 40 24 Sarah Roy 3 : 02 : 18 5 Katrin Garfoot Time trial 35 : 08.09 01 ! Track ( edit ) Sprint Athlete Event Qualification Round 1 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Time Rank Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Opposition Time Rank Patrick Constable Men 's sprint 9.890 14 Q Mitchell ( NZL ) L 10.656 Did not advance Matthew Glaetzer 9.583 GR 1 Q Sahrom ( MAS ) L 10.720 Did not advance Jacob Schmid 9.690 6 Q Ritter ( CAN ) W 10.367 Mitchell ( NZL ) W 10.257 , 10.335 Carlin ( SCO ) L 10.271 , 10.440 QB Sahrom ( MAS ) W 10.327 , 10.475 03 ! Patrick Constable Matthew Glaetzer Nathan Hart Men 's team sprint 44.205 3 QB N / A Canada ( CAN ) W 43.645 03 ! Bradley Henderson Thomas Clarke ( pilot ) Men 's tandem sprint B & VI N / A Fachie Rotherham ( pilot ) ( ENG ) L 10.587 , L 11.898 QB Rizann Muhammad Rasol ( pilot ) ( MAS ) W 10.511 , W 10.653 03 ! Kaarle McCulloch Women 's sprint 10.777 4 Q Deborah ( IND ) W 11.911 Podmore ( NZL ) W 11.487 Morton ( AUS ) L 11.243 , L 11.800 Genest ( CAN ) W 11.638 , W 11.853 03 ! Stephanie Morton 10.524 GR 1 Q Reji ( IND ) W 11.503 Cumming ( NZL ) W 11.814 McCulloch ( AUS ) W 11.134 , W 11.312 Hansen ( NZL ) W 11.262 , W 11.405 01 ! Kaarle McCulloch Stephanie Morton Women 's team sprint 32.578 GR 1 Q N / A New Zealand ( NZL ) W 32.488 01 ! Jessica Gallagher Madison Janssen ( pilot ) Women 's tandem sprint B & VI 10.954 2 Q N / A Scott Thornhill ( ENG ) L 11.694 , L 12.196 2 * Qualification legend : Q -- Qualify to next round / gold medal round , QB -- Qualify to bronze medal round . * -- Due to only three nations participating in the event , no silver or bronze medals were awarded in accordance with Commonwealth Games regulations . Keirin Athlete Event Round 1 Repechage Semifinals Final Patrick Constable Men 's keirin 1 Q Bye 5 8 Matthew Glaetzer 1 Q Bye 1 Q 01 ! Jacob Schmid 2 Q Bye 6 9 Kaarle McCulloch Women 's keirin 2 Q Bye 1 Q 02 ! Stephanie Morton 1 Q Bye 1 Q 01 ! Pursuit Athlete Event Qualification Final / BM Time Rank Opponent Results Rank Jordan Kerby Men 's pursuit 4 : 13.531 4 QB Kennett ( NZL ) 4 : 22.462 L Kelland O'Brien 4 : 17.401 7 Did not advance Sam Welsford 4 : 13.595 5 Did not advance Leigh Howard Jordan Kerby * Kelland O'Brien Alexander Porter Sam Welsford Men 's team pursuit 3 : 52.041 GR 1 Q England ( ENG ) W 3 : 49.804 WR 01 ! Ashlee Ankudinoff Women 's pursuit 3 : 27.624 4 QB Edmondson ( AUS ) 3 : 31.093 L Annette Edmondson 3 : 27.255 3 QB Ankudinoff ( AUS ) 3 : 30.922 W 03 ! Rebecca Wiasak 3 : 25.936 2 Q Archibald ( SCO ) 3 : 27.548 L 02 ! Ashlee Ankudinoff Amy Cure Annette Edmondson Alexandra Manly Women 's team pursuit 4 : 17.218 GR 1 Q New Zealand ( NZL ) W 4 : 15.214 GR 01 ! Qualification Legend : Q -- Athlete qualified to next round / gold medal round , QB -- Athlete qualified to bronze medal round . * -- Athlete cycled in preliminary round ( s ) but not in the final . Time trial Athlete Event Time Rank Patrick Constable Men 's time trial 1 : 01.438 6 Matthew Glaetzer 59.340 GR 01 ! Nicholas Yallouris 1 : 01.945 10 Bradley Henderson Thomas Clarke ( pilot ) Men 's tandem time trial B & VI 1 : 01.512 03 ! Kaarle McCulloch Women 's time trial 33.583 01 ! Stephanie Morton 33.619 02 ! Jessica Gallagher Madison Janssen ( pilot ) Women 's tandem time trial B & VI 1 : 07.165 2 * Qualification legend : * -- Due to only three nations participating in the event , no silver or bronze medals were awarded in accordance with Commonwealth Games regulations . Points race Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Leigh Howard Men 's points race 10 5 Q − 38 21 Cameron Meyer 25 4 Q 50 Kelland O'Brien 8 10 45 8 Georgia Baker Women 's points race N / A 0 21 Amy Cure N / A 7 8 Alexandra Manly N / A 14 Scratch race Athlete Event Qualification Final Leigh Howard Men 's scratch race 3 Q DNF Cameron Meyer 4 Q 10 Sam Welsford 3 Q 01 ! Ashlee Ankudinoff Women 's scratch race N / A 17 Amy Cure N / A 01 ! Annette Edmondson N / A 14 Mountain biking ( edit ) Athlete Event Time Rank Daniel McConnell Men 's cross-country 1 : 19 : 59 7 Rebecca McConnell Women 's cross-country 1 : 22 : 32 6 Diving ( edit ) Main article : Diving at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 14 divers was announced on 5 February 2018 . Taneka Kovchenko was forced to withdraw from the Team just prior to the Games due to the risk of serious injury . She was replaced by Teju Williamson . Men Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Matthew Carter 1 m springboard 361.45 5 Q 368.30 8 Kurtis Mathews 258.15 12 Q 367.60 9 James Connor 354.45 6 Q 412.45 02 ! Matthew Carter 3 m springboard 436.25 2 Q 409.00 6 Kurtis Mathews 286.35 17 Did not advance James Connor 389.55 8 Q 438.50 03 ! Domonic Bedggood 10 m platform 393.75 4 Q 451.15 01 ! Matthew Barnard 319.95 11 Q 350.35 10 Declan Stacey 401.75 3 Q 393.20 7 Domonic Bedggood Matthew Carter 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 408.12 03 ! James Connor Kurtis Mathews N / A 370.17 6 Domonic Bedggood Declan Stacey 10 m synchronised platform N / A 397.92 03 ! Women Athlete Event Preliminaries Final Points Rank Points Rank Esther Qin 1 m springboard 273.80 1 Q 252.95 03 ! Georgia Sheehan 263.75 2 Q 264.00 02 ! Maddison Keeney 3 m springboard 302.50 6 Q 366.55 02 ! Esther Qin 332.10 1 Q 294.60 5 Anabelle Smith 272.85 8 Q 336.90 03 ! Teju Williamson 10 m platform 293.80 8 Q 276.35 11 Brittany O'Brien 304.75 7 Q 322.50 7 Melissa Wu 327.20 3 Q 360.40 01 ! Maddison Keeney Anabelle Smith 3 m synchronised springboard N / A 224.31 7 Esther Qin Georgia Sheehan N / A 284.10 01 ! Teju Williamson Melissa Wu 10 m synchronised platform N / A 307.80 Brittany O'Brien Anna Rose Keating N / A 273.15 6 Gymnastics ( edit ) Main article : Gymnastics at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of thirteen athletes announced on 28 February 2018 . Team consists of five artistic men , five artistic women and three rhythmic women . Artistic ( edit ) Men Team Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Michael Mercieca Team 12.950 12.050 12.900 13.450 13.600 12.850 77.800 13 Q Mitchell Morgans N / A 12.500 13.700 N / A Christopher Remkes 13.250 13.750 Q N / A 14.950 Q N / A Michael Tone 11.600 13.850 Q 13.375 13.500 12.950 13.200 Q 78.745 11 Q Luke Wadsworth N / A 12.300 13.150 N / A 13.250 11.650 N / A Total 37.800 39.900 39.425 41.900 40.550 38.550 238.125 5 Individual Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank PH V PB HB Michael Mercieca All - around 13.100 12.850 13.400 13.750 14.100 14.150 81.350 5 Michael Tone 12.750 13.850 13.050 13.850 12.850 12.100 78.450 8 Christopher Remkes Pommel horse N / A 13.733 N / A 13.733 6 Michael Tone N / A 12.433 N / A 12.433 7 Christopher Remkes Vault N / A 14.799 N / A 14.799 01 ! Michael Tone Horizontal bar N / A 12.733 12.733 5 Women Team Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Georgia - Rose Brown Team 13.600 14.000 Q 12.650 Q 12.450 Q 52.700 5 Q Alexandra Eade N / A 13.250 Q N / A Georgia Godwin 13.600 Q 13.80 Q 11.950 11.800 51.150 8 Q Rianna Mizzen 13.700 11.900 11.700 12.400 49.700 10 Emily Whitehead 14.050 Q 13.150 12.450 Q N / A Total 41.350 40.950 37.050 38.100 157.450 03 ! Individual Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank V UB BB Georgia - Rose Brown All - around 13.600 13.700 12.750 12.950 53.000 Georgia Godwin 13.800 13.750 13.150 13.100 53.800 02 ! Georgia Godwin Vault 13.650 N / A 13.650 6 Emily Whitehead 13.849 N / A 13.849 03 ! Georgia - Rose Brown Uneven bars N / A 13.233 N / A 13.233 Georgia Godwin N / A 13.433 N / A 13.433 03 ! Georgia - Rose Brown Balance beam N / A 13.066 N / A 13.066 02 ! Emily Whitehead N / A 12.500 N / A 12.500 5 Georgia - Rose Brown Floor N / A 13.100 13.100 5 Alexandra Eade N / A 13.333 13.333 01 ! Rhythmic ( edit ) Team Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva Team 12.550 12.250 Q 11.450 11.200 Q 47.450 8 Q Danielle Prince 13.100 12.150 Q 11.400 10.550 47.200 10 Enid Sung 13.450 Q 11.150 12.100 Q 10.750 Q 47.450 7 Q Total 39.100 35.550 34.950 11.200 120.800 03 ! Individual Athlete Event Apparatus Total Rank Hoop Ball Clubs Ribbon Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva All - around 11.950 12.500 10.500 11.150 46.100 10 Enid Sung 13.100 12.525 13.250 11.850 50.725 Enid Sung Hoop 13.400 N / A 13.400 Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva Ball N / A 13.250 N / A 13.250 03 ! Danielle Prince N / A 7.600 N / A 7.600 8 Enid Sung Clubs N / A 9.850 N / A 9.850 8 Alexandra Kiroi - Bogatyreva Ribbon N / A 11.350 11.350 5 Enid Sung N / A 10.200 10.200 6 Field hockey ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Summary Team Event Preliminary round Semifinal Final / BM / PM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Australia men 's Men 's tournament South Africa W 4 -- 0 Scotland W 6 -- 1 Canada W 4 -- 0 New Zealand W 2 -- 1 1 Q England W 2 -- 1 New Zealand W 2 -- 0 01 ! Australia women 's Women 's tournament Canada W 1 -- 0 Ghana W 5 -- 0 New Zealand D 0 -- 0 Scotland W 2 -- 0 1 Q India W 1 -- 0 New Zealand L 1 -- 4 02 ! Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament On 6 April , Blake Govers was ruled out with a broken finger and replaced with Tom Wickham . Roster Daniel Beale Andrew Charter Tom Craig Matthew Dawson Jeremy Edwards Jake Harvie Jeremy Hayward Aaron Kleinschmidt Mark Knowles ( c ) Tyler Lovell Trent Mitton Eddie Ockenden Flynn Ogilvie Lachlan Sharp Jacob Whetton Tom Wickham Dylan Wotherspoon Aran Zalewski Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 0 16 + 14 12 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 6 + 12 9 Scotland 0 7 14 − 7 5th -- 6th place match Canada 0 12 − 9 7th -- 8th place match 5 South Africa 0 14 − 10 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 16 : 30 Australia 4 -- 0 South Africa Mitton 30 ' , 39 ' Hayward 43 ' Kleinschmidt 50 ' Report Umpires : Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) Tyler Klenk ( CAN ) 8 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) 21 : 30 Australia 6 -- 1 Scotland Zalewski 2 ' Beale 2 ' Wickham 13 ' Wotherspoon 15 ' Ogilvie 20 ' Kleinschmidt 43 ' Report Harwood 23 ' Umpires : Eric Koh ( MAS ) Anbananthan Rawi ( MAS ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 16 : 30 Australia 4 -- 0 Canada Wotherspoon 12 ' , 14 ' Hayward 15 ' Mitton 54 ' Report Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Tim Bond ( NZL ) 11 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 16 : 30 Australia 2 -- 1 New Zealand Whetton 20 ' Mitton 57 ' Report Bennett 59 ' Umpires : David Sweetman ( SCO ) Hong Zhen Lim ( SGP ) Semi-final 13 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) 19 : 30 Australia 2 -- 1 England Mitton 1 ' , 49 ' Report Sloan 37 ' Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) David Sweetman ( SCO ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 21 : 15 Australia 2 -- 0 New Zealand Kleinschmidt 21 ' Dawson 28 ' Report Umpires : Sean Rapaport ( RSA ) Lim Hong Zhen ( SGP ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Hockey at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster Jocelyn Bartram Edwina Bone Jane Claxton Ashlea Fey Savannah Fitzpatrick Jordyn Holzberger Emily Hurtz Jodie Kenny Stephanie Kershaw Rachael Lynch Karri McMahon Gabrielle Nance Kaitlin Nobbs Brooke Peris Madi Ratcliffe Emily Smith ( c ) Grace Stewart Renee Taylor Pool B Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 0 8 0 + 8 10 Advance to Semi-finals New Zealand 0 18 + 17 8 Canada 5 + 3 5 5th -- 6th place match Scotland 6 8 − 2 7th -- 8th place match 5 Ghana 0 0 27 − 26 0 9th -- 10th place match Source : FIH Rules for classification : 1 ) points ; 2 ) number of wins ; 3 ) goal difference ; 4 ) goals scored ; 5 ) head - to - head results . ( H ) Host . 5 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) 16 : 30 Australia 1 -- 0 Canada Kenny 25 ' Report Umpires : Emma Shelbourn ( GBR ) Wanri Venter ( RSA ) 7 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 07 ) 21 : 30 Australia 5 -- 0 Ghana Bone 2 ' Kenny 7 ' , 30 ' Claxton 14 ' Peris 41 ' Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Durgi Devi ( IND ) 9 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 09 ) 21 : 30 Australia 0 -- 0 New Zealand Report Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) 10 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) 21 : 30 Australia 2 -- 0 Scotland Kenny 12 ' Stewart 41 ' Report Umpires : Durgi Devi ( IND ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Semi-final 12 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) 21 : 15 Australia 1 -- 0 India Stewart 37 ' Report Umpires : Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lelia Sacre ( CAN ) Gold medal match 14 April 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 14 ) 12 : 45 New Zealand 4 -- 1 Australia Gloyn 28 ' Keddell 34 ' Merry 42 ' McLaren 56 ' Report Kenny 50 ' Umpires : Sarah Wilson ( SCO ) Ayanna McClean ( TTO ) Lawn bowls ( edit ) Main article : Lawn bowls at the 2018 Commonwealth Games 17 person team was announced on 5 December 2017 . Men Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Aaron Wilson Singles Paniani ( COK ) W 21 -- 6 Aquilina ( MLT ) W 21 -- 17 Jones ( NFI ) W 21 -- 18 Breitenbach ( RSA ) W 21 -- 6 Salmon ( WAL ) W 21 -- 16 1 Q Kelly ( NIR ) W 21 -- 9 Paxton ( ENG ) W 21 -- 16 Bester ( CAN ) W 21 -- 14 01 ! Aaron Wilson Brett Wilkie Pairs Aquilina Parnis ( MLT ) W 22 -- 11 Ahad Tengah ( BRU ) W 30 -- 7 Le Ber Solway ( GUE ) W 18 -- 15 Bester Stadnyk ( CAN ) W 15 -- 12 N / A 1 Q Aquilina Parnis ( MLT ) L 13 -- 15 Did not advance Barrie Lester Nathan Rice Aron Sherriff Triples Jersey L 18 -- 21 Botswana W 33 -- 4 Fiji W 28 -- 3 Brunei W 29 -- 4 N / A 2 Q New Zealand W 25 -- 10 Canada W 20 -- 5 Scotland L 14 -- 19 02 ! Barrie Lester Brett Wilkie Nathan Rice Aron Sherriff Fours Botswana W 21 -- 5 India L 15 -- 19 Norfolk Island W 24 -- 10 South Africa W 27 -- 6 N / A 2 Q Northern Ireland W 13 -- 9 Wales W 15 -- 5 Scotland L 13 -- 15 02 ! Women Athlete Event Preliminary round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Karen Murphy Singles Kioa ( TGA ) W 21 -- 4 Siame ( ZAM ) W 21 -- 3 Piketh ( RSA ) W 21 -- 16 Beattie ( NIR ) W 21 -- 17 N / A 1 Q Piketh ( RSA ) L 19 -- 21 Did not advance Kelsey Cottrell Karen Murphy Pairs Banda Mpezeni ( ZAM ) W 24 -- 5 Blumsky Papani ( NIU ) W 35 -- 11 C Rixon R Rixon ( MLT ) W 18 -- 14 Walo Wimp ( PNG ) W 29 -- 7 Chestney Tolchard ( ENG ) W 20 -- 14 1 Q Doig Johnston ( SCO ) L 15 -- 16 Did not advance Carla Krizanic Natasha Scott Rebecca Van Asch Triples Papua New Guinea W 32 -- 12 India W 20 -- 11 Canada W 20 -- 13 Fiji W 24 -- 9 N / A 1 Q Northern Ireland W 30 -- 11 England W 16 -- 13 Scotland W 21 -- 12 01 ! Kelsey Cottrell Carla Krizanic Rebecca Van Asch Natasha Scott Fours Papua New Guinea W 41 -- 1 Cook Islands W 15 -- 9 Namibia W 23 -- 9 Malaysia W 14 -- 13 N / A 1 Q Malaysia W 14 -- 12 Canada W 10 -- 9 South Africa W 18 -- 16 01 ! Mixed para-sport Athlete Event Preliminary round Semifinals Final Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Jake Fehlberg Grant Fehlberg ( Director ) Lynne Seymour Robert Seymour ( Director ) Pairs South Africa W 26 -- 3 England L 16 -- 17 New Zealand W 16 -- 11 Wales W 18 -- 6 Scotland L 11 -- 15 2 Q Scotland W 14 -- 8 South Africa W 12 -- 9 01 ! Anthony Bonnell Ken Hanson Joshua Thornton Triples Scotland W 18 -- 6 South Africa W 13 -- 10 England L 12 -- 16 Wales W 22 -- 12 New Zealand W 16 -- 11 1 Q South Africa W 15 -- 7 New Zealand W 14 -- 13 01 ! Officials : Team Leader -- Peter Brown ; Head Coach -- Steve Glasson ; Coaches -- Kelvin Kerkow , Gary Willis ; Team Manager -- Faye Luke ; Sport Psychologist -- Mark McMahon -- Sport Psychologist Netball ( edit ) Main article : Netball at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Australia qualified a netball team by virtue of being the host country of the event . Summary Team Event Preliminary round Semifinal Final / BM / PM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Australia Tournament Northern Ireland W 94 -- 26 Barbados W 79 -- 24 South Africa W 60 -- 38 Fiji W 100 -- 23 Jamaica W 72 -- 51 1 Q New Zealand W 65 -- 44 England L 51 -- 52 02 ! Roster Caitlin Bassett ( captain ) April Brandley Courtney Bruce Laura Geitz Susan Pettitt Kim Ravaillion Madi Robinson Gabi Simpson ( vice-captain ) Caitlin Thwaites Liz Watson Jo Weston Stephanie Wood Pool A Pos Team Pld GF GA GD Pts Qualification Australia ( H ) 5 5 0 0 413 162 + 251 10 Semi-finals Jamaica 5 0 351 221 + 130 8 South Africa 5 0 310 205 + 105 6 Classification matches Northern Ireland 5 0 224 307 − 83 5 Barbados 5 0 185 333 − 148 6 Fiji 5 0 0 5 171 426 − 255 0 Updated to match ( es ) played on 11 April 2018 . Source : GC2018 ( H ) Host . 000000002018 - 04 - 05 - 0000 5 April 2018 20 : 30 Report Australia 94 -- 26 Northern Ireland Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Maria van der Merwe Jono Bredin Reserve umpire : Lisa McPhail Thwaites 39 / 39 ( 100 % ) Bassett 31 / 34 ( 91 % ) Pettitt 13 / 13 ( 100 % ) Wood 11 / 15 ( 73 % ) L. Bowman 13 / 22 ( 59 % ) Mccullogh 6 / 9 ( 67 % ) Lennon 4 / 6 ( 67 % ) K. Bowman 3 / 4 ( 75 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 06 - 0000 6 April 2018 20 : 30 Report Barbados 24 -- 79 Australia Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Lisa McPhail Kristie Simpson Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Wharton 12 / 17 ( 71 % ) Blackman 8 / 10 ( 80 % ) Payne 4 / 5 ( 80 % ) Thwaites 24 / 24 ( 100 % ) Bassett 23 / 26 ( 88 % ) Wood 17 / 17 ( 100 % ) Pettitt 15 / 15 ( 100 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 08 - 0000 8 April 2018 20 : 30 Report Australia 60 -- 38 South Africa Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Jono Bredin Lisa McPhail Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Bassett 20 / 23 ( 87 % ) Thwaites 15 / 15 ( 100 % ) Wood 14 / 15 ( 93 % ) Pettitt 11 / 11 ( 100 % ) Venter 33 / 40 ( 83 % ) Holtzhausen 5 / 10 ( 50 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 09 - 0000 9 April 2018 15 : 00 Report Fiji 23 -- 108 Australia Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Angela Armstrong - Lush Kristie Simpson Reserve umpire : Jackie Mizon Waqa 15 / 19 ( 79 % ) M. Rusivakula 8 / 14 ( 57 % ) Bassett 40 / 41 ( 98 % ) Thwaites 30 / 31 ( 97 % ) Pettitt 23 / 23 ( 100 % ) Wood 15 / 19 ( 79 % ) 000000002018 - 04 - 11 - 0000 11 April 2018 21 : 00 Report Australia 72 -- 51 Jamaica Gold Coast Convention and Exhibition Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Lisa McPhail Reserve umpire : Kristie Simpson Bassett 22 / 23 ( 96 % ) Thwaites 22 / 22 ( 100 % ) Pettitt 20 / 21 ( 95 % ) Wood 8 / 10 ( 80 % ) Fowler - Reid 30 / 32 ( 94 % ) Aiken 11 / 14 ( 79 % ) Beckford 8 / 12 ( 67 % ) Robinson 2 / 2 ( 100 % ) Semi-final match 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 17 : 00 Report Australia 65 -- 44 New Zealand Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Gary Burgess Jackie Mizon Reserve umpire : Kate Stephenson Thwaites 24 / 25 ( 96 % ) Bassett 17 / 18 ( 94 % ) Pettitt 15 / 16 ( 94 % ) Wood 9 / 12 ( 75 % ) Folau 32 / 41 ( 78 % ) Ekenasio 7 / 9 ( 78 % ) Selby - Rickit 3 / 5 ( 60 % ) Mes 2 / 3 ( 67 % ) Gold medal match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 13 : 00 Report Australia 51 -- 52 England Coomera Indoor Sports Centre Umpires : Lisa McPhail Jono Bredin Reserve umpire : Angela Armstrong - Lush Bassett 22 / 24 ( 92 % ) Wood 12 / 14 ( 86 % ) Pettitt 11 / 12 ( 92 % ) Thwaites 6 / 6 ( 100 % ) Harten 34 / 39 ( 87 % ) Housby 18 / 21 ( 86 % ) Rugby sevens ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Summary Team Event Preliminary Round Semifinal / CS Final / BM / CF Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Australia men 's Men 's tournament Samoa W 24 -- 7 Jamaica W 32 -- 5 England L 17 -- 26 Kenya W 33 -- 5 Scotland W 26 -- 0 5 Australia women 's Women 's tournament Wales W 34 -- 5 England W 29 -- 12 Fiji W 17 -- 10 1 Q Canada W 33 -- 7 New Zealand L 12 -- 17 02 ! Men 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Men 's tournament Roster The following team was announced as the 2018 Commonwealth Games sevens team . Captain Lewis Holland was originally announced as a team player , however , was excluded due to injury , and replaced by Brandon Quinn . Replacement captain James Stannard was also ruled out after a skull fracture resulting from being attacked after a farewell dinner to departing coach Andy Friend . view talk Head coach : Andy Friend 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Union / Club BK Taylor , Charlie Charlie Taylor ( 1995 - 07 - 25 ) July 25 , 1995 ( aged 22 ) Manly FW Connor , Tom Tom Connor ( 1992 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1992 ( aged 25 ) Sydney Rays FW Myers , Sam Sam Myers ( 1990 - 05 - 25 ) May 25 , 1990 ( aged 27 ) Norths BK Lucas , Tom Tom Lucas ( 1993 - 11 - 23 ) November 23 , 1993 ( aged 24 ) Sunnybank 5 BK Quinn , Brandon Brandon Quinn ( 1994 - 01 - 28 ) January 28 , 1994 ( aged 24 ) Australia 7s 6 BK Porch , John John Porch ( 1994 - 03 - 04 ) March 4 , 1994 ( aged 24 ) Norths 7 FW Anstee , Tim Tim Anstee ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1997 ( aged 20 ) Eastwood 8 FW Parahi , Jesse Jesse Parahi ( c ) ( 1989 - 07 - 29 ) July 29 , 1989 ( aged 28 ) Norths 9 FW Killingworth , Boyd Boyd Killingworth ( 1992 - 04 - 06 ) April 6 , 1992 ( aged 26 ) Warringah 10 BK O'Donnell , Ben Ben O'Donnell ( 1995 - 08 - 14 ) August 14 , 1995 ( aged 22 ) Randwick 11 BK Longbottom , Maurice Maurice Longbottom ( 1995 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1995 ( aged 23 ) Australia 7s 12 FW Anderson , Lachlan Lachlan Anderson ( 1997 - 08 - 27 ) August 27 , 1997 ( aged 20 ) Eastwood Brandon Quinn replaced captain Lewis Holland who withdrew due to injury . James Stannard was forced to withdrew after being injured during a late night assault and was replaced by Nicholas Price . Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification England 0 0 97 22 + 75 9 Semi-finals Australia 0 73 38 + 35 7 Classification semi-finals Samoa 0 43 64 − 21 5 Jamaica 0 0 17 106 − 89 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 9 : 31 Australia 24 -- 7 Samoa Try : Anderson ( 2 ) 3 ' c , 5 ' m Longbottom 6 ' m Connor 9 ' c Con : Lucas ( 1 / 2 ) 3 ' Porch ( 1 / 2 ) 9 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Fomai 1 ' c Con : Mealoi ( 1 / 1 ) 1 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sam Grove - White ( Scotland ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 13 : 11 Australia 32 -- 5 Jamaica Try : O'Donnell 1 ' m Longbottom ( 3 ) 2 ' m , 5 ' m , 14 ' m Porch 4 ' m Myers 11 ' c Con : Porch ( 0 / 4 ) Quinn ( 1 / 2 ) 11 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Bush 7 ' m Con : Stoppani ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) 000000002018 - 04 - 14 - 0000 14 April 2018 20 : 05 England 26 -- 17 Australia Try : Norton 3 ' m Davis ( 2 ) 7 ' c , 12 ' c McConnochie 8 ' c Con : Mitchell ( 2 / 3 ) 8 ' , 12 ' Bibby ( 1 / 1 ) 7 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Taylor 1 ' m Porch 5 ' c Connor 10 ' m Con : Lucas ( 1 / 2 ) 5 ' Porch ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Richard Kelly ( New Zealand ) 5th - 8th Playoff 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 10 : 15 Australia 33 -- 5 Kenya Try : O'Donnell ( 2 ) 4 ' c , 13 ' c Longbottom 7 ' m Myers 8 ' c Porch 10 ' c Con : Porch ( 4 / 5 ) 4 ' , 8 ' , 11 ' , 14 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Odhiambo 1 ' m Con : Agero ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Tevita Rokovereni ( Fiji ) 5th place match 000000002018 - 04 - 15 - 0000 15 April 2018 13 : 33 Australia 26 -- 0 Scotland ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Craig Evans ( Wales ) Women 's tournament ( edit ) Main article : Rugby sevens at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Women 's tournament Roster The following team was announced as the 2018 Commonwealth Games sevens team . view talk Head coach : Tim Walsh 0 # 0 Pos . Player Date of birth ( age ) Union / Club FW Parry , Shannon Shannon Parry ( co-c ) ( 1989 - 10 - 27 ) October 27 , 1989 ( aged 28 ) Queensland FW Williams , Sharni Sharni Williams ( co-c ) ( 1988 - 03 - 02 ) March 2 , 1988 ( aged 30 ) Australian Capital Territory BK Hayes , Demi Demi Hayes ( 1998 - 05 - 28 ) May 28 , 1998 ( aged 19 ) Queensland BK Du Toit , Dom Dom Du Toit ( 1997 - 05 - 19 ) May 19 , 1997 ( aged 20 ) Queensland 5 BK Tonegato , Emma Emma Tonegato ( 1995 - 04 - 20 ) April 20 , 1995 ( aged 22 ) New South Wales 6 FW Pelite , Vani Vani Pelite ( 1995 - 07 - 12 ) July 12 , 1995 ( aged 22 ) Queensland 7 BK Caslick , Charlotte Charlotte Caslick ( 1995 - 03 - 09 ) March 9 , 1995 ( aged 23 ) Queensland 8 FW Staples , Cassie Cassie Staples ( 1992 - 10 - 16 ) October 16 , 1992 ( aged 25 ) New South Wales 9 FW Sykes , Emma Emma Sykes ( 1998 - 06 - 26 ) June 26 , 1998 ( aged 19 ) Queensland 10 BK Quirk , Alicia Alicia Quirk ( 1992 - 03 - 28 ) March 28 , 1992 ( aged 26 ) New South Wales 11 BK Cherry , Emilee Emilee Cherry ( 1992 - 11 - 02 ) November 2 , 1992 ( aged 25 ) Queensland 12 BK Green , Ellia Ellia Green ( 1993 - 02 - 20 ) February 20 , 1993 ( aged 25 ) Victoria 13 Friedrichs , Georgie Georgie Friedrichs ( reserve ) ( 1995 - 04 - 14 ) April 14 , 1995 ( aged 23 ) Queensland Pool B Pos Team Pld PF PA PD Pts Qualification Australia 0 0 80 27 + 53 9 Semi-finals England 0 74 34 + 40 7 Fiji 0 44 41 + 3 5 Classification semi-finals Wales 0 0 12 108 − 96 Source : GC2018 Rules for classification : 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Head - to - head result ; 3 ) Point difference ; 4 ) Points scored . 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 17 : 37 Australia 34 -- 5 Wales Try : Tonegato 1 ' m Pelite 2 ' c Green ( 2 ) 6 ' m , 8 ' m Williams 7 ' m du Toit 12 ' c Con : Sykes ( 2 / 6 ) 3 ' , 13 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Joyce 10 ' m Con : Snowsill ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Rebecca Mahoney ( New Zealand ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 20 : 17 Australia 29 -- 12 England Try : Tonegato 2 ' m Green 7 ' c Sykes 8 ' m Pelite 12 ' c Staples 14 ' m Con : Sykes ( 2 / 5 ) 7 ' , 12 ' ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Brown 4 ' m Fleming 6 ' c Con : Hunt ( 1 / 2 ) 6 ' Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Alhambra Nievas ( Spain ) 000000002018 - 04 - 13 - 0000 13 April 2018 19 : 21 Australia 17 -- 10 Fiji Try : Tonegato 1 ' m Caslick ( 2 ) 8 ' m , 13 ' c Con : Sykes ( 1 / 2 ) 13 ' Cherry ( 0 / 1 ) ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Try : Naiobasali ( 2 ) 2 ' m , 9 ' m Con : Tinai ( 0 / 1 ) Nagasau ( 0 / 1 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) Semi-final match 15 April 2018 Australia 33 -- 7 Canada Gold Coast 10 : 59 Gold medal match 15 April 2018 14 : 39 Australia 12 -- 17 New Zealand ( Gold Coast 2018 ) Robina Stadium , Gold Coast Referee : Sara Cox ( England ) Shooting ( edit ) Main article : Shooting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 28 athletes was announced on 31 January 2018 . Men Pistol / Small bore Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Daniel Repacholi 10 m air pistol 566 - 15x 6 QF 193.4 Kerry Bell 564 - 9x 7 QF 233.5 02 ! David Chapman 25 m rapid fire pistol 566 - 15x 6 QF 15 Sergei Evglevski 576 - 11x 3 QF 30 02 ! Daniel Repacholi 50 m pistol 546 - 7x 3 QF 227.2 GR 01 ! Bruce Quick 528 - 7x 10 Did not advance Alex Hoberg 10 m air rifle 615.3 7 QF 204.6 Dane Sampson 623.2 3 QF 245.0 GR 01 ! James Daly 50 m rifle prone 620.5 1 QF 163.2 6 Dane Sampson 608.8 12 Did not advance Will Godward 50 m rifle 3 positions 1135 - 28x 12 Did not advance Dane Sampson 1154 - 51x 5 QF 397.1 5 Full bore Athlete Event Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Total Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Points Rank Jim Bailey Individual 105 -- 15v 150 -- 22v 148 -- 13v 5 403 -- 50v 02 ! Ben Emms 105 -- 13v 5 147 -- 16v 16 147 -- 19v 7 399 -- 48v 9 Jim Bailey Ben Emms Pairs 299 - 35v 281 -- 19v = 7 N / A 580 -- 54v 6 Shotgun Athlete Event Qualification Final / BM Points Rank Points Rank Mitchell Illes Trap 119 2 QF 22 5 Thomas Grice 112 15 Did not advance James Willett Double trap 134 QF 23 6 Paul Adams Skeet 118 7 Did not advance James Bolding 117 9 Did not advance Women Pistol / Small bore Athlete Event Qualification Final Points Rank Points Rank Elena Galiabovitch 10 m air pistol 376 - 10x 5 QF 214.9 03 ! Lalita Yauhleuskaya 371 - 9x 10 Did not advance Elena Galiabovitch 25 m pistol 572 - 15x 4 QF 35 02 ! Lalita Yauhleuskaya 571 - 21x 5 QF 7 8 Emma Adams 10 m air rifle 399.1 16 Did not advance Tori Rossiter 415.8 QF 140.2 7 Robyn Ridley 50 m rifle prone N / A 612.5 9 Sussanah Smith N / A 606.7 13 Emma Adams 50 m rifle 3 positions 566 - 18x 14 Did not advance Robyn Ridley 577 - 24x 5 QF 398.9 7 Shotgun Athlete Event Qualification Final / BM Points Rank Points Rank Laetisha Scanlan Trap 66 + 8 7 Q 38 GR 01 ! Catherine Skinner 64 8 Did not advance Emma Cox Double trap N / A 96 + 1 02 ! Gayle Shale N / A 80 7 Laura Coles Skeet 67 9 Did not advance Aislin Jones 71 + 1 3 QF 13 6 Squash ( edit ) Main article : Squash at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 12 athletes was announced on 15 December 2017 . Singles Athlete Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Ryan Cuskelly Men 's singles Bye Bailey ( SVG ) W 3 -- 0 Adnan ( MAS ) L WO Did not advance Rex Hedrick Ng ( MAS ) W 3 -- 2 Seth ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 Clyne ( SCO ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Cameron Pilley Bye Jombla ( SLE ) W 3 -- 0 Walters ( JAM ) W 3 -- 0 Willstrop ( ENG ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Christine Nunn Women 's singles Bye Kellis ( MLT ) W 3 -- 0 Urquhart ( AUS ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Tamika Saxby Bye Bridgeman ( CAY ) W 3 -- 0 Chinappa ( IND ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Donna Urquhart Bye Zafar ( PAK ) W 3 -- 0 Nunn ( AUS ) W 3 -- 2 Perry ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Doubles Athlete Event Group stage Round of 16 Quarterfinals Semifinals Final Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Zac Alexander David Palmer Men 's doubles Frazer Kelly ( CAY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 6 , 11 -- 3 ) Binnie Walters ( JAM ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 7 , 11 -- 5 ) N / A 1 Q Creed Makin ( WAL ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 1 , 11 -- 6 ) Coll Grayson ( NZL ) W 2 -- 1 ( 11 -- 9 , 6 -- 11 , 11 -- 7 ) Clyne Lobban ( SCO ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 8 , 11 -- 5 ) Selby Waller ( ENG ) W 2 - 1 ( 11 - 9 , 3 - 11 , 11 - 6 ) 01 ! Ryan Cuskelly Cameron Pilley Pala Parshottam ( FIJ ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 0 ) Patrick Wilson ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 0 , 11 -- 2 ) N / A 1 Q Khalil Seth ( GUY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 9 , 11 -- 7 ) Selby Waller ( ENG ) L 1 -- 2 ( 11 -- 9 , 8 -- 11 , 10 -- 11 ) Did not advance Sarah Cardwell Christine Nunn Women 's doubles King Landers - Murphy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 ( 8 -- 11 , 6 -- 11 ) Arnold Subramaniam ( MAS ) L 1 -- 2 ( 11 -- 10 , 6 -- 11 , 5 -- 11 ) N / A N / A Did not advance Rachael Grinham Donna Urquhart Hennings West ( CAY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 3 ) Cornett Todd ( CAN ) W 2 -- 1 ( 5 -- 11 , 11 -- 9 , 11 -- 4 ) Fernandes Fung - A-Fat ( GUY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 2 , 11 -- 2 ) 1 Q N / A Evans Saffery ( WAL ) W 2 -- 1 ( 9 -- 11 , 11 -- 10 , 11 -- 3 ) King Landers - Murphy ( NZL ) L 0 -- 2 ( 9 -- 11 , 5 -- 11 ) Massaro Perry ( ENG ) W 2 - 0 ( 11 - 6 , 11 - 8 ) 03 ! Rachael Grinham Ryan Cuskelly Mixed doubles Azman Chal ( MAS ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 4 , 11 -- 4 ) Knaggs Wilson ( TTO ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 0 , 11 -- 4 ) N / A 1 Q Zafar Zaman ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 1 ) Urquhart Pilley ( AUS ) L 0 -- 2 ( 6 -- 11 , 9 -- 11 ) Did not advance Donna Urquhart Cameron Pilley Fernandes Seth ( GUY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 4 , 11 -- 7 ) Zafar Zaman ( PAK ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 3 , 11 -- 6 ) N / A 1 Q West Stafford ( CAY ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 7 , 11 -- 5 ) Grinham Cuskelly ( AUS ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 ) Waters Selby ( ENG ) W 2 -- 1 ( 10 -- 11 , 11 -- 7 , 11 -- 7 ) Pallikal Karthik Ghosal ( IND ) W 2 -- 0 ( 11 -- 9 , 11 -- 10 ) 01 ! Swimming ( edit ) Main article : Swimming at the 2018 Commonwealth Games After the 2018 Australian Championships and Commonwealth Games Trials , Swimming Australia announced a team of 70 athletes . Men Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank James Roberts 50 m freestyle 22.11 4 Q 22.11 6 Q 22.15 7 James Magnussen 22.23 6 Q 22.20 8 Q 22.05 6 Cameron McEvoy 22.06 3 Q 22.00 3 Q 21.92 03 ! Rohan Bright 50 m freestyle S7 30.86 5 Q N / A 30.71 5 Matthew Haanappel 30.92 6 Q N / A 30.75 6 Matthew Levy 28.68 1 Q N / A 28.60 01 ! Jack Cartwright 100 m freestyle 48.85 2 Q 48.73 5 Q 48.62 6 Kyle Chalmers 48.81 1 Q 48.70 3 Q 48.15 02 ! Cameron McEvoy 49.20 8 Q 48.50 1 Q 48.44 Timothy Disken 100 m freestyle S9 56.59 1 Q N / A 56.07 01 ! Brenden Hall 57.93 3 Q N / A 57.90 03 ! Timothy Hodge 58.76 4 Q N / A 58.11 Kyle Chalmers 200 m freestyle 1 : 47.10 4 Q N / A 1 : 45.56 01 ! Alexander Graham 1 : 47.35 5 Q N / A 1 : 47.01 6 Mack Horton 1 : 47.89 7 Q N / A 1 : 45.89 02 ! Mitchell Kilduff 200 m freestyle S14 2 : 01.02 3 Q N / A 1 : 59.55 Daniel Fox 2 : 00.40 1 Q N / A 1 : 58.26 03 ! Liam Schluter 2 : 00.44 2 Q N / A 1 : 56.23 02 ! Mack Horton 400 m freestyle 3 : 47.93 1 Q N / A 3 : 43.76 01 ! David McKeon 3 : 48.86 4 Q N / A 3 : 49.60 6 Jack McLoughlin 3 : 48.31 3 Q N / A 3 : 45.21 02 ! Mack Horton 1500 m freestyle N / A 14 : 51.05 03 ! Jack McLoughlin N / A 14 : 47.09 01 ! Zac Incerti 50 m backstroke 25.05 1 Q 25.19 3 Q 25.06 03 ! Mitch Larkin 25.32 2 Q 24.91 1 Q 24.68 01 ! Ben Treffers 25.52 3 Q 24.99 2 Q 24.84 02 ! Mitch Larkin 100 m backstroke 54.02 1 Q 53.15 1 Q 53.18 01 ! Ben Treffers 55.30 7 Q 54.62 6 Q 54.62 6 Bradley Woodward 54.71 3 Q 54.22 3 Q 53.95 02 ! Brenden Hall 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 06.10 3 Q N / A 1 : 04.73 01 ! Timothy Hodge 1 : 05.03 1 Q N / A 1 : 04.99 02 ! Logan Powell 1 : 05.28 2 Q N / A 1 : 05.29 02 ! Josh Beaver 200 m backstroke 1 : 58.73 5 Q N / A 1 : 57.04 03 ! Mitch Larkin 1 : 57.99 2 Q N / A 1 : 56.10 01 ! Bradley Woodward 1 : 58.41 3 Q N / A 1 : 56.57 02 ! Jake Packard 50 m breaststroke 27.42 3 Q 27.55 4 Q 27.53 James McKechnie 27.53 4 Q 27.67 6 Q 27.59 5 Liam Hunter 28.10 9 Q 28.05 10 Did not advance Liam Hunter 100 m breaststroke 1 : 02.17 11 Q 1 : 01.45 9 Did not advance Jake Packard 1 : 00.29 4 Q 1 : 00.01 5 Q 59.70 Matthew Wilson 1 : 00.29 4 Q 59.89 4 Q 1 : 00.48 7 Blake Cochrane 100 m breaststroke SB8 1 : 19.81 3 Q N / A 1 : 18.75 03 ! Timothy Disken 1 : 13.87 1 Q N / A 1 : 12.42 01 ! Timothy Hodge 1 : 17.02 2 Q N / A 1 : 15.80 02 ! George Harley 200 m breaststroke 2 : 11.62 7 Q N / A 2 : 10.04 5 Zac Stubblety - Cook 2 : 15.71 10 N / A Did not advance Matthew Wilson 2 : 09.74 2 Q N / A 2 : 08.64 03 ! Grant Irvine 50 m butterfly 23.95 4 Q 23.79 2 Q 23.76 David Morgan 24.21 7 Q 24.17 8 Q 24.01 8 Grant Irvine 100 m butterfly 53.89 8 Q 51.87 1 Q 51.50 03 ! David Morgan 53.49 3 Q 52.48 3 Q 51.94 Grant Irvine 200 m butterfly 1 : 57.91 5 Q N / A 1 : 56.91 David Morgan 1 : 57.42 2 Q N / A 1 : 56.36 02 ! Mitch Larkin 200 m individual medley 1 : 59.02 1 Q N / A 1 : 57.67 GR 01 ! Travis Mahoney 2 : 02.30 12 N / A Did not advance Clyde Lewis 1 : 59.50 2 Q N / A 1 : 58.18 03 ! Jesse Aungles 200 m individual medley SM8 2 : 31.30 1 Q N / A 2 : 30.77 01 ! Blake Cochrane 2 : 36.43 2 Q N / A 2 : 32.72 02 ! Rohan Bright 2 : 44.27 6 Q N / A 2 : 42.89 6 Clyde Lewis 400 m individual medley 4 : 17.25 1 Q N / A 4 : 13.12 01 ! Travis Mahoney 4 : 19.17 7 Q N / A 4 : 21.50 8 Cameron McEvoy James Magnussen Jack Cartwright Kyle Chalmers James Roberts ( Heat ) 4 × 100 m freestyle relay 3 : 12.72 GR 1 Q N / A 3 : 12.96 01 ! Alexander Graham Kyle Chalmers Elijah Winnington Mack Horton 4 × 200 m freestyle relay N / A 7 : 05.97 GR 01 ! Mitch Larkin Jake Packard Grant Irvine Kyle Chalmers Bradley Woodward ( heat ) Matthew Wilson ( heat ) David Morgan ( heat ) Jack Cartwright ( heat ) 4 × 100 m medley relay 3 : 33.61 1 Q N / A 3 : 31.04 GR 01 ! Women Athlete Event Heat Semifinal Final Time Rank Time Rank Time Rank Bronte Campbell 50 m freestyle 24.87 3 Q 24.38 2 Q 24.26 02 ! Cate Campbell 24.24 1 Q 23.88 GR 1 Q 23.78 GR 01 ! Shayna Jack 24.50 2 Q 24.63 3 Q 24.57 Lakeisha Patterson 50 m freestyle S8 31.41 1 Q N / A 30.14 01 ! Tiffany Thomas Kane 35.21 4 Q N / A 35.40 Bronte Campbell 50 m freestyle 24.87 3 Q 24.38 2 Q 24.26 02 ! Cate Campbell 24.24 1 Q 23.88 GR 1 Q 23.78 GR 01 ! Shayna Jack 24.50 2 Q 24.63 3 Q 24.57 Bronte Campbell 100 m freestyle 54.81 3 Q 53.46 3 Q 52.27 GR 01 ! Cate Campbell 54.05 1 Q 52.64 GR 1 Q 52.69 02 ! Shayna Jack 55.00 0 6 Q 53.58 4 Q 53.83 6 Ellie Cole 100 m freestyle S9 1 : 03.98 1 Q N / A 1 : 03.36 03 ! Emily Beecroft 1 : 04.64 2 Q N / A 1 : 03.76 Lakeisha Patterson 1 : 05.66 3 Q N / A 1 : 03.02 WR - S8 01 ! Emma McKeon 200 m freestyle 1 : 57.40 2 Q N / A 1 : 56.26 03 ! Leah Neale 1 : 58.91 7 Q N / A 1 : 58.76 6 Ariarne Titmus 1 : 57.02 1 Q N / A 1 : 54.85 02 ! Jessica Ashwood 400 m freestyle 4 : 13.12 7 Q N / A 4 : 10.32 5 Mikkayla Sheridan 4 : 11.69 4 Q N / A 4 : 12.05 6 Ariarne Titmus 4 : 10.22 1 Q N / A 4 : 00.93 GR 01 ! Jessica Ashwood 800 m freestyle 8 : 29.30 1 Q N / A 8 : 27.60 02 ! Kiah Melverton 8 : 42.01 6 Q N / A 8 : 28.59 03 ! Ariarne Titmus 8 : 32.78 2 Q N / A 8 : 20.02 01 ! Minna Atherton 50 m backstroke 28.50 7 Q 28.47 9 Did not advance Holly Barratt 28.49 5 Q 28.12 4 Q 27.96 Emily Seebohm 27.63 1 Q 27.89 2 Q 27.78 01 ! Hayley Baker 100 m backstroke 1 : 00.82 7 Q 1 : 00.63 7 Q 1 : 00.74 6 Kaylee McKeown 1 : 00.65 5 Q 1 : 00.11 4 Q 1 : 00.08 Emily Seebohm 58.91 2 Q 58.95 2 Q 58.66 02 ! Ellie Cole 100 m backstroke S9 1 : 11.18 2 Q N / A 1 : 11.51 02 ! Ashleigh McConnell 1 : 16.50 4 Q N / A 1 : 15.93 03 ! Madeleine Scott 1 : 16.87 6 Q N / A 1 : 16.12 Hayley Baker 200 m backstroke 2 : 12.71 8 Q N / A 2 : 11.28 6 Kaylee McKeown 2 : 10.45 3 Q N / A 2 : 07.86 Emily Seebohm 2 : 11.68 5 Q N / A 2 : 06.82 03 ! Georgia Bohl 50 m breaststroke 31.00 6 Q 30.92 3 Q 30.88 6 Jessica Hansen 30.93 4 Q 30.92 3 Q 30.83 5 Leiston Pickett 30.87 2 Q 31.02 6 30.78 03 ! Georgia Bohl 100 m breaststroke 1 : 07.40 1 Q 1 : 07.13 2 Q 1 : 07.22 03 ! Jessica Hansen 1 : 08.81 6 Q 1 : 07.93 6 Q 1 : 08.53 8 Leiston Pickett 1 : 07.72 3 Q 1 : 07.71 5 Q 1 : 08.04 6 Paige Leonhardt 100 m SB9 1 : 19.87 2 Q N / A 1 : 18.81 02 ! Madeleine Scott 1 : 21.31 3 Q N / A 1 : 19.98 03 ! Jasmine Greenwood 1 : 26.61 6 Q N / A 1 : 25.23 5 Georgia Bohl 200 m breaststroke 2 : 28.90 10 N / A Did not advance Taylor McKeown 2 : 25.04 2 Q N / A 2 : 25.51 5 Tessa Wallace 2 : 26.86 6 Q N / A 2 : 26.59 6 Holly Barratt 50 m butterfly 26.14 4 Q 25.88 3 Q 25.67 02 ! Cate Campbell 25.83 2 Q 25.56 2 Q 25.59 01 ! Madeline Groves 25.81 1 Q 25.54 1 Q 25.69 03 ! Tiffany Thomas Kane 50 m butterfly S7 38.48 3 Q N / A 38.68 Madeline Groves 100 m butterfly 57.77 1 Q 57.22 GR 1 Q 57.19 02 ! Emma McKeon 58.04 2 Q 57.94 3 Q 56.78 GR 01 ! Brianna Throssell 58.96 6 Q 58.38 7 Q 57.30 03 ! Emma McKeon 200 m butterfly 2 : 09.55 4 Q N / A 2 : 08.05 03 ! Laura Taylor 2 : 08.43 2 Q N / A 2 : 07.39 02 ! Brianna Throssell 2 : 09.93 5 Q N / A 2 : 08.82 5 Meg Bailey 200 m individual medley 2 : 13.61 7 Q N / A 2 : 14.58 8 Blair Evans 2 : 13.63 8 Q N / A 2 : 12.76 5 Taylor McKeown 2 : 15.77 10 N / A Did not advance Paige Leonhardt 200 m individual medley SM10 2 : 34.29 3 Q N / A 2 : 32.68 Katherine Downie 2 : 35.49 4 Q N / A 2 : 31.81 03 ! Jasmine Greenwood 2 : 37.44 5 Q N / A 2 : 34.97 5 Meg Bailey 400 m individual medley 4 : 41.51 3 Q N / A 4 : 41.46 7 Blair Evans 4 : 41.54 4 Q N / A 4 : 38.23 03 ! Kaylee McKeown 4 : 46.13 9 N / A Did not advance Bronte Campbell Cate Campbell Emma McKeon Shayna Jack 4 × 100 m freestyle relay N / A 3 : 30.05 WR 01 ! Emma McKeon Brianna Throssell Leah Neale Ariarne Titmus 4 × 200 m freestyle relay N / A 7 : 48.04 GR 01 ! Emily Seebohm Georgia Bohl Emma McKeon Bronte Campbell 4 × 100 m medley relay N / A 3 : 54.36 GR 01 ! Table tennis ( edit ) Main article : Table tennis at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of 12 athletes was announced on 29 January 2018 . Singles Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank David Powell Men 's singles Bye Bye Haiq ( MAS ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Heming Hu Bye Bye Sam ( GHA ) W 4 -- 0 Achanta ( IND ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Xin Yan Bye Bye Leong ( MAS ) L 1 -- 4 Did not advance Barak Mizrachi Men 's TT6 -- 10 Wilson ( ENG ) L 0 -- 3 Ogunsanya ( NGR ) W 3 -- 0 Cogill ( RSA ) L 0 -- 3 N / A Did not advance Tracy Feng Women 's singles Bye N / A Thomas ( WAL ) W 4 -- 0 Bastra ( IND ) W 1 -- 4 Did not advance Jian Fang Lay Bye N / A Tommy ( VAN ) W 4 -- 0 Ho ( MAS ) W 4 -- 1 Zhang ( CAN ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Melissa Tapper Bye N / A Lyne ( MAS ) W 4 -- 1 Feng ( SIN ) L 0 -- 4 Did not advance Andrea McDonnell Women 's TT6 -- 10 Obazuaye ( NGR ) L 0 -- 3 Chan ( CAN ) W 3 -- 0 Sutar ( IND ) W 3 -- 0 2 Q N / A Tapper ( AUS ) L 1 -- 3 Pickard ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 03 ! Melissa Tapper Sarkar ( IND ) L 3 -- 0 Pickard ( ENG ) W 3 -- 0 Nime ( PNG ) W 3 -- 0 1 Q N / A McDonnell ( AUS ) W 3 -- 1 Obazuaye ( NGR ) W 3 -- 1 01 ! Doubles Athletes Event Round of 64 Round of 32 Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank David Powell Kane Townsend Men 's doubles Bye Pang Poh ( SIN ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Heming Hu Xin Yan Bye Dowell Knight ( BAR ) W 3 -- 0 Dookram Wilson ( TTO ) W 3 -- 0 Desai Shetty ( IND ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Michelle Bromley Melissa Tapper Women 's doubles N / A Bye Chang Tee ( MAS ) W 3 -- 1 Feng Yu ( SIN ) L 0 -- 3 Did not advance Jian Fang Lay Miao Miao N / A Bye Lin Zhou ( SIN ) W 3 -- 2 Ho Lyne ( MAS ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Miao Miao David Powell Mixed doubles Nambozo Nyaika ( UGA ) W 3 -- 0 Zhang Wang ( CAN ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Melissa Tapper Heming Hu Bye Shing Lulu ( VAN ) W 3 -- 0 Xue Zhou ( SIN ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Tracy Feng Trent Carter Bye Franklin Lowe ( GUY ) W 3 -- 0 Pirchford Ho ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Jian Fang Lay Xin Yan Bye Sam Baah - Danso ( GHA ) W 3 -- 0 Gao Yu ( SIN ) L 2 -- 3 Did not advance Team Athletes Event Group Stage Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Final / BM Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Opposition Score Rank Trent Carter Heming Hu David Powell Kane Townsend Xin Yan Men 's team Kiribati ( KIR ) W 3 -- 0 Scotland ( SCO ) W 3 -- 0 1 Q Sri Lanka ( SRI ) W 3 -- 0 Nigeria ( NGR ) L 1 -- 3 Did not advance Michelle Bromley Tracy Feng Jian Fang Lay Miao Miao Melissa Tapper Women 's team Mauritius ( MRI ) W 3 -- 0 Canada ( CAN ) W 3 -- 1 1 Q N / A Wales ( WAL ) W 3 -- 1 Singapore ( SGP ) L 0 -- 3 England ( ENG ) L 1 -- 3 Triathlon ( edit ) Main article : Triathlon at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of six athletes announced on 17 November 2017 . A further six paratriathletes announced on 25 February 2018 . Men Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Trans 1 Bike ( 20 km / 25 km paratriathlon ) Trans 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Jake Birtwhistle Men 's 9 : 10 0 : 32 27 : 53 0 : 27 14 : 36 52 : 38 02 ! Matt Hauser 8 : 52 0 : 33 27 : 41 0 : 25 15 : 15 52 : 46 Luke Willian 9 : 05 0 : 34 27 : 56 0 : 28 15 : 30 53 : 33 8 Bill Chaffey Men 's PWTC 10 : 55 1 : 36 35 : 20 0 : 45 12 : 37 1 : 04 : 13 03 ! Nic Beveridge 11 : 10 1 : 44 35 : 40 1 : 05 13 : 49 1 : 03 : 28 02 ! Scott Crowley 11 : 49 1 : 37 36 : 24 0 : 56 14 : 48 1 : 08 : 34 5 Women Athlete Event Swim ( 750 m ) Trans 1 Bike ( 20 km / 25 km paratriathlon ) Trans 2 Run ( 5 km ) Total Rank Gillian Backhouse Women 's 9 : 34 0 : 36 30 : 25 0 : 27 17 : 52 58 : 54 9 Ashleigh Gentle 9 : 48 0 : 35 30 : 13 0 : 28 17 : 04 58 : 08 5 Charlotte McShane 9 : 47 0 : 36 30 : 13 0 : 26 18 : 18 59 : 20 11 Emily Tapp Women 's PWTC 14 : 10 2 : 08 41 : 14 0 : 49 14 : 35 1 : 12 : 56 02 ! Lauren Parker 13 : 31 1 : 50 38 : 51 0 : 58 18 : 38 1 : 13 : 48 03 ! Sara Tait 17 : 51 1 : 37 45 : 22 1 : 15 17 : 27 1 : 23 : 32 6 Mixed Athletes Event Total Times per Athlete ( Swim 250 m , Bike 7 km , Run 1.5 km ) Total Group Time Rank Gillian Backhouse Matt Hauser Ashleigh Gentle Jake Birtwhistle Mixed relay 19 : 56 18 : 15 20 : 28 18 : 57 1 : 17 : 36 01 ! Weightlifting ( edit ) Main articles : Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games and Weightlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games -- Qualification Team of 16 athletes was announced on 23 January 2018 . Five Paralympic powerlifters were added to the team on 7 March 2018 . Simplice Ribouem withdrew prior to the competition due to injury . Men Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Phillip Liao 56 kg 91 114 205 7 Vannara Be 62 kg 110 132 142 10 Brandon Wakeling 69 kg 120 155 275 7 Francois Etoundi 77 kg 136 169 305 03 ! Boris Elesin 85 kg 140 161 301 9 Ridge Barredo 105 kg 138 175 313 8 Damon Kelly + 105 kg 158 204 363 5 Women Athlete Event Snatch Clean & Jerk Total Rank Alyce Stephenson 48 kg 61 83 144 7 Tegan Napper 53 kg 75 91 166 8 Tia Clair Toomey 58 kg 87 114 201 01 ! Seen Lee 58 kg 105 DNF Philippa Malone 69 kg 95 114 209 5 Stephanie Davies 75 kg 87 110 197 5 Kaity Fassina 90 kg 104 128 232 02 ! Deborah Acason + 90 kg 101 125 226 Powerlifting ( edit ) Main article : Powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Australia participated with 4 athletes ( 3 men and 1 women ) . Cristine Ashscroft was selected but withdrew prior to competition due to illness . Athlete Event Result Rank Nang Nguyen Men 's lightweight 142.3 8 Leigh Skinner Men 's heavyweight 143.7 8 Ben Wright 152.4 6 Kelly Cartwright Women 's lightweight 69.9 7 Wrestling ( edit ) Main article : Wrestling at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Team of eight athletes was announced on 2 March 2018 . Robert Whittaker wihdrew from the Team on 16 March 2018 . Repechage Format Athlete Event Round of 16 Quarterfinal Semifinal Repechage Final / BM Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rank Thomas Cicchini Men 's freestyle − 57 kg Bingham ( NRU ) W 9 -- 6 Aware ( IND ) L 0 -- 10 N / A Ramm ( ENG ) L 0 -- 11 Did not advance Mehrdad Tarash Men 's freestyle − 65 kg de Marinis ( CAN ) L 1 -- 12 Did not advance Connor Evans Men 's freestyle − 74 kg Wrinkle ( BAH ) W 4 -- 0 Khullar ( BAH ) W 6 -- 0 Sushil ( IND ) L 0 -- 4 N / A Balfour ( CAN ) L 4 -- 14 Jayden Lawrence Men 's freestyle − 86 kg Inan ( PAK ) L 4 -- 14 N / A Somveer ( IND ) L 0 -- 7 Did not advance Nicolaas Verreynne Men 's freestyle − 97 kg Hendry ( SCO ) W 5 -- 0 Erasmus ( RSA ) L 1 -- 12 Did not advance Nordic Format Athlete Event Nordic Round Robin Rank Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Opposition Result Rupinder Kaur Women 's freestyle − 50 kg MacDonald ( CAN ) L 0 -- 10 Vinesh ( IND ) L 0 -- 10 Genesis ( NGR ) L 0 -- 10 N / A Carissa Holland Women 's freestyle − 53 kg Dilhani ( SRI ) L 2 -- 10 Weicker ( CAN ) L 0 -- 10 Samuel ( NGR ) L 0 -- 10 Kumari ( IND ) L 0 -- 4 5 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Mulvey , Paul ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Mark Knowles to be Australia 's flagbearer at the Commonwealth Games '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Sydney , Australia . Retrieved 2 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Moneghetti to lead Australian 2018 Commonwealth Games team '' . Australian Commonwealth Games Association News . Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 . Retrieved 11 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Jeffrey , Nicole ( 2 April 2018 ) . `` Comm Games 2018 : Kookaburras captain Mark Knowles to carry flag for Australia '' . The Australian . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Closing Ceremony live : All the colour and news from the final night of the Commonwealth Games '' . News.com. 15 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Commonwealth Games athletics team takes shape '' . Athletics Australia website . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian athletics team finalised for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Athletics Australia website . Retrieved 6 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Pasternatsky replaces Nelson '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Injured Marathon runner Chris Hamer out '' . Athletics Australia . Retrieved 4 April 2018 . Jump up ^ Pentony , Luke ( 5 April 2018 ) . `` Sally Pearson withdraws from Commonwealth Games with Achilles tendon injury '' . ABC News . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Smashing towards GC2018 -- Australian badminton team announced / '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Morgan , Liam ( 28 July 2017 ) . `` Gold Coast 2018 reveal list of competing nations in basketball events '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian basketball teams announced for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Two Boomers withdrawn from GC2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` OPALS TEAM ANNOUNCED FOR 2018 GOLD COAST COMMONWEALTH GAMES '' . Women 's National Basketball League . Retrieved 28 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Beach volleyball to entertain for the first time on the Gold Coast '' . Copmmonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Australia today announced a 13 strong boxing team to compete at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Australian Cycling Team for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commomwealth Games Australia . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Making a splash '' . Australian Commonwealth Games Association . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Lutton , Phil ( 3 April 2018 ) . `` Australia diver retires days out from Games after being told of quadriplegia risk '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gping for gold -- Austtralian gymnastics team announced for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ McGowan , Michael ( 6 April 2018 ) . `` Commonwealth Games 2018 day two : beach volleyball , gymnastics , cycling and more -- live ! '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian lawn bowls team announced for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Pavitt , Michael ( 25 July 2017 ) . `` Uganda to make Commonwealth Games netball debut at Gold Coast 2018 '' . Insidethegames.biz . Dunsar Media . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Dakin , Rebecca ( 24 July 2017 ) . `` Competing nations announced for GC2018 Netball Competition '' . www.mygc.com.au/ . myGC . Retrieved 28 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` International Netball Federation : 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Lulham , Amanda ( 6 February 2018 ) . `` Gun missing from Australian netball team for Commonwealth Games '' . News.com . Retrieved 7 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Rugby Sevens squad complete Team Scotland line - up for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . scottishrugby.org. 15 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Holland ruled out of Commonwealth Games '' . rugby.com.au. 21 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australia sevens captain to miss Commonwealth Games after ' alleged unprovoked assault ' '' . sport360.com. 30 March 2018 . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Stannard discharged from hospital after one - punch attack '' . Australian Rugby Union . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games : Australian rugby sevens captain out of competition after skull fractured in one - punch attack '' . ABC News . 30 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Australia is pleased to announce the Men 's and Women 's Australian Rugby Sevens squads for the Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast next month '' . commonwealthgames.com.au. 15 March 2018 . Retrieved 17 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Aiming for Gold -- Australian shooring team announced for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Association website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Palmer named for his sixth Commonwealth Games '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian table tennis team announced for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Comonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New look triathlon team unveiled for 2018 Commonwealth Games '' . Triathlon Australia website . Retrieved 3 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fitrst Australian athletes confirmed for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Six paratriathletes announced on 25 February 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian weightlifting team for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Simplice Ribouem withdraws from weightlifting competition '' . Comminwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 8 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Para-athlete smashes world record with incredible powerlift '' . Yahoo& Sports website . Retrieved 10 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Australian weightlifting team for Gold Coast 2018 '' . Australian Commonwealth Games Association website . Retrieved 23 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth Games Australia websiteWrestling team for Gold Coast 2018 announced '' . Commonwealth Games Association website . Retrieved 7 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Whittaker withdraws from GC2018 '' . Commonwealth Games Australia website . Retrieved 3 April 2018 . Associations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Africa Botswana Cameroon Gambia Ghana Kenya Lesotho Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Rwanda Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Zambia Americas Bahamas Belize Bermuda Canada Falkland Islands Guyana Saint Helena Asia Bangladesh Brunei India Malaysia Pakistan Singapore Sri Lanka Caribbean Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Dominica Grenada Jamaica Montserrat Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago Turks and Caicos Islands Europe Cyprus England Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Malta Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Oceania Australia Cook Islands Fiji Kiribati Nauru New Zealand Niue Norfolk Island Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu ← 2018 in Australia → Governor - General -- Sir Peter Cosgrove Prime Minister -- Malcolm Turnbull Chief Justice -- Susan Kiefel Politics and elections Incumbents National Party of Australia leadership election South Australian state election Tasmanian state election Batman by - election Cottesloe state by - election Perth by - election Victorian state election People and culture Deaths Television Film Honours Australia Day Honours Special Honours Sports competitions Commonwealth Games Australian Open Cricket team in South Africa ball - tampering scandal Australia at multi-sport events Commonwealth Games Winter Olympics Winter Paralympics Summer Youth Olympics Big Bash League Women 's Australian Grand Prix Establishments and developments Australian Cycling Academy -- Ride Sunshine Coast Australian Space Agency The Bend Motorsport Park Electoral district of Badcoe Electoral district of Black Electoral district of Gibson Marshall Ministry Melbourne 400 NRL Touch Premiership NRL Women 's The Bend SuperSprint World Series Rugby Disasters Cyclone Kelvin Broome flood Cyclone Marcus Bushfire season Tathra bushfire 2018 in Australia Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_at_the_2018_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=840743447 '' Categories : Australia at the Commonwealth Games 2018 in Australian sport Nations at the 2018 Commonwealth Games Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 May 2018 , at 21 : 43 . 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how many athletes in the australian commonwealth team

Being the host nation , Australia sent a contingent of 474 athletes , participating in all of the 18 sports staged . Though only 469 competed . This was the highest number of athletes to represent Australia in a Commonwealth Games ever , eclipsing their previous record of 417 athletes at the 2014 Glasgow Commonwealth Games . Hockey athlete Mark Knowles was the country 's flag bearer during the opening ceremony .

Cell cycle - wikipedia Cell cycle For the separation of chromosomes that occurs as part of the cell cycle , see mitosis . For the Academic journal , see Cell Cycle ( journal ) . See also : Cell division Life Cycle of the cell Onion ( Allium ) cells in different phases of the cell cycle . Growth in an ' organism ' is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle . The cell cycle or cell - division cycle is the series of events that take place in a cell leading to its division and duplication of its DNA ( DNA replication ) to produce two daughter cells . In bacteria , which lack a cell nucleus , the cell cycle is divided into the B , C , and D periods . The B period extends from the end of cell division to the beginning of DNA replication . DNA replication occurs during the C period . The D period refers to the stage between the end of DNA replication and the splitting of the bacterial cell into two daughter cells . In cells with a nucleus , as in eukaryotes , the cell cycle is also divided into three periods : interphase , the mitotic ( M ) phase , and cytokinesis . During interphase , the cell grows , accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis , preparing it for cell division and duplicating its DNA . During the mitotic phase , the chromosomes separate . During the final stage , cytokinesis , the chromosomes and cytoplasm separate into two new daughter cells . To ensure the proper division of the cell , there are control mechanisms known as cell cycle checkpoints . The cell - division cycle is a vital process by which a single - celled fertilized egg develops into a mature organism , as well as the process by which hair , skin , blood cells , and some internal organs are renewed . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell divisions . Contents 1 Phases 1.1 G phase ( quiescence ) 1.2 Interphase ( intermitosis ) 1.2. 1 G phase ( First growth phase or Post mitotic gap phase ) 1.2. 2 S phase ( DNA replication ) 1.2. 3 G phase ( growth ) 1.3 Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) 1.4 Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) 2 Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle 2.1 Role of cyclins and CDKs 2.1. 1 General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction 2.1. 2 Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes 2.2 Inhibitors 2.3 Transcriptional regulatory network 2.4 DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity 3 Checkpoints 4 Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle 5 Role in tumor formation 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Phases ( edit ) The cell cycle consists of four distinct phases : G phase , S phase ( synthesis ) , G phase ( collectively known as interphase ) and M phase ( mitosis or meiosis ) . M phase is itself composed of two tightly coupled processes : karyokinesis , in which the cell 's chromosomes are divided , and cytokinesis , in which the cell 's cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells . Activation of each phase is dependent on the proper progression and completion of the previous one . Cells that have temporarily or reversibly stopped dividing are said to have entered a state of quiescence called G phase . Schematic of the cell cycle . outer ring : I = Interphase , M = Mitosis ; inner ring : M = Mitosis , G = Gap 1 , G = Gap 2 , S = Synthesis ; not in ring : G = Gap 0 / Resting . State Phase Abbreviation Description Resting Gap 0 A phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . Interphase Gap 1 Cells increase in size in Gap 1 . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready for DNA synthesis . Synthesis DNA replication occurs during this phase . Gap 2 During the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis , the cell will continue to grow . The G checkpoint control mechanism ensures that everything is ready to enter the M ( mitosis ) phase and divide . Cell division Mitosis Cell growth stops at this stage and cellular energy is focused on the orderly division into two daughter cells . A checkpoint in the middle of mitosis ( Metaphase Checkpoint ) ensures that the cell is ready to complete cell division . After cell division , each of the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle . Although the various stages of interphase are not usually morphologically distinguishable , each phase of the cell cycle has a distinct set of specialized biochemical processes that prepare the cell for initiation of cell division . G phase ( quiescence ) ( edit ) Plant cell cycle Animal cell cycle G is a resting phase where the cell has left the cycle and has stopped dividing . The cell cycle starts with this phase . The word `` post-mitotic '' is sometimes used to refer to both quiescent and senescent cells . Non-proliferative ( non-dividing ) cells in multicellular eukaryotes generally enter the quiescent G state from G and may remain quiescent for long periods of time , possibly indefinitely ( as is often the case for neurons ) . This is very common for cells that are fully differentiated . Cellular senescence occurs in response to DNA damage and external stress and usually constitutes an arrest in G. Some cells enter the G phase semi-permanently and are considered post-mitotic , e.g. , some liver , kidney , and stomach cells . Many cells do not enter G and continue to divide throughout an organism 's life , e.g. , epithelial cells . Cellular senescence is also a state that occurs in response to DNA damage or degradation that would make a cell 's progeny nonviable ; it is often a biochemical alternative to the self - destruction of such a damaged cell by apoptosis . Interphase ( intermitosis ) ( edit ) Before a cell can enter cell division , it needs to take in nutrients . All of the preparations are done during interphase . Interphase is a series of changes that takes place in a newly formed cell and its nucleus , before it becomes capable of division again . It is also called preparatory phase or intermitosis . Previously it was called resting stage because there is no apparent activity related to cell division. Typically interphase lasts for at least 91 % of the total time required for the cell cycle . Interphase proceeds in three stages , G , S , and G , followed by the cycle of mitosis and cytokinesis . The cell 's nuclear DNA contents are duplicated during S phase but may continue till G in case of heterochromatin . G phase ( first growth phase or post mitotic Gap phase ) ( edit ) The first phase within interphase , from the end of the previous M phase until the beginning of DNA synthesis , is called G ( G indicating gap ) . It is also called the growth phase . During this phase , the biosynthetic activities of the cell , which are considerably slowed down during M phase , resume at a high rate . The duration of G is highly variable , even among different cells of the same species . In this phase , the cell increases its supply of proteins , increases the number of organelles ( such as mitochondria , ribosomes ) , and grows in size . In G phase , a cell has three options . ( 1 ) To continue cell cycle and enter S phase ( 2 ) Stop cell cycle and enter G phase for undergoing differentiation. ( 3 ) Get arrested in G phase hence it may enter G phase or re-enter cell cycle . The deciding factor is availability of nutrients and storage of energy rich compounds at the deciding point called check point ( Restriction point ) . This check point is called the restriction point or START and is regulated by G / S cyclins , which cause transition from G to S phase . Passage through the G check point commits the cell to division . S phase ( DNA replication ) ( edit ) The ensuing S phase starts when DNA synthesis commences ; when it is complete , all of the chromosomes have been replicated , i.e. , each chromosome has two ( sister ) chromatids . Thus , during this phase , the amount of DNA in the cell has effectively doubled , though the ploidy of the cell remains the same . Rates of RNA transcription and protein synthesis are very low during this phase . An exception to this is histone production , most of which occurs during the S phase . G phase ( growth ) ( edit ) G2 phase occurs after DNA replication and is a period of protein synthesis and rapid cell growth to prepare the cell for mitosis . During this phase microtubules begin to reorganize to form a spindle . Mitotic phase ( chromosome separation ) ( edit ) Main article : Mitosis The relatively brief M phase consists of nuclear division ( karyokinesis ) . It is a relatively short period of the cell cycle . M phase is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These phases are sequentially known as : prophase , metaphase , anaphase , telophase Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two nuclei . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . Mitosis occurs exclusively in eukaryotic cells , but occurs in different ways in different species . For example , animals undergo an `` open '' mitosis , where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate , while fungi such as Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae ( yeast ) undergo a `` closed '' mitosis , where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus . Prokaryotic cells , which lack a nucleus , divide by a process called binary fission . Cytokinesis phase ( separation of all cell components ) ( edit ) Main article : Cytokinesis Mitosis is immediately followed by cytokinesis , which divides the nuclei , cytoplasm , organelles and cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components . Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells , genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell . This accounts for approximately 10 % of the cell cycle . Because cytokinesis usually occurs in conjunction with mitosis , `` mitosis '' is often used interchangeably with `` M phase '' . However , there are many cells where mitosis and cytokinesis occur separately , forming single cells with multiple nuclei in a process called endoreplication . This occurs most notably among the fungi and slime moulds , but is found in various groups . Even in animals , cytokinesis and mitosis may occur independently , for instance during certain stages of fruit fly embryonic development . Errors in mitosis can either kill a cell through apoptosis or cause mutations that may lead to cancer . The process of mitosis is complex and highly regulated . The sequence of events is divided into phases , corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next . These stages are prophase , prometaphase , metaphase , anaphase and telophase . During the process of mitosis the pairs of chromosomes condense and attach to fibers that pull the sister chromatids to opposite sides of the cell . The cell then divides in cytokinesis , to produce two identical daughter cells . Regulation of eukaryotic cell cycle ( edit ) Regulation of the cell cycle involves processes crucial to the survival of a cell , including the detection and repair of genetic damage as well as the prevention of uncontrolled cell division . The molecular events that control the cell cycle are ordered and directional ; that is , each process occurs in a sequential fashion and it is impossible to `` reverse '' the cycle . Role of cyclins and CDKs ( edit ) Nobel Laureate Paul Nurse Nobel Laureate Tim Hunt Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 . Cyclins form the regulatory subunits and CDKs the catalytic subunits of an activated heterodimer ; cyclins have no catalytic activity and CDKs are inactive in the absence of a partner cyclin . When activated by a bound cyclin , CDKs perform a common biochemical reaction called phosphorylation that activates or inactivates target proteins to orchestrate coordinated entry into the next phase of the cell cycle . Different cyclin - CDK combinations determine the downstream proteins targeted . CDKs are constitutively expressed in cells whereas cyclins are synthesised at specific stages of the cell cycle , in response to various molecular signals . General mechanism of cyclin - CDK interaction ( edit ) Upon receiving a pro-mitotic extracellular signal , G cyclin - CDK complexes become active to prepare the cell for S phase , promoting the expression of transcription factors that in turn promote the expression of S cyclins and of enzymes required for DNA replication . The G cyclin - CDK complexes also promote the degradation of molecules that function as S phase inhibitors by targeting them for ubiquitination . Once a protein has been ubiquitinated , it is targeted for proteolytic degradation by the proteasome . However , results from a recent study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level argue that the role of G1 cyclin - CDK activities , in particular cyclin D - CDK4 / 6 , is to tune the timing rather than the commitment of cell cycle entry . Active S cyclin - CDK complexes phosphorylate proteins that make up the pre-replication complexes assembled during G phase on DNA replication origins . The phosphorylation serves two purposes : to activate each already - assembled pre-replication complex , and to prevent new complexes from forming . This ensures that every portion of the cell 's genome will be replicated once and only once . The reason for prevention of gaps in replication is fairly clear , because daughter cells that are missing all or part of crucial genes will die . However , for reasons related to gene copy number effects , possession of extra copies of certain genes is also deleterious to the daughter cells . Mitotic cyclin - CDK complexes , which are synthesized but inactivated during S and G phases , promote the initiation of mitosis by stimulating downstream proteins involved in chromosome condensation and mitotic spindle assembly . A critical complex activated during this process is a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase - promoting complex ( APC ) , which promotes degradation of structural proteins associated with the chromosomal kinetochore . APC also targets the mitotic cyclins for degradation , ensuring that telophase and cytokinesis can proceed . Specific action of cyclin - CDK complexes ( edit ) Cyclin D is the first cyclin produced in the cell cycle , in response to extracellular signals ( e.g. growth factors ) . Cyclin D binds to existing CDK4 , forming the active cyclin D - CDK4 complex . Cyclin D - CDK4 complex in turn phosphorylates the retinoblastoma susceptibility protein ( Rb ) . The hyperphosphorylated Rb dissociates from the E2F / DP1 / Rb complex ( which was bound to the E2F responsive genes , effectively `` blocking '' them from transcription ) , activating E2F . Activation of E2F results in transcription of various genes like cyclin E , cyclin A , DNA polymerase , thymidine kinase , etc . Cyclin E thus produced binds to CDK2 , forming the cyclin E-CDK2 complex , which pushes the cell from G to S phase ( G / S , which initiates the G / M transition ) . Cyclin B - cdk1 complex activation causes breakdown of nuclear envelope and initiation of prophase , and subsequently , its deactivation causes the cell to exit mitosis . A quantitative study of E2F transcriptional dynamics at the single - cell level by using engineered fluorescent reporter cells provided a quantitative framework for understanding the control logic of cell cycle entry , challenging the canonical textbook model . Genes that regulate the amplitude of E2F accumulation , such as Myc , determine the commitment in cell cycle and S phase entry . G1 cyclin - CDK activities are not the driver of cell cycle entry . Instead , they primarily tune the timing of E2F increase , thereby modulating the pace of cell cycle progression . Inhibitors ( edit ) Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis , also known as `` programmed cell death '' . Two families of genes , the cip / kip ( CDK interacting protein / Kinase inhibitory protein ) family and the INK4a / ARF ( Inhibitor of Kinase 4 / Alternative Reading Frame ) family , prevent the progression of the cell cycle . Because these genes are instrumental in prevention of tumor formation , they are known as tumor suppressors . The cip / kip family includes the genes p21 , p27 and p57 . They halt cell cycle in G phase , by binding to , and inactivating , cyclin - CDK complexes . p21 is activated by p53 ( which , in turn , is triggered by DNA damage e.g. due to radiation ) . p27 is activated by Transforming Growth Factor of β ( TGF β ) , a growth inhibitor . The INK4a / ARF family includes p16 , which binds to CDK4 and arrests the cell cycle in G phase , and p14 which prevents p53 degradation . Synthetic inhibitors of Cdc25 could also be useful for the arrest of cell cycle and therefore be useful as antineoplastic and anticancer agents . Transcriptional regulatory network ( edit ) Current evidence suggests that a semi-autonomous transcriptional network acts in concert with the CDK - cyclin machinery to regulate the cell cycle . Several gene expression studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 800 -- 1200 genes that change expression over the course of the cell cycle . They are transcribed at high levels at specific points in the cell cycle , and remain at lower levels throughout the rest of the cycle . While the set of identified genes differs between studies due to the computational methods and criteria used to identify them , each study indicates that a large portion of yeast genes are temporally regulated . Many periodically expressed genes are driven by transcription factors that are also periodically expressed . One screen of single - gene knockouts identified 48 transcription factors ( about 20 % of all non-essential transcription factors ) that show cell cycle progression defects . Genome - wide studies using high throughput technologies have identified the transcription factors that bind to the promoters of yeast genes , and correlating these findings with temporal expression patterns have allowed the identification of transcription factors that drive phase - specific gene expression . The expression profiles of these transcription factors are driven by the transcription factors that peak in the prior phase , and computational models have shown that a CDK - autonomous network of these transcription factors is sufficient to produce steady - state oscillations in gene expression ) . Experimental evidence also suggests that gene expression can oscillate with the period seen in dividing wild - type cells independently of the CDK machinery . Orlando et al. used microarrays to measure the expression of a set of 1,271 genes that they identified as periodic in both wild type cells and cells lacking all S - phase and mitotic cyclins ( clb1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) . Of the 1,271 genes assayed , 882 continued to be expressed in the cyclin - deficient cells at the same time as in the wild type cells , despite the fact that the cyclin - deficient cells arrest at the border between G and S phase . However , 833 of the genes assayed changed behavior between the wild type and mutant cells , indicating that these genes are likely directly or indirectly regulated by the CDK - cyclin machinery . Some genes that continued to be expressed on time in the mutant cells were also expressed at different levels in the mutant and wild type cells . These findings suggest that while the transcriptional network may oscillate independently of the CDK - cyclin oscillator , they are coupled in a manner that requires both to ensure the proper timing of cell cycle events . Other work indicates that phosphorylation , a post-translational modification , of cell cycle transcription factors by Cdk1 may alter the localization or activity of the transcription factors in order to tightly control timing of target genes . While oscillatory transcription plays a key role in the progression of the yeast cell cycle , the CDK - cyclin machinery operates independently in the early embryonic cell cycle . Before the midblastula transition , zygotic transcription does not occur and all needed proteins , such as the B - type cyclins , are translated from maternally loaded mRNA . DNA replication and DNA replication origin activity ( edit ) Analyses of synchronized cultures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under conditions that prevent DNA replication initiation without delaying cell cycle progression showed that origin licensing decreases the expression of genes with origins near their 3 ' ends , revealing that downstream origins can regulate the expression of upstream genes . This confirms previous predictions from mathematical modeling of a global causal coordination between DNA replication origin activity and mRNA expression , and shows that mathematical modeling of DNA microarray data can be used to correctly predict previously unknown biological modes of regulation . Checkpoints ( edit ) Main article : Cell cycle checkpoint Cell cycle checkpoints are used by the cell to monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle . Checkpoints prevent cell cycle progression at specific points , allowing verification of necessary phase processes and repair of DNA damage . The cell can not proceed to the next phase until checkpoint requirements have been met . Checkpoints typically consist of a network of regulatory proteins that monitor and dictate the progression of the cell through the different stages of the cell cycle . There are several checkpoints to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on to daughter cells . Three main checkpoints exist : the G / S checkpoint , the G / M checkpoint and the metaphase ( mitotic ) checkpoint . G / S transition is a rate - limiting step in the cell cycle and is also known as restriction point . This is where the cell checks whether it has enough raw materials to fully replicate its DNA ( nucleotide bases , DNA synthase , chromatin , etc . ) . An unhealthy or malnourished cell will get stuck at this checkpoint . The G / M checkpoint is where the cell ensures that it has enough cytoplasm and phospholipids for two daughter cells . But sometimes more importantly , it checks to see if it is the right time to replicate . There are some situations where many cells need to all replicate simultaneously ( for example , a growing embryo should have a symmetric cell distribution until it reaches the mid-blastula transition ) . This is done by controlling the G / M checkpoint . The metaphase checkpoint is a fairly minor checkpoint , in that once a cell is in metaphase , it has committed to undergoing mitosis . However that 's not to say it is n't important . In this checkpoint , the cell checks to ensure that the spindle has formed and that all of the chromosomes are aligned at the spindle equator before anaphase begins . While these are the three `` main '' checkpoints , not all cells have to pass through each of these checkpoints in this order to replicate . Many types of cancer are caused by mutations that allow the cells to speed through the various checkpoints or even skip them altogether . Going from S to M to S phase almost consecutively . Because these cells have lost their checkpoints , any DNA mutations that may have occurred are disregarded and passed on to the daughter cells . This is one reason why cancer cells have a tendency to exponentially accrue mutations . Aside from cancer cells , many fully differentiated cell types no longer replicate so they leave the cell cycle and stay in G until their death . Thus removing the need for cellular checkpoints . An alternative model of the cell cycle response to DNA damage has also been proposed , known as the postreplication checkpoint . Checkpoint regulation plays an important role in an organism 's development . In sexual reproduction , when egg fertilization occurs , when the sperm binds to the egg , it releases signalling factors that notify the egg that it has been fertilized . Among other things , this induces the now fertilized oocyte to return from its previously dormant , G , state back into the cell cycle and on to mitotic replication and division . p53 plays an important role in triggering the control mechanisms at both G / S and G / M checkpoints . In addition to p53 , checkpoint regulators are being heavily researched for their roles in cancer growth and proliferation . Fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle ( edit ) Fluorescent proteins visualize the cell cycle progression . IFP2. 0 - hGem ( 1 / 110 ) fluorescence is shown in green and highlights the S / G / M phases . smURFP - hCdtI ( 30 / 120 ) fluorescence is shown in red and highlights the G / G phases . Pioneering work by Atsushi Miyawaki and coworkers developed the fluorescent ubiquitination - based cell cycle indicator ( FUCCI ) , which enables fluorescence imaging of the cell cycle . Originally , a green fluorescent protein , mAG , was fused to hGem ( 1 / 110 ) and an orange fluorescent protein ( mKO ) was fused to hCdt1 ( 30 / 120 ) . Note , these fusions are fragments that contain a nuclear localization signal and ubiquitination sites for degradation , but are not functional proteins . The green fluorescent protein is made during the S , G , or M phase and degraded during the G or G phase , while the orange fluorescent protein is made during the G or G phase and destroyed during the S , G , or M phase . A far - red and near - infrared FUCCI was developed using a cyanobacteria - derived fluorescent protein ( smURFP ) and a bacteriophytochrome - derived fluorescent protein ( movie found at this link ) . Role in tumor formation ( edit ) A disregulation of the cell cycle components may lead to tumor formation . As mentioned above , when some genes like the cell cycle inhibitors , RB , p53 etc . mutate , they may cause the cell to multiply uncontrollably , forming a tumor . Although the duration of cell cycle in tumor cells is equal to or longer than that of normal cell cycle , the proportion of cells that are in active cell division ( versus quiescent cells in G phase ) in tumors is much higher than that in normal tissue . Thus there is a net increase in cell number as the number of cells that die by apoptosis or senescence remains the same . The cells which are actively undergoing cell cycle are targeted in cancer therapy as the DNA is relatively exposed during cell division and hence susceptible to damage by drugs or radiation . This fact is made use of in cancer treatment ; by a process known as debulking , a significant mass of the tumor is removed which pushes a significant number of the remaining tumor cells from G to G phase ( due to increased availability of nutrients , oxygen , growth factors etc . ) . Radiation or chemotherapy following the debulking procedure kills these cells which have newly entered the cell cycle . The fastest cycling mammalian cells in culture , crypt cells in the intestinal epithelium , have a cycle time as short as 9 to 10 hours . Stem cells in resting mouse skin may have a cycle time of more than 200 hours . Most of this difference is due to the varying length of G , the most variable phase of the cycle . M and S do not vary much . In general , cells are most radiosensitive in late M and G phases and most resistant in late S phase . For cells with a longer cell cycle time and a significantly long G phase , there is a second peak of resistance late in G . The pattern of resistance and sensitivity correlates with the level of sulfhydryl compounds in the cell . Sulfhydryls are natural substances that protect cells from radiation damage and tend to be at their highest levels in S and at their lowest near mitosis . See also ( edit ) Cellular model Synchronous culture -- synchronization of cell cultures References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Wang JD , Levin PA ( November 2009 ) . `` Metabolism , cell growth and the bacterial cell cycle '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 7 ( 11 ) : 822 -- 7 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro2202 . PMC 2887316 . PMID 19806155 . 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ISBN 81 - 8147 - 528 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Dong P , Maddali MV , Srimani JK , Thélot F , Nevins JR , Mathey - Prevot B , You L ( September 2014 ) . `` Division of labour between Myc and G1 cyclins in cell cycle commitment and pace control '' . Nature Communications . 5 : 4750 . Bibcode : 2014NatCo ... 5E4750D . doi : 10.1038 / ncomms5750 . PMC 4164785 . PMID 25175461 . Jump up ^ Mahmoudi M , Azadmanesh K , Shokrgozar MA , Journeay WS , Laurent S ( May 2011 ) . `` Effect of nanoparticles on the cell life cycle '' . Chemical Reviews . 111 ( 5 ) : 3407 -- 32 . doi : 10.1021 / cr1003166 . PMID 21401073 . Jump up ^ Norbury C ( 1995 ) . `` Cdk2 protein kinase ( vertebrates ) '' . In Hardie DG , Hanks S. Protein kinase factsBook . Boston : Academic Press . p. 184 . ISBN 0 - 12 - 324719 - 5 . 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Nature Methods. 13 ( 9 ) : 763 -- 9 . doi : 10.1038 / nmeth. 3935 . PMC 5007177 . PMID 27479328 . Jump up ^ Champeris Tsaniras S , Kanellakis N , Symeonidou IE , Nikolopoulou P , Lygerou Z , Taraviras S ( June 2014 ) . `` Licensing of DNA replication , cancer , pluripotency and differentiation : an interlinked world ? '' . Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology . 30 : 174 -- 80 . doi : 10.1016 / j. semcdb. 2014.03. 013 . PMID 24641889 . Further Reading ( edit ) Morgan DO ( 2007 ) . The Cell Cycle : Principles of Control . London : Published by New Science Press in association with Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 87893 - 508 - 8 . Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 17 '' . Molecular Biology of the Cell ( 5th ed . ) . New York : Garland Science . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 4111 - 6 . Krieger M , Scott MP , Matsudaira PT , Lodish HF , Darnell JE , Zipursky L , Kaiser C , Berk A ( 2004 ) . Molecular cell biology . New York : W.H. Freeman and CO . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 4366 - 3 . Watson JD , Baker TA , Bell SP , Gann A , Levine M , Losick R ( 2004 ) . `` Chapter 7 '' . Molecular biology of the gene ( 5th ed . ) . San Francisco : Pearson / Benjamin Cummings . ISBN 0 - 8053 - 4642 - 2 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell cycle . This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer '' . David Morgan 's Seminar : Controlling the Cell Cycle The cell cycle & Cell death Transcriptional program of the cell cycle : high - resolution timing Cell cycle and metabolic cycle regulated transcription in yeast Cell Cycle Animation 1Lec.com Cell Cycle Fucci : Using GFP to visualize the cell - cycle Science Creative Quarterly 's overview of the cell cycle KEGG -- Human Cell Cycle Cell cycle proteins Cyclin A ( A1 , A2 ) B ( B1 , B2 , B3 ) D ( D1 , D2 , D3 ) E ( E1 , E2 ) CDK 5 6 7 8 9 10 CDK - activating kinase CDK inhibitor INK4a / ARF ( p14arf / p16 , p15 , p18 , p19 ) cip / kip ( p21 , p27 , p57 ) P53 p63 p73 family p53 p63 p73 Other Cdc2 Cdc25 Cdc42 Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein E2F Maturation promoting factor Wee Cullin ( CUL7 ) Phases and checkpoints Interphase G phase S phase G phase M phase Mitosis ( Preprophase Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase ) Cytokinesis Cell cycle checkpoints Restriction point Spindle checkpoint Postreplication checkpoint Other cellular phases Apoptosis G phase Meiosis NDL : 00576703 Evolutionary biology portal Molecular and cellular biology portal Science portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_cycle&oldid=854156771 '' Categories : Cell cycle Cellular processes Cellular senescence Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Use dmy dates from July 2011 Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Қазақша Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 40 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 10 : 07 ( UTC ) . 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what regulates the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotes

Two key classes of regulatory molecules , cyclins and cyclin - dependent kinases ( CDKs ) , determine a cell 's progress through the cell cycle . Leland H. Hartwell , R. Timothy Hunt , and Paul M. Nurse won the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of these central molecules . Many of the genes encoding cyclins and CDKs are conserved among all eukaryotes , but in general more complex organisms have more elaborate cell cycle control systems that incorporate more individual components . Many of the relevant genes were first identified by studying yeast , especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; genetic nomenclature in yeast dubs many of these genes cdc ( for `` cell division cycle '' ) followed by an identifying number , e.g. cdc25 or cdc20 .

Scout Leader - wikipedia Scout Leader Jump to : navigation , search `` Scoutmaster '' redirects here . For the Norman Rockwell painting , see The Scoutmaster . A Scout leader or Scouter generally refers to the trained adult leader of a Scout unit . The terms used vary from country to country , over time , and with the type of unit . Leaders welcome a boy into Scouting , March 2010 , Mexico City , Mexico Contents ( hide ) 1 Roles 2 Training , screening and appointment of leaders 3 Terminology 3.1 Australia 3.2 Ireland 3.3 Philippines 3.4 South Africa 3.5 United Kingdom 3.5. 1 The Scout Association 3.5. 2 Baden - Powell Scouts ' Association 3.6 United States 3.7 Other countries 4 References Roles ( edit ) There are many different roles a leader can fulfill depending on the type of unit . Positions are usually voluntary and are often divided between ' uniform ' and ' lay ' roles . For many , this volunteerism is an avocation . Uniformed Scout Leaders are primarily responsible for organizing the activities of the group , and training the youth members through the Scout program . Other roles include liaison with parents , districts , or other parties such as the unit 's sponsoring ( chartered ) organization . Lay supporters are not always termed Scout Leaders ; although they may assist with activities and training , they do not always hold a formal position and may not have received training . Beyond the Scout programme , lay supporters may take responsibility for administrative tasks such as budgets , managing properties , recruitment , equipment , transport , and many other roles . The roles of leaders in senior units like Venture Scout , Explorer Scout and Rover Scout sections tend to be consultative , with much of the administration and activity planning in the hand of older Scouts , while in junior units like Cub Scout and Scout sections , the adult leaders need to take a more central role . Beyond the group are further uniformed positions ( sometimes called Commissioners ) at levels such as district , county , council or province , depending on the structure of the national organisation . They also work along with lay teams and professionals . Training teams and other related functions are often formed at these levels . Some countries appoint a Chief Scout or Chief Commissioner as the most senior uniformed member . Training , Screening and appointment of Leaders ( edit ) Scout Leaders participate in a series of training courses , typically aiming for the Wood Badge as the main qualification of an adult leader in Scouting . In most countries , Wood Badge holders can wear a Gilwell scarf , Turk 's head knot woggle , and Wood Badge beads . Scout Leaders are given a formal appointment ( called a warrant in many countries ) . Before appointing an adult leader , most associations perform background checks on candidates to ensure their suitability for working with children . Terminology ( edit ) Robert Baden - Powell initially used the terms Scoutmaster and Cubmaster for adult leaders ( coming from the English usage of the word `` master '' as a synonym for `` teacher '' ) , and these terms are still used in some countries and units , including the United States . As the word master picked up old - fashioned connotations , it was replaced by other terms such as Scout Leader or Scouter in many Commonwealth countries , following The Scout Association in the United Kingdom . Australia ( edit ) In Scouts Australia , all five sections have a Leader , although a Joey Leader has a much more driving role than a Venturer Leader , who should be standing back and assisting the elected Unit Chair . Rover Leaders stepped back during the 1970s , becoming Rover Advisors , the responsibility for the Crew passing to the elected Crew Leader . There are several different types of Leader in Australia , all of them ( and all members of the Rover Section ) have the opportunity to complete the Wood Badge training scheme Sectional Leaders Run a Troop , Pack , Unit or Mob each week . They are the ones who go away every weekend with the Scouts and sign off badgework each week . Group Leaders Run the Group as a whole , liaising between the Committee , who see to the needs of the Group , hall , power , gear , etc. and the Sectional Leaders . Activity Leaders Have qualifications in activities from Water Activities to Abseilling to Radio and Four Wheel Driving and First Aid , who put these skills at the disposal of a Region or Branch . These leaders often have another role in Scouting at the same time . Leader Trainers Provide the Training to other Leaders and usually have been in Scouting for several years . Training is not usually their only role in Scouting . District Leaders Provide help and assistance to local groups . Most Districts try to have at least one District Leader for each Section , as well as Public Relations , Adult Training & Development and Water Activities . Commissioners are responsible for the management of an aspect of Scouting and / or the leadership of other adults , as opposed to sectional leaders who run the youth program . The Scout Fellowship Is a group of former Leaders who no longer have the time or desire to be a part of Scouting every week . They have the opportunity to help out occasionally when leaders are needed temporarily because of hospital or travel , at large camps such as Jamborees and are still covered by Scout Insurance . All Leader positions are appointments for three years , when the appointment is reviewed and the Leader is renewed , reassigned or resigns . When a new Probationary Leader begins , they are presented with a Certificate of Adult Membership and complete a three - hour seminar called Intro to Scouting ( or Rovering ) which outlines the basic structure and procedures . After this comes the Basic Sectional Techniques course , which gives the Leader the right to wear the two - strand Turks Head or `` Gilwell '' Woggle . After the 2007 review of the Venturer Section , Venturer Scouts will soon be allowed to complete Venturer Basic . Leaders are then presented with a Certificate of Adult Leadership , and this is where most people stop their training , but after at least six months , Leaders then are eligible to complete the Advanced Sectional Techniques Course , which allows them to conduct more advanced activities , network with other experienced Leaders and then after successful completion of the Course be presented with the Wood Badge . Scouts Australia is an Enterprise Registered Training Organisation ( RTO : 5443 ) and Leaders can apply to be granted a Certificate III in Business after completing the Basic Course , and a Certificate IV in Leadership and Management after the Advanced Course . Later they can also complete a Diploma of Leadership and Management or Certificate Qualifications in Outdoor Recreation through the Scouts Australia Institute of Training . Ireland ( edit ) Main article : Scouting Ireland § Role of the Scouters A uniformed adult member of Scouting Ireland who commits to the Scout Promise and Law is known as a `` Scouter '' . Rover Scouts can also be adults , and an eligible member can be a Scouter or Rover or both . Adult members are subject to police vetting ( in either jurisdiction ) . Scouters who provide Youth Programme are known as `` Programme Scouters '' . Various Group , County , Provincial and National appointment holders in general need to be Scouters . Associate members are adult members who do not take the Scout Promise , and may include supporting Officers such as Group Secretary or County Treasurer . Philippines ( edit ) In the Boy Scouts of the Philippines , all uniformed adults , including office employees , are `` Scouters . '' Not all Scouters are Unit Leaders , but all Unit Leaders are Scouters . The generic term for an adult in charge of a Scout unit is `` Unit Leader . '' There are five types : 1 . A `` Langkay Leader '' takes charge of KID Scouts . 2 . A `` Kawan Leader '' takes charge of KAB Scouts . 3 . A `` Troop Leader '' takes charge of Boy Scouts . 4 . An `` Outfit Advisor '' takes charge of Senior Scouts . 5 . A `` Circle Manager '' advises Rovers and Roverettes . Langkay Leaders and Kawan Leaders are women . Troop Leaders , Outfit Advisors , and Circle Managers may be men or women , and are often informally called `` Scoutmasters . '' South Africa ( edit ) The South African Scout Association decided in the early 90s to change the name of a Scoutmaster to Scouter . The reason for this change was due to negative connotations of the word master . The terms Troop Scouter and Pack Scouter are used for adult leaders of Scout Troops and Cub Packs . Rover Crews are mentored by a Rover Scouter . United Kingdom ( edit ) The Scout Association ( edit ) The Scout Association used the term Scoutmaster originally , but the term Scout Leader is now used . Other adult leaders in the Scout Troop are called Assistant Scout Leaders . Terms used in other sections are Beaver Scout Leader , Assistant Beaver Scout Leader , Cub Scout Leader , Assistant Cub Scout Leader , Explorer Scout Leader , Assistant Explorer Scout Leader , and so on . The Scout Group is led by a Group Scout Leader and who may be assisted by an appointed Assistant Group Scout Leader . When Rover Scouts existed , there were Rover Scout Leaders and Assistant Rover Scout Leaders . Collectively all adult leaders are called Scouters . One of the leaders may take on the role of Quartermaster , although this role can also be taken on by a parent or other member of the Group Committee . At District level a District Commissioner may appoint a District Beaver Scout Leader , District Cub Scout Leader and a District Scout Leader to assist the Assistant District Commissioners for Beavers , Cubs and Scouts . A District Explorer Scout Leader may also be appointed to assist a District Explorer Scout Commissioner . A District Scout Network Leader may be appointed to lead a District Scout Network . At County Level a County Commissioner may appoint a County Beaver Scout Leader , County Cub Scout Leader and a County Scout Leader to assist the Assistant County Commissioners for Beavers , Cubs and Scouts . A County Explorer Scout Leader may also be appointed to assist an Assistant County Commissioner for Explorers . A County Scout Network Leader may be appointed to assist a County Scout Network Commissioner . Explorer Scouts can help out at younger sections as a Young Leader . Baden - Powell Scouts ' Association ( edit ) Adult leaders The Baden - Powell Scouts ' Association continue to use the traditional title of Scoutmaster . Other adult leaders in the Scout Troop are called Assistant Scout Masters . Other titles include Cub Scout Master , Assistant Cub Scout Master and so on . The Group is led by a Group Scout Master . In common with The Scout Association , adult leaders are sometimes referred to as Scouters . Youth leaders In the Scout and Senior Scout sections , youth leaders include Senior Troop Leader , Senior Patrol Leader , Assistant Senior Patrol Leader , Patrol Leaders , Assistant Patrol Leaders , Quartermaster , and Instructor . United States ( edit ) In the Boy Scouts of America , in all Scouting units above the Cub Scout pack , units serving adolescent Scouts , leadership of the unit comprises both adult leaders ( Scouters ) and youth leaders ( Scouts ) . In fact , this is a critical component of the program . In order to learn leadership , the youth must actually serve in leadership roles . Adult leaders may be either men or women in all positions . A properly run Boy Scout troop is run by the Senior Patrol Leader , who is elected by the troop , and his assistant , who may either be elected or appointed . These and the other youth leaders are advised and supported by the adult leaders . Adult leaders Among the volunteers who provide troop level adult leadership and support ( in the United States , collectively called Scouters ) , there are Scoutmasters and their uniformed adult leadership ( including assistant Scoutmasters and unit chaplain ) , and committee members . All positions require adults to join the troop by registration . The registration process for adult leaders includes a personal reference and criminal background check , nomination by the committee chairman , followed by appointment by the chartering organization and concluding with acceptance by the district executive ( a professional Scouter who is an employee of the local Scout council ) . A Scouter may be a registered member of more than one unit . Example : a Webelos den leader in a Cub Scout pack also volunteers as an advancement committee member in an older son 's Boy Scout troop . Both Scoutmasters and committee members are encouraged at specific events to wear their uniforms . Scoutmasters are normally required to be at least twenty - one years of age , although there have been some notable exceptions . E. Urner Goodman ( the founder of the Order of the Arrow ) was appointed as a Scoutmaster when he was still nineteen . Assistant Scoutmasters are often older Scouts who have turned 18 and can no longer serve in a youth capacity . There is a training continuum for both Scoutmasters and committee members . The training continuum for both positions includes `` Youth Protection '' , `` Fast Start '' and `` New Leader 's Essentials '' . At this point the two continuums divide . In order to be `` trained '' ( and entitled to wear the `` Trained '' patch on their uniform ) Committee Members must complete a fourth course `` The Troop Committee Challenge . '' In order for Scoutmasters / Assistant Scoutmasters to wear the `` Trained '' patch they must complete `` Scoutmaster / Assistant Scoutmaster Leader Specific Training '' and `` Introduction to Outdoor Leadership . '' Within 12 -- 18 months of obtaining the status of `` Trained '' , both Committee Members and Scoutmasters are encouraged to enroll in `` 21st Century Wood Badge '' training . Scoutmasters are responsible for developing and delivering the `` program '' or the training of youth leadership in how to plan and run a Scout troop 's activities . The members of the committee are responsible for `` service '' or provisioning the troop with the necessary goods and services that allow the Scoutmasters to focus solely on the program . Committee members may interact with Scouts . For example , they may be assisted by youth leaders ( see quartermaster ) or they may provide technical training to the Scouts as merit badge counselors . Committee members most important direct interaction with Scouts occurs during boards of review . Committee members assemble in groups of 3 to 6 in order to constitute boards of review . After a Scoutmaster has conducted a Scoutmaster conference with the Scout and determined he is ready for advancement , a Scout must meet with a board of review . An important function of the board of review is to allow the committee to collect data from the individual Scouts about the success of the Program and deliver that feedback to the Scoutmasters . In this role , a board of review may also meet with a Scout whose advancement progress has stalled . The Scoutmaster for a troop is first nominated by the committee , then appointed by the chartering organization and then finally accepted by the district executive . The committee members elect a committee chairman . In the event that the Scoutmaster is unavailable , the committee chairman steps in until a new Scoutmaster is obtained . The committee also accepts the troop schedule and budget as developed each year by the patrol leader 's council advised by the Scoutmaster . While it is true that in some troops , the Scoutmaster may be the person with the most tenure and committee membership may be transitory and in other cases the opposite may be true , effective troops work to ensure there is balance of experienced adults working together as a team to deliver both the best possible service and program to the troop . There are similar service and program splits for adult leadership in Cub Scouts , Venturing and Varsity . While there is only limited opportunity for youth leadership in Cub Scouting ( see den chief ) , youth leadership takes an even stronger role in providing both service and program in Venturing . The leader of a Cub Scout pack is referred to as Cubmaster and he or she may be assisted by assistant Cubmasters . Since almost all program leadership at the Cub Scouting level is adult , the Cubmaster is also assisted by any number of den leaders . Varsity Scout teams have a Coach , Venturing crews have an Advisor , and Sea Scouting ships have a Skipper . All of these terms are used for the men or women who fill the role as the adults responsible for maintaining the program by advising the unit 's youth leaders on how to plan and lead the unit 's activities . Youth leaders In the Boy Scout troop , youth leaders include Junior Assistant Scoutmaster , Senior Patrol Leader , Assistant Senior Patrol Leader , Patrol Leaders , Assistant Patrol Leaders , scribe , quartermaster , librarian , chaplain aide , bugler , historian , den chief , Troop Guide , Order of the Arrow representative and instructor or animator . There have even been cases of co Senior Patrol Leaders in the case of a tie during an election , or on purpose to manage a large troop . In an ideal setting , the Scoutmaster will give a command to the Junior Assistant Scoutmaster , or the Senior Patrol Leader ( s ) . The Senior Patrol Leader gives the command then to Assistant Senior Patrol Leaders , who give it to the Troop Guides . The Troop Guides in turn go to the Patrol Leaders , who finally give the command to their patrols . The Senior Patrol Leader can serve a half to full year term , depending on the troop . Other countries ( edit ) In other countries , Scouter refers to any adult leader , professional Scout employee , or any Scout alumnus . References ( edit ) Scouting portal Jump up ^ B - PSA Ireland : Leader Training Archived 2009 - 02 - 21 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Policy , Organisation and Rules ( POR ) : Adult Leader Training ( PDF ) . The South African Scout Association . 2008 ( 1979 ) . p. 19 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2008 - 10 - 13 . Jump up ^ Policy , Organisation and Rules ( POR ) : The Appointment Process ( PDF ) . The Scout Association . 2008 ( 1979 ) . Jump up ^ BPSA British Columbia : Leader Screening Archived 2010 - 07 - 24 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Scouting Ireland Constitution '' ( PDF ) . section 18 . Retrieved 6 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Published BSP references : Langkay Leader 's Manual . Kawan Leader 's Manual . Troop Leader 's Manual . Jump up ^ Introduction to Adult Leadership . Cape Town : South African Scout Association . 1995 . Jump up ^ `` Job Description : Rover Scouter '' ( PDF ) . Scouts South Africa . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Policy , Organisation and Rules ( POR ) ( PDF ) . The Scout Association . 2008 . Jump up ^ Policy , Association & Rules ( PAR ) . Baden - Powell Scouts ' Association . 2007 . 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In the Boy Scouts of America , in all Scouting units above the Cub Scout pack , units serving adolescent Scouts , leadership of the unit comprises both adult leaders ( Scouters ) and youth leaders ( Scouts ) . In fact , this is a critical component of the program . In order to learn leadership , the youth must actually serve in leadership roles . Adult leaders may be either men or women in all positions .

Day of the Dead - wikipedia Day of the Dead Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Mexican holiday . For other uses , see Day of the Dead ( disambiguation ) . Day of the Dead Día de Muertos altar commemorating a deceased man in Milpa Alta , México DF Observed by Mexico , and regions with large Hispanic populations Type Cultural Syncretic Christian Significance Prayer and remembrance of friends and family members who have died Celebrations Creation of altars to remember the dead , traditional dishes for Day of the Dead Begins October 31 Ends November 2 Date October 31 Next time 31 October 2018 ( 2018 - 10 - 31 ) Frequency Annual Related to All Saints ' Day The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO . The holiday is sometimes called Día de los Muertos in Anglophone countries , a back - translation of its original name , Día de Muertos . It is particularly celebrated in Mexico where the day is a public holiday . Prior to Spanish colonization in the 16th century , the celebration took place at the beginning of summer . Gradually , it was associated with October 31 , November 1 , and November 2 to coincide with the Western Christianity triduum of Allhallowtide : All Saints ' Eve , All Saints ' Day , and All Souls ' Day . Traditions connected with the holiday include building private altars called ofrendas , honoring the deceased using calaveras , aztec marigolds , and the favorite foods and beverages of the departed , and visiting graves with these as gifts . Visitors also leave possessions of the deceased at the graves . Scholars trace the origins of the modern Mexican holiday to indigenous observances dating back hundreds of years and to an Aztec festival dedicated to the goddess Mictecacihuatl . The holiday has spread throughout the world , being absorbed into other deep traditions in honor of the dead . It has become a national symbol and as such is taught ( for educational purposes ) in the nation 's schools . Many families celebrate a traditional `` All Saints ' Day '' associated with the Catholic Church . Originally , the Day of the Dead as such was not celebrated in northern Mexico , where it was unknown until the 20th century because its indigenous people had different traditions . The people and the church rejected it as a day related to syncretizing pagan elements with Catholic Christianity . They held the traditional ' All Saints ' Day ' in the same way as other Christians in the world . There was limited Mesoamerican influence in this region , and relatively few indigenous inhabitants from the regions of Southern Mexico , where the holiday was celebrated . In the early 21st century in northern Mexico , Día de Muertos is observed because the Mexican government made it a national holiday based on educational policies from the 1960s ; it has introduced this holiday as a unifying national tradition based on indigenous traditions . The Mexican Day of the Dead celebration is similar to other societies ' observances of a time to honor the dead . The Spanish tradition , for instance , includes festivals and parades , as well as gatherings of families at cemeteries to pray for their deceased loved ones at the end of the day . Contents ( hide ) 1 Observance in Mexico 1.1 Origins 1.2 Beliefs 1.3 Food 2 Observances outside Mexico 2.1 Americas 2.1. 1 Belize 2.1. 2 Bolivia 2.1. 3 Brazil 2.1. 4 Guatemala 2.1. 5 Ecuador 2.1. 6 Peru 2.1. 7 United States 2.1. 7.1 California 2.2 Asia 2.2. 1 Goa , India 2.2. 2 The Philippines 2.3 Europe 2.4 Oceania 3 Similar traditions 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 7 Further reading Observance in Mexico Origins Woman lighting copal incense at the cemetery during the `` Alumbrada '' vigil in San Andrés Mixquic The Day of the Dead celebrations in Mexico developed from ancient traditions among its pre-Columbian cultures . Rituals celebrating the deaths of ancestors had been observed by these civilizations perhaps for as long as 2,500 -- 3,000 years . The festival that developed into the modern Day of the Dead fell in the ninth month of the Aztec calendar , about the beginning of August , and was celebrated for an entire month . The festivities were dedicated to the goddess known as the `` Lady of the Dead '' , corresponding to the modern La Calavera Catrina . By the late 20th century in most regions of Mexico , practices had developed to honor dead children and infants on November 1 , and to honor deceased adults on November 2 . November 1 is generally referred to as Día de los Inocentes ( `` Day of the Innocents '' ) but also as Día de los Angelitos ( `` Day of the Little Angels '' ) ; November 2 is referred to as Día de los Muertos or Día de los Difuntos ( `` Day of the Dead '' ) . Beliefs This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Frances Ann Day summarizes the three - day celebration , the Day of the Dead : `` On October 31 , All Hallows Eve , the children make a children 's altar to invite the angelitos ( spirits of dead children ) to come back for a visit . November 1 is All Saints Day , and the adult spirits will come to visit . November 2 is All Souls Day , when families go to the cemetery to decorate the graves and tombs of their relatives . The three - day fiesta is filled with marigolds , the flowers of the dead ; muertos ( the bread of the dead ) ; sugar skulls ; cardboard skeletons ; tissue paper decorations ; fruit and nuts ; incense , and other traditional foods and decorations . '' -- Frances Ann Day , Latina and Latino Voices in Literature People go to cemeteries to be with the souls of the departed and build private altars containing the favorite foods and beverages , as well as photos and memorabilia , of the departed . The intent is to encourage visits by the souls , so the souls will hear the prayers and the comments of the living directed to them . Celebrations can take a humorous tone , as celebrants remember funny events and anecdotes about the departed . Mexican cempasúchil ( marigold ) is the traditional flower used to honor the dead Cempasúchil , alfeñiques and papel picado used to decorate an altar Plans for the day are made throughout the year , including gathering the goods to be offered to the dead . During the three - day period families usually clean and decorate graves ; most visit the cemeteries where their loved ones are buried and decorate their graves with ofrendas ( altars ) , which often include orange Mexican marigolds ( Tagetes erecta ) called cempasúchil ( originally named cempoaxochitl , Nāhuatl for `` twenty flowers '' ) . In modern Mexico the marigold is sometimes called Flor de Muerto ( Flower of Dead ) . These flowers are thought to attract souls of the dead to the offerings . Toys are brought for dead children ( los angelitos , or `` the little angels '' ) , and bottles of tequila , mezcal or pulque or jars of atole for adults . Families will also offer trinkets or the deceased 's favorite candies on the grave . Some families have ofrendas in homes , usually with foods such as candied pumpkin , pan de muerto ( `` bread of dead '' ) , and sugar skulls ; and beverages such as atole . The ofrendas are left out in the homes as a welcoming gesture for the deceased . Some people believe the spirits of the dead eat the `` spiritual essence '' of the ofrendas food , so though the celebrators eat the food after the festivities , they believe it lacks nutritional value . Pillows and blankets are left out so the deceased can rest after their long journey . In some parts of Mexico , such as the towns of Mixquic , Pátzcuaro and Janitzio , people spend all night beside the graves of their relatives . In many places , people have picnics at the grave site , as well . Families tidying and decorating graves at a cemetery in Almoloya del Río in the State of Mexico , 1995 Some families build altars or small shrines in their homes ; these sometimes feature a Christian cross , statues or pictures of the Blessed Virgin Mary , pictures of deceased relatives and other people , scores of candles , and an ofrenda . Traditionally , families spend some time around the altar , praying and telling anecdotes about the deceased . In some locations , celebrants wear shells on their clothing , so when they dance , the noise will wake up the dead ; some will also dress up as the deceased . Public schools at all levels build altars with ofrendas , usually omitting the religious symbols . Government offices usually have at least a small altar , as this holiday is seen as important to the Mexican heritage . Those with a distinctive talent for writing sometimes create short poems , called calaveras ( skulls ) , mocking epitaphs of friends , describing interesting habits and attitudes or funny anecdotes . This custom originated in the 18th or 19th century after a newspaper published a poem narrating a dream of a cemetery in the future , `` and all of us were dead '' , proceeding to read the tombstones . Newspapers dedicate calaveras to public figures , with cartoons of skeletons in the style of the famous calaveras of José Guadalupe Posada , a Mexican illustrator . Theatrical presentations of Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla ( 1817 -- 1893 ) are also traditional on this day . Modern representations of La Catrina José Guadalupe Posada created a famous print of a figure he called La Calavera Catrina ( `` The Elegant Skull '' ) as a parody of a Mexican upper - class female . Posada 's striking image of a costumed female with a skeleton face has become associated with the Day of the Dead , and Catrina figures often are a prominent part of modern Day of the Dead observances . A common symbol of the holiday is the skull ( in Spanish calavera ) , which celebrants represent in masks , called calacas ( colloquial term for skeleton ) , and foods such as sugar or chocolate skulls , which are inscribed with the name of the recipient on the forehead . Sugar skulls can be given as gifts to both the living and the dead . Other holiday foods include pan de muerto , a sweet egg bread made in various shapes from plain rounds to skulls and rabbits , often decorated with white frosting to look like twisted bones . The traditions and activities that take place in celebration of the Day of the Dead are not universal , often varying from town to town . For example , in the town of Pátzcuaro on the Lago de Pátzcuaro in Michoacán , the tradition is very different if the deceased is a child rather than an adult . On November 1 of the year after a child 's death , the godparents set a table in the parents ' home with sweets , fruits , pan de muerto , a cross , a rosary ( used to ask the Virgin Mary to pray for them ) and candles . This is meant to celebrate the child 's life , in respect and appreciation for the parents . There is also dancing with colorful costumes , often with skull - shaped masks and devil masks in the plaza or garden of the town . At midnight on November 2 , the people light candles and ride winged boats called mariposas ( butterflies ) to Janitzio , an island in the middle of the lake where there is a cemetery , to honor and celebrate the lives of the dead there . In contrast , the town of Ocotepec , north of Cuernavaca in the State of Morelos , opens its doors to visitors in exchange for veladoras ( small wax candles ) to show respect for the recently deceased . In return the visitors receive tamales and atole . This is done only by the owners of the house where someone in the household has died in the previous year . Many people of the surrounding areas arrive early to eat for free and enjoy the elaborate altars set up to receive the visitors . In some parts of the country ( especially the cities , where in recent years other customs have been displaced ) children in costumes roam the streets , knocking on people 's doors for a calaverita , a small gift of candies or money ; they also ask passersby for it . This relatively recent custom is similar to that of Halloween 's trick - or - treating in the United States . Some people believe possessing Day of the Dead items can bring good luck . Many people get tattoos or have dolls of the dead to carry with them . They also clean their houses and prepare the favorite dishes of their deceased loved ones to place upon their altar or ofrenda . Food During Day of the Dead festivities , food is both eaten by living people and given to the spirits of their departed ancestors as ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) . Tamales are one of the most common dishes prepared for this day for both purposes . Pan de muerto and calaveras are associated specifically with Day of the Dead . Pan de muerto is a type of sweet roll shaped like a bun , topped with sugar , and often decorated with bone - shaped phalanges pieces . Calaveras , or sugar skulls , display colorful designs to represent the vitality and individual personality of the departed . In addition to food , drink is also important to the tradition of Day of the Dead . Historically , the main alcoholic drink was pulque while today families will commonly drink the favorite beverage of their deceased ancestors . Other drinks associated with the holiday are atole and champurrado , warm , thick , non-alcoholic masa drinks . Jamaican iced tea is a popular herbal tea made of the flowers and leaves of the Jamaican hibiscus plant ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) , known as flor de Jamaica in Mexico . It is served cold and quite sweet with a lot of ice . The ruby - red beverage is called hibiscus tea in English - speaking countries and called agua de Jamaica ( water of Jamaica ) in Spanish . Observances outside Mexico See also : Festival of the Dead Americas Belize In Belize , Day of the Dead is practiced by people of the Yucatec Maya ethnicity . The celebration is known as Hanal Pixan which means `` food for the souls '' in their language . Altars are constructed and decorated with food , drinks , candies , and candles put on them . Bolivia Día de las Ñatitas ( `` Day of the Skulls '' ) is a festival celebrated in La Paz , Bolivia , on May 5 . In pre-Columbian times indigenous Andeans had a tradition of sharing a day with the bones of their ancestors on the third year after burial . Today families keep only the skulls for such rituals . Traditionally , the skulls of family members are kept at home to watch over the family and protect them during the year . On November 9 , the family crowns the skulls with fresh flowers , sometimes also dressing them in various garments , and making offerings of cigarettes , coca leaves , alcohol , and various other items in thanks for the year 's protection . The skulls are also sometimes taken to the central cemetery in La Paz for a special Mass and blessing . Brazil The Brazilian public holiday of Finados ( Day of the Dead ) is celebrated on November 2 . Similar to other Day of the Dead celebrations , people go to cemeteries and churches with flowers and candles and offer prayers . The celebration is intended as a positive honoring of the dead . Memorializing the dead draws from indigenous , African and European Catholic origins . Guatemala Guatemalan celebrations of the Day of the Dead , on November 1 , are highlighted by the construction and flying of giant kites in addition to the traditional visits to grave sites of ancestors . A big event also is the consumption of fiambre , which is made only for this day during the year . Ecuador In Ecuador the Day of the Dead is observed to some extent by all parts of society , though it is especially important to the indigenous Kichwa peoples , who make up an estimated quarter of the population . Indigena families gather together in the community cemetery with offerings of food for a day - long remembrance of their ancestors and lost loved ones . Ceremonial foods include colada morada , a spiced fruit porridge that derives its deep purple color from the Andean blackberry and purple maize . This is typically consumed with guagua de pan , a bread shaped like a swaddled infant , though variations include many pigs -- the latter being traditional to the city of Loja . The bread , which is wheat flour - based today , but was made with masa in the pre-Columbian era , can be made savory with cheese inside or sweet with a filling of guava paste . These traditions have permeated mainstream society , as well , where food establishments add both colada morada and gaugua de pan to their menus for the season . Many non-indigenous Ecuadorians visit the graves of the deceased , cleaning and bringing flowers , or preparing the traditional foods , too . Perú Usually people visit the cemetery and bring flowers to decorate the graves of dead relatives . Sometimes people play music at the cemetery . United States An ánima for the dead Women with calaveras makeup celebrating Dia de Muertos in the Mission District of San Francisco , California In many American communities with Mexican residents , Day of the Dead celebrations are very similar to those held in Mexico . In some of these communities , in states such as Texas , New Mexico , and Arizona , the celebrations tend to be mostly traditional . The All Souls Procession has been an annual Tucson , Arizona event since 1990 . The event combines elements of traditional Day of the Dead celebrations with those of pagan harvest festivals . People wearing masks carry signs honoring the dead and an urn in which people can place slips of paper with prayers on them to be burned . Likewise , Old Town San Diego , California annually hosts a traditional two - day celebration culminating in a candlelight procession to the historic El Campo Santo Cemetery . In Missoula , Montana , celebrants wearing skeleton costumes and walking on stilts , riding novelty bicycles , and traveling on skis parade through town . The festival also is held annually at historic Forest Hills Cemetery in Boston 's Jamaica Plain neighborhood . Sponsored by Forest Hills Educational Trust and the folkloric performance group La Piñata , the Day of the Dead festivities celebrate the cycle of life and death . People bring offerings of flowers , photos , mementos , and food for their departed loved ones , which they place at an elaborately and colorfully decorated altar . A program of traditional music and dance also accompanies the community event . The Smithsonian Institution , in collaboration with the University of Texas at El Paso and Second Life , have created a Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum and accompanying multimedia e-book : Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead . The project 's website contains some of the text and images which explain the origins of some of the customary core practices related to the Day of the Dead , such as the background beliefs and the offrenda ( the special altar commemorating one 's deceased loved one ) . The Made For iTunes multimedia e-book version provides additional content , such as further details ; additional photo galleries ; pop - up profiles of influential Latino artists and cultural figures over the decades ; and video clips of interviews with artists who make Dia de Muertos - themed artwork , explanations and performances of Aztec and other traditional dances , an animation short that explains the customs to children , virtual poetry readings in English and Spanish . California Corazon del Pueblo in Fruitvale , Oakland , California , 2016 Santa Ana , California is said to hold the `` largest event in Southern California '' honoring Día de Muertos , called the annual Noche de Altares , which began in 2002 . The celebration of the Day of the Dead in Santa Ana has grown to two large events with the creation of an event held at the Santa Ana Regional Transportation Center for the first time on November 1 , 2015 . In other communities , interactions between Mexican traditions and American culture are resulting in celebrations in which Mexican traditions are being extended to make artistic or sometimes political statements . For example , in Los Angeles , California , the Self Help Graphics & Art Mexican - American cultural center presents an annual Day of the Dead celebration that includes both traditional and political elements , such as altars to honor the victims of the Iraq War , highlighting the high casualty rate among Latino soldiers . An updated , intercultural version of the Day of the Dead is also evolving at Hollywood Forever Cemetery . There , in a mixture of Native Californian art , Mexican traditions and Hollywood hip , conventional altars are set up side - by - side with altars to Jayne Mansfield and Johnny Ramone . Colorful native dancers and music intermix with performance artists , while sly pranksters play on traditional themes . Similar traditional and intercultural updating of Mexican celebrations are held in San Francisco . For example , the Galería de la Raza , SomArts Cultural Center , Mission Cultural Center , de Young Museum and altars at Garfield Square by the Marigold Project . Oakland is home to Corazon Del Pueblo in the Fruitvale district . Corazon Del Pueblo has a shop offering handcrafted Mexican gifts and a museum devoted to Day of the Dead artifacts . Also , the Fruitvale district in Oakland serves as the hub of the Dia de Muertos annual festival which occurs the last weekend of October . Here , a mix of several Mexican traditions come together with traditional Aztec dancers , regional Mexican music , and other Mexican artisans to celebrate the day . Asia Goa , india The Catholic traditions were initiated with the arrival of the Portuguese in 1510 . The Almacho Dis ( Souls Day ) is commemorated on Nov 2 , following all Saints Day ( Nov. 1 ) . On this day , the forgotten souls are remembered and spiritual charity is done though prayer for the deceased family and ancestral souls . Charity is practiced also by offering food for the poor called beggars lunch ( bikareanchem jevonn ) where the poor are invited for lunch , from the village and treated with dignity and respect . The invited down trodden are served as guest and usually commences with prayers for the deceased souls . Following mass on all souls day , the deceased visit the graveyard of the deceased souls and pray and also decorate their graves . The philippines While ancestor veneration is an ancient part of Filipino culture , the modern observance is believed to have been imported from Mexico when the islands ( as part of the Spanish East Indies ) were governed from Mexico City as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . During the holiday ( observed every November 1 ) , Filipinos customarily visit family tombs and other graves , which they repair and clean . Entire families spend a night or two at their loved ones ' tombs , passing time with card games , eating , drinking , singing and dancing . Prayers such as the rosary are often said for the deceased , who are normally offered candles , flowers , food , and even liquor . Some Catholic Chinese Filipino families additionally offer joss sticks to the dead , and observe customs otherwise associated with the Hungry Ghost Festival . Europe In Christian Europe , Roman Catholic customs absorbed pagan traditions . All Saints Day and All Souls Day became the autumnal celebration of the dead . Over many centuries , rites which had occurred in cultivated fields , where the souls of the dead were thought to leave after the harvest , to cemeteries . In many countries with a Roman Catholic heritage , All Saints Day and All Souls Day have evolved traditions in which people take the day off work , go to cemeteries with candles and flowers , and give presents to children , usually sweets and toys . In Portugal and Spain ofrendas ( `` offerings '' ) are made on this day . In Spain , the play Don Juan Tenorio is traditionally performed . In Belgium , France , Ireland , Italy , the Netherlands , Portugal , and Spain , people bring flowers ( typically chrysanthemums in France and northern Europe ) to the graves of dead relatives and say prayers over the dead . In Eastern Europe holiday is called Dziady and also has pagan origins . In Belarus the ancient tradition involved cooking ritual dishes for supper . Part of each dish was put into a separate plate and left overnight for the dead ancestors . Public meetings are often organized on this day to commemorate the victims of Soviet political repressions . As part of a promotion by the Mexican embassy in Prague , Czech Republic , since the late 20th century , some local citizens join in a Mexican - style Day of the Dead . A theatre group produces events featuring masks , candles , and sugar skulls . Oceania Mexican - style Day of the Dead celebrations occur in major cities in Australia , Fiji , and Indonesia . Additionally , prominent celebrations are held in Wellington , New Zealand , complete with altars celebrating the deceased with flowers and gifts . Similar traditions Many other cultures around the world have similar traditions of a day set aside to visit the graves of deceased family members . Often included in these traditions are celebrations , food , and beverages , in addition to prayers and remembrances of the departed . In some African cultures , visits to ancestors ' graves , the leaving of food and gifts , and the asking of protection from them serve as important parts of traditional rituals . One such ritual is held just before the start of the hunting season . The Qingming Festival ( simplified Chinese : 清明 节 ; traditional Chinese : 清明 節 ; pinyin : qīng míng jié ) is a traditional Chinese festival usually occurring around April 5 of the Gregorian calendar . Along with Double Ninth Festival on the 9th day of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar , it is a time to tend to the graves of departed ones . In addition , in the Chinese tradition , the seventh month in the Chinese calendar is called the Ghost Month ( 鬼 月 ) , in which ghosts and spirits come out from the underworld to visit earth . The Bon Festival ( O - bon ( お盆 ) , or only Bon ( 盆 ) ) , is a Japanese Buddhist holiday held in August to honor the spirits of departed ancestors . It is derived in part from the Chinese observance of the Ghost Month , and was affixed to the solar calendar along with other traditional Japanese holidays . In Korea , Chuseok ( 추석 , 秋 夕 ; also called Hangawi ) is a major traditional holiday . People go where the spirits of their ancestors are enshrined , and perform ancestral worship rituals early in the morning . They visit the tombs of immediate ancestors to trim plants , clean the area around the tomb , and offer food , drink , and crops to their ancestors . During the Nepalese holiday of Gai Jatra ( `` Cow Pilgrimage '' ) , every family who has lost a member during the previous year creates a tai out of bamboo branches , cloth , and paper decorations , in which are placed portraits of the deceased . As a cow traditionally leads the spirits of the dead into the afterlife , an actual or symbolic cow is used depending on local custom . The festival is also a time to dress up in a costume reminiscent of the western Halloween , with popular subjects including political commentary and satire . In popular culture Disneyland Resorts ' annual `` Halloween Time '' celebrates the art and traditions of Dias de los Muertos located at Frontierland . The 1998 Grim Fandango video game features Mexican Day of the Dead iconography with Aztec and Egyptian influences . The 2014 The Book of Life film follows a bullfighter who , on the Day of the Dead , embarks on an afterlife adventure . In the 2015 James Bond film , Spectre , the opening sequence features a Day of the Dead parade in Mexico City . At the time , no such parade took place in Mexico City ; one year later , due to the interest in the film and the government desire to promote the pre-Hispanic Mexican culture , the federal and local authorities decided to organize an actual `` Día de Muertos '' parade through Paseo de la Reforma and Centro Historico on October 29 , 2016 , which was attended by 250,000 people . The 2016 Elena of Avalor season one episode `` A Night to Remember '' focused on Dias de los Muertos . The 2017 Pixar film Coco features the Dias de los Muertos holiday as a major element in its plot . See also Literary Calaverita Danse Macabre Samhain Skull art Thursday of the Dead Veneration of the dead Walpurgis Night References Notes Jump up ^ `` Indigenous festivity dedicated to the dead '' . UNESCO . Retrieved October 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . El Museo del Barrio . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Austin Days of the Dead '' . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Day , Frances Ann ( 2003 ) . Latina and Latino Voices in Literature . Greenwood Publishing Group . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 0313323942 . Jump up ^ Lumaban , Weely A. ( October -- November 2008 ) . `` All Soul 's Day '' . The Bread Basket . Vol . V no . 3 . Rex Bookstore , Inc . pp. 23 -- 23 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . National Geographic Society . Jump up ^ Lee , Stacy ( 2002 ) . Mexico and the United States . Marshall Cavendish . ISBN 0761474021 . Jump up ^ Cazares , Eduardo ( November 2 , 2015 ) . `` Día de Muertos en Nuevo León '' . Diario Cultura . Diario Cultura.mx . Jump up ^ Mendoza , Gustavo . `` Hasta en el velorio , las penas con pan son menos '' . Milenio . ^ Jump up to : `` Dia de Todos los Santos : All Saints ' Day in Spain '' . don Quijote . Ideal Education Group S.L . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Miller , Carlos ( 2005 ) . `` History : Indigenous people would n't let ' Day of the Dead ' die '' . The Arizona Republic . Day of the Dead -- Día De Los Muertos . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Salvador , R.J. ( 2003 ) . John D. Morgan and Pittu Laungani , ed . Death and Bereavement Around the World : Death and Bereavement in the Americas . Death , Value and Meaning Series , Vol. II . Amityville , New York : Baywood Publishing Company . pp. 75 -- 76 . ISBN 0 - 89503 - 232 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Palfrey , Dale Hoyt ( 1995 ) . `` The Day of the Dead '' . Día de los Muertos Index . Access Mexico Connect . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Turim , Gayle ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Day of the Dead Sweets and Treats '' . History Stories . History Channel . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Godoy , Maria . `` Sugar Skulls , Tamales And More : Why Is That Food On The Day Of The Dead Altar ? '' . NPR . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Castella , Krystina ( October 2010 ) . `` Pan de Muerto Recipe '' . Epicurious . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Jamaica iced tea '' . Cooking in Mexico . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Guidi , Ruxandra ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` Las Natitas '' . BBC . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Smith , Fiona ( November 8 , 2005 ) . `` Bolivians Honor Skull - Toting Tradition '' . Associated Press . Retrieved December 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All Saints day in Bolivia -- `` The skull festival '' `` . Bolivia Line ( May 2005 ) . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burlingame , Betsy ; Wood , Joshua . `` Visit to cemetery in Guatemala '' . Expatexchange.com . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ortiz , Gonzalo ( October 30 , 2010 ) . `` Diversity in Remembering the Dead '' . InterPress Service News Agency . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2010 . Retrieved October 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Perú : así se vivió Día de todos los santos en cementerios de Lima '' . Peru . peru.com . January 1 , 2016 . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wise , Danno. `` Port Isabel 's Day of the Dead Celebration '' . Texas Travel . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos '' . visitalbuquerque.org . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hedding , Judy . `` Day of the Dead '' . Phoenix . About.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ White , Erin ( November 5 , 2006 ) . `` All Souls Procession '' . Arizona Daily Star . Retrieved November 28 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Old Town San Diego 's Dia de los Muertos '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saroff , Steve S. ( November 2 , 2006 ) . `` Missoula Day of the Dead Parade , November 2nd 2006 , 6pm . Intersection of Higgins and Broadway '' . Saroff Photography . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . Día de los Muertos : Day of the Dead ( Version 1.2 ed . ) . Jump up ^ `` Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum '' . Ustream . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum . `` Day of the Dead '' . Theater of the Dead . Jump up ^ Smithsonian Institution . `` Smithsonian - UTEP Día de los Muertos Festival : A 2D and 3D Experience ! '' . Smithsonian Latino Virtual Museum Press Release . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Less - scary holiday : Some faith groups offer alternatives to Halloween trick - or - treating '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Viva la Vida or Noche de Altares ? Santa Ana 's downtown division fuels dueling Day of the Dead events '' . The Orange County Register . Jump up ^ `` Making a night of Day of the Dead '' Los Angeles Times October 18 , 2006 . Retrieved November 26 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Dia de los Muertos ( Day of the Dead ) -- San Francisco '' . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Elliott , Vicky ( October 27 , 2000 ) . `` Lively Petaluma festival marks Day of the Dead '' . The San Francisco Chronicle . Jump up ^ `` Photograph of cemetery decorated with flowers '' ( GIF ) , UCAnews , Union of Catholic Asian News ( UCAN ) , November 2011 Jump up ^ `` All Saints Day celebrations in Italy '' . ITALY Magazine . Retrieved October 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Day of the Dead in Prague , Radio Czech . Jump up ^ `` Day of the Dead in Wellington , New Zealand '' . Scoop.co.nz . October 27 , 2007 . Retrieved August 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kopytoff , Igor ( 1971 ) . `` Ancestors as Elders '' . Africa . Cambridge University Press . 41 : 129 -- 42 . doi : 10.2307 / 1159423 . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Martin , Caroline ( September 1 , 2006 ) . `` A Nepali Day of the Dead : An American citizen reporter visits the Gai Jatra festival '' . OhmyNews . Retrieved June 11 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Día de los Muertos '' . Disneyland . Disney . 2017 . Retrieved September 29 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 10 , 2012 ) . `` Celebrate Día de los Muertos During Halloween Time at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Glover , Erin ( October 29 , 2014 ) . `` Dia de los Muertos at Disneyland Park '' . Disney Parks Blog . Disneyland Resort . Jump up ^ Senior , Tom ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Grim Fandango Remastered Review '' . PC Gamer . Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2013 ) . `` El Tigre '' Creator Jorge Gutierrez Moves Into Features with `` Book of Life '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved October 17 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Mexico City stages first Day of the Dead parade '' . BBC . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Fotogalería : Desfile por Día de Muertos reúne a 250 mil personas '' . Excélsior ( in Spanish ) . October 29 , 2016 . Retrieved November 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Galerías Archivo '' . Televisa News . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 10.16. 2016 '' . ShowBuzzDaily . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( August 15 , 2015 ) . `` Disney Announces Its Coming Slate of Animated Films at D23 Expo '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Day of the Dead . Andrade , Mary J. Day of the Dead A Passion for Life -- Día de los Muertos Pasión por la Vida . La Oferta Publishing , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9791624 - 04 Anguiano , Mariana , et al. Las tradiciones de Día de Muertos en México . Mexico City 1987 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1997 ) . `` Sugar , Colonialism , and Death : On the Origins of Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Comparative Studies in Society and History . 39 ( 2 ) : 270 -- 299 . doi : 10.1017 / S0010417500020624 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` The Day of the Dead , Halloween , and the Quest for Mexican National Identity '' . Journal of American Folklore. 442 : 359 -- 80 . doi : 10.2307 / 541045 . Brandes , Stanley ( 1998 ) . `` Iconography in Mexico 's Day of the Dead '' . Ethnohistory . Duke University Press . 45 ( 2 ) : 181 -- 218 . doi : 10.2307 / 483058 . Brandes , Stanley ( December 15 , 2006 ) . Skulls to the Living , Bread to the Dead . Blackwell Publishing . p. 232 . ISBN 1 - 4051 - 5247 - 8 . Cadafalch , Antoni . The Day of the Dead . Korero Books , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 907621 - 01 - 7 Carmichael , Elizabeth ; Sayer , Chloe . The Skeleton at the Feast : The Day of the Dead in Mexico . Great Britain : The Bath Press , 1991 . ISBN 0 - 7141 - 2503 - 2 Conklin , Paul ( 2001 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 66 : 38 -- 41 . Garcia - Rivera , Alex ( 1997 ) . `` Death Takes a Holiday '' . U.S. Catholic . 62 : 50 . Haley , Shawn D. ; Fukuda , Curt . Day of the Dead : When Two Worlds Meet in Oaxaca . Berhahn Books , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 84545 - 083 - 3 Lane , Sarah and Marilyn Turkovich , Días de los Muertos / Days of the Dead . Chicago 1987 . Lomnitz , Claudio . Death and the Idea of Mexico . Zone Books , 2005 . ISBN 1 - 890951 - 53 - 6 Matos Moctezuma , Eduardo , et al. `` Miccahuitl : El culto a la muerte , '' Special issue of Artes de México 145 ( 1971 ) Nutini , Hugo G. Todos Santos in Rural Tlaxcala : A Syncretic , Expressive , and Symbolic Analysis of the Cult of the Dead . Princeton 1988 . Oliver Vega , Beatriz , et al . The Days of the Dead , a Mexican Tradition . Mexico City 1988 . Roy , Ann ( 1995 ) . `` A Crack Between the Worlds '' . Commonwealth . 122 : 13 -- 16 . UNESCO Oral and Intangible Heritage : representative list Africa Aka music Chopi timbila Garifuna culture Afounkaha Gbofe Gelede Gule Wamkulu Ifá Ijele Masquerade Kamablon re-roofing Kankurang Manden Charter Mbende Jerusarema Sosso Bala Ugandan barkcloth making Vimbuza healing dance Yaaral & Degal Zafimaniry woodcrafting Zambian Makishi Festival Arab States Ahellil Al - Sirah Al - Hilaliyyah Bedu culture at Petra and Wadi Rum Iraqi maqam Jemaa el - Fnaa Palestinian Hikaye Shashmaqam Song of Sana'a Taghribat Bani Hilal Tan - Tan Moussem Asia and Pacific Acupuncture & Moxibustion Ainu dance Akiu no Taue Odori Akyn Angklung `` Arirang '' Bakhshi music Batik Baul Beijing opera Boysun District Bunraku Cantonese opera Ca trù Chakkirako Cheoyongmu Chhau dance Chinese architecture Chinese block printing Chinese calligraphy Chinese paper cutting Chinese seal engraving Chinese shadow puppetry Daemokjang Daimokutate Dainichido Bugaku Darangen Epic Dragon Boat Festival Drametse Ngacham Epic of King Gesar Gagaku Gagok Ganggangsullae Gangneung Danoje Festival Gimjang Gióng Festival Gong culture Grand Song Guqin Guqin music Hayachine Kagura Hitachi Furyumono Hua'er Hudhud Chant Indonesian kris Jamdani Jeju Chilmeoridang Yeongdeunggut Jultagi Kabuki Kalbelia Kashan rug Katta Ashula Khoomei Koshikijima no Toshidon Kumiodori Kunqu Kutiyattam Ladakh chant Lakalaka Lenj boats Lhamo Longquan celadon Mak yong Mangal Shobhajatra Mazu belief Meshrep Mibu no Hana Taue Morin khuur Mosie ramie Mudiyett Muqam Naadam Namsadang Nori Nanyin Naqqāli Nhã nhạc Noh Oku - 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Burbara Hop - tu - Naa Korochun Krampus Mischief Night Namahage Old Halloween Saci day Superstition Walpurgis Night Will - o ' - the - wisp Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Day_of_the_Dead&oldid=841191808 '' Categories : Day of the Dead Folk festivals in Mexico Religious holidays Mexican culture Mexican - American culture Latin American culture Latin American folklore November observances Mexican folklore Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity October observances Observances honoring the dead Religious festivals in Mexico Parades in Mexico Festivals in El Salvador Allhallowtide Autumn events in Mexico Hidden categories : CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from November 2017 Infobox holiday fixed day Articles containing Spanish - language text Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles with attributed pull quotes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 Articles containing simplified Chinese - 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where is the day of the dead festival celebrated

The Day of the Dead ( Spanish : Día de Muertos ) is a Mexican holiday celebrated throughout Mexico , in particular the Central and South regions , and by people of Mexican ancestry living in other places , especially the United States . It is acknowledged internationally in many other cultures . The multi-day holiday focuses on gatherings of family and friends to pray for and remember friends and family members who have died , and help support their spiritual journey . In 2008 , the tradition was inscribed in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO .

Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) - wikipedia Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Jump to : navigation , search Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Gary Trousdale Kirk Wise Produced by Don Hahn Screenplay by Linda Woolverton Story by Roger Allers Brenda Chapman Chris Sanders Burny Mattinson Kevin Harkey Brian Pimental Bruce Woodside Joe Ranft Tom Ellery Kelly Asbury Robert Lence Based on Beauty and the Beast by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont Starring Paige O'Hara Robby Benson Richard White Jerry Orbach David Ogden Stiers Angela Lansbury Rex Everhart Jesse Corti Narrated by David Ogden Stiers ( prologue ) Music by Alan Menken Edited by John Carnochan Production companies Walt Disney Pictures Walt Disney Feature Animation Silver Screen Partners IV Distributed by Buena Vista Pictures Release date September 29 , 1991 ( 1991 - 09 - 29 ) ( New York Film Festival ) November 22 , 1991 ( 1991 - 11 - 22 ) ( United States ) Running time 84 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $25 million Box office $425 million Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return to avoid remaining a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury . Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Beauty and the Beast into an animated film during the 1930s and 1950s . Following the success of The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) , Walt Disney Pictures decided to adapt the fairy tale , which Richard Purdum originally conceived as a non-musical . Disney chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg eventually dismissed Purdum 's idea and ordered that the film be a musical similar to The Little Mermaid instead . The film was directed by Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise , with a screenplay by Linda Woolverton story first credited to Roger Allers . Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken wrote the film 's songs . Ashman , who additionally served as the film 's executive producer , died of AIDS - related complications eight months before the film 's release , and the film is thus dedicated to his memory . Beauty and the Beast premiered as an unfinished film at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 , followed by its theatrical release as a completed film at the El Capitan Theatre on November 13 . The film was a box office success , grossing $425 million worldwide on a $25 million budget . Beauty and the Beast received positive reviews from critics ; it won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy and became the first animated film to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . It won the Academy Award for Best Original Score and Best Original Song for its title song . In April 1994 , Beauty and the Beast became Disney 's first animated film to be adapted into a Broadway musical . The success of the film spawned two direct - to - video follow - ups : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) and Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) , both of which take place in the timeline of the original . This was followed by a spin - off television series , Sing Me a Story with Belle . An IMAX version was released in 2002 that included `` Human Again '' , a new five - minute musical sequence . After the success of the 3D re-release of The Lion King , the film was reissued in 3D in 2012 . In 2002 , the film was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant '' . A live - action remake of the film directed by Bill Condon was released on March 17 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Early versions 3.2 Script rewrite and musicalization 3.3 Casting and recording 3.4 Animation 3.5 Music 4 Release 4.1 Re-issues 4.2 Home media 5 Reception and legacy 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Box office 5.3 Accolades 6 Adaptations 6.1 Broadway musical 6.2 Live - action film 7 Merchandise 7.1 Video games 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Plot ( edit ) One winter 's night , an enchantress disguised as a beggar offers a cold - hearted prince a rose in exchange for shelter . When he refuses , she transforms him into a beast and his servants into household objects . She bestows the Beast with a magic mirror before hexing the rose and warning him that , unless he learns to love another and earns their love in return by the time the last petal falls , he and his servants will lose their humanity forever . Ten years later , a beautiful girl named Belle dreams of adventure and brushes off advances from Gaston , an arrogant hunter . Lost in the forest while traveling to a fair to present his latest invention , Belle 's father Maurice seeks refuge in the Beast 's castle . After Maurice befriends the castle 's servants , however , the Beast discovers and imprisons him . Belle ventures out in search for him and finds him locked in the castle 's dungeon . The Beast agrees to let her take Maurice 's place . Befriending the castle 's servants , Belle is treated to a spectacular dinner ( `` Be Our Guest '' ) . When she wanders into the forbidden West Wing ( where the rose is kept ) , the Beast flies into a rage , causing Belle to flee the castle and into the woods . She is cornered by wolves , but the Beast rescues Belle and gets injured in the process . He begins to develop feelings for her ( `` Something There '' ) while she nurses his wounds and he delights her by showing his extensive library . Returning to the village , Maurice tells the townsfolk of Belle 's predicament , but Gaston convinces the townsfolk to send Maurice to an insane asylum if Belle refuses to marry Gaston . After sharing a romantic dance with the Beast ( `` Beauty and the Beast '' ) , Belle discovers her father 's predicament using the magic mirror . The Beast releases her to save Maurice , giving her the mirror to remember him with . Back at the village , Belle proves Maurice 's sanity by revealing the Beast in the mirror to the townsfolk . Realizing that Belle loves the Beast , Gaston has her thrown into the basement with her father and rallies the villagers to follow him to the castle to kill the Beast ( `` The Mob Song '' ) . With Chip 's aid , Maurice and Belle escape and rush back to the castle . During the battle , the servants fend off the villagers . Gaston attacks the Beast in his tower , who is too depressed to fight back , but regains his will upon seeing Belle return . He spares Gaston 's life before reuniting with Belle . However , Gaston stabs the Beast , but he loses his footing and falls to his death . The Beast dies before the last petal falls . When Belle tearfully professes her love to him , the curse is broken , repairing the castle and restoring the Beast 's and servants ' human forms . The Prince and Belle host a ball for the kingdom , where they dance happily . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of Disney 's Beauty and the Beast characters Paige O'Hara as Belle -- A bibliophilic young woman who seeks adventure , and offers her own freedom to the Beast in return for her father 's . In their effort to enhance the character from the original story , the filmmakers felt that Belle should be `` unaware '' of her own beauty and made her `` a little odd '' . Wise recalls casting O'Hara because of a `` unique tone '' she had , `` a little bit of Judy Garland '' , after whose appearance Belle was modeled . James Baxter and Mark Henn served as the supervising animators for Belle . Robby Benson as Beast -- A young prince who is transformed into a beast by an enchantress as punishment for his arrogance . The animators drew him with the head structure and horns of an American bison , the arms and body of a bear , the ears of a deer , the eyebrows of a gorilla , the jaws , teeth , and mane of a lion , the tusks of a wild boar , and the legs and tail of a wolf . Chris Sanders , one of the film 's storyboard artists , drafted the designs for the Beast and came up with designs based on birds , insects , and fish before coming up with something close to the final design . Glen Keane , supervising animator for the Beast , refined the design by going to the zoo and studying the animals on which the Beast was based . Benson commented , `` There 's a rage and torment in this character I 've never been asked to use before . '' The filmmakers commented that `` everybody was big fee - fi - fo - fum and gravelly '' while Benson 's voice had the `` big voice and the warm , accessible side '' and that `` you could hear the prince beneath the fur '' . Richard White as Gaston -- A vain hunter who vies for Belle 's hand in marriage and is determined not to let anyone else win her heart . He serves as a foil personality to the Beast , who was once as egotistic as Gaston prior to his transformation . Gaston 's supervising animator , Andreas Deja , was pressed by Jeffrey Katzenberg to make Gaston handsome in contrast to the traditional appearance of a Disney villain , an assignment he found difficult at first . In the beginning , Gaston is depicted as more of a narcissist than a villain , but later he leads all the villagers to kill the beast , enraged that Belle would love a Beast more than him . Jerry Orbach as Lumière -- The kind - hearted but rebellious valet of the Beast 's , who has been transformed into a candlestick . He has a habit of disobeying his master 's strict rules , sometimes causing tension between them , but the Beast often turns to him for advice . He is depicted as flirtatious , as he is frequently seen with the Featherduster and immediately takes a liking to Belle . A running gag throughout the movie is Lumière burning Cogsworth . Nik Ranieri served as the supervising animator for Lumière . David Ogden Stiers as Cogsworth -- Majordomo , the head of the household staff and Lumière 's best friend , who has been transformed into a clock . He is extremely loyal to the Beast so as to save himself and anyone else any trouble , often leading to friction between himself and Lumière . Will Finn served as the supervising animator for Cogsworth . Stiers also narrates the prologue . Angela Lansbury as Mrs. Potts -- The castle cook , turned into a teapot , who takes a motherly attitude toward Belle . The filmmakers went through several names for Mrs. Potts , such as `` Mrs. Chamomile '' , before Ashman suggested the use of simple and concise names for the household objects . David Pruiksma served as the supervising animator for Mrs. Potts . Bradley Pierce as Chip -- Mrs. Potts ' son , who has been turned into a teacup . Originally intended to only have one line , the filmmakers were impressed with Pierce 's performance and expanded the character 's role significantly , eschewing a mute Music Box character . Pruiksma also served as the supervising animator for Chip . Rex Everhart as Maurice -- Belle 's inventor father . The villagers see him as insane for crafting devices believed impossible to construct in reality , but his loyal daughter believes he will be famous one day . Ruben A. Aquino served as the supervising animator for Maurice . Jesse Corti as Le Fou -- Gaston 's often abused yet loyal sidekick . Chris Wahl served as the supervising animator for Le Fou . Hal Smith as Philippe -- Belle 's Belgian horse . Russ Edmonds served as the supervising animator for Philippe . Jo Anne Worley as the Wardrobe -- The castle 's authority over fashion , and a former opera singer , who has been turned into a wardrobe . The character of Wardrobe was introduced by visual development person Sue C. Nichols to the then entirely male cast of servants , and was originally a more integral character named `` Madame Armoire '' . Wardrobe is known as `` Madame de la Grande Bouche '' ( Madame Big Mouth ) in the stage adaptation of the film and is the only major enchanted object character whose human form does not appear in the film . Tony Anselmo served as the supervising animator for the Wardrobe . Mary Kay Bergman and Kath Soucie as the Bimbettes -- A trio of village maidens who constantly fawn over Gaston , known as the `` Silly Girls '' in the stage adaptation . Brian Cummings as the Stove -- The castle 's chef who has been transformed into a stove . He is named Chef Bouche in 1998 's Belle 's Magical World . Alvin Epstein as the Bookseller -- The owner of a book shop in Belle 's home town . Tony Jay as Monsieur D'Arque -- The sadistic warden of the Asylum de Loons . Gaston bribes him to help in his plan to blackmail Belle . Alec Murphy as the Baker -- The owner of a bakery in Belle 's home town . Kimmy Robertson as the Featherduster -- A maid and Lumière 's sweetheart , who has been turned into a feather duster . She is unnamed in the 1991 film ( listed as Featherduster in the credits ) ; Babette is the name given to this character later in the 1994 stage adaptation of the film ; Fifi in the 1998 animated musical film Belle 's Magical World and Plumette in the 2017 live - action remake . Frank Welker as Sultan -- The castle 's pet dog turned into a footstool . Production ( edit ) Early versions ( edit ) After the success of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs in 1937 , Walt Disney sought out other stories to adapt into feature films , with Beauty and the Beast being among the stories he considered . Attempts to develop the Beauty and the Beast story into a film were made in the 1930s and 1950s , but were ultimately given up because it `` proved to be a challenge '' for the story team . Peter M. Nichols states Disney may later have been discouraged by Jean Cocteau having already done his 1946 version . Decades later , during the production of Who Framed Roger Rabbit in 1987 , the Disney studio resurrected Beauty and the Beast as a project for the satellite animation studio it had set up in London , England to work on Roger Rabbit . Richard Williams , who had directed the animated portions of Roger Rabbit , was approached to direct but declined in favor of continuing work on his long - gestating project The Thief and the Cobbler . In his place , Williams recommended his colleague , English animation director Richard Purdum , and work began under producer Don Hahn on a non-musical version of Beauty and the Beast set in 19th century France . At the behest of Disney CEO Michael Eisner , Beauty and the Beast became the first Disney animated film to use a screenwriter . This was an unusual production move for an animated film , which is traditionally developed on storyboards rather than in scripted form . Linda Woolverton wrote the original draft of the story before storyboarding began , and worked with the story team to retool and develop the film . Script re-write and musicalization ( edit ) Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . Upon seeing the initial storyboard reels in 1989 , Walt Disney Studios chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg ordered that the film be scrapped and started over from scratch . A few months after starting anew , Purdum resigned as director . The studio had approached Ron Clements and John Musker to direct the film , but they turned down the offer , saying they were `` tired '' after just having finished directing Disney 's recent success The Little Mermaid . Disney then hired first - time feature directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale . Wise and Trousdale had previously directed the animated sections of Cranium Command , a short film for a Disney EPCOT theme park attraction . In addition , Katzenberg asked songwriters Howard Ashman and Alan Menken , who had written the song score for The Little Mermaid , to turn Beauty and the Beast into a Broadway - style musical film in the same vein as Mermaid . Ashman , who at the time had learned he was dying of complications from AIDS , had been working with Disney on a pet project of his , Aladdin , and only reluctantly agreed to join the struggling production team . To accommodate Ashman 's failing health , pre-production of Beauty and the Beast was moved from London to the Residence Inn in Fishkill , New York , close to Ashman 's New York City home . Here , Ashman and Menken joined Wise , Trousdale , Hahn , and Woolverton in retooling the film 's script . Since the original story had only two major characters , the filmmakers enhanced them , added new characters in the form of enchanted household items who `` add warmth and comedy to a gloomy story '' and guide the audience through the film , and added a `` real villain '' in the form of Gaston . These ideas were somewhat similar to elements of the 1946 French film version of Beauty and the Beast , which introduced the character of Avenant , an oafish suitor somewhat similar to Gaston , as well as inanimate objects coming to life in the Beast 's castle . The animated objects were , however , given distinct personalities in the Disney version . By early 1990 , Katzenberg had approved the revised script , and storyboarding began again . The production flew story artists back and forth between California and New York for storyboard approvals from Ashman , though the team was not told the reason why . Casting and recording ( edit ) Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle . They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded `` more like a woman than a girl '' . According to co-director Kirk Wise , O'Hara was given the role because she `` had a unique quality , a tone she would hit that made her special '' , reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland . O'Hara , who , after reading about the film in The New York Times , competed for the role against 500 hopefuls , believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast . Animation ( edit ) A frame from the `` Beauty and the Beast '' ballroom dance sequence . The background is animated using computer generated imagery which , when the traditionally animated characters are composited against it using Pixar 's CAPS system , gives the illusion of a dollying film camera . Production of Beauty and the Beast was to be completed on a compressed timeline of two years rather than the traditional four - year Disney Feature Animation production schedule ; this was due to the loss of production time spent developing the earlier Purdum version of the film . Most of the production was done at the main Feature Animation studio , housed in the Air Way facility in Glendale , California . A smaller team at the Disney - MGM Studios theme park in Lake Buena Vista , Florida assisted the California team on several scenes , particularly the `` Be Our Guest '' number . Beauty and the Beast was the second film , after The Rescuers Down Under , produced using CAPS ( Computer Animation Production System ) , a digital scanning , ink , paint , and compositing system of software and hardware developed for Disney by Pixar . The software allowed for a wider range of colors , as well as soft shading and colored line effects for the characters , techniques lost when the Disney studio abandoned hand inking for xerography in the late 1950s . CAPS also allowed the production crew to simulate multiplane effects : placing characters and / or backgrounds on separate layers and moving them towards / away from the camera on the Z - axis to give the illusion of depth , as well as altering the focus of each layer . In addition , CAPS allowed an easier combination of hand - drawn art with computer - generated imagery , which before had to be plotted to animation paper and then xeroxed and painted traditionally . This technique was put to significant use during the `` Beauty and the Beast '' waltz sequence , in which Belle and Beast dance through a computer - generated ballroom as the camera dollies around them in simulated 3D space . The filmmakers had originally decided against the use of computers in favor of traditional animation , but later , when the technology had improved , decided it could be used for the one scene in the ballroom . The success of the ballroom sequence helped convince studio executives to further invest in computer animation . Music ( edit ) See also : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 soundtrack ) Ashman and Menken wrote the Beauty song score during the pre-production process in Fishkill , the opening operetta - styled `` Belle '' being their first composition for the film . Other songs included `` Be Our Guest , '' sung ( in its original version ) to Maurice by the objects when he becomes the first visitor to eat at the castle in a decade , `` Gaston , '' a solo for the swaggering villain , `` Human Again , '' a song describing Belle and Beast 's growing love from the objects ' perspective , the love ballad `` Beauty and the Beast ( Tale as Old as Time ) '' and the climactic `` The Mob Song . '' As story and song development came to a close , full production began in Burbank while voice and song recording began in New York City . The Beauty songs were mostly recorded live with the orchestra and the voice cast performing simultaneously rather than overdubbed separately , in order to give the songs a cast album - like `` energy '' the filmmakers and songwriters desired . During the course of production , many changes were made to the structure of the film , necessitating the replacement and re-purposing of songs . After screening a mostly animated version of the `` Be Our Guest '' sequence , story artist Bruce Woodside suggested that the objects should be singing the song to Belle rather than her father . Wise and Trousdale agreed , and the sequence and song were retooled to replace Maurice with Belle . The film 's title song went through a noted bit of uncertainty during production . Originally conceived as a rock - oriented song , it was changed to a slow , romantic ballad . Howard Ashman and Alan Menken asked Angela Lansbury to perform the song , but she did not think her voice was suited for the melody . When she voiced her doubts , Menken and Ashman asked her for at least one take and told her to perform the song as she saw fit . Lansbury reportedly reduced everyone in the studio to tears with her rendition , nailing the song in the one take asked of her . This version went on to win the Oscar for Best Original Song . `` Human Again '' was dropped from the film before animation began , as its lyrics caused story problems about the timeline over which the story takes place . This required Ashman and Menken to write a new song in its place . `` Something There , '' in which Belle and Beast sing ( via voiceover ) of their growing fondness for each other , was composed late in production and inserted into the script in place of `` Human Again . '' Menken would later revise `` Human Again '' for inclusion in the 1994 Broadway stage version of Beauty and the Beast , and another revised version of the song was added to the film itself in a new sequence created for the film 's Special Edition re-release in 2002 . Ashman died of AIDS - related complications at the age of 40 on March 14 , 1991 , eight months before the film 's release . He never saw the finished film , though he did get to see it in its unfinished format . Ashman 's work on Aladdin was completed by another lyricist , Tim Rice . Before Ashman 's death , members of the film 's production team visited him after the film 's well - received first screening , with Don Hahn commenting that `` the film would be a great success . Who 'd have thought it ? '' , to which Ashman replied with `` I would . '' A tribute to the lyricist was included at the end of the credits crawl : `` To our friend , Howard , who gave a mermaid her voice , and a beast his soul . We will be forever grateful . Howard Ashman : 1950 -- 1991 . '' A pop version of the `` Beauty and the Beast '' theme , performed by Céline Dion and Peabo Bryson over the end credits , was released as a commercial single from the film 's soundtrack , supported with a music video . The Dion / Bryson version of `` Beauty and the Beast '' became an international pop hit and performed considerably well on charts around the world . The song became Dion 's second single to land within the top - 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number nine . The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary chart . In Canada , `` Beauty and the Beast '' peaked at number two . Outside of North America , the song peaked within the top ten in New Zealand and the United Kingdom , while peaking within the top twenty in Australia , Netherlands , and Ireland . The song sold over a million copies worldwide . This version of the song was also nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year at the Grammys , and it won the Grammy for Dion and Bryson for Best Pop Duo / Group Vocal Performance . Release ( edit ) In a first - time accomplishment for The Walt Disney Company , an unfinished version of Beauty and the Beast was shown at the New York Film Festival on September 29 , 1991 . The film was deemed a `` work in progress '' because roughly only 70 % of the animation had been completed ; storyboards and pencil tests were used in replacement of the remaining 30 % . Additionally , certain segments of the film that had already been finished were reverted to previous stages of completion . At the end of the screening , Beauty and the Beast received a 10 - minute - long standing ovation from the film festival audience . The completed film was also screened out of competition at the 1992 Cannes Film Festival . The finished film premiered at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on November 13 , 1991 , beginning a limited release before expanding wide on November 22 . Reissues ( edit ) The film was restored and remastered for its New Year 's Day , 2002 re-release in IMAX theatres in a special edition edit , including a new musical sequence . For this version of the film , much of the animation was cleaned up , a new sequence set to the deleted song `` Human Again '' was inserted into the film 's second act , and a new digital master from the original CAPS production files was used to make the high resolution IMAX film negative . A sing along edition of the film , hosted by Jordin Sparks , was released in select theaters on September 29 and October 2 , 2010 . Prior to the showing of the film , Sparks showed an exclusive behind - the - scenes look at the newly restored film and the making of her new Beauty and the Beast music video . There was also commentary from producer Don Hahn , interviews with the cast and an inside look at how the animation was created . A Disney Digital 3D version of the film , the second of a traditionally animated film , was originally scheduled to be released in US theatres on February 12 , 2010 , but the project was postponed . On August 25 , 2011 , Disney announced that the 3D version of the film would make its American debut at Hollywood 's El Capitan Theatre from September 2 -- 15 , 2011 . Disney spent less than $10 million on the 3D conversion . After the successful 3D re-release of The Lion King , Disney announced a wide 3D re-release of Beauty and the Beast in North America beginning January 13 , 2012 . Home Media ( edit ) Blu - ray Diamond edition cover The film was released to VHS on October 30 , 1992 as part of the Walt Disney Classics series , and was later put on moratorium on April 30 , 1993 ; it was not included in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection line . This version contains a minor edit to the film : skulls that appear in Gaston 's pupils for two frames during his climactic fall to his death were removed for the original home video release . No such edit was made to later reissues of the film . The `` work - in - progress '' version screened at the New York Film Festival was also released on VHS and Laserdisc at this time ; however , said version was the only one available on the latter format until the fall of 1993 , when the completed theatrical version was released . This measure was to diminish the threat of video pirates making copies derived from the laserdisc ( which are not copy - protected ) and selling them in international markets , where the film was yet to be available for home release . Beauty and the Beast : Special Edition , as the enhanced version of the film released in IMAX / large - format is called , was released on two - disc `` Platinum Edition '' DVD and VHS on October 8 , 2002 . The DVD set features three versions of the film : the extended IMAX Special Edition with the `` Human Again '' sequence added , the original theatrical version , and the New York Film Festival `` work - in - progress '' version . This release went to `` Disney Vault '' moratorium status in January 2003 , along with its direct - to - video follow - ups Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas and Belle 's Magical World . The film was released from the vault on October 5 , 2010 as the second of Disney 's Diamond Editions , in the form of a three - disc Blu - ray Disc and DVD combination pack -- the first release of Beauty and the Beast on home video in high - definition format . This edition consists of four versions of the film : the original theatrical version , an extended version , the New York Film Festival storyboard - only version , and a fourth iteration displaying the storyboards via picture - in - picture alongside the original theatrical version . Upon its first week of release , the Blu - ray sold 1.1 million units , topping the Blu - ray sales chart and finishing in third place on the combined Blu - ray and DVD sales chart for the week ending on October 10 , 2010 . It was the second best - selling Blu - ray of 2010 , behind Avatar . A two - disc DVD edition was released on November 23 , 2010 . A five - disc combo pack , featuring Blu - ray 3D , Blu - ray 2D , DVD and a digital copy , was released on October 4 , 2011 . The 3D combo pack is identical to the original Diamond Edition , except for the added 3D disc and digital copy . The Blu - ray release went into the Disney Vault along with the two sequels on April 30 , 2012 . A 25th anniversary Signature Edition was released on Digital HD September 6 , 2016 and was followed by Blu - ray / DVD combo pack on September 20 , 2016 . Upon its first week of release on home media in the U.S. , the film topped the Blu - ray Disc sales chart , and debuted at number 3 in the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart , which tracks overall disc sales , behind Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles : Out of the Shadows and Captain America : Civil War . Reception and legacy ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 93 % and an average of 8.4 out of 10 based on reviews from 103 critics . The website 's general consensus reads , `` Enchanting , sweepingly romantic , and featuring plenty of wonderful musical numbers , Beauty and the Beast is one of Disney 's most elegant animated offerings . '' The film also holds a 95 / 100 on Metacritic . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare `` A + '' grade . Janet Maslin of The New York Times praised the film with the following statement , `` Two years ago , Walt Disney Pictures reinvented the animated feature , not only with an eye toward pleasing children , but also with an older , savvier audience in mind . Disney truly bridged a generation gap with The Little Mermaid ... Now , lightning has definitely struck twice with Beauty and the Beast . '' Awarding the film a perfect score of four stars , Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times compared Beauty and the Beast positively to Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs and Pinocchio , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast reaches back to an older and healthier Hollywood tradition in which the best writers , musicians and filmmakers are gathered for a project on the assumption that a family audience deserves great entertainment , too . '' In 2001 Ebert again gave the IMAX re-release a full 4 out of 4 stars . James Berardinelli of ReelViews rated the film similarly while hailing it as `` the finest animated movie ever made '' , writing , `` Beauty and the Beast attains a nearly - perfect mix of romance , music , invention , and animation . '' The use of computer animation , particularly in the ballroom sequence , was singled out in several reviews as one of the film 's highlights . Hal Hinson of The Washington Post gave the film a positive review , calling the film `` A delightfully satisfying modern fable , a near - masterpiece that draws on the sublime traditions of the past while remaining completely in sync with the sensibility of its time . '' Janet Maslin of The New York Times gave the film a positive review , saying `` It is a surprise , in a time of sequels and retreads , that the new film is so fresh and altogether triumphant in its own right . '' Dave Kehr of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is certainly adequate holiday entertainment for children and their more indulgent parents ... But the film has little of the technical facility , vivid characterization and emotional impact of Disney past . '' Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` It 's not an especially scary movie , but right from the start , you can tell that this Beauty and the Beast has a beauty of a bite . '' John Hartl of The Seattle Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` It 's exceptionally difficult to make an audience care for animated characters unless they 're mermaids or anthropomorphized animals or insects , yet the Disney animators , with a big assist from the vocal talents of a superb cast , have pulled it off . '' Gene Siskel , also of the Chicago Tribune , gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` Beauty and the Beast is one of the year ` s most entertaining films for both adults and children . '' On their Beauty and the Beast edition of Siskel & Ebert , both Siskel and Roger Ebert proclaimed that the film is `` a legitimate contender for Oscar consideration as Best Picture of the Year . '' Michael Sragow of The New Yorker gave the film a positive review , saying `` It 's got storytelling vigor and clarity , bright , eclectic animation , and a frisky musical wit . '' Eric Smoodin writes in his book Animating Culture that the studio was trying to make up for earlier gender stereotypes with this film . Smoodin also states that , in the way it has been viewed as bringing together traditional fairy tales and feminism as well as computer and traditional animation , the film 's `` greatness could be proved in terms of technology narrative or even politics '' . Animation legend Chuck Jones praised the film , in a 1992 guest appearance on Later with Bob Costas he claimed he `` Loved it . I think it should have won ( Best Picture ) ... I think the animation on the beast is one of the greatest pieces of animation I 've seen . '' Animation historian Michael Barrier wrote that Belle `` becomes a sort of intellectual less by actually reading books , it seems , than by hanging out with them '' , but says that the film comes closer than other `` Disney - studio '' films to `` accepting challenges of the kind that the finest Walt Disney features met '' . David Whitley writes in The Idea of Nature in Disney Animation that Belle is different from earlier Disney heroines in that she is mostly free from the burdens of domestic housework , although her role is somewhat undefined in the same way that `` contemporary culture now requires most adolescent girls to contribute little in the way of domestic work before they leave home and have to take on the fraught , multiple responsibilities of the working mother '' . Whitley also notes other themes and modern influences , such as the film 's critical view of Gaston 's chauvinism and attitude towards nature , the cyborg - like servants , and the father 's role as an inventor rather than a merchant . In 2010 , IGN named Beauty and the Beast as the greatest animated film of all time , directly ahead of WALL - E , The Incredibles , Toy Story 2 , and The Iron Giant . Several critics regard the 1991 animated film as superior to the 2017 live - action remake . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune said that the 1991 film `` worked wonderfully because it was pure Broadway , written for the screen , blending comedy and romance and magic and just enough snark in the margins '' , while the 2017 remake got lost in translation since `` The movie takes our knowledge and our interest in the material for granted . It zips from one number to another , throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen , charmlessly . '' Phillips also wrote of the 2017 film that `` too often we 're watching highly qualified performers , plus a few less conspicuously talented ones ( Watson , primarily ) , stuck doing karaoke , or motion - capture work of middling quality '' . Dana Schwartz of the Observer criticized some of the 2017 film changes to the characters like Gaston and the Beast as regressive by watering down their distinguishing personalities from the 1991 film , also arguing that the added backstory to the characters in the 2017 version failed to `` advance the plot or theme in any meaningful way '' . David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the 2017 film `` feels particularly egregious , in part , because it 's so slavishly devoted to the original ; every time it falls short of its predecessor ( which is quite often ) , it 's hard not to notice '' . Box Office ( edit ) During its initial release in 1991 , the film grossed $145.9 million in revenues in North America and $351.9 million worldwide . It ranked as the third most - successful film of 1991 in North America , surpassed only by the summer blockbusters Terminator 2 : Judgment Day and Robin Hood : Prince of Thieves . At the time Beauty and the Beast was the most successful animated Disney film release , and the first animated film to reach $100 million in North America . In its IMAX re-release , it earned $25.5 million in North America and $5.5 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $31 million . It also earned $9.8 million from its 3D re-release overseas . During the opening weekend of its North American 3D re-release in 2012 , Beauty and the Beast grossed $17.8 million , coming in at the No. 2 spot , behind Contraband , and achieved the highest opening weekend for an animated film in January . The film was expected to make $17.5 million over the weekend ; however , the results topped its forecast and the expectations of box office analysts . The re-release ended its run on May 3 , 2012 , and earned $47.6 million , which brought the film 's total gross in North America to $219 million . It made an estimated $206 million in other territories , for a worldwide total of $425 million . Accolades ( edit ) Alan Menken and Howard Ashman 's song `` Beauty and the Beast '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song , while Menken 's score won the award for Best Original Score . Two other Menken and Ashman songs from the film , `` Belle '' and `` Be Our Guest '' , were also nominated for Best Original Song . Beauty and the Beast was the first picture to receive three Academy Award nominations for Best Original Song , a feat that would be repeated by The Lion King ( 1994 ) , Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) , and Enchanted ( 2007 ) . Academy rules have since been changed to limit each film to two nominations in this category , due to the consecutive unintentional failures of Dreamgirls and Enchanted to win the award . The film was also nominated for Best Picture and Best Sound . It was the first animated film ever to be nominated for Best Picture , and remained the only animated film nominated until 2009 when the Best Picture field was widened to ten nominees , and it remains the only animated film nominated for the award when it had five nominees . It became the first musical in twelve years to be nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture of the Year , following All That Jazz ( 1979 ) , and the last one to be nominated until Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) , ten years later . It lost the Best Picture award to The Silence of the Lambs . With six nominations , the film currently shares the record for the most nominations for an animated film with WALL - E ( 2008 ) , although , with three nominations in the Best Original Song category , Beauty and the Beast 's nominations span only four categories , while WALL - E 's nominations cover six individual categories . While The Little Mermaid was the first to be nominated , Beauty and the Beast became the first animated film to win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy . This feat was later repeated by The Lion King and Toy Story 2 . List of awards and nominations Award Date of ceremony Recipients and nominees Result Academy Awards March 30 , 1992 Best Picture Don Hahn Nominated Best Sound Terry Porter , Mel Metcalfe , David J. Hudson & Doc Kane Best Original Score Alan Menken Won Best Original Song Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Alan Menken & Howard Ashman for `` Belle '' Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association February 1992 Best Picture Nominated Dallas -- Fort Worth Film Critics Association Best Film 3rd place Best Animated Film Won Golden Globe Awards January 18 , 1992 Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy Don Hahn Best Original Score -- Motion Picture Alan Menken Best Original Song -- Motion Picture Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Be Our Guest '' Nominated Alan Menken and Howard Ashman For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Won Grammy Awards February 18 , 1993 Album of the Year Nominated Record of the Year Celine Dion and Peabo Bryson For the song `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Album for Children Won Best Pop Performance by a Group or Duo With Vocal For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Song of the Year For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Nominated Best Instrumental Composition Written for a Motion Picture Alan Menken Won Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Best Pop Instrumental Performance For `` Beauty and the Beast '' Los Angeles Film Critics Association December 14 , 1991 Best Animated Film Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise Producers Guild of America March 4 , 1992 Darryl F. Zanuck Award for Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion Pictures Don Hahn Nominated In 2002 , Beauty and the Beast was added to the United States National Film Registry as being deemed `` culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant . '' In June 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its `` Ten Top Ten '' lists of the best ten films in ten `` classic '' American film genres , based on polls of over 1,500 people from the creative community . Beauty and the Beast was acknowledged as the 7th best film in the animation genre . In previous lists , it ranked number 22 on the Institutes 's list of best musicals and number 34 on its list of the best romantic American films . On the list of the greatest songs from American films , Beauty and the Beast ranked number 62 . American Film Institute recognition : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Passions -- No. 34 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Belle -- Nominated Hero AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs : `` Beauty and the Beast '' -- No. 62 `` Be Our Guest '' -- Nominated AFI 's Greatest Movie Musicals -- No. 22 AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 -- No. 7 Animated film Adaptations ( edit ) Broadway musical ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) According to an article in The Houston Chronicle , `` The catalyst for Disney 's braving the stage was an article by The New York Times theater critic Frank Rich that praised Beauty and the Beast as 1991 's best musical ... Theatre Under The Stars executive director Frank Young had been trying to get Disney interested in a stage version of Beauty about the same time Eisner and Katzenberg were mulling over Rich 's column . But Young could n't seem to get in touch with the right person in the Disney empire . Nothing happened till the Disney execs started to pursue the project from their end ... When they asked George Ives , the head of Actors Equity on the West Coast , which Los Angeles theater would be the best venue for launching a new musical , Ives said the best theater for that purpose would be TUTS . Not long after that , Disney 's Don Frantz and Bettina Buckley contacted Young , and the partnership was under way . '' A stage condensation of the film , directed by Robert Jess Roth and choreographed by Matt West , both of whom moved on to the Broadway development , had already been presented at Disneyland at what was then called the Videopolis stage . Beauty and the Beast premiered in a joint production of Theatre Under The Stars and Disney Theatricals at the Music Hall , Houston , Texas , from November 28 , 1993 , through December 26 , 1993 . On Monday , April 18 , 1994 , Beauty and the Beast premiered on Broadway at the Palace Theatre in New York City to mixed reviews . The show transferred to the Lunt - Fontanne Theatre on November 11 , 1999 . The commercial ( though not critical ) success of the show led to productions in the West End , Toronto , and all over the world . The Broadway version , which ran for over a decade , received a Tony Award , and became the first of a whole line of Disney stage productions . The original Broadway cast included Terrence Mann as the Beast , Susan Egan as Belle , Burke Moses as Gaston , Gary Beach as Lumière , Heath Lamberts as Cogsworth , Tom Bosley as Maurice , Beth Fowler as Mrs. Potts , and Stacey Logan as Babette the feather duster . Many well - known actors and singers also starred in the Broadway production during its thirteen - year run , including Kerry Butler , Debbie Gibson , Toni Braxton , Andrea McArdle , Jamie - Lynn Sigler , Christy Carlson Romano , Ashley Brown , and Anneliese van der Pol as Belle ; Chuck Wagner , James Barbour , and Jeff McCarthy as the Beast ; Meshach Taylor , Patrick Page , Bryan Batt , Jacob Young , and John Tartaglia as Lumière ; and Marc Kudisch , Christopher Sieber , and Donny Osmond as Gaston . The show ended its Broadway run on July 29 , 2007 after 46 previews and 5,461 performances . As of 2017 , it is Broadway 's tenth longest - running show in history . Live - action film ( edit ) Main article : Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 film ) In June 2014 , Walt Disney Pictures announced that a live - action film adaptation of the original film was in the works , with Bill Condon directing and Evan Spiliotopoulos writing the script . Condon originally planned on not only drawing inspiration from the original film , but also to include most , if not all , of the Menken / Rice songs from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a `` straight - forward , live - action , large - budget movie musical '' . In September 2014 , it was announced that Stephen Chbosky ( The Perks of Being a Wallflower ) would re-write the script . In January 2015 , Emma Watson announced on her Facebook page that she would portray Belle in the new live action remake film . In March 2015 , Dan Stevens , Luke Evans , Emma Thompson , Josh Gad , Audra McDonald , and Kevin Kline joined the film as the Beast , Gaston , Mrs. Potts , LeFou , Garderobe , and Maurice , respectively . The following month , Ian McKellen , Ewan McGregor , Stanley Tucci , and Gugu Mbatha - Raw joined the cast , as Cogsworth , Lumière , Cadenza , and Plumette , respectively . Composer Alan Menken returned to score the film 's music , with new material written by Menken and Tim Rice . In June 2015 , Menken said the film would not include the songs that were written for the Broadway musical . Filming began on May 18 , 2015 in London , and production officially wrapped in August 2015 . The film was released on March 17 , 2017 . Merchandise ( edit ) Beauty and the Beast merchandise cover a wide variety of products , among them storybook versions of the film 's story , a comic book based on the film published by Disney Comics , toys , children 's costumes , and other items . In addition , the character of Belle has been integrated into the `` Disney Princess '' line of Disney 's Consumer Products division , and appears on merchandise related to that franchise . In 1995 , a live - action children 's series entitled Sing Me a Story with Belle began running in syndication , remaining on the air through 1999 . Two direct - to - video followups ( which take place during the timeline depicted in the original film ) were produced by Walt Disney Television Animation : Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas in 1997 and Belle 's Magical World in 1998 ; in contrast to the universal acclaim of the original , reception to the sequels was extremely negative . Disney on Ice produced an ice version of the movie that opened in 1992 in Lakeland , Florida . The show was such a huge commercial and critical success , touring around the world to sell - out crowds , that a television special was made when it toured Spain in 1994 . The show ended its run in 2006 , after 14 years . Video games ( edit ) `` Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) '' redirects here . For the 1996 sequel to The Last Ninja , see Beauty and the Beast ( Commodore 64 ) . There are several video games that are loosely based on the film : The first video game based on the film was titled Beauty and the Beast and is an action platformer developed by Probe Software and published by Hudson Soft for the NES . It was released in Europe in 1994 . Gaston is the final boss of the game because he wants to kill the Beast and marry Belle . The second video game based on the film was titled Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest and is an action platformer for the Sega Genesis . Developed by Software Creations , the game was released in North America in 1993 . It is one of two video games based on the film that Sunsoft published for the Genesis , the other being Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast . Characters from the film like Gaston can help the player past tricky situations . As Belle , the player must reach the Beast 's castle and break the spell to live happily ever after . To succeed , she must explore the village , forest , castle , and snowy forest to solve puzzles and mini-games while ducking or jumping over enemies . Belle 's health is represented by a stack of blue books , which diminishes when she touches bats , rats , and other hazards in the game . Extra lives , keys and other items are hidden throughout the levels . While there is no continue or game saving ability , players can use a code to start the game at any of the seven levels . The third video game based on the film was titled ' Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast and is a side - scrolling video game for the Genesis . As the Beast , the player must successfully complete several levels , based on scenes from the film , in order to protect the castle from invading villagers and forest animals and rescue Belle from Gaston . The fourth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty and the Beast and is an action platformer for the SNES . It was developed by Probe Entertainment and published by Hudson Soft in North America in July 1994 and in Europe on February 23 , 1995 . The game was published by Virgin Interactive in Japan on July 8 , 1994 . The entire game is played through the perspective of the Beast . As the Beast , the player must get Belle to fall in love so that the curse cast upon him and his castle will be broken . The final boss of the game is Gaston . The Beast can walk , jump , swipe , stomp , super stomp , and roar , the last of which is used to both damage enemies and reveal hidden objects . The fifth video game based on the film was titled Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure and is a Disney Boardgame adventure for the Game Boy Color . It was released on October 25 , 1999 . The video game series Kingdom Hearts features a world based on the film , named `` Beast 's Castle '' , along with several of the film 's characters . In the first game , the world has been destroyed and Belle kidnapped by the Heartless , led by Maleficent , but the Beast travels to Maleficent 's stronghold and works with Sora to defeat Maleficent and rescue Belle and the other captured princesses . In Kingdom Hearts II , the world has since been restored following Ansem 's defeat , but Beast and Belle are having difficulties due to the enigmatic Xaldin of Organization XIII attempting to bring out the Beast 's darker side in order to turn him into a Heartless and a Nobody , but the Beast eventually comes to his senses and works with Sora once again to defeat Xaldin once and for all . In the game 's ending credits , the Beast turns back into the Prince . In Kingdom Hearts : 358 / 2 Days , the world is featured as a playable level but the story is not essential to the main plot . In Kingdom Hearts χ , the world is featured again and follows the plot of the movie more closely . The characters featured in the series are Beast , Belle , Lumiere , Gaston , Cogsworth , Mrs. Potts , Chip , Maurice , and the Wardrobe . Gaston and Maurice do not appear until Kingdom Hearts χ , which takes place before the main series . After Gaston is defeated , the world 's primary antagonist becomes Xaldin , an original character created for the series , but who shares several traits with Forte , the main antagonist of Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas . See also ( edit ) Disney portal Cartoon portal Animation portal 1990s portal List of Disney animated features List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Speaking together , with some crosstalk , Gary Trousdale , Kirk Wise , Don Hahn and Alan Menken confirmed on the audio commentary that Gaston died after he fell off the rooftops . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Stewart , Jocelyn ( February 10 , 2008 ) . `` Artist created many famous film posters '' . Los Angeles Times . 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Retrieved October 12 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Everett ( November 28 , 1993 ) . `` Disney Debut ; First stage musical , Beauty , will test waters in Houston '' . The Houston Chronicle . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rogers , Rick ( July 29 , 2012 ) . `` Sigmund Romberg / Beauty and the Beast '' . NewsOK.com . NewsOK.com . Jump up ^ `` ' Beauty ' Moving From Palace To the Fontanne '' . The New York Times . The New York Times Company . December 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Simonson , Robert ( April 18 , 2000 ) . `` Beauty and the Beast Celebrates Sixth Anniversary , April 18 '' . Playbill . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pacheco , Patrick ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tony Awards : Tony Awards ' musical numbers are key to box - office success '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bahr , Lindsey ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Disney taps Bill Condon to direct a live - action ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bill Condon to Direct Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Film for Disney ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Twilight ' director Bill Condon will translate Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' to live action ( UPDATED ) '' . Hitfix . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sperling , Nicole ( September 29 , 2014 ) . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' author will adapt ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( January 26 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Watson will be Disney 's new Belle in live - action musical ' Beauty and the Beast ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Evans to Play Gaston in Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . variety.com . March 4 , 2015 . Retrieved March 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( March 4 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Casting Dan Stevens as the Beast ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Gad Joining Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . hollywoodreporter.com . March 13 , 2015 . Retrieved March 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Zuckerman , Esther ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Thompson will play Mrs. Potts in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ian McKellen to Play Cogsworth in Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . comingsoon.net. April 10 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Ewan McGregor to Play Lumiere in ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Stanley Tucci Rounds Out Cast of ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Beyond the Lights ' Star Gugu Mbatha - Raw Joins ' Beauty and the Beast ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . April 13 , 2015 . Retrieved April 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's Live - Action ' Beauty and the Beast ' Set for March 17 , 2017 '' . Variety . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Menken Confirms 3 New Songs for BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Film ; Broadway Tunes Will Not Be Included '' . broadwayworld.com . June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Todd Lieberman Offers Updates on ALLEGIANT and Disney 's BEAUTY AND THE BEAST '' . collider.com . March 7 , 2015 . Retrieved March 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Live Action BEAUTY AND THE BEAST Officially Wraps Production ! '' . Broadway World . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Thompson and Kevin Kline Join Beauty and the Beast , Release Date Set '' . comingsoon.net . March 16 , 2015 . Retrieved March 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's ' Beauty and the Beast ' Continues Inspiring New Merchandise Coming to Disney Parks `` Disney Parks Blog '' . Disneyparks.disney.go.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Princess Collection : Belle 's Sing Me a Story ( VHS ) : Princess Belle : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty and the Beast - The Enchanted Christmas ( Special Edition ) : Paige O'Hara , Robby Benson , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , Bernadette Peters , Tim Curry , Haley Joel Osment , Frank Welker , Jeff Bennett , Jim Cummings , Kath Soucie , Paul Reubens , Andrew Knight , Daniel Lee , Susan Kapigian , Bill Motz , Bob Roth , Cindy Marcus , Flip Kobler : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Beauty And The Beast - Belle 's Magical World ( Special Edition ) : Jeff Bennett , Robby Benson , Paige O'Hara , Jim Cummings , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , Gregory Grudt , Rob Paulsen , Kimmy Robertson , Anne Rogers , Frank Welker , April Winchell , Barbara Dourmashkin , Bob Kline , Burt Medall , Cullen Blaine , Dale Case , Daniel de la Vega , Mitch Rochon , Alice Brown : Movies & TV '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` You Cannot Resist The Joy Of ' Disney On Ice ' -- So Do n't Even Think About It ARTery '' . Artery.wbur.org . February 15 , 2014 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Release information '' . MobyGames . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on December 31 , 2009 . Retrieved May 2 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2009 . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) screenshots '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : Roar of the Beast for Genesis ( 1993 ) '' . MobyGames . Retrieved August 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Release information '' . GameFAQs . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2009 . Retrieved May 16 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` ProReview : Disney 's Beauty and the Beast '' . GamePro ( 61 ) . IDG . August 1994 . p. 58 . Jump up ^ `` Disney 's Beauty and the Beast : A Board Game Adventure : Video Games '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 1 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Beast 's Castle - Kingdom Hearts 2 Wiki Guide '' . IGN . March 28 , 2006 . Retrieved March 18 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 film ) . Official website Beauty and the Beast on IMDb Beauty and the Beast at AllMovie Beauty and the Beast at Rotten Tomatoes Beauty and the Beast at Metacritic Beauty and the Beast at TV.com Beauty and the Beast at Box Office Mojo Beauty and the Beast at the TCM Movie Database Beauty and the Beast at The Big Cartoon DataBase Gabrielle - Suzanne Barbot de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast Film La Belle et la Bête ( 1946 ) The Scarlet Flower ( 1952 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1962 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1976 ) Panna a netvor ( 1978 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1987 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) soundtrack Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Beauty and the Beast ( or Blood of Beasts , 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2009 ) Beastly ( 2011 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2014 ) Little Miss Perfect ( 2016 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) soundtrack Television Series Beauty and the Beast , ( 1987 ) Exile ( 2003 ) Beauty & the Beast ( 2012 ) episodes Brahmarakshas ( 2016 ) Episodes `` Reptar on Ice '' ( 1992 ) `` Skin Deep '' ( 2012 ) `` Her Handsome Hero '' ( 2016 ) Literature The Scarlet Flower ( 1858 ) Beauty : A Retelling of the Story of Beauty and the Beast ( 1978 ) Lord of Scoundrels ( 1995 ) Rose Daughter ( 1997 ) The Quantum Rose ( 2000 ) Beastly ( 2007 ) Fashion Beast ( 2012 ) Stage Zémire et Azor ( opera ) Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage ( stage ) Beauty and the Beast ( musical ) Songs `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1983 ) `` Election Day '' ( 1985 ) `` Beauty and the Beast '' ( 1991 ) Other Disney Characters Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( video game ) Beauty and the Beast ( Disney franchise ) Films directed by Gary Trousdale Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) The Madagascar Penguins in a Christmas Caper ( 2005 ) Shrek the Halls ( 2007 ) Scared Shrekless ( 2010 ) Rocky & Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture -- Musical or Comedy An American in Paris ( 1951 ) With a Song in My Heart ( 1952 ) Carmen Jones ( 1954 ) Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) The King and I ( 1956 ) Les Girls ( 1957 ) Gigi / Auntie Mame ( 1958 ) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot ( 1959 ) Song Without End / The Apartment ( 1960 ) West Side Story / A Majority of One ( 1961 ) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink ( 1962 ) Tom Jones ( 1963 ) My Fair Lady ( 1964 ) The Sound of Music ( 1965 ) The Russians Are Coming , the Russians Are Coming ( 1966 ) The Graduate ( 1967 ) Oliver ! ( 1968 ) The Secret of Santa Vittoria ( 1969 ) MASH ( 1970 ) Fiddler on the Roof ( 1971 ) Cabaret ( 1972 ) American Graffiti ( 1973 ) The Longest Yard ( 1974 ) The Sunshine Boys ( 1975 ) A Star Is Born ( 1976 ) The Goodbye Girl ( 1977 ) Heaven Can Wait ( 1978 ) Breaking Away ( 1979 ) Coal Miner 's Daughter ( 1980 ) Arthur ( 1981 ) Tootsie ( 1982 ) Yentl ( 1983 ) Romancing the Stone ( 1984 ) Prizzi 's Honor ( 1985 ) Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) Hope and Glory ( 1987 ) Working Girl ( 1988 ) Driving Miss Daisy ( 1989 ) Green Card ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) The Player ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Babe ( 1995 ) Evita ( 1996 ) As Good as It Gets ( 1997 ) Shakespeare in Love ( 1998 ) Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Almost Famous ( 2000 ) Moulin Rouge ! ( 2001 ) Chicago ( 2002 ) Lost in Translation ( 2003 ) Sideways ( 2004 ) Walk the Line ( 2005 ) Dreamgirls ( 2006 ) Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 2007 ) Vicky Cristina Barcelona ( 2008 ) The Hangover ( 2009 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2010 ) The Artist ( 2011 ) Les Misérables ( 2012 ) American Hustle ( 2013 ) The Grand Budapest Hotel ( 2014 ) The Martian ( 2015 ) La La Land ( 2016 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Films Animation Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas ( 1997 ) Belle 's Magical World ( 1998 ) Belle 's Tales of Friendship ( 1999 ) Live - action Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Adaptations Musical ( 1994 ) The Fire Rose ( novel ) 1995 Live on Stage ( 1991 ) Sing Me a Story with Belle ( 1995 -- 1999 ) Be Our Guest Restaurant ( 2012 ) Video games Beauty & The Beast : Belle 's Quest ( 1993 ) Beauty & The Beast : Roar of the Beast ( 1993 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ; Super NES ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Print Kit ( 1994 ) Disney 's Beauty & The Beast : A Boardgame Adventure ( 1999 ) Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Magical Ballroom ( 2000 ) Music 1991 film soundtrack `` Belle '' `` Gaston '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Something There '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` The Mob Song '' 1994 musical soundtrack `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` Human Again '' `` A Change in Me '' 2017 film soundtrack `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' `` Days in the Sun '' `` Evermore '' Related The Music Behind the Magic Characters Belle Beast Gaston Disney theatrical animated features Walt Disney Animation Studios films Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Live - action films with animation The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) DisneyToon Studios films DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) Bambi II ( 2006 ) Planes ( 2013 ) Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) Other Disney units films The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) Strange Magic ( 2015 ) Related lists Unproduced films Book Walt Disney Animation Studios List of feature films Released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) Pinocchio ( 1940 ) Fantasia ( 1940 ) Dumbo ( 1941 ) Bambi ( 1942 ) Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) Melody Time ( 1948 ) The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) Cinderella ( 1950 ) Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) Peter Pan ( 1953 ) Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) The Aristocats ( 1970 ) Robin Hood ( 1973 ) The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) The Rescuers ( 1977 ) The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) Tarzan ( 1999 ) Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) Dinosaur ( 2000 ) The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) Brother Bear ( 2003 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) Chicken Little ( 2005 ) Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) Bolt ( 2008 ) The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Moana ( 2016 ) Upcoming films Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) Associated productions The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) Song of the South ( 1946 ) So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) People Executives Edwin Catmull Roy Conli Roy E. Disney Walt Disney Don Hahn Jeffrey Katzenberg John Lasseter Peter Schneider Thomas Schumacher David Stainton Disney 's Nine Old Men Les Clark Marc Davis Ollie Johnston Milt Kahl Ward Kimball Eric Larson John Lounsbery Wolfgang Reitherman Frank Thomas Related topics History Disney animators ' strike Disney Renaissance Methods and technologies 12 basic principles of animation Computer Animation Production System Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life Multiplane camera Documentaries Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) Other Disney animation units Disney Television Animation DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) Lucasfilm Animation Marvel Animation Pixar Animation Studios Circle 7 ( defunct ) Miscellaneous Alice Comedies Laugh - O - Gram Studio List of Disney animated shorts List of Disney theatrical animated features unproduced Oswald the Lucky Rabbit Mickey Mouse ( film series ) Silly Symphonies Once Upon a Time Alan Menken Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Weird Romance ( 1992 ) A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) King David ( 1997 ) The Bellringer of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) Sister Act ( 2006 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Leap of Faith ( 2010 ) Newsies ( 2011 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) The Apprenticeship of Duddy Kravitz ( 2015 ) A Bronx Tale ( 2016 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Newsies ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) Hercules ( 1997 ) Home on the Range ( 2004 ) A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) Enchanted ( 2007 ) Tangled ( 2010 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Songs `` Part of Your World '' `` Under the Sea '' `` Kiss the Girl '' `` Be Our Guest '' `` Beauty and the Beast '' `` Friend Like Me '' `` A Whole New World '' `` Just Around the Riverbend '' `` Colors of the Wind '' `` If I Never Knew You '' `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' `` The Bells of Notre Dame '' `` Out There '' `` God Help the Outcasts '' `` Hellfire '' `` Someday '' `` Go the Distance '' `` I Wo n't Say ( I 'm in Love ) '' `` Happy Working Song '' `` That 's How You Know '' `` So Close '' `` Ever Ever After '' `` Mother Knows Best '' `` I See the Light '' Howard Ashman Musicals God Bless You , Mr. Rosewater ( 1979 ) Little Shop of Horrors ( 1982 ) Smile ( 1986 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) The Little Mermaid ( 2007 ) Aladdin ( 2014 ) Musical films Little Shop of Horrors ( 1986 ) Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Aladdin ( 2019 ) Related articles Alan Menken Howard Sings Ashman Annie Award for Best Animated Feature Beauty and the Beast ( 1992 ) Aladdin ( 1993 ) The Lion King ( 1994 ) Pocahontas ( 1995 ) Toy Story ( 1996 ) Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) Mulan ( 1998 ) The Iron Giant ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 ( 2000 ) Shrek ( 2001 ) Spirited Away ( 2002 ) Finding Nemo ( 2003 ) The Incredibles ( 2004 ) Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit ( 2005 ) Cars ( 2006 ) Ratatouille ( 2007 ) Kung Fu Panda ( 2008 ) Up ( 2009 ) How to Train Your Dragon ( 2010 ) Rango ( 2011 ) Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) Frozen ( 2013 ) How to Train Your Dragon 2 ( 2014 ) Inside Out ( 2015 ) Zootopia ( 2016 ) Disney portal Film in the United States portal 1990s portal Animation portal Cartoon portal United States portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beauty_and_the_Beast_(1991_film)&oldid=808072281 '' Categories : 1991 films English - language films 1990s American animated films 1990s comedy - drama films 1990s fantasy films 1990s musical films 1990s romantic musical films 1991 animated films 3D re-releases American animated fantasy films American children 's animated films American children 's fantasy films American comedy - drama films American films American musical fantasy films American romantic fantasy films American romantic musical films Animated films about death Animated musical films Animated romance films Annie Award winners Best Animated Feature Annie Award winners Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Directorial debut films Disney Renaissance Disney 's Beauty and the Beast Feminist films Film scores by Alan Menken Films about bibliophilia Films about curses Films about narcissism Films about royalty Films about shapeshifting Films based on Beauty and the Beast Films based on fairy tales Films directed by Gary Trousdale Films directed by Kirk Wise Films featuring anthropomorphic characters Films produced by Don Hahn Films set in castles Films set in France Films set in the 18th century Films that won the Best Original Score Academy Award Films that won the Best Original Song Academy Award IMAX films Screenplays by Joe Ranft Screenplays by Linda Woolverton United States National Film Registry films Walt Disney Animation Studios films Walt Disney Pictures films Witchcraft in film Hidden categories : Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Good articles Use mdy dates from October 2015 Commons category with page title different than on Wikidata Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - 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when did disney's beauty and the beast come out

Beauty and the Beast is a 1991 American animated musical romantic fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures . The 30th Disney animated feature film and the third released during the Disney Renaissance period , it is based on the French fairy tale of the same name by Jeanne - Marie Leprince de Beaumont ( who was also credited in the English version as well as in the French version ) , and ideas from the 1946 French film of the same name directed by Jean Cocteau . Beauty and the Beast focuses on the relationship between the Beast ( voice of Robby Benson ) , a prince who is magically transformed into a monster and his servants into household objects as punishment for his arrogance , and Belle ( voice of Paige O'Hara ) , a young woman whom he imprisons in his castle . To become a prince again , Beast must learn to love Belle and earn her love in return to avoid remaining a monster forever . The film also features the voices of Richard White , Jerry Orbach , David Ogden Stiers , and Angela Lansbury .

Mega Millions - wikipedia Mega Millions Jump to : navigation , search Mega Millions ( which began as The Big Game in 1996 , which was renamed to The Big Game Mega Millions six years later ) is an American multi-jurisdictional lottery game ; it is offered in 44 states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was in 2002 ; see below . ( What is now Mega Millions initially was offered in six states ; the logo for all versions of the game following the retiring of the The Big Game name featured a gold - colored ball with six stars to represent the game 's initial membership . ) Under the current version 's regulations for Mega Millions ( see below for details on the October 28 , 2017 format change ) , the minimum Mega Millions advertised jackpot is $15 million , paid in 30 graduated yearly installments , increasing 5 percent each year ( unless the cash option is chosen ; see below for differences by lotteries on cash / annuity choice regulations . ) The jackpot increases when there is no top - prize winner ( see below for information on how the Mega Millions jackpot is funded . ) Reflecting common practice among American lotteries , the jackpot is advertised as a nominal value of annual installments . A cash value option ( the usual choice ) , when chosen by a jackpot winner , pays the approximate present value of the installments . Mega Millions ' current format began on October 19 , 2013 ; its first drawing was three days later . Mega Millions uses a 5 / 75 ( for the white balls ) plus 1 / 15 ( for the `` Mega Ball '' ) double matrix to select its winning numbers . Each game costs one dollar . Of the 46 Mega Millions jurisdictions , all but California offer an option , called Megaplier ( plays with the Megaplier are $2 each ) where non-jackpot prizes are multiplied by 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 . The Megaplier was made available to all Mega Millions jurisdictions in January 2011 ; it began as an option available only in Texas . Mega Millions is drawn at 11 p.m. Eastern Time on Tuesday and Friday evenings , including holidays . Mega Millions is administered by a consortium of its 12 original lotteries ; the drawings are held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia , supervised by the Georgia Lottery . In the December 17 , 2013 drawing , the current 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format produced its first two jackpot winners , sharing a jackpot worth $648 million ( annuity value ; the cash value was $347,639,485 ) , which is the second highest jackpot in Mega Millions history . The two jackpot - winning tickets were sold in San Jose , California and in Atlanta , Georgia . On October 28 , 2017 , Mega Millions will undergo its most significant format change : plays will be $2 each ( $3 with the Megaplier ) ; 12 of the 46 Mega Millions members will give players a `` jackpot - only '' option ( called Just the Jackpot ) of two plays for $3 . The largest jackpot in Mega Millions history was $656 million annuity value ( with a cash option of $474 million ) for the March 30 , 2012 drawing , in which there were three jackpot - winning tickets ; one each in Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland . All three tickets had been claimed by April 18 , with each set of winners choosing the cash option of $158 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball 2 Current Mega Millions members 3 History 3.1 The Big Game 3.2 The Big Game Mega Millions 3.3 2010 cross-sell expansion 3.4 October 2013 format change ; current version 3.5 October 2017 format / price point change 3.5. 1 Just the Jackpot option 4 Record jackpots 5 How the drawings are held 6 Versions of ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions 6.1 Megaplier 6.2 Winning and probability 6.3 Payment options 6.4 Claiming prizes 7 Drawings 8 Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) 9 Revenue 10 Miscellany 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links The 2010 expansion of Mega Millions and Powerball ( edit ) Mega Millions lottery tickets from New Jersey ( left ) and New York ; see below for rule variations among the game 's 46 members , including where the Just the Jackpot option will be offered beginning October 28 , 2017 On October 13 , 2009 , the Mega Millions consortium and Multi-State Lottery Association ( MUSL ) reached an agreement in principle to cross-sell Mega Millions and Powerball in American lottery jurisdictions , with the two groups referred to as the `` Mega Power Lottery '' by many users . The expansion occurred on January 31 , 2010 , as 23 Powerball members began selling Mega Millions tickets for their first drawing on February 2 , 2010 ; likewise , 10 Mega Millions members began selling Powerball tickets for their first drawing the next day . Montana ( joining Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 ) was the first jurisdiction to add either game after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska ( March 20 , 2010 ) , Oregon ( March 28 , 2010 ) , Arizona ( April 18 , 2010 ) , Maine ( May 9 , 2010 ) , Colorado and South Dakota ( the latter two on May 16 , 2010 ) also have joined Mega Millions since the expansion . As of January 2016 , there are 46 lotteries offering Mega Millions and Powerball ; Florida joined Mega Millions in May 2013 . ( Puerto Rico , whose lottery began in the 1930s , currently does not offer Mega Millions ) . Before the agreement , the only stores which sold Mega Millions and Powerball tickets were retailers whose business was on a border between jurisdictions which sold competing games . The current Mega Millions format began in October 2013 ; the game will use a different double matrix as of October 2017 . Mega Millions plays will become $2 per game upon the format change ; it is unknown exactly how the `` Megaplier '' will be utilized . Current Mega Millions members ( edit ) As of October 2017 , Mega Millions is available in 44 states and the District of Columbia ( in blue ) , plus the US Virgin Islands ( not shown ) Mega Millions replaced The Big Game in 2002 ( see below for the evolution of the name Mega Millions ) . Mega Millions lottery tickets from New York , Delaware , and Maryland Lottery Mega Millions Arizona 000000002010 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 2010 Arkansas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 California 000000002005 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 , 2005 Connecticut 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Colorado 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Delaware 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 District of Columbia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Florida 000000002013 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 , 2013 Georgia 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Idaho 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Illinois 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Indiana 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Iowa 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kansas 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Kentucky 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Louisiana 000000002011 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 , 2011 Maine 000000002010 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 , 2010 Maryland 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Massachusetts 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Michigan 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Minnesota 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Missouri 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Montana 000000002010 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 , 2010 Nebraska 000000002010 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 , 2010 New Hampshire 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New Jersey 000000001999 - 05 - 26 - 0000 May 26 , 1999 New Mexico 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 New York 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 North Carolina 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 North Dakota 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Ohio 000000002002 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 , 2002 Oklahoma 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Oregon 000000002010 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 , 2010 Pennsylvania 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Rhode Island 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Carolina 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 South Dakota 000000002010 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 , 2010 Tennessee 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Texas 000000002003 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 , 2003 US Virgin Islands 000000002010 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 , 2010 Vermont 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Virginia 000000001996 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1996 Washington 000000002002 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 2002 West Virginia 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wisconsin 000000002010 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 , 2010 Wyoming 000000002014 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 , 2014 In most cases , a lottery joining Mega Millions on or after January 31 , 2010 offered Powerball before the MUSL cross-sell expansion . The states of Alabama , Alaska , Hawaii , Mississippi , Nevada , and Utah do not sell lottery tickets . History ( edit ) The Big game ( edit ) The Big Game logo prior to the Mega Millions name change . Tickets for The Big Game began to be sold in Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , Massachusetts , Michigan , and Virginia on August 31 , 1996 . The Big Game was the brainchild of the then - lottery directors Rebecca Paul ( of the Georgia Lottery ) and Penelope W. Kyle ( of the Virginia Lottery . ) The Big Game initially was drawn weekly , on Friday . The Georgia Lottery was a member of MUSL at the time and wanted to sell both games for the remainder of 1996 ; however , within a few days , Georgia was forcibly removed from MUSL , returning with the 2010 cross-selling expansion . Beginning in January 1999 , jackpot winners were given the option to receive their prize in cash . In May 1999 , New Jersey joined The Big Game , the only jurisdiction to enter as a participant before The Big Game became Mega Millions in 2002 . The Big game Mega Millions ( edit ) The Big Game Mega Millions logo following the addition of the name Mega Millions Ohio and New York joined the The Big Game consortium on May 15 , 2002 , when the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions , temporarily retaining the old name and the original `` gold ball '' logo . The `` Big Money Ball '' became the `` Mega Ball . '' While the game 's name was altered , the yellow ball in the new Mega Millions logo continued to read `` The Big Game '' until February 2003 , after which it was replaced with six stars representing the original members of the consortium . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was held two days later , on May 17 . The Mega Millions trademark is owned by the Illinois Lottery . The first three lotteries to join Mega Millions were Washington ( in September 2002 ) , Texas ( in 2003 ) and California ( in 2005 ) ; California was the last addition to Mega Millions before the cross-sell expansion of 2010 . Montana joined Mega Millions on March 1 , 2010 , the first addition to Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . When Texas joined Mega Millions in 2003 , it began offering an option , initially available only to Texas Lottery players , known as the Megaplier , which was similar to the then - current version of Powerball 's Power Play . The 11 Mega Millions lotteries without Megaplier on the January 31 , 2010 cross-selling date gradually added the multiplier option ; by January 2011 , all Mega Millions lotteries , except for California , offered the Megaplier . The Texas Lottery owns the trademark to Megaplier . On June 24 , 2005 , to commemorate California joining Mega Millions , that night 's drawing was held in Hollywood , with Carrie Underwood assisting host Glenn Burns for the draw . For the November 15 , 2005 drawing , a group called `` The Lucky 7 '' held the only jackpot - winning ticket , purchased in Anaheim , California , winning $315 million . They chose the cash option , splitting $175 million before federal withholdings . This remains the largest prize won by a single Mega Millions ticket . On March 6 , 2007 , the Mega Millions jackpot reached $390 million , which is the record for the third largest jackpot in U.S. history . The jackpot was shared by two tickets , both matching the numbers of 16 - 22 - 29 - 39 - 42 and Mega Ball 20 . Both winners chose the cash option , with each share $116,557,083 before withholdings . 2010 cross-sell expansion ( edit ) The New Jersey Lottery , among others , in early 2009 announced it would seek permission to sell Powerball tickets alongside Mega Millions . In October 2009 , an agreement between Mega Millions and MUSL allowed all U.S. lotteries , including New Jersey 's , to offer both games . On January 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions expanded to include the then - 23 MUSL members ; as of that date , 35 jurisdictions were participating in Mega Millions . On the same day , 10 existing Mega Millions - participating lotteries began selling Powerball tickets . Ohio joined Powerball on April 16 , 2010 . On March 1 , 2010 , Montana became the first MUSL member to add Mega Millions after the cross-sell expansion . Nebraska became the 37th Mega Millions participating member on March 20 , 2010 , followed by Oregon as the 38th member on March 28 , Arizona as the 39th member on April 18 , and Maine as 40th Mega Millions participant on May 9 , 2010 . Colorado and South Dakota added Mega Millions on May 16 , 2010 , bringing the total to 42 jurisdictions . The most recent additions to Mega Millions were the U.S. Virgin Islands , in October 2010 , and Louisiana in November 2011 . Florida joined Mega Millions on May 15 , 2013 ; the first drawing to include Florida - bought tickets was two days later . Presumably due to their experience with the Power Play option for Powerball , all 23 lotteries joining Mega Millions on January 31 , 2010 immediately offered Megaplier to their players . The Megaplier continues to be drawn by Texas Lottery computers , as California does not offer the multiplier . Montana , offering Powerball before the expansion date , became the 24th lottery to offer the Megaplier , followed by Nebraska ( the 25th ) , Oregon ( the 26th ) , Arizona ( as the 27th ) and Maine ( as the 28th lottery to offer the Megaplier option ) . After Colorado and South Dakota joined Mega Millions , this raised the number of lotteries offering the Megaplier to 37 . Mega Millions tickets bought with the Megaplier option , beginning September 12 , 2010 , automatically won $1 million ( instead of $250,000 ) if the five white balls -- but excluding the Mega Ball -- are matched . On March 13 , 2010 , New Jersey became the first Mega Millions participant ( just before the cross-sell expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning ticket for Powerball after joining that game . The ticket was worth over $211 million annuity ( the cash option was chosen ) . On May 28 , 2010 , North Carolina became the first Powerball member ( just before the cross-selling expansion ) to produce a jackpot - winning Mega Millions ticket after joining Mega Millions , with an annuity jackpot of $12 million . In January 2012 , Mega Millions ' rival Powerball was altered ; among the changes were a price increase of $1 for each play , as a result , a base game costs $2 , or $3 with the Power Play option . At the time , there were no plans to change the price of a Mega Millions play , with or without the Megaplier ( see below for the 2017 format change that includes the base price for a Mega Millions play to be raised to $2 . ) The price increase for playing Powerball was a major factor in Louisiana deciding to pursue joining Mega Millions , as that state 's lottery joined Mega Millions on November 16 , 2011 . October 2013 format change ; current version ( edit ) The final 5 / 56 + 1 / 46 Mega Millions drawing was held on October 18 , 2013 ; that night 's jackpot of $37 million was not won . The first drawing under the current 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 format -- which saw the jackpot estimate `` leap '' to $55 million due to the change in the annuity structure -- occurred on October 22 , 2013 . The minimum jackpot is now $15 million , with rollovers of at least $5 million . Second prize ( 5 + 0 ) is now $1 million cash . Players now choose 5 of 75 white ball numbers , and the `` Gold Ball '' number out of 15 . The Megaplier option remained ; it now includes a 5x multiplier . The Megaplier applies to all prizes except the jackpot ; a 5 + 0 play with the Megaplier wins $5 million cash . Former ( through October 18 , 2013 ) and current prize tiers , based on a $1 play : Match 5 + 0 : $250,000 / $1 million Match 4 + MB : $10,000 / $5,000 Match 4 + 0 : $150 / $500 Match 3 + MB : $150 / $50 Match 3 + 0 : $7 / $5 Match 2 + MB : $10 / $5 Match 1 + MB : $3 / $2 Match 0 + MB : $2 / $1 Payouts in California remain pari - mutuel . The current odds of winning or sharing a Mega Millions jackpot 1 in about 258.9 million . The overall odds of winning a prize are 1 in 14.71 , including the base $1 prize for a `` Mega Ball '' - only match . Prizes and odds : 5 numbers plus the Mega Ball ( 5 + 1 ) : 1 in 258,890,850 5 numbers but not the Mega Ball ( 5 + 0 ) : 1 in 17,259,390 4 + 1 : 1 in 739,688 4 + 0 : 1 in 52,835 3 + 1 : 1 in 10,720 3 + 0 : 1 in 766 2 + 1 : 1 in 473 1 + 1 : 1 in 56 Mega Ball only : 1 in 21 The odds for winning the $1 prize , 1 in 21 , reflect the possibility of matching at least one of the white balls , as well as the Mega Ball . The overall odds of winning any prize in Mega Millions is 1 in 14.7 , accounting for all nine prize categories . The annuity -- which was 20 annual payments ( no cash option was available ) when The Big Game began -- changed from 26 equal yearly installments to 30 graduated annual payments ( increasing 5 percent yearly ) with the format change on October 19 , 2013 . October 2017 format / price point change ( edit ) On October 28 , 2017 , the price of a Mega Millions play will double , to $2 ( the current price of a Cash4Life , Lucky for Life , or Powerball play . ) The first drawing under the new price point will be October 31 , 2017 . The Mega Millions double matrix will change , from 5 / 75 + 1 / 15 to 5 / 70 + 1 / 25 . The starting jackpot will be raised to $40 million , with minimum rollovers of $5 million . The `` Megaplier '' option ( which will again not be offered in California ) will be retained , with an adjustment to its multipliers . Despite two tickets sharing the October 13 , 2017 Mega Millions jackpot ( and any jackpot - winning tickets for drawings through October 27 , 2017 ) , the Mega Millions consortium will guarantee a $40 million ( annuity value ) jackpot for all drawings beginning October 31 , 2017 even if sales would not otherwise produce such an estimate . Mega Millions prize tiers effective October 28 , 2017 ( changed amounts in boldface ) for a $2 base play ( except prizes won in California ) : 5 + MB : Jackpot ; starting jackpot raised to $40 million ( annuity value ) 5 + 0 : $1,000,000 4 + MB : $10,000 ( currently $5,000 ) 4 + 0 : $500 ( $500 ) 3 + MB : $200 ( $50 ) 3 + 0 : $10 ( $5 ) 2 + MB : $10 ( $5 ) 1 + MB : $4 ( $2 ) 0 + MB : $2 ( $1 ) The current Mega Millions prize structure allocates roughly 68 percent of the prize pool for the jackpot . The October 2017 format change will increase the jackpot allocation to about 75 percent . Just the jackpot option ( edit ) Each of the 46 Mega Millions participants , in preparation for the October 28 , 2017 format change , were given the choice of offering a $3 , two - game play ( to be called Just the Jackpot ) . A player choosing this option will not be eligible for any of the eight lower - tier prizes ; therefore , the Megaplier option will not be available for Just the Jackpot wagers . Seven lotteries will offer the Just the Jackpot option upon the format change : Georgia , Massachusetts , Nebraska , Ohio , South Dakota , Texas , and Virginia , although ( as of October 26 , 2017 ) the lotteries of Kansas , New Jersey , New York , New Mexico , Wisconsin , and Wyoming have committed to adding Just the Jackpot after the format change , with other lotteries potentially adding it . Not known is whether a second series of playslips would be printed for lotteries offering Just the Jackpot beginning after the October 28 , 2017 format change . Just the Jackpot wagers and regular Mega Millions plays will be printed on separate tickets ; in addition , depending on each participating lottery 's regulations , Just the Jackpot wagers may or may not allow the player to choose their numbers . Record jackpots ( edit ) The largest Mega Millions jackpot , advertised as $640 million at the time of the drawing ( annuitized ) or $462 million ( cash value ) , was drawn on March 30 , 2012 . The initial estimate for that drawing ( following the March 27 drawing , which was $363 million annuity ) was $476 million ( later increased to $500 million and again to $540 million ) ; brisk ticket sales pushed the jackpot values , both annuitized ( to $656 million ) and the cash option ( $474 million ) higher . The amount spent on Mega Millions for drawings following its previous jackpot win , on January 24 , 2012 , was at least $1.5 billion . three jackpot - winning tickets had been confirmed ( Illinois , Kansas , and Maryland ) . Mega Millions ' second - largest jackpot , $648 million , was for the December 17 , 2013 drawing . Two winning tickets , one each from California and Georgia , were sold . The holder of the Georgia ticket claimed the next morning ; they selected the cash option , which amounted to $173,819,742.50 before withholdings . The holder of the California ticket claimed on January 3 , 2014 . ( The California ticket holder received an equal share , but potentially a larger cash - option amount , as California lottery winnings are exempt from state income tax ) . '' Mega Millions ' third - largest jackpot , $540 million , was for the July 8 , 2016 drawing . One ticket from Indiana won the jackpot ; the winner chose the cash option . Mega Millions ' fourth - largest jackpot , $414 million , was for the March 18 , 2014 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Florida and Maryland , split the prize ; both sets of winners chose the cash option , splitting $230.9 million ( as noted below , interest rates change , resulting in different ratios between the cash values and annuity values of jackpots ) . Mega Millions ' fifth - largest jackpot annuity value ( $390 million ) was for the March 6 , 2007 drawing . Two tickets , one each from Georgia and New Jersey , won $195 million ( annuity value ) each . The holders of each ticket also chose the cash option . How the drawings are held ( edit ) Two drawing machines are used in each Mega Millions drawing . The model used for Mega Millions is the Criterion II , manufactured by Smartplay International of Edgewater Park , New Jersey . The balls are moved around by means of counter-rotating arms which randomly mix the balls . Individually , the five white balls , several seconds apart , drop through a hole in the bottom of the mixing drum . Versions of ( the Big game ) Mega Millions ( edit ) Versions of The Big Game and Mega Millions have used different matrices : Start Date 5 white balls out of Mega Balls Jackpot odds September 6 , 1996 50 25 1 : 52,969,000 January 13 , 1999 50 36 1 : 76,275,360 May 15 , 2002 52 52 1 : 135,145,920 June 22 , 2005 56 46 1 : 175,711,536 October 19 , 2013 75 15 1 : 258,890,850 October 28 , 2017 70 25 1 : 302,575,350 Megaplier ( edit ) Mega Millions players , in 45 of its 46 jurisdictions , have the option to activate a multiplier , called Megaplier ; it is functionally similar to Powerball 's Power Play . ( Neither Megaplier nor Power Play are offered in California because its state penal code distinguishes between a `` lottery '' in which the bank can not be `` broken '' , and a `` banked game '' whose bank theoretically could be broken ; only a `` lottery '' was authorized by the state Lottery Act . ) By doubling the wager in a Mega Millions game ( to $2 ) , players have an opportunity to multiply any non-jackpot prize by 2 , 3 , 4 or 5 . The Megaplier is drawn by the Texas Lottery ( before the cross-sell expansion on January 31 , 2010 , it was the only lottery to offer Megaplier ) , which is drawn by a random number generator ( RNG ) . Megaplier differs from Power Play in that the odds for each Megaplier possibility are not uniform . Megaplier Current odds ( Oct. 19 , 2013 - Oct. 27 , 2017 ) Future odds ( effective Oct. 28 , 2017 ) 2x 1 : 7.5 1 : 3 3x 1 : 3.75 1 : 2.5 4x 1 : 5 1 : 5 5x 1 : 2.5 1 : 15 Megaplier wagers made for drawings from September 12 , 2010 through October 18 , 2013 that won second prize ( then $250,000 ) were automatically elevated to 4x , winning $1 million . This `` guarantee '' did not carry over to the current version of Mega Millions , although the $1 million second prize becomes $5 million if the Megaplier is 5x . Winning and probability ( edit ) Current Mega Millions odds ( beginning October 19 , 2013 ) : Matches Prize Approximate probability of winning Normal balls ( pool of 75 ) Mega ball ( pool of 15 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 258,890,850 5 0 $1 million 1 in 18,492,204 $5,000 1 in 739,688 0 $500 1 in 52,835 $50 1 in 10,720 0 $5 1 in 766 $5 1 in 473 $2 1 in 56 0 $1 1 in 21 The probability and odds can be taken into a mathematical perspective : The probability of winning the jackpot is 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 ) ; that is : 75 ways for the first white ball times 74 ways for the second times 73 for the third times 72 for the fourth times 71 for the last white ball divided by 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 , or 5 ! , and this number is then multiplied by 15 ( 15 possible numbers for the `` Megaball '' ) . Therefore , ( 75 x 74 x 73 x 72 x 71 ) / ( 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 ) x 15 = 258,890,850 , which means any combination of five white balls plus the Megaball has a 1 : 258,890,850 chance of winning the jackpot . Similarly , the odds for second prize are 1 : ( C ) x ( 15 / 14 ) = 1 : 18,492,204 chance of winning . The overall probability of winning any prize is 1 in 14.7 . If there are no jackpot winners for a specific drawing , the jackpot will keep increasing , however , the odds will still remain the same . Mega Millions has an `` equal payout '' after it reaches $363 million . This takes into account the smaller prizes and the taxes associated with the payouts . This calculation assumes that the player does not add the `` Megaplier '' as this additional $1 wins 38 cents on average . Additionally , this assumes that the jackpot is never split , which they sometimes are . When considering only the jackpot ( negating smaller prizes and taxes ) , one would have to buy 258.9 million tickets in order to ensure that someone wins ; this allows for profit with a jackpot higher than that amount . Payouts prior to October 18 , 2013 : Matches Prize Approximate probabilityof winning Normal balls ( pool of 56 ) Mega ball ( pool of 46 ) 5 Jackpot 1 in 175,711,536 ( C × 46 ) 5 0 $250,000 1 in 3,904,701 ( C × 46 / 45 ) $10,000 1 in 689,065 0 $150 1 in 15,313 $150 1 in 13,781 $10 1 in 844 0 $7 1 in 306 $3 1 in 141 0 $2 1 in 74.8 ( the probability for this prize is not 1 : 46 , because there is the possibility of matching at least one of the `` white '' balls , which decreases the likelihood of matching only the `` Mega Ball '' ) Overall probabilities : 1 in 755 of winning any of the top six prizes , 1 in 40 of winning any prize . In California , prize levels are paid on a parimutuel basis , rather than the fixed lower - tier amounts for winners in other Mega Millions jurisdictions . California 's eight lower - tier Mega Millions prize pools are separate from those shared by the other 45 lotteries . California 's second prize is a `` secondary jackpot '' ; its payout sometimes exceeds $1 million cash , even though California does not offer the Megaplier . Payment options ( edit ) In Georgia , New Jersey and Texas , players must choose , in advance , whether they wish to collect a jackpot in cash or annuity . Georgia and New Jersey winners can change an annuity ticket to cash should they be eligible for a jackpot share ; however , the choice is binding in Texas . If a jackpot prize is not claimed within the respective jurisdiction 's time limit , each of the 46 Mega Millions members get back the money they contributed to that jackpot . Each of the 46 lotteries have rules in regards to unclaimed prizes ; most Mega Millions members set aside unclaimed winnings for educational purposes . In 2007 , a $31 million prize went unclaimed in New York . Many prizes of $250,000 each have been unclaimed , including several in Michigan for 2007 drawings . Claiming prizes ( edit ) Mega Millions winners have either 180 days ( California non-jackpot prizes only ) or one year to claim prizes , including the jackpot ( although some Mega Millions winners lose the right to collect a jackpot in cash if they wait more than 60 days after the drawing ) . The minimum age to purchase a Mega Millions ticket is 18 , except in Arizona , Iowa and Louisiana , where the minimum is 21 , and Nebraska ; its minimum is 19 . Generally ( an exception is Virginia ) , minors can win on tickets received as gifts ; the rules according to each Mega Millions member vary for minors receiving prizes . Rules vary according to the applicable laws and regulations in the jurisdiction where the ticket is sold , and the winner 's residence ( e.g. if a New Jerseyan wins on a ticket bought near their workplace in Manhattan ) . Mega Millions winnings are exempt from state income tax in California , while New Hampshire , Texas , Tennessee , Florida , Wyoming , South Dakota , and Washington do not have an income tax . On the other hand , some residents of New York City and Yonkers , New York pay three levels of income tax , as these cities levy income taxes . Drawings ( edit ) Drawings are usually held at the studios of WSB - TV in Atlanta , Georgia . The original host was WSB 's chief meteorologist , Glenn Burns . Currently , most drawings are emceed by the full - time host of Georgia Lottery drawings , John Crow , with Brian Hooker the main substitute host . For larger jackpots , the drawing sometimes is moved to Times Square , with New York Lottery announcer Yolanda Vega co-hosting . Before Jan 31 , 2010 , Mega Millions was the only multi-jurisdictional lottery whose drawings were carried nationally , instead of airing only on stations in participating jurisdictions . Powerball drawings began to air after that date nationally via Chicago - based cable superstation WGN - TV . WGN simulcasts Mega Millions drawings on its national WGN America feed on Tuesdays and Fridays immediately following WGN 's 9pm ( Central Time ) newscast , with Powerball drawings being aired on Wed and Sat ( though both games ' drawings air a min later than on some other television stations . ) WGN serves as a default carrier of both major games where no local television station carries either multi-jurisdictional lottery 's drawings . Powerball drawings were removed from WGN America in late 2014 when it ceased carrying WGN 's newscasts . Record jackpots ( listed by cash value ) ( edit ) Cash value ( in millions USD ) Annuity value ( in millions USD ) Drawing date Winner ( s ) Description $474 $656 March 30 , 2012 3 ( MD , KS , IL ) World 's second largest jackpot ( cash or annuity ) $347.7 $648 December 17 , 2013 2 ( CA , GA ) Second - largest annuity value $240 $380 January 4 , 2011 2 ( ID , WA ) $233 $390 March 6 , 2007 2 ( GA , NJ ) $224 $400 March 18 , 2014 2 ( FL , MD ) $210 $336 August 28 , 2009 2 ( CA , NY ) NY winner chose annuity ( the cash / annuity choice made `` when playing '' required per then - NY Lottery rules ) $208.3 $330 August 31 , 2007 4 ( NJ , MD , TX , VA ) $197.5 $326 November 4 , 2014 1 ( NY ) Sold in Middletown , Orange County $202.9 $319 March 25 , 2011 1 ( Albany , NY ) $180 $363 May 9 , 2000 2 ( IL , MI ) Largest The Big Game jackpot Revenue ( edit ) Approximately 50 % of Mega Millions sales is returned to players as prizes ; the remainder is split ( each lottery has different rules regarding these funds ) among retailers , marketing , and operations , as well as the 46 jurisdictions offering the game ; different lotteries uses the proceeds in different ways . Miscellany ( edit ) In the aftermath of the attack on the World Trade Center on September 11 , 2001 , the legislature in Albany , fearing a monumental loss of revenue , passed legislation the following month , which was signed by then - Gov. George Pataki , which included joining a multi-jurisdictional lottery game . Around the same time , for entirely different reasons , Ohio 's governor also gave the green light to joining a multi-jurisdictional game . Both lotteries opted to join the then - The Big Game , which , at the time , was offered in seven states . The added populations of the two new jurisdictions , in turn , led to a larger double matrix . The first machine continued to hold white 52 balls , while 16 gold balls were added in the second , meaning there were 52 numbers to pick from in both parts of each $1 game . On May 15 , 2002 , the game was renamed The Big Game Mega Millions ; shortly after , it became just Mega Millions . Except for the 2010 cross-selling expansion , this was the only time The Big Game or Mega Millions simultaneously added more than one member . In 2005 , Mega Millions was the target of a mailing scam . A letter bearing the Mega Millions logo was used in a string of lottery scams designed to trick people into providing personal financial information by cashing bogus checks . The letter , which had been sent to people in several states via standard mail , included a check for what the scammers said was an unclaimed Mega Millions prize . If the check was cashed , it bounced , but not before the bank stamped it with a routing number and personal account information and sent it back to the fraudulent organization , providing them with the recipients ' financial information . A budget impasse due to the 2006 New Jersey Government shutdown led to the temporary closing of its non-essential agencies on July 1 , 2006 . Among the casualties were the Atlantic City casinos and the New Jersey Lottery . Not only were New Jersey 's in - house games ( such as Pick - 6 ) not drawn for about a week , but all New Jersey lottery terminals were shut down , meaning Mega Millions could not be played in New Jersey , even though Mega Millions was drawn as usual . A similar shutdown happened in Minnesota on July 1 , 2011 . Elecia Battle made national headlines in January 2004 when she claimed that she had lost the winning ticket in the December 30 , 2003 Mega Millions drawing . She then filed a lawsuit against the woman who had come forward with the ticket , Rebecca Jemison . Several days later , when confronted with contradictory evidence , she admitted that she had lied . Battle was charged with filing a false police report the following day . As a result of this false report , she was fined $1,000 , ordered to perform 50 hours of community service , and required to compensate the police and courts for various costs incurred . The January 4 , 2011 Mega Millions drawing drew attention for its similarity to `` The Numbers , '' a sequence of six numbers that served as a plot device of the ABC drama series Lost . One such usage involved character Hugo `` Hurley '' Reyes playing the sequence in a similar `` Mega Lotto '' game , winning a nine - figure jackpot and subsequently experiencing numerous misfortunes in his personal life . The first three numbers ( 4 , 8 , 15 ) and mega ball ( 42 ) in the Mega Millions drawing matched the first three numbers and the final number ( which Hurley also used as the `` mega ball '' number ) in the Lost sequence . The last two numbers in the Mega Millions drawing did not match the last two numbers that were used in the scene . Those who played `` The Numbers '' , including from quick - picks , won $150 ( $118 in California ) in a non-Megaplier game ; $600 with the multiplier . The 12 original ( before the 2010 cross-sell expansion ) Mega Millions members have each produced at least one Mega Millions jackpot winner . See also ( edit ) Lottery jackpot records Powerball Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions FAQs '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Official Home '' . Megamillions.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mega Millions '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2 winning tickets in $636 M Mega Millions drawing - CBS News '' . CBS News with contributions from Associated Press . 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : `` Historic mega-jackpot split by two tickets '' . Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Increases Final Jackpot to $656 M - ABC News '' . Associated Press via ABC News . 2012 - 04 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Power Lottery '' . Worldlottery.net . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions with Megaplier : Maine State Lottery '' . Mainelottery.com. 2013 - 09 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` California 's First Mega Millions Jackpot Winners The Lucky Seven -- Claim Prize '' . Mega Millions. 2005 - 11 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Mega Millions Jackpot History '' . Megamillions.com. 2013 - 09 - 29 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky Face man wins half of record $390 M jackpot '' . Megamillions.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( dead link ) Bicker , Benjamin ( 2013 - 10 - 22 ) . `` MegaMillions Lotto Results , Winning Numbers , News & More '' . Lotto-results-online.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ ( blog.timesunion.com/capitol/archives/274243/mega-millions-lottery-tickets-will-go-from-1-to-2/ Mega Millions lottery tickets will go from $1 to $2 ) Jump up ^ Matt Stevens ; Carol J. Williams ( March 31 , 2012 ) . `` Mega Millions mania leads to disappointment in California '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Winning tickets for Mega Millions jackpot sold in Maryland , Illinois '' . CNN . 2012 - 03 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Georgia Mega Millions jackpot winner comes forward '' . Georgia Lottery via Mega Millions. 2013 - 12 - 18 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` $324 million winner comes forward in California '' . California Lottery via Mega Millions. 2014 - 01 - 03 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 13 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website Telemarketing and Telephone Services : Prizes & Sweepstakes on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website New Spin On Sweepstakes Scams on U.S. Federal Trade Commission website Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot May 9 , 2000 -- February 18 , 2006 Succeeded by Powerball Preceded by Powerball World 's largest lottery jackpot March 30 , 2012 -- January 13 , 2016 Succeeded by Powerball ( hide ) Lotteries in the United States US lotteries Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas US Virgin Islands Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Multi-state games ( by number of jurisdictions ) Powerball ( 47 ) Mega Millions ( 46 ) Lucky for Life ( 25 ) Hot Lotto ( 14 ; final drawing to be held October 28 , 2017 ) Cash4Life ( 9 ) MegaHits ( 5 ) 2by2 ( 3 ) Tri-State Lottery ( 3 ) All or Nothing ( 2 ) Former multi-state games Cash4Life ( 1998 -- 2000 ) Daily Millions Decades of Dollars Lotto * America ( originally 1988 -- 1992 ; new version to begin November 12 , 2017 ) Lotto South Midwest Millions Monopoly Millionaires ' Club Wild Card Win for Life Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mega_Millions&oldid=807219348 '' Categories : Georgia Lottery Lottery games in the United States Lottery monopolies Mega Ball lottery games 1996 introductions 1996 in Georgia ( U.S. state ) Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2016 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Italiano 日本 語 Română Русский Suomi ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 17 : 26 . 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Mega Millions ( which began as The Big Game in 1996 , which was renamed to The Big Game Mega Millions six years later ) is an American multi-jurisdictional lottery game ; it is offered in 44 states , the District of Columbia , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The first ( The Big Game ) Mega Millions drawing was in 2002 ; see below . ( What is now Mega Millions initially was offered in six states ; the logo for all versions of the game following the retiring of the The Big Game name featured a gold - colored ball with six stars to represent the game 's initial membership . )

Doctor Who ( 2008 -- 2010 specials ) - wikipedia Doctor Who ( 2008 -- 2010 specials ) Jump to : navigation , search Doctor Who ( 2008 -- 2010 specials ) DVD box set cover art Starring David Tennant David Morrissey Michelle Ryan Lindsay Duncan John Simm Bernard Cribbins Country of origin United Kingdom No. of episodes 5 ( + 2 supplemental ) Release Original network BBC One Original release 25 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) -- 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) Season chronology ← Previous Series 4 Next → Series 5 List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) The 2008 -- 2010 specials of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who are five specials that linked the programme 's fourth and fifth series . They began on 25 December 2008 with `` The Next Doctor '' and concluded on 1 January 2010 with Part Two of The End of Time . They saw the departure of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Supplemental episodes 2 Casting 2.1 Main characters 3 Production 4 Release 4.1 DVD and Blu - ray releases 4.1. 1 Individual releases 4.1. 2 Complete series 5 Soundtrack 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who episodes ( 2005 -- present ) The End of Time was the first `` serial '' with an overall title and episode numbers since Survival in Season 26 , the final serial broadcast during the series ' original run . Story Episode Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code UK viewers ( millions ) AI 199 `` The Next Doctor '' Andy Goddard Russell T Davies 25 December 2008 ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) 4.14 13.10 86 This special sees the return of the Cybermen ( of the design of the parallel universe 's Cybus Industries Cybermen ) , following their previous appearance in the two - part finale of series two in 2006 , `` Army of Ghosts '' / `` Doomsday '' . Having fallen back in time to Victorian London , the Cybermen create a huge `` Cyber-King '' with child labour and the help of Miss Hartigan ( Dervla Kirwan ) . Meanwhile Jackson Lake ( David Morrissey ) has accidentally absorbed the Doctor 's memories and thinks himself to be the Doctor . 200 `` Planet of the Dead '' James Strong Russell T Davies & Gareth Roberts 11 April 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 11 ) 4.15 9.75 88 While investigating a wormhole in London , the Doctor meets Lady Christina de Souza ( Michelle Ryan ) and they are both accidentally transported in a red London bus along with the other passengers to a desert planet which was destroyed by metallic sting ray - like aliens that travel between planets via wormholes . They rig the bus to travel back to London while UNIT works to close the wormhole to prevent Earth 's destruction . 201 `` The Waters of Mars '' Graeme Harper Russell T Davies & Phil Ford 15 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 15 ) 4.16 10.32 88 The Doctor visits Bowie Base One , Earth 's first colony on Mars , led by Captain Adelaide Brooke ( Lindsay Duncan ) . A waterborne virus from the glacier used for the water supply begins to possess the crew and Brooke plans to destroy the base in order to prevent the virus spreading to earth via an escape rocket . The Doctor saves the remaining crew , including Brooke in the TARDIS , but Brooke kills herself on Earth to ensure that the history is unchanged . 202 5 The End of Time Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 25 December 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 25 ) 1 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 01 ) 4.17 4.18 12.04 12.27 87 89 The Doctor learns from the Ood that the Master ( John Simm ) will be returning soon . A cult of the Master has resurrected him using the ring dropped at the end of `` Last of the Time Lords '' , but Lucy Saxon sabotages the process , causing the Master to experience intense hunger and energy expenditure , which also gives him powers beyond those of other Time Lords . In his investigations , the Doctor meets up with Wilfred Mott ( Bernard Cribbins ) and they both travel to the Naismith Institute where they have enlisted to repair an alien `` Immortality Gate '' . However , the Master uses the gate to re-write the DNA of all humans on the planet with his own , creating a planet of Masters . Donna Noble ( Catherine Tate ) and Wilf are shielded from this . Far across the universe , Rassilon ( Timothy Dalton ) heralds the return of Gallifrey and the end of time itself . The Doctor and Wilf are rescued by two alien Vinvocci who were working undercover at the Institute to retrieve the `` Immortality Gate '' and take refuge in their spaceship above Earth . It is then revealed that Rassilon had placed the sound of drums in the Master 's head as a signal that he could use to pull Gallifrey out of Time - Lock via a white - point star . Gallifrey materialises above Earth , with all the other horrors of the Time War likely to follow . Armed with Wilf 's gun , the Doctor stands off against Rassilon to break the link between Gallifrey and Earth . To do this , he must either shoot the Master or Rassilon , but instead he shoots the white - point star , which causes Rassilon and Gallifrey to recede back into Time - Lock . Rassilon attempts to kill the Doctor , but the Master sacrifices himself to save him . Meanwhile , Wilf has trapped himself in the Gate 's isolation chamber , which is about to flood with deadly radiation . The Doctor activates the chamber 's other compartment , saving Wilf but irradiating himself . He holds off regeneration while he goes on a `` farewell tour '' , visiting all of his companions . Alone in the TARDIS , the Doctor regenerates , giving off such violent energy that the console room is set ablaze . The Eleventh Doctor ( Matt Smith ) inspects his new body as the stricken TARDIS plummets earthward . Supplemental episodes ( edit ) `` Music of the Spheres '' was filmed for the 2008 Doctor Who Prom , and the animated serial Dreamland was produced for the BBC 's Red Button service . Title Directed by Written by Original air date `` Music of the Spheres '' Euros Lyn Russell T Davies 27 July 2008 ( 2008 - 07 - 27 ) The episode has fictional and non-fictional components : the fictional component takes place in the TARDIS ; the non-fictional component is the Doctor Who Prom , which took place during the episode 's first transmission . The Doctor converses with the viewer and conducts the orchestra to perform his symphony Ode to the Universe , while being antagonised by the Graske ( Jimmy Vee ) , who intends to cause mischief at the Prom . Dreamland Gary Russell Phil Ford 21 -- 26 November 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 26 ) The Doctor investigates alien activity at Area 51 with the help of local Nevadans Cassie Rice and Jimmy Stalkingwolf . Casting ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who cast members Main characters ( edit ) The 2008 -- 2010 specials marked the end of David Tennant 's reign as The Doctor after 5 years . These specials marked David Tennant 's final run of episodes as the Tenth Doctor and Matt Smith 's first appearance as the newly regenerated Eleventh Doctor . They also featured a string of one - time Companions beginning in `` The Next Doctor '' with David Morrissey as Jackson Lake , a man who thinks himself to be the Doctor and his `` companion '' Rosita Farisi played by Velile Tshabalala . `` Planet of the Dead '' featured Michelle Ryan as young thrill - seeking burglar Lady Christina de Souza . `` The Waters of Mars '' starred Lindsay Duncan as Adelaide Brooke , Captain of Bowie Base One on Mars . Finally , the two - part The End of Time had Bernard Cribbins as recurring character Wilfred Mott as a full - fledged Companion for the first time . Other companions appear briefly during the Tenth Doctor 's `` farewell tour '' : Catherine Tate as Donna Noble , Billie Piper as Rose Tyler , Freema Agyeman as Martha Jones , Noel Clarke as Mickey Smith , John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness , and Elisabeth Sladen as Sarah Jane Smith , and Verity Newman , whose grandmother , Joan Redfern , fell in love with the human John Smith in `` Human Nature '' and `` The Family of Blood '' . John Simm reprises his role as the Master in The End of Time . Production ( edit ) `` I would have thought that when I handed in the last script I might have burst into tears or got drunk or partied with 20 naked men , but when these great moments happen you find that real life just carries on . The emotion goes into the scripts . '' Russell T. Davies Following the specials Russell T Davies stood down as show runner for Doctor Who after resurrecting it after 16 years off the air . In his book The Writer 's Tale , Russell T Davies reveals that the plan to have only specials for 2009 was to allow the new production team headed by new lead writer Steven Moffat to have enough time to prepare for the full fifth series in 2010 . David Tennant took this opportunity to appear in a stage production of Hamlet . For practical reasons , these specials continued to use series 4 production codes . On 28 October 2008 at the National Television Awards during his speech after winning Outstanding Drama Performance for his work on series 4 , David Tennant announced that he would be standing down as the Doctor for series 5 and that the 09 / 10 specials would be his last . The specials not only marked an end to Tennant 's reign as the Doctor , but also Russell T. Davies ' as show runner , head writer and executive producer of the show , who announced his departure from the series on 20 May 2008 with his final episode airing in 2010 . `` The Next Doctor '' and `` Music of the Spheres '' were produced at the end of the production run of series 4 , but were not included in the Complete Series 4 DVD set , instead with the Complete Specials set . `` The Next Doctor '' was filmed in April 2008 at Gloucester Cathedral , St Woolos Cemetery in Newport and the streets of Gloucester , where shooting was hampered by up to 1,000 onlookers . The main setting of Torchwood , their Torchwood Hub was also redesigned and used as the workshop for the children . The two major filming locations of `` Planet of the Dead '' were the desert of Dubai was used for scenes on the `` planet of the dead '' ; and the Queen 's Gate Tunnel in Butetown , Cardiff was used for the majority of Earth - bound scenes . Filming for `` The Waters of Mars '' began on 23 February 2009 . In late February , David Tennant , Duncan and other actors were seen filming in Victoria Place , Newport . The filming took place on a city street , which the production team covered with artificial snow . The glasshouse scenes were filmed in the National Botanic Garden of Wales , Carmarthenshire . The first location filming for The End of Time took place on Saturday , 21 March 2009 at a bookstore in Cardiff . Jessica Hynes was filmed signing a book titled A Journal of Impossible Things , by Verity Newman . Release ( edit ) DVD and Blu - ray releases ( edit ) See also : List of Doctor Who home video releases `` The Next Doctor '' was released on DVD on 19 January 2009 in the United Kingdom , 5 March 2009 in Australia and 15 September 2009 in the United States . `` Planet of the Dead '' was released on DVD and Blu - ray on 29 June 2009 in the United Kingdom , 2 July 2009 on DVD and 1 October 2009 on Blu - ray in Australia , and 28 July 2009 in the United States . `` The Waters of Mars '' and The End of Time were bundled together on DVD on 11 January 2010 in the United Kingdom . Both were released separately in Australia and the United States , `` The Waters of Mars '' being released on 2 February 2010 in the United States and 4 February in Australia and The End of Time being released on 2 February 2010 in the United States and 4 March in Australia . A complete collection of the specials on DVD and Blu - ray was released on 11 January 2010 in the United Kingdom , 2 February in the United States and 29 June on Blu - ray and 1 July on DVD in Australia . Individual releases ( edit ) Series Episode name Number and duration of episodes R2 / B release date R4 / B release date R1 / A release date 2008 -- 2010 Specials Doctor Who : The Next Doctor `` The Next Doctor '' `` Music of the Spheres '' Doctor Who Prom ( 2008 ) 1 × 60 min . 1 × 7 min . 1 × 95 min . 19 January 2009 5 March 2009 3 June 2010 15 September 2009 Doctor Who : Planet of the Dead `` Planet of the Dead '' 1 × 60 min . 29 June 2009 7 July 2009 1 October 2009 28 July 2009 Doctor Who : 2009 Winter Specials `` The Waters of Mars '' The End of Time 2 × 60 min . 1 × 75 min . 11 January 2010 N / A N / A Doctor Who : The Waters of Mars `` The Waters of Mars '' 1 × 60 min . N / A 4 February 2010 2 February 2010 Doctor Who : The End of Time The End of Time 1 × 60 min . 1 × 75 min . N / A 4 March 2010 2 February 2010 Doctor Who : The Complete Specials 1 × 7 min . 4 × 60 min . 1 × 75 min . 11 January 2010 1 July 2010 29 June 2010 2 February 2010 2 , 3 , 4 , 2008 -- 2010 Specials Doctor Who : The Complete David Tennant Years 5 × 6 min , 2 × 7 min , 1 × 8 min , 1 × 12 min , 35 × 45 min , 4 × 50 min , 6 × 60 min , 1 × 65 min , 1 × 72 min , 1 × 75 min . 10 November 2014 N / A 11 October 2011 Complete series ( edit ) Doctor Who : The Complete Specials Set details Special features 5 episodes 5 - disc set 16 : 9 aspect ratio Subtitles : English Commentary on The End of Time parts 1 and 2 5 episodes of Doctor Who Confidential Doctor Who Prom ( 2008 ) ( including `` Music of the Spheres '' ) David Tennant Video Diary -- The Final Days BBC Christmas Idents Doctor Who at Comic - Con Deleted Scenes DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 2 February 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 11 January 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 11 ) 1 July 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) Soundtrack ( edit ) Further information : Doctor Who : Series 4 -- The Specials ( soundtrack ) Selected pieces of score from these specials ( from `` The Next Doctor '' to The End of Time ) , as composed by Murray Gold , were released on 4 October 2010 by Silva Screen Records . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Ratings Guide '' . Doctor Who News . Retrieved 27 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Health -- Dr New -- is this the next Doctor ? '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Brief Encounter With David Morrissey '' . Club.whatsonstage.com . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Robert Collins ( 16 December 2008 ) . `` Doctor Who : Velile Tshabalala '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Oliver Luft . `` Doctor Who : Michelle Ryan to guest star in Easter special '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Andrew Pettie ( 11 April 2009 ) . `` Interview : Michelle Ryan on joining Doctor Who '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Lindsay Duncan to star in Doctor Who special following role as Margaret Thatcher '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 19 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Billie Piper returns to Doctor Who to see David Tennant bow out in all - star show '' . Mail Online . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ metrowebukmetro . `` Freema set for Doctor Who return '' . Metro . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ NathalieC . `` The Inside Trekker '' . Insidetrekker.blogspot.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Jane Anders . `` Star Trek Comedy And Doctor Who Tragedy -- Revealed ! '' . io9 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Charlie Jane Anders . `` Discover Both Ends Of The `` Spectrum Of Spock . '' Plus The Doctor 's Worst Nightmare `` . io9 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Simm Returns as The Master in Doctor Who '' . WIRED . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Last script for the doctor '' . Scotsman.com . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- Entertainment -- David Tennant quits as Doctor Who '' . News.bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant : Why I 'm quitting Doctor Who '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 29 October 2008 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant quits ' Doctor Who ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Regenerate ! Tennant to end stint as the Doctor '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ metrowebukmetro . `` Time I left Dr Who , says winning Tennant '' . Metro . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Anita Singh ( 29 October 2008 ) . `` David Tennant to quit Doctor Who '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Tennant Quits Doctor Who '' . Doctorwhotv.co.uk . Archived from the original on 4 January 2015 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ metrowebukmetro . `` Doctor Who helmsman steps down from role '' . Metro . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ mirror Administrator ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Dr Who writer and producer Russell T Davies to quit '' . mirror . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Doctor Who 's given me the time of my life ' -- Russell T Davies on leaving Doctor Who '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 18 December 2009 . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ben Dowell . `` Steven Moffat to replace Russell T Davies as Doctor Who lead writer and executive producer '' . the Guardian . Retrieved 4 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` David Morrissey to star in Doctor Who Christmas special featuring deadly Cybermen '' . Daily Mail . London . 22 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` David films ' Dr Who ' Christmas special in ' snowy ' Gloucester '' . Hello Magazine . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ David Deans ( 4 April 2008 ) . `` Cybermen invade Newport '' . South Wales Argus . Retrieved 21 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Hosts Russell T Davies , Julie Gardner ( 2008 - 12 - 25 ) . `` The Next Doctor '' . Doctor Who : The Commentaries . Series 1 . Episode 14 . Cardiff . BBC . BBC Radio 7 . ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Tim ( 2 March 2009 ) . `` Fans gather to see Doctor Who 's new assistant '' . Western Mail . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . Nicholls , Matt ( 1 March 2009 ) . `` Doctor Who teams up with award - winner Lindsay Duncan '' . Wales on Sunday . Retrieved 8 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walesarts , Victoria Place , Newport '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` National Botanic Garden of Wales : Doctor Who '' . Gardenofwales.org.uk . Archived from the original on 25 October 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . Jump up ^ Anders , Charlie Jane ( 25 March 2009 ) . `` Your Spock / McCoy Snark Forecast '' . io9 . Retrieved 18 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Next Doctor , 2008 Christmas Special '' . 19 January 2009 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Next Doctor '' . www.jbhifi.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Next Doctor '' . www.jbhifi.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Next Doctor '' . 15 September 2009 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Planet of the Dead , 2009 Easter Special '' . 29 June 2009 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who by Roadshow Entertainment - Shop Online for Movies , DVDs in Australia '' . www.fishpond.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Planet Of The Dead '' . www.jbhifi.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : Planet of the Dead '' . 28 July 2009 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - Winter Specials 2009 - Waters of Mars and The End of Time '' . 11 January 2010 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Buy Doctor Who ( 2005 ) - The Waters of Mars : 2009 Autumn Special ( Blu - ray ) on Blu - ray from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Archived from the original on 14 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Waters of Mars '' . 2 February 2010 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Buy Doctor Who ( 2005 ) - The End of Time : Parts 1 & 2 - 2009 Winter Specials ( 2 Disc Set ) on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The End of Time , Parts 1 and 2 '' . 2 February 2010 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who - The Specials '' . 4 August 2014 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Buy Doctor Who : Complete Specials Boxset on DVD - Video from EzyDVD.com.au '' . www.ezydvd.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who The Complete Specials Collection ( Region B ) ( Blu - ray ) by 2 Entertain - Shop Online for Movies , DVDs in Australia '' . www.fishpond.com.au . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Complete Specials '' . 2 February 2010 -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The Complete David Tennant Years 26 Disc Set DVD Region 2 - Very Rare - New Sealed Mint Condition '' -- via Amazon . Jump up ^ `` Doctor Who : The David Tennant Years '' . 11 October 2011 -- via Amazon . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Doctor Who ( series 4 ) Doctor Who portal BBC portal List of Doctor Who episodes on IMDb List of Doctor Who season 4 episodes at TV.com Doctor Who at epguides.com ( hide ) Doctor Who episodes 1963 -- 1989 episodes 2005 -- present episodes Original series ( 1963 -- 1989 ) 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 1996 film Doctor Who Revived series ( 2005 -- present ) 2008 -- 2010 specials 5 6 7 2013 specials 8 9 10 11 Episodes 840 ( 97 missing ) Stories 276 2008 -- 2010 specials Specials `` The Next Doctor '' `` Planet of the Dead '' `` The Waters of Mars '' The End of Time Supp . Dreamland `` Music of the Spheres '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctor_Who_(2008 -- 2010_specials ) &oldid = 837872948 '' Categories : Doctor Who lists Tenth Doctor episodes Doctor Who series 2008 British television seasons 2009 British television seasons 2010 British television seasons Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from January 2015 Use British English from January 2015 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català فارسی Português Русский Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 23 April 2018 , at 15 : 16 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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The 2008 -- 2010 specials of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who are five specials that linked the programme 's fourth and fifth series . They began on 25 December 2008 with `` The Next Doctor '' and concluded on 1 January 2010 with Part Two of The End of Time . They saw the departure of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor .

International Space station - wikipedia International Space station This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 12 November 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search `` ISS '' redirects here . For other uses , see ISS ( disambiguation ) . International Space Station The International Space Station on 30th May 2011 as seen from the departing Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS - 134 . Station statistics COSPAR ID 1998 - 067A SATCAT No 25544 Call sign Alpha , Station Crew Fully crewed : 6 Currently aboard : 6 ( Expedition 53 ) Launch 20 November 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 20 ) Launch pad Baikonur 1 / 5 and 81 / 23 Kennedy LC - 39 Mass ≈ 419,455 kg ( 924,740 lb ) Length 72.8 m ( 239 ft ) Width 108.5 m ( 356 ft ) Height ≈ 20 m ( 66 ft ) nadir -- zenith , arrays forward -- aft ( 27 November 2009 ) Pressurised volume 931.57 m ( 32,898 cu ft ) ( 28 May 2016 ) Atmospheric pressure 101.3 kPa ( 29.9 inHg ; 1.0 atm ) Perigee 401.1 km ( 249.2 mi ) AMSL Apogee 408.0 km ( 253.5 mi ) AMSL Orbital inclination 51.64 degrees Orbital speed 7.67 km / s ( 27,600 km / h ; 17,200 mph ) Orbital period 92.65 minutes Orbits per day 15.54 Orbit epoch 7 July 2017 , 13 : 10 : 09 UTC Days in orbit 18 years , 11 months , 24 days ( 13 November 2017 ) Days occupied 17 years , 11 days ( 13 November 2017 ) No. of orbits 102,491 as of July 2017 Orbital decay 2 km / month Statistics as of 9 March 2011 ( unless noted otherwise ) References : Configuration Station elements as of June 2017 ( exploded view ) The International Space Station ( ISS ) is a space station , or a habitable artificial satellite , in low Earth orbit . Its first component launched into orbit in 1998 , and the ISS is now the largest human - made body in low Earth orbit and can often be seen with the naked eye from Earth . The ISS consists of pressurised modules , external trusses , solar arrays , and other components . ISS components have been launched by Russian Proton and Soyuz rockets , and American Space Shuttles . The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology , and other fields . The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars . The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km ( 205 and 270 mi ) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft . It completes 15.54 orbits per day . The ISS is the ninth space station to be inhabited by crews , following the Soviet and later Russian Salyut , Almaz , and Mir stations as well as Skylab from the US . The station has been continuously occupied for 7003622000000000000 ♠ 17 years and 11 days since the arrival of Expedition 1 on 2 November 2000 . This is the longest continuous human presence in low Earth orbit , having surpassed the previous record of 7003364400000000000 ♠ 9 years and 357 days held by Mir . The station is serviced by a variety of visiting spacecraft : the Russian Soyuz and Progress , the American Dragon and Cygnus , the Japanese H - II Transfer Vehicle , and formerly the Space Shuttle and the European Automated Transfer Vehicle . It has been visited by astronauts , cosmonauts and space tourists from 17 different nations . After the U.S. Space Shuttle programme ended in 2011 , Soyuz rockets became the only provider of transport for astronauts at the International Space Station , and Dragon became the only provider of bulk cargo return to Earth ( called downmass ) . Soyuz has very limited downmass capability . The ISS programme is a joint project among five participating space agencies : NASA , Roscosmos , JAXA , ESA , and CSA . The ownership and use of the space station is established by intergovernmental treaties and agreements . The station is divided into two sections , the Russian Orbital Segment ( ROS ) and the United States Orbital Segment ( USOS ) , which is shared by many nations . As of January 2014 , the American portion of ISS is being funded until 2024 . Roscosmos has endorsed the continued operation of ISS through 2024 but has proposed using elements of the Russian Orbital Segment to construct a new Russian space station called OPSEK . On 28 March 2015 , Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS . NASA later issued a guarded statement expressing thanks for Russia 's interest in future co-operation in space exploration but fell short of confirming the Russian announcement . Contents ( hide ) 1 Purpose 1.1 Scientific research 1.1. 1 Microgravity 1.2 Exploration 1.3 Education and cultural outreach 2 Assembly 3 Station structure 3.1 Comparison 4 Pressurised modules 4.1 Zarya 4.2 Unity 4.3 Zvezda 4.4 Destiny 4.5 Quest 4.6 Pirs and Poisk 4.7 Harmony 4.8 Tranquility 4.9 Columbus 4.10 Kibō 4.11 Cupola 4.12 Rassvet 4.13 Leonardo 4.14 Bigelow Expandable Activity Module 4.15 Elements pending Russia launch 4.15. 1 Nauka 4.15. 2 Uzlovoy Module 4.15. 3 Science Power Modules 1 & 2 4.16 Elements pending US launch 4.16. 1 International Docking Adapter 4.16. 2 NanoRacks Airlock Module 4.17 Cancelled components 5 Unpressurised elements 5.1 Robotic arms and cargo cranes 6 Station systems 6.1 Life support 6.1. 1 Atmospheric control systems 6.2 Power and thermal control 6.3 Communications and computers 7 Station operations 7.1 Expeditions and private flights 7.2 Orbit 7.2. 1 Orientation 8 Mission controls 8.1 Repairs 9 Fleet operations 9.1 Currently docked / berthed 9.2 Scheduled missions 9.3 Docking 9.4 Launch and docking windows 10 Life aboard 10.1 Crew activities 10.2 Food 10.3 Hygiene 11 Crew health and safety 11.1 Radiation 11.2 Stress 11.3 Medical 11.4 Microbiological environmental hazards 12 Threat of orbital debris 13 End of mission 14 Cost 15 International co-operation 16 Sightings from Earth 16.1 Naked eye 16.2 Astrophotography 17 See also 18 Notes 19 References 20 External links 20.1 Agency ISS websites 20.2 Research 20.3 Live viewing 20.4 Multimedia Purpose Sunrise at Zvezda Fisheye view of several labs CubeSats are deployed by the NanoRacks CubeSat Deployer attached to the end of the Japanese robotic arm According to the original Memorandum of Understanding between NASA and Rosaviakosmos , the International Space Station was intended to be a laboratory , observatory and factory in low Earth orbit . It was also planned to provide transportation , maintenance , and act as a staging base for possible future missions to the Moon , Mars and asteroids . In the 2010 United States National Space Policy , the ISS was given additional roles of serving commercial , diplomatic and educational purposes . Scientific research Main article : Scientific research on the ISS The ISS provides a platform to conduct scientific research . Small unmanned spacecraft can provide platforms for zero gravity and exposure to space , but space stations offer a long - term environment where studies can be performed potentially for decades , combined with ready access by human researchers over periods that exceed the capabilities of manned spacecraft . The ISS simplifies individual experiments by eliminating the need for separate rocket launches and research staff . The wide variety of research fields include astrobiology , astronomy , human research including space medicine and life sciences , physical sciences , materials science , space weather , and weather on Earth ( meteorology ) . Scientists on Earth have access to the crew 's data and can modify experiments or launch new ones , which are benefits generally unavailable on unmanned spacecraft . Crews fly expeditions of several months duration , providing approximately 160 - man - hours per week of labour with a crew of 6 . To detect dark matter and answer other fundamental questions about our universe , engineers and scientists from all over the world built the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS ) , which NASA compares to the Hubble space telescope , and says could not be accommodated on a free flying satellite platform partly because of its power requirements and data bandwidth needs . On 3 April 2013 , NASA scientists reported that hints of dark matter may have been detected by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer . According to the scientists , `` The first results from the space - borne Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer confirm an unexplained excess of high - energy positrons in Earth - bound cosmic rays . '' Comet Lovejoy photographed by Expedition 30 commander Dan Burbank Expedition 8 Commander and Science Officer Michael Foale conducts an inspection of the Microgravity Science Glovebox The space environment is hostile to life . Unprotected presence in space is characterised by an intense radiation field ( consisting primarily of protons and other subatomic charged particles from the solar wind , in addition to cosmic rays ) , high vacuum , extreme temperatures , and microgravity . Some simple forms of life called extremophiles , including small invertebrates called tardigrades can survive in this environment in an extremely dry state called desiccation . Medical research improves knowledge about the effects of long - term space exposure on the human body , including muscle atrophy , bone loss , and fluid shift . This data will be used to determine whether lengthy human spaceflight and space colonisation are feasible . As of 2006 , data on bone loss and muscular atrophy suggest that there would be a significant risk of fractures and movement problems if astronauts landed on a planet after a lengthy interplanetary cruise , such as the six - month interval required to travel to Mars . Medical studies are conducted aboard the ISS on behalf of the National Space Biomedical Research Institute ( NSBRI ) . Prominent among these is the Advanced Diagnostic Ultrasound in Microgravity study in which astronauts perform ultrasound scans under the guidance of remote experts . The study considers the diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions in space . Usually , there is no physician on board the ISS and diagnosis of medical conditions is a challenge . It is anticipated that remotely guided ultrasound scans will have application on Earth in emergency and rural care situations where access to a trained physician is difficult . Microgravity A comparison between the combustion of a candle on Earth ( left ) and in a microgravity environment , such as that found on the ISS ( right ) The Earth 's gravity is only slightly weaker at the altitude of the ISS than at the surface , but objects in orbit are in a continuous state of freefall , resulting in an apparent state of weightlessness . This perceived weightlessness is disturbed by five separate effects : Drag from the residual atmosphere ; when the ISS enters the Earth 's shadow , the main solar panels are rotated to minimise this aerodynamic drag , helping reduce orbital decay . Vibration from movements of mechanical systems and the crew . Actuation of the on - board attitude control moment gyroscopes . Thruster firings for attitude or orbital changes . Gravity - gradient effects , also known as tidal effects . Items at different locations within the ISS would , if not attached to the station , follow slightly different orbits . Being mechanically interconnected these items experience small forces that keep the station moving as a rigid body . ISS crew member storing samples Researchers are investigating the effect of the station 's near - weightless environment on the evolution , development , growth and internal processes of plants and animals . In response to some of this data , NASA wants to investigate microgravity 's effects on the growth of three - dimensional , human - like tissues , and the unusual protein crystals that can be formed in space . Investigating the physics of fluids in microgravity will provide better models of the behaviour of fluids . Because fluids can be almost completely combined in microgravity , physicists investigate fluids that do not mix well on Earth . In addition , examining reactions that are slowed by low gravity and low temperatures will improve our understanding of superconductivity . The study of materials science is an important ISS research activity , with the objective of reaping economic benefits through the improvement of techniques used on the ground . Other areas of interest include the effect of the low gravity environment on combustion , through the study of the efficiency of burning and control of emissions and pollutants . These findings may improve current knowledge about energy production , and lead to economic and environmental benefits . Future plans are for the researchers aboard the ISS to examine aerosols , ozone , water vapour , and oxides in Earth 's atmosphere , as well as cosmic rays , cosmic dust , antimatter , and dark matter in the universe . Exploration A 3D plan of the Russia - based MARS - 500 complex , used for ground - based experiments which complement ISS - based preparations for a human mission to Mars The ISS provides a location in the relative safety of Low Earth Orbit to test spacecraft systems that will be required for long - duration missions to the Moon and Mars . This provides experience in operations , maintenance as well as repair and replacement activities on - orbit , which will be essential skills in operating spacecraft farther from Earth , mission risks can be reduced and the capabilities of interplanetary spacecraft advanced . Referring to the MARS - 500 experiment , ESA states that `` Whereas the ISS is essential for answering questions concerning the possible impact of weightlessness , radiation and other space - specific factors , aspects such as the effect of long - term isolation and confinement can be more appropriately addressed via ground - based simulations '' . Sergey Krasnov , the head of human space flight programmes for Russia 's space agency , Roscosmos , in 2011 suggested a `` shorter version '' of MARS - 500 may be carried out on the ISS . In 2009 , noting the value of the partnership framework itself , Sergey Krasnov wrote , `` When compared with partners acting separately , partners developing complementary abilities and resources could give us much more assurance of the success and safety of space exploration . The ISS is helping further advance near - Earth space exploration and realisation of prospective programmes of research and exploration of the Solar system , including the Moon and Mars . '' A manned mission to Mars may be a multinational effort involving space agencies and countries outside the current ISS partnership . In 2010 , ESA Director - General Jean - Jacques Dordain stated his agency was ready to propose to the other four partners that China , India and South Korea be invited to join the ISS partnership . NASA chief Charlie Bolden stated in February 2011 , `` Any mission to Mars is likely to be a global effort '' . Currently , American legislation prevents NASA co-operation with China on space projects . Education and cultural outreach Japan 's Kounotori 4 berthing The ISS crew provides opportunities for students on Earth by running student - developed experiments , making educational demonstrations , allowing for student participation in classroom versions of ISS experiments , and directly engaging students using radio , videolink and email . ESA offers a wide range of free teaching materials that can be downloaded for use in classrooms . In one lesson , students can navigate a 3 - D model of the interior and exterior of the ISS , and face spontaneous challenges to solve in real time . JAXA aims both to `` Stimulate the curiosity of children , cultivating their spirits , and encouraging their passion to pursue craftsmanship '' , and to `` Heighten the child 's awareness of the importance of life and their responsibilities in society . '' Through a series of education guides , a deeper understanding of the past and near - term future of manned space flight , as well as that of Earth and life , will be learned . In the JAXA Seeds in Space experiments , the mutation effects of spaceflight on plant seeds aboard the ISS is explored . Students grow sunflower seeds which flew on the ISS for about nine months as a start to ' touch the Universe ' . In the first phase of Kibō utilisation from 2008 to mid-2010 , researchers from more than a dozen Japanese universities conducted experiments in diverse fields . Original Jules Verne manuscripts displayed by crew inside Jules Verne ATV Cultural activities are another major objective . Tetsuo Tanaka , director of JAXA 's Space Environment and Utilization Center , says `` There is something about space that touches even people who are not interested in science . '' Amateur Radio on the ISS ( ARISS ) is a volunteer programme which encourages students worldwide to pursue careers in science , technology , engineering and mathematics through amateur radio communications opportunities with the ISS crew . ARISS is an international working group , consisting of delegations from nine countries including several countries in Europe as well as Japan , Russia , Canada , and the United States . In areas where radio equipment can not be used , speakerphones connect students to ground stations which then connect the calls to the station . First Orbit is a feature - length documentary film about Vostok 1 , the first manned space flight around the Earth . By matching the orbit of the International Space Station to that of Vostok 1 as closely as possible , in terms of ground path and time of day , documentary filmmaker Christopher Riley and ESA astronaut Paolo Nespoli were able to film the view that Yuri Gagarin saw on his pioneering orbital space flight . This new footage was cut together with the original Vostok 1 mission audio recordings sourced from the Russian State Archive . Nespoli , during Expedition 26 / 27 , filmed the majority of the footage for this documentary film , and as a result is credited as its director of photography . The film was streamed through the website firstorbit.org in a global YouTube premiere in 2011 , under a free license . In May 2013 , commander Chris Hadfield shot a music video of David Bowie 's `` Space Oddity '' on board the station ; the film was released freely on YouTube . It was the first music video ever to be filmed in space . Assembly Main articles : Assembly of the International Space Station and List of ISS spacewalks ISS in 2002 , with P6 - S0 truss ISS in 2006 , with P3 / P4 truss added Aft view showing a Progress spacecraft docked to Zvezda ISS in 2007 , with S3 / S4 truss added ISS in 2009 , with all trusses and solar arrays installed Cupola arrived in 2010 The assembly of the International Space Station , a major endeavour in space architecture , began in November 1998 . Russian modules launched and docked robotically , with the exception of Rassvet . All other modules were delivered by the Space Shuttle , which required installation by ISS and shuttle crewmembers using the Canadarm2 ( SSRMS ) and extra-vehicular activities ( EVAs ) ; as of 5 June 2011 , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA ( see List of ISS spacewalks ) . 127 of these spacewalks originated from the station , and the remaining 32 were launched from the airlocks of docked Space Shuttles . The beta angle of the station had to be considered at all times during construction , as it directly affects how long during its orbit the station ( and any docked or docking spacecraft ) is exposed to the sun ; the Space Shuttle would not perform optimally above a limit called the `` beta cutoff '' . Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were integrated and tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct issues prior to launch . The first module of the ISS , Zarya , was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket . It provided propulsion , attitude control , communications , electrical power , but lacked long - term life support functions . Two weeks later , a passive NASA module Unity was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS - 88 and attached to Zarya by astronauts during EVAs . This module has two Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) , one connects permanently to Zarya , the other allows the Space Shuttle to dock to the space station . At that time , the Russian station Mir was still inhabited . The ISS remained unmanned for two years , while Mir was de-orbited . On 12 July 2000 , Zvezda was launched into orbit . Preprogrammed commands on board deployed its solar arrays and communications antenna . It then became the passive target for a rendezvous with Zarya and Unity : it maintained a station - keeping orbit while the Zarya - Unity vehicle performed the rendezvous and docking via ground control and the Russian automated rendezvous and docking system . Zarya 's computer transferred control of the station to Zvezda 's computer soon after docking . Zvezda added sleeping quarters , a toilet , kitchen , CO scrubbers , dehumidifier , oxygen generators , exercise equipment , plus data , voice and television communications with mission control . This enabled permanent habitation of the station . The first resident crew , Expedition 1 , arrived in November 2000 on Soyuz TM - 31 . At the end of the first day on the station , astronaut Bill Shepherd requested the use of the radio call sign `` Alpha '' , which he and cosmonaut Krikalev preferred to the more cumbersome `` International Space Station '' . The name `` Alpha '' had previously been used for the station in the early 1990s , and following the request , its use was authorised for the whole of Expedition 1 . Shepherd had been advocating the use of a new name to project managers for some time . Referencing a naval tradition in a pre-launch news conference he had said : `` For thousands of years , humans have been going to sea in ships . People have designed and built these vessels , launched them with a good feeling that a name will bring good fortune to the crew and success to their voyage . '' Yuri Semenov , the President of Russian Space Corporation Energia at the time , disapproved of the name `` Alpha '' ; he felt that Mir was the first space station , and so he would have preferred the names `` Beta '' or `` Mir 2 '' for the ISS . Expedition 1 arrived midway between the flights of STS - 92 and STS - 97 . These two Space Shuttle flights each added segments of the station 's Integrated Truss Structure , which provided the station with Ku - band communication for US television , additional attitude support needed for the additional mass of the USOS , and substantial solar arrays supplementing the station 's existing 4 solar arrays . Over the next two years , the station continued to expand . A Soyuz - U rocket delivered the Pirs docking compartment . The Space Shuttles Discovery , Atlantis , and Endeavour delivered the Destiny laboratory and Quest airlock , in addition to the station 's main robot arm , the Canadarm2 , and several more segments of the Integrated Truss Structure . The expansion schedule was interrupted by the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster in 2003 and a resulting two - year hiatus in the Space Shuttle programme . The space shuttle was grounded until 2005 with STS - 114 flown by Discovery . Assembly resumed in 2006 with the arrival of STS - 115 with Atlantis , which delivered the station 's second set of solar arrays . Several more truss segments and a third set of arrays were delivered on STS - 116 , STS - 117 , and STS - 118 . As a result of the major expansion of the station 's power - generating capabilities , more pressurised modules could be accommodated , and the Harmony node and Columbus European laboratory were added . These were soon followed by the first two components of Kibō . In March 2009 , STS - 119 completed the Integrated Truss Structure with the installation of the fourth and final set of solar arrays . The final section of Kibō was delivered in July 2009 on STS - 127 , followed by the Russian Poisk module . The third node , Tranquility , was delivered in February 2010 during STS - 130 by the Space Shuttle Endeavour , alongside the Cupola , followed in May 2010 by the penultimate Russian module , Rassvet . Rassvet was delivered by Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS - 132 in exchange for the Russian Proton delivery of the Zarya module in 1998 which had been funded by the United States . The last pressurised module of the USOS , Leonardo , was brought to the station by Discovery on her final flight , STS - 133 , followed by the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on STS - 134 , delivered by Endeavour . As of June 2011 , the station consisted of 15 pressurised modules and the Integrated Truss Structure . Five modules are still to be launched , including the Nauka with the European Robotic Arm , the Uzlovoy Module , and two power modules called NEM - 1 and NEM - 2 . As of August 2017 , Russia 's future primary research module Nauka is set to launch in the first quarter of 2018 , along with the European Robotic Arm which will be able to relocate itself to different parts of the Russian modules of the station . After the Nauka module is attached , the Uzlovoy Module will be attached to one of its docking ports . When completed , the station will have a mass of more than 400 tonnes ( 440 short tons ) . The gross mass of the station changes over time . The total launch mass of the modules on orbit is about 417,289 kg ( 919,965 lb ) ( as of 3 September 2011 ) . The mass of experiments , spare parts , personal effects , crew , foodstuff , clothing , propellants , water supplies , gas supplies , docked spacecraft , and other items add to the total mass of the station . Hydrogen gas is constantly vented overboard by the oxygen generators . Station Structure Russian Orbital Segment Windows USOS International Space Station window locations The ISS is a third generation modular space station . Modular stations can allow the mission to be changed over time and new modules can be added or removed from the existing structure , allowing greater flexibility . Below is a diagram of major station components . The blue areas are pressurised sections accessible by the crew without using spacesuits . The station 's unpressurised superstructure is indicated in red . Other unpressurised components are yellow . Note that the Unity node joins directly to the Destiny laboratory . For clarity , they are shown apart . Russian docking port Solar array Zvezda DOS - 8 ( service module ) Solar array Russian docking port Poisk ( MRM - 2 ) airlock Pirs airlock Russian docking port Nauka lab to replace Pirs European robotic arm Solar array Zarya FGB ( first module ) Solar array Rassvet ( MRM - 1 ) Russian docking port PMA 1 Cargo spacecraft berthing port Leonardo cargo bay BEAM habitat Quest airlock Unity Node 1 Tranquility Node 3 ESP - 2 Cupola Solar array Solar array Heat radiator Heat radiator Solar array Solar array ELC 2 , AMS Z1 truss ELC 3 S5 / 6 Truss S3 / S4 Truss S1 Truss S0 Truss P1 Truss P3 / P4 Truss P5 / 6 Truss ELC 4 , ESP 3 ELC 1 Dextre robotic arm Canadarm2 robotic arm Solar array Solar array Solar array Solar array ESP - 1 Destiny laboratory Kibō logistics cargo bay Cargo spacecraft berthing port PMA 3 docking port Kibō robotic arm External payloads Columbus laboratory Harmony Node 2 Kibō laboratory Kibō external platform PMA 2 docking port IDA 2 docking adapter Comparison The ISS follows Salyut and Almaz series , Skylab , and Mir as the 11th space station launched , as the Genesis prototypes were never intended to be manned . Other examples of modular station projects include the Soviet / Russian Mir and the planned Russian OPSEK and Chinese space station . First generation space stations , such as early Salyuts and NASA 's Skylab were not designed for re-supply . Generally , each crew had to depart the station to free the only docking port for the next crew to arrive , Skylab had more than one docking port but was not designed for resupply . Salyut 6 and 7 had more than one docking port and were designed to be resupplied routinely during crewed operation . Pressurised modules This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Zarya Zarya as seen by Space Shuttle Endeavour during STS - 88 Zarya ( Russian : Заря́ ; lit . dawn ) , also known as the Functional Cargo Block or FGB ( from the Russian `` Функционально - грузовой блок '' , Funktsionalno - gruzovoy blok or ФГБ ) , was the first module of the International Space Station to be launched . The FGB provided electrical power , storage , propulsion , and guidance to the ISS during the initial stage of assembly . With the launch and assembly in orbit of other modules with more specialised functionality , Zarya is now primarily used for storage , both inside the pressurised section and in the externally mounted fuel tanks . Zarya is a descendant of the TKS spacecraft designed for the Soviet Salyut programme . The name Zarya was given to the FGB because it signified the dawn of a new era of international co-operation in space . Although it was built by a Russian company , it is owned by the United States . Zarya weighs 19,300 kg ( 42,500 lb ) , is 12.55 m ( 41.2 ft ) long and 4.1 m ( 13 ft ) wide , discounting solar arrays . Zarya was built from December 1994 to January 1998 at the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center ( KhSC ) in Moscow . The control system was developed by the Ukrainian Khartron corporation in Kharkiv . Zarya was launched on 20 November 1998 , on a Russian Proton rocket from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 81 in Kazakhstan to a 400 km ( 250 mi ) high orbit with a designed lifetime of at least 15 years . After Zarya reached orbit , STS - 88 launched on 4 December 1998 , to attach the Unity module . Although only designed to fly autonomously for six to eight months , Zarya did so for almost two years because of delays with the Russian Service Module , Zvezda , which finally launched on 12 July 2000 , and docked with Zarya on 26 July using the Russian Kurs docking system . Unity Unity as pictured by Space Shuttle Endeavour Unity , or Node 1 , is one of three nodes , or passive connecting modules , in the US Orbital Segment of the station . It was the first US - built component of the Station to be launched . The module is made of aluminium and cylindrical in shape , with six berthing locations facilitating connections to other modules . Essential space station resources such as fluids , environmental control and life support systems , electrical and data systems are routed through Unity to supply work and living areas of the station . More than 50,000 mechanical items , 216 lines to carry fluids and gases , and 121 internal and external electrical cables using six miles of wire were installed in the Unity node . Prior to its launch , conical Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) were attached to the aft and forward berthing mechanisms of Unity . Unity and the two mating adapters together weighed about 11,600 kg ( 25,600 lb ) . The adapters allow the docking systems used by the Space Shuttle and by Russian modules to attach to the node 's hatches and berthing mechanisms . Unity was carried into orbit by Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1998 as the primary cargo of STS - 88 , the first Space Shuttle mission dedicated to assembly of the station . On 6 December 1998 , the STS - 88 crew mated the aft berthing port of Unity with the forward hatch of the already orbiting Zarya module . Zvezda Zvezda ( Russian : Звезда́ , meaning `` star '' ) , also known as DOS - 8 , Service Module or SM ( Russian : СМ ) . Early in the station 's life , Zvezda provided all of its critical systems . It made the station permanently habitable for the first time , adding life support for up to six crew and living quarters for two . Zvezda 's DMS - R computer handles guidance , navigation and control for the entire space station . A second computer which performs the same functions will be installed in the Nauka module , FGB - 2 . The hull of Zvezda was completed in February 1985 , with major internal equipment installed by October 1986 . The module was launched by a Proton - K rocket from Site 81 / 23 at Baikonur , on 12 July 2000 . Zvezda is at the rear of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation , and its engines may be used to boost the station 's orbit . Alternatively Russian and European spacecraft can dock to Zvezda 's aft port and use their engines to boost the station . Destiny Destiny interior in February 2001 Destiny , also known as the U.S. Lab , is the primary research facility for United States payloads aboard the ISS . In 2011 , NASA chose the not - for - profit group Center for the Advancement of Science in Space ( CASIS ) to be the sole manager of all American science on the station which does not relate to manned exploration . The module houses 24 International Standard Payload Racks , some of which are used for environmental systems and crew daily living equipment . Destiny also serves as the mounting point for the station 's Truss Structure . Quest Quest is the only USOS airlock , and hosts spacewalks with both United States EMU and Russian Orlan spacesuits . It consists of two segments : the equipment lock , which stores spacesuits and equipment , and the crew lock , from which astronauts can exit into space . This module has a separately controlled atmosphere . Crew sleep in this module , breathing a low nitrogen mixture the night before scheduled EVAs , to avoid decompression sickness ( known as `` the bends '' ) in the low - pressure suits . Pirs and Poisk Pirs ( Russian : Пирс , meaning `` pier '' ) , ( Russian : Стыковочный отсек ) , `` docking module '' , SO - 1 or DC - 1 ( docking compartment ) , and Poisk ( Russian : По́иск ; lit . Search ) , also known as the Mini-Research Module 2 ( MRM 2 ) , Малый исследовательский модуль 2 , or МИМ 2 . Pirs and Poisk are Russian airlock modules , each having 2 identical hatches . An outward - opening hatch on the Mir space station failed after it swung open too fast after unlatching , because of a small amount of air pressure remaining in the airlock . A different entry was used , and the hatch was repaired . All EVA hatches on the ISS open inwards and are pressure - sealing . Pirs was used to store , service , and refurbish Russian Orlan suits and provided contingency entry for crew using the slightly bulkier American suits . The outermost docking ports on both airlocks allow docking of Soyuz and Progress spacecraft , and the automatic transfer of propellants to and from storage on the ROS . Harmony Harmony node in 2011 Tranquility node in 2011 Harmony , also known as Node 2 , is the second of the station 's node modules and the utility hub of the USOS . The module contains four racks that provide electrical power , bus electronic data , and acts as a central connecting point for several other components via its six Common Berthing Mechanisms ( CBMs ) . The European Columbus and Japanese Kibō laboratories are permanently berthed to the starboard and port radial ports respectively . The nadir and zenith ports can be used for docking visiting spacecraft including HTV , Dragon , and Cygnus , with the nadir port serving as the primary docking port . American Shuttle Orbiters docked with the ISS via PMA - 2 , attached to the forward port . Tranquility Tranquility , also known as Node 3 , is the third and last of the station 's US nodes , it contains an additional life support system to recycle waste water for crew use and supplements oxygen generation . Like the other US nodes , it has six berthing mechanisms , five of which are currently in use . The first one connects to the station 's core via the Unity module , others host the Cupola , the PMA docking port # 3 , the Leonardo PMM and the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module . The final zenith port remains free . Columbus Columbus module in 2008 Columbus , the primary research facility for European payloads aboard the ISS , provides a generic laboratory as well as facilities specifically designed for biology , biomedical research and fluid physics . Several mounting locations are affixed to the exterior of the module , which provide power and data to external experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility ( EuTEF ) , Solar Monitoring Observatory , Materials International Space Station Experiment , and Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space . A number of expansions are planned for the module to study quantum physics and cosmology . ESA 's development of technologies on all the main areas of life support has been ongoing for more than 20 years and are / have been used in modules such as Columbus and the ATV . The German Aerospace Center DLR manages ground control operations for Columbus and the ATV is controlled from the French CNES Toulouse Space Center . Kibō Not large enough for crew using spacesuits , the airlock on Kibō has a sliding drawer for external experiments . Kibō ( Japanese : き ぼう , `` hope '' ) is a laboratory and the largest ISS module . It is used to do research in space medicine , biology , Earth observations , materials production , biotechnology and communications , and has facilities for growing plants and fish . During August 2011 , the MAXI observatory mounted on Kibō , which uses the ISS 's orbital motion to image the whole sky in the X-ray spectrum , detected for the first time the moment when a star was swallowed by a black hole . The laboratory contains 23 racks , including 10 experiment racks , and has a dedicated airlock for experiments . In a ' shirt sleeves ' environment , crew attach an experiment to the sliding drawer within the airlock , close the inner , and then open the outer hatch . By extending the drawer and removing the experiment using the dedicated robotic arm , payloads are placed on the external platform . The process can be reversed and repeated quickly , allowing access to maintain external experiments without the delays caused by EVAs . Pressurized Module Experiment Logistics Module Exposed Facility Experiment Logistics Module Remote Manipulator System A smaller pressurised module is attached to the top of Kibō , serving as a cargo bay . The dedicated Interorbital Communications System ( ICS ) allows large amounts of data to be beamed from Kibō 's ICS , first to the Japanese KODAMA satellite in geostationary orbit , then to Japanese ground stations . When a direct communication link is used , contact time between the ISS and a ground station is limited to approximately 10 minutes per visible pass . When KODAMA relays data between a LEO spacecraft and a ground station , real - time communications are possible in 60 % of the flight path of the spacecraft . Japanese ground controllers use telepresence robotics to remotely conduct onboard research and experiments , thus reducing the workload of station astronauts . Ground controllers also use a free - floating autonomous ball camera to photodocument astronaut and space station activities , further freeing up astronaut time . Cupola The Cupola 's design has been compared to the Millennium Falcon from Star Wars . Dmitri Kondratyev and Paolo Nespoli in the Cupola . Background left to right , Progress M - 09M , Soyuz TMA - 20 , the Leonardo module and HTV - 2 . Cupola is a seven - window observatory , used to view Earth and docking spacecraft . Its name derives from the Italian word cupola , which means `` dome '' . The Cupola project was started by NASA and Boeing , but cancelled due to budget cuts . A barter agreement between NASA and ESA led to ESA resuming development of Cupola in 1998 . It was built by Thales Alenia Space in Turin , Italy . The module comes equipped with robotic workstations for operating the station 's main robotic arm and shutters to protect its windows from damage caused by micrometeorites . It features 7 windows , with an 80 - centimetre ( 31 in ) round window , the largest window on the station ( and the largest flown in space to date ) . The distinctive design has been compared to the ' turret ' of the fictitious Millennium Falcon from the motion picture Star Wars ; the original prop lightsaber used by actor Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker in the 1977 film was flown to the station in 2007 . Rassvet Rassvet ( Russian : Рассве́т ; lit . `` dawn '' ) , also known as the Mini-Research Module 1 ( MRM - 1 ) ( Russian : Ма́лый иссле́довательский модуль , МИМ 1 ) and formerly known as the Docking Cargo Module ( DCM ) , is similar in design to the Mir Docking Module launched on STS - 74 in 1995 . Rassvet is primarily used for cargo storage and for docking by visiting spacecraft . It was flown to the ISS aboard NASA 's Space Shuttle Atlantis on the STS - 132 mission and connected in May 2010 , Rassvet is the only Russian - owned module launched by NASA , to repay for the launch of Zarya , which is Russian designed and built , but partially paid for by NASA . Rassvet was launched with the Russian Nauka laboratory 's experiments airlock temporarily attached to it , and spare parts for the European Robotic Arm . Leonardo Leonardo installed Leonardo Permanent Multipurpose Module ( PMM ) is a storage module attached to the Tranquility node . The three NASA Space Shuttle MPLM cargo containers -- Leonardo , Raffaello and Donatello -- were built for NASA in Turin , Italy by Alcatel Alenia Space , now Thales Alenia Space . The MPLMs were provided to NASA 's ISS programme by Italy ( independent of their role as a member state of ESA ) and are considered to be US elements . In a bartered exchange for providing these containers , the US gave Italy research time aboard the ISS out of the US allotment in addition to that which Italy receives as a member of ESA . The Permanent Multipurpose Module was created by converting Leonardo into a module that could be permanently attached to the station . Bigelow Expandable activity module Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) is a prototype inflatable space habitat serving as a two - year technology demonstration . It was built by Bigelow Aerospace under a contract established by NASA on 16 January 2013 . BEAM was delivered to the ISS aboard SpaceX CRS - 8 on 10 April 2016 , was berthed to the aft port of the Tranquility node on 16 April , and was fully expanded on 28 May . During its two - year test run , instruments are measuring its structural integrity and leak rate , along with temperature and radiation levels . The hatch leading into the module remains closed except for periodic visits by space station crew members for inspections and data collection . The module was originally planned to be jettisoned from the station following the test , but following positive data after a year in orbit , NASA has suggested that it could remain on the station as a storage area . Elements pending Russia launch Nauka Nauka ( Russian : Нау́ка ; lit . `` science '' ) , also known as the Multipurpose Laboratory Module ( MLM ) or FGB - 2 ( Russian : Многофункциональный лабораторный модуль , МЛМ ) , is the major Russian laboratory module . It was scheduled to arrive at the station in 2014 , docking to the port that was occupied by the Pirs module . Due to deterioration during many years spent in storage , it proved necessary to build a new propulsion module , and the launch date was postponed to 2018 . Before the Nauka module arrives , a Progress spacecraft will remove Pirs from the station and deorbit it to reenter over the Pacific Ocean . Nauka contains an additional set of life support systems and attitude control . Originally it would have routed power from the single Science - and - Power Platform , but that single module design changed over the first ten years of the ISS mission , and the two science modules , which attach to Nauka via the Uzlovoy Module , or Russian node , each incorporate their own large solar arrays to power Russian science experiments in the ROS . Nauka 's mission has changed over time . During the mid-1990s , it was intended as a backup for the FGB , and later as a universal docking module ( UDM ) ; its docking ports will be able to support automatic docking of both spacecraft , additional modules and fuel transfer . Nauka has its own engines . Like Zvezda and Zarya , Nauka will be launched by a Proton rocket , while smaller Russian modules such as Pirs and Poisk were delivered by modified Progress spacecraft . Russia plans to separate Nauka , along with the rest of the Russian Orbital Segment , to form the OPSEK space station before the ISS is deorbited . Uzlovoy module The Uzlovoy Module ( UM ) , or Node Module is a 4 - metric - ton ball - shaped module that will allow docking of two scientific and power modules during the final stage of the station assembly , and provide the Russian segment additional docking ports to receive Soyuz MS and Progress MS spacecraft . UM is due to be launched in late 2018 . It will be integrated with a special version of the Progress cargo ship and launched by a standard Soyuz rocket . Progress would use its own propulsion and flight control system to deliver and dock the Node Module to the nadir ( Earth - facing ) docking port of the Nauka MLM / FGB - 2 module . One port is equipped with an active hybrid docking port , which enables docking with the MLM module . The remaining five ports are passive hybrids , enabling docking of Soyuz and Progress vehicles , as well as heavier modules and future spacecraft with modified docking systems . The node module was conceived to serve as the only permanent element of the future Russian successor to the ISS , OPSEK . Equipped with six docking ports , the Node Module would serve as a single permanent core of the future station with all other modules coming and going as their life span and mission required . This would be a progression beyond the ISS and Russia 's modular Mir space station , which are in turn more advanced than early monolithic first generation stations such as Skylab , and early Salyut and Almaz stations . Science Power Modules 1 & 2 ( NEM - 1 , NEM - 2 ) ( Russian : Нау́чно - Энергетический Модуль - 1 и - 2 ) Elements pending US launch International docking adapter The International Docking Adapter ( IDA ) is a spacecraft docking system adapter being developed to convert APAS - 95 to the NASA Docking System ( NDS ) / International Docking System Standard ( IDSS ) . An IDA will be placed on each of the International Space Station 's ( ISS ) two open Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMA ) , both of which will be connected to Node - 2 ( Harmony module ) . NanoRacks airlock module The NanoRacks Airlock Module is a commercially - funded airlock module intended to be launched in 2019 . The module is being built by NanoRacks and Boeing , and will be used to deploy CubeSats , small satellites , and other external payloads for NASA , CASIS , and other commercial and governmental customers . It is intended to be manifested with a Commercial Resupply Services mission . The cancelled Habitation module under construction in 1997 Cancelled components Several modules planned for the station were cancelled over the course of the ISS programme . Reasons include budgetary constraints , the modules becoming unnecessary , and station redesigns after the 2003 Columbia disaster . The US Centrifuge Accommodations Module would have hosted science experiments in varying levels of artificial gravity . The US Habitation Module would have served as the station 's living quarters . Instead , the sleep stations are now spread throughout the station . The US Interim Control Module and ISS Propulsion Module would have replaced the functions of Zvezda in case of a launch failure . Two Russian Research Modules were planned for scientific research . They would have docked to a Russian Universal Docking Module . The Russian Science Power Platform would have supplied power to the Russian Orbital Segment independent of the ITS solar arrays . Unpressurised elements ISS Truss Components breakdown showing Trusses and all ORUs in situ The ISS has a large number of external components that do not require pressurisation . The largest of these is the Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) , to which the station 's main solar arrays and thermal radiators are mounted . The ITS consists of ten separate segments forming a structure 108.5 m ( 356 ft ) long . The station in its complete form has several smaller external components , such as the six robotic arms , the three External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) and four ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) . While these platforms allow experiments ( including MISSE , the STP - H3 and the Robotic Refueling Mission ) to be deployed and conducted in the vacuum of space by providing electricity and processing experimental data locally , their primary function is to store spare Orbital Replacement Units ( ORUs ) . ORUs are parts that can be replaced when they fail or pass their design life . Examples of ORUs include pumps , storage tanks , antennas and battery units . Such units are replaced either by astronauts during EVA or by robotic arms . Spare parts were routinely transported to and from the station via Space Shuttle resupply missions , with a heavy emphasis on ORU transport once the NASA Shuttle approached retirement . Several shuttle missions were dedicated to the delivery of ORUs , including STS - 129 , STS - 133 and STS - 134 . As of January 2011 , only one other mode of transportation of ORUs had been utilised -- the Japanese cargo vessel HTV - 2 -- which delivered an FHRC and CTC - 2 via its Exposed Pallet ( EP ) . Construction of the Integrated Truss Structure over New Zealand . There are also smaller exposure facilities mounted directly to laboratory modules ; the Kibō Exposed Facility serves as an external ' porch ' for the Kibō complex , and a facility on the European Columbus laboratory provides power and data connections for experiments such as the European Technology Exposure Facility and the Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space . A remote sensing instrument , SAGE III - ISS , was delivered to the station in 2014 aboard a Dragon capsule , and the NICER experiment is scheduled to be delivered in 2016 . The largest such scientific payload externally mounted to the ISS is the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer ( AMS ) , a particle physics experiment launched on STS - 134 in May 2011 , and mounted externally on the ITS . The AMS measures cosmic rays to look for evidence of dark matter and antimatter . Robotic arms and cargo cranes Commander Volkov stands on Pirs with his back to the Soyuz whilst operating the manual Strela crane holding photographer Kononenko . Zarya is seen to the left and Zvezda across the bottom of the image . Dextre , like many of the station 's experiments and robotic arms , can be operated from Earth and perform tasks while the crew sleeps . The Integrated Truss Structure serves as a base for the station 's primary remote manipulator system , called the Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) , which is composed of three main components . Canadarm2 , the largest robotic arm on the ISS , has a mass of 1,800 kilograms ( 4,000 lb ) and is used to dock and manipulate spacecraft and modules on the USOS , hold crew members and equipment in place during EVAs and move Dextre around to perform tasks . Dextre is a 1,560 kg ( 3,440 lb ) robotic manipulator with two arms , a rotating torso and has power tools , lights and video for replacing orbital replacement units ( ORUs ) and performing other tasks requiring fine control . The Mobile Base System ( MBS ) is a platform which rides on rails along the length of the station 's main truss . It serves as a mobile base for Canadarm2 and Dextre , allowing the robotic arms to reach all parts of the USOS . To gain access to the Russian Segment a grapple fixture was added to Zarya on STS - 134 , so that Canadarm2 can inchworm itself onto the ROS . Also installed during STS - 134 was the 15 m ( 50 ft ) Orbiter Boom Sensor System ( OBSS ) , which had been used to inspect heat shield tiles on Space Shuttle missions and can be used on station to increase the reach of the MSS . Staff on Earth or the station can operate the MSS components via remote control , performing work outside the station without space walks . Japan 's Remote Manipulator System , which services the Kibō Exposed Facility , was launched on STS - 124 and is attached to the Kibō Pressurised Module . The arm is similar to the Space Shuttle arm as it is permanently attached at one end and has a latching end effector for standard grapple fixtures at the other . The European Robotic Arm , which will service the Russian Orbital Segment , will be launched alongside the Multipurpose Laboratory Module in 2017 . The ROS does not require spacecraft or modules to be manipulated , as all spacecraft and modules dock automatically and may be discarded the same way . Crew use the two Strela ( Russian : Стрела́ ; lit . Arrow ) cargo cranes during EVAs for moving crew and equipment around the ROS . Each Strela crane has a mass of 45 kg ( 99 lb ) . Station systems Life support Main articles : ISS ECLSS and Chemical oxygen generator The critical systems are the atmosphere control system , the water supply system , the food supply facilities , the sanitation and hygiene equipment , and fire detection and suppression equipment . The Russian Orbital Segment 's life support systems are contained in the Zvezda service module . Some of these systems are supplemented by equipment in the USOS . The MLM Nauka laboratory has a complete set of life support systems . Atmospheric control systems The interactions between the components of the ISS Environmental Control and Life Support System ( ECLSS ) The atmosphere on board the ISS is similar to the Earth 's . Normal air pressure on the ISS is 101.3 kPa ( 14.7 psi ) ; the same as at sea level on Earth . An Earth - like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort , and is much safer than the alternative , a pure oxygen atmosphere , because of the increased risk of a fire such as that responsible for the deaths of the Apollo 1 crew . Earth - like atmospheric conditions have been maintained on all Russian and Soviet spacecraft . The Elektron system aboard Zvezda and a similar system in Destiny generate oxygen aboard the station . The crew has a backup option in the form of bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation ( SFOG ) canisters , a chemical oxygen generator system . Carbon dioxide is removed from the air by the Vozdukh system in Zvezda . Other by - products of human metabolism , such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat , are removed by activated charcoal filters . Part of the ROS atmosphere control system is the oxygen supply . Triple - redundancy is provided by the Elektron unit , solid fuel generators , and stored oxygen . The primary supply of oxygen is the Elektron unit which produces O 2 and H 2 by electrolysis of water and vents H2 overboard . The 1 kW system uses approximately one litre of water per crew member per day . This water is either brought from Earth or recycled from other systems . Mir was the first spacecraft to use recycled water for oxygen production . The secondary oxygen supply is provided by burning O 2 - producing Vika cartridges ( see also ISS ECLSS ) . Each ' candle ' takes 5 -- 20 minutes to decompose at 450 -- 500 ° C , producing 600 litres of O 2 . This unit is manually operated . The US Orbital Segment has redundant supplies of oxygen , from a pressurised storage tank on the Quest airlock module delivered in 2001 , supplemented ten years later by ESA - built Advanced Closed - Loop System ( ACLS ) in the Tranquility module ( Node 3 ) , which produces O 2 by electrolysis . Hydrogen produced is combined with carbon dioxide from the cabin atmosphere and converted to water and methane . Power and thermal control Main articles : Electrical system of the International Space Station and External Active Thermal Control System Russian solar arrays , backlit by sunset . One of the eight truss mounted pairs of USOS solar arrays Double - sided solar , or Photovoltaic , arrays provide electrical power for the ISS . These bifacial cells are more efficient and operate at a lower temperature than single - sided cells commonly used on Earth , by collecting sunlight on one side and light reflected off the Earth on the other . The Russian segment of the station , like the Space Shuttle and most spacecraft , uses 28 volt DC from four rotating solar arrays mounted on Zarya and Zvezda . The USOS uses 130 -- 180 V DC from the USOS PV array , power is stabilised and distributed at 160 V DC and converted to the user - required 124 V DC . The higher distribution voltage allows smaller , lighter conductors , at the expense of crew safety . The ROS uses low voltage ; the two station segments share power with converters . The USOS solar arrays are arranged as four wing pairs , for a total production of 75 to 90 kilowatts . These arrays normally track the sun to maximise power generation . Each array is about 375 m ( 4,036 sq ft ) in area and 58 m ( 190 ft ) long . In the complete configuration , the solar arrays track the sun by rotating the alpha gimbal once per orbit ; the beta gimbal follows slower changes in the angle of the sun to the orbital plane . The Night Glider mode aligns the solar arrays parallel to the ground at night to reduce the significant aerodynamic drag at the station 's relatively low orbital altitude . The station uses rechargeable nickel -- hydrogen batteries ( NiH 2 ) for continuous power during the 35 minutes of every 90 - minute orbit that it is eclipsed by the Earth . The batteries are recharged on the day side of the Earth . They have a 6.5 - year lifetime ( over 37,000 charge / discharge cycles ) and will be regularly replaced over the anticipated 20 - year life of the station . As of 2017 , the nickel -- hydrogen batteries are being replaced by lithium - ion batteries , which are expected to last until the end of the ISS program . The station 's large solar panels generate a high potential voltage difference between the station and the ionosphere . This could cause arcing through insulating surfaces and sputtering of conductive surfaces as ions are accelerated by the spacecraft plasma sheath . To mitigate this , plasma contactor units ( PCU ) s create current paths between the station and the ambient plasma field . ISS External Active Thermal Control System ( EATCS ) diagram The station 's systems and experiments consume a large amount of electrical power , almost all of which converts to heat . Little of this heat dissipates through the walls of the station . To keep the internal ambient temperature within comfortable , workable limits , ammonia is continuously pumped through pipes throughout the station to collect heat , then into external radiators to emit infrared radiation , then back into the station . Thus this passive thermal control system ( PTCS ) is made of external surface materials , insulation such as MLI , and heat pipes . If the PTCS can not keep up with the heat load , an External Active Thermal Control System ( EATCS ) maintains the temperature . The EATCS consists of an internal , non-toxic , water coolant loop used to cool and dehumidify the atmosphere , which transfers collected heat into an external liquid ammonia loop that can withstand the much lower temperature of space , and is circulated through radiators to remove the heat . The EATCS provides cooling for all the US pressurised modules , including Kibō and Columbus , as well as the main power distribution electronics of the S0 , S1 and P1 trusses . It can reject up to 70 kW . This is much more than the 14 kW of the Early External Active Thermal Control System ( EEATCS ) via the Early Ammonia Servicer ( EAS ) , which was launched on STS - 105 and installed onto the P6 Truss . Communications and computers Main articles : Tracking and Data Relay Satellite and Luch ( satellite ) See also : ThinkPad § Use in space The communications systems used by the ISS * Luch satellite and the Space Shuttle are not currently in use Radio communications provide telemetry and scientific data links between the station and Mission Control Centres . Radio links are also used during rendezvous and docking procedures and for audio and video communication between crew members , flight controllers and family members . As a result , the ISS is equipped with internal and external communication systems used for different purposes . The Russian Orbital Segment communicates directly with the ground via the Lira antenna mounted to Zvezda . The Lira antenna also has the capability to use the Luch data relay satellite system . This system , used for communications with Mir , fell into disrepair during the 1990s , and so is no longer in use , although two new Luch satellites -- Luch - 5A and Luch - 5B -- were launched in 2011 and 2012 respectively to restore the operational capability of the system . Another Russian communications system is the Voskhod - M , which enables internal telephone communications between Zvezda , Zarya , Pirs , Poisk and the USOS , and also provides a VHF radio link to ground control centres via antennas on Zvezda 's exterior . The US Orbital Segment ( USOS ) makes use of two separate radio links mounted in the Z1 truss structure : the S band ( used for audio ) and K band ( used for audio , video and data ) systems . These transmissions are routed via the United States Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System ( TDRSS ) in geostationary orbit , which allows for almost continuous real - time communications with NASA 's Mission Control Center ( MCC - H ) in Houston . Data channels for the Canadarm2 , European Columbus laboratory and Japanese Kibō modules are routed via the S band and K band systems , although the European Data Relay System and a similar Japanese system will eventually complement the TDRSS in this role . Communications between modules are carried on an internal digital wireless network . Laptop computers surround the Canadarm2 console . UHF radio is used by astronauts and cosmonauts conducting EVAs . UHF is used by other spacecraft that dock to or undock from the station , such as Soyuz , Progress , HTV , ATV and the Space Shuttle ( except the shuttle also makes use of the S band and K band systems via TDRSS ) , to receive commands from Mission Control and ISS crewmembers . Automated spacecraft are fitted with their own communications equipment ; the ATV uses a laser attached to the spacecraft and equipment attached to Zvezda , known as the Proximity Communications Equipment , to accurately dock to the station . The ISS is equipped with approximately 100 IBM and Lenovo ThinkPad model A31 and T61P laptop computers . Each computer is a commercial off - the - shelf purchase which is then modified for safety and operation including updates to connectors , cooling and power to accommodate the station 's 28V DC power system and weightless environment . Heat generated by the laptops does not rise but stagnates around the laptop , so additional forced ventilation is required . Laptops aboard the ISS are connected to the station 's wireless LAN via Wi - Fi and to the ground via K band . This provides speeds of 10 Mbit / s to and 3 Mbit / s from the station , comparable to home DSL connection speeds . The operating system used for key station functions is the Debian Linux distribution . The migration from Microsoft Windows was made in May 2013 for reasons of reliability , stability and flexibility . Station operations Expeditions and private flights Zarya and Unity were entered for the first time on 10 December 1998 . Soyuz TM - 31 being prepared to bring the first resident crew to the station in October 2000 ISS was slowly assembled over a decade of spaceflights and crews Expeditions have included crew members from many nations See also the list of International Space Station expeditions ( professional crew ) , space tourism ( private travellers ) , and the list of human spaceflights to the ISS ( both ) . Each permanent crew is given an expedition number . Expeditions run up to six months , from launch until undocking , an ' increment ' covers the same time period , but includes cargo ships and all activities . Expeditions 1 to 6 consisted of 3 person crews , Expeditions 7 to 12 were reduced to the safe minimum of two following the destruction of the NASA Shuttle Columbia . From Expedition 13 the crew gradually increased to 6 around 2010 . With the arrival of the American Commercial Crew vehicles in the middle of the 2010s , expedition size may be increased to seven crew members , the number ISS is designed for . Sergei Krikalev , member of Expedition 1 and Commander of Expedition 11 , has spent more time in space than anyone else , a total of 803 days and 9 hours and 39 minutes . His awards include the Order of Lenin , Hero of the Soviet Union , Hero of the Russian Federation , and 4 NASA medals . On 16 August 2005 at 1 : 44 am EDT , he passed the record of 748 days held by Sergei Avdeyev , who had ' time travelled ' 1 / 50th of a second into the future aboard Mir . He participated in psychosocial experiment SFINCSS - 99 ( Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station ) , which examined inter-cultural and other stress factors affecting integration of crew in preparation for the ISS spaceflights . Scott Kelly has spent the most time in space of any American . Kelly returned from the ISS on 1 March 2016 having spent 340 consecutive days in orbit . Travellers who pay for their own passage into space are termed spaceflight participants by Roscosmos and NASA , and are sometimes referred to as space tourists , a term they generally dislike . All seven were transported to the ISS on Russian Soyuz spacecraft . When professional crews change over in numbers not divisible by the three seats in a Soyuz , and a short - stay crewmember is not sent , the spare seat is sold by MirCorp through Space Adventures . When the space shuttle retired in 2011 , and the station 's crew size was reduced to 6 , space tourism was halted , as the partners relied on Russian transport seats for access to the station . Soyuz flight schedules increase after 2013 , allowing 5 Soyuz flights ( 15 seats ) with only two expeditions ( 12 seats ) required . The remaining seats are sold for around US $40 million to members of the public who can pass a medical exam . ESA and NASA criticised private spaceflight at the beginning of the ISS , and NASA initially resisted training Dennis Tito , the first man to pay for his own passage to the ISS . Anousheh Ansari became the first Iranian in space and the first self - funded woman to fly to the station . Officials reported that her education and experience make her much more than a tourist , and her performance in training had been `` excellent . '' Ansari herself dismisses the idea that she is a tourist . She did Russian and European studies involving medicine and microbiology during her 10 - day stay . The documentary Space Tourists follows her journey to the station , where she fulfilled `` an age - old dream of man : to leave our planet as a `` normal person '' and travel into outer space . '' In 2008 , spaceflight participant Richard Garriott placed a geocache aboard the ISS during his flight . This is currently the only non-terrestrial geocache in existence . At the same time , the Immortality Drive , an electronic record of eight digitised human DNA sequences , was placed aboard the ISS . Orbit Graph showing the changing altitude of the ISS from November 1998 until January 2009 Play media Animation of ISS orbit from a North American geostationary point of view ( sped up 1800 times ) The ISS is maintained in a nearly circular orbit with a minimum mean altitude of 330 km ( 205 mi ) and a maximum of 410 km ( 255 mi ) , in the centre of the thermosphere , at an inclination of 51.6 degrees to Earth 's equator , necessary to ensure that Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome may be safely launched to reach the station . Spent rocket stages must be dropped into uninhabited areas and this limits the directions rockets can be launched from the spaceport . It travels at an average speed of 27,724 kilometres per hour ( 17,227 mph ) , and completes 15.54 orbits per day ( 93 minutes per orbit ) . The station 's altitude was allowed to fall around the time of each NASA shuttle mission . Orbital boost burns would generally be delayed until after the shuttle 's departure . This allowed shuttle payloads to be lifted with the station 's engines during the routine firings , rather than have the shuttle lift itself and the payload together to a higher orbit . This trade - off allowed heavier loads to be transferred to the station . After the retirement of the NASA shuttle , the nominal orbit of the space station was raised in altitude . Other , more frequent supply ships do not require this adjustment as they are substantially lighter vehicles . Orbits of the ISS , shown in April 2013 Orbital boosting can be performed by the station 's two main engines on the Zvezda service module , or Russian or European spacecraft docked to Zvezda 's aft port . The ATV has been designed with the possibility of adding a second docking port to its other end , allowing it to remain at the ISS and still allow other craft to dock and boost the station . It takes approximately two orbits ( three hours ) for the boost to a higher altitude to be completed . Maintaining ISS altitude uses about 7.5 tonnes of chemical fuel per annum at an annual cost of about $210 million . In December 2008 NASA signed an agreement with the Ad Astra Rocket Company which may result in the testing on the ISS of a VASIMR plasma propulsion engine . This technology could allow station - keeping to be done more economically than at present . The Russian Orbital Segment contains the Data Management System , which handles Guidance , Navigation and Control ( ROS GNC ) for the entire station . Initially , Zarya , the first module of the station , controlled the station until a short time after the Russian service module Zvezda docked and was transferred control . Zvezda contains the ESA built DMS - R Data Management System . Using two fault - tolerant computers ( FTC ) , Zvezda computes the station 's position and orbital trajectory using redundant Earth horizon sensors , Solar horizon sensors as well as Sun and star trackers . The FTCs each contain three identical processing units working in parallel and provide advanced fault - masking by majority voting . Orientation Zvezda uses gyroscopes and thrusters to turn itself around . Gyroscopes do not require propellant , rather they use electricity to ' store ' momentum in flywheels by turning in the opposite direction to the station 's movement . The USOS has its own computer controlled gyroscopes to handle the extra mass of that section . When gyroscopes ' saturate ' , thrusters are used to cancel out the stored momentum . During Expedition 10 , an incorrect command was sent to the station 's computer , using about 14 kilograms of propellant before the fault was noticed and fixed . When attitude control computers in the ROS and USOS fail to communicate properly , it can result in a rare ' force fight ' where the ROS GNC computer must ignore the USOS counterpart , which has no thrusters . When an ATV , NASA Shuttle , or Soyuz is docked to the station , it can also be used to maintain station attitude such as for troubleshooting . Shuttle control was used exclusively during installation of the S3 / S4 truss , which provides electrical power and data interfaces for the station 's electronics . Mission controls The components of the ISS are operated and monitored by their respective space agencies at mission control centres across the globe , including : Roscosmos 's Mission Control Center at Korolyov , Moscow Oblast , controls the Russian Orbital Segment which handles Guidance , Navigation and Control for the entire Station. , in addition to individual Soyuz and Progress missions . ESA 's ATV Control Centre , at the Toulouse Space Centre ( CST ) in Toulouse , France , controls flights of the unmanned European Automated Transfer Vehicle . JAXA 's JEM Control Center and HTV Control Center at Tsukuba Space Center ( TKSC ) in Tsukuba , Japan , are responsible for operating the Kibō complex and all flights of the ' White Stork ' HTV Cargo spacecraft , respectively . NASA 's Mission Control Center at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston , Texas , serves as the primary control facility for the United States segment of the ISS and also controlled the Space Shuttle missions that visited the station . NASA 's Payload Operations and Integration Center at Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville , Alabama , coordinates payload operations in the USOS . ESA 's Columbus Control Centre at the German Aerospace Centre ( DLR ) in Oberpfaffenhofen , Germany , manages the European Columbus research laboratory . CSA 's MSS Control at Saint - Hubert , Quebec , Canada , controls and monitors the Mobile Servicing System , or Canadarm2 . Space centres involved with the ISS programme Repairs Main articles : Orbital Replacement Units and International Space Station maintenance Spare parts are called ORUs ; some are externally stored on pallets called ELCs and ESPs . Orbital Replacement Units ( ORUs ) are spare parts that can be readily replaced when a unit either passes its design life or fails . Examples of ORUs are pumps , storage tanks , controller boxes , antennas , and battery units . Some units can be replaced using robotic arms . Many are stored outside the station , either on small pallets called ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) or share larger platforms called External Stowage Platforms which also hold science experiments . Both kinds of pallets have electricity as many parts which could be damaged by the cold of space require heating . The larger logistics carriers also have computer local area network connections ( LAN ) and telemetry to connect experiments . A heavy emphasis on stocking the USOS with ORU 's occurred around 2011 , before the end of the NASA shuttle programme , as its commercial replacements , Cygnus and Dragon , carry one tenth to one quarter the payload . While anchored on the end of the OBSS during STS - 120 , astronaut Scott Parazynski performs makeshift repairs to a US solar array which damaged itself when unfolding . Mike Hopkins on his Christmas Eve spacewalk Unexpected problems and failures have impacted the station 's assembly time - line and work schedules leading to periods of reduced capabilities and , in some cases , could have forced abandonment of the station for safety reasons , had these problems not been resolved . During STS - 120 in 2007 , following the relocation of the P6 truss and solar arrays , it was noted during the redeployment of the array that it had become torn and was not deploying properly . An EVA was carried out by Scott Parazynski , assisted by Douglas Wheelock . The men took extra precautions to reduce the risk of electric shock , as the repairs were carried out with the solar array exposed to sunlight . The issues with the array were followed in the same year by problems with the starboard Solar Alpha Rotary Joint ( SARJ ) , which rotates the arrays on the starboard side of the station . Excessive vibration and high - current spikes in the array drive motor were noted , resulting in a decision to substantially curtail motion of the starboard SARJ until the cause was understood . Inspections during EVAs on STS - 120 and STS - 123 showed extensive contamination from metallic shavings and debris in the large drive gear and confirmed damage to the large metallic race ring at the heart of the joint , and so the joint was locked to prevent further damage . Repairs to the joint were carried out during STS - 126 with lubrication of both joints and the replacement of 11 out of 12 trundle bearings on the joint . 2009 saw damage to the S1 radiator , one of the components of the station 's cooling system . The problem was first noticed in Soyuz imagery in September 2008 , but was not thought to be serious . The imagery showed that the surface of one sub-panel has peeled back from the underlying central structure , possibly because of micro-meteoroid or debris impact . It is also known that a Service Module thruster cover , jettisoned during an EVA in 2008 , had struck the S1 radiator , but its effect , if any , has not been determined . On 15 May 2009 the damaged radiator panel 's ammonia tubing was mechanically shut off from the rest of the cooling system by the computer - controlled closure of a valve . The same valve was used immediately afterwards to vent the ammonia from the damaged panel , eliminating the possibility of an ammonia leak from the cooling system via the damaged panel . Early on 1 August 2010 , a failure in cooling Loop A ( starboard side ) , one of two external cooling loops , left the station with only half of its normal cooling capacity and zero redundancy in some systems . The problem appeared to be in the ammonia pump module that circulates the ammonia cooling fluid . Several subsystems , including two of the four CMGs , were shut down . Planned operations on the ISS were interrupted through a series of EVAs to address the cooling system issue . A first EVA on 7 August 2010 , to replace the failed pump module , was not fully completed because of an ammonia leak in one of four quick - disconnects . A second EVA on 11 August successfully removed the failed pump module . A third EVA was required to restore Loop A to normal functionality . The USOS 's cooling system is largely built by the American company Boeing , which is also the manufacturer of the failed pump . An air leak from the USOS in 2004 , the venting of fumes from an Elektron oxygen generator in 2006 , and the failure of the computers in the ROS in 2007 during STS - 117 left the station without thruster , Elektron , Vozdukh and other environmental control system operations , the root cause of which was found to be condensation inside the electrical connectors leading to a short - circuit . The four Main Bus Switching Units ( MBSUs , located in the S0 truss ) , control the routing of power from the four solar array wings to the rest of the ISS . In late 2011 MBSU - 1 , while still routing power correctly , ceased responding to commands or sending data confirming its health , and was scheduled to be swapped out at the next available EVA . In each MBSU , two power channels feed 160V DC from the arrays to two DC - to - DC power converters ( DDCUs ) that supply the 124V power used in the station . A spare MBSU was already on board , but 30 August 2012 EVA failed to be completed when a bolt being tightened to finish installation of the spare unit jammed before electrical connection was secured . The loss of MBSU - 1 limits the station to 75 % of its normal power capacity , requiring minor limitations in normal operations until the problem can be addressed . On 5 September 2012 , in a second , 6 hr , EVA to replace MBSU - 1 , astronauts Sunita Williams and Akihiko Hoshide successfully restored the ISS to 100 % power . On 24 December 2013 , astronauts made a rare Christmas Eve space walk , installing a new ammonia pump for the station 's cooling system . The faulty cooling system had failed earlier in the month , halting many of the station 's science experiments . Astronauts had to brave a `` mini blizzard '' of ammonia while installing the new pump . It was only the second Christmas Eve spacewalk in NASA history . Fleet operations See also : List of human spaceflights to the International Space Station and List of unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station ISS orbit with calendar of expeditions and modules through 2014 Dragon and Cygnus cargo vessels were docked at the ISS together for the first time in April 2016 . A wide variety of manned and unmanned spacecraft have supported the station 's activities . More than 60 Progress spacecraft , including M - MIM2 and M - SO1 which installed modules , and more than 40 Soyuz spacecraft have flown to the ISS. 35 flights of the retired NASA Space Shuttle were made to the station . There have been five European ATV , five Japanese HTV ' Kounotori ' , eight SpaceX Dragon and four Orbital ATK Cygnus flights . Currently docked / berthed See also the list of professional crew , private travellers , both or just unmanned spaceflights . Key Uncrewed cargoships are in light blue Crewed spacecraft are in light green Spacecraft and mission Location Arrival ( UTC ) Departure ( planned ) Progress MS - 06 Progress 67 cargo Zvezda aft 16 June 2017 7 December 2017 Soyuz MS - 05 Expedition 52 / 53 Rassvet nadir 28 July 2017 14 December 2017 Soyuz MS - 06 Expedition 53 / 54 Poisk zenith 12 September 2017 27 February 2018 Progress MS - 07 Progress 68 cargo Pirs nadir 16 October 2017 March 2018 Scheduled missions All dates are UTC . Dates are the earliest possible dates and may change . Forward ports are at the front of the station according to its normal direction of travel and orientation ( attitude ) . Aft is at the rear of the station , used by spacecraft boosting the station 's orbit . Nadir is closest the Earth , Zenith is on top . Spacecraft operated by government agencies are indicated with ' Gov ' and under commercial arrangements are indicated with ' Com ' . Key Uncrewed cargo ships are in light blue colour Crewed spacecraft are in light green colour Modules are in wheat colour Launch date ( NET ) Launch vehicle Launch site Launch service provider Payload Spacecraft Mission Docking / berthing port Ref . 12 October 2017 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Roscosmos Progress MS - 07 Progress Progress 68 cargo Pirs nadir 10 November 2017 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Orbital ATK CRS - 8 Cygnus Cygnus 8 cargo Unity nadir 4 December 2017 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A SpaceX CRS - 13 Dragon Dragon 13 cargo Harmony nadir 17 December 2017 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 07 ( 53S ) Soyuz Expedition 54 / 55 Rassvet nadir 9 February 2018 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A SpaceX CRS - 14 Dragon Dragon 14 cargo Harmony nadir 13 February 2018 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Roscosmos Progress MS - 08 Progress Progress 69 cargo Zvezda aft February 2018 H - IIB Tanegashima Pad Y2 JAXA Kounotori 7 HTV HTV 7 cargo Harmony nadir 10 March 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 08 ( 54S ) Soyuz Expedition 55 / 56 Poisk zenith April 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Kennedy LC - 39A SpaceX SpX - DM1 Dragon V2 Uncrewed test flight Unity forward 25 April 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 09 ( 55S ) Soyuz Expedition 56 / 57 Rassvet nadir 1 May 2018 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Orbital ATK CRS - 9 Cygnus Cygnus 9 cargo Unity nadir 27 June 2018 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Roscosmos Progress MS - 09 Progress Progress 70 cargo Pirs nadir August 2018 Falcon 9 FT Kennedy LC - 39A SpaceX CRS - 15 Dragon Dragon 15 cargo Harmony nadir August 2018 Atlas V N22 Canaveral SLC - 41 Boeing Boe - OFT Starliner Uncrewed test flight Unity forward August 2018 Falcon 9 B5 Kennedy LC - 39A SpaceX SpX - DM2 Dragon V2 Crewed test flight Unity forward 30 September 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 10 ( 56S ) Soyuz Expedition 57 / 58 Poisk zenith 16 October 2018 Soyuz 2.1 a Baikonur Site 31 / 6 Roscosmos Progress MS - 10 Progress Progress 71 cargo Zvezda aft October 2018 Antares 230 MARS Pad 0A Orbital ATK CRS - 10 Cygnus Cygnus 10 cargo Unity nadir November 2018 Atlas V N22 Canaveral SLC - 41 Boeing Boe - CFT Starliner Crewed test flight Unity 30 November 2018 Soyuz - FG Baikonur Pad 1 / 5 Roscosmos Soyuz MS - 11 ( 57S ) Soyuz Expedition 58 / 59 Rassvet nadir Q4 , 2018 Proton M Baikonur Roscosmos Nauka N / A Module assembly Zvezda nadir Q4 , 2018 Soyuz 2.1 b Baikonur Roscosmos Uzlovoy Module Progress M - UM Module assembly Nauka Docking See also : Docking and berthing of spacecraft The Progress M - 14M resupply vehicle as it approaches the ISS in 2012 . Over 50 unpiloted Progress spacecraft have been sent with supplies during the lifetime of the station . All Russian spacecraft and self - propelled modules are able to rendezvous and dock to the space station without human intervention using the Kurs docking system . Radar allows these vehicles to detect and intercept ISS from over 200 kilometres away . The European ATV uses star sensors and GPS to determine its intercept course . When it catches up it uses laser equipment to optically recognise Zvezda , along with the Kurs system for redundancy . Crew supervise these craft , but do not intervene except to send abort commands in emergencies . The Japanese H - II Transfer Vehicle parks itself in progressively closer orbits to the station , and then awaits ' approach ' commands from the crew , until it is close enough for a robotic arm to grapple and berth the vehicle to the USOS . The American Space Shuttle was manually docked , and on missions with a cargo container , the container would be berthed to the Station with the use of manual robotic arms . Berthed craft can transfer International Standard Payload Racks . Japanese spacecraft berth for one to two months . Russian and European Supply craft can remain at the ISS for six months , allowing great flexibility in crew time for loading and unloading of supplies and trash . NASA Shuttles could remain docked for 11 -- 12 days . Space Shuttle Endeavour , ATV - 2 , Soyuz TMA - 21 and Progress M - 10M docked to the ISS , as seen from the departing Soyuz TMA - 20 The American manual approach to docking allows greater initial flexibility and less complexity . The downside to this mode of operation is that each mission becomes unique and requires specialised training and planning , making the process more labour - intensive and expensive . The Russians pursued an automated methodology that used the crew in override or monitoring roles . Although the initial development costs were high , the system has become very reliable with standardisations that provide significant cost benefits in repetitive routine operations . An automated approach could allow assembly of modules orbiting other worlds prior to crew arrival . Soyuz spacecraft used for crew rotation also serve as lifeboats for emergency evacuation ; they are replaced every six months and have been used once to remove excess crew after the Columbia disaster . Expeditions require , on average , 2,722 kg of supplies , and as of 9 March 2011 , crews had consumed a total of around 22,000 meals . Soyuz crew rotation flights and Progress resupply flights visit the station on average two and three times respectively each year , with the ATV and HTV planned to visit annually from 2010 onwards . Cygnus and Dragon were contracted to fly cargo to the station after retirement of the NASA Shuttle . From 26 February 2011 to 7 March 2011 four of the governmental partners ( United States , ESA , Japan and Russia ) had their spacecraft ( NASA Shuttle , ATV , HTV , Progress and Soyuz ) docked at the ISS , the only time this has happened to date . On 25 May 2012 , SpaceX became the world 's first privately held company to send cargo , via the Dragon spacecraft , to the International Space Station . Launch and docking windows Prior to a ship 's docking to the ISS , navigation and attitude control ( GNC ) is handed over to the ground control of the ships ' country of origin . GNC is set to allow the station to drift in space , rather than fire its thrusters or turn using gyroscopes . The solar panels of the station are turned edge - on to the incoming ships , so residue from its thrusters does not damage the cells . When a NASA Space Shuttle docked to the station , other ships were grounded , as the Shuttle 's reinforced carbon - carbon wing leading edges , cameras , windows , and instruments were too much at risk from damage or contamination by thruster residue from other ships ' movements . Approximately 30 % of NASA shuttle launch delays were caused by poor weather . Occasional priority was given to the Soyuz arrivals at the station where the Soyuz carried crew with time - critical cargoes such as biological experiment materials , also causing shuttle delays . Departure of the NASA shuttle was often delayed or prioritised according to weather over its two landing sites . Whilst the Soyuz is capable of landing anywhere , anytime , its planned landing time and place is chosen to give consideration to helicopter pilots and ground recovery crew , to give acceptable flying weather and lighting conditions . Soyuz launches occur in adverse weather conditions , but the cosmodrome has been shut down on occasions when buried by snow drifts up to 6 metres in depth , hampering ground operations . Life aboard Crew activities Crewmember peers out of a window A typical day for the crew begins with a wake - up at 06 : 00 , followed by post-sleep activities and a morning inspection of the station . The crew then eats breakfast and takes part in a daily planning conference with Mission Control before starting work at around 08 : 10 . The first scheduled exercise of the day follows , after which the crew continues work until 13 : 05 . Following a one - hour lunch break , the afternoon consists of more exercise and work before the crew carries out its pre-sleep activities beginning at 19 : 30 , including dinner and a crew conference . The scheduled sleep period begins at 21 : 30 . In general , the crew works ten hours per day on a weekday , and five hours on Saturdays , with the rest of the time their own for relaxation or work catch - up . The time zone used aboard the ISS is Coordinated Universal Time ( UTC ) . The windows are covered at night hours to give the impression of darkness because the station experiences 16 sunrises and sunsets per day . During visiting space shuttle missions , the ISS crew mostly follows the shuttle 's Mission Elapsed Time ( MET ) , which is a flexible time zone based on the launch time of the shuttle mission . The station provides crew quarters for each member of the expedition 's crew , with two ' sleep stations ' in the Zvezda and four more installed in Harmony . The American quarters are private , approximately person - sized soundproof booths . The Russian crew quarters include a small window , but provide less ventilation and sound proofing . A crew member can sleep in a crew quarter in a tethered sleeping bag , listen to music , use a laptop , and store personal items in a large drawer or in nets attached to the module 's walls . The module also provides a reading lamp , a shelf and a desktop . Visiting crews have no allocated sleep module , and attach a sleeping bag to an available space on a wall . It is possible to sleep floating freely through the station , but this is generally avoided because of the possibility of bumping into sensitive equipment . It is important that crew accommodations be well ventilated ; otherwise , astronauts can wake up oxygen - deprived and gasping for air , because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide has formed around their heads . See also : Christmas on the International Space Station Food The crews of STS - 127 and Expedition 20 enjoy a meal inside Unity . See also : Space food Most of the food aboard is vacuum sealed in plastic bags . Cans are rare because they are heavy and expensive to transport . Preserved food is not highly regarded by the crew , and taste is reduced in microgravity . Therefore , effort is made to make the food more palatable , such as using more spices than in regular cooking . The crew looks forward to the arrival of any ships from Earth , as they bring fresh fruit and vegetables . Care is taken that foods do not create crumbs . Sauces are often used to avoid contaminating station equipment . Each crew member has individual food packages and cooks them using the on - board galley . The galley features two food warmers , a refrigerator added in November 2008 , and a water dispenser that provides both heated and unheated water . Drinks are provided as dehydrated powder that is mixed with water before consumption . Drinks and soups are sipped from plastic bags with straws . Solid food is eaten with a knife and fork attached to a tray with magnets to prevent them from floating away . Any food that floats away , including crumbs , must be collected to prevent it from clogging the station 's air filters and other equipment . Hygiene Space toilet in the Zvezda service module Showers on space stations were introduced in the early 1970s on Skylab and Salyut 3 . By Salyut 6 , in the early 1980s , the crew complained of the complexity of showering in space , which was a monthly activity . The ISS does not feature a shower ; instead , crewmembers wash using a water jet and wet wipes , with soap dispensed from a toothpaste tube - like container . Crews are also provided with rinseless shampoo and edible toothpaste to save water . There are two space toilets on the ISS , both of Russian design , located in Zvezda and Tranquility . These Waste and Hygiene Compartments use a fan - driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System . Astronauts first fasten themselves to the toilet seat , which is equipped with spring - loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal . A lever operates a powerful fan and a suction hole slides open : the air stream carries the waste away . Solid waste is collected in individual bags which are stored in an aluminium container . Full containers are transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal . Liquid waste is evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet , with anatomically correct `` urine funnel adapters '' attached to the tube so that men and women can use the same toilet . The diverted urine is collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System , where it is recycled into drinking water . Crew health and safety Main article : Effect of spaceflight on the human body Radiation The ISS is partially protected from the space environment by Earth 's magnetic field . From an average distance of about 70,000 km ( 43,000 mi ) , depending on Solar activity , the magnetosphere begins to deflect solar wind around Earth and ISS . Solar flares are still a hazard to the crew , who may receive only a few minutes warning . In 2005 , during the initial ' proton storm ' of an X-3 class solar flare , the crew of Expedition 10 took shelter in a more heavily shielded part of the ROS designed for this purpose . Play media Video of the Aurora Australis taken by the crew of Expedition 28 on an ascending pass from south of Madagascar to just north of Australia over the Indian Ocean . Subatomic charged particles , primarily protons from cosmic rays and solar wind , are normally absorbed by Earth 's atmosphere . When they interact in sufficient quantity , their effect is visible to the naked eye in a phenomenon called an aurora . Outside Earth 's atmosphere , crews are exposed to about 1 millisievert each day , which is about a year of natural exposure on Earth . This results in a higher risk of cancer for astronauts . Radiation can penetrate living tissue and damage the DNA and chromosomes of lymphocytes . These cells are central to the immune system , and so any damage to them could contribute to the lower immunity experienced by astronauts . Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of cataracts in astronauts . Protective shielding and drugs may lower risks to an acceptable level . Radiation levels on the ISS are about five times greater than those experienced by airline passengers and crew . Earth 's electromagnetic field provides almost the same level of protection against solar and other radiation in low Earth orbit as in the stratosphere . For example , on a 12 - hour flight an airline passenger would experience 0.1 millisieverts of radiation , or a rate of 0.2 millisieverts per day ; only 1 / 5 the rate experienced by an astronaut in LEO . Additionally , airline passengers experience this level of radiation for a few hours of flight , while ISS crew are exposed for their whole stay . See also : Coronal mass ejection and Aurora ( astronomy ) Stress Cosmonaut Nikolai Budarin at work inside Zvezda service module crew quarters There is considerable evidence that psychosocial stressors are among the most important impediments to optimal crew morale and performance . Cosmonaut Valery Ryumin wrote in his journal during a particularly difficult period on board the Salyut 6 space station : `` All the conditions necessary for murder are met if you shut two men in a cabin measuring 18 feet by 20 and leave them together for two months . '' NASA 's interest in psychological stress caused by space travel , initially studied when their manned missions began , was rekindled when astronauts joined cosmonauts on the Russian space station Mir . Common sources of stress in early American missions included maintaining high performance under public scrutiny and isolation from peers and family . The latter is still often a cause of stress on the ISS , such as when the mother of NASA Astronaut Daniel Tani died in a car accident , and when Michael Fincke was forced to miss the birth of his second child . A study of the longest spaceflight concluded that the first three weeks are a critical period where attention is adversely affected because of the demand to adjust to the extreme change of environment . Skylab 's three crews remained one , two , and three months respectively , long term crews on Salyut 6 , Salyut 7 , and the ISS last about five to six months and Mir 's expeditions often lasted longer . The ISS working environment includes further stress caused by living and working in cramped conditions with people from very different cultures who speak a different language . First - generation space stations had crews who spoke a single language ; second and third - generation stations have crew from many cultures who speak many languages . The ISS is unique because visitors are not classed automatically into ' host ' or ' guest ' categories as with previous stations and spacecraft , and may not suffer from feelings of isolation in the same way . Crew members with a military pilot background and those with an academic science background or teachers and politicians may have problems understanding each other 's jargon and worldview . Medical Astronaut Frank De Winne is attached to the TVIS treadmill with bungee cords aboard the International Space Station Medical effects of long - term weightlessness include muscle atrophy , deterioration of the skeleton ( osteopenia ) , fluid redistribution , a slowing of the cardiovascular system , decreased production of red blood cells , balance disorders , and a weakening of the immune system . Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass , and puffiness of the face . Sleep is disturbed on the ISS regularly because of mission demands , such as incoming or departing ships . Sound levels in the station are unavoidably high ; because the atmosphere is unable to thermosiphon , fans are required at all times to allow processing of the atmosphere which would stagnate in the freefall ( zero - g ) environment . To prevent some of these adverse physiological effects , the station is equipped with two treadmills ( including the COLBERT ) , and the aRED ( advanced Resistive Exercise Device ) which enables various weightlifting exercises which add muscle but do not compensate for or raise astronauts ' reduced bone density , and a stationary bicycle ; each astronaut spends at least two hours per day exercising on the equipment . Astronauts use bungee cords to strap themselves to the treadmill . Microbiological environmental hazards See also : Mir § Microbiological environmental hazards Hazardous moulds which can foul air and water filters may develop aboard space stations . They can produce acids which degrade metal , glass , and rubber . They can also be harmful for the crew 's health . Microbiological hazards have led to a development of the LOCAD - PTS that can identify common bacteria and moulds faster than standard methods of culturing , which may require a sample to be sent back to Earth . As of 2012 , 76 types of unregulated micro-organisms have been detected on the ISS . Reduced humidity , paint with mould - killing chemicals , and antiseptic solutions can be used to prevent contamination in space stations . All materials used in the ISS are tested for resistance against fungi . Threat of Orbital debris Main article : Space debris A 7 g object ( shown in centre ) shot at 7 km / s ( 23,000 ft / s ) , the orbital velocity of the ISS , made this 15 cm ( 5.9 in ) crater in a solid block of aluminium . Radar - trackable objects , including debris , with distinct ring of geostationary satellites At the low altitudes at which the ISS orbits , there is a variety of space debris , consisting of different objects including entire spent rocket stages , defunct satellites , explosion fragments -- including materials from anti-satellite weapon tests , paint flakes , slag from solid rocket motors , and coolant released by US - A nuclear - powered satellites . These objects , in addition to natural micrometeoroids , are a significant threat . Large objects could destroy the station , but are less of a threat because their orbits can be predicted . Objects too small to be detected by optical and radar instruments , from approximately 1 cm down to microscopic size , number in the trillions . Despite their small size , some of these objects are a threat because of their kinetic energy and direction in relation to the station . Spacesuits of spacewalking crew could puncture , causing exposure to vacuum . Ballistic panels , also called micrometeorite shielding , are incorporated into the station to protect pressurised sections and critical systems . The type and thickness of these panels depends on their predicted exposure to damage . The station 's shields and structure have different designs on the ROS and the USOS . On the USOS , a thin aluminium sheet is held apart from the hull and causes objects to shatter into a cloud before hitting the hull , thereby spreading the energy of impact . On the ROS , a carbon plastic honeycomb screen is spaced from the hull , an aluminium honeycomb screen is spaced from that , with a screen - vacuum thermal insulation covering , and glass cloth over the top . It is about 50 % less likely to be punctured , and crew move to the ROS when the station is under threat . Punctures on the ROS would be contained within the panels which are 70 cm square . Example of risk management : A NASA model showing areas at high risk from impact for the International Space Station . Space debris is tracked remotely from the ground , and the station crew can be notified . This allows for a Debris Avoidance Manoeuvre ( DAM ) to be conducted , which uses thrusters on the Russian Orbital Segment to alter the station 's orbital altitude , avoiding the debris . DAMs are not uncommon , taking place if computational models show the debris will approach within a certain threat distance . Eight DAMs had been performed prior to March 2009 , the first seven between October 1999 and May 2003 . Usually , the orbit is raised by one or two kilometres by means of an increase in orbital velocity of the order of 1 m / s . Unusually , there was a lowering of 1.7 km on 27 August 2008 , the first such lowering for 8 years . There were two DAMs in 2009 , on 22 March and 17 July . If a threat from orbital debris is identified too late for a DAM to be safely conducted , the station crew close all the hatches aboard the station and retreat into their Soyuz spacecraft , so that they would be able to evacuate in the event the station was seriously damaged by the debris . This partial station evacuation has occurred on 13 March 2009 , 28 June 2011 , 24 March 2012 and 16 June 2015 . End of mission Many ISS resupply spacecraft have already undergone atmospheric re-entry , such as Jules Verne ATV According to a 2009 report , Space Corporation Energia is considering methods to remove from the station some modules of the Russian Orbital Segment when the end of mission is reached and use them as a basis for a new station , called the Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex ( OPSEK ) . The modules under consideration for removal from the current ISS include the Multipurpose Laboratory Module ( Nauka ) , currently scheduled to be launched in 2017 , and other Russian modules which are planned to be attached to Nauka afterwards . Those modules would be within their useful lives in 2016 or 2020 . The report presents a statement from an unnamed Russian engineer that , based on the experience from Mir , a 30 - year life should be possible , except for micrometeorite damage , because the Russian modules have been built with on - orbit refurbishment in mind . According to the Outer Space Treaty the United States and Russia are legally responsible for all modules they have launched . In ISS planning , NASA examined options including returning the station to Earth via shuttle missions ( deemed too expensive , as the USOS is not designed for disassembly and this would require at least 27 shuttle missions ) , natural orbital decay with random reentry similar to Skylab , boosting the station to a higher altitude ( which would delay reentry ) and a controlled targeted de-orbit to a remote ocean area . A controlled deorbit into a remote ocean was found to be technically feasible only with Russia 's assistance . The Russian Space Agency has experience from de-orbiting the Salyut 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 and Mir space stations ; NASA 's first intentional controlled de-orbit of a satellite ( the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ) occurred in 2000 . As of late 2010 , the preferred plan is to use a slightly modified Progress spacecraft to de-orbit the ISS . This plan was seen as the simplest , cheapest and with the highest margin . Skylab , the only space station built and launched entirely by the US , decayed from orbit slowly over 5 years , and no attempt was made to de-orbit it using a deorbital burn . Remains of Skylab hit populated areas of Esperance , Western Australia without injuries or loss of life . The Exploration Gateway Platform , a discussion by NASA and Boeing at the end of 2011 , suggested using leftover USOS hardware and ' Zvezda 2 ' ( sic ) as a refuelling depot and service station located at one of the Earth - Moon Lagrange points , L1 or L2 . The entire USOS can not be reused and will be discarded , but some Russian modules are planned to be reused . Nauka , the Uzlovoy Module , two science power platforms and Rassvet , launched between 2010 and 2015 and joined to the ROS , may be separated to form OPSEK . Nauka will be used in the station , whose main goal is supporting manned deep space exploration . OPSEK will orbit at a higher inclination of 71 degrees , allowing observation to and from all of the Russian Federation . In February 2015 , Roscosmos announced that it would remain a part of the ISS programme until 2024 . Nine months earlier -- in response to US sanctions against Russia over the conflict in the Crimea -- Russian Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Rogozin had stated that Russia would reject a US request to prolong the orbiting station 's use beyond 2020 , and would only supply rocket engines to the US for non-military satellite launches . A proposed modification that would reuse some of the ISS American and European segments is to attach a VASIMR drive module to the vacated Node with its own onboard power source . This would allow long - term reliability testing of the concept for less cost than building a dedicated space station from scratch . On 28 March 2015 , Russian sources announced that Roscosmos and NASA had agreed to collaborate on the development of a replacement for the current ISS . Igor Komarov , the head of Russia 's Roscosmos , made the announcement with NASA administrator Charles Bolden at his side . Komarov said `` Roscosmos together with NASA will work on the programme of a future orbital station '' , `` We agreed that the group of countries taking part in the ISS project will work on the future project of a new orbital station '' , `` The first step is that the ISS will operate until 2024 '' , and that Roscosmos and NASA `` do not rule out that the station 's flight could be extended '' . In a statement provided to SpaceNews on 28 March , NASA spokesman David Weaver said the agency appreciated the Russian commitment to extending the ISS , but did not confirm any plans for a future space station . On 30 September 2015 , Boeing 's contract with NASA as prime contractor for the ISS was extended to 30 September 2020 . Part of Boeing 's services under the contract will relate to extending the station 's primary structural hardware past 2020 to the end of 2028 . Regarding extending the ISS , on 15 November 2016 General Director Vladimir Solntsev of RSC Energia stated `` Maybe the ISS will receive continued resources . Today we discussed the possibility of using the station until 2028 , '' and `` Much will depend on the political moments in relations with the Americans , with the new administration . It will be discussed . '' Cost The ISS has been described as the most expensive single item ever constructed . In 2010 the cost was expected to be $150 billion . This includes NASA 's budget of $58.7 billion ( inflation - unadjusted ) for the station from 1985 to 2015 ( $72.4 billion in 2010 dollars ) , Russia 's $12 billion , Europe 's $5 billion , Japan 's $5 billion , Canada 's $2 billion , and the cost of 36 shuttle flights to build the station ; estimated at $1.4 billion each , or $50.4 billion in total . Assuming 20,000 person - days of use from 2000 to 2015 by two - to six - person crews , each person - day would cost $7.5 million , less than half the inflation - adjusted $19.6 million ( $5.5 million before inflation ) per person - day of Skylab . International co-operation Dated 29 January 1998 Main articles : Politics of the International Space Station and International Space Station program Participating countries Canada Japan Russia United States European Space Agency Austria Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Former member Brazil Sightings from Earth The ISS and HTV photographed using a telescope - mounted camera by Ralf Vandebergh A time exposure of a station pass Naked eye The ISS is visible to the naked eye as a slow - moving , bright white dot because of reflected sunlight , and can be seen in the hours after sunset and before sunrise , when the station remains sunlit but the ground and sky are dark . The ISS takes about 10 minutes to pass from one horizon to another , and will only be visible part of that time because of moving into or out of the Earth 's shadow . Because of the size of its reflective surface area , the ISS is the brightest artificial object in the sky , excluding flares , with an approximate maximum magnitude of − 4 when overhead ( similar to Venus ) . The ISS , like many satellites including the Iridium constellation , can also produce flares of up to 8 or 16 times the brightness of Venus as sunlight glints off reflective surfaces . The ISS is also visible during broad daylight conditions , albeit with a great deal more effort . Tools are provided by a number of websites such as Heavens - Above ( see Live viewing below ) as well as smartphone applications that use the known orbital data and the observer 's longitude and latitude to predict when the ISS will be visible ( weather permitting ) , where the station will appear to rise to the observer , the altitude above the horizon it will reach and the duration of the pass before the station disappears to the observer either by setting below the horizon or entering into Earth 's shadow . In November 2012 NASA launched its `` Spot the Station '' service , which sends people text and email alerts when the station is due to fly above their town . The station is visible from 95 % of the inhabited land on Earth , but is not visible from extreme northern or southern latitudes . Astrophotography Using a telescope - mounted camera to photograph the station is a popular hobby for astronomers , whilst using a mounted camera to photograph the Earth and stars is a popular hobby for crew . The use of a telescope or binoculars allows viewing of the ISS during daylight hours . Parisian engineer and astrophotographer Thierry Legault , known for his photos of spaceships crossing the Sun ( called occultation ) , travelled to Oman in 2011 , to photograph the Sun , Moon and space station all lined up . Legault , who received the Marius Jacquemetton award from the Société astronomique de France in 1999 , and other hobbyists , use websites that predict when the ISS will pass in front of the Sun or Moon and from what location those passes will be visible . See also Book : International Space Station Spaceflight portal Space portal Center for the Advancement of Science in Space -- operates the US National Laboratory on the ISS List of space stations Origins of the International Space Station Space architecture Notes Jump up ^ Privately funded travellers who have objected to the term include Dennis Tito , the first such traveller ( Associated Press , 8 May 2001 ) , Mark Shuttleworth , founder of Ubuntu ( Associated Press , The Spokesman Review , 6 January 2002 , p . A4 ) , Gregory Olsen and Richard Garriott . Canadian astronaut Bob Thirsk said the term does not seem appropriate , referring to his crewmate , Guy Laliberté , founder of Cirque du Soleil . Anousheh Ansari denied being a tourist and took offence at the term . Jump up ^ ESA director Jörg Feustel - Büechl said in 2001 that Russia had no right to send ' amateurs ' to the ISS . A ' stand - off ' occurred at the Johnson Space Centre between Commander Talgat Musabayev and NASA manager Robert Cabana . Cabana refused to train Dennis Tito , a member of Musabayev 's crew along with Yuri Baturin . The commander argued that Tito had trained 700 hours in the last year and was as qualified as any NASA astronaut , and refused to allow his crew to be trained on the American portions of the station without Tito . Cabana stated training could not begin , and the commander returned with his crew to their hotel . References ^ Jump up to : Garcia , Mark ( 1 October 2015 ) . `` About the Space Station : Facts and Figures '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Space to Ground : Friending the ISS : 06 / 03 / 2016 '' . YouTube.com . NASA . 3 June 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Peat , Chris ( 7 July 2017 ) . `` ISS -- Orbit '' . Heavens-above.com . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` The ISS to Date '' . NASA . 9 March 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Grossman , Lisa . `` Moon and Space Station Eclipse the Sun '' . Wired . External links Find more aboutInternational Space Stationat Wikipedia 's sister projects Media from Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Agency ISS websites Canadian Space Agency European Space Agency Centre national d'études spatiales ( National Centre for Space Studies ) German Aerospace Centre Italian Space Agency Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency S.P. 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People currently in low Earth orbit International Space Station ( Expedition 53 ) Soyuz MS - 05 Sergey Ryazansky Paolo Nespoli Randolph Bresnik Soyuz MS - 06 Alexander Misurkin Mark T. Vande Hei Joseph M. Acaba ISS expeditions Spaceflights to the ISS manned unmanned ISS spacewalks ISS visitors ISS year long mission Components of the International Space Station Overview Assembly US Orbital Segment Russian Orbital Segment Expeditions Spacewalks Unmanned visits Program Scientific research Major incidents Orbiting Major components Zarya ( Functional Cargo Block ) Zvezda ( Service Module ) Destiny ( laboratory ) Columbus ( laboratory ) Kibō ( PM , ELM - PS , EF ) Unity ( Node 1 ) Harmony ( Node 2 ) Tranquility ( Node 3 ) Quest Joint Airlock Pirs ( docking module , airlock ) Rassvet ( MRM 1 ) Poisk ( MRM 2 ) Leonardo ( PMM ) Cupola Integrated Truss Structure ( ITS ) Subsystems Mobile Servicing System ( MSS ) Canadarm2 Dextre ( SPDM ) Boom Assembly Strela cranes Kibō Remote Manipulator System External Stowage Platforms ( ESPs ) ExPRESS Logistics Carriers ( ELCs ) 1 - 4 Pressurized Mating Adapters ( PMAs ) International Docking Adapters ( IDAs ) Electrical System Life Support System Experimental devices AMS - 02 CALET CATS HDEV MAXI NICER PK - 3 Plus Bigelow Expandable Activity Module ( BEAM ) Future Via Proton Nauka ( Multipurpose Laboratory Module ) ( with European Robotic Arm ( ERA ) ) Science Power Module Via Soyuz Prichal ( Uzlovoy Module ) Via CRS NanoRacks Airlock Module Proposed Node 4 XBASE Axiom Spare hardware Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules ( MPLMs ) Kibō ( ELM - ES ) ExPRESS Logistics Carrier ( ELC ) 5 Interim Control Module ( ICM ) Cancelled Propulsion Module Centrifuge Accommodations Module ( CAM ) Habitation Module Crew Return Vehicle ( CRV / ACRV ) Science Power Platform ( SPP ) Universal Docking Module ( UDM ) Russian Research Module ( RM ) Support vehicles Current Cygnus Dragon H - II Transfer Vehicle ( HTV ) Progress Soyuz Future CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Dream Chaser Cargo System ( DCCS ) Federation ( PPTS ) Former Space Shuttle Automated Transfer Vehicle ( ATV ) Cancelled NASDA HOPE - X ESA Hermes Mission control MCC - H ( NASA ) TsUP ( RKA ) Col - CC ( ESA ) ATV - CC ( ESA ) JEM - CC ( JAXA ) HTV - CC ( JAXA ) MSS - CC ( CSA ) Administrative and legal Multilateral Coordination Board Book Category Portal Expeditions to the International Space Station See also : ( ( Manned ISS flights ) ) , ( ( Unmanned ISS flights ) ) 2000 -- 2004 Expedition 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 2005 -- 2009 Expedition 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2010 -- 2014 Expedition 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 2015 -- present Expedition 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Expedition 53 ( current ) Planned 54 55 Book Category List Portal Human spaceflights to the International Space Station See also : ( ( ISS expeditions ) ) , ( ( Unmanned ISS flights ) ) 1998 -- 2004 1998 STS - 88 1999 STS - 96 2000 STS - 101 106 92 Soyuz TM - 31 STS - 97 2001 STS - 98 102 100 Soyuz TM - 32 STS - 104 105 Soyuz TM - 33 STS - 108 2002 STS - 110 Soyuz TM - 34 STS - 111 112 Soyuz TMA - 1 STS - 113 2003 Soyuz TMA - 2 TMA - 3 Soyuz TMA - 4 TMA - 5 2005 -- 2009 2005 Soyuz TMA - 6 STS - 114 Soyuz TMA - 7 2006 Soyuz TMA - 8 STS - 121 115 Soyuz TMA - 9 STS - 116 2007 Soyuz TMA - 10 STS - 117 118 Soyuz TMA - 11 STS - 120 2008 STS - 122 123 Soyuz TMA - 12 STS - 124 Soyuz TMA - 13 STS - 126 2009 STS - 119 Soyuz TMA - 14 TMA - 15 STS - 127 128 Soyuz TMA - 16 STS - 129 Soyuz TMA - 17 2010 -- 2014 STS - 130 Soyuz TMA - 18 STS - 131 132 Soyuz TMA - 19 TMA - 01M TMA - 20 2011 STS - 133 Soyuz TMA - 21 STS - 134 Soyuz TMA - 02M STS - 135 Soyuz TMA - 22 TMA - 03M 2012 Soyuz TMA - 04M TMA - 05M TMA - 06M TMA - 07M 2013 Soyuz TMA - 08M TMA - 09M TMA - 10M TMA - 11M 2014 Soyuz TMA - 12M TMA - 13M TMA - 14M TMA - 15M 2015 -- present 2015 Soyuz TMA - 16M TMA - 17M TMA - 18M TMA - 19M 2016 Soyuz TMA - 20M MS - 01 MS - 02 MS - 03 MS - 04 Current 2017 Soyuz MS - 05 MS - 06 Planned 2017 Soyuz MS - 07 2018 Soyuz MS - 08 MS - 09 Dragon SpX - DM2 Soyuz MS - 10 Starliner Boe - CFT Soyuz MS - 11 2019 Soyuz MS - 12 MS - 13 Vehicles Past Space Shuttle Present Soyuz Future NASA CCDev CST - 100 Starliner Dragon 2 Federation Unmanned spaceflights to the International Space Station See also : ( ( Manned ISS flights ) ) , ( ( ISS expeditions ) ) 2000 -- 2004 2000 1P 2P 3P 2001 4P 5P 6P 2002 7P 8P 9P 2003 10P 11P 12P 13P 14P 15P 16P 2005 -- 2009 2005 17P 18P 19P 20P 2006 21P 22P 23P 2007 24P 25P 26P 27P 2008 28P ATV - 1 29P 30P 31P 2009 32P 33P 34P HTV - 1 35P 2010 -- 2014 36P 37P 38P 39P 40P 2011 HTV - 2 41P ATV - 2 42P 43P 44P † 45P 2012 46P ATV - 3 47P SpX - D HTV - 3 48P SpX - 1 49P 2013 50P SpX - 2 51P ATV - 4 52P HTV - 4 Orb - D1 53P 2014 Orb - 1 54P 55P SpX - 3 Orb - 2 56P ATV - 5 SpX - 4 Orb - 3 † 57P 2015 -- present 2015 SpX - 5 58P SpX - 6 59P † SpX - 7 † 60P HTV - 5 61P OA - 4 62P 2016 OA - 6 63P SpX - 8 64P SpX - 9 OA - 5 65P † HTV - 6 2017 SpX - 10 66P OA - 7 SpX - 11 67P SpX - 12 68P OA - 8E Future 2017 SpX - 13 2018 SpX - 14 69P HTV - 7 SpX - DM1 OA - 9E 70P SpX - 15 Boe - OFT 71P OA - 10E Nauka Uzlovoy 2019 HTV - 8 OA - 11 72P SpX - 16 73P SpX - 17 SpX - 18 74P Dream Chaser demo mission 2020 SpX - 19 HTV - 9 75P SpX - 20 76P 77P 2021 HTV - X1 Spacecraft Roscosmos Progress ESA ATV JAXA HTV NASA CRS SpaceX Dragon Orbital ATK Cygnus Sierra Nevada Dream Chaser Signs † indicate missions which failed to reach ISS United States human spaceflight programs Active International Space Station ( joint ) Orion ( in development ) Previous X-15 ( suborbital ) Mercury Gemini Apollo Skylab Apollo -- Soyuz ( with USSR ) Space Shuttle Shuttle - Mir ( with Russia ) Canceled MISS Orion ( nuclear ) Dyna - Soar Manned Orbiting Laboratory National Aero - Space Plane Space Station Freedom ( now ISS ) Orbital Space Plane Project Constellation Soviet and Russian government manned space programs Active Soyuz ISS ( joint ) Russian Orbital Segment In development Federation OPSEK Past Vostok Voskhod Salyut Almaz ( incorporated into Salyut program ) / TKS Apollo -- Soyuz ( joint ) Mir Shuttle - Mir ( joint ) Cancelled Zond ( 7K - L1 ) ( Moon flyby ) N1 - L3 ( Moon landing ) LK - 700 ( alternate Moon landing ) Zvezda ( moonbase ) TMK ( Mars / Venus flyby ) Spiral Zvezda Energia / Buran Zarya MAKS Kliper List of Soyuz missions List of Soviet manned space missions List of Russian manned space missions European human spaceflight General European Astronaut Corps ISS contribution ISS research Facilities European Astronaut Centre Columbus Control Centre Oberpfaffenhofen Concordia Station Earth - based research AMASE Concordia winterovers Euro - MARS European Space Camp MARS - 500 MELiSSA Zero - G Airbus A310 Spacecraft used Active Soyuz - MS Planned and proposed DC4EU Orion ( Orion Service Module ) Retired and cancelled CSTS Hermes Soyuz - TM Soyuz - TMA Soyuz TMA - M Space Shuttle Mission highlights Space Station Mir ( Euromir , Interkosmos ) International Space Station ( ELIPS programme ; Modules : Columbus , Cupola , Harmony , Tranquility ) Other European Retrievable Carrier Hubble Space Telescope ( Faint Object Camera ) Multi-Purpose Logistics Module Spacelab ( Deutschland - 1 , Deutschland - 2 ) Tethered Satellite System ( STS - 46 ) ← 1997 Orbital launches in 1998 1999 → Lunar Prospector Skynet 4D Ofek - 4 STS - 89 Soyuz TM - 27 USA - 137 Brasilsat B3 Inmarsat - 3 F5 Orbcomm FM3 Orbcomm FM4 GFO Ad Astra Globalstar 1 Globalstar 2 Globalstar 3 Globalstar 4 Kosmos 2349 Iridium 50 Iridium 52 Iridium 53 Iridium 54 Iridium 56 Kakehashi SNOE Teledesic 1 Hot Bird 4 Intelsat 806 Progress M - 38 ( VDU - 2 ) USA - 138 SPOT 4 Iridium 51 Iridium 61 Iridium 55 Iridium 57 Iridium 58 Iridium 59 Iridium 60 TRACE Iridium 62 Iridium 63 Iridium 64 Iridium 65 Iridium 66 Iridium 67 Iridium 68 STS - 90 Globalstar 6 Globalstar 8 Globalstar 14 Globalstar 15 Nilesat 101 BSat - 1B Kosmos 2350 Iridium 69 Iridium 71 Kosmos 2351 EchoStar IV USA - 139 NOAA - 15 Progress M - 39 Iridium 70 Iridium 72 Iridium 73 Iridium 74 Iridium 75 Zhongwei 1 STS - 91 Thor 3 Kosmos 2352 Kosmos 2353 Kosmos 2354 Kosmos 2355 Kosmos 2356 Kosmos 2357 Intelsat 805 Kosmos 2358 Kosmos 2359 Molniya 3 - 49 Nozomi Shtil - 1 Tubsat - N Tubsat - N1 Resurs - O1 # 4 Fasat - Bravo TMSAT Gurwin Techsat 1B WESTPAC SAFIR - 2 Sinosat - 1 Kosmos 2360 Orbcomm FM13 Orbcomm FM14 Orbcomm FM15 Orbcomm FM16 Orbcomm FM17 Orbcomm FM18 Orbcomm FM19 Orbcomm FM20 Mercury 3 Soyuz TM - 28 Iridium 3 Iridium 76 ST - 1 Galaxy 10 Astra 2A Kwangmyŏngsŏng - 1 Iridium 77 Iridium 79 Iridium 80 Iridium 81 Iridium 82 Globalstar 5 Globalstar 7 Globalstar 9 Globalstar 10 Globalstar 11 Globalstar 12 Globalstar 13 Globalstar 16 Globalstar 17 Globalstar 18 Globalstar 20 Globalstar 21 PAS - 7 Orbcomm FM21 Orbcomm FM22 Orbcomm FM23 Orbcomm FM24 Orbcomm FM25 Orbcomm FM26 Orbcomm FM27 Orbcomm FM28 Molniya - 1T # 99 STEX ( USA - 141 ) Eutelsat W2 Sirius 3 Hot Bird 5 USA - 140 Maqsat 3 Deep Space 1 SEDSAT - 1 Progress M - 40 ( Sputnik 41 ) AfriStar GE - 5 STS - 95 ( SPARTAN - 201 PANSAT ) PAS - 8 Iridium 2 Iridium 83 Iridium 84 Iridium 85 Iridium 86 Zarya / ISS Bonum 1 STS - 88 ( Unity PMA - 1 PMA - 2 SAC - A MightySat - 1 Satmex 5 SWAS Nadezhda 5 Astrid 2 Mars Climate Orbiter Iridium 11 Iridium 20 PAS - 6B Kosmos 2361 Kosmos 2362 Kosmos 2363 Kosmos 2364 Payloads are separated by bullets ( ) , launches by pipes ( ) . Manned flights are indicated in bold text . Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics . Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in brackets . GND : 4486542 - 9 BNF : cb135092841 ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Station&oldid=809940228 '' Categories : International Space Station Artificial satellites orbiting Earth Populated places established in 1998 United States Department of Energy national laboratories Spacecraft launched in 1998 Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter Webarchive template wayback links Articles with dead external links from November 2017 Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use British English from December 2013 Use dmy dates from May 2017 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from May 2010 Articles containing potentially dated statements from July 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2017 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2006 Articles containing potentially dated statements from June 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2017 Articles needing additional references from November 2015 All articles needing additional references Articles containing Russian - language text Articles containing Japanese - language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2011 Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 Articles containing potentially dated statements from March 2011 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk View source Search Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 贛 語 客家 語 / Hak - kâ - ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Polski Português Română Русский Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Vepsän kel ' Tiếng Việt Võro 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 November 2017 , at 13 : 14 . 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what is the purpose of the international space station (iss)

The ISS serves as a microgravity and space environment research laboratory in which crew members conduct experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology , and other fields . The station is suited for the testing of spacecraft systems and equipment required for missions to the Moon and Mars . The ISS maintains an orbit with an altitude of between 330 and 435 km ( 205 and 270 mi ) by means of reboost manoeuvres using the engines of the Zvezda module or visiting spacecraft . It completes 15.54 orbits per day .