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Case 16. — Mrs. G. B. A Jewish woman, thirty-eight years of age, exhibited a generalized eruption consisting of pruritic, infiltrated plaques and numerous painful tumors ranging in size from a pea to a hickory nut. The duration of the disease was three years, during which time the patient had suffered severely, especially with the itehing. X-rays had not been administered. Under the influence of irradiation itching was temporarily relieved and some of the lesions disappeared. In less than a year, however, x-rays ceased to be of benefit and the patient died. Case 17. — Mr. A. C. D. This patient had had mild prefungoid sjrmptoms for an indefinite period. He had never received x-ray treatment. Suddenly there developed numerous, very itehy plaques which were scattered generally over the body. The eruption disappeared under x-ray treatment. Three months later the patient exhibited markedly enlarged axillary, inguinal and cervical glands, and a few infiltrated plaques. Both the adenitis and plaques involuted slowly under x-ray treatment. The patient was asymptomatic for four months. There was then a return of the adenitis and skin manifestations, the eruption consisting of infiltrated plaques and tumors and nodules. X-rays were no longer efficacious and the patient succumbed. Possible Injurious Results of Irradiation. — On several occasions it has been alleged that, as a result of roentgen therapy, the disease, which had been previously relatively benign, assumed a malignant ty^ and death resulted in a few months. White and Burns report a case which began with red, scaly patches in 1902; tumors and ulcers began to appear in 1904. WTiile the eruption was widespread, nevertheless the patient was in good general health up to June 29, 1905, w'hen the ^-rays were first applied. The radiation was first administered tri- weekly in very moderate doses to a group of ulcerated lesions in the pubic region. The temperature w-hich had been practically normaK began to rise on July 3 and reached 103° on the 8th. It then fell rapidly and reached normal on the 11th, only to rise again to 104° on the 13th. The temperature was again normal on the 15th. Dur- ing this period the treatment had been confined to the only ulcerated lesions, which were in the pubic region. From July 15 to August 22 the treatment was applied to all parts of the body. The temperature (luring this ])eriod was as follows: It was practically normal until August 4 when there was a sudden rise to 102° for one day. It was again normal until the 22d when there was a sudden rise to 105°. GRANULOMA FUNGOIDES 433 The evening temperature then ranged from 103° to 105° until Sep- tember 7 when the patient died. There was a gradual improvement in the eruption which entirely disappeared before death. Two blood counts were made: August 18: white cells, 10,000; neutro- philes, 60 per cent.; small lymphocytes, 29 per cent.; large lympho- cytes, 8 per cent.; eosinophils, 2.5 per cent.; basophiles, 0.5 per cent. September 6: white cells, 36,000; neutrophiles, 70 per cent.; small lymphocytes, 23 per cent.; large lymphocytes, 6.5 per cent.; eosinophiles, 0.5 per cent. The autopsy and postmortem bacterio- logical findings revealed a streptococcus septicemia. White considered that death was due to toxemia resulting from the too rapid involution of the lesions under the influence of the J'-rays. In analyzing this case there are several points to be considered. In the first place the tumor stage of the disease was manifested within two years so that it was not a particularly benign type. It required two months of steady treatment to overcome the lesions, which were scattered over the entire body. The J*-ray treatment was given by Dodd who stated that the individual exposures were very moderate in strength, that they were given about every second day and that only small portions of the body surface were treated at a time. In the light of modern experience the length of time allowed for the disappearance of all the lesions was a little short and the treatment, perhaps, was too energetic although, as will be seen later, there are no substantial grounds for criticizing this feature of this particular case. The blood counts are interesting because it might be claimed that the j'-rays lowered the lymphocytic elements and therefore reduced resistance. In this case the total lymphocytic count after two months of treatment was 37 per cent.— perhaps a little above normal. Just before death the lymphocytes fell to 29 per cent.— perhaps a little below normal. At the same time the total count had increased from 16,0(K) to 36,0(X) with a gain of 10 per cent, in the neutrophiles. The blood picture is rather more suggestive of septicemia than of toxemia. As a comparison the author had a case of advanced granu- loma fungoides, the lesions of which consisted of erj^thematous, slightly infiltrated plaques, nodules and fungating and ulcerating tumors. The individual lesions were somewhat recalcitrant and for a few months new lesions appeared almost as fast as the old ones disappeared. It was necesvsary to treat the entire body and daily exposures, gradu- ally increased in amount, were given over a period of seven months before the patient was symptomatically cured. At one time he was receiving as much as H2 S. D. unfiltered in divided doses, in one month, over the entire body surface. In spite of this intensive treat- ment and the enormous number of lesions that under\\'ent involution, the patient never presented the alarming symptoms as seen in White's case and the blood count at the end of the .r-ray treatment w^as as follows: Total white cells, 7200; polymorphonuclears, 78 per cent.; lymphocytes, 22 per cent. 28 434 DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM Now to return to \Miite's case. The febrile reaction, also, wi»- s as suggestive of septicemia as of toxemia. Shortly after the institis. ^ion of ar-ray treatment and while the x-rays were being applied to one ulcerative lesion, the temperature reached 102°. Then it retu^^ned to normal in spite of the fact that the treatment was continued ^w that the ulcer was still unhealed. Then, during the next two morB.'tyis, with the exception of two upward excursions of short duration, ^^" while the j--rays were being applied to the entire body, the temi>^^^' ture remained practically normal. It then suddenly assumes: septic curve and a few days later the patient died. Finally autopsy revealed that there was no internal dissemination of disease and the macroscopic and microscopic evidence was tha't: streptococcus septicemia. WTiile it is possible that the deathi^ White's patient was due to toxemia the evidence warranted pertinent remarks of Pollitzer during the discussion of White's pa "Dr. Pollitzer inquired why the death of Dr. WTiite's patient been ascribed to toxemia? The autopsy findings showed stre cocci in the blood, and in view of the quite frequent occurren death in the course of mycosis fungoides from septic infection f without, derived through the skin lesions, the speaker said tha wished to ask why Dr. \Miite presented his case as one of tox^ rather than one of simple streptococcus septicemia?*' Roman reports two interesting examples of granuloma fungo in which .r-rays were employed. The first patient had had ecze=^ like lesions off and on for ten years. These would either disap spontaneously or yield to ointments. Finally nodular masses ulcerating lesions developed which, after resisting ordinary t ment for a year, disappeared as a result of five x-ray exposures, months later a polymorphous eruption, including ulcerating tu suddenly appeared. X-ray treatment was given daily, only small section of the body being exposed on any one day. It necessary to discontinue the use of the x-rays over long intei on account of febrile reactions which Roman states w^ere due to x-rays and the ulcerating tumors. While a few lesions disappe under the influence of the a?-rays, most of them continued to ulc^ and the patient soon died. The blood count before the institi^^ of .r-ray treatment showed a total white cell count of 9500. differential count gave: Polymorphonuclears, 68.5 per cent.; s lymi)h()cytes, 12 per cent.; large lymphocytes, 17 per cent.; tr tionals, 2 j)er cent.; eosinophils, 0.5 per cent. Just before d there was a marked anemia and the total white count inc 27,000. The differential count was not given but the increase sisted mainly of polvmorphonuclears. The autopsy revealed m; scoi>ical and gross changes in the viscera suggestive of granul fungoides. In analyzing this case one seems hardly warranted in placing ^^_ J^ hlanic upon the x-rays. The doses were mild or moderate, there r'-as GRANULOMA FUNGOIDES 435 very little involution of the lesions and there was a great deal of ulceration and sloughing. The febrile reactions were very probably the result of septic absorption and death was most likely due to the disease itself. The author feels that the disease in this particular instance was malignant and its course was practically uninfluenced bv the .r-rays. ft %> The second case was of nine years' duration. The eruption con- sisted mostly of erythematous, slightly infiltrated plaques, a few eroded lesions and non-ulcerating tumors. Soon after the institu- tion of j'-ray treatment there was a febrile reaction and an erythema- tous eruption which began as pinhead to silver-dollar sized, discrete macules which soon became confluent. The eruption was generalized. It disappeared in about two weeks, leaving a pigmented, slightly scaly skin. The j*-ray treatment, which had been discontinued at the onset of the febrile reaction, was again resumed; the patient made an uneventful recovery, the lesions of mycosis fungoides dis- api)earing and there were no more febrile or skin reactions. Blood counts were made at intervals and were found to be practically normal. In commenting upon this case Roman states: "The striking features . . . are the febrile turn and the erythema-like erup- tion, which could not be accounted for by repeated examinations of the internal organs and certainly do not belong to the picture of granuloma fungoides. It seems that an explanation of these must be sought in some form of roentgen toxemia. -Y-ray intoxications are not at all rare ... it is pretty well known that every living cell which absorbs roentgen rays undergoes a pathological change as a result of a chemical dissoci^,tion occurring in its substance analogous to the process in the photographic plate. When the process becomes sufficiently intense the pathological changes manifest themselves microscopically in a degeneration of the cell as evidenced by a granu- lar breaking down of the protoplasm, vacuolization of the nucleus and loss of staining quality of the same. Gradually this leads to a total disappearance of the cell, the products naturally being absorbed. It is, therefore, not unreasonable to suppose that when the absorbed material is in great excess as, for instance, in cases with large sensitive growths and very frequent exposures, especially in a susceptible indi- vidual, these absorbed products acting like toxins should produce a reaction of considerable severity. '* In analyzing this case there is one feature that must not be over- looked. **Six years ago there occurred a violent rash which, among other things, was treated with a--rays and which soon subsided only to return in a very short time." Just what was meant by "violent rash" is not plain. It may have been an acute, generalized, erythe- matous eruption similar to the later attack or it may have been the rather sudden outbreak of prefungoid lesions of granuloma fungoides. As Roman says, the peculiar eruption following the use of the a:-rays in his second case is not a part of the picture of granuloma 4'M} DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM fuiifcoides, hut can it l>c said with certainty that the eruption was due, in<lircctly, to the jvrays? The patient received only a few mild appli- cations, and the lesions di<l not disappear quickly, circumstances that wouM militate against the theory of the too sudden absorption <rf hir^e anioinits of toxic material from the involuting lesions. In this connection, it is profitable to c*onsider the effect of the jT'Tnys on other geiieralizwi affections which are often treated with .r-rays ])soriasis, eczema, dermatitis exfoliativa, leukemia, etc. The author has treattnl a large number of cases of generalized ])soriasis, when* it was necessary to apply the rays to the entire body and in which the lesions underwent fairly rapid involution, yet a sudden cutaneous (»ruption associated with febrile disturbance has seldom o<*curred. The siime can be said regarding splenic and spleno- m\'elog<'nous leukemia, when .r-rays have been extensively and rather int(Misively api)li(Ml over long jKTicMls and when the reduction in lymphocytic elements has lurn fairly rapid. However, then* is hardly any doubt but that the too intensive irni< Nation of pathological and even of nomlal tissue may effect sym]>toms of ttixcmia. In some instancies it is possible that even smjill closes might cause more or less toxemia. In the literature, es])e(ijilly that prior to IIMO, there are immerous references to toxic manifestations caused by .r-rays. The fact that we now seldom enctiunter such sym])toms, because of improved technic and cautious and <M)ns<Tvative administration, would set»m to indicate that many of the toxic reactions of formcT years were really causetl by the treat- nuMit. Hricfl\ tlie carlv references are as follows: Ilol/knecht observed febrile reactions and a scarlatiniform derma- titis in s<'vcral ])aticiits alllictcd with ditVerent diseases. The eruption lasted oiilv a week or two and was followed by exfoliation of the eimlerniis. He alsi) noted instances of a pruritic, maculo-papular erni)tion, which was thought to be the result of roentgenization. Kienlxick mentions thn*e similar cases o1)s<tv(mI by him. Kngle writes of a case of leukemia which, after receiving two hundred and eighty minutes of total irradiation suddenly (lev<'lojKMl a severe febrile n»action with syni])t<)ms of toxemia. Death occurred in a few days. Fricke notetl, in a case of leukemia, a febrile reaction, toxic symptoms, an<l an i'xtcnsivc cutaneous eruption of a seborrheic dennatitis or ])snriatic ty])c. S(*haumann observed a generaliziMl, itchy, papular eruption following intensive roentgenization t)f the spliHMi in a case of s])lenic leukemia. K<lwards, while not giving s])ecific details, is convinc(»d that death often results from toxemia as a result of the .r-ray treatment of internal cancer. Sterne reports a case of splenic leukemia in which there develo]HHl a toxemia with s\W])toms simu- lating an acute sei)sis. Kven the micr()sco])ic blood findings indi- cated a se])ticemia. Pusi\v mentions a rash and symptoms of toxemia occurring in a case of lymphadenoma after fiftivn exiK)sures. Allen has observed cutaneous eruptions, febrile reactions -and toxic symj)- GRANULOMA FUNGOIDES 437 toms following the disintegration of large tumor masses under the influence of the or-rays. Gibson calls attention to the fact that in all deep-seated, extensive tumors the x-rays may cause rapid disin- tegration and the dissolved material being thrown into the circulation in large amounts, produces a condition of sepsis. Nielsen, Dock, Haret, Linser, Franklin and Lyle are all quoted by White and Bums as having observed toxic symptoms following the use of the ar-rays in deep-seated cancer, leukemia, etc. Most of these authors ascribed the toxemia to the x-rays, but Dock states that toxic symptoms occur so fre<}uently in leukemia that it is impossible to tell how much influ- ence the radiation has in producing such manifestations. Linser found that x-rays destroyed the leukocytes, especially the circulating lymphocytes. Also, a leukotoxin was produced and when a serum containing this substance was injected into an animal a destruction of leukocytes followed. For further details relative to the action of .r-rays and radium on the lymphocytes see Chapter XIV. Pancoast in his many articles on the x-ray treatment of leukemia has repeatedly called attention to the advisability of employing small oft-repeated doses. The author has seen two cases of granuloma fungoides in which there were phenomena suggesting toxemia during a course of x-ray treatment. One case was very similar to Roman's second patient. The patient had received daily irradiation for a period of four months. The treatments were so arranged that the entire body surface received HJ S. I)., unfiltered, the first month, Hi the second and third months, and H2 the fourth month. The lesions, which consisted of erythema- tous plaques, nodules and ulcerating tumors, undem'ent rather slow involution and new lesions developed as fast as the older ones dis- appeared. Toward the end of the fourth month there gradually appeared an eruption of erj^thematous, non-infiltrated macules and plaques. The individual lesions ranged in size from a pinhead to an adult palm. They developed first on the chest and abdomen and spread rapidly all over the trunk and extremities. The lesions then coalesced to form a fairly generalized eruption. The lesions of gran- uloma fungoides became more pronouncedly red and two of the plaques showed the presence of bullse, but there was no visible change in the tumors. There was edema of both legs, a slight elevation in the temperature and a trace of albumin in the urine. There was no prostration. Irradiation was discontinued and in three weeks the eruption had disappeared leaving a temporary yellowish-brown stain and an exfoliation. Only a few new mvcosis lesions were now devel- oping and the old lesions were disappearing. The x-ray treatment was rec^ommenced and at the end of the sixth month the patient was free of lesions, in good general health, and left for his home in Cuba. A few months later plaques and tumors again developed. At first they were improved by x-ray treatment, but very soon the x-rays ceased to have any effect and the patient died. ■w •• I t f If.-'. .« It-' .« r- .r'« • *"» I ( . I ' i ' I ; I.I r • ji ( .1 I It ' t •• . • • • •. •%• ». • I • , *■ •- ■;- *- - * i ^ . *■ »» t-.^ . - * ' ■ • - ..■• :•• • •:•: ••: ::.»'^f Tuxt-n.:.- . •; : -:■=: ■-'. •:: .= :•::..:••!•!»•'* wi [ ], i^AVi^ n..: • :.••:. *!«;;Tf.: ;:. -j.i^ mai.:.' r witlinut ti:r '••'.: :|,i :i:rrf -\il''- t-n ti-'Tuatini^. intii- :;•.' !»•• .1 -:miIiT;!Ii»'iiii< iiim! r.-itlitT raf)i«| :?;'..'. '.' :!.' I» M.i! ■ i»;itl»i/ •'. iii, liltrrati'.r It'^iuii-* «»fti-n «U'\-fK,|> * !»' I' * jiij.i .ii;i\ ' .!« i.M •.i.i: FjM?,i.i;iM« iiiTn tlif iiittTiial Mnraii^ n<.-i.-a- i"ri.i!i . i.il.i |ii;ui . Tlnif I'nn-. mn- i- hht w jirraiitcil in Marninix Tlu'>t* plMinnnrij.i i,n ilu- .»-r;i; .-. r--|)r»-ijilly uIm-m tIh- f\ iMriur i> ^n liu*a^iT. If i TMii jMi ihli- ili:it tln" |MM-iili;ir nitaiiinU'* maiiitV^tatioii< in KoriMii' |»aii<iit arnl in nm- of tla- antlmr- |)ati<'iit>. iin\ulit liavf in(\ivni\ W till- .r-v:\\ lia<l not iM'i-ri rrii|>lMW<i. It i^ well to hear ill mind. Iii»\\r\«r. that tla-n- i^ n-a^on f<» lu-licxr that thr .r-rav<. nnth-r ccrfain ^•i^•urn-tan^('•^. can jiroihirc niurr up K'>^ t;ra\'r tuxif ih fnrhancf> an<l that thr too intrnsivr I'orntm'in'/ation of thi* l(*^i(»fi> of <!raniilonia fiin;ioi(|f> may hriii;: alnnit nndcsiral)!** r('siilt>. Technic X-rays'. Skin that i^ the >itc of a legion of granuloma fnn;,'oi(l('s is likclv to ln' imu-c *' radio>rn>iti\i'" than i^ thr siirn»un<l- iii^' normal skin. Thcrrfofc, hii'^'c dosc^ aic not indicated. When there are only a fe\N scattered le.-^ion-^. fraetional. semi-inten^^ixc or >ul)intensi\(' treatments irixc excellent results. As a riih*, three or four fractional or one or two semi-intensive or a single siiherytheina doM» will suffice to make any one lesion disappear. ORANVLOMA PVNGOlbMS 43d Fractional treatment is advised especially at the beginning of treatment, in order to avoid the possibility of toxemia. Later, if the eruption is stubborn, and localized, larger doses may be tried. As a rule, however, if small or moderate doses do not prove efficacious larger doses will be equally ineffectual. To insist on the continuation of .r-ray treatment in cases that do not respond is poor policy. Often it is necessary to irradiate all or a greater part of the body surface. For reasons given throughout this chapter it is advisable to begin with very small doses. It is customary to divide the body into from three to six areas, depending upon the distribution of the eruption, and expose each area once weekly. The dose at first is HJ S. D., unfiltered. After two or three weeks the dose may be increased, if necessary, to HJ. It is a good idea to make a differential white cell count about every two weeks. If there is a marked decrease of lymphocytes or if there are any signs of toxemia, irradiation should be discontinued tempo- rarily. If the eruption becomes recalcitrant, ar-ray treatment should be stopped and other methods tried. After a few months' rest it is possible that irradiation will again prove efficacious. Lesions situated in the eyebrows or on the scalp may be treated in the same way as lesions on the glabrous skin, the only exception being that the dose is limited to a total of HJ S. D., unfiltered, in one month. When necessary it is permissible to administer larger doses to hairy regions regardless of the effect on the gro>\i;h of hair. Fiftratiori.— Filtered radiation is indicated when the lesions are more than 3 or 4 cm. in thickness. As a rule filtered radiation is not necessary, excepting in very large tumors, because the lesions of granuloma fungoides yield readily to j*-rays of any quality. The author has never been able to cause the involution of lesions with filtered radiation that failed to yield to unfiltered .r-rays— with the exception of very large tumors. For further technical details the reader is referred to the follow- ing chapters: General Therapeutic Considerations, Filtered -Y-ray Technic, Practical X-ray Technic, Psoriasis. Radium.— Radium may be used advantageously for the treatment of lesions that are more or less inaccessible to ir-rays— mouth, external auditory canal, etc. Also, radium is suitable for circumscribed lesions on any part of the body. Obviously, x-rays are more suitable for extensive surfaces. The usual controversy has arisen relative to the comparative efficacy of radium and x-rays in the treatment of this disease. Bayet, for instance, claims superiority for radium in the treatment of indi- vidual lesions. The author has found no difference in efficacy. He prefers x-ray treatment on account of the latitude and flexibility. Radium, in the author's experience, has not succeeded in causing the involution of a lesion that failed to disappear as a result of x-ray 440 DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM treatment. In this connection, Ordway has succeeded in obtaining remissions with radium in cases of leukemia that were resistant to j'-rays. If a lesion is not more than 1 to 2 cm. thick penetrating beta rays may Ih» use<l, the very **soft'* beta rays being eliminated by a thin scn»i»n of aluminium. In the case of a tumor or a very thick patch, only the ganuna rays should Ire employed. For further technical details tlu» HMulcr is rt»fcrriMl to the chapter on radium technic. LEUKEMIA cnns. ^riu» author trt»atcd one case of generalized leukemia cutis with .r-rays. TIktc was some involution of lesions and some relief of the itching. Practically, the treatment was of very little value in this ])articular case*. In several patients with circumscribed eruptions thought to l)c due to leukemia, the itching was arrested and the cruj)tioii disappeared. The author has not found any literature dealing with this subject. However, the good tenijxjrary results obtained in splenic and spleno- niyclogcnous leukemia, lUxlgkin's disease and granuloma fungoides, warrants the Ix^licf that .r-rays should be of value in the treatment of hMikcniia cutis. LYMPHOGRANULOMATOSIS CUTIS. Wise's well-known case of lynii)hogranul()matosis cutis {Lymph- (uhmnsh cuih uuiirrsalis, associated with generalize<l erythrodermia and atroj)hy of the skin) was l)cnefitcd by .r-ray treatment, the j'-rays having Ixmmi administered by Ucmer in Dr. Fordyce's clinic. Itching was relieved and infiltrated j)laqucs and boggy tumors disappeared. HODGKIN'S DISEASE. llodgkin's disease is of interest to the dermatologist and he is often called in consultation to advise relative to diagnosis and treatment. Furthennorc, in rare instances, there are skin nianifestaticms in addi- tion to the cnlarg(Ml lymphatic glands. The literature dealing with .r-ray an<l ra<liuni treatment of Ibnlgkin's disease is quite voluminous and all authors agree that in the majority of cases it is possible to effect a temi)orary clinical cure. Hecurrence is the rule, but patients can \w k(»pt alive and in comfort for many years by the intelligent use of .r-rays or radium combined with proper general medical treat- ment. Ahlerson re])orts a case of Iltnlgkin's disease in which there were two large ulcers dbxlgkin's disease* of the skin) which healed quickly when irradiated. Irradiation of the lymphatic glands demands filtered j"-rays or heavily screened radium. Technical details will l)e found in the following noDOKlX'S DISEASE chapters: Tubercultms Adenitis, General Therapeutic Considerations, Itadiuiii Teflinic, (■'ihered A'-rav Teclinic', i'ractical A'-ray Technic. 442 DISEASES OF THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM BIBLIOGRAPHY. Alderson, H. E.: Jour. Cutan. Dis., 1917, xzxv, p. 481. Allen, C. W.: Jour. Cutan. Dis., 1904, xxii, p. 281; Radiotherapy and Phototherapy, Philadelphia, 1904, Lea Brothers & Co., p. 258; p. 341. Bayet: Das Radium, Wien. Quoted by Newcomet, W. S., Radium and Radiotherapy, Philadelphia, 1914, Lea & Febigcr, p. 255. Bisseri6. F.: Arch. Roentg. Ray, 1906, xi, p. 142. Carrier, A. E.: Jour. Cutan. Dis., 1904, xxii, p. 73. Dore, S. E.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. Sect. Dermat. 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 226. Engel, K.: Deutsch. med. Wchnschr., 1907, xxxiii, pt. 1, p. 22. Fricke: Dermat. Zt^chr.. 1907, xiv, p. 417. Galloway, J.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 213. Geher: Quoted by Stel wagon, H. W., Diseases of the Skin, 9th editioo, Philadelphia, 1919, W. B. Saunders Co., p. 954. Gibson, J. D.: Arch. Roentg. Ray, 1904, ix, p. 124. Hall-Edwards, J.: Arch. Roentg. Ray, 1903, viii, p. 46. Holzknecht, G.: Arch. f. Dermat. u. Syph., 1903, Ixvi, p. 71. Hyde, J. N., Montgomery, F. H. and Ormsby, O. S.: Jour. Am. M«d. Assn., 1903, xl, p. 1. Jamieson, W. A.: Brit. Jour. Dermat., 1903, xv, p. 1. KienlxJck, R.: Quoted by Holzknecht, G., Arch. f. Dermat. u. Sj'ph., 1903, Ixvi, p. 74. Kobnor: Quoted by Stelwagon, H. W., Diseases of the Skin, 9th edition. Philadelphia, 1919. \V. B. Saunders Co., p. 954. Little, E. G.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect., Dermat., 1914, \'ii, pt. 1, p. 223. McDonagh, J. E. R.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 207. MarI^M>d, J. M. H.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, \di, pt. 1, p. 226. Marsh, J. P.: Am. Jour. Med. Sc, 1903, cxxvi, p. 314. Morris, M.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 205. Ordway, T.: Boston Med. and Surg. Jour., clxx\n, p. 490. Pcrnet, G.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 221. Pringlo, J. J.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 205. Pusey, W. A.: Jour. Cutan. Dis., 1904, xxii, p. 436; Jour. Advanc. Therap., 1903, xxi, p. 642. Pusey, W. A. and Caldwell, E. W.: Roentgen Rays in Diagnosis and Therapeutics, Philadelphia, 1904, W. B. Saunders Co., p. 610. Riehl: Fortschr. a. d. Geb. d. Rontgenstrahlen, 1903, vii, p. 41. Roman, B.: Jour. Cutan. Di;|., 1910, xx\dii, p. 506. Schaumann, J.: Ann. do dermat. et de syph., 1916, ser. 5, \'i, p. 120. Scholtz, W.: Arch. f. Dermat. u. Syph., 1902. lix. p. 421. Sequeira, J. H.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 190. Stainer: Brit. Jour. Dermat., 1903, xv, p. 137. Sterne, A. E. : Indiana Med. Jour., 1902, xxi, p. 56. Stowers, J. H.: Proc. Koy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, \'ii, pt. 1, p. 216. Walker, N.: Brit. Med. Jour., 1902, ii, p. 1319. Whitfield, A.: Proc. Roy. Soc. Med., Sect. Dermat., 1914, vii, pt. 1, p. 219. White, C. J. and Burn.s, F. S.: Tr. Am. Dermat. Assn., 1905, p. 76; Jour. Cutan. Dis., 1906, xxiv, p. 195. Wise, F. : Jour. C^utan. Di.s., 1917, xxxv, p. 669. 9. Tuberculides CHAPTER XXIX. DISEASES SlTPaSEDLY DUE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY TO THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS.^ The entities that will be discussed in this chapter are: 1 . Lupus Vulgaris. 2. Lupus Erythematosus. 3. Tuberculosis Orificialis. 4. Tuberculosis Verrucosa Cutis. 5. Scrofuloderma. 6. Tuberculous Adenitis. 7. Erythema Induratum. 8. Sarcoid. Papulonecrotic Tuberculide. Acnitis. Folliclis. Lichen Scrofulosorum. Pernio. 10. Granuloma Annulare. LUPUS VULGARIS. With the exception of hypertrichosis and cancer, lupus vulgaris was the first cutaneous disease to be treated with o'-ravs. SchifT is reported to have cured a case of this affection as early as 1896. The first men to treat this disease were: In Germany and Austria, Schiff and Freund, Kiimmel, Gocht, Gassmann and Schenkel, Hahn and Albers-Schonberg; in England, Scholefield, Holland, Hall-Edwards and Startin; in France, Belot, Gaston, Vieira and Nicolau, Beclere and Aug6; in the United States, Jones, Knox, Greenleaf, Pusey, Allen and Pfahler. Since these early reports the literature on the subject has become voluminous. At first it was thought that a specific had been found for the disease. A larger percentage of cases were cured then than now, because the early workers did not hesitate to effect a severe radiodermatitis in order to eradicate the disease. Later, when it was found that the sequelae of radiodermatitis were so serious, x-ray treatment was administered in a more conservative manner and the effect on the disease was less spectacular. > For explanation of terms used in this chapter to express dosage see Chapters X and XIX. DISEASES DUE TO TUBERCLE BACILLUS Today there is a difference of opinion relative tn tbe effifacj roentgen therapy in lupuH vulgaris. This differenee of opinion Fin. ISS.—Hj'jicTl mill lie lupus w\\i oCcasionet] partly by a lack of appreciation of the effect of .i-rays different clinical types of the affection. There are ii jrreat many adjectives used to describe the many v«i LUPUS VULGARIS 445 tions in the clinical appearance of lupus vulgaris. For convenience we may combine these many clinical varieties into the following types: 1. Atrophic type. 2. Hypertrophic type. 3. I'lcerative type. 4. Multiple disseminated type. 5. Miscellaneous t>Tpes. Atrophic Lupus Vulgaris.— In this type the skin becomes atrophic and the aflFected area is studded with deep-seated, pinhead to lentil- sized nodules of a yellowish-brown color (apple-jelly nodules). The nodules may project above the niveau of the skin but, as a rule, the surface of the affected area is even although it may be scaly. The author has found the atrophic type of lupus \'ulgaris exceedingly recalcitrant to both x-rays and radium and, as a rule, it is necessary, in order to effect a cure, to support such treatment with tuberculin therap\' or to remove the individual nodules by the method advocated by (t. II. Fox. This consists of digging out the nodule with a dental burr and cauterizing the wound with carbolic acid or trichloracetic acid. The galvanocautery may also be used for this purpose. In early cases, when the lesions are small, and before sclerosis and fibrosis have occurred, or in instances where the nodules are larger and nearer the surface, the results of roentgen therapy are better. The younger the lesion, the smaller the lesion, and the greater the rapidity of evolution, the greater will be the effect of the x-ray treat- ment. Such eruptions may disappear as a result of two or three intensive treatments. Older eruptions associated with atrophy and deep-seated nodules have resisted a year or two of intensive treatment. Recurrences are common after clinical cures. Hypertrophic Lupus Vulgaris.— Here the nodules are larger (lentil to split pea), project above the surface of the skin and are coalesc»ed. The coalesced nodules and hyperplastic skin together form elevated, firm but not hard, brownish-red plaques and tumors of various sizes. Small lesions of this type can be often permanently cured with one intensive treatment. Larger and older lesions are more stubborn, but, as a rule, this type of lupus vulgaris yields more readily than does the atrophic type of the disease, and recurrences are less common. Ulcerative Lupus Vulgaris.— Ulceration may occur in either the atrophic or the hypertrophic type. I'lcers, under .r-ray treatment, usually heal much more rapidly than the neighboring nodules involute. The results of roentgen therapy in ulcerative lupus vulgaris are often si)ectacular, especially when the disease involves the face and the nasal and buccal mucosae. Unfortunately recurrences are common. During treatment the ulcers should be kept clean and free from crusts, and individual nodules destroyed by other methods of treatment. Multiple Disseminated Lupus Vulgaris.— The individual scattered nodules of this type have undergone rapid involution in the few cases treated in the author's laboratories. DISEASES DUE TO TUBERCLE BACILLUS MiseelUneotis TTpes.— The serpigimms type of lupus vi very rebellious if the nodules are Hmall and deeply embet LUPUS VULGARIS tnnirxluies are larger and more superficial tlie iitfectinn h less stiih- '"''■'i. 1/ ult-erated, the uleers will usually ln.'nl iimlcr the idfliieiice L50 I '*^ earl.v literature contains reports of good results ohtaiui^d in *^ tumidus. The author hws treated only one example of this tj'pe. ^*' several nwntlis of intensive filtered treatment there was a very *^«d improvement Imt thi* patient was nut cured, ^**«»pai'atiye Value of RoentKes Treatment.— Unentgen therapy has "■^placed phototherapy in point of efficacy. The Fiiisen treatment IKS litgKASES DUB TO TUBEHCLB BACILLUS litis t;i\vn Ix'tttT rt>siilts timii Imve thus far been obtained with either j^rti\!i or RKliiiiii. ForflmninuT, in a statistical report based on 1200 Km, nil. ■I.ui'iii' viiluiiris inv,.tv[iiB ihi' ii;is.il iiiunwa. before treatment. It wu uiisi'lected oases of liipiis viilgiiris trcatctl at the l-'inseii I.ipUt Insti- tute l)<.'twefn ISSKi and llHKi, gives the following resnlts of the treat- ment: Cures, (H) i)er eent.; under treatment, IS jwr itnt.; treatment (iirtcontiiuu'd, 11 JHT (viit, (721) :Wliar! I.eni fnr fr. Fiu. lfi4.^S],ii„ iN.ii.'i.i disease uiid pnnly lu r-i-a, with the ttaiD givGu iu Chi 45() DISEASES DUE TO TUBERCLE BACILLUS from five to ten years; 306 for from two to five years; and 93 for less than two years. In a further study, the subjects are divided into initial cases and inveterate cases. In the initial cases 76 per cent, were cured, while in the inveterate cases 51 per cent, were cured (Onnshy). The author has not been able to obtain as good results with rtHMitgen therai)y nor has he encountered roentgen or radium statistics that show results in unselected cases of lupus vulgaris that arc the equal of thost* quoted supra. For various reasons the Finsen treatment has been found impracticable in this country and sub- stitute methcMis such as the Kromayer and Alpine lamp treatment have, in most hands, proved disappointing. The Finsen treatment not only cures a high i)ercentage of cases but it does so without pro- ducing injury or st^quehe. Small lesions, suitably situated, can be ablated or curetted and cauterized. Surgical methcxls, however, are necessarily limited to selected castvs. The same is true of tuberculin therapy, refrigeration, fulguration and other methcKls of treatment. It is i)robable that irradiation may in ])oint of efficacy be placed st»c()n<l to phot()thcra])y. It will certainly cure a larger proportion of unsclccttMl cas(»s than will any method other than the Finsen treat- ment. Combined Treatment.- Irradiation may he c^ombined with photo- thcra])y, but it is not wise to ai)i)ly ultraviolet rays and x-rays or ra<liuin at the same time. The two methcnls may alternate or one nu'thod may follow the otlwT. The author has tried this scheme in obstinate cases hut tlu' results have not Invn encouraging. The use of tuberculin an<l Fox's niethcwl (s(»<» suj^ra) has proved of distinct valut" when conil)in("d with irradiation, esj)e('ially in the atrophic typ<'. It is of the utnujst importance, in the ulcerative type, to ])rovi(le drainage and to ktrp the ulcers <lean and free from crusts. A very small aniomit (jf ultraviolet rays may Ih» advantageously ('oinl)innl with irradiation in the treatment of o\Hm ulc»ers. Refrig- eration and caustic and irritating ointments are contra-indicated during irradiation. Lupus Vulgaris, X-rays and Cancer. — St iimpke encountered two cases of lui)us vulgaris that had received fractional .r-ray treatment for many months. Kj)ithelioma (IcvcIoixmI in the scar tissue in both patients. Stumi)ke calls attention to the fact that he has seen 150 cases of luinis vulgaris and he never noted ei)ithelioma in any case that had not received .r-ray treatment. The two patients with e])ithelioma also showiMl .r-ray se(iuela\ MacLeod reports a i)atient with lupus vulgaris who i)re.sented both ,r-ray seciuela* and epithelioma. (Gaucher and others have seen similar cases. The author has seen 3 cases where epithelioma de- vcIoikhI in a scar that was caused partly by the di.sease and partly by a severe radi(Klennatitis. It is a well-known fact that epithelioma occurs as a secpiel in lupus U'FVS yCLGARI.H 451 -ulgaris that has iiiit reifived J-ray treatment. The epithelioma is alwai-^ of the muli^iant, metustati<-. prickh'-cell tjiw. Onnsby states that this se<iiiel (icciirs in frmii 2 to 4 jwr cent, of the cases. Lieberthal, Zeisler. Piisey, .\nthiiiij-, IIy<le and others have seen epitheliiimn devehip hs a se<]nel to lupus \iilg«ris in patients who had not rweived j-ray treatment. There is absolutely no prmif that irradiation hicreases the natural (endeney of epithelioma to develop as a sequel to lupus ^ul^aris Unless irradiation has lieen pusheil to the ]H)iiit of prcMlucinR the s«-ciille(l /-ra\- skin. -V-ray setinehe are likel\' to be the forenumers of cancer, whether such sequela- are or art> not ass»K-iated with hipus ^■"iKaris, 1 )isregardinjr the cases r)f lupus vulgaris in which epithe- ^ *^>a develops hi an j-ray scfinela, tlierc is no evidence in the litera- ^ *? to show that epithelionut as a sc(|ucl to hi])ns vnl^caris is more ^Imon today than before the advcut of roentKen tlicrapy, jj^t-upus vulgaris may cause cdiisiilerahle disfifrurcinent. Tlic usual j^j^tieJa- are scars and atropliy. It not infn-ijucnlly hapiwns that **diation iit blamed for these s<'<|ut'la". ^eehnic. — It in the authttr's cxjiiTiciiir Ihai intensive «)r siihintcn- " *Ve irradiation Is more efticacious m lujius vnlgaris than is fractional ^featment. The nnitiiie is to aduiini-^tcr almui IIJ S. 1). unfiltered, ^■^'erj- four weeks. The dose will vary with tlic location of the alfectiil ?*"ea and the age of the patient. The ilcisc will range from 11?. S. I).. ^UchildKntoHlS. 1). tollj^ S. 1>. in a<lults and ii^fi-d indivi<iual.s. 452 DISEASES DUE TO TUBERCLE BACILLUS While the disease will recover more quickly if the dose is suffic*^^^^ to eflFect a sharp reaction it is preferable to avoid even slight reacti^^^^ .* In many cases of lupus vulgaris it is necessary to continue the t^^^J ment over several months and if each treatment, or if several of treatments result in even a first-degree reaction, the ultimate ^r^^^ come may be serious j'-ray sequelae. The aim should be. theref^^ ^^^' to administer each month as much as the skin will tolerate witl:^^ ^'*^, visibly reacting. It is difficult to determine just how long *"■-* treatment may be continued without serious injury. In obstirm ^^^^ cases it seems advisable to limit the number of monthly treatm^^^ to from eight to twelve. This amount of irradiation is likely pnxluce visible atrophy but no sequela* of a severe nature, skin should l)e carefully inspected at each treatment for evidence^ injury. If an eruption has not disappeared after this amount treatment it is advisable to discontinue irr^iation and depend up' other methods of treatment. Not infrequently, after several tre^ ments the eniption, with the exception of a few nodules, will c appear. It is un>\ise to depend upcm irradiation to cause the inv tion of these remaining nodules. They can be quickly destroyed other methods of treatment. While the principal reason for avoiding severe a^-ray reaction^^ to lessen the danger of serious sequelae there is also another reas^ namely, severe toxic symptoms. Pusey (quoted by White m. Burns) tells of a j)atient afflicted with widespread lupus vulga The affected areas were irradiated until a reaction developed. X reaction was associated with alarming systemic symptoms, simulat i n^ a tuberculin reaction. This occurred on three occasions. The th. reaction i)rove(l fatal. The moral is to use suberythema doses ai not to treat too large an area at one time. Filtration is often indicated in this affection. Especially is t: true when the disease involves the mucosa of the nose, mouth ei throat. In such instances, with filtered radiation, the lesions of "t: mucous membranes will usually disappear under the influence radiation applied to the cutaneous eruption on the face. Pfati^ and the author have reported clinical cures accomplished in t: manner. Whether or not filtration is advisable in all cases of lu vulgaris is an open question — it cannot be answered at the pres^^^ writing. lesions of lupus vulgaris are of various sizes and occur in mr*- parts of the body. The method of handling lesions of different si^ shape and })()siti()n will be found in the chapter on General Tht? peutic Considerations. It is advisable not to shield too close to lesion as the (lis(*ase is likely to extend beyond the visible margin^ Radium. A rcNiew of the work done by Wickham and Degr^^ Simpson, Newcoinet, Finzi and others, together with personal ex]> ence, shows that the results obtained with radium, in the treatrc*. of lupus vul<^aris, arc about the same as those associated with the IS LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 453 of the .r-rays. The l)est results have followed irradiation of a strength that caused destruction of the nodules by necrosis; also more con- servative irradiation combined with other methods of treatment. In some small, superficial lesions of lupus vulgaris the beta rays have seemed more efficacious than have either o^-rays or gamma rays. The **soft" beta rays should be eliminated by a screen of from i^ to ^ or 1 mm. of aluminium or its filtration equivalent in glass or other substance. Radium is especially indicated when the lesions are situated in inaccessible loc*at ions— nasal and buccal cavities, throat and con- junctiva*. LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Schiff and Freund were probably the first to treat lupus erythema- tosus with the o'-rays (1898). Their report was soon followed by those of many roentgenologists and dermatologists— Sjogren and Seder- holm. Startin, Jutassy, Lee, Torok and Schein, Beclere, Belot, Hall- Edwards, Pusey and others. At first the results were very promising and were superior to those obtained today, that is, the immediate results. The early workers did not hesitate to produce severe reactions and the immediate thera- peutic effect on the disease was often very strking. Later, when it was ascertained that the brilliant result was but temporary and that very undesirable sequelae often followed radiodermatitis, the treatment was applied more cautiously and the effect on the disease was less si)ectacular. A review of the literature for the last fourteen vears shows that the j--rays have been used less and less in the treatment of the disease. Zeisler, Clark, Schmidt, Hartzell, Montgomery, Winfield and many others record good temporary results without the production of radio- dermatitis. Fordyce, Robinson, Bronson and others reported cases that were made worse, or failed to improve, or improved but little, as a result of the treatment. Value of Roentgen Therapy.— The consensus of opinion today among dermatologists is that roentgen therapy is of little real value in the treatment of lupus erythematosus. Its value is certainly less than that of ultraviolet-ray therapy, refrigeration and other methods. Nevertheless, the j--rays, if properly used in well-selected cases, will occasionally cause involution of lesions that have resisted other methods of treatment. Types of Lupus Erythematosus.— It is important for the roentgen- ologist to know that lupus erythematosus occurs in two general types— discoid or chronic, and disseminated or acute. It is well to remember, also, that the course of the affection is very uncertain. Discoid lesions are likely to persist for many years or they may undergo spontaneous involution only to recur subsequently. The dis- seminate type often disappears spontaneously or as a result of local 4.14 DISEASES! DUE TO TVliEItChB BACILLUS > applications in a few weeks or moiitliH, Itareiy it persists ftiul spreads and the patient dies of tuberculosis; more often uf nephritis and asthenia (Jadassohn). Technic— For the disseminate type, e-'<]>eeiaily when associated with acute inflammatory sjTnptoms, the treatment slinuld he frac- tional or subfractional. The discoid lesions maj' be given subinten- sive treatment. It is advisable to avoid even a first degree reaetisg Fin. 167. — Same paljpnt shoi if possible. A mild j^-ray reaction is likely to cause the disease to spread and may add to the atrophy and telangiectasis occasioned by the affection. It is well to rememlier that while the T-rays may <.'ause involution of a lesion of hipus erythematosus they exert little if any effect on the future course of the disease. I'ViP this reason it is not justifiable to push the treatment to the point of visible cutaneous. injury. Purtliermore, it is not advisable to persist in the roentgen LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS 455 treatment of a stubborn lesion. If the lesion does not disappear as a result of three or four months of fractional or subintensive treatment, experience has shown that it will not be favorably influenced by a continuation of such treatment. The nose is a favorite site for lesions of this disease. Details rela- tive to the method of applying a:-rays to the nose and to convex and concave surfaces, to lesions of various sizes and shapes, to lesions on the eyelids and other locations, etc., will be found in the chapter on General Therapeutic Considerations. There is a difference of opinion relative to the advisability of con- fining the radiation strictly to the lesion or to include a small area of normal skin around the lesion in the field of radiation. With doses sufficient to effect a first-degree reaction the author has seen peripheral spreading of the lesion when the radiation has been confined to the lesion and, also, when the normal skin adjacent to the lesion has been irradiated. While a first-degree reaction will often have a bene- ficial effect on discoid lesions the converse is also true. Quantities that do not effect a reaction rarely if ever make the lesion worse, although such treatment may accomplish little if any good. Scalp lesions may be treated with a full epilating dose (Hi or Hli S. I).). For details relative to the treatment of scalp lesions see chapter on Psoriasis and chapter on Tinea Tonsurans. Comparative experiments with filtered and unfiltered radiation have yielded similar results. Apparently there is nothing to be gained by filtration in the roentgen treatment of this disease. Sequels.— Lupus erythematosus causes atrophy, wrinkling, tel- angiectasia and pehnanent alopecia. The picture at times is sug- gestive of J'-ray sequelae. In cases that have received roentgen-ray treatment it is often impossible to decide how much of the disfigure- ment is due to the disease and how much is due to the treatment.
|
Ryan, J.
These two cases were consolidated for the purpose of hearing and decision. They involve the validity of certain tax exemption certificates issued by the State Tax Commission to Consumers Power Company covering both air pollution and water pollution control facilities located at the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant in Covert Township, Van Burén County.
In 1968, Consumers applied to the tax commission for tax exemption certificates pursuant to MCL 336.1 et seq.; MSA 7.793(1) et seq., hereafter the Air Exemption Act, which provides for the exemption of air pollution control facilities from certain taxes. The application sought exemption for the containment building which houses the nuclear reactor at the power plant, the building's spray system, the building's cooling system and the facility's gaseous radioactive waste (radwaste) system.
In 1972, Consumers applied to the tax commission for tax exemption certificates pursuant to MCL 323.351 et seq.; MSA 7.793(51) et seqhereafter the Water Exemption Act, which provides for the exemption of water pollution control facilities from certain taxes. These applications sought exemption for the power plant's liquid radioactive waste (radwaste) system and water cooling towers.
The commission granted each of the exemptions.
Following this action by the commission, the Covert Township assessor pursued various administrative actions and judicial proceedings, chal lenging the exemptions. The circuit court finally affirmed the commission's grant of the tax exemption certificates. The Court of Appeals affirmed the tax exemption for the air pollution control facilities, but reversed as to the tax exemption for the water pollution control facilities. Covert Twp Assessor v State Tax Commission, 77 Mich App 626; 259 NW2d 164 (1977).
We granted leave to appeal. 402 Mich 882; 262 NW2d 298 (1978). We affirm.
I. Air Pollution Control Facilities
We granted leave to appeal on two specific questions concerning the exemptions for the air pollution control facilities:
"(1) [W]hether tax exemption can be granted pursu ant to 1965 PA 250 as amended [the Air Exemption Act] to nuclear facilities that are not subject to mandatory inspection, review and control by an agency or agencies of the State of Michigan;
"(2) whether the containment building, the containment building spray system, the containment building cooling system and the gaseous radwaste system of Consumers Power Company meet the statutory requirements so as to qualify as tax exempt facilities under 1965 PA 250." 402 Mich 882.
We answer both questions in the affirmative.
A. State Inspection, Review, Control
The Air Exemption Act empowers the tax commission to issue a certificate exempting certain facilities from real and personal property taxes
"[i]f the director of public health finds that the facility is designed and operated primarily for the control, capture and removal of pollutants from the air, and is suitable, reasonably adequate and meets the intent and purpose of the air pollution act, Act No. 348 of the Public Acts of 1965, as amended, being sections 336.11 to 336.36 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, and rules promulgated thereunder ." MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3).
At the time application for this exemption was made, a "facility" was defined, for purposes of the Air Exemption Act, to mean;
"machinery, equipment, structures, or any part or accessories thereof, installed or acquired for the primary purpose of controlling or disposing of air pollution which if released would render the air harmful or inimical to the public health or to property within this state. It does not include an air conditioner, dust collec tor, fan or other similar facility for the benefit of personnel or of a business." MCL 336.1; MSA 7.793(1).
The township contends that the Palisades plant's air pollution control facilities cannot qualify for tax exemption unless they are subject to control and continuing inspection and review by a state agency, because such control, inspection and review is necessary to meet the intent and purpose of the Air Pollution Act, and the rules promulgated under that act, as required by MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3). Yet, no state control, inspection or review of these facilities is permitted because the Federal government has preempted the regulation of nuclear facilities. Northern States Power Co v Minnesota, 447 F2d 1143 (CA 8, 1971), aff'd without opinion 405 US 1035; 92 S Ct 1307; 31 L Ed 2d 576 (1972). Therefore, the township concludes, no tax exemption can lawfully be granted.
We do not agree. Our review of the Air Pollution Act, MCL 336.11 et seq.; MSA 14.58(1) et seq., compels the conclusion that no state control, inspection or review of air pollution control facilities is required in order for such facilities to meet the intent and purpose of that act. The intent and purpose of the act is manifest in its statutory language. The title to that act provides, in pertinent part, that it is "[a]n act to control air pollution in this state
Air pollution was defined, with certain narrow exceptions not applicable here, to mean:
"[T]he presence in the outdoor atmosphere of air contaminants in quantities, of characteristics and under conditions and circumstances and of a duration which are injurious to human life or property or which unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment of life and property, and which are reasonably detrimental to plant and animal life in this state MCL 336.12; MSA 14.58(2).
Another section of the act provides, in part:
"It is the purpose of this act to provide additional and cumulative remedies to prevent and abate air pollution. Nothing in this act contained shall abridge or alter rights of action or remedies now or hereafter existing, nor shall any provision of this act or anything done by virtue of this act be construed as estopping other governmental units from the exercise of their respective rights to suppress nuisances or to prevent or abate air pollution." MCL 336.34; MSA 14.58(24).
Finally, among its statutory powers, we note that the Air Pollution Control Commission is given the authority to "[cjooperate with the appropriate agencies of the United States with respect to the control of air pollution MCL 336.15(n); MSA 14.58(5)(n).
Contrary to the contention of the township, we find that the intent and purpose of this act is to control air pollution in the state; that the act itself contemplates that Federal agencies or other governmental units may have authority over the control of air pollution in the state; and that the commission need not have control over all activities regulating air pollution but may cooperate with other agencies or governmental units to meet the act's purpose of preventing and abating air pollution.
We agree with the holding of the tax commission below that:
"The intent and purposes of the Air Pollution Act and Rules are to control pollution and thereby to protect the health, welfare and safety of Michigan citizens, the productive capability of the assets of those citizens, and the natural resources of the State. That intent and those purposes are served by pollution control facilities constructed within the State of Michigan whether required by reason of federal or state regulation. Compatibility with intent and purposes is not dependent upon regulation. Such compatibility is established by the ability of a facility to control pollution. It is not regulation that is the quid pro quo for tax exemption. That quid pro quo is the control of pollution and, thereby, the protection of the health, welfare and safety of Michigan citizens and their assets. It is the fact that pollution control is provided that is important and not whether that pollution control is provided in response to state or federal regulation. If the Legislature had wanted to require more, it would have been a simple matter to require that all facilities eligible for exemption be subject to regulation under the air pollution control act and rules ." (Emphasis in original.)
We conclude that tax exemption can lawfully be granted for air pollution control facilities pursuant to the requirements of the Air Exemption Act even though such facilities may not be subject to mandatory inspection, review and control by the state.
B. Qualifying for Tax Exemption
The township next contends that the various facilities for which tax exemption was granted do not qualify under the Air Exemption Act as tax exempt facilities. Specifically, the township contends that these facilities were not installed or acquired for the primary purpose of controlling or disposing of air pollution, MCL 336.1; MSA 7.793(1); that the facilities are not designed and operated primarily for the control, capture and removal of pollutants from the air; that the facilities are not suitable and reasonably adequate for such purposes; and that the facilities do not meet the intent and purposes of the Air Pollution Act and rules promulgated thereunder, MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3).
We disagree with each of these contentions.
The first two contentions are based on similar reasoning. It is the position of the township that the containment building and its component systems were not installed or acquired for the primary purpose of controlling or disposing of air pollution, and were not designed and operated primarily for the control, capture and removal of pollutants from the air. Rather, the primary purpose for the installation, acquisition, design and operation of these facilities was to meet the requirements of the Federal government in order to obtain an operating license for the nuclear power plant. Further, the township argues that the use of the word "primary" indicates that tax exempt status may be granted only to those facilities which are installed or acquired for the purpose of capturing and removing air pollutants during normal plant operations. Because the type of facilities installed at the Palisades plant are designed to specifications intended to contain discharges resulting from an accident having a probability of occurrence of 1 in 17,000 per year, the primary purpose of the installation, acquisition, design and operation of these facilities does not comport with the statutory requirement.
Neither of these arguments can be sustained. The use of the words "primary purpose" in § 1, and "operated primarily for" in § 3 of the Air Exemption Act evidences a legislative concern with the primary purpose served by the facility for which exemption is sought. This purpose need not, necessarily, align with the motivation of the persons installing, acquiring or operating the facilities.
As to the township's second argument, we find nothing in the language of the Air Exemption Act drawing a distinction between the control of air pollutants resulting from normal operations of the plant, and those resulting from an accident. We do not agree that the use of the word "primary" indicates a legislative intent to draw such a distinction. Rather, we find the use of the word "primary" in these sections of the act is intended to insure that tax exemption is not granted to facilities that, incidental to their primary purpose, serve to control, prevent or abate air pollution.
Because there is no error in the commission's interpretation of this statutory language, the scope of our review is necessarily limited to a determination whether the commission's decision is supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record, as required by the Administrative Procedures Act, MCL 24.306(1)(d); MSA 3.560(206)(10(d). We conclude that it is.
The township next contends that whether these facilities are "suitable", and "reasonably adequate" under MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3) is a matter yet unproved. The township apparently bases this contention on the ground that these statutory requirements can only be met by measuring and ascertaining the effectiveness of the facilities in actual operation. Because the operation of these facilities can only be fully measured in the event of a serious accident which has not yet occurred, the township argues that the facilities' suitability and reasonable adequacy cannot be established so as to qualify for exemption.
Again, we disagree. The suitability and adequacy of many devices and structures to serve a given purpose can be, and are, measured and tested through non-empirical studies based on accepted scientific principles and sound analysis. We agree with Consumers that the resolution of this question is particularly well-suited to the expertise of the administrative agencies charged with assessing the technical suitability and adequacy of facilities for which exemption is sought. Our review of the record indicates that the commission's decision that these facilities are suitable and reasonably adequate was based on competent, material and substantial evidence.
Finally, the township contends that these facilities do not meet the intent and purposes of the Air Pollution Act, as required under MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3), for two reasons.
First, in order to meet the intent and purposes of the Air Pollution Act, the township argues that these facilities must be subject to control and continuing inspection and review by a state agency. We have already resolved this argument against the township.
Second, the township argues that the failure to mention radiation in the definition of "air contaminant" in the Air Pollution Act indicates that the intent and purposes of that act were not to control and prevent the type of pollution that may occur at the Palisades plant. The pertinent section of the act provides:
"(b) 'Air contaminant' means a dust, fume, gas, mist, odor, smoke, vapor or any combination thereof." MCL 336.12; MSA 14.58(2).
While our review of the record indicates that radiation per se might not be an air contaminant within this definition, there is competent, material and substantial evidence to support the commission's decision that radioactive materials, of the type controlled or disposed of by these facilities, are air contaminants. _
We conclude that there is competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record to support the commission's finding that the Palisades containment building, the containment building spray system, the containment building cooling system and the gaseous radwaste system meet the statutory requirements to qualify as tax exempt facilities under the Air Exemption Act.
II. Water Pollution Control Facilities
Leave to appeal was granted in this case limited to the following specific questions concerning the Palisades water pollution control facilities:
"(1) [W]hether the liquid radwaste system and the cooling towers at the Consumers Power Palisades plant are real property and are ineligible for tax exemption under 1966 PA 222 [the Water Exemption Act];
"(2) whether the water pollution control facilities exemption act as construed to exempt from property taxation personal property used for control of water pollution, but not to exempt real property used for the same purpose, violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Michigan and United States Constitutions." 402 Mich 882.
We find the Palisades water pollution facilities are real property and ineligible for tax exemption under the Water Exemption Act for all applicable tax years preceding 1977 PA 282 which amended the act to provide an exemption to qualifying facilities from real property taxes as well as personal property taxes.
Further, we find that our construction of the Water Exemption Act does not violate the Equal Protection Clauses of either the Michigan or the United States Constitution.
A. Real Property Questions
1. Exemption From Personal Property Taxes
The Water Exemption Act, MCL 323.351 et seq.; MSA 7.793(51) et seq., provides for the issuance of certificates by the State Tax Commission which exempt water pollution control facilities from certain taxes. Specifically, § 4 of that act provided, in part, at the time Consumers applied for exemption:
"For the period subsequent to the effective date of the certificate and continuing so long as the certificate is in force, a facility covered thereby is exempt from personal property taxes imposed under Act No. 206 of the Public Acts of 1893, as amended, being sections 211.1 to 211.157 of the Compiled Laws of 1948." MCL 323.354; MSA 7.793(54). (Emphasis supplied.)
By 1977 PA 282, this section of the act was amended to provide that "a facility covered thereby is exempt from real and personal property taxes ". (Emphasis supplied.)
When Consumers Power applied for tax exemption certificates under the Water Exemption Act for the Palisades liquid radwaste system and cooling towers, the State Tax Commission granted the exemptions. In its official order of July 9, 1975, affirming the grants of these exemptions, the commission addressed the question of the real property nature of these facilities and held that read ing the act as a whole and requiring that these facilities meet the other criteria of the act results in these facilities qualifying for the statutory tax exemption.
In reaching this decision the commission adopted the rationale proffered by Consumers Power that a reading of the act as a whole, and specifically the statutory definitions of "facility", "treatment works", and "disposal system", MCL 323.351; MSA 7.793(51), compel the conclusion that the Legislature intended to redefine the term "personal property" for exemption purposes to include within that term various types of immovable plant equipment coming within these definitions and normally used for water pollution control purposes, even though they might be regarded as real property for other purposes. Any other interpretation, according to the commission, would defeat the purpose of the act and would mean thé Legislature wrote a useless law. The circuit court agreed, but the Court of Appeals reversed.
Consumers Power elaborates on this same rationale before this Court. We find its reasoning unpersuasive particularly in light of one very specific amendment to this act while it was in bill form, being considered for enactment into law by our state Legislature.
As originally introduced on January 19, 1966, House Bill No. 3075 (subsequently enacted as the Water Exemption Act), provided in part in § 4, beginning on page 3, line 21:
"(1) For the period subsequent to the effective date of the certificate and continuing so long as the certificate is in force, a facility covered thereby is exempt from real and personal property taxes imposed under Act No. 206 of the Public Acts of 1893, as amended, being sections 211.1 to 211.157 of the Compiled Laws of 1948." (Emphasis supplied.)
This bill was first referred to the Committee on Conservation and Recreation, 1 Michigan House J (1966) 63, which reported it back with recommended amendments. 1 Michigan House J (1966) 650. The amendments were adopted and the bill was referred to the Committee on General Taxation, 1 Michigan House J (1966) 703. The Committee on General Taxation reported the bill back to the full House with recommended amendments, including the specific recommendation to: "4. Amend page 3, line 24, by striking out 'real and.' " 2 Michigan House J (1966) 1468. These amendments were adopted by the full House and the bill was passed. 3 Michigan House J (1966) 2196.
After adopting an additional amendment to the bill as passed by the House, which did not affect § 4(1), the Senate passed the bill. 2 Michigan Senate J (1966) 1947._
The House concurred in the Senate amendment and the bill was sent to the Governor for signature. 4 Michigan House J (1966) 3244. On June 11, 1966, it was approved by the Governor and given immediate eifect as 1966 PA 222.
We find that tracing this legislative history makes clear that the intent of the Legislature in enacting this law was to provide exemption to qualifying water pollution facilities from personal property taxes only. We have no supporting documentation in the legislative history to provide an insight into the reason for striking the reference to exemption from real property taxes.
Mere conjecture suggests that there may have been strong opposition to the bill as originally drafted by local units of government who could foresee the exemption of large water pollution control facilities from real property taxes as an erosion of their property tax base. Or the Legislature might simply have decided to proceed cautiously in granting these exemptions to determine whether granting exemptions from personal property taxes alone would provide adequate incentive for the acquisition and operation of socially desirable water pollution control facilities.
But whatever the unpreserved legislative intent was in 1966, we can only conclude that the Legislature as a whole, and particularly the members of the House Committee on General Taxation, adopted this amendment to the bill as introduced deliberately and with a purpose. While the act's definitions of facilities, treatment works and disposal systems which may qualify for exemption appear to include many facilities that might normally be classified as real property, we do not read these definitions as an indication that the Legislature redefined personal property for purposes of the act. We do not think the brief legislative history of this bill warrants such a conclusion.
We also disagree with Consumers Power's contention that the amendment to § 4 made by 1977 PA 282, to provide for exemption for water pollution facilities from real and personal property taxes was simply intended to clarify the purposes of the act.
We hold that, prior to the effective date of 1977 PA 282, qualifying water pollution control facilities were eligible for exemption from personal property taxes only under MCL 323.354(1); MSA 7.793(54)(1), and the Legislature did not redefine the term "personal property" for purposes of tax exemption under the act.
2. The Liquid Radwaste System and the Cooling Towers are Real Property
In the first issue on which leave to appeal was granted, we asked the parties in this case to address the question of whether the Palisades plant's liquid radwaste system and cooling towers are real property. In its brief, Consumers Power argued that these facilities are not real property for purpose of exemption under the act because the act contemplated a definition of personal property that included these facilities. We have decided this argument against Consumers.
Next, Consumers contended that if common-law principles or the General Property Tax Act are determined to be material to a definition of real and personal property for purposes of this suit, then this matter should be remanded to the State Tax Commission for the development of a record as to the nature of these facilities.
While we acknowledge that the commission's decision below appeared to render it unnecessary to decide whether these facilities were real or personal property for purpose of eligibility for exemption under the act, we find there is adequate evidence in the record for determining that these facilities are real property. Further, because this Court specifically invited the parties to address this issue, Consumers had the opportunity to refute the eyidence we find in the record to support this conclusion, yet failed to do so.
The most compelling evidence we find in the record to support the conclusion that these facilities are real property is found in Consumers Power's admitted failure to report any portion of these facilities on its personal property tax statements for 1974 and 1975. The personal property statement which Consumers properly filed, pursuant to MCL 211.18; MSA 7.18, specifically requests the reporting of the following information on page 2:
"3. Air Pollution Control Facilities and Water Pollution Control Facilities certified exempt by the Michigan State Tax Commission. Use cost installed. Attach rider giving certificate number, year of acquisition and cost by year of acquisition."
At the hearing before the commission, counsel for Consumers stipulated that Consumers reported nothing in this provision in either its 1974 or 1975 personal property statement.
In addition to this failure of Consumers to report any part of the water pollution control facilities as exempt personal property, the following unchallenged testimony of the Covert Township assessor (Mr. Sarno) supports the conclusion that these facilities are real property.
"Q. Mr. Sarno, in 1973, did Consumers Power Company furnish you the estimated cost of the partial construction of the liquid radwaste system and cooling towers?
"A. They did.
"Q. What was the amount furnished you by Consumers Power?
"A. $10,880,258.
"Q. Was that represented to you to be real property?
"A. It was included in the real [property] report.
"Q. Furnished to you by Consumers Power?
"A. That is correct.
"Q. Did you place the partially constructed facility on the real property roll for the year 1973?
'A. I did as work in progress.
"Q. Approximately what amount?
"A. On the assessed valuation approximately $1,250,-000.
"Q. Did Consumers Power Company appear at the Board of Review?
'A. Yes.
"Q. Were they aware of the fact it was on the real property roll?
"A. I would assume they were.
"Q. Did Consumers Power Company furnish you with a personal property statement for the year 1973?
'A. Yes.
"Q. Either the cooling tower, a portion of it or rad-waste system, any portion of it included in the personal property statement?
"A. It was not.
"Q. In 1974 did Consumers Power Company furnish you a statement of the value of the completed and partially completed cooling towers and radwaste system?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Was that furnished in the statement form?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Represented to you to be real property?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Did Consumers Power furnish you a personal property statement for the year 1974?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Did that statement include all or any portion of the cooling towers, all or any portion of the liquid radwaste system?
"A. It did not.
"Q. Did Consumers Power Company furnish you a personal property statement for 1975?
"A. Yes.
"Mr. Tracy: Mr. Chairman, didn't we go through all of this yesterday?
"Chairman Purnell: I think we did this yesterday.
"Mr. Reed: As I look through the record at one point it became colloquy, four-way colloquy.
"Chairman Purnell: This colloquy was going along. I realize what went on yesterday. What we finally ended up saying is that you agreed that you would refer to that report and introduce a blank personal property statement, you both stipulated that it was not reported on the personal property statement."
Any argument that part or all of the Palisades plant's liquid radwaste system or cooling towers should not properly be classified as real property for the purpose of this suit is foreclosed by Consumers' failure to challenge this record evidence. We conclude that these facilities are real property and were not eligible for tax exemption under the Water Exemption Act prior to the 1977 amendment.
B. Equal Protection Question
One question remains for resolution. Having construed the Water Exemption Act to exempt water pollution control facilities from personal property taxes but not from real property taxes (prior to the 1977 amendment), we must determine whether the statute, as so construed, violates the Equal Protection Clauses of the Michigan and United States Constitutions. Const 1963, art 1, § 2; US Const, Am XIV. We find no violation of either clause.
Consumers' contention that the construction we have given this statute violates equal protection guarantees is bottomed on the argument that distinguishing between classifications of property bears no reasonable relationship to the purposes of the act when property in both classifications achieves the object of the legislation, i.e., to prohibit pollution of the state's waters. We do not agree.
The cases which have resolved challenges to state legislative classifications under the Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution are legion.
In several cases, particularly pertinent to the challenge brought today, the United States Supreme Court has upheld the classification of property for taxation, and exemption from taxation, by state legislatures.
In Citizens' Telephone Co of Grand Rapids v Fuller, 229 US 322; 33 S Ct 833; 57 L Ed 1206 (1913), the Court upheld a Michigan statute which provided a property tax exemption to telephone and telegraph companies whose receipts in Michigan did not exceed $500 per year. The statute was challenged as a violation of the Equal Protection Clause. In reaching its decision the Court said:
"The power of exemption would seem to imply the power of discrimination, and in taxation, as in other matters of legislation, classification is within the competency of the legislature." 229 US at 329.
And, after citing numerous cases in which that Court had upheld state tax statutes which had variously classified the objects of taxation, the Court went on to say:
"[These cases] illustrate the power of the legislature of the State over the subjects of taxation, and the range of discrimination which may be exercised in classifying those subjects when not obviously exercised in a spirit of prejudice or favoritism. Granting the power of classification, we must grant Government the right to select the differences upon which the classification shall be based, and they need not be great or conspicuous. Keeney v New York, 222 US 525, 536 [32 S Ct 105; 56 L Ed 299 (1912)]. The State is not bound by any rigid equality. This is the rule; — its limitation is that it must not be exercised in 'clear and hostile discriminations between particular persons and classes.' See [Quong Wing v Kirkendall], 223 US 59, 62, 63 [32 S Ct 192; 56 L Ed 350-352 (1912)]. Thus defined and thus limited, it is a vital principle, giving to the Government freedom to meet its exigencies, not binding its actions by rigid formulas but apportioning its burdens, and permitting it to make those 'discriminations which the best interests of society require.' " 229 US at 331.
We find no prohibited spirit of prejudice or favoritism here. Indeed, as we noted in our discussion, supra, the Legislature may reasonably have decided that exempting water pollution control facilities from personal property taxes but not real property taxes would accomplish the act's purpose of encouraging investments in those facilities which the Legislature deemed to be in the public interest.
Further support for our conclusion can be found in Nashville, C & SL R Co v Browning, 310 US 362, 368-369; 60 S Ct 968; 84 L Ed 1254 (1940), where in the context of an equal protection challenge to a property tax assessed against a railroad, the United States Supreme Court said:
"That the states may classify property for taxation; may set up different modes of assessment, valuation and collection, may tax some kinds of property at higher rates than others; and in making all these differentiations may treat railroads and other utilities with that separateness which their distinctive characteristics and functions in society make appropriate— these are among the commonplaces of taxation and of constitutional law. [Cases cited.] Since, so far as the Federal Constitution is concerned, a state can put railroad property into one pigeonhole and other property into another, the only question relevant for us is whether the state has done so. If the discrimination of which the Railway complains had been formally written into the statutes of Tennessee, challenge to its constitutionality would be frivolous." (Emphasis supplied.)
And finally, in an early case challenging a personal property tax levied against cattle grazing on tax exempt land, the United States Supreme Court said, without specifically citing the Equal Protection Clause:
"[I]t is the usual course in tax laws to treat personal property as one class and real estate as another, and it has never been supposed that such classification created an illegal discrimination, because there might be some persons who owned only personal property, and others who owned property of both classes." Thomas v Gay, 169 US 264, 281; 18 S Ct 340; 42 L Ed 740 (1898).
Viewing the challenged classification before us in light of this authority, we find no violation of the United States constitutional guarantee of equal protection.
Similarly, we find no violation of our state constitutional guarantee of equal protection. Consumers Power does not contend that a more stringent equal protection test than that required under the United States Constitution should be applied under our state constitution, in the instant case, nor do we perceive any reason for applying a more stringent test. Furthermore, in the face of an equal protection challenge under the United States Constitution, this Court has recognized that tax statutes may discriminate among classifications of properties, businesses, trades, callings or occupations so long as the discrimination is not arbitrary but is based upon a reasonable distinction or if any state of facts can reasonably be conceived to sustain it. W S Butterfield Theatres, Inc v Dep't of Revenue, 353 Mich 345, 353; 91 NW2d 269 (1958). We have found such reasonableness in the classification made by the Legislature here.
We have also held that a legislative classification will be upheld in the face of an equal protection challenge under our state constitution if it rationally furthers the object of the legislation and involves neither a suspect class nor fundamental rights. In re Kasuba Estate, 401 Mich 560, 569; 258 NW2d 731 (1977). We find that the instant classification involves no suspect class or fundamental right and rationally furthers the object of the legislation.
III. Conclusion
The judgment of the Court of Appeals is affirmed.
No costs.
Coleman, C.J., and Kavanagh, Williams, Levin, and Fitzgerald, JJ., concurred with Ryan, J.
The total exemption granted for the air pollution control facilities was less than the amount claimed exempt by Consumers Power. The commission deducted an amount from that claimed by Consumers which represented the cost of a conventional building that would simply have provided weather housing for the reactor, as well as the cost that would have been saved had Consumers placed certain radiation shielding closer to the reactor. In the opinion of the Division of Air Pollution Control of the Public Health Department, these costs did not qualify for the statutory exemption.
This litigation has an involved history that is not necessarily pertinent to the issues addressed today, but which is briefly recounted for purposes of clarifying the background of these cases.
In May, 1968, Consumers Power Company applied for an exemption for the Palisades plant's containment building as well as the building's spray system, the building's cooling system and the facility's gaseous radwaste system. The original application was denied, but an amended application was approved in January, 1972. The Covert Township assessor then sought leave to appeal this decision in the Court of Appeals. In May, 1974, the Court of Appeals decided that appellate jurisdiction over this matter was vested in the circuit court and remanded the appeal to the Thirty-Sixth Judicial Circuit for consideration on the merits. Covert Twp Assessor v State Tax Commission, 53 Mich App 300; 218 NW2d 807 (1974).
In the fall of 1972, Consumers Power filed two applications for tax exemption under the Water Exemption Act for the liquid radwaste system and the cooling towers located at the Palisades plant. Both of these applications were granted in September, 1973. The Covert Township assessor appealed this decision to the Court of Appeals and that court determined that appellate jurisdiction was vested in circuit court and remanded to the Thirty-Sixth Judicial Circuit on the authority of the Air Exemption Act case, on September 9, 1974.
Thereafter, Consumers Power, the assessor and the State Tax Commission stipulated in circuit court for entry of an order remanding both of these cases to the State Tax Commission for determination of certain stipulated issues concerning the tax exemption certificates issued for both the air pollution and water pollution control facilities at the Palisades plant. On the same day, orders for partial summary judgment were entered by the circuit court which provided, in part, that the final determination of this proceeding would determine the validity and effect of the air and water pollution control facilities exemption certificates for the tax year 1974 and all subsequent years in which the facts and the law remained unchanged.
On July 9, 1975, the State Tax Commission issued its order affirming both the air pollution control exemption certificate and the water pollution control exemption certificate. This decision was affirmed by the circuit court in an order filed July 30, 1976, following a written opinion filed June 23, 1976.
The Court of Appeals affirmed the tax exemption for the air pollution control facilities but reversed as to the tax exemption for the water pollution control facilities. Covert Twp Assessor v State Tax Commission, 77 Mich App 626; 259 NW2d 164 (1977).
MCL 336.4; MSA 7.793(4).
MCL 336.1; MSA 7.793(1) and MCL 336.3; MSA 7.793(3).
At the commission hearing, witness Keeley, at that time the Director of Quality Assurance Services for Consumers Power Company, described the function of the containment building:
"The principal purpose [of the containment building], as far as I'm concerned, is to, number one, contain the fission products that result from various postulated conditions, these being accidents of various severity, and also to contain fission products that are released from the nuclear steam supply system during normal operation, and under the worst assumed accident condition, to contain the water-steam mixture that occurs when the design basis accident occurs and the fission products that occur after this design basis accident."
Witness Keeley further testified that the purpose of the containment building's spray and cooling systems was to assure the integrity of the containment building through reduction of temperature and pressure in the event of an accident. Finally, witness Keeley testified that the gaseous radwaste system contained waste gases resulting from the operation of the reactor in "hold-up" tanks until the radioactivity being emitted by the fission gases decayed to a point at which the gases could safely be released into the environment.
The testimony of Covert Township's witness Lapp, an energy consultant with primary emphasis on nuclear power systems, was in accord with witness Keeley's testimony. Concerning the containment building, witness Lapp said, "The primary purpose of the containment building is to prevent the release of radioactive material to the environment in the event of an accident." His testimony concerning the building's spray and cooling systems as well as the gaseous radwaste system were similarly in agreement with the testimony of witness Keeley.
Illustrative of the testimony concerning the suitability and reasonable adequacy of these facilities was the following statement of witness Lapp:
"In the event of an accident of this kind, a loss of cooling accident, and a failure of emergency core cooling, you would have these [sic] pressurization of the atmosphere within containment. It would get hot and it would raise in pressure. The reactor at the Palisades is sized to, I believe, sustain 55 pounds per square inch of pressure and 285 degrees Fahrenheit temperature.
"We have had accidents in which containment has been pressurized, in which pressures have gone up to 20 pounds per square inch and temperatures have gone up to over 300 degrees Fahrenheit.
"Containment has been tested and it works. There is no doubt about that." (Emphasis added.)
Witness Keeley's testimony was that the design of the containment building involved the assumption of the most severe accident (a full core meltdown) and that the containment structure is necessary to meet limitations on radioactive emissions under either normal operating or accident conditions.
In a memo admitted into evidence at the commission hearing, from the Air Pollution Control Division of the Department of Natural Resources to the State Tax Commission, the Division stated:
"It is the opinion of the Air Pollution Control Division, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, that the definition of air contaminants includes radioactive materials such as gases and particulates but does not include radiation itself."
Consumers Senior Health Physicist, witness Sinderman, testified on direct examination before the commission:
"Q. Would you look at page 76 of the record?
"A. Yes.
"Q. What does that show?
"A. That shows — that is table 11-4, and it is entitled, 'Activity in Coolant and Gaseous Waste.' It essentially shows the seven krypton and xenon radio nuclid[es] and their concentration in various portions of the gaseous radwaste system.
"Q. Are those all radioactive gases?
'A. Yes.
"Q. All right. If they were permitted to get outside the containment into the environment, would they all contribute to a radiation dose to an individual who might be at the site boundary?
"A. If these materials are released to the environment, because they are radioactive, they emit radiation, and as a result would contribute to the exposure or dose to a person in the vicinity of those gases, yes.
"Q. All right. If you were operating with the amount of failed fuel that you license — excuse me — the Palisades Plant operating license permitted you to operate with, assuming no holdup in the gaseous radioactive waste system, would you release radioactive materials to the environment?
"A. Yes.
"Q. All right. What nature? Would they — would they all be gases?
"A. May I ask you a question? Are we speaking specifically of gaseous radwaste system at this point?
"Q. Yes.
"A. No, they would not. They would be the gases, and the operation of the plant to date has shown there would be particulates, some of the other fission products that are not gases, and even some of these gases decay to what are called daughter products that are also radioactive and are particulate in nature.
"Q. Are those particulates respirable?
"A. Yes.
"Q. What is your deñnition of respirable?
"A. My deñnition of respirable is a particle that is sufficiently small to enter the respiratory tract, but sufficiently large so it is retained in the tract and not exhaled. And I believe that is essentially the definition given to this Commission by Mr. Jager." (Emphasis added.) See, also, Appendix, pp 910a-924a.
Portions of witness Lapp's testimony could also support a finding by the commission that the radioactive materials controlled and disposed of by these facilities constituted air contaminants (Appendix, pp 614a-629a).
The following definitions were found in § 1 of House Bill 3075, as introduced:
"Sec. 1. As used in this act:
"(a) 'Facility' means any disposal system, including disposal wells, or any treatment works, pretreatment works, appliance, equipment, machinery or installation constructed, used or placed in operation primarily for the purpose of reducing, controlling or eliminating water pollution caused by industrial waste including the real property upon which any of the preceding is located.
"(b) 'Industrial waste' means any liquid, gaseous or solid waste substance resulting from any process of industry, manufacture, trade or business, or from the development, processing or recovery of any natural resource which is capable of polluting the waters of the state.
"(c) 'Treatment works' means any plant, disposal field, lagoon, dam, pumping station, incinerator or other works or reservoir used for the purpose of treating, stabilizing, isolating or holding industrial waste: "(d) 'Disposal system' means system for disposing of or isolating industrial waste and includes pipelines or conduits, pumping stations and force mains, and all other constructions, devices, appurtenances and facilities used for collecting or conducting water borne industrial waste to a point of disposal, treatment or isolation."
December 23, 1977..
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Chucking machine
Dec. 14, 1937. G. o. GRIDLEY ET Al.
- CHUCKING MACHINE Original Filed July 16, 193] 4 Sheets-Sheet l ATTORNEYS Dec. 14, 1937- G. o. GRIDLEY ET Al.
CHUCKI NG MACHINE Original Filed July 16, 193] 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 www@ INVENTO R s GEORGE 0. @Av/@LEY 00A/11.0 H. Mo/vrGo/wfnr BEARL WHEELER ATTO R N EYS Dec. 1'4, 1937.
G. o. GRIDLEY ET A1. 2,102,412
GHUCKING MACHINE Original Filed July 16, 1.93] 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTORS 4afolc-IE QGR/DLEY 00A/ALD /f-MONTGDMERY EARL H. WHEELER M A ToRNEYs De 14, 1937 G. o. GRIDLEY ET AL 2,102,412
CHUCKING4 MACHINE original Filed July 16, 1931 4 sheets-sheet 4 GEORGE 0. R/DLE/ NHLD H. MONTGOMERY EARL 'v WHEELER ATTORNEYS Patented Dec. 14, 1937 UNITED STATES CHUCKING MACHINE George O. Gridley, New Britain, Donald H. Montgomery, Hartford, and Earl E. Wheeler, New Britain, Conn., assigner,- by meme aneignmenta, to The New Britain Machine Company, New Britain, Conn., a corporation of Connecticut Original application July 18, 1931, Serial N0.
551,136. ber 22, 1936.
Patent No. 2,055,435, dated Septem- Divided and this application May Z9, 1936, Serial No. 82,424. Renewed July 30,
15 Claims.
Our invention relates to a chucking machine and this application is a division of our application, Serial No. 551,136, flied July 16, 1931.
It is a general object of the invention to provide a machine of the character indicated, having improved chucking and clutching means interrelated and acting in a manner to make for high speed production, ease of operation, and safety.
It is `another object to provide in a chucking machine interrelated fluid pressure actuated clutching and chucking means under a single control.
It is another object to provide in a machine of the character indicated fluid pressure clutching and chucking means, together with means for assuring a proper sequence of chucking', clutching, unclutching. ami,- unchucking work pieces.
Another object is to provide improved fluid' pressure actuated chucking and/or clutching mechanism.
Other objects and various features of novelty and improvement will be hereinafter pointed out or will become apparent upon a reading of the specification.
'I'he invention in its preferred form is embodied in a multiple spindle chucking machine, only those parts necessary to an understanding of the invention of this application being shown herein. Other features, such as the frame, driving means, and other general features are disclosed fully in the aforesaid application of which this application is a. division and to which reference is hereby made for a lfuller disclosure of all features of the machine.
In the drawings which show, for illustrative purposes only, a preferred form of the invention- Fig. 1 is an axial rear end view of a chucking machine, partly broken away and parts shown in section and illustrating features of the invention;
Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken substantially in the plane of the line 2-2 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken substantially in the plane of the line 3-3 of Fig. 1;
Fig. 4 is a sectional view taken substantially in the plane of the line 4 4 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 5 is a sectional view taken substantially in the plane of the line 5-5 of Fig. 3;
Fig. 6 is a fragmentary top plan view inv partial section of clutch and 'chuck controlling means, also shown in part in Fig. 1;
Fig.- I `is a view in section of parts shown in Fig. 6 but seen from the side, the section being taken substantially in the plane of the line 1 1 of Fig. l;
Fig. 8 is a more or less diagrammatic or illustrative view of our improved uid pressure actuated chucking and clutching mechanism, together with fluid pressure generator and controls.
So much of the drawings of the aforesaid patent application as are necessary for an understanding of the present invention are included herein, but for a fuller description of the entire machine reference is made to the aforesaid application.
Each chucking spindle 250 may be supported in the indexible spindle carrier 98 in substantially the same manner and on anti-friction bearings as has been described inconnection with the screw machine disclosed in the parent application above identified, and the advantages there noted are, of course, inherent in a chucking machine as well as in the screw machine. In the form shown, and referring particularly to Fig. 2, it will be noted that the main spindle drive gear |82 drives a ring gear 25| rotatably carried on each spindle as by means of a double row bearing 252. The inner ring of the bearing is preferably rigidly carried directly on the spindle 250 while the outerring is rigidly carried in a recess or bore of the ring gear 25|. An advantage of an anti-friction bearing at this point is that when the spindle is unclutched from the drive gear and the drive gear continues to rotate, there is practically no tendency for the spindle to be dragged along with the drive gear, and stopping of the spindle is thus greatly facilitated. We have devised a most advantageous type of clutch device l by means of which thespindle'is positively driven and yetno difilculty is experienced in engaging the. positive clutch regardless of the normal speed of the driving portion thereof. Our improved clutch is disclosed in the present application merely by way of example as a satisfactory clutch for use in the present combination. In the embodiment of the invention herein-disclosed, we employ a positive type of bump or toothed clutch for positively driving the spindle during its normal and working rotation, and in order to permit such a desirable and positive type of clutch to be employed at the high speeds at which we desire to employ it, we provide a friction pick-up which initiates the rotation of the spindle and brings it to such a speed, that is, a speed approaching the speed ofthe driving portion of the positive clutch, that the positive clutch may be engaged without dimculty. In the forml illustrated, the ring gear 25| or any part which rotates therewith is provided with a driving clutch part 256, having positive clutch teeth 254 thereon. 'Ihe spindle carries a coact`\ ing clutch part, inthis case in the form of a sliding sleeve 255, having clutch teeth 256 to engage with the teeth 254. VThe positive clutch sleeve 255 is provided with a bell-,mouthed opening 266, so that when the clutch sleeve 255 is in its left-hand position as viewed in Fig. 2, the balls 265 may-move radially outwardly to permit disengagement of the friction clutch device 264.
Now, when the sleeve 255 is moved toward the right, the balls 265 will be moved radially inwardly by the tapered or bell-mouthed opening of the clutch sleeve 255, and thus the friction clutch device 264 will be engaged and the spindle 25|) will be rotated thereby. .Within the-sleeve 255 is a cylindrical opening 261 to maintain the balls in their radially inward position. When the spindle 250 has picked up speed, whether it bethe same speed as the drive gear 25| or slightly less, the positive clutch sleeve 255 may be moved farther towards the right, so as to cause the enlargement 266 in the clutch sleeve opening or counterbore to be positioned over the balls, and the balls are thus permitted to move radially outwardly and to disengage the friction clutch device 264. Further movement of the positive clutch sleeve 255 will cause the positive clutch teeth 254-256 to be engaged with eachother, and since the friction clutch device has already initiated the rotative movement of the spindle 255, there will be no dimculty incausing the positive clutch teeth which are now rotating to engage with each other without clashing or grinding of teeth. When it is desired to stop the spindle, the clutch sleeve 255 is merely moved toward the left, which action first causes `the positiv clutch teeth to become disengaged and which incidentally in 'the form shown causes the friction clutch device to be engaged and immediately thereafter causes the friction clutch means to be disengaged by the radially outward movement of the balls 265 when they enter the tapering or bell-mouthed 'opening of the sleeve.
Adjustment of the friction clutch pick-up means is readily eected by turning up the adjusting nut 252 so as to bring the two abutment sleeves closer together. Wear in the friction clutch device is thus compensated for. It will be seen that by means of our improved clutch device the spindles may be rotated at exceedingly high rates of speed and by a positive clutch. 'I'he friction clutch portion of our device acts only as a spindle speed pick-up device and does not, in the preferred form, drive the spindle at times when work carried by the spindle is being acted upon by the tools. At such times, the spindle is being driven by the positive clutch with all the attendant advantages of such a clutch.
It might be here stated that in the preferred form each spindle clutch is provided with its independent fork device 26| (Fig. 1) which may be slidably mounted upon the studs 221 described in the aforesaid application and employed in the screw machine for supporting the chucking slide. Each fork device 26| is also provided with a finger 269 which may be engaged with a track or slide shoe portion 210 (Figs. 1, 6), which is fluid pressure actuated as will be later described. Each fork 26|, or, rather, the finger portion 269 thereof of each spindle in other than the chucking position, may be engaged and held against endwise unchucking movement by a track ring 21| 'on the frame.
The chucks of the chucking machine are uid pressure actuated. 'I'he chucks may be of any desired type, and we have illustrated (Fig. 2) a rather well-known type of two-jaw chuck which is actuated to close the same by a rearward movement of the draw rod and to be opened by a forward movement thereof.
In the preferred form we employ a cylinder and piston for each chuck, and the cylinders are preferably so arranged as to be non-rotatable even though the spindles themselves are rotatable at high speed. A rear portion of each spindle may be provided with an dditional anti-friction bearing 216, and at the eratreme rearend of the spindle is an anti-friction bearing 214, which supports the non-rotatable cylinder unit 215 of desired form. The cylinder unit 215 is provided with fluid pressure inlet and. outlet ports or passages 216-211 at opposite sides of the piston 216. The piston has projecting gudgeons 216-260, which project respectively at the rear and forward ends of the cylinder and which may fit relatively tightly. Stufilng boxes may, if desired, be provided, but, generally speaking, a relatively tight t will serve to retain the pressure fluid in the cylinder, and if oil, for example, is the pressure fluid, a slight leakage of oil is rather advantageous for lubricating various bearings and parts adjacent to the leaks. Mounted on the piston gudgeon 219 is an anti-friction bearing 26 'which supports a frame or yoke device 262, which is rigidly but adjustably secured to the rear end of the draw rod 2 12, as by means of a screw threaded connection and a lock nut 263. It will be seen that, with the cylinder 215 held stationary, the spindle 250 may rotate relatively thereto by reason of the bearing 214. Likewise, the draw rod 212, by reason of the.
bearing 28|, may rotate relatively to the piston. The piston 218 may rotate to some extent in the cylinder, but under normal conditions the principal rotation will-be between the draw rod 212 and the piston. l
For the purpose of actuating the spindle clutch through the fork device 26| and the shoe or track actuator 210 weemploy a uid pressure piston and cylinder. may be in the form of a -bracket device slidably mounted upon the rods 2|1 and 2|8 on the frame of the machine. A piston rod 284 may be adjustably secured to the bracket 210 and be actuated by a fluid pressure piston 285 in a cylinder 286, fixed on the frame or rods 2|1-2I8, to be described more in detail. The ilow of fluid pressure to opposite ends of the cylinder 286 is controlled by a piston valve 281 in a valve casing 288,
which piston valve may be manually actuated through its rod 289, link 290 and crank 29| on shaft 292, which may be manually rocked by a handle at any convenient position on the machine:
The fluid pressure connections and the flow of fluid may be traced best by reference to the diagrammatic showing of Fig. 8. In the present embodiment the device is arranged so that all of the chucking cylinders in positions other than the loading position are maintained in chuck-closing position by direct pump pressure, while the cylinder of the spindle in loading position is initially actuated by uid from an accumulator, thepressure on the actuated piston being thereafter maintained constant by the pump after the accumulator pressure has caused it to operate. In the form shown we employ a pump, such as a gear or other positive type pump, 293, one branch 294 of the discharge side of which communicates with a passage 295 in the accumulator valve housing. A spring pressed valve 296 acts as a pressure regulat-ing valve, to permit the entry of high pressure fluid from the line 294 into the accumulator bell 291. The setting of the Valve 296 determines the limit below which the pump discharge pressure may not fall during normal operation. A differential relief valve 298 is provided which is forced to the position indicated in Fig. 8 by the pump pressure iluid. We may employ a valve 300 urged upwardly by a spring 302. This valve normally closes the discharge from the accumulator, and pump pressure iiuid may flow through port 30|, beneath the valve skirt, and through ports in skirt to cylinder line 303 to maintain the piston 218 in chucking position in its extreme position. When the chucking lever is actuated to shift the valve 281 as above described, there will be a quick ilow of pump fluid through cylinder line 303, port 304, etc., thus momentarily reducing the pump pressure below the valve 300, and the accumulator. pressure, being momentarily greater, will `shift the valve 300 to cause the skirt of the valve to cut oi the port 30| to thus maintain pump: pressure on the The track actuator 210' cylinders in working positions` (through line 300) and the accumulator will discharge through cylinder line 303 to shift the piston 218 in` loading station.v When the pressure in the accumulator drops, the spring 302 moves-the valve 300 to again close the accumulator discharge to line 303 and again permit direct pump pressure to enter cylinder line 303 to either complete movement of the piston 218 in-chucking position, or, if its movement is completed, to maintain the sam'e under static pump pressure. Thus the large volume of accumulator pressure fluid is available for shifting the chucking piston in loading position and direct pump pressure is available for completing the piston shifting and maintaining the same under static pump pressure. An operation may then be performed on a work piece chucked in loading position.
'Ihe other branch 305 from the discharge side of the pump communicates with an inlet passage 306 in the distributor sleeve 301, which is secured to the frame. Within the sleeve and normally in iixed rotative position is a distributor plug 308, and an annular passage 309 is provided, preferably in the'plug itself, so that there is a constant communication between the pump inlet passage 306 and such annular passage. Communicating with the annular passage 309 is a ,longitudinal passage 3|0 in the plug which communicates at the forward end of the latter through a side outlet 3H with an interrupted annular groove passage 3|2 in the plug. The groove 3|2 extends circumferentially about three-quarters of the way around the'plug.
'I'he spindle carrier itself or some part indexible with the chucking cylinders 215 carries a sleeve 3|3, fitting but indexible with the cylinders about thenormally fixed plug 308.- The sleeve 3|3 in the plane of the line 5-5 (Fig. 3) is provided with four outlet passages 3|4, 3|5, 3|6, 3|1, each of which passages is connected, as by means of a pipe 3|8, 3|9, 320, 32|, respectively, with the tail end of the chucking cylinders 215. Pressure exerted on said tail end serves to draw each draw-rod 212 in the chucking direction. Thus it will be seen that with the plug 308 and sleeve 3|3 in the position shown in Fig. 5, the tail ends of three of the cylinders will be in communication with the interrupted annular groove 3|2. and consequently in communication with the longitudinal passage 3|0, annular groove 309 in the plug, inlet passage 306-in the frame sleeve 301, and the discharge side 305 of the pump. Consequently, the three chucks in the positions other than loading position will be constantly held closed by high pressure fluid directly from the discharge side of the pump.
The distributor sleeve 3|3 is provided in the plane of the line 4-4 (Fig. 3) with passages 322, 323, 324 and 325, which are in communication, respectively, through pipes 326, 321, 328 and 329 with the head ends of all of the chucking cylinders. The plug 308 is provided in the plane of the line 4-4 of Fig. 3 with an interrupted annular groove 330, with which the passages 323, 324, 325 are in open communication, as shown in Fig. 4, so that the head ends of each of the cylinders, other than the one in the loading position, are in open communication with such interrupted annular groove. Communicating with that groove 330 is a longitudinal passage 33|, which communicates with an exhaust opening 332` (Figs. 3, 8), for example, with the space between the two sleeves on the plug. Thus, the
head end of each of the cylinders, other than the '15 The plug su is provided wima longitudinal passage 333 in constant communication with anannular ygroove 334 in the plug. Passage 333 is in 'communication at one end through a plug radial' passage 335 (Fig. 5) with'the port or passage 3|.1 communicating through the pipe 32| with the tail end of the cylinder in loading position. The plug 303 is provided with another longitudinal passage 338, which communicates with an annular groove 331 in the plug, and at its opposite end communicates throughs radial passage 322 (Fig. 4)-, pipe conection 322 in sleeve 3|3, and through pipe 328 with the head 'end of the cylinder in loading position, that is, the upper cylinder in Fig. 8.
Ihe annular plug passage 334 which, as stated, communicates with the tail end of the cylinder in loading position, is connected through pipe connection 338 and pipe 333 with the top pipe connection 340 in theA clutch cylinder 286.
The annular plug passage 331 which, as stated, is' in communication with the head end of the cylinder in loading position, communicates through the pipe connection 34| and pipe 342 with an end passage 343 in the control valve casing 283.
The operation'is as follows:
With the parts in substantially the `position shown in the drawings, and referring particularly to Figs. 3 to 8, it will be seen that the three chucks in working position are closed and held closed by high pressure fluid directly from the discharge side of the pump. The fluid pressure actuated spindle clutches heretofore described are likewise closed, so that the three spindles in working positions will be rotating with the chucks closed and held closed by direct pump pressure. The spindle in loading position, that is, the upper position in Fig.'8, has the spindle drive clutch thrown out, so that the spindle is stationary, and the chucking piston is in its forward position, so that the chuck is open. The control valve handle has been thrown over to the right to the position indicated as "1st (Fig. 8).
It may then be seen that the spindle clutch has been thrown out by accumulator pressure fluid which has passed from the accumulator through pipe 303, pipe connection 304, into the annular space between' the ends of the spool valve 281, and then through the passage 344 and into the tail end of the cylinder 288, thus maintaining the spindle clutch piston 285 in the left-hand position as viewed in Figs. 7 and 8.` At the same time the tail end of the chuck cylinder in loading position will be in communication through the pipe 32|, e 3|1 (Fig. 5). passages 335 and 333, annular passage 334, pipe connection 338, pipe 333 and pipe connection 340 in the clutch cylinder.288, the annular piston groove 345 in the clutch piston 285, and through thepassage 348 in the control valve cylinder, with the exhaust passage 341.
Pressure fluid is free to flow from the space between'the pistons of the control valve through port 343, pipe 342, pipe connection 34| and longitudinal plug passage 338, passage 322 (Figl'4), pipe connection 322 and pipe connection 328 to the head end of the cylindervin loading position, and thus cause the chucking piston ofthe cylinder in loading position to remain forward and the chuck openlw' l f Av newpiece of work maynow befinserted in the chuck. -The manual valve control handle lis then shifted to the'positlon indicated- 2nd i!!l Fig. 8, which moves the end 349 of spool valve `exhaust passage 341, and pressure iluid may pass through pipe 303,.pipe connection 304, passage 348, annular passage 345, pipe connection 340 and pipe 333, and eventually to the tail end of the cylinder in loading position, so as to-close the chuck. The spindle will still be unclutched but the work will now be chucked.
In order to close the spindle clutch the manual control valve handle is thrown toward the left to the position indicated "3rd in Fig. 8. 'Ihis movement will place the control valve 281 in the extreme left-hand position. It will be seen that pressure iluid through the pipe 303 and central connection 304 may still pass momentarily through passages 348, 345 to pipe 339, to the tail end of the cylinder in loading position, so as to maintain the work chucked. but at the same time the tail end of the cylinder 288 is in communication through the passage 344 and to the right of the right-hand piston 35| o f the control valve with the exhaust passage 341 and the head end space 352 of the clutch cylinder 288 will then be in communicationwith the source of pressure between the two heads of the piston valve, and the clutch piston 285 will be moved toward the right.,
so as to throw the spindle clutch in, and the spindle rotation will then be started. After the shift of the clutch piston 285 to the right to close;v the clutch pressure fluid may still reach the tail end of chucking cylinder in loading position by passing by the head end of cylinder 288 and through pipe 333, etc., to maintain that chuck closed.
After the turret or spindle carrier has indexed, another spindle will then arrive in loading position, and it will be in the same condition that the spindle which just left the loading position was in, that is to say, the spindle will be rotating and the rwork will be chucked. 'I'he manual control valve handle is then shifted to the right, back to the position indicated 2nd. Then, through the pipe connections heretofore described, the tall end of the clutch vcylinder 288 will be put in communication with pressure fluid and the head end 352 of that cylinder will be put in communication with the exhaust, so that the clutch piston 285 will be shifted toward the left and will again occupy the position shown'in Figs. '7 and 8, and the spindle clutch will be thrown out but the work will still be clutched. 'Ihe manual control valve handle would then be shifted farther toward the right, to the position designated lst, which is the position in which the' parts arein Figs. 7 and 8. This further shifting of the control valve to its extreme right hand position will still permit pressure fluid to maintain the clutch piston 285 in its left hand position, so as to maintain the clutch open, but
through the pipe connections heretofore described the tail end of the cylinder in chucking position will be opened to the atmosphere, and
the head end will be opened to accumulator pressure, to open the chuck, so as to discharge the nished work piece and permit the insertion of a new work piece.
. Thus briefly, with the parts in the position shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the first shift of the manual control handle to the 2nd or intermediate position will cause work to beychucked. Further movement of the handle to the extreme left or 3rd position will cause the spindle to be clutched, and thereafter the spindle carrier indexes. Another spindle then reaches the loading position. Movement of the manual control `handle toward the right to the 2nd position will cause the spindle to be unclutched, and further movement of the control valve handle back to the extreme right, or "1st position, as shown in the drawings, will cause the work to be unchucked. Thus the cycle is completed.
It is often desirable in a machine of this character to permit a chuck in any position to be opened, for example so that a faulty piece oi' work may be removed. With that end in View We have provided means for rotating the distributor plug 308 from its normal position, as shown in the drawings, so as to place the various passages heretofore described into communication with the various cylinders.- For example, it will be clearA that with the holding or detent lug device 353 withdrawn to the position shown in Fig. 3, the handle 354 may be moved so as to rotate the distributor plug 308 to any'position desired, so as to cause the passages now in communication with a particular cylinder to be placed in communication with any of the other cylinders. In fact, if it were desired, the loading position of the machine could be almost instantly changed merely by shifting the distributor plug 308 to the appropriate position.
While we have disclosed many features of novelty having structural or functional utility, it is to be noted that we have disclosed only a pre ferred form and that many changes, modica tions, fadditions, and omissions may be made within the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
We claim:
l. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, a fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch controlling the same, a fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said clutch, and a single valve for controlling the flow of pressure fluid for both said fluid pressure actuated means.
2. In a chucking machine, a frame, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch controlling the same, a fluid pressure actuated means carried by said frame and positioned for coaction with said clutch, and a single valve for controlling both of said fluid pressure actuated means.
3. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch for controlling said driving means, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said clutch, meansfor conducting pressure fluid to both said fluid pressure actuated means, and a single valve movable to one position to control the flow of fluid pressure for said clutch actuating means and movable to another position to control said chuck fluid pressure actuated means.
4. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch for controlling the same,
fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said clutch, and means controlled from a single point for controlling the flow of pressure fluid to said clutch actuating means for disengaging said clutch and for thereafter controlling the flow of pressure fluid to said chuck actuating means for opening said chuck.
5. In a chucking machine, a frame, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, fluid pressure means for actuating said chuck, means for driving spaid spindle, a clutch for controlling the same, a fluid pressure cylinder carried by said frame, a piston therein, means forming a coacting means between said piston and clutch for actuating the latter by said piston, and fluid passage means through said cylinder and leading to said fluid pressure actuated means for said chuck for actuating the latter.
6. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch for controlling the same, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said clutch, and a single control means for first controlling the flow of fluid to one of said fluid pressure actuated means to actuate the same, and thereafter controlling the flow of pressure fluid to the other of said fluid pressure actuated means for actuating the latter.
7. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, uid pressure actuated means for actuating said chuck, means for driving said spindle, a clutch for controlling the same, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating said clutch, and control means movable to one position for controlling the flow of fluid pressure to one of said uid pressure actuated means and movable to another position for controlling the flow of fluid pressure to the other of said iluid pressure actuated means, for the purpose described.
8. In a chucking machine, a spindle carrier, means for indexing the same from station to station, a plurality of rotatable spindles carried by said spindle carrier, means for driving said spindies, clutch means for connecting said driving means to each of said spindles, a chuck carried by each of said spindles, fluid pressure actuated means for actuating the chuck of each of said spindles in loading station, and a single control valve for controlling the flow of pressure fluid to each of said fluid pressure actuated means.
9. In a chucking machine, a frame, an indexible spindle carrier carried thereby, a plurality of rotatable spindles carried by said spindle carrier,
means for indexing said spindle carrier, a chuck carried by each of said spindles, fluid pressure actuated chucking means carried by each of said spindles for actuating the chucks thereof, means for driving said spindles, a spindle clutch for clutching and unclutching each spindle from said vdriving means, fluid pressure actuated means cardexible spindle carrier thereon,l a plurality o! rotatable spindles carried by said spindle carrier, means for indexing saidv spindle carrier, a chuck carried by eachsaid spindle, means for driving said spindles, m'eans for disengaging each'said spindle from; lts driving means including'a duid .pressure actuated means, `a duid pressure actuated means tor actuating each o! said chucks in loading station, and a single control valve for controlling the dow voi' pressure duid to each of said duid4 pressure actuated means. for the purpose described.
11. In a chucking machine. a ira'me, an indexible spindle carrier thereon, a plurality of rotatable spindles carried by said spindle carrier, means for driving said' spindles, duid pressure actuated means for disengaging each of said spindles from said'driving means, a\chuck carried by each spindle, duid pressure actuated means for actuating said chucks, and a single valve movable to one position to control the dow "ated piston for actuating said yspindle drive disengaging means, a duid pressure operated piston for actuating the chuck ot each said spindle" when in loading station, and a single duid pressure control means for controlling the dow of duid pressure to said two duid pressure means.
13. In a machine -oi' the character indicated, a frame, an indexible spindle carrier thereon, a plurality of rotatable spindles carried by said spindle carrier, a. chuck carried by each said spindle, driving mea's'for said spindles, means i'or disengaging eachvot said spindles from its driving means including a slide mounted on said frame, a iluid pressure piston and cylinder for moving said slide i'or engins and disengaging said driving means with at least one of said spindles, duid pressure actuated means for actuating said chucks, duid passage means including controllingthe dow of duid pressure Vi'or disengaging said spindle from its drive means and movable to another position to open said chuck while said spindle is disengaged and movable to another position to cause said chuck to close and movable to another position to cause said spindle to again engage with its drive means.
15. In a chucking machine, a rotatable spindle, a chuck carried thereby, a duid pressure cylinder and piston for actuating said chuck, said cylinder being normally rotatable relatively to said spindle and being rotatably carried by the rear end thereof, valve means for controlling the dow of pressure duid to and from said cylinder, and means i'or starting and stopping rotation oi said spindle,
GEORGE O. GRIDLEY. DONALD H. MONTGOMERY. EARL H. WHEELER.
|
// Node Routes
export const enum NetworkMessageType {
getpeers = 'getpeers',
stop = 'stop',
// sendrawtransaction = 'sendrawtransaction',
}
|
<?php
namespace DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411;
/**
* Class representing TitleDisplayInformationType
*
* A Composite containing information on how a RecordCompany wishes Artist information to be presented to Consumers as part of the Title (and in addition to displaying the DisplayArtist information).
* XSD Type: TitleDisplayInformation
*/
class TitleDisplayInformationType
{
/**
* The Language and script of the Information as defined in IETF RfC 5646. The default is the same as indicated for the containing composite. Language and Script are provided as lang[-script][-region][-variant]. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @var string $languageAndScriptCode
*/
private $languageAndScriptCode = null;
/**
* A number indicating the order of the display artist name in a group of display artist names, to allow sequencing different display artists. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @var int $sequenceNumber
*/
private $sequenceNumber = null;
/**
* A Flag indicating whether the information is displayed in the Title of a Resource (=true) or not (=false).
*
* @var bool $isDisplayedInTitle
*/
private $isDisplayedInTitle = null;
/**
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @var \DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411\PrefixType[] $prefix
*/
private $prefix = [
];
/**
* Gets as languageAndScriptCode
*
* The Language and script of the Information as defined in IETF RfC 5646. The default is the same as indicated for the containing composite. Language and Script are provided as lang[-script][-region][-variant]. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @return string
*/
public function getLanguageAndScriptCode()
{
return $this->languageAndScriptCode;
}
/**
* Sets a new languageAndScriptCode
*
* The Language and script of the Information as defined in IETF RfC 5646. The default is the same as indicated for the containing composite. Language and Script are provided as lang[-script][-region][-variant]. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @param string $languageAndScriptCode
* @return self
*/
public function setLanguageAndScriptCode($languageAndScriptCode)
{
$this->languageAndScriptCode = $languageAndScriptCode;
return $this;
}
/**
* Gets as sequenceNumber
*
* A number indicating the order of the display artist name in a group of display artist names, to allow sequencing different display artists. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @return int
*/
public function getSequenceNumber()
{
return $this->sequenceNumber;
}
/**
* Sets a new sequenceNumber
*
* A number indicating the order of the display artist name in a group of display artist names, to allow sequencing different display artists. This is represented in an XML schema as an XML Attribute.
*
* @param int $sequenceNumber
* @return self
*/
public function setSequenceNumber($sequenceNumber)
{
$this->sequenceNumber = $sequenceNumber;
return $this;
}
/**
* Gets as isDisplayedInTitle
*
* A Flag indicating whether the information is displayed in the Title of a Resource (=true) or not (=false).
*
* @return bool
*/
public function getIsDisplayedInTitle()
{
return $this->isDisplayedInTitle;
}
/**
* Sets a new isDisplayedInTitle
*
* A Flag indicating whether the information is displayed in the Title of a Resource (=true) or not (=false).
*
* @param bool $isDisplayedInTitle
* @return self
*/
public function setIsDisplayedInTitle($isDisplayedInTitle)
{
$this->isDisplayedInTitle = $isDisplayedInTitle;
return $this;
}
/**
* Adds as prefix
*
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @return self
* @param \DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411\PrefixType $prefix
*/
public function addToPrefix(\DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411\PrefixType $prefix)
{
$this->prefix[] = $prefix;
return $this;
}
/**
* isset prefix
*
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @param int|string $index
* @return bool
*/
public function issetPrefix($index)
{
return isset($this->prefix[$index]);
}
/**
* unset prefix
*
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @param int|string $index
* @return void
*/
public function unsetPrefix($index)
{
unset($this->prefix[$index]);
}
/**
* Gets as prefix
*
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @return \DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411\PrefixType[]
*/
public function getPrefix()
{
return $this->prefix;
}
/**
* Sets a new prefix
*
* A Descriptor that precedes the display artist name when multiple display artist names are given.
*
* @param \DedexBundle\Entity\Ern411\PrefixType[] $prefix
* @return self
*/
public function setPrefix(array $prefix)
{
$this->prefix = $prefix;
return $this;
}
}
|
<?php
/**
* CodeIgniter
*
* An open source application development framework for PHP
*
* This content is released under the MIT License (MIT)
*
* Copyright (c) 2014 - 2015, British Columbia Institute of Technology
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
* of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
* in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
* to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
* copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
* furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
* all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
* AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
* LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
* OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
* THE SOFTWARE.
*
* @package CodeIgniter
* @author EllisLab Dev Team
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2008 - 2014, EllisLab, Inc. (http://ellislab.com/)
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2014 - 2015, British Columbia Institute of Technology (http://bcit.ca/)
* @license http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT MIT License
* @link http://codeigniter.com
* @since Version 1.0.0
* @filesource
*/
defined('BASEPATH') OR exit('No direct script access allowed');
/**
* Bundle Hooks Class
*
* Extends CI_Hooks class for implement a Modular Environment.
*
* @package CodeIgniter
* @subpackage Libraries
* @category Hooks
* @author David Sosa Valdes
* @link https://github.com/davidsosavaldes/Codeigniter-Bundle
*/
class Bundle_Hooks extends CI_Hooks
{
/**
* Add new hooks anytime from anywhere
*
* @param string $path Absolute path (according to CI standards)
*/
public function add($path = '')
{
if (config_item('enable_hooks') !== FALSE)
{
$path = rtrim($path, '/');
if (file_exists($path.'/config/hooks.php'))
{
include($path.'/config/hooks.php');
}
if (file_exists($path.'/config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php'))
{
include($path.'/config/'.ENVIRONMENT.'/hooks.php');
}
// If there are no hooks, we're done.
if ( ! isset($hook) OR ! is_array($hook))
{
return;
}
// Name collisions
$this->hooks = array_merge_recursive($hook, $this->hooks);
return $this->enabled = TRUE;
}
return FALSE;
}
/**
* Run Hook
*
* Runs a particular hook
*
* @param array $data Hook details
* @return bool TRUE on success or FALSE on failure
*/
protected function _run_hook($data)
{
if (is_array($data))
{
$a_path = APPPATH.trim($data['filepath'],'/').'/'.$data['filename'];
if (! file_exists($a_path))
{
// Let's try to load a hook outside
$repeater = rtrim(str_repeat('../', substr_count(APPPATH, '/')),'/');
$b_path = $repeater.'/'.trim($data['filepath'],'/');
if (realpath(APPPATH.$b_path))
{
$data['filepath'] = rtrim($b_path,'/').'/';
}
}
}
return parent::_run_hook($data);
}
}
/* End of file Bundle_Hooks.php */
/* Location: ./application/core/Bundle_Hooks.php */
|
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- encoding: utf-8 -*-
# Copyright 2011-2014, Nigel Small
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
from py2neo.batch.core import *
from py2neo.batch.pull import *
from py2neo.batch.push import *
from py2neo.batch.read import *
from py2neo.batch.write import *
__all__ = [
"BatchResource",
"Batch",
"WriteBatch",
"PullBatch",
"PushBatch",
"ReadBatch",
"Job",
"JobResult",
"Target",
"AddNodeLabelsJob",
"CreateNodeJob",
"CreatePathJob",
"CreateRelationshipJob",
"CreateUniquePathJob",
"CypherJob",
"DeleteEntityJob",
"DeletePropertiesJob",
"DeletePropertyJob",
"PullNodeLabelsJob",
"PullPropertiesJob",
"PullRelationshipJob",
"PushNodeLabelsJob",
"PushPropertiesJob",
"PushPropertyJob",
"RemoveNodeLabelJob",
"BatchError",
]
|
Get character followed by new line item using regex
I am trying to get the character on a new line after a specific letter using regex. My raw data looks like the below:
Total current charges (please see Current account details) $38,414.69
ID Number
1001166UNBEB
ACCOUNT SUMMARY
SVL0
BALANCE OVERDUE - PLEASE PAY IMMEDIATELY $42,814.80
I want to get the ID Number
My attempt is here:
ID_num = re.compile(r'[^ID Number[\r\n]+([^\r\n]+)]{12}')
The length of ID num is always 12, and always after ID Number which is why I am specifying the length in my expression and trying to detect the elements after that.
But this is not working as desired.
Would anyone help me, please?
Are the quote characters in the raw data?
Maybe you can use m = re.search(r"ID Number',\s*'(\w+)'", text) and then print(m.group(1)). See https://regex101.com/r/MXnf00/1
You clearly know that square brackets are for characters sets because you wrote [\r\n] to match either of those characters. So why do you have [ before ^ID Number?
The regexp doesn't match the quotes and comma after ID Number
If this is part of the output of print(somelist), you could use ast.literal_eval() to parse it into a list, then search the list instead of using a clumsy regexp.
@Barmar No, it is from a PDF file and I am splitting the strings using a new line, and it is an output from python. The quote character is not part of the raw data.
Then use (?m)^ID Number\s*(\w+) - https://regex101.com/r/MXnf00/2, but make sure you apply it to a string. Not a list of strings. And if it is a list of strings, use https://ideone.com/RTNAgr
So this is a list of strings, not a single string?
Not a list of strings, characters from pdf, and used 'line.split('\n')' to be able to loop through each line of characters.
Right, do not do that if you want to use m = re.search(r"^ID Number\s*(\w+)", text, re.M). Or, if you split, you will be able to use https://ideone.com/RTNAgr
If the id is alway 12 characters ^\s([A-Z0-9]{12})
@Cooper This is working but also getting another string, so I have to tell regex that I only need the one that is below ID Number.
I work in Javascript so I use String.match() method. With that method using /gm it returns all of the results and in this case I would use String.match(/^\s([A-Z0-9]{12})/gm)[0]; So if you know it's always going to be the first one then that might work. Other wise you might need to know more about the two strings and take advantage of their differences or similarities. BTW both Barmar and Wiktor know a lot more about this than I do.
Your regex is not working because of the use of [ ] at the beginning of the pattern, these are used for character sets.
So replace it with ( ).
Your pattern would look like: r'^ID Number[\r\n]+([^\r\n]+){12}'
But you can simplify your pattern to: ID Number[\s]+(\w+)
\r\n will be matched in \s and numbers and alpha chars in \w.
import re
s = """
Total current charges (please see Current account details) $38,414.69
ID Number
1001166UNBEB
ACCOUNT SUMMARY
SVL0
BALANCE OVERDUE - PLEASE PAY IMMEDIATELY $42,814.80
"""
print(re.findall(r"ID Number[\s]+(\w+)", s))
# ['1001166UNBEB']
|
How can I extend the paperjs's static constructors?
PaperJS has many static constructors (like Rectangle) on their base constructor functions such as Shape. I'd like to extend one of those static constructors like this,
class Rect extends paper.Shape.Rectangle {
constructor() {
super(...arguments);
}
customMethod() {}
}
const A = new Rect();
But what I get in variable A is an instance of class "Shape" which doesn't have the "customMethod".
What is a solution?
Paper.js don't seem to use standard ecmascript
classes; their class system is based on
straps.js.
You can see it in action
in the source code of Rectangle.js,
that is the class available as paper.Rectangle.
If you wanted to extend Rectangle, you could
use its method .extend, like this:
const Rect = paper.Rectangle.extend({
customMove(dx, dy){
this.x += dx;
this.y += dy;
}
});
const rect = new Rect(10, 10, 100, 100);
rect.customMove(30, 10);
As for Shape.Rectangle it can't
be properly extended, since it is just
a method of the class Shape - see
the source code.
You could extend Shape itself to add a new static
method:
const Shape1 = paper.Shape.extend({
statics:{
Rect(){
//... access to this.Rectangle
}
}
});
And in some cases, it is feasible to just add
a new method directly to Shape:
paper.Shape.Rect = function(){
//... access this.Rectangle, or paper.Shape.Rectangle)
}
|
.c.o: $*.h
gcc -c $*.c
.cpp.o: $*.h
g++ -c $*.cpp
all: BST
BST: BST.o cBinarySearchTree.o cNode.o
g++ -o $@ $^
clean:
rm *.o BST
|
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
David Stevens
Effectivement entourée de trois grands océans, l’Australie est sans aucun
doute une nation maritime dont l’histoire ne peut être envisagée qu’en se
référant constamment à la mer. Pourtant, tout au long de leur histoire
européenne, les australiens ont rarement apprécié en détail la puissance
navale, ni reconnu la place unique qu’occupe leur marine nationale
dans leur société. En effet, la nature de l’expérience militaire
australienne en général, et l’histoire navale en particulier, a fait que le
rôle de la marine a toujours été négligé ou limité à la reconnaissance de
brèves batailles navales. Cet article examine le support variable que
l’Australie a fournit à sa marine, et ceci dans un contexte
d’opportunisme politique et de besoins et souhaits disputés au niveau
national. Il tracera le progrès de la marine australienne en partant
d’une collection hétéroclite de vedettes armées et autres torpilleurs en
obsolescence jusqu’à la force nationale indépendante maintenue
aujourd’hui, le but étant d’offrir une base de comparaison et de
contraste avec l’histoire de la marine canadienne.
With an ice free coastline more than 47,000 km long and, at 14 million km 2, one
of the largest offshore jurisdictions in the world, Australia has been christened a potential
maritime super power. Notwithstanding this vision, for much of its European history
Australia’s maritime power has remained underexploited and incomplete. Brought up to
embrace the rural traditions of the bush, Australians may enjoy a beach lifestyle but most
prefer to think of their cultural ancestors as pioneers rather than seafarers.
Not only have Australians failed to appreciate the value of their three surrounding
oceans, but they have routinely attempted to gain maritime security on the cheap,
generally through alliances with great and powerful friends. For the first century and a
half after European settlement in 1788 this friend was Britain. Yet even with the world’s
greatest naval power as protector, and a British Squadron based in Sydney from1859,
there were regular rumblings that policies formulated in Whitehall might not place the
outer reaches of the Empire as first priority.
Determined to take practical steps to protect their own ports, in the late
nineteenth century several of the Australian colonies made tentative steps to develop their
own local naval forces. After the initial burst of patriotism these were rarely well
resourced, but they did at least provide a focus for naval interest. The 1887 Brassey’s
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord XXIV, Nos. 3 & 4 (Jul. & Oct. 2014), 60-74
Canadian Military History 23, Nos. 3 & 4 (Summer & Autumn 2014), 60-74
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
61
Naval Annual even described the Victorian Navy as “quite a formidable flotilla.” 1
Economic depression and rapid technological change ensured that this comment
was never repeated, and following Federation of the colonies on 1 January 1901 the new
national administration inherited an obsolescent collection of gun and torpedo boats from
the four surviving local navies. Inexperienced in security matters and with no money for
new investment, most politicians thereafter remained only too happy to leave Australia’s
ultimate security to the Royal Navy.
Some financial contribution was nevertheless expected, and under the provisions
of the Naval Agreement Acts 1902-03, Australia and New Zealand accepted an obligation
to contribute to the maintenance of the Royal Navy in the western Pacific for a further ten
years. Yet as control rested solely with the British Admiralty, some of the more maritimeminded locals well appreciated that the nominally “Australian” Squadron might remove
elsewhere in times of crisis, leaving their trade and harbours at the mercy of raiding
enemy cruisers. Moreover, the squadron was hardly a credible deterrent. As a visiting
US naval officer commented in 1908, “Among the British Officers this is known as the
Society Station and by tacit consent little work is done.” 2
The Fleet Unit
The idea of an independent Australian Navy, locally manned and under
Australian direction, gathered increasing popular support. Most saw this navy as
providing coastal defence, still leaving the high seas to the British, but all this changed in
1909 when in the wake of the Dreadnought crisis, representatives of the self-governing
dominions were invited to London to discuss the whole question of naval defence. Here
the dominions were surprised to learn that the Royal Navy could no longer guarantee
supremacy at sea. By 1915, foreign fleets, and in particular the Japanese and German
would be formidable, and the position of Australia, isolated and remote from imperial
naval strength, “might be one of some danger.” 3 It was Admiral Sir John Fisher, the
outspoken First Sea Lord, who proposed that the dominions take on the responsibility for
the Pacific’s naval defence for themselves. “We manage the job in Europe,” he later
declared, rather pejoratively to modern ears, “They’ll manage it against the Yankees,
Japs, and Chinese, as occasion requires out there.” 4
Fisher’s successful promotion of a self-contained ‘fleet unit’, consisting of a
1
2
3
4
Cited in D.M. Stevens (ed), The Royal Australian Navy (Melbourne: Oxford University
Press, 2001), 8.
Letter, Lieutenant-Commander McLean to William S. Sims, 20 September 1908, cited in J.R.
Reckner, “‘A Sea of Troubles’: The Great White Fleet’s 1908 War Plans for Australia and
New Zealand”, in D.M. Stevens & J. Reeve (eds), Southern Trident: Strategy, History and
the Rise of Australian Naval Power (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2001), 191.
United Kingdom National Archives (UKNA): ADM116/1100, Admiralty Conference, 10
August 1909, 520.
Letter, Fisher to Esher, 13 September 1909, cited in A.J. Marder (ed), Fear God and Dread
Nought: Correspondence of Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher, vol II (London: Jonathan Cape,
1956), 266.
62
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
battlecruiser, three light cruisers and supporting destroyers and submarines, certainly
seemed to fit Australian requirements. Australia’s Director of Naval Forces, Captain
William Creswell, declared that with such a fleet, “The bombardment of our ports or the
possibility of their being held to ransom… will be so remote as to be hardly worth
considering.”5
More than this, however, Australian politicians recognised the potential for an
indirect return on their investment. When it arrived on 4 October 1913, the fleet unit was
hailed as Australia’s voice on the world’s stage, a tool by which the nation could take up a
leading role in the collective defence of the Pacific, and guide the British Empire’s
regional diplomatic manoeuvres. Claimed one Australian Senator:
It is the destiny of the dominions to uphold the trident in the Pacific, and
Australia has pointed out to her sister dominions their duties and
responsibilities. It is only a question of time and statesmanship when the
dominions on this question will have a common policy.6
The messages offered by the remainder of the Empire added confidence to
Australia’s belief that with the advent of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) it had
embarked on a great national and imperial endeavour. New Zealand congratulated
Australia for this “substantial mark of nationhood….” Canada announced that she stood
“shoulder to shoulder with Australia and the other overseas dominions in the firm resolve
to safeguard our common heritage.” 7 That the other dominions did not in fact follow
Australia’s lead was an eventual source of frustration, but it did not dampen Australian
enthusiasm for collective security.
Empire Defence
Some historians maintain the view that the RAN was less a national institution
and more a local manifestation of its parent. This argument holds that the relationship
tied Australia too closely to imperial policies, encouraged the retention of outdated ‘bluewater’ strategical theories, and that the service itself might equally be titled the RNA, or
the Royal Navy in Australia. 8 This description is both unfair and simplistic. The RAN
was undoubtedly modelled directly on the Royal Navy. Agreement to the full interchange
of personnel had been reached as early as 1908, 9 the only uniform items allowed to differ
5
6
7
8
9
“Captain Creswell’s views on result of Imperial Conference, 16 November 1909,” in G.L.
Macandie (ed), The Genesis of the Royal Australian Navy (Sydney: Government Printer,
1949), 252.
Senator Pearce in Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 1913.
Sydney Morning Herald, 6 October 1913.
See for example, J. McCarthy, Australian and Imperial Defence 1918-39: A Study in Sea and
Air Power (St. Lucia: University of Queensland Press, 1976) and T. Frame, Pacific Partners:
a History of Australian-American Naval Relations (Melbourne: Hodder & Stoughton, 1992),
19.
See N. Lambert, Australia’s Naval Inheritance: Imperial Maritime Strategy and the Australia
Station 1880-1909, Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs No. 6, (Canberra: Sea Power
Centre – Australia (SPC-A), 1998), 19.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
63
were buttons, and even the specifications for grey paint were matched. But the
relationship flowed both ways, and there was always far more to it than simple
subservience. As early as July 1913, several months before the fleet unit’s arrival, the
members of the Australian Commonwealth Naval Board were contemplating how best to
employ their fleet independently of Whitehall. The Admiralty, unused to such openness,
declined to divulge its Pacific policy, 10 but at least some of the Board’s members
recognised that a Mahanian clash of fleets did not suit the local situation. Rather, they
felt that a Corbettian strategy, incorporating joint and combined operations and threats to
an enemy’s sea communications, might better deter an attack on Australasian interests. 11
The onset of the First World War changed the developmental path that might
have followed from this assessment, but echoes remained. Hence in 1914 the RAN may
have come immediately under Admiralty control, and operated in waters all around the
globe – including Canada – as if they were imperial units, but they retained a distinctly
Australian character. Indeed, the experience reinforced the belief that the Empire’s naval
forces in the Pacific would have been far better controlled from a naval staff based in
Melbourne. Particularly frustrating was the Admiralty’s determination to retain the
RAN’s flagship, the battlecruiser His Majesty’s Australian Ship (HMAS) Australia, in the
western Pacific to escort a succession of expeditions to seize German possessions, rather
than pursue and eliminate Vice-Admiral Graf von Spee’s East Asiatic Cruiser Squadron.
“Much the same,” one RAN staff officer later lamented, “as if a squadron at Malta
operating against an enemy in the Eastern Mediterranean, were ordered to escort an
expedition from the north of Scotland to Halifax.”12
Not surprisingly, Australia, like Canada, rejected British proposals for a
Whitehall-controlled “Empire Navy” in 1918, but plans for close cooperation had
remained under development during the war and were brought out in a revised form for
the visit by Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Jellicoe of Scapa in 1919. Again as in
Canada,13 Jellicoe’s subsequent report on Pacific naval policy reflected not only the
Admiral’s thinking, but also the work already undertaken by the local naval staff. 14 Yet
plans for a large combined Eastern Fleet, involving Britain and all the Pacific dominions
and equal to projected Japanese strength, had no chance of making headway in a world
weary of war. In Australia as elsewhere, naval investment sharply declined. In 1920, the
RAN’s fleet peaked at a battlecruiser, four light cruisers, twelve destroyers, four sloops,
six submarines and numerous auxiliaries. Just a year later, the Australian Naval Board
declared that a credible naval defence was no longer possible. 15 The best that might be
10
11
12
13
14
15
SPC-A, Canberra, Diaries of Sir George King-Hall, 21 July 1913.
See D. Stevens, “Australian Naval Defence: Selections from the papers and correspondence
of Captain W.H.C.S. Thring, 1913-34,” in S. Rose (ed), The Naval Miscellany, Vol. VII
(Aldershot: Ashgate for The Navy Records Society, 2008).
London, Daily Telegraph, 4 November 1936.
Roger Sarty, The Maritime Defence of Canada (Toronto: The Canadian Institute of Strategic
Studies, 1996), 82-3.
Stevens, “Thring: Australian Naval Defence, 1913-34,” 415.
SPC-A, Canberra, “Report on Naval Estimates 1920/21.”
64
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
done was to keep three cruisers in commission to maintain a naval nucleus, and hope that
the Royal Navy would come to Australia’s aid in an emergency.
For its part, the Admiralty recognised that an increasing proportion of the one
power standard of naval strength might need to be provided by the dominions, and
worried that RAN personnel would become stale without exposure to larger operations. 16
The Admiralty offered specialist training for selected Australians and, to address the
larger issue of maintaining interoperability, proposed that an RAN cruiser should be
regularly attached to a British fleet for periods of between six and twelve months. Thus
began the interwar exchange program which saw six Australian cruisers operate overseas
between 1924 and 1936.
Exchange Cruisers
To the extent that the RAN cruisers achieved an excellent professional reputation
the exchanges were undoubtedly successful. But though Australia readily admitted that it
again depended on the Royal Navy for its ultimate security, some politicians were less
convinced about providing support in the opposite direction, expressing their concern that
Australian ships could be drawn into imperialist intrigues. HMAS Brisbane’s experience
during local riots on the China Station in 1925 soon illustrated this dilemma. When it
appeared that Brisbane’s crew might become directly involved in keeping the peace, the
opposition Labour Party went immediately on to the offensive, declaring that the RAN
had been created for the sole purpose of defending Australia, and god forbid it should be
used to help foreign capitalists crush the Chinese proletariat. 17 Thereafter, the Australian
government requested assurances that in a crisis their cruisers “should not be employed
unless absolutely necessary in order to protect lives and property of British subjects.” 18
Notwithstanding the uncertainty over their employment, the exchange ensured
the Australian cruisers were seen around the world, and other minds perceived the
benefits to both Australia’s international reputation and collective defence. As the First
Naval Member, Vice-Admiral A.F. Everett, pointed out when first arguing for the
exchange:
The display of the Flag of the Australian Commonwealth by a Cruiser
named after one of the State Capitals, built in Australia and manned by
Australians in the ports of other Dominions who do not yet contribute
appreciably to Empire Defence will be a unique gesture, and may possibly
tend to induce the people of those Dominions to be more favourably
16
17
18
National Archives of Australia (NAA): MP1049/5, 2026/3/31, “Memorandum of Interchange
of RN and RAN Light Cruisers,” August 1924; see J.C. Mitcham, “Defense by Cooperation:
The Admiralty and the Postwar Role of the Dominion Navies” (paper presented at the 2007
Annapolis Naval History Seminar), 20-21.
Commonwealth Parliament, House of Representatives Debate, 25 June 1925, 463-67.
NAA: MP1049/5, 2026/3/44, Cable, Governor-General to Secretary of State for the
Colonies, 27 June 1925.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
65
disposed (by touching their pride) towards naval defence and expansion.19
Canada was clearly a primary target of this charm offensive, and in the wake of
HMAS Adelaide’s 1924 visit to Vancouver with the Special Service Squadron, Australian
authorities were no doubt pleased to hear that the cruiser’s presence, “…carrying the
message of Empire co-operation in Naval defense,” 20 had not gone unnoticed by the
Canadian press. Four years later, an Australian journalist sea-riding in HMAS Canberra
during her brief sojourn with the Atlantic Fleet made the point explicitly. The success of
the interchange scheme had proved that Australia had got it right. The other dominions
must follow if the Empire was to remain “self-contained, self-supporting and selfprotecting.”21
Despite this enthusiasm, once more the other dominions failed to follow, and the
effects of the Great Depression likewise ensured a further narrowing of Australia’s
already restricted horizons. In 1925 the RAN had two new 10,000-ton cruisers, HMA
Ships Australia (II) and Canberra, building in British shipyards. But between 1926 and
1932 naval expenditure fell from £5 million to less than £1.5 million, and personnel
strength reduced from 5000 to 3500. At one point the RAN could maintain just one
destroyer and the two new cruisers in commission. The Naval Board tried to argue that
the 1930 London Treaty had included these two in the fifteen heavy cruisers allowed to
the British Empire, and therefore that Australia retained a wider responsibility, but
government austerity prevailed. Declared policy might hold that the RAN would be
maintained as “an effective and contribution to Empire Naval Defence,” 22 but in practice
it never received resources sufficient for such an undertaking. Even the exchange
program was judged too expensive to continue.
The Admiralty and the Naval Board grew increasingly concerned. The RAN
could neither maintain the efficiency of its existing assets, nor afford replacements for the
two elderly light cruisers it retained in reserve. Rather than attempting to build new
ships, Vice-Admiral Sir Francis Hyde, the RAN’s new Chief of Naval Staff, proposed
that Australia use any available funds to operate additional cruisers paid for by the Royal
Navy.23 The idea was similar to a suggestion already made by the Admiralty to Canada,
but British altruism had its limits. The caveats Australia had placed on the employment
of its exchange cruisers had highlighted the practical limits of collective defence, and the
implications were freely discussed in the British press:
19
20
21
22
23
NAA: MP1049/5, 2026/3/31, Letter, 1st Naval Member to Prime Minister, 26 October 1923.
At sea there was little to distinguish an Australian cruiser from a British (or any other
Commonwealth for that matter), as all at this time flew the White Ensign, but alongside the
Commonwealth flag would be worn as a jack at the bow.
V.C. Scott O’Connor, The Empire Cruise (London: privately printed, 1925), 246.
T. Smith, Fleet Moments (London: Selwyn & Blount, 1928), 14.
NAA: MP1587/1, 218AO, “Statement by the Prime Minister on Commonwealth
Government’s defence policy in light of the Imperial Conference,” 24 August 1937.
J. Goldrick, “The naval professional: Admiral Sir Francis Hyde, KCB, CVO, CBE, RAN,” in
D. Stevens and J. Reeve (eds), The Navy and the Nation: the influence of the Navy on
modern Australia (Sydney: Allen & Unwin, 2005), 340.
66
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
[British] naval authorities must reckon with the fact that the cruisers …are
entirely Australian, and are liable to be diverted by Australian political
crosscurrents of which we have no knowledge… Those who would cut down
British cruiser construction because the Dominions are building, and advise
us to rely on our brethren overseas for assistance, lose sight of this sort of
thing. If the operations of Australian ships are to be tied down by local
political considerations, things would be in a sad way with the British navy
and commerce.24
The Admiralty had no intention of losing operational control of tonnage paid for
by the British taxpayer, but it did arrange for a compromise. This allowed Australian
payment for a new light cruiser – the modified Leander class, HMAS Sydney (II) – to be
staggered over several years. The Admiralty also pushed for the restoration of the
exchange cruiser scheme, but Canberra continued to resist any attempts to increase
expenditure. Indeed, the catalyst for the scheme’s resurrection was not a desire to
maintain naval efficiency, but rather the visit of the Duke of Gloucester for the Victorian
centenary celebrations in 1934. If a British cruiser was making the outward voyage as
royal escort, then the government considered that an Australian cruiser should be used for
the return. The Naval Board had not been consulted, but on hearing the announcement
expressed its “pleased surprise” with the decision. 25
The cruiser chosen for the exchange, Australia (II), joined the First Cruiser
Squadron in the Mediterranean in May 1935 and was still there in August when the
worsening crisis between Italy and Abyssinia threatened to drag Britain into war.
Evidently impressed by the seriousness of the situation, the Australian government not
only agreed to extend the cruiser’s deployment, but agreed to make available the newly
commissioned Sydney (II), at the time on her delivery voyage to Australia. Both RAN
cruisers were fully integrated into the British sanctions campaign and in planning for
attacks on the Italian Navy. The crisis eased without the need for offensive action but,
commenting on Australia’s ready cooperation, a British journal made much of this
reminder to the world of the “unity of British Empire sea-power,” noting particularly that
the material contribution, although substantial, shrank “into relative insignificance as
alongside the moral effect of the step.”26
With the return of Australia (II) and Sydney (II) to home waters in August 1936
the exchange scheme finally came to an end, although it is not clear whether this was a
deliberate decision or simply a result of the outbreak of war. It is noteworthy, however,
that despite the recent successful integration of the two Australian cruisers the Admiralty
remained mistrustful of Australian politicians. In the event of an approaching war with
Japan, the Admiralty had previously intended to use the most modern of the RAN’s
cruisers to exchange with the old cruisers accompanying the main fleet when it arrived in
24
25
26
The Journal of Commerce, cited in the Melbourne Herald, 4 July 1925.
The Argus, 18 January 1934.
“Naval and Military Record”, cited in The Navy, Army, Air & Munitions Journal, 1 January
1936, 17.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
67
far eastern waters.27 However in 1938, apparently prompted by continuing uncertainty as
to when, or if, Australian warships would be released for use in times of crisis, the
Admiralty chose to remove the uncertainty. Instead of providing reinforcement for the
Royal Navy, the RAN’s object became solely the defence of trade in Australian waters. 28
This relegation was not necessarily unwelcome in Australia. Although issues of
local defence were never entirely ignored, the RAN’s focus on the imperial connection
had at times diverted its attention from threats arising closer to home. So long as the
Royal Navy could spare a credible fleet to engage the main enemy force in the Pacific,
the RAN believed it could manage the risks of stray submarines and surface raiders. But
the fact that the political situation was deteriorating simultaneously in both Europe and
Asia brought this assurance into question. What Britain called the ‘far east’ was to
Australia the ‘near north’, and by the late-1930s the Naval Board’s greatest worry was
that Japan might take advantage of a European war to move south in strength. Thus for
Australians, ‘local defence’ increasingly meant the security of immediate national
interests.
The Second World War
It has been said that the Canadian Navy invented itself during the Second World
War, starting with 1700 men but expanding by 4250 per cent. By comparison, the RAN
began with 5200 men but expanded only 535 per cent to reach 33,000 in 1944. 29 The
RAN’s tactical performance was probably no better or worse than other Commonwealth
navies, and obviously improved with experience. Yet, at no stage was the RAN
operationally or strategically effective as an independent force. Australian politicians
were initially loathe to release units from the Australia Station, but while the war
remained distant the naval staff recognised the need for a global view of the threat to sea
communications. Once again, operational control of the RAN’s major units readily
passed to the Admiralty, and for much of the time Australian ships operated widely
dispersed and fully integrated into British or later US naval formations.
Like everyone else, the RAN found itself critically short of small escorts at the
beginning of the war. Requisitioning of civil hulls provided some short-term relief, but
the first orders for a locally built multi-purpose corvette, the Bathurst class were only
made in September 1939. Not until June 1940, when Britain officially admitted that it
could not divert major naval forces from the Mediterranean to the Far East, did the Naval
Board begin more urgent attempts to acquire additional anti-submarine and
minesweeping vessels. Eventually Australia built 56 corvettes, half a dozen frigates and
three destroyers for its own use, but progress remained slow and only three of the new
corvettes were available when Japan entered the war in December 1941. With intensive
attacks expected against Australian sea communications, no help expected from the UK,
27
28
29
NAA: MP1049/9, 2026/3/81, Letter, Admiralty to Naval Board, 11 September 1936.
D. Stevens, “The Royal Australian Navy and the Strategy for Australia’s Defence” in D.
Stevens (ed), In Search of a Maritime Strategy (Canberra: Strategic and Defence Studies
Centre, 1997), 81.
SPC-A, Canberra, File 202, “Royal Canadian Navy”.
68
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
and American forces likely to have their own priorities, the Australian Chiefs of Staff
examined other options. In January 1942 a request to the Canadian prime minister asked
if any anti-submarine craft might be made available. 30 Facing the immediate crisis of Uboats on their doorstep, the Canadians could identify only six minesweepers under
construction for the Admiralty on the Pacific coast. 31 These had insufficient endurance
and were not taken up. Fortunately, the United States recognised Australia’s usefulness
as a principal supply base and graciously took over responsibility for national defence.
For Australia, the wartime relationship with the United States was a matter of mutual
convenience, one that achieved a high degree of friendship and cooperation, but was only
ever an adjunct to, rather than a replacement for, Empire cooperation. John Curtin,
Australia’s wartime prime minister, claimed in December 1941 that Australians had turned
towards the United States “free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the
United Kingdom,”32 but in 1944 he just as quickly turned back, and enthusiastically
welcomed the prospect of hosting the British Pacific Fleet. 33 Notwithstanding Britain’s most
recent “inexcusable betrayal,”34 as Australian authorities looked towards post-war planning,
they remained convinced that the policy of cooperation in empire defence remained sound.
Yet, echoing earlier disappointments, they recognised the dangers of over-centralisation and
supported greater devolution of planning responsibility based on a regional framework.35 As
early as 1944 Australia and New Zealand signed an agreement declaring their intention to
establish their own regional zone of defence.36
Australia’s views were reiterated at the 1946 Commonwealth Prime Ministers
Conference, when Curtin’s successor, Joseph “Ben” Chifley, reminded the delegates that the
Commonwealth’s widely differing geographical circumstances and diverging interests made
any attempt to maintain centralised control and direction unworkable. Agreement was
eventually reached that cooperation should develop on a regional basis with each nation
accepting responsibility for the development of its own area and the strategic zone around it.
Between these areas, the protection of sea lines of communication would be a joint
responsibility, but with British forces still likely to play the largest part.
Regardless of such strategic justification, the future role of Australia’s Navy
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
See D. Stevens, A Critical Vulnerability: The impact of the submarine threat on Australia’s
maritime defence 1915-1954 (Canberra: Sea Power Centre – Australia, 2005), 186-7.
LAC, RG 24, vol 3830, 1037-1-20, Vol 1, Joint Planning Sub-Committee Memorandum, 28
February 1942.
Cited in K. Hack, Defence and Decolonisation in Southeast Asia: Britain, Malaya and
Singapore 1941-68 (Richmond: Curzon, 2001), 74.
See D. Stevens, “The British Naval Role East of Suez: An Australian Perspective,” in G.
Kennedy (ed), British Naval Strategy East of Suez, 1900-2000: Influences and actions
(London: Frank Cass, 2005), 222-3.
D. Day, The Great Betrayal: Britain, Australia and the Pacific War, 1939-42 (North Ryde:
Angus & Robertson, 1988), 1-17.
Day, The Great Betrayal, 223-4.
A. Watt, Australian Defence Policy 1951-1963: Major International Aspects (Canberra:
Australian National University, 1964), 2.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
69
remained in the balance. In 1945 the RAN was larger than it had ever been, but wartime
losses had been heavy and there were few major units on which to base a post-war fleet.
When combined with ageing hulls, the expected dominance of ‘push-button’ warfare, and the
absence of any threatening maritime competitor, there seemed every possibility that the RAN
would be relegated to obscurity. Guiding the RAN through this uncertainty was the last
British officer to hold the appointment as Chief of Naval Staff, Admiral Sir Louis Hamilton.
Despite his conviction that the foundation of Australia’s “defence problem was the protection
of the merchant ship,”37 he worried that the government seemed to be pinning its faith on air
power and new weapons, and that maritime affairs might yet be entirely consigned to either
the Royal or US navies.
A shrewd and diplomatic man, Hamilton’s behind the scenes manoeuvring was
essential to what happened next.38 When Australia’s post-war defence policy was finally
announced in June 1947, Defence Minister John Dedman confirmed that the British
Commonwealth remained a maritime empire, and quoted extensively from Admiral Sir
Herbert Richmond’s book Statesmen and Seapower.39 The RAN was allotted the largest
proportion of the defence budget and received approval to acquire two light fleet carriers
from the Royal Navy. The stated aim was to build a balanced fleet capable of operating either
as an independent force for the direct defence of Australia or as a contribution to the wartime
sea power of the British Commonwealth. In the latter case, the RAN was still expected to
operate under the Admiralty’s strategic direction, but this would be one of the last official
statements to include such guidance. Close personal contact remained a feature of the RAN’s
relationship with the Royal Navy, and for his part Hamilton advised the First Sea Lord that
for the first time in its history Australia was “going to take a real share in Imperial Defence on
a planned basis.”40
Cold War
Subsequent government guidance allowed the RAN to proceed with planning in
connection with the delineation of a zone in which Australia would assume both the
initiative for defence planning in peacetime and responsibility for the “defence of vital
sea communications” in the event of global war. 41 The boundary of the proposed zone
included Australia, New Zealand, and certain sections of the Far East Station, including
Singapore, and soon became known as the ANZAM (Australia, New Zealand and
37
38
39
40
41
UKNA: ADM 205/74, Letter, Hamilton to Sir John Cunningham (First Sea Lord), 18 March
1947.
J. Goldrick, “Selections from the Memoirs and Correspondence of Captain James Bernard
Foley, CBE, RAN (1896-1974),” in The Naval Miscellany, Vol. V (London: George Allen &
Unwin for The Naval Records Society, 1984), 521.
Commonwealth of Australia, “Post-war Defence Policy,” statement to Parliament by The
Hon. John J. Dedman, MP, Minister for Defence (Melbourne: Government Printer, 4 June
1947), 7.
Letter, Hamilton to Cunningham, 17 June 1947.
NAA: MP 1185/8, 1846/4/336, Minute, Captain G. Gatacre (Deputy Chief of Naval Staff) to
Collins, 30 March 1949.
70
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
Malaya) Region. ANZAM marked a firm step towards gaining formal recognition of the
primacy of Australia and New Zealand in their own areas of strategic interest. Although
not expecting a Soviet attack on anything like the scale envisaged in the North Atlantic,
assuming responsibility for the naval defence of a wide area in the Indian and Pacific
oceans was no small task. In late 1950 Commonwealth staff officers began writing the
“Plan for the defence of sea communications in the ANZAM region,” 42 and had it
approved by May 1952.
This triumph for an Australian maritime strategy, if such it was, was short-lived.
The first post-war decade regularly witnessed resources overcommitted and expenditure
underestimated. Within months the plan for a two carrier navy began unravelling as the
Admiralty advised on the need to modernise the two vessels on offer and the costs of
acquiring a Fleet Air Arm appeared to spiral out of control. In the end the RAN agreed to
accept one carrier, HMAS Sydney (III), in an un-modernised state and another, HMAS
Vengeance, on loan, until the second carrier, HMAS Melbourne (II), could be
modernised. Finally delivered in 1955, Melbourne (II) included all the latest carrier
developments, but the high cost ensured that Sydney (III) would not receive the same
treatment. After a brief stint as a training carrier, she paid off into reserve in 1958.
In the intervening years the strategic situation had also clarified. The Korean
War briefly brought guidance that Australia’s Defence Forces must be ready for global
war by 1953,43 but a succession of regional conflicts within the context of a prolonged
Cold War soon seemed more likely. The turning point came in April 1954, when a new
Defence Minister announced that Australian defence policy had been transformed, from
preparedness by a critical date, to the capacity to maintain defence for the “Long Haul.” 44
The revised policy still placed some importance on the protection of sea communications,
but highlighted the need to hold Southeast Asia against communism, any failure of which
would expose Australia to the risk of enemy strategic bombing. Although, endorsed as a
balanced approach, in practice the policy placed far greater emphasis on local air defence,
and funds to the army and navy were cut specifically to allow for the air force build-up.
The change was evident not just in the budgetary allocation, but also in the tasks expected
of the RAN. Like many other western navies, its prime role thereafter became antisubmarine warfare rather than power projection, and this priority would continue to
influence force structure decisions until the early-1980s.
In the post-Second World War era Australia’s allies periodically attempted to get
the nation to do more for regional security. Australia, by contrast, sought to ensure that its
allies did not do less. As such, it was not surprising that the ‘Long-Haul’ policy reduced the
strength and efficiency of all three services, leaving Australia still dependent on external
assistance should its interests be seriously threatened. Increasingly, the RAN sought this
assistance directly or indirectly from the US Navy. Already, a 1951 agreement between the
42
43
44
NAA: MP1185/10, 5202/21/17, Letter, UK Service Liaison Staff to British Defence
Coordination Committee, 5 March 1952.
R. O’Neill, Strategy and Diplomacy, Australia in the Korean War 1950-53, Vol. I (Canberra:
Australian War Memorial and AGPS, 1981), 101-4.
Defence Policy and the Programme (Melbourne: Government Printer, 1954), 1.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
71
two navies had acknowledged the existence of the ANZAM area, and delineated national
areas of responsibility for control of shipping. 45 It gave Australia no greater influence in
American planning, but it had allotted a clearly enunciated wartime role for the RAN, one
which was relevant to its continuing peacetime presence in Southeast Asia and encouraged
the development of closer links with the US Navy on a variety of operational and technical
levels.
The signing of the ANZUS (Australia, New Zealand, United States) Treaty in 1951
likewise reinforced the move towards the United States and finally gave Australia the formal
defence alliance it had always sought for the Pacific. ANZUS had less immediate practical
reality than ANZAM, but it symbolised Australia’s willingness to act independently of the
Commonwealth if necessary. Australia’s contribution to collective security thereafter
progressed through a number of arrangements with varying levels of success. 46 The South
East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO), for instance, did arouse American interest in the
Southeast Asian area – which previously had been sporadic – and went some way towards
achieving Australia’s aim of bringing Britain and the United States together in the region, yet
it did not provide a context for joint action.47 Whatever the contingency planning, Britain
was never prepared to contribute directly to the defence of Indo-China, nor the United States
to the defence of Malaya.48 Australia tended to be left standing in the middle, attempting to
make a sufficient contribution to each major partner to preserve a sense of obligation without
arousing resentment or suspicion in the other.
Thus, to accord with its Commonwealth responsibilities in the region, between 1955
and 1974 the RAN provided ships to the Far East Strategic Reserve49 and its successor the
ANZUK (Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom) Force. These ships operated as an
integral part of what was in all but name a Commonwealth Eastern Fleet, keeping
professional standards acceptable and relationships alive. Moreover, in addition to the
ongoing demonstration of Commonwealth resolve, on occasion the commitment took a more
active turn, with both the Malayan Emergency (1948-60) and Indonesian Confrontation
(1963-66) requiring the use of deadly force.
But in the background, Australian planners had also been examining possible force
contributions to the American military presence in Vietnam, and it was in this context that
something of a ‘two-navy syndrome’ became evident. Although the RAN now had a long
history of working with the US Navy, the logistic problems of supporting British-pattern
ships in a prolonged American-run operation posed problems. As a result, a direct combat
45
46
47
48
49
J. Goldrick, “The Role of the Royal Australian Navy in Australian Defence Policy, 1945-85”
(unpublished paper, SPC-A, Canberra, n.d.), 9.
D. Lee, “Australia and Allied Strategy in the Far East, 1952-1957,” in Journal of Strategic
Studies, December 1993, 551-38.
G. Modelski (ed), SEATO: Six Studies (Melbourne: F.W. Cheshire, 1962), 4-5.
T.B. Millar, Australia in Peace and War: External Relations Since 1788 (Botany, NSW:
Australian National University Press, 1991), 143.
The FESR’s primary role was “to provide a deterrent to, and be available at short notice to
assist in countering, further communist aggression in South-East Asia”; NAA: A4905, Letter,
McBride to Menzies, 16 May 1955.
72
The Northern Mariner/Le marin du nord and Canadian Military History
role was delayed until after the delivery of the first of the RAN’s new Charles F. Adams-class
guided missile destroyers (DDG) in 1966. Farther and faster than any previous development,
the purchase of these American-built ships pushed the RAN down the path of becoming a
uniquely Australian service. All three DDGs served multiple tours in Vietnam between 1967
and 1971, as also did one of the RAN’s three Daring-class destroyers. The latter deployment
at least in part was intended to demonstrate that the remainder of the fleet was not being
operationally sidelined. Noting that all these ships were operating under the control of the US
Commander Seventh Fleet, and that the British were not involved, there was also a need to
ensure that the RAN was distinctly identifiable as Australian, and a unique Australian White
Ensign was introduced on 1 March 1967.
Against this background of piecemeal naval commitments, the broader issue was
whether Australia should be attempting to provide a balanced navy – essentially a scaleddown version of the British or American fleets – or instead try to fill specific niche
capabilities within an Allied force.50 The arguments ebbed and flowed, but by the end of the
1960s Australia had little choice in the matter. In July 1967, the British announced that they
intended to withdraw their local military forces as part of a revised “East of Suez” policy.
Then in 1969, US President Nixon’s less interventionist “Guam Doctrine” emphasised “selfhelp” in security matters by those regional nations expecting American support.
Australian Defence Minister Malcolm Fraser summed up these developments on 10
March 1970, when he noted that Australia was entering a new era. The British withdrawal
and American re-appraisal meant that Australia was required to put forth a greater effort
embodying “greater independence.”51 This did not yet signal a complete Commonwealth
withdrawal from regional commitment, however. Britain and its four regional partners,
Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, put in place the Five Power Defence
Arrangements (FPDA), which provided for consultation in the event of any threat to Malaysia
or Singapore, and has since proved remarkably resilient.52 Nevertheless, for the RAN these
changes implied an enlargement of its responsibilities and operating areas without the
prospect of immediate allied assistance in the event of conflict. Even in peacetime, the loss
of regular access to the afloat support services of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary would place real
constraints on the reach of deployed forces.53
Plans were subsequently advanced to improve Australia’s “maritime capability in the
waters around Australia, the Pacific and Indian Oceans and the seas to our north,”54 Practical
measures included the further development of naval infrastructure in Western Australia, a
50
51
52
53
54
H. Donohue, “The Evolution of Australian Strategic Defense Thinking,” in D. Alves (ed),
Evolving Pacific Basin Strategies: The 1989 Pacific Symposium (Washington DC: National
Defense University, 1990), 269.
“Speech by The Hon Malcolm Fraser, MP, on Defence” (Canberra: Government Printer, 10
March 1970), 1-2.
Commonwealth of Australia, Defence 2000: Our Future Defence Force (Canberra, Defence
Publishing Service, 2000), 40.
It should be noted that RAN ships deploying to Vietnam were at times refuelled by RFA
tankers.
“Speech by The Hon Malcolm Fraser, MP, on Defence,” 11.
The Australian Naval Experience, 1901-2010
73
gradual reorientation away from anti-submarine warfare, and towards more general maritime
warfare and the eventual acquisition of a second fleet tanker. Strategic policy planning,
meanwhile, began to emphasise “Defence of Australia” over forward defence, and by the
1980s envisioned the Australian Defence Force’s (ADF) primary task as providing defencein-depth for the Australian mainland.
From Defence of Australia to Expeditionary Operations
The Defence of Australia policy focused on control of the nation’s sea and air
approaches in high-level conflict. Outside the innate capabilities of naval units there was
little capacity for a substantial military deployment away from Australian bases. Yet, as
Australia moved into the uncertainties of the post-Cold War era the limitations of this
policy became manifest. The first wake-up call came in 1987 when a military coup in the
Pacific island nation of Fiji removed the elected civilian government. Fortunately the
crisis passed without the need to evacuate Australian citizens, but the crisis highlighted
many weaknesses in Australia’s sealift and regional intervention capabilities. At the time
government policy rejected an amphibious capability as inappropriate due to its
“essentially offensive nature,”55 but in the wake of other crises in Vanuatu, the Solomons,
Bougainville and Indonesia, political attitudes began to change. Appropriate maritime
capabilities gradually followed.
In terms of impact on the future ADF, the most important of these crises took
place in 1999, when the international community agreed to intervene in the former
Indonesian province of East Timor. The aim was to restore peace and provide a secure
environment in which the United Nations (UN) could conduct humanitarian assistance
and nation building. Most noteworthy, instead of acting in its traditional role of junior
partner in either a British or American-led coalition, Australia found itself acting as chief
contributor and lead nation of the International Force East Timor (INTERFET).
What followed was the largest-single deployment of Australian forces overseas
since the Second World War. In historical terms, the insertion and sustainment was by no
means an enormous undertaking, but providing a small division-sized expeditionary force
only some 400 miles from the Australian mainland stretched the ADF to breaking point.
No matter how well led and implemented, the operation was only successful because the
distance was just within ADF capabilities, there were no attempts to disrupt the
Coalition’s supply lines, and Australia’s friends (including Britain, Canada, New Zealand
and the United States) proved willing to fill the gaps in maritime capability. Without
doubt, multinational seapower provided the essential foundation that allowed the
remainder of INTERFET to function as a credible military force. 56
The East Timor operation was a watershed. It demonstrated the willingness of
the Australian government to employ the ADF offshore in a manner that few defence
analysts or policy-makers had expected. Furthermore, it encouraged some major changes
55
56
“Response by Kim Beazley (Minister for Defence),” in G. Cheeseman (ed), The New
Australian Militarism (Leichhardt, NSW: Pluto Press, 1990), 21.
D. Stevens, Strength Through Diversity: The Combined Naval Role in Operation Stabilise
(Canberra: SPC-A, 2007), 4.
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* axisYLabels - {Array{String}} y 轴上的标签组内容，标签顺序沿着数据视图框左面条边自上而下，等距排布。例如：["1000", "750", "500", "250", "0"]。
* axisYLabelsStyle - {Object} y 轴上的标签组样式，此样式对象对象可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Label::style> 。
* axisYLabelsOffset - {Array{Number}} y 轴上的标签组偏移量。长度为 2 的数组，数组第一项表示 y 轴标签组横向上的偏移量，向左为正，默认值：0；
* 数组第二项表示 y 轴标签组纵向上的偏移量，向下为正，默认值：0。
* axisXLabels - {Array{String}} x 轴上的标签组内容，标签顺序沿着数据视图框下面条边自左向右排布，例如：["92年", "95年", "99年"]。
* 标签排布规则：当标签数量与 xShapeInfo 中的属性 xShapeCenter 数量相同（即标签个数与数据个数相等时）, 按照 xShapeCenter 提供的位置排布标签，
* 否则沿数据视图框下面条边等距排布标签。
* axisXLabelsStyle - {Object} x 轴上的标签组样式，此样式对象对象可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Label::style> 。
* axisXLabelsOffset - {Array{Number}} x 轴上的标签组偏移量。长度为 2 的数组，数组第一项表示 x 轴标签组横向上的偏移量，向左为正，默认值：0；
* 数组第二项表示 x 轴标签组纵向上的偏移量，向下为正，默认值：0。
* useXReferenceLine - {Boolean) 是否使用水平参考线，如果为 true，在 axisYTick 大于 0 时有效，水平参考线是 y 轴刻度在数据视图框里的延伸。
* xReferenceLineStyle - {Object) 水平参考线样式，此样式对象对象可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Line::style> 。
*
* barStyle - {Object} 柱状图柱条基础 style，此参数控制柱条基础样式，优先级低于 barStyleByFields 和 barStyleByCodomain。
* 此样式对象对象可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Polygon::style> 。
* barStyleByFields - {Array{Object}} 按专题字段 themeFields（<SuperMap.Layer.Graph::themeFields>）为柱条赋 style，此参数按字段控制柱条样式，
* 优先级低于 barStyleByCodomain，高于 barStyle。此数组中的元素是样式对象，其可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Polygon::style> 。
* 此参数中的 style 与 themeFields 中的字段一一对应 。例如： themeFields（<SuperMap.Layer.Graph::themeFields>） 为 ["POP_1992", "POP_1995", "POP_1999"],
* barStyleByFields 为[style1, style2, style3]，则在图表中，字段 POP_1992 对应的柱条使用 style1，字段 POP_1995 对应的柱条使用 style2 ，字段 POP_1999 对应的柱条使用 style3。
* barStyleByCodomain - {Array{Object}} 按柱条代表的数据值所在值域范围控制柱条样式，优先级高于 barStyle 和 barStyleByFields。
* (start code)
* // barStyleByCodomain 的每个元素是个包含值域信息和与值域对应样式信息的对象，该对象（必须）有三个属性：
* // start: 值域值下限（包含）;
* // end: 值域值上限（不包含）;
* // style: 数据可视化图形的 style，这个样式对象的可设属性： <SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Polygon::style> 。
* // barStyleByCodomain 数组形如：
* [
* {
* start:0,
* end:250,
* style:{
* fillColor:"#00CD00"
* }
* },
* {
* start:250,
* end:500,
* style:{
* fillColor:"#00EE00"
* }
* },
* {
* start:500,
* end:750,
* style:{
* fillColor:"#00FF7F"
* }
* },
* {
* start:750,
* end:1500,
* style:{
* fillColor:"#00FF00"
* }
* }
* ]
* (end)
* barHoverStyle - {Object} 柱条 hover 状态时的样式，barHoverAble 为 true 时有效。
* barHoverAble - {Object} 是否允许柱条使用 hover 状态，默认允许。同时设置 barHoverAble 和 barClickAble 为 false，可以直接屏蔽柱条对专题图层事件的响应。
* barClickAble - {Object} 是否允许柱条被点击，默认允许。同时设置 barHoverAble 和 barClickAble 为 false，可以直接屏蔽柱条对专题图层事件的响应。
*
* Inherits:
* - <SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Graph>
*/
SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Bar = SuperMap.Class(SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Graph, {
/**
* Constructor: SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Bar
* 创建一个柱状图表。
*
* Parameters:
* data - {<SuperMap.Feature.Vector>} 用户数据，必设参数。
* layer - {<SuperMap.Layer.Graph>} 此专题要素所在图层，必设参数。
* fields - {Array{String}} data 属性中的参与此图表生成的属性字段名称，必设参数。
* setting - {Object} 图表配置对象，必设参数。
* lonlat - {<SuperMap.LonLat>} 专题要素地理位置。默认为 data 指代的地理要素 Bounds 中心。
*
* Returns:
* {<SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Bar>} 返回一个柱状图表对象。
*/
initialize: function(data, layer, fields, setting, lonlat) {
SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Graph.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
},
/**
* APIMethod: destroy
* 销毁对象。调用 destroy 后此对象所以属性置为 null。
*/
destroy: function() {
SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Graph.prototype.destroy.apply(this, arguments);
},
/**
* Method: assembleShapes
* 图表图形装配函数
*/
assembleShapes: function(){
//默认渐变颜色数组
var deafaultColors = [["#00FF00","#00CD00"],["#00CCFF","#5E87A2"],["#00FF66","#669985"],["#CCFF00","#94A25E"],["#FF9900","#A2945E"]];
//默认阴影
var deafaultShawdow = {showShadow: true ,
shadowBlur : 8,
shadowColor : "rgba(100,100,100,0.8)",
shadowOffsetX: 2 ,
shadowOffsetY : 2};
// 图表配置对象
var sets = this.setting;
if(!sets.barLinearGradient) sets.barLinearGradient = deafaultColors;
// 默认数据视图框
if(!sets.dataViewBoxParameter){
if(typeof(sets.useAxis) === "undefined" || sets.useAxis){
sets.dataViewBoxParameter = [45, 15, 15, 15];
}
else{
sets.dataViewBoxParameter = [5, 5, 5, 5];
}
}
// 重要步骤：初始化参数
if(!this.initBaseParameter()) return;
// 值域
var codomain = this.DVBCodomain;
// 重要步骤：定义图表 Bar 数据视图框中单位值的含义
this.DVBUnitValue = (codomain[1]-codomain[0])/this.DVBHeight;
// 数据视图域
var dvb = this.dataViewBox;
// 用户数据值
var fv = this.dataValues;
if(fv.length < 1) return; // 没有数据
// 数据溢出值域范围处理
for(var i = 0, fvLen = fv.length; i < fvLen; i++){
if(fv[i] < codomain[0] || fv[i] > codomain[1]) return;
}
// 获取 x 轴上的图形信息
var xShapeInfo = this.calculateXShapeInfo();
if(!xShapeInfo) return;
// 每个柱条 x 位置
var xsLoc = xShapeInfo.xPositions;
// 柱条宽度
var xsWdith = xShapeInfo.width;
// 背景框，默认启用
if(typeof(sets.useBackground) === "undefined" || sets.useBackground){
// 将背景框图形添加到模型的 shapes 数组，注意添加顺序，后添加的图形在先添加的图形之上。
this.shapes.push(SuperMap.Feature.ShapeFactory.Background(this.shapeFactory, this.chartBox, sets));
}
// 坐标轴, 默认启用
if(typeof(sets.useAxis) === "undefined" || sets.useAxis){
// 添加坐标轴图形数组
this.shapes = this.shapes.concat(SuperMap.Feature.ShapeFactory.GraphAxis(this.shapeFactory, dvb, sets, xShapeInfo));
}
for(var i = 0; i < fv.length; i++){
// 计算柱条 top 边的 y 轴坐标值
var yPx = dvb[1] - (fv[i] - codomain[0])/this.DVBUnitValue;
// 柱条节点数组
var poiLists = [
[xsLoc[i] - xsWdith/2, dvb[1]-1],
[xsLoc[i] + xsWdith/2, dvb[1]-1],
[xsLoc[i] + xsWdith/2, yPx],
[xsLoc[i] - xsWdith/2, yPx]
];
// 柱条参数对象（一个面参数对象）
var barParams = new SuperMap.Feature.ShapeParameters.Polygon(poiLists);
// 柱条 阴影 style
if(typeof(sets.showShadow) === "undefined" || sets.showShadow){
if(sets.barShadowStyle){
var sss = sets.barShadowStyle;
if(sss.shadowBlur) deafaultShawdow.shadowBlur = sss.shadowBlur;
if(sss.shadowColor) deafaultShawdow.shadowColor = sss.shadowColor;
if(sss.shadowOffsetX) deafaultShawdow.shadowOffsetX = sss.shadowOffsetX;
if(sss.shadowOffsetY) deafaultShawdow.shadowOffsetY = sss.shadowOffsetY;
}
barParams.style = {};
SuperMap.Util.copyAttributesWithClip(barParams.style, deafaultShawdow);
}
// 图形携带的数据信息
barParams.refDataID = this.data.id;
barParams.dataInfo = {
field: this.fields[i],
value: fv[i]
};
// 柱条 hover click
if(typeof(sets.barHoverAble) !== "undefined"){
barParams.hoverable = sets.barHoverAble;
}
if(typeof(sets.barClickAble) !== "undefined"){
barParams.clickable = sets.barClickAble;
}
// 创建柱条并添加到图表图形数组中
this.shapes.push(this.shapeFactory.createShape(barParams));
}
// 重要步骤：将图形转为由相对坐标表示的图形，以便在地图平移缩放过程中快速重绘图形
// （统计专题图模块从结构上要求使用相对坐标，assembleShapes() 函数必须在图形装配完成后调用 shapesConvertToRelativeCoordinate() 函数）
this.shapesConvertToRelativeCoordinate();
},
/**
* Method: calculateXShapeInfo
* 计算 X 轴方向上的图形信息，此信息是一个对象，包含两个属性，
* 属性 xPositions 是一个一维数组，该数组元素表示图形在 x 轴方向上的像素坐标值，
* 如果图形在 x 方向上有一定宽度，通常取图形在 x 方向上的中心点为图形在 x 方向上的坐标值。
* width 表示图形的宽度（特别注意：点的宽度始终为 0，而不是其直径）。
*
* 本函数中图形配置对象 setting 可设属性：
* Symbolizer properties:
* xShapeBlank - {Array{Number}} 水平方向上的图形空白间隔参数。
* 长度为 3 的数组，第一元素表示第一个图形左端与数据视图框左端的空白间距，第二个元素表示图形间空白间距，
* 第三个元素表示最后一个图形右端与数据视图框右端端的空白间距 。
*
* Returns:
* {Object} 如果计算失败，返回 null；如果计算成功，返回 X 轴方向上的图形信息，此信息是一个对象，包含以下两个属性：
* Symbolizer properties:
* xPositions - {Array{Number}} 表示图形在 x 轴方向上的像素坐标值，如果图形在 x 方向上有一定宽度，通常取图形在 x 方向上的中心点为图形在 x 方向上的坐标值。
* width - {Number} 表示图形的宽度（特别注意：点的宽度始终为 0，而不是其直径）。
*
*/
calculateXShapeInfo: function(){
var dvb = this.dataViewBox; // 数据视图框
var sets = this.setting; // 图表配置对象
var fvc = this.dataValues.length; // 数组值个数
if(fvc < 1) return null;
var xBlank; // x 轴空白间隔参数
var xShapePositions = []; // x 轴上图形的位置
var xShapeWidth = 0; // x 轴上图形宽度(自适应)
var dvbWidth = this.DVBWidth; // 数据视图框宽度
// x 轴空白间隔参数处理
if(sets.xShapeBlank && sets.xShapeBlank.length && sets.xShapeBlank.length == 3){
xBlank = sets.xShapeBlank;
var xsLen = dvbWidth - (xBlank[0] + xBlank[2] + (fvc - 1)*xBlank[1]);
if(xsLen <= fvc){ return null; }
xShapeWidth = xsLen/fvc
}
else{
// 默认使用等距离空白间隔，空白间隔为图形宽度
xShapeWidth = dvbWidth/(2*fvc + 1);
xBlank = [xShapeWidth, xShapeWidth, xShapeWidth];
}
// 图形 x 轴上的位置计算
var xOffset = 0
for(var i = 0; i < fvc; i++){
if(i == 0){
xOffset = xBlank[0] + xShapeWidth/2;
}
else{
xOffset += (xShapeWidth + xBlank[1]);
}
xShapePositions.push(dvb[0] + xOffset);
}
return {
"xPositions": xShapePositions,
"width": xShapeWidth
};
},
/**
* Method: resetLinearGradient
* 图表的相对坐标存在的时候，重新计算渐变的颜色
* PS: (目前用于二维柱状图 所以子类实现此方法)
*/
resetLinearGradient: function(){
if(this.RelativeCoordinate){
var shpelength = this.shapes.length;
var barLinearGradient = this.setting.barLinearGradient;
var index = -1;
for(var i = 0; i < shpelength; i++){
var shape = this.shapes[i];
if(shape.CLASS_NAME === "SuperMap.LevelRenderer.Shape.SmicPolygon"){
var style = shape.style;
//计算出当前的绝对 x y
var x1 = this.location[0] + style.pointList[0][0];
var x2 = this.location[0] + style.pointList[1][0];
//渐变颜色
index++;
//以防定义的颜色数组不够用
if(index >= barLinearGradient.length) index = index % barLinearGradient.length;
var color1 = barLinearGradient[index][0];
var color2 = barLinearGradient[index][1];
//颜色
var zcolor = new SuperMap.LevelRenderer.Tool.Color();
var linearGradient = zcolor.getLinearGradient(x1, 0, x2, 0,
[[0, color1],[1,color2]]);
//赋值
shape.style.color = linearGradient;
}
}
}},
CLASS_NAME: "SuperMap.Feature.Theme.Bar"
});
|
FIG. 10 is a diagram for explaining a reaction mechanism of theconformal film forming process S20, and illustrate an example of a SiCl₃molecular layer deposition step (or process) performed in the secondprocess region P2. When the Si₂Cl₆ gas is supplied to the wafer W havingthe SiH₃ molecular layer formed thereon as illustrated by a state 10 ain FIG. 10, the Si—H bond dissociation occurs at the surface of thewafer W as illustrated by a state 10 b in FIG. 10, and the Si atoms ofthe SiCl₃ molecular layer in which the Si₂Cl₃ is pyrolyzed begin toadsorb and bond to each other. Then, as illustrated by a state 10 c inFIG. 10, the SiCl₃ molecular layer is formed on the surface of the waferW. In other words, the SiCl₃ molecular layer is formed on the surface ofthe wafer W by the so-called ALD or MLD.
The HCDS gas from the second process region P2 can be prevented fromflowing into the second separation region D2 by the same configurationas the configuration of the first separation region D1 described inconjunction with FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, and the wafer W passes through thesecond separation region D2 in a state where the purge gas, such as Aror the like, is supplied to the surface of the wafer W.
The wafer W which passes through the second separation region D2 isrotated and moved to the third process region P3. In this case, becauseno chlorine radical is supplied in the third process region P3, theetching reaction does not occur.
The wafer W which passes through the third process region P3 is rotatedand moved to the third separation region D3. In the third separationregion D3, the purge gas, such as Ar or the like, is supplied to thesurface of the wafer W, to prevent excess dust or the like fromdepositing on the surface of the silicon atomic layer.
The wafer W which passes through the third separation region D3 againenters the first process region P1 in a state where the SiCl₃ molecularlayer is formed on the surface of the wafer W, due to further rotationof the turntable 2, and the SiH₃ molecular layer is formed by the MLDdescribed above, and processes similar to those described above arerepeated hereafter. Then, by causing the turntable 2 to rotate aplurality of times and make consecutive revolutions, the silicon filmforming process described above is repeated, and it is possible toconformally form a silicon film having a desired thickness.
As described above, according to the conformal film forming process S20,the setting of the temperature at which the Si—H bond dissociation canoccur inside the vacuum chamber 1, the supply of the disilane gas at thetemperature lower than the temperature at which the Si—H bonddissociation can occur, and the rotation of the turntable to prevent thegeneration of the CVD reaction, are appropriately combined. As a result,the temperature inside the vacuum chamber 1 can be maintained constant,and a highly uniform silicon film can be formed by the ALD with a highproductivity.
In addition, according to the conformal film forming process S20, theSi₂H₆ gas and the HCDS gas are simultaneously supplied from differentregions (the first process region P1 and the second process region P2),and while the turntable 2 undergoes one revolution, the forming of theSiH₃ molecular layer and the forming of the SiCl₃ molecular layer areperformed. In other words, while the turntable 2 undergoes onerevolution, the forming of the molecular layer including Si is performedtwo times. Accordingly, the silicon film using the ALD can be formed inone-half the time compared to the case where the HCDS gas is notsupplied to the second process region P2.
The temperature inside the vacuum chamber 1 is approximately 550° C. inthe example described above, however, the present disclosure is notlimited such an example. Because the temperature of the heater unit 7simply needs to be set so that the inside of the vacuum chamber 1 is setto a predetermined temperature at which the Si—H bond dissociationoccurs, the temperature inside the vacuum chamber 1 may be set to thepredetermined temperature in the range of 540° C. to 580° C., forexample.
Next, the controller 100 performs the bottom-up film forming processS30. The bottom-up film forming process S30 is an example of anembedding process. In the bottom-up film forming process S30, thecontroller 100 supplies the Si₂H₆ gas from the reaction gas nozzle 31 ofthe first process region P1, the HCDS gas from the reaction gas nozzle32 of the second process region P2, and the chlorine radical from thereaction gas nozzle 33 of the third process region P3.
In the bottom-up film forming process S30, during a time period in whichthe wafer W passes through the first process region P1 as the turntable2 rotates, the Si₂H₆ gas that is set to a second temperature higher thanthe first temperature is supplied to the wafer W, and a molecular layerof SiH₃ is formed on the surface of the wafer W.
In addition, during a time period in which the wafer W passes throughthe second process region P2, the HCDS gas is supplied to the wafer W,the Si—H bond dissociation occurs in the molecular layer of SiH₃, and aSiCl₃ atomic layer 805 is formed on the surface of the wafer W havingthe silicon oxide film 802, the seed layer 803, and the molecular layerof SiH₃ formed thereon, as illustrated by a state 8 c in FIG. 8.
Moreover, during a time in which the wafer W passes through the thirdprocess region P3, the chlorine radical is supplied from the reactiongas nozzle 33 to the wafer W. In this case, the chlorine radical caneasily reach the upper surface of the wafer W and an upper portion ofthe concave part 801, to etch and remove a large portion of the SiCl₃atomic layer 805. On the other hand, because the depth of the concavepart 801 is large and deep, the chlorine radical does not reach thebottom surface of the concave part 801, and the SiC₃ atomic layer 805 atthe bottom surface of the concave part 801 remains virtually unetched.Accordingly, as illustrated by a state 8 d in FIG. 8, the SiCl₃ atomiclayer 805 remains at the bottom surface and the lower inner wall of theconcave part 801, while the SiCl₃ atomic layer 805 at the upper Innerwall of the concave part 801 is selectively removed.
When the wafer W repeatedly passes through the first process region P1,the second process region P2, and the third process region P3 as theturntable 2 rotates, a bottom-up grown silicon film 806 having aV-shaped cross sectional shape is deposited in the concave part 801, asillustrated by a state 8 e in FIG. 8. Hence, the concave part 801 can befilled without closing an opening at the upper port on of the concavepart 801, while maintaining a state where formation of voids or seams isunlikely to occur. In addition, because the silicon film 806 is formedby repeating the forming of the molecular layer of SiH₃, causing theSi—H bond dissociation of the molecular layer of SN, and the forming themolecular layer of SiCl₃, the silicon film 806 that is formed can bedense and have a high film density.
Further, in the bottom-up film forming process S30, because the chlorineradical supplied from the reaction gas nozzle 33 can also easily reach aregion on the surface of the turntable 2, not placed with the wafer W, afilm deposited on the surface of the turntable 2 is removed by etching.For this reason, a cleaning cycle of the turntable 2 can be extended,thereby increasing the productivity.
In the bottom-up film forming process S30, the chlorine radical may beintermittently supplied from the reaction gas nozzle 33 of the thirdprocess region P3. For example, by supplying the chlorine radical fromthe reaction gas nozzle 33 of the third process region P3 every time theturntable 2 undergoes a predetermined number of revolutions, it ispossible to reduce an etching amount of the silicon film and increase afilm forming speed or deposition rate.
The embodiments disclosed herein are exemplary in all respects andnon-limiting. The embodiments described above may include omissions,substitutions, modifications, or the like in various forms withoutdeparting from the scope of the present disclosure.
In the embodiments described above, the HCDS gas is described as thereaction gas supplied to the second process region P2, however, thepresent disclosure is not limited to using the HCDS gas as the reactiongas. For example, a gas including silicon and chlorine, such as atetrachlorosilane (SiCl₄) gas or the like, may be used in place of theHCDS gas.
Further, in the embodiments described above, the chlorine gas isdescribed as the example of the etching gas supplied to the thirdprocess region P3, however, the present disclosure is not limited tousing the chlorine gas as the etching gas. For example, a fluorine (F₂)gas, a trifluoromethane (CHF₃) gas, or the like may be used in place ofthe chlorine gas. The F₂ and CHF₃ gases may be radicalized by remoteplasma, and supplied as fluorine radicals.
According to each of the embodiments and modifications, it is possibleto form a silicon film having an excellent film quality, with a highproductivity.
While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments havebeen presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit thescope of the disclosures. Indeed, the embodiments described herein maybe embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions,substitutions and changes in the form of the embodiments describedherein may be made without departing from the spirit of the disclosures.The accompanying claims and their equivalents are intended to cover suchforms or modifications as would fall within the scope and spirit of thedisclosures.
What is claimed is:
1. A film forming method for forming a silicon filmon a substrate placed on a turntable which rotates and passes through afirst process region and a second process region that are mutuallyseparated along a circumferential direction of the turntable inside avacuum chamber that is settable to a first temperature at which Si—Hbond dissociation can occur, comprising: a film forming process thatincludes forming a molecular layer of SiH₃ on a surface of thesubstrate, by supplying a Si₂H₆ gas that is set to a second temperaturehigher than the first temperature during a time period in which thesubstrate passes through the first process region; and forming amolecular layer of SiCl₃ on the surface of the substrate having themolecular layer of Si₃ formed thereon while causing the Si—H bonddissociation in the molecular layer of SiH₃, by supplying a gasincluding silicon and chlorine during a time period in which thesubstrate passes through the second process region.
2. The film formingmethod as claimed in claim 1, wherein the film forming process performsa plurality of cycles including the forming the molecular layer of SiH₃and the forming the molecular layer of SiCl₃.
3. The film forming methodas claimed in claim 1, wherein the gas including the silicon and thechlorine is a Si₂Cl₆ (HCDS) gas.
4. The film forming method as claimedin claim 1, further comprising: forming a seed layer on the surface ofthe substrate, before performing the film forming process.
5. The filmforming method as claimed in claim 4, wherein the forming the seed layerincludes a process of supplying an aminosilane-based gas to thesubstrate.
6. The film forming method as claimed in claim 1, wherein afirst separation region is disposed between the first process region andthe second process region to separate the first process region and thesecond process region, and the film forming process further includesreducing generation of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reaction of SiH₃,by supplying a purge gas to the surface of the substrate during a timeperiod in which the substrate passes through the first separationregion, after forming the molecular layer of SiH₃.
7. The film formingmethod as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: rotating the substratewith respect to the turntable.
8. The film forming method as claimed inclaim 1, wherein a third process region is disposed at a positionseparated from the second process region along the circumferentialdirection of the turntable, the surface of the substrate includes aconcave part, and further comprising: an embedding process performedafter the film forming process, wherein the embedding process includesforming the molecular layer of SiH₃, forming the molecular layer ofSiCl₃, and selectively removing the molecular layer of SiCl₃ on an upperinner wall portion of the concave part, by performing an anisotropicetching on the molecular layer of SiCl₃ during a time period in whichthe substrate passes through the third process region.
9. The filmforming method as claimed in claim 8, wherein the film forming processperforms a plurality of cycles including the forming the molecular layerof SiH₃ and the forming the molecular layer of SiCl₃, and the embeddingprocess selectively removes the molecular layer of SiCl₃ in at least apart of the plurality of cycles.
10. The film forming method as claimedin claim 9, wherein the anisotropic etching supplies a chlorine radicalor a fluorine radical.
11. The film forming method as claimed in claim10, wherein the chlorine radical or the fluorine radical is suppliedapproximately parallel to the surface of the substrate..
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THE MOUNT HOLLY NEWS TUESDAY, JULY 25, 1899. Persons exposed to weather are protected by Valmaa A Musical Number IT TOUCHES THE SPOT. A MYSTICAL NUMBER OMNIPRESENT SEEMS TO BE THE FATEFUL SEVEN. From the Biblical Story of the Creation Down It Plays a Mighty Part In Folklore, Tradition, Superstition and History. Clean birds by sevens, unclean by twelves. The dove in the heavens Is the one that I choose. But not only do the bird auguries go by sevens; the number plays a mighty part in folklore, tradition and history. Six days made the world, and God rested on the seventh day and hallowed it. In the seventh month Noah’s ark touched the ground; in seven days a dove was sent out on the face of the waters. Abraham pleaded with God seven times for Sodom's sake before God smote the city of wickedness to her undoing. Seven days Jacob mourned for Joseph and would not be comforted; seven years Jacob served for Rachel, and in Joseph’s governorship of Egypt the chief butler and baker dreamed dreams wherein seven fat oxen and seven lean oxen, seven ears of full corn and seven ears of mildewed corn played a prominent part and foreboded the 14 years of plenty and of famine that were in store for the Land of the Two Crowns, even the land of the house of bondage, the land of Egypt. Every seventh day the law was read to the wandering children of Israel, and Jericho, the strong city, fell, wall and tower, when seven men had paced around it for seven days. Solomon was seven years building the splendid temple, with all its glories of gold and cedar wood, turquoise and terebinth. There were seven lamps in the tabernacle, and the golden candlestick had seven branches. Naaman washed himself seven times in the river Jordan before the healing water cleansed him of his leprosy. The Apocalypse is full of the mystic number, and on the cross our Saviour hung for seven hours, and from the cross our Saviour spoke seven times. A true seven-year-old son or a seven-year-old son is a born doctor, according to Irish belief, but he must never take money for the cures he achieves, and to insure recovery he should be sought before sunrise or after sunset on Friday. “It is manifest by experience that the seventh male child, by just order (never a wench being born between), doth heal only with touching, through a natural gift, the king’s evil; which is a special gift of God, given to kings and queens, as daily experience doth witness.” There were seven wise men and seven wonders of the world; while the ancients not only noted the importance of seven as an astronomical period, but also connected the seven metals then known with the seven planets and the seven colors. Thus copper belonged to Venus, and the color green; lead to Saturn, and the color blue; gold and yellow to the sun, and so on. The seven days of the week are connected with the seven pleiades, of whom the seventh is a lost star, and "the seventh wave of a series is full of danger to ships, as every seventh year is to man. For seven years the mischievous sprite, Friar Rush, lived with the secular monks, beguiling the time by cutting oak cudgels, which, when struck on the ground, turned into soldiers armed cap-a-pie, and for seven years Prince Charming looked for his lost bride, or Cap-o’-Rushes worked disguised in the kitchens of the palace, or the forsaken princess climbed the glass mountain which lies between her and her lover, who has drunk of the water of forgetfulness. The seven sleepers are famous, and the number seven even comes into the employ of folk medicine. Water taken from seven streams where cresses grow will cure the jaundice, and seven twigs of aspen put under the patient’s pillow will recover him from paralysis, and seven leaves of ivy will bring a careless lover back to your side and keep him there, and seven grains of wheat, eaten fasting, will heal you of the falling sickness, which is epilepsy, and seven mistletoe berries put in a bag of red silk and hung around your neck will protect you from sunstroke and elf bolt and preserve your feet from blisters, however far you walk. It is not spring until you can put your foot on seven daisies at one and the same time, and seven hairs will keep the evil eye off children, according to an old Indian superstition, only the hairs, to be of any avail, must be plucked from the tail of an elephant—a difficult, a delicate and even a dangerous proceeding. At 7 years old all cats become possessed of witch’s powers, and woe betide those who ill use or frighten puss when once she has acquired power of mischief! But let this not discourage the lovers of the nine-lived one, for— Wherever the cat of the house don't lack For seven years blow white, blow black, The lasses of lovers shall have no lack. Seven years of ill fortune, according to a Sicilian superstition, follow her or him who kills a cat; therefore it were well to treat your feline followers gently, even though you love them not. But I might go on till the “seventh day from Latter Lammas” and still have something to tell. So here I make an end.—Nora Hopper in Illustrated London News. A Chair of Unclehood Needed. Unclehood is about the hardest hood man has to wear, and as I have observed uncles and their habits, they either spoil or repel the small chaps and chappesses who happen to be made their nephews and nieces by an accident of birth. Uncles are either intensely genial or intensely irritable, and as rare as I am concerned it is my belief that our colleges should include in their curriculum a chair of “uncleism.” Unclehood is a relationship that man has to accept. It is thrust upon him. He can’t help himself. To be a father or a mother is a matter of volition. But even in a free country like our own, if a man has a brother or a sister, he is liable to find himself an uncle at any time whether he wishes to be one or not. Then when it happens he’s got to reason out a course of procedure with out any basis in previous experience.—John Kendrick Bangs in Woman’s Home Companion. A Translation. “In one of the schools of this city,” says the Worcester Gazette, “the teacher, intending to relieve the monotony of the regular exercises, asked the pupils if they would not like to sing. Of course there was an instant clamor in the affirmative, and then the teacher asked what song they would prefer. One little boy, in his eagerness to make the selection, spluttered out something which the teacher did not catch. Turning to the boy across the aisle, she asked what Johnnie said. ‘Please,’ came the unexpected answer, ‘he says he wants to sing “His Country, ‘Tis of Him."' " An Illustration. Teacher—John, illustrate the difference between sit and set. Bright and Patriotic Boy — The United States is a country on which the sun never sets and the rest of the world never sits — Detroit Journal. WOES OF BIG STORES LOST BABY AND FRANTIC MOTHER A COMMON OCCURRENCE. Those That Have Eluded Their Own Era, and Even Cate and Blerta That Have Gone Away, Have to Be Cared For In the "Move." "Have you seen anything of a beautiful little girl with fluffy golden hair and a blue frock?" anxiously inquired a young woman of the clerk in charge of the linen counter in a great department store. "Why, no! Are you sure you brought her in here?" "Indeed I am! I left her sitting before those 98 cent damasks to look at those $1.43 shirtwaists marked down from $1.50, and now I can't find her anywhere. I'm worried to death!" "Don't be alarmed," remarked the clerk, consolingly. "She'll turn up all right, I expect she's up in the dead room by this time." "The what?" "The dead room—the morgue, you know." "The morgue? Oh, my Irene! Oh, my darling!" "Sh-h-h, madam," softly commanded a floor walker, for a commotion seemed imminent "Your child is safe enough, I'll venture. The 'morgue' is simply the cant name of our lost and found department. Come with me, and we will see if the little girl is there." The young woman followed to a long room, the door of which was labeled "Lost and Found," and there, sure enough, seated upon a monument of packages, boxes, baskets, umbrellas, canes and other articles, sat a tiny golden-haired girl in a blue frock, contentedly kicking her small feet against a pasteboard bonnet box. “That’s the second child and continuing sensation I’ve had today,” confided the keeper of the morgue to me as the recovered child, lustily screaming in the fervent embrace of her tearful parent, was carried away. “No, it’s nothing unusual. It's almost a daily occurrence. In the excitement of bargain rushes, persons very frequently lose sight of their children for a few moments, and the natural tendency of the children is to stray away and take their own course. Of course, they might wander out of the establishment, and to prevent this, the floor walkers invariably send to me every child they see unaccompanied by a guardian. I don't know if there is any portable article, animate or inanimate, which does not find its way to the morgue. No class of people loses things so readily as shoppers do. You see, they become so interested in looking at bargains that they lay down whatever they may happen to have in their hands and perambulate between counters with hardly a thought as to their actions. A mild panic seizes them, and they go flying about from one counter to the other, prosecuting their inquiries without stopping to think whether they have visited those same counters before or not. Therefore, the morgue has become a valuable and indispensable department in every large store.” Some of the things which drift into this place would amuse you. Last week a great Dane dog was brought up by our nerviest floorwalker, and an ugly customer he was, indeed—the dog, not the floorwalker. We tried him up by a short chain and tried to make him lie down pending the arrival of his owner. But he wouldn’t. Instead, he took a stand, braced himself and let out a howl which froze the souls of some half dozen saleswomen within earshot. Then he broke his chain and started in to clean out the morgue. “What did I do? Oh, I adjourned, and everybody went on a still hunt for the owner of the dog. We eventually found her, and she came up and lambasted us for abusing her precious darling, with never a word about the rough way he had handled the morgue’s accumulations. "Dogs of all sorts and conditions are constantly brought to the morgue and now and then a pet cat, which has escaped from a basket. I’ve even had a cage of canaries left on my hands to feed for a week before the careless owner, who had left the cage down in the crockery department during a special sale, appeared to claim her property. "Watches, purses, babies, parasols, bundles and even diamond rings are parts of my stock in trade here. I’d have horses, too, I verily believe, were our customers permitted to bring them into the store. I’d like to set up in business with the things brought to the morgue. I’d get rich, sure. "Yes, fully two-thirds of the things are claimed, and nothing worth coming after remains in our possession long. Neither do many other things which are not worth hunting up. We keep lost articles a month from the date of turning in, and then, if it is found that they were originally sold in our store, we put them in stock. Frequently lost articles of serious value are advertised at the end of a month." —Cincinnati Enquirer. A DESPERATE RIDE. Braved the Storm of Bullets and Saved the Flock. "That is one of the bravest men I ever knew," said General Rosecrans, pointing out his inspector general, Arthur C. Ducat. "I saw him coolly face almost certain death to perform a duty. Three on the same duty had fallen before his eyes, and he had to run the gantlet of a thousand muskets, but he did it." The words were spoken to James R. Gilmore while on a visit to "Old Rosey's" army at Murfreesboro, who records them in his "Personal Recollections." General Rosecrans referred to Ducat’s behavior at the battle of Iuka. The Inspector General had observed that a regiment of General Stanley’s division was about to be overwhelmed by a much larger force of the enemy. "Ride on and warn Stanley at once," said Rosecrans as Ducat reported the danger. An acre on fire and swept with bullets lay between him and the menaced regiment. Ducat glanced at it and said: "I have a wire and children." "You knew that when you came here," answered Rosecrans coolly. "I’ll go, sir," said Ducat, moving his horse forward. “Stay a moment. We must make sure of this,” said the general, beginning to write dispatches, the paper resting on the pommel of his saddle. He wrote three; gave one to each of three orderlies and sent them off at intervals of about 10 yards over the bullet-swept field. Then he looked at Ducat, who had seen every one of the orderlies fall lifeless or desperately wounded. Without a word he plunged into the fire, ran the gantlet in safety, got to Stanley and saved the regiment, but his clothes were torn by minie balls, and his horse received a mortal wound. How to Make a Fountain Pen. If you wish to make a fountain pen, take two ordinary steel pens of the same pattern and insert them in the common holder. The inner pen will be the writing pen. Between this and the outer pen will be held a supply of ink when they are once dipped into the inkstand that will last to write several pages of manuscript. It is not necessary that the points of the two pens should be very near together, but if the flow of ink is not rapid enough, the points may be brought nearer by a bit of thread or minute rubber band. Presentiment. Justice of the Peace (to bride's mother as the bridegroom hesitates with his foot): “Yes”—Step a little farther back, madam.—Toledo Bee. Belgian workmen are fond of cock-crowing competitions. The other day one well-trained bird crowed no less than 468 times in the course of an hour. Comparing the sizes of toilet soaps with Ivory Soap, the Ivory Soap should cost four times as much as the toilet soaps. It is exactly the reverse, and when you buy Ivory Soap you pay about one-fourth as much for it. The best people use Ivory Soap for their toilet and bath; because of its purity, the effect upon the skin is beneficial. IVORY SOAP IS 98% PURE. COPYRIGHT 1889 BY THE PROCTER & GAMBLE CO. CINCINNATI THE STAY AT HOME. There’s dress and food to buy for Jane, A pair of pants for John, A whole outfit for Buster Bill, And winter’s coming on. But baby Nan, the stay at home, Jigs and never knows That all on earth she has to wear Are old made-over clothes. There’s books to buy for them at school; It makes a poor man sick To hear them bother "arithmetic." But, thank the Lord, the stay at home Is mighty hard to please— Jis’ gets the family almanac And reads it on her knees. And writing books and drawing books— They never seem to think How much it costs to buy such truck— And pencils, pens and ink. But little Nan, the stay at home, She knows her daddy's poor— Jis’ gets a charcoal pen and writes Her lesson on the floor. There’s boots to buy for Buster Bill, And boots to buy for John, And shoes for Jane and Ma and I, Till all my money’s gone. But Nan, the last, the stay at home, Is left to do without— Jis’ wears her homemade moccasins And crows and crawls about. "Peas like that all rake and scraps Won't hardly satisfy The pressing needs of Bill and John And Jane and Ma and I. But baby Nan, the stay-at-home, Is full of sweet content— Just cuddles up in daddy's arms And never wants a cent." —George Weymouth in Century. SHE BUNKED CHOLLY. How the Clever Girl Won a Bet From the Dude. "Cholly," remarked Mr. Fitznoodle, with something that might have been taken for a gleam of intelligence tinting his vacuous face, "If you want to meet elevated girls go down and spend a month at one of those southern resorts." "Ah, they're great, old chap?" Inquired Cholly as he flecked the ash from his cigarette. "Rather. I met a girl down at one of them that beat any girl I ever met before. What that girl didn't know wasn't worth knowing, old man; deuced elevated, really." "How did she show it, me boy?" "Well, there's a pier down there with a bathing float attached to the end of it. The float, you know, lay about six feet below the end of the pier, quite a drop, you know. One night I was talking to the girl on the veranda, and I suggested that the pier offered an opportunity for a good bicycle ride If It weren't for the danger of dropping off the end and taking a tumble of six feet to the float below. The girl looked at me and said that even if one did strike the float It wouldn't matter." Why, I’ll ride down here and out on the raft,’ she said. ‘You daren’t,’ I replied. She turned up her nose and asked me what I’d bet. I bet her twenty-five dollars and a box of flowers. She told me to be here in the morning and I’d see her do it. I was here bright and early. And, blow my eyes, old man, she did do it!” “Why, wasn’t she hurt, me boy?” “Not a bit. The tide had raised the float to a level with the pier, and at the end she just rolled out upon it on her wheel. Deuced elegant, wasn’t it?" —Detroit Free Press. POETRY WHICH BURNED. The Successful Scheme of a Rhymester to Make Money. A very wealthy, sedate and enterprising manufacturer in Pennsylvania has a brother who is frivolous, dissipated and of course a spendthrift. But the fellow now and then displays remarkable ingenuity in "making a raise." All his life he has indulged, among other bad habits, that of writing execrable verse, much of which, however, he has managed to get printed. Lately he conceived the monstrous idea of having all his stuff printed in a book and with the aid of an unscrupulous printer succeeded in bringing out the “work” in quite handsome shape. But in the most affectionate terms he “dedicated” the book to his wealthy brother, who regards his near and dissolute kinsman’s “poetry” as really the most reprehensible thing that the incorrigible fellow does. But the rhymester and his "black art" accomplice knew their business. They printed a large edition of the book and sent a copy to the wealthy man, who immediately purchased the entire edition and the plates and made "words that burn" of the "poems" by means of a bonfire. He also sent to his cruel brother and induced him to accept a salary to do nothing but throttle his verse fiend. The wicked printer obtained capital enough to go to Chicago and carry on a reputable printing establishment, and the bad brother is earning more money by keeping his verse fiend silent than better poets do by keeping their muses constantly at work.—Woman's Home Companion. Then He Didn't Meet. An English merchant was invited by a Chinaman to dine with him. Neither could speak the other’s language, and a conversation was carried on by means of gesticulations and signs. Among the dishes was one which seemed very savory. The Englishman had an idea it was duck, but to make certain he pointed to the dish and pleasantly insinuated, "Quack, quack!" The Chinaman wagged his head and said: "No-ey, no-ey! Bow-wow-wow!" Sympathy. Probably the reader has heard voices which the following will recall to mind: "I know Mr. Pidgerly is a good man," said one of the members of the family after the caller had gone, "but it makes me so tired to hear him talk!" "I know why it is," said another member of the family. "You feel like clearing your throat all the time to help him out." Choice of Evils. "Mrs. Smith, you don’t seem to mind your two boys quarreling." "No. When they’re quarreling, I know they’re too busy to hatch up mischief." —Chicago Record. A Note From Dublin. “Dear Tim, I’m sending you my old coat by parcel post, so I’ve cut the buttons off to make it lighter. But you will find them in the inside pocket. Yours truly, Pat.” “OIL PAINTINGS.” Those That Cost 25 Cents Apiece and Sell for $2. “Most of the cheap oil paintings,” said the picture dealer, “are done by Italians on the east side in New York. They work in their living rooms, and most of the paintings have several half-grown children as assistants. The wholesale dealers have a number of such artists on their books and agree to take all they can do, the firm supplying the canvas, but not the paints. Of course, the pictures are done rapidly.” "An expert will range six or eight canvases on a shelf that is used in stead of an easel and generally has a colored print tacked up above as a copy. Then he proceeds to rapidly block in the subject. A favorite scene is a mountain lake with a ruined temple in the foreground. He will indicate the lake, the sky, and the mountains without attempting any details and pass on to the next canvas. By the time he is through with the last one, the paint on the first is dry, and he proceeds in the same order with the trees, clouds, and temple. Meanwhile, his helper is putting in all the small accessories, and by the time daylight wanes, the row will be done. By this system of work, the artist does not have to be continually changing his brushes, and he loses no time in waiting for the drying of pigment.” We sell such a picture as he would turn out at about $2, including frame, the net cost of the canvas to the dealer being in the neighborhood of 90 cents. The workman gets 40 cents apiece for his paintings, and most of them average $2.50 a day year in and year out. I know one man who makes just double that amount, but he has two clever children. As you may see, some of the pictures are by no means devoid of merit in spite of their slapdash handling. In fact, a good many of the 40-cent artists occupy their leisure in doing artistic things which they may or may not be able to sell. The others bring in a steady income and keep the pot boiling.”—New Orleans Times-Democrat. A BRIGHT IDEA. But Weary's Pardon Found a Fatal Flaw in the Scheme. “Red,” exclaimed Meandering Mike, “I’m feeling restless!” “Don’t do that. Take things easy while you can.” “Ever since I dropped into that lecture hall last winter to get warm I’ve had something on my mind, and I can’t get it loose. It rankles in my conscience and overwhelms me with a realization of the resistlessness of fate. This life ain’t nothing but one hard luck story anyway you take it. But a man of brains can sometimes get the best of the situation. That lecture must have sunk into your system deep. It did. But I’ve got a scheme that will help out. The next time we take a freight train we’ll take one going east. What for? Did you ever hear of velocity? Sure. They’ve got free wheels, and the kinchins try to turn over you with them. That’s close to, but not next. Velocity is what the world moves with. It’s so many miles a second. We’re going it all the time, shoving from west to east, and when you think you’re resting it’s only another delusion and a snare. You can’t stop moving. Well, asked Plodding Pete, discontentedly, “what are you going to do about it?” Just what I told you. The world’s moving from west to east. The only chance to neutralize the swiftness is to take a train going from east to west. I don’t know as we can hope for any actual repose, but it’s the only chance I see for coming anywhere near it. It’s a bright idea, but it won’t do. Why not? It only works one way. We can’t keep on riding west forever. And think of the double exertion when we have to turn around and come the other way! —Washington Star. The ink plant of New Granada is a curiosity. The juice of it can be used as ink without any preparation. At first the writing is red, but after a few hours it changes to black. In Sweden there are floating canneries. They are small vessels, which follow fishing fleets, and men on them can the fish while they are fresh. Poor, helpless, hopeless, sick, suffering, miserable woman. Sick because she doesn't know any better. Sick because she doesn't really know why. Sick because the organs that make her a woman are not properly performing their functions and so are sending nerve messages with aches and pains and distress all over her quivering body. Nine-tenths of women's sickness comes from disorder of these special organs. The symptoms are various—the cause the same. Headache, backache, nervousness, sleeplessness, neuralgia and fifty other troubles of women may nearly always be traced directly to feminine weakness or disease. When the most important organ of a woman's body is disordered her whole physical and mental system is upset. The only way to find comfort is to cure the real cause of the misery. Local doctors in general practice are frequently too hurried and rushed that they treat the symptom and not the disease. They give a woman medicine for headache when the headache is due to the reflex action of the uterine nerves. They may give her good medicine but for the wrong disease. Thousands of women, after years of discouragement, have written to Dr. R. V. Pierce, of Buffalo, N.Y., and now thank him for their renewed health and happiness. For over thirty years Dr. Pierce has been chief consulting physician at the Invalids' Hotel and Surgical Institute. It was over thirty years ago that he began to use his "Favorite Prescription" in his practice. It is a medicine devised to cure one certain kind of diseases—female diseases. It brings ease and comfort and sleep. It restores perfect health. It fills cheek hollows, brightens the eyes, puts vim and snap into the whole body. It is sold by most dealers in medicine. Don’t take anything else. Nothing else is “the same”—nothing else is “as good.” Get what you ask for. Patronize honest dealers. ONE SHOT MEANT WAR BUT THE GERMANS WISELY REFINED FROM FIRING IT. The Yankee Commander Leary Was Heady For the Fray and Proved Too Flaky and Tactful For His Opponent—a Story at Samoa. The pluck and grit of American naval officers are aptly illustrated in an article by Henry Collins Welsh in Atlantic's Magazine, in which the writer tells how Commander Leary brought the German naval force in Samoa to terms some years ago. He says: It was at the outbreak of civil strife that Captain Leary arrived at Apia in the American warship Adams. Dr. Ivnappe was then the German consul at Apia, and he and Commander Fritze of the German warship Adler carried on affairs with an imperious hand. Feeling ran high between the Germans on one hand and the Americans and English on the other. The Germans bombarded villages on various pretexts, fired upon unarmed natives and gave open aid to Tamasese. Captain Leary at that time was a commander, and it was not long before he and Captain Fritze had some lively interchanges of compliments. On one occasion the Adler steamed past the American ship with a native chief bound to her foremast. The German saluted when he passed, but no answer came back from the American. Soon the German came to a standstill. A boat was dispatched to ascertain why the American had not answered the salute. Commander Leary sent the Teuton this characteristic reply, “The United States does not salute vessels engaged in the slave carrying trade.” But an incident which best illustrates Commander Leary’s grit and determination and which deserves to live in song and story occurred in the waters near Apia on Nov. 15, 1888. Strained relations came to a crisis then, and war between the United States and Germany seemed inevitable. On the day previous a message came from Mataafa to Inform Commander Leary that the Germans had threatened to attack Mataafa in his stronghold on the morrow. Both Mataafa and Tamasese had entrenched themselves in fortified places about seven miles from Apia upon land under American protection. Mataafa asked for advice, and Commander Leary told him through the messenger to stand his ground, that he would not allow the German to make an attack upon property under his protection. According to the German programme, the Adler was to bombard at dawn. Captain Leary quietly prepared to foil the plan, at the same time keeping his counsel. By using some hard coal he had aboard he was able to get up steam without the telltale smoke that would have warned the Germans of his action. Then he muffled his anchor chains with native mats, and at 4 in the morning all hands were quietly called to quarters. At daybreak the anchors of the Adler were hauled up and with full steam on the vessel made for the open sea. Noiselessly came up the Yankee's anchors, and to the amazement of the Adler the Adams was close upon her heels. The German had to turn to get out of the harbor, and by the time she reached the entrance the two ships were close together. Again the German turned and then headed toward the fort that was to be bombarded. Commander Leary ran his ship between the German and the shore and when about 300 yards from the Adler gave the order: "Clear for action!" At once the guns were cleared, and the guns were trained. The German followed suit, and the two ships steamed along the coast ready for the fray. A shot from either vessel meant war between the two countries. When opposite the native forts, the Adler came to anchor, and the Adams anchored between the German and the shore. So close were the vessels that no guns could be fired from the Adler without passing over or through the Adams. Then Commander Leary sent this note to the German commander: "I have the honor to inform you that, having received information that American property in the Latoga vicinity of Laulii, Lotoniuu and Solo Solo is liable to be invaded this day, I am here for the purpose of protecting the same." For hours the men stood at their guns, but no shot came from the Germans. He was ready to war upon the Samoans, but war with the United States was another matter. At length the German started on a cruise along the coast, but he could not shake off the persistent Yankee. Finally, he renounced his designs and returned to his anchorage in Apia bay. To her anchorage came also the Adams, and Commander Leary had won the game. TRUTH AND A TRUNK. Look on, for instance, a woman who travels around the country with a trunk as big as a house. Protests of husband and friends are of no avail, and it seems to me the case is a perfectly proper one for the Anticruelty society. When I mentioned this to the lady with the trunk, she said, “But they are only to look after children and animals.” “Perhaps they can twist their constitution to get the baggage man under the head of animals and prosecute you.” She did not appear at all discomposed. The last time she went away I groaned for the expressman. The house was in an awful turmoil, and the trunk was on the third floor. “It’s not very heavy,” I heard her say. At the remark the expressman immediately called his helper from the wagon. “I always know what that means,” he said, with a knowing nod to the maid. When he got upstairs, he could hardly lift one end. “Never failed,” he said. “When they say it’s light, it’s dead sure to be heavy. They don’t mean it, but they can’t tell the truth about a trunk. I don’t know whether they think we don’t know about weight, or we’ll charge them less if they say it’s light, or what, but we always look out for the trunk that’s called light.” Then he and his helper tugged and pulled and jammed holes in the wall as they went down stairs. — Philadelphia Press. How He Was Cared For. Mrs. McPherson was attracted by the following advertisement the other day: "To the Public—A gentleman who was cured of drinking, smoking, talking too loud, going out at nights, going to the races and gambling and who also gained 20 pounds of flesh in three years and was completely restored to health, will sell the secret to any respectable person for half a crown. If no cure, money refunded.—Address, In confidence," etc. Mrs. McPherson sent for the remedy and received the following reply: "I was cured of all the bad habits mentioned by a three years' enforced residence in her majesty's prisons."—London Tit-Bits. "For towering nerve," said a chief of division in one of the departments, "a young surgical doctor, attached to my force here, is the limit. He took three days' leave last week, and when he returned to the office he brought with him a doctor's certificate. It was signed by himself: 'This is to certify that Umptara Jones (here he inserted his name) has been under my professional care for the past three days,' etc. He submitted it to me without batting an eye, and he looked real hurt and down at the mouth when I told him he couldn't make that kind of a game stick."—Washington Post Locusts are an article of food in parts of Africa, Arabia, and Persia of such importance that the price of provisions is influenced by the quantity of dried insects on hand. EDISON'S INITIATION Dramatic Climax to His Introduction to Chewing Tobacco. A long time ago, when I was a mere boy, I, with two other little fellows, had saved up a lot of scrap iron and tin and zinc which we meant to sell when the holidays came around. There was a large boy in the neighborhood (I think he must have become a bunko steerer afterward!) who knew of our hoard. One day when we had been in swimming, he came to us and said: “Say, you fellows, if you will give me that tin, iron, and stuff you have, I’ll teach you how to chew.” The proposition struck us as being very fair, particularly as he agreed to furnish the tobacco. Well, we were quite willing, so he brought some Canadian cut down to a sandbank by the river. He divided the stuff into three parts and gave us each one. Then he said: “Now you must do exactly as I say, and you must do it right away, or you’ll never learn to chew. Now, then, hold up!” We held it up. “Put it in your mouth!” we put it in. “Chew!” he hissed dramatically. We worked away at a great rate. “Swallow it!” he screeched. We gulped it down, and then that young rascal fairly rolled down the bank with laughter, while we soon rolled down the other side, sicker, I suppose, than any of us had been in our lives before or since. One of the boys nearly died, and they had a very serious time with him. That was my first experience with tobacco.”—Philadelphia Inquirer. FRESH GOLD CROPS. Localities Where the Precious Metal Deposits Itself Annually. There are several localities where gold may be said to grow every year or, in other words, where fresh deposits of the precious metal are to be found annually. One such district is in the Edmonton country, in the Canadian northwest, where, after the spring floods, from the same banks and “benches” of the Saskatchewan river there are taken every year considerable quantities of gold by a few diggers, who make their living out of the business. But the most conspicuous and interesting case of this sort is to be seen near Ichang, in the province of Hubei, in China. For many centuries past, every year gold has been washed from the banks of coarse gravel on both sides of the river Han, and in the midst of the auriferous district there is an ancient town called Li-kiu-tien, which means “gold diggers’ Inn.” Its inhabitants subdivide the gold-bearing ground among themselves annually, staking out their claims with partitions. They pay no royalty and appear to earn no more than a bare subsistence. But this may be doubted, as John Chinaman is an adept at “laying low and saying nothing.” The annual river floods bring down millions of tons of mud and sand from the mountains, and this mud and sand, which is charged with gold, both “fine” and in flakes, is deposited to a depth of six inches or more on the banks of gravel. It is in the winter that the gold is washed, and it is said that seven men work about 20 tons of "pay dirt” in a day. —Cincinnati Enquirer. OLD SOL’S RIDE IN 1849. Flowery Weather Predictions of the Journalists of Long Ago. In these days of practical newspaper writing, in which bald facts are expressed in the plainest and tersest form, the flowery language indulged in by some of the “journalists” half a century ago sounds peculiar. The following poetic convulsion was copied by one of the local papers from the New York Tribune in 1849 as worthy of a high place in the newspaper literature of the day: “On Saturday evening at 17 minutes past 11 o’clock, the sun rode calmly and mildly over the autumnal equinox and cast his golden anchor on the wintry coast of autumn. But as yet the vast ocean of air through which he sails is glowing and transparent with the memory of the long summer days that have passed over it, darting their rich beams to its very depths. Even as we write, however, the remembrance fades, like the sky’s blanching souvenirs of sunset, and in the distance the cold ghosts of winter glare and wave their frozen wings, which crack on icy hinges, while in the silence of midnight a prophetic voice of wailing and desolation moans fitfully at the casement.” Few people can contemplate this specimen of literary architecture without experiencing a feeling of awe and sadness, with a few cold shivers on the side. It is proof positive that the profession has in some things gained by what it has lost.—Albany Argus. Strange Feats of Eye and Hand. An expert who prided himself upon the smallness of his writing sent the president of the French academy a grain of wheat on which he had written 221 words. A Polish poet wrote all of Homer’s “Iliad” on a piece of paper which could be rolled up small enough to go into a nutshell. In the sixteenth century, a man named Mark offered to Queen Elizabeth a gold chain of 50 links. The chain was so fine it could not be seen unless it was put on a sheet of white paper. To prove its lightness, Mark tied it to a fly, which flew away with it. The most curious fact in this matter, which required so extraordinary a facility of touch for making this ornament, was that Mark was a blacksmith, accustomed to all kinds of heavy tools all day long. A Spaniard, Joseph Faba, made a carriage as large as a grain of wheat. Under a magnifying glass, it was possible to see the interior fitted up with seats, every detail being carried out to perfection.—Kansas City Journal. When to Stop Eggs and Milk. "People over 50 would do well to give up milk and eggs as a diet," said Dr. Henry M. Dearborne. "These are the structure-forming foods of animals which mature in a short time, and when taken in quantities by human beings whose structures have already formed they tend only to the hardening and aging of the tissues." Dr. Dearborne said that he had seen people who were beginning to find stair climbing difficult and who were losing their elasticity much benefited by eliminating these articles from their diet. "There has been a great increase in the duration of life below the age of 50, statistics prove," he said, "but beyond that period there has been no improvement." In his opinion, the person over 50 should have as good a chance to preserve life as the young child just beginning its struggle with existence.—New York Times. Bone Bracelets. The natives of the New Hebrides Islands, in the Pacific ocean, raise pigs for bracelets. The upper canine teeth of the pigs are removed, and that gives the lower tusks a chance to grow as much as they wish. The lower teeth grow, and finding no resistance, attain a good length. The teeth grow in a spiral, and the tip often lies beside the root of the tooth. Very rarely the point grows into the root of the tooth and makes a complete circle. A complete pig tooth bracelet is a very valuable jewel, which is worn around the wrist or attached to a string around the throat.—San Francisco Call. Special Terms. "Do you make special terms to bridal parties?" asked the innocent-looking bridegroom. "Yes," replied the honest hotel clerk; "we always charge 'em double rates." —Ohio State Journal. A Diamond Tragedy. Mrs. Joy—Oh, John, run for the physician. The baby's swallowed your diamond stud! Bachelor Brother—Physician be hanged! I'll bring a surgeon.—Jeweler's Weekly. From Sire to Son. As a family medicine, Bacon's Celery King for the nerves passes from sire to son as a legacy. If you have kidney, liver or blood disorder, get a free sample package of this remedy at once. If you have indigestion, constipation, headache, rheumatism, etc., this specific will cure you. Wells & Son, Columbus; E.D. Prickitt, Mount Holly; W.C. Jones, New Egypt; Edw. W. Rossell, Pemberton, and J.H. Leeds, Rancocas, the leading drugists, are sole agents and are distributing samples free. Large packages 50c. and 25c. Oh no, the baker is not an M.D. because he makes dough. One Way to be Happy is at all times to attend to the comforts of your family. Should anyone of them catch a slight cold or cough, call at once on Wells & Son, Columbus; E. D. Prickitt, Mount Holly; W. C. Jones, New Egypt; Edw. W. Rossell, Pemberton, and J. H. Leeds, Rancocas, sole agents, and get a trial bottle of Otto Cure, the great German remedy, free. We give it away to prove that we have a sure cure for coughs, colds, asthma, consumption, and all diseases of the throat and lungs. Large sizes, 50c. and 25c. Unlike an orange, they peel a bell on the inside. By Absorption. Catarrhal sufferers should remember that Ely’s Cream Balm is the only catarrh remedy which is quickly and thoroughly absorbed by the diseased membrane. It does not dry up the secretions, but changes them to a limpid and odorless condition, and finally to a natural and healthy character. The Balm can be found at any drug store, or by sending 50 cents to Ely Brothers, 56 Warren St., New York, it will be mailed. Full directions with each package. Cream Balm opens and cleanses the nasal passages, allays inflammation, thereby stopping pain in the head, heals and protects the membrane and restores the senses of taste and smell. The Balm is applied directly into the nostrils. The auctioneer doesn’t wait until it rains to put up an umbrella. The Successful remedy for Nasal Catarrh must be non-irritating, easy of application, and one that will by its own action reach the inflamed and diseased surfaces. ELY'S CREAM BALM combines the important requisite of quick action and specific curative powers with perfect safety to the patient. This agreeable remedy has mastered catarrh as nothing else has, and both physicians and patients freely concede this fact. All druggists cheerfully acknowledge that in it the acme of Pharmaceutical skill has been reached. The most distressing symptoms quickly yield to it. In acute cases the balm imparts almost instant relief. The walking delegate cannot get into debt without running. Between the ages of fifteen and forty-five, the time when womanhood begins and motherhood ends, it is estimated that the aggregate term of woman’s suffering is ten years. Ten years out of thirty! One third of the best part of a woman’s life sacrificed! Think of the enormous loss of time! But time is not all that is lost. Those years of suffering steal the bloom from the cheeks, the brightness from the eyes, the fairness from the form. They write their record in many a crease and wrinkle. What a boon then to woman is Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. It promotes perfect regularity, dries up debilitating drains, heals ulceration, cures female weakness, and establishes the delicate womanly organs in vigorous and permanent health. No other medicine can do for woman what is done by Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. Good sign—the temperance pledge. A Healthful Drink for Hot Weather. This is the twenty-first season for that famous and healthful drink, Hires' Rootbeer.
|
CXX := $(shell root-config --cxx)
CXXFLAGS := $(shell root-config --cflags) -fPIC
LDFLAGS := $(shell root-config --glibs)
VERSION := $(shell root-config --version | cut -d'.' -f1)
ifeq ($(VERSION),6)
DICTEXE = rootcling
MINOR := $(shell root-config --version | cut -d'.' -f2 | cut -d'/' -f1)
LT20 := $(shell [ $(MINOR) -lt 20 ] && echo true)
ifeq ($(LT20),true)
DICTFLAGS = -c -p
endif
else
DICTEXE = rootcint
DICTFLAGS = -c -p
endif
PACKAGE = OscProb
HEADERS := $(filter-out $(CURDIR)/inc/LinkDef.h, $(wildcard $(CURDIR)/inc/*.h))
SOURCES := $(wildcard $(CURDIR)/src/*.cxx)
TARGET = lib$(PACKAGE)
TARGET_LIB = $(CURDIR)/lib/$(TARGET).so
TARGET_PCM = $(CURDIR)/lib/$(TARGET)_rdict.pcm
DICTIONARY = $(CURDIR)/tmp/$(TARGET).cxx
#Eigen library
Eigen_INCS = ${CURDIR}/eigen
INCDIRS = -I$(CURDIR) -I$(CURDIR)/inc -I$(Eigen_INCS)
override CXXFLAGS += $(INCDIRS)
# the sets of directories to do various things in
MATRIX = $(CURDIR)/MatrixDecomp/libMatrixDecomp.so
SUBDIRS = MatrixDecomp
BUILDDIRS = $(SUBDIRS:%=build-%)
CLEANDIRS = $(SUBDIRS:%=clean-%)
PREMDIR = $(CURDIR)/PremTables
MODEL3DDIR = $(CURDIR)/EarthTables
PREMFILE = $(PREMDIR)/prem_default.txt
PREM3DFILE = $(MODEL3DDIR)/earth_binned_default.txt
PREMINC = $(CURDIR)/inc/prem_default.hpp
all: $(Eigen_INCS) $(BUILDDIRS) $(PREMINC) $(TARGET_LIB)
$(TARGET_LIB): $(DICTIONARY) $(SOURCES) $(MATRIX)
@echo " Building $(PACKAGE)..."
@mkdir -p lib
@$(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) -O3 -shared -o$@ $^ $(LDFLAGS)
$(DICTIONARY): $(HEADERS) inc/LinkDef.h
@echo " Making dictionary for $(PACKAGE)..."
@mkdir -p tmp
@$(DICTEXE) -f $@ $(DICTFLAGS) $(INCDIRS) $^
@if [ -e $(DICTIONARY:%.cxx=%_rdict.pcm) ] ; then mkdir -p lib && mv $(DICTIONARY:%.cxx=%_rdict.pcm) $(TARGET_PCM) ; fi # ROOT 6
$(Eigen_INCS):
@echo " Eigen not found. Trying to initialize submodule..."
@echo " git submodule update --init"
@git submodule update --init
$(BUILDDIRS):
@exec $(MAKE) -s -C $(@:build-%=%)
$(CLEANDIRS):
@exec $(MAKE) -s -C $(@:clean-%=%) clean
$(PREMINC): $(PREMDIR) $(PREMFILE) $(MODEL3DDIR) $(PREM3DFILE)
@echo "#include <string>" > $@
@echo "const std::string PREM_DIR = \"$(PREMDIR)\";" >> $@
@echo "const std::string MODEL3D_DIR = \"$(MODEL3DDIR)\";" >> $@
@echo "const std::string PREM_DEFAULT = \"$(PREMFILE)\";" >> $@
@echo "const std::string PREM3D_DEFAULT = \"$(PREM3DFILE)\";" >> $@
test: $(TARGET_LIB)
@cd test && root -l -b -q ../tutorial/LoadOscProb.C TestMethods.C
@cd test && root -l -b -q ../tutorial/LoadOscProb.C StressTest.C
clean: $(CLEANDIRS)
@echo " Cleaning $(PACKAGE)..."
@rm -f $(PREMINC)
@rm -rf tmp lib
.PHONY: $(SUBDIRS) $(BUILDDIRS) $(CLEANDIRS) test clean all
|
We All Want What's Best for Her () is a 2013 Spanish drama film directed by which stars Nora Navas along with Valeria Bertuccelli. It features dialogue in both Catalan and Spanish.
Plot
Taking place in a "more or less recognizable" gray version of Barcelona, the plot follows a Geni, a brilliant lawyer and a member of the Catalan bourgeoisie who, in the wake of a car crash, finds out that she is interested no longer in her life before the accident.
Cast
Production
The film was produced by Escándalo Films and Televisió de Catalunya, and it had support from TVE and . It was shot with dialogue in Catalan and Spanish.
Release
The film opened the 58th Valladolid International Film Festival (Seminci) on 19 October 2013. It was theatrically released in Spain on 25 October 2013.
Reception
Jonathan Holland of The Hollywood Reporter assessed that "the central character" (played by Navas in a performance "which can be described as otherworldly") is "more interesting than the film about her in this beautifully-played study of a woman in emotional limbo".
Mirito Torreiro of Fotogramas rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, highlighting the acting duel between Navas and Bertuccelli as the best thing about the film, while noting that it goes sometimes over and over the same things as a negative point.
Accolades
|-
| align = "center" | 2013 || 58th Valladolid International Film Festival || Best Actress || Nora Navas || ||
|-
| rowspan = "11" align = "center" | 2014
| rowspan=2 | || colspan=2 | Best Drama Film || || rowspan = "2" |
|-
| Best Main Actress || Nora Navas ||
|-
| rowspan = "8" | 6th Gaudí Awards || colspan = "2" | Best Film || || rowspan = "8" |
|-
| Best Director || Mar Coll ||
|-
| Best Screenplay || Mar Coll, Valentina Viso ||
|-
| Best Actress || Nora Navas ||
|-
| rowspan = "2" | Best Supporting Actress || Àgata Roca ||
|-
| Clara Segura ||
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Pau Durà ||
|-
| Best Makeup and Hairstyles || Laura Bruy, Txus González ||
|-
| || Best Actress || Nora Navas || ||
|}
See also
List of Spanish films of 2013
Informational notes
References
2010s Catalan-language films
2010s Spanish-language films
2010s Spanish films
2013 drama films
2013 films
Films set in Barcelona
|
from briefcase import core
core.module.register("Basedoc", "briefcase.apps.basedoc.views.new", r'^basedoc/', 'briefcase.apps.basedoc.urls')
|
FAMOUS Beginning Saturday Morning, February 29 and Continuing Until Saturday Night, March 7, 1908 Some lucky purchases enable us to make some exceedingly low prices on seasonable merchandise, prices that you cannot afford to pass by. The goods are all first-class, and we guarantee every article to be a genuine bargain. Call early to get choice of goods advertised. Best Standard Prints. All yard wide Domestic. Apron Gingham. Cotton Checks. Rockford Sox. Nice Percale. Good Gingham, short lengths. Amoskeag A. F. Percale, 9c 8 oz Blue Denim, 15c Turkey Red Table Damask, 5c Sample lot Ferguson McKinney Shirts, worth from $1 to $1.50, 75c Carpet Warp, $1.25 Special prices on Bleach Domestic. A full line of Muslin underwear which will be sold at prices so low you cannot afford to buy the cloth and make up the goods. A few pairs of men's, ladies and children's shoes to close at actual cost. These shoes are good stock, but simply broken lots. Come in and see them, we may have just the shoe you want. MILLINERY DEPT. We will this season add to our other lines a first-class millinery department which will be in charge of Miss Skeel, an expert trimmer from St. Louis. Our line will be entirely new. Clean and right up to date. Announcement will be made later on of the date on which our goods will be on display. Watch for it. Just received in our hardware department a car of Discs. Spring Tooth Harrows, and Collins Cultivators. They are good. See them. Exclusive agents for Bean Spray Pumps SPRING DALE, ARKANSAS. Neighborhood News LOWELL. Feb. 24. Mrs. Mary Meadam is not getting along very well on account of pulmonary and other chronic troubles, and her passing away is only a matter of time. We were pleased to read a short letter recently in The News from W. H. Hamby of Oklahoma. Hope he will write again. W. H. Hamby is reported very much under the weather on account of grip and other troubles. B. A. Martin, who has been chief clerk in the post office for some time, has retired and Miss Myrtle Bishop is now assisting her father. Dr. and Mrs. D. A. Heard of Westville, Oklahoma, and Dr. and Mrs. J. H. Heard of Genterville were all in attendance at the funeral of Mrs. Roy Heard. Mrs. J. H. Puich, reported ill the past few days, but some better at this writing. Ed Young of Colville drove out to Lowell Saturday, claiming that rheumatism was troubling him very much, evidenced by two crutches to support him in getting about. Mrs. Dr. Greene has been right poorly for a few days but is some better now. The Denton County candidates, or that portion that are making a canvass, came to Lowell Thursday and are reported to be very much in earnest about the various positions to which they are aspiring. Mr. and Mrs. John Rose and Miss Tommie of Springdale spent Saturday night and part of the day Sunday with Mr. and Mrs. W. H. Cowan of this city. Saturday and Sunday were nice, bright, pleasant days, nice enough to cause the very laziest of us to want to yet know and you, but Monday was not so pleasant. Mr. and Mrs. Kiny Pace lost their baby Sunday morning, only two days old. We failed to learn the cause of its death. Tax collector for this county will be here on tomorrow and next day. I notice he reports better collections this year than ever before. Money panic is no liar to business here. WAR EAGLE. Feb. 24. Miss Lee Hiyyin, both of Bentonville, was visiting her sister, Mrs. L. C. Denny, last week. Sunday School and church services were well attended yesterday. Some of the War Eagle people went to the spelling at Cottage Hill Saturday night. All report a good time. Not much sickness in this locality. Horn, to Mr. and Mrs. Dan Davis, a daughter; all doing well. There is prayer meeting at this place every Wednesday night and spelling every Friday night. A protracted meeting will begin here the second Sunday night in March, and we are expecting a grand meeting. Everybody invited to come. Harvey Lewis was transacting business at Spring Valley Saturday. J. L. Rutherford and wife spent Saturday night and Sunday. A NEW LINE of Carpets, Mattings, Linoleums, Rugs, Oil Cloths, Etc. just received. Call and inspect the line and get prices. Any of these handsome articles will add much to the attractiveness of your home. M. RIGGS, Springdale, Ark. Clay at Sulphur City attending the bedside of the latter's aged sister. Mrs. Harris, who has been seriously ill with pneumonia and heart trouble. She is not expected to recover. George White of Rogers is out visiting his parents, and we were glad to have George in our Sunday School again. Paul Sanders and Miss Harrison and Tom Mains and Miss Petross of Spring Valley were down Sunday to see the bridge. Snow Flake. Mrs. L. F. Welch arrived Wednesday to join her husband Mr. Welch is the jeweler who recently accepted a position in Daily’s drug store. Mrs. Zimmerman arrived home yesterday morning from Ft. Worth, Texas, where she had been spending the winter with her mother. Mr. and Mrs. X. P. Thurmond, residing west of town, returned Thursday of last week from Russellville, Ky., where they spent some three months visiting with relatives and old friends. Russellville is their former home, and it is needless to say that they had an enjoyable visit. Mr. and Mrs. Frank W. Wright of Wichita, Kansas, old friends of Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Howell, are visiting in the city. J. L. Morgan, of Oklahoma, who recently purchased the forty-acre farm of George H. Rock near town, arrived some days ago and is well pleased with his new home. There is interesting reading matter on every page of The News. Read it all, and then let your neighbor read it and maybe he will subscribe. Mrs. K. C. Kidson, residing southeast of Springdale, had the misfortune to have her right leg broken Saturday morning just above the ankle. She was preparing to go to a neighbor's, and in getting in the hack the horses. started, and her feet becoming entangled in the lines, she was thrown out. Otto Slaughter was out from ; Fayetteville Wednesday checking out a car load of potatoes which the wholesale grocery company sold to Springdale dealers. I STOP! LOOK! Eleven of our White Faced Black Spanish an<l Mottled Anconas won seven firsts and two second premiums at Washington Co. Fair. Sept. 1 ‘*07. Also won all lirst premiums at Siloam Springs Poultry Show, Pec. Greaetst Winter Layers In Existence r2..->o for M) Write at once to 41-s wheiclkk, vkk. o:-o:o:o: No. 8763. Report of the Condition Of thr First National Bank of Springdale at Springdale in the State ..f A ■ k , .a! tile i lose of business 1 eb 1 ; ] is RKS< It KCKS I.oans and discounts fill'll i; t )ver<irafts. secured and mi-' i;r, > | ,j;| si I S bonds to secure circulation .‘iHjtio ixi Premiums on ( . S Bonds 1 M 5 75 Banking house, furmt. and fixtures i)7s xjf One from National Banks not n si ni agents Ji,51 1 #t I me from approved i< -crx. age input, u_’ Checks and other cash items :'i] s”i Note-of other National Banks IBs tin 1’ t act ion a I paper currency, nickel and i cuts 4 s, s; 1,awful money reserve in Bank, viz Specie . .illfli I |l I.egal tender not's "i • tjfj .’1(1)7 |i) Redemption fund with I s. It. ., urer '5. of circulation 1(100 00 Total — .. KlitOOSO 5>) LIABILITIES. Capital stock paid in $1,000,000. Of) Individual profits, less expenses and taxes paid $28,000. National Bank notes outstanding $100,000. Individual deposits subject to check $11,500. Individual certificates of deposit $47,500. Total $1,500,000. State of Arkansas County of Washington I.J. P. Leaver, Cashier of the above-named bank, do solemnly swear that the above statement is true to the best of my knowledge and belief. J. P. Leaver, Cashier Correct Attest C. Hudson, N. Curry, T. J. Hill, directors Subscribed and sworn to before me this 25th day of February, 1906. Millard Berry, Notary Public Election Proclamation. Notice is hereby given that an election will be held in the town of Springdale on Tuesday, April 7, 1906, for the purpose of electing the following municipal officers to serve for a period of one year, or until their successors are elected and qualified: One mayor, one recorder, one treasurer, five aldermen. Wm. H. Moore, Mayo. Attest: J. J. Banks, Recorder This Thursday, April 24, 1906. B. E. Snider and M. P. Long left Wednesday morning for Kansas City to buy goods for the Big Four Store at this place.
|
// Copyright 2017 GRAIL, Inc. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package ec2cluster
import (
"fmt"
"math"
"sort"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
sa "github.com/grailbio/base/cloud/spotadvisor"
"github.com/grailbio/base/sync/once"
"github.com/grailbio/reflow"
"github.com/grailbio/reflow/ec2cluster/instances"
)
var (
instanceTypes = map[string]instanceConfig{}
allInstancesState *instanceState
initOnce once.Task
)
func init() {
for _, typ := range instances.Types {
instanceTypes[typ.Name] = instanceConfig{
Type: typ.Name,
EBSOptimized: typ.EBSOptimized,
EBSThroughput: typ.EBSThroughput,
Price: typ.Price,
Resources: reflow.Resources{
"cpu": float64(typ.VCPU),
// We don't set the memory here, because we will do it later based on verification status.
},
// According to Amazon, "t2" instances are the only current-generation
// instances not supported by spot.
SpotOk: typ.Generation == "current" && !strings.HasPrefix(typ.Name, "t2."),
NVMe: typ.NVMe,
}
for key, ok := range typ.CPUFeatures {
if !ok {
continue
}
// Allocate one feature per VCPU.
instanceTypes[typ.Name].Resources[key] = float64(typ.VCPU)
}
}
if err := initOnce.Do(func() error {
var configs []instanceConfig
for _, config := range instanceTypes {
configs = append(configs, config)
}
if len(configs) == 0 {
return fmt.Errorf("no configured instance types")
}
allInstancesState = newInstanceState(configs, time.Millisecond, "us-west-2", nil)
return nil
}); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
}
// advisor is an interface for interacting with EC2 instance data. Currently, it
// is only implemented by spotadvisor.SpotAdvisor.
type advisor interface {
GetMaxInterruptProbability(sa.OsType, sa.AwsRegion, sa.InstanceType) (sa.InterruptProbability, error)
}
// instanceState stores everything we know about EC2 instances,
// and implements instance type selection according to runtime
// criteria.
type instanceState struct {
configs []instanceConfig
sleepTime time.Duration
region string
// cheapestIndex points to the index in 'configs' of the cheapest instance config.
cheapestIndex int
// advisor is optional, if provided it will be used to help determine available instances.
advisor advisor
mu sync.Mutex
unavailable map[string]time.Time
}
func newInstanceState(configs []instanceConfig, sleep time.Duration, region string, adv advisor) *instanceState {
s := &instanceState{
configs: make([]instanceConfig, len(configs)),
unavailable: make(map[string]time.Time),
sleepTime: sleep,
region: region,
advisor: adv,
}
copy(s.configs, configs)
sort.Slice(s.configs, func(i, j int) bool {
return s.configs[j].Resources.ScaledDistance(nil) < s.configs[i].Resources.ScaledDistance(nil)
})
for i, cfg := range s.configs {
cheapestCfg := s.configs[s.cheapestIndex]
if price, cheapest := cfg.Price[region], cheapestCfg.Price[region]; price < cheapest {
s.cheapestIndex = i
}
// Update the resources based on memory sampled during verification
verifiedStatus := instances.VerifiedByRegion[region][cfg.Type]
cfg.Resources["mem"] = float64(verifiedStatus.ExpectedMemoryBytes())
}
return s
}
// Unavailable marks the given instance config as busy.
func (s *instanceState) Unavailable(config instanceConfig) {
s.mu.Lock()
s.unavailable[config.Type] = time.Now()
s.mu.Unlock()
}
// Available tells whether the provided resources are potentially
// available as an EC2 instance.
func (s *instanceState) Available(need reflow.Resources) bool {
for _, config := range s.configs {
if config.Resources.Available(need) {
return true
}
}
return false
}
// Largest returns the "largest" instance type from the current configuration.
func (s *instanceState) Largest() instanceConfig {
return s.configs[0]
}
// Cheapest returns the "cheapest" instance type from the current configuration.
func (s *instanceState) Cheapest() instanceConfig {
return s.configs[s.cheapestIndex]
}
// By default, we try to select spot instances with < 10% probability of being
// interrupted, but we will resort to a higher threshold if necessary. An
// analysis of the cost to fulfill various resource requirements at different
// interrupt probability thresholds showed a clear pattern of diminishing returns
// for thresholds higher than 10%. There are very few cases where we can get a
// better price by having a higher threshold, and in those cases we would have to
// go to a significantly higher threshold to see the cost benefit. If we were to
// use a 5% threshold, we would be paying about 20% more than at the 10%
// thresold, but would only see a marginal improvement in interrupt probability.
// So, 10% was chosen as the default. More details can be found in SYSINFRA-621.
const desiredInterruptProb = sa.LessThanTenPct
// MaxAvailable returns the "largest" instance type that has at least the
// required resources and is also believed to be currently available. Spot
// restricts instances to those that may be launched via EC2 spot market and
// tries to minimize interrupt probability. MaxAvailable uses
// (Resources).ScoredDistance to determine the largest instance type.
func (s *instanceState) MaxAvailable(need reflow.Resources, spot bool) (instanceConfig, bool) {
s.mu.Lock()
defer s.mu.Unlock()
var (
best instanceConfig
distance = -math.MaxFloat64
found bool
)
for prob := desiredInterruptProb; prob <= sa.Any; prob++ {
for _, config := range s.configs {
if time.Since(s.unavailable[config.Type]) < s.sleepTime || (spot && !config.SpotOk) {
continue
}
if !config.Resources.Available(need) {
continue
}
if spot && !s.withinThreshold(config, prob) {
continue
}
if d := config.Resources.ScaledDistance(need); d > distance {
distance = d
best = config
found = true
}
}
if found {
break
}
}
return best, best.Resources.Available(need)
}
// MinAvailable returns the cheapest instance type that has at least the required
// resources, is believed to be currently available and is less expensive than
// maxPrice. Spot restricts instances to those that may be launched via EC2 spot
// market and tries to minimize interrupt probability.
func (s *instanceState) MinAvailable(need reflow.Resources, spot bool, maxPrice float64) (instanceConfig, bool) {
s.mu.Lock()
defer s.mu.Unlock()
var (
price float64
best instanceConfig
bestPrice = math.MaxFloat64
found, ok bool
viable []instanceConfig
)
for prob := desiredInterruptProb; prob <= sa.Any; prob++ {
viable = []instanceConfig{}
for _, config := range s.configs {
if time.Since(s.unavailable[config.Type]) < s.sleepTime || (spot && !config.SpotOk) {
continue
}
if !config.Resources.Available(need) {
continue
}
if price, ok = config.Price[s.region]; !ok {
continue
}
if price > maxPrice {
continue
}
if spot && !s.withinThreshold(config, prob) {
continue
}
viable = append(viable, config)
if price < bestPrice {
bestPrice = price
best = config
}
}
if len(viable) > 0 {
break
}
}
// Sort by instance type name, since some instance types have the exact same cost.
sort.Slice(viable, func(i, j int) bool { return viable[i].Type < viable[j].Type })
// Choose a higher cost but better EBS throughput instance type if applicable.
for _, config := range viable {
price = config.Price[s.region]
// Prefer a reasonably more expensive one with higher EBS throughput
if !found &&
(price < bestPrice+ebsThroughputPremiumCost ||
price < bestPrice*(1.0+ebsThroughputPremiumPct/100)) &&
config.EBSThroughput > best.EBSThroughput*(1.0+ebsThroughputBenefitPct/100) {
bestPrice = price
best = config
found = true
}
// Prefer a cheaper one with same EBS throughput.
if found && price < bestPrice && config.EBSThroughput >= best.EBSThroughput {
bestPrice = price
best = config
}
}
return best, best.Resources.Available(need)
}
func (s *instanceState) Type(typ string) (instanceConfig, bool) {
s.mu.Lock()
defer s.mu.Unlock()
if time.Since(s.unavailable[typ]) < s.sleepTime {
return instanceConfig{}, false
}
for _, config := range s.configs {
if config.Type == typ {
return config, true
}
}
return instanceConfig{}, false
}
func (s *instanceState) withinThreshold(config instanceConfig, desiredProb sa.InterruptProbability) bool {
if s.advisor != nil {
prob, err := s.advisor.GetMaxInterruptProbability(sa.Linux, sa.AwsRegion(s.region), sa.InstanceType(config.Type))
if err == nil && prob > desiredProb {
return false
}
}
return true
}
// InstanceType returns the instance type (and the amount of resources it provides)
// which is most appropriate for the needed resources.
// `spot` determines whether we should consider instance types that are available
// as spot instances or not.
func InstanceType(need reflow.Resources, spot bool, maxPrice float64) (string, reflow.Resources) {
config, _ := allInstancesState.MinAvailable(need, spot, maxPrice)
return config.Type, config.Resources
}
// OnDemandPrice returns the on-demand hourly price of the given instance type in the given region.
func OnDemandPrice(typ, region string) (hourlyPriceUsd float64) {
config, _ := allInstancesState.Type(typ)
return config.Price[region]
}
|
All parties but the disaffected will acquiesce in the ne- cessity and give it their support." He urges Reed to WASHINGTON APPEALS TO CONGRESS. GO press upon the Legislature of Pennsylvania the policy of investing its executive with plenipotentiary powers. " I should then," writes he, "expect everything from your ability and zeal. This is no time for formality or cere- mony. The crisis in every point of view is extraordi- nary, and extraordinary expedients are necessary. I am decided in this opinion." His letter procured relief for the army from the legis- lature, and a resolve empowering the president and coun- cil, during its recess, to declare martial law, should cir- cumstances render it expedient. "This," observes Reed, " gives us a power of doing what may be necessary with- out attending to the ordinary course of law, and we shall endeavor to exercise it with prudence and moderation." * In like manner Washington endeavored to rouse the dormant fire of Congress, and impart to it his own in- domitable energy. " Certain I am," writes he to a mem- ber of that body, "unless Congress speak in a more decisive tone, unless they are vested with powers by the several States, competent to the purposes of war, or assume them as matters of right, and they and the States respectively act with more energy than they have hitherto done, that our cause is lost. We can no longer drudge on in the old way. By ill-timing the adoption of meas- ures, by delays in the execution of them, or by unwar- rantable jealousies, we incur enormous expenses and * Sparks, Corr. of the Rev., vol. ii. p. 466. 70 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. derive no benefit from them. One State will comply with a requisition of Congress ; another neglects to do it ; a third executes it by halves ; and all differ, either in the manner, the matter, or so much in j)oint of time, that we are always working up-hill ; and, while such a system as the present one, or rather want of one, prevails, we shall ever be unable to apply our strength or resources to any advantage — I see one head gradually changing into thirteen, I see one army branching into thirteen, which, instead of looking up to Congress as the supreme controlling power of the United States, are considering themselves dependent on their respective States. In a word, I see the powers of Congress declining too fast for the consideration and respect which are due to them as the great representative body of America, and I am fear- ful of the consequences. " * At this juncture came official intelligence from the South, to connect which with the general course of events, requires a brief notice of the operations of Sir Henry Clinton in that quarter. * Letter to Joseph Jones. Sparks, vii. 67. CHAPTEB V. BIEGE OP CHARLESTON CONTINUED. — BRITISH SHIPS ENTER THE HARBOR.— BRITISH TROOPS MARCH FROM SAVANNAH. — TARLETON AND HIS DRAGOONS. —HIS B".USH WITH COLONEL WASHINGTON. — CHARLESTON REINFORCED BY WOODFORD. — TARLETON'S EXPLOITS AT MONK'S CORNER. — AT LANEAU'S FERRY. — SIR HENRY CLINTON REINFORCED. — CHARLESTON CAPITULATES. — AFFAIR OF TARLETON AND BUFORD ON THE WAXHAW. — SIR HENRY CLIN- TON EMBARKS FOR NEW YORK. N a preceding chapter we left the British fleet under Admiral Arbuthnot, preparing to force its way into the harbor of Charleston. Several days elapsed before the ships were able, by taking out their guns, provisions, and water, and availing themselves of wind and tide, to pass the bar. They did so on the 20th of March, with but slight opposition from several galleys. Commodore Whipple, then, seeing the vast su- periority of their force, made a second retrograde move, stationing some of his ships in Cooper Biver, and sinking the rest at its mouth so as to prevent the enemy from running up that river, and cutting off communication with the country on the east : the crews and heavy can- non were landed to aid in the defense of the town. The reinforcements expected from the North were not 71 72 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. yet arrived ; the militia of tlie State did not appear at Governor Butledge's command, and other reliances were failing. " Many of the North Carolina militia whose terms have expired leave us to-day," writes Lincoln to Washington, on the 20th of March. " They cannot be persuaded to remain longer, though the enemy are in our neighborhood." * At this time the reinforcements which Sir Henry Clin- ton had ordered from Savannah were marching toward the Cambayee under Brigadier-general Patterson. On his flanks moved Major Ferguson with a corps of rifle- men, and Major Cochrane with the infantry of the British legion, two brave and enterprising officers. It was a toilsome march, through swamps and difficult passes. Being arrived in the neighborhood of Port Royal, where Tarleton had succeeded, though indifferently, in remount- ing his dragoons, Patterson sent orders to that officer to join him. Tarleton hastened to obey the order. His arrival was timely. The Carolina militia having heard that all the British horses had perished at sea, made an attack on the front of General Patterson's force, suppos- ing it to be without cavalry. To their surprise, Tarleton charged them with his dragoons, routed them, took, sev- eral prisoners, and, what was more acceptable, a num- ber of horses, some of the militia, he says, "being ac- coutred as cavaliers." * Correspondence of the Rev., vol. ii. p. 419. SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 73 Tarleton had soon afterwards to encounter a worthy antagonist in Colonel William Washington, the same cavalry officer who had distinguished himself at Trenton, and was destined to distinguish himself still more in this Southern campaign. He is described as being six feet in height, broad, stout, and corpulent. Bold in the field, careless in the camp, kind to his soldiers, harassing to his enemies, gay and good-humored, with an upright heart and a generous hand, a universal favorite. He was now at the head of a body of continental cavalry, consisting of his own and Bland's light horse, and Pulas- ki's hussars. A brush took place in the neighborhood of Bantoul's Bridge. Colonel Washington had the advan- tage, took several prisoners, and drove back the dragoons of the British legion, but durst not pursue them for want of infantry.'* On the 7th of April, Brigadier-general Woodford with seven hundred Yirginia troops, after a forced march of five hundred miles in thirty days, crossed from the east side of Cooper River, by the only passage now open, and threw himself into Charleston. It was a timely rein- forcement, and joyfully welcomed ; for the garrison, when in greatest force, amounted to a little more than two thousand regulars and one thousand North Carolina militia. About the same time Admiral Arbuthnot, in the Roe* * Gordon, vol. iii. p. 352 ; see also Tarleton, Hist. Campaign, p. 8. 74 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. buck, passed Sullivan's Island, with a fresh southerly breeze, at the head of a squadron of seven armed vessels and two transports. "It was a magnificent spectacle, satisfactory to the royalists," writes the admiral. The whigs regarded it with a rueful eye. Colonel Pinckney opened a heavy cannonade from the batteries of Fort Moultrie. The ships thundered in reply, and clouds of smoke were raised, under the cover of which they slipped by, with no greater loss than twenty-seven men killed and wounded. A store-ship which followed the squad- ron ran aground, was set on fire and abandoned, and sub- sequently blew up. The ships took a position near Fort Johnston, just without the range of the shot from the American batteries. After the passage of the ships, Colonel Pinckney and a part of the garrison withdrew from Fort Moultrie. The enemy had by this time completed his first par- allel, and the town being almost entirely invested by sea and land, received a joint summons from the British gen- eral and admiral to surrender. " Sixty days have passed," writes Lincoln in reply, " since it has been known that your intentions against this town were hostile, in which time has been afforded to abandon it, but duty and in- clination point to the propriety of supporting it to the last extremity." The British batteries were now opened. The siege was carried on deliberately by regular parallels, and on a scale of magnitude scarcely warranted by the moderate TABLETON SETS OUT FOR MONK'S CORNER. 75 strength of the place. A great object with the besieged was to keep open the channel of communication with the country by the Cooper River, the last that remained by which they could receive reinforcements and supplies, or could retreat, if necessary. For this purpose, Governor Rutledge, leaving the town in the care of Lieutenant-gov- ernor Gadsden, and one half of the executive council, set off with the other half, and endeavored to rouse the militia between the Cooper and Santee rivers. His suc- cess was extremely limited. Two militia posts were established by him, one between these rivers, the other at a ferry on the Santee ; some regular troops, also, had been detached by Lincoln to throw up works about nine miles above the town, on the Wando, a branch of Cooper River, and at Lempriere's Point ; and Brigadier-general Huger,* with a force of militia and continental cavalry, including those of Colonel William Washington, was stationed at Monk's Corner, about thirty miles above Charleston, to guard the passes at the head waters of Cooper River. Sir Henry Clinton, when proceeding with his second parallel, detached Lieutenant-colonel Webster with four- teen hundred men to break up these posts. The most distant one was that of Huger's cavalry at Monk's Corner. The surprisal of this was intrusted to Tarleton, who, with his dragoons, was in Webster's advanced guard. He was * Pronounced Hugee — of French Huguenot descent. 76 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. to "be seconded by Major Patrick Ferguson with his rifle- men. Ferguson was a fit associate for Tarleton, in hardy, scrambling, partisan enterprise ; equally intrepid, and determined, but cooler and more open to impulses of hu- manity. He was the son of an eminent Scotch judge, had entered the army at an early age, and served in the Ger- man wars. The British extolled him as superior to the American Indians, in the use of the rifle ; in short, as be- ing the best marksman living. He had invented one which could be loaded at the breech and discharged seven times in a minute. It had been used with effect by his corps. Washington, according to British authority, had owed his life at the battle of Germantown, solely to Ferguson's ignorance of his person, having repeatedly been within reach of the major's unerring rifle/'" On the evening of the 13th of April, Tarleton moved with the van toward Monk's Corner. A night march had been judged the most advisable. It was made in pro- found silence and by unfrequented roads. In the course of the march, a negro was descried attempting to avoid notice. He was seized. A letter was found on him from an officer in Huger's camp, from which Tarleton learned something of its situation and the distribution of the troops. A few dollars gained the services of the negro as a guide. The surprisal of General Huger's camp was * Annual Register, 1781, p. 52. SIEGE OF CHARLESTON. 77 complete. Several officers and men who attempted to defend themselves, were killed or wounded. General Hu- ge r, Colonel Washington, with many others, officers and men, escaped in the darkness, to the neighboring swamps. One hundred officers, dragoons, and hussars, were taken, with about four hundred horses and near fifty wagons, laden with arms, clothing, and ammunition. Biggin's Bridge on Cooper River was likewise secured, and the way opened for Colonel Webster to advance nearly to the head of the passes, in such a manner as to shut up Charleston entirely. In the course of the maraud which generally accom- panies a surprisal of the kind, several dragoons of the British legion broke into a house in the neighborhood of Monk's Corner, and maltreated and attempted vio- lence upon ladies residing there. The ladies escaped to Monk's Corner, where they were protected, and a car- riage furnished to convey them to a place of safety. The dragoons were apprehended and brought to Monk's Cor- ner, where by this time Colonel Webster had arrived. Major Ferguson, we are told, was for putting the dra- goons to instant death, but Colonel Webster did not think his powers warranted such a measure. "They were sent to head-quarters," adds the historian, " and, I believe, afterwards tried and whipped." * We gladly record one instance in which the atrocities * Stedman, ii. 183. 78 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. which disgraced this invasion met with some degree of punishment ; and we honor the rough soldier, Ferguson, for the fiat of " instant death," with which he would have requited the most infamous and dastardly outrage that brutalizes warfare. During the progress of the siege, General Lincoln held repeated councils of war, in which he manifested a dis- position to evacuate the place. This measure was like- wise urged by General Du Portail, who had penetrated, by secret ways, into the town. The inhabitants, however, in an agony of alarm, implored Lincoln not to abandon them to the mercies of an infuriated and licentious sol- diery, and the general, easy and kind-hearted, yielded to their entreaties. The American cavalry had gradually reassembled on the north of the Santee, under Colonel White of New Jersey, where they were joined by some militia infantry, and by Colonel William Washington, with such of his dragoons as had escaped at Monk's Corner. Cornwallis had committed the country between Cooper and Wando Rivers to Tarleton's charge, with orders to be continu- ally on the move with the cavalry and infantry of the legion ; to watch over the landing-places ; obtain intel- ligence from the town, the Santee River, and the back country, and to burn such stores as might fall into his hands, rather than risk their being retaken by the enemy. Hearing of the fortuitous assemblage of American troops, Tarloton came suddenly upon them by surprise CHARLESTON CAPITULATES. 79 at Laneau's Ferry. It was one of his bloody exploits. Five officers and thirty-six men were killed and wounded, and seven officers and six dragoons taken, with horses, arms, and equipments. Colonels White, Washington, and Jamieson, with other officers and men, threw them- selves into the river, and escaped by swimming; while some, who followed their example, perished. The arrival of a reinforcement of three thousand men from New York enabled Sir Henry to throw a powerful detachment, under Lord Cornwallis, to the east of Cooper River, to complete the investment of the town and cut off all retreat. Fort Moultrie surrendered. The batter- ies of the third parallel were opened upon the town. They were so near, that the Hessian yagers, or sharp- shooters, could pick off the garrison while at their guns or on the parapets. This fire was kept up for two days. The besiegers crossed the canal ; pushed up a double sap to the inside of the abatis, and prepared to make an assault by sea and land. All hopes of successful defense were at an end. The works were in ruins ; the guns almost all dismounted ; the garrison exhausted with fatigue, the provisions nearly consumed. The inhabitants, dreading the horrors of an assault, joined in a petition to General Lincoln, and pre- vailed upon him to offer a surrender on terms which had already been offered and rejected. These terms were still granted, and the capitulation was signed on the 12th of May. The garrison were allowed some of the honors 80 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. of war. They were to march out and deposit their arms, between the canal and the works, but the drums were not to beat a British march nor the colors to be uncased. The continental troops and seamen were allowed their baggage, but were to remain prisoners of war. The offi- cers of the army and navy were to retain their servants, swords, and pistols, and their baggage unsearched ; and were permitted to sell their horses ; but not to remove them out of the town. The citizens and the militia were to be considered prisoners on parole ; the latter to be per- mitted to return home, and both to be protected in person and property as long as they kept their parole. Among the prisoners were the lieutenant-governor and five of the council. The loss of the British in the siege was seventy-six killed and one hundred and eighty-nine wounded; that of the Americans nearly the same. The prisoners taken by the enemy, exclusive of the sailors, amounted to five thousand six hundred and eighteen men; comprising every male adult in the city. The continental troops did not exceed two thousand, five hundred of whom were in the hospital ; the rest were citizens and militia. Sir Henry Clinton considered the fall of Charleston decisive of the fate of South Carolina. To complete the subjugation of the country, he planned three expeditions into the interior. One, under Lieutenant-colonel Brown, was to move up the Savannah Biver to Augusta, on the borders of Georgia. Another, under Lieutenant-colonel AFFAIR OF TARLETON AND BUFORD. 81 Cruger, was to proceed tip tlie southwest side of the Santee River to the district of Ninety-Six, * a fertile and salubrious region, between the Savannah and the Saluda rivers : while a third, under Cornwallis, was to cross the Santee, march up the northeast bank, and strike at a corps of troops under Colonel Buford, which were re- treating to North Carolina with artillery and a number of wagons, laden with arms, ammunition, and clothing. Colonel Buford, in fact, had arrived too late for the relief of Charleston, and was now making a retrograde move ; he had come on with three hundred and eighty troops of the Virginia line, and two field-pieces, and had been joined by Colonel "Washington with a few of his cavalry that had survived the surprisal by Tarleton. As Buford was moving with celerity, and had the advantage of distance, Cornwallis detached Tarleton in pursuit of him, with one hundred and seventy dragoons, a hundred mounted infantry and a three-pounder. The bold partisan pushed forward with his usual ardor and rapidity. The weather was sultry, many of his horses gave out through fatigue and heat ; he pressed others by the way, leaving behind such of his troops as could not keep pace with him. After a d*iy and night of forced march, he arrived about dawn at Rugeley's Mills. Buford, he was told, was about twenty miles in advance of him, pressing on with all diligence to join another corps of Americans. * So called in early times from being ninety-six miles from the princi- pal town of the Cherokee nation. VOL. iv.— 6 32 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. Tarleton continued his march ; the horses of the three* pounder were knocked up and unable to proceed; his wearied troops were continually dropping in the rear. Still he urged forward, anxious to overtake Buford before he could form a junction with the force he was seeking. To detain him he sent forward Captain Kinlock of his legion with a flag, and the following letter : — " Sis, — Kesistance being vain, to prevent the effusion of blood, I make offers which can never be repeated. You are now almost encompassed by a corps of seven hundred light troops on horseback ; half of that number are infantry with cannons. Earl Cornwallis is likewise within reach with nine British regiments. I warn you of the temerity of further inimical proceedings." He concluded by offering the same conditions granted to the troops at Charleston ; " if you are rash enough to reject them," added he, " the blood be upon your head." Kinlock overtook Colonel Buford in full march on the banks of the Waxhaw, a stream on the border of North Carolina, and delivered the summons. The colonel read the letter without coming to a halt, detaining the flag for some time in conversation, and then returned the follow- ing note :- " Sie, — I reject your proposals, and shall defend my- self to the last extremity. " I have the honor." etc. TAltLETON'S BUTCHERY AT WAXHAW. 83 Tarleton, who had never ceased to press forward, came upon Buford's rear-guard about three o'clock in the afternoon, and captured a sergeant and four dragoons. Buford had not expected so prompt an approach of the enemy. He hastily drew up his men in order of battle, in an open wood, on the right of the road. His artil- lery and wagons, which were in the advance escorted by part of his infantry, were ordered to continue on their march. There appears to have been some confusion on the part of the Americans, and they had an impetuous foe to deal with. Before they were well prepared for action they were attacked in front and on both flanks by cavalry and mounted infantry. Tarleton, who advanced at the head of thirty chosen dragoons and some infantry, states that when within fifty paces of the continental infantry, they presented, but he heard their officers command them to retain their fire until the British cavalry were nearer. It was not until the latter were within ten yards that there was a partial discharge of musketry. Several of the dragoons suffered by this fire. Tarleton himself was unhorsed, but his troopers rode on. The Ameri- can battalion was broken ; most of the men threw down their arms and begged for quarter, but were cut down without mercy. One hundred and thirteen were slain on the spot, and one hundred and fifty so mangled and maimed that they could not be removed. Colonel Buford and a few of the cavalry escaped, as did about a hun- 84 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. dred of the infantry, who were with the baggage in the advance. Fifty prisoners were ail that were in a con- dition to be carried off by Tarleton as trophies of this butchery. The whole British loss was two officers and three privates hilled, and one officer and fourteen privates wounded. What, then, could excuse this horrible carnage of an almost prostrate enemy ? We give Tarleton's own excuse for it. It commenced, he says, at the time he was dismounted, and before he could mount another horse ; and his cavalry were exasperated by a report that he was slain. Cornwallis apparently accepted this excuse, for he approved of his conduct in the expedition, and recom- mended him as worthy of some distinguished mark of royal favor. The world at large, however, have not been so easily satisfied, and the massacre at the Waxhaw has remained a sanguinary stain on the reputation of that impetuous soldier. The two other detachments which had been sent out by Clinton, met with nothing but submission. The peo- ple in general, considering resistance hopeless, accepted the proffered protection, and conformed to its humiliat- ing terms. One class of the population in this colony seems to have regarded the invaders as deliverers. " All the negroes," writes Tarleton, " men, women, and chil- dren, upon the appearance of any detachment of king's troops, thought themselves absolved from all respect to their American masters, and entirely released from ser- CLINTON EMBARKS FOR NEW YORK. 85 vitude. They quitted the plantations and followed the army." * Sir Henry now persuaded himself that South Carolina was subdued, and proceeded to station garrisons in vari- ous parts, to maintain it in subjection. In the fullness of his confidence, he issued a proclamation on the 3d of June, discharging all the military prisoners from their paroles after the 20th of the month, excepting those cap- tured in Fort Moultrie and Charleston. All thus released from their parole were reinstated in the rights and duties of British subjects ; but, at the same time, they were bound to take an active part in support of the government hitherto opposed by them. Thus the protection afforded them while prisoners was annulled by an arbitrary fiat — neutrality was at an end. All were to be ready to take up arms at a moment's notice. Those who had families were to form a militia for home defense. Those who had none, were to serve with the royal forces. All who should neglect to return to their allegiance, or should refuse to take up arms against the independence of their country were to be considered as rebels and treated accordingly. Having struck a blow, which, as he conceived, was to insure the subjugation of the South, Sir Henry embarked for New York on the 5th of June, with a part of his forces, leaving the residue under the command of Lord Cornwallis, who was to carry the war into North Caro- lina, and thence into Virginia. * Tarleton's Ilist. of Campaign, p. 89. CHAPTEB YL KNYPHAUSEN MARAUDS THE JERSEYS. — SACKING OF CONNECTICUT FARMS. — MURDER OF MRS. CALDWELL. — ARRIVAL AND MOVEMENTS OF SIR HENRY CLINTON. — SPRINGFIELD BURNT. — THE JERSEYS EVACUATED. HANDBILL published by the British author- ities in New York, reached Washington's camp on the 1st of June, and made known the sur- render of Charleston. A person from Amboy reported, moreover, that on the 30th of May he had seen one hundred sail of vessels enter Sandy Hook. These might bring Sir Henry Clinton with the whole or part of his force. In that case, flushed with his recent success, he might proceed immediately up the Hudson, and make an attempt upon West Point, in the present distressed con- dition of the garrison. So thinking, Washington wrote to General Howe, who commanded that important post, to put him on his guard, and took measures to have him furnished with supplies. The report concerning the fleet proved to be erroneous, but on the 6th of June came a new alarm. The enemy, it was said, were actually landing in force at Elizabeth- town Point, to carry fire and sword into the Jerseys ! 86 GENERAL STERLING WOUNDED, 87 It was even so. Knyphausen, through spies and emis- saries, had received exaggerated accounts of the recent outbreak in Washington's camp, and of the general dis- content among the people of New Jersey ; and was persuaded that a sudden show of military protection, following up the news of the capture of Charleston, would produce a general desertion among Washington's troops, and rally back the inhabitants of the Jerseys to their allegiance to the crown. In this belief he projected a descent into the Jerseys with about five thousand men, and some light artillery, who were to cross in divisions in the night of the 5th of June from Staten Island to Elizabethtown Point. The first division, led by Brigadier-general Sterling, actually landed before dawn of the 6th, and advanced as silently as possible. The heavy and measured tramp of the troops, however, caught the ear of an American sentinel stationed at a fork where the roads from the old and new point joined. He challenged the dimly descried mass as it approached, and receiving no answer, fired into it. That shot wounded General Sterling in the thigh, and ultimately proved mortal. The wounded gen- eral was carried back, and Knyphausen took his place. This delayed the march until sunrise, and gave time for the troops of the Jersey line, under Colonel Elias Dayton, stationed in Elizabethtown, to assemble. They were too weak in numbers, however, to withstand the enemy, but retreated in good order, skirmishing occa- 88 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. sionally. The invading force passed through the village ; in the advance, a squadron of dragoons of Simcoe's regi- ment of Queen's Bangers, with drawn swords and glitter- ing helmets, followed by British and Hessian infantry.* Signal guns and signal fires were rousing the country. The militia and yeomanry armed themselves with such weapons as were at hand, and hastened to their alarm posts. The enemy took the old road, by what was called Galloping Hill, toward the village of Connecticut Farms ; fired upon from behind walls and thickets by the hasty levies of the country. At Connecticut Farms, the retreating troops under Dayton fell in with the Jersey brigade, under General Maxwell, and, a few militia joining them, the Americans were enabled to make some stand, and even to hold the enemy in check. The latter, however, brought up several field-pieces, and being reinforced by a second division which had crossed from Staten Island some time after the first, compelled the Americans again to retreat. Some of the enemy, exasperated at the unexpected opposition they had met with throughout their march, and pretend- ing that the inhabitants of this village had fired upon them from their windows, began to pillage and set fire to the houses. It so happened that to this village the Bev. James Caldwell, " the rousing gospel preacher," had re- moved his family as to a place of safety, after his church * Passages in the History of Elizabethtown, Capt. W. C. De Hart. MURDER OF MRS. CALDWELL. 89 at Elizabethtown had been burnt down by the British in January. On the present occasion he had retreated with the regiment to which he was chaplain. His wife, how- ever, remained at the parsonage with her two youngest children, confiding in the protection of Providence, and the humanity of the enemy. When the sacking of the village took place, she retired with her children into a back room of the house. Her infant of eight months was in the arms of an attendant ; she herself was seated on the side of a bed holding a child of three years by the hand, and was engaged in prayer. All was terror and confusion in the village ; when suddenly a musket was discharged in at the win- dow. Two balls struck her in the breast, and she fell dead on the floor. The parsonage and church were set on fire, and it was with difficulty her body was rescued from the flames. In the meantime Knyphausen was pressing on with his main force towards Morristown. The booming of alarm guns had roused the country ; every valley was pouring out its yeomanry. Two thousand were said to be already in arms below the mountains. Within half a mile of Springfield, Knyphausen halted to reconnoiter. That village, through which passes the road to Springfield, had been made the American rally- ing-point. It stands at the foot of what are called the Short Hills, on the west side of Kahway Kiver, which runs in front of it. On the bank of the river, General 90 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. Maxwell's Jersey brigade and the militia of the neighbor- hood were drawn up to dispute the passage ; and on the Short Hills in the rear was Washington with the main body of his forces, not mutinous and in confusion, but all in good order, strongly posted, and ready for action. Washington had arrived and taken his position that afternoon, prepared to withstand an encounter, though not to seek one. All night his camp fires lighted up the Short Hills, and he remained on the alert, expecting to be assailed in the morning ; but in the morning no en- emy was to be seen. Knyphausen had experienced enough to convince him that he had been completely misinformed as to the dis- position of the Jersey people and of the army. Disap- pointed as to the main objects of his enterprise, he had retreated under cover of the night, to the place of his debarkation, intending to recross to Staten Island im- mediately. In the camp at the Short Hills was the Reverend James Caldwell, whose home had been laid desolate. He was still ignorant of the event, but had passed a night of great anxiety, and, procuring the protection of a flag, hastened back in the morning to Connecticut Farms. He found the village in ashes, and his wife a mangled corpse ! In the course of the day Washington received a letter from Colonel Alexander Hamilton, who was reconnoiter- ing in the neighborhood of Elizabethtown Point. "I RETREAT OF KNYPHAUSEN. 91 have seen the enemy," writes he. " Those in view I cal- culate at about three thousand. There may be, and prob- ably are, enough others out of sight. They have sent all their horses to the other side except about fifty or sixty. Their baggage has also been sent across, and their wounded. It is not ascertained that any of their infantry have passed on the other side The present movement may be calculated to draw us down and betray us into an action. They may have desisted from their intention of passing till night, for fear of our falling upon their rear." As Washington was ignorant of the misinformation which had beguiled Knyphausen into this enterprise, the movements of that general, his sudden advance, and as sudden retreat, were equally inexplicable. At one time, he supposed his inroad to be a mere foraging incursion ; then, as Hamilton had suggested, a device to draw him down from his stronghold into the plain, where the su- periority of the British force would give them the ad- vantage. Knyphausen, in fact, had been impeded in crossing his troops to Staten Island, by the low tide and deep muddy shore, which rendered it difficult to embark the cavalry ; and by a destructive fire kept up by militia posted along the river banks, and the adjacent woods. In the mean- while he had time to reflect on the ridicule that would await him in New York, should his expedition prove fruitless, and end in what might appear a precipitate 92 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. flight. This produced indecision of mind, and induced him to recall the troops which had already crossed, and which were necessary, he said, to protect his rear. For several days he lingered with his troops at Eliza- bethtown and the Point beyond ; obliging Washington to exercise unremitting vigilance for the safety of the Jer- seys and of the Hudson. It was a great satisfaction to the latter to be joined by Major Henry Lee, who with his troop of horse had hastened on from the vicinity of Phil- adelphia, where he had recently been stationed. In the meantime, the tragical fate of Mrs. Caldwell produced almost as much excitement throughout the country as that which had been caused in a preceding year, by the massacre of Miss McCrea. She was con- nected with some of the first people of New Jersey ; was winning in person and character, and universally beloved. Knyphausen was vehemently assailed in the American papers, as if responsible for this atrocious act. The enemy, however, attributed her death to a random shot, discharged in a time of confusion, or to the vengeance of a menial who had a deadly pique against her husband ; but the popular voice persisted in execrating it as the willful and wanton act of a British soldier. On the 17th of June the fleet from the South actually arrived in the bay of New York, and Sir Henry Clinton landed his troops on Staten Island ; but almost immedi- ately reembarked them, as if meditating an expedition up the river. STRATAGEM OF SIR HENRY CLINTON. 93 Fearing for the safety of "West Point, Washington set off on the 21st June, with the main body of his troops, towards Ponipion ; while General Greene, with Maxwell and Stark's brigades, Lee's dragoons and the militia of the neighborhood, remained encamped on the Short Hills, to cover the country and protect the stores at Morristown. Washington's movements were slow and wary, un- willing to be far from Greene until better informed of the designs of the enemy. At Hockaway Bridge, about eleven miles beyond Morristown, he received word on the 23d, that the enemy were advancing from Elizabethtown against Sjmngfield. Supposing the military depot at Morristown to be their ultimate object, he detached a brigade to the assistance of Greene, and fell back five or six miles, so as to be in supporting distance of him. The reembarkation of the troops at Staten Island had, in fact, been a stratagem of Sir Henry Clinton to divert the attention of Washington, and enable Knyphausen to carry out the enterprise which had hitherto hung fire. No sooner did the latter ascertain that the American commander-in-chief had moved off with his main force towards the Highlands, than he sallied from Elizabeth- town five thousand strong, with a large body pi cavalry, and fifteen or twenty pieces of artillery; hoping not merely to destroy the public stores at Morristown, but to get possession of those difficult hills and defiles, among which Washington's army had been so securely posted, 94 LIFE OF WASHINGTON. and which constituted the strength of that part of the country. It was early on the morning of the 23d that Knyphau- sen pushed forward toward Springfield. Besides the main road which passes directly through the village toward Morristown, there is another, north of it, called the Vauxhall road, crossing several small streams, the confluence of which forms the Eahway. These two roads unite beyond the village in the principal pass of the Short Hills. The enemy's troops advanced rapidly in two compact columns, the right one by the Yauxhall road, the other by the main or direct road. General Greene was stationed among the Short Hills, about a mile above the town. His troops were distributed at various posts, for there were many passes to guard. At five o'clock in the morning, signal-guns gave notice of the approach of the enemy. The drums beat to arms throughout the camp. The troops were hastily called in from their posts among the mountain passes, and prep- arations were made to defend the village. Major Lee, with his dragoons and a picket-guard, was posted on the Yauxhall road, to check the right column of the enemy in its advance. Colonel Dayton, with his regiment of New Jersey militia, was to check the left column on the main road. Colonel Angel of Rhode Isl- and, with about two hundred picked men, and a piece of artillery, was to defend a bridge over the Bah way, a little west of the town. Colonel Shreve, stationed with his SKIR3IISII NEAR RAHWAY. 95 regiment at a second bridge over a branch of the Hall- way east of the town, was to cover, if necessary, the re- treat of Colonel Angel. Those parts of Maxwell and Stark's brigades which were not thus detached, were drawn up on high grounds in the rear of the town, hav- ing the militia on their flanks. There was some sharp fighting at a bridge on the Vauxhall road, where Major Lee with his dragoons and picket-guard held the right column at bay ; a part of the column, however, forded the stream above the bridge, gained a commanding position, and obliged Lee to re- tire. The left column met with similar opposition from Day- ton and his Jersey regiment. None showed more ardor in the fight than Caldwell the chaplain. The image of his murdered wife was before his eyes. Finding the men in want of wadding, he galloped to the Presbyterian church and brought thence a quantity of Watts' psalm and hymn books, which he distributed for the purpose among the soldiers. "Now," cried he, "put Watts into them, boys ! " The severest fighting of the day was at the bridge over the Eahway. For upwards of half an hour Colonel Angel defended it with his handful of men against a vastly su- perior force. One fourth of his men were either killed or disabled : the loss of the enemy was still more severe. Angel was at length compelled to retire. He did so in good order, carrying off his wounded, and making his 9G LIFE OF WASHINGTON. way through the village to the bridge beyond it. Here his retreat was bravely covered by Colonel Shreve, but he too was obliged to give way before the overwhelming force of the enemy, and join the brigades of Maxwell and Stark upon the hill. General Greene, finding his front too much extended for his small force, and that he was in danger of being outflanked on the left by the column pressing forward on the Yauxhall road, took post with his main body on the first range of hills, where the roads were brought near to a point, and passed between him and the height occupied by Stark and Maxwell. He then threw out a detachment which checked the further advance of the right column of the enemy along the Vauxhall road, and secured that pass through the Short Hills. Feeling himself now strongly posted, he awaited with confidence the expected attempt of the enemy to gain the height. No such at- tempt was made. The resistance already experienced, especially at the bridge, and the sight of militia gather- ing from various points, dampened the ardor of the hos- tile commander. He saw that, should he persist in push- ing for Morristown, he would have to fight his way through a country abounding with difficult passes, every one of which would be obstinately disputed ; and that the enterprise, even if successful, might cost too much, be- sides taking him too far from New York, at a time when a French armament might be expected. Before the brigade detached by Washington arrived at THE JERSEYS EVACUATED. 97 the scene of action, therefore, the enemy had retreated.
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/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
/* Copyright (c) 2018-2019 FIRST. All Rights Reserved. */
/* Open Source Software - may be modified and shared by FRC teams. The code */
/* must be accompanied by the FIRST BSD license file in the root directory of */
/* the project. */
/*----------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
package frc.robot;
import com.ctre.phoenix.motorcontrol.ControlMode;
import com.ctre.phoenix.motorcontrol.FeedbackDevice;
import com.ctre.phoenix.motorcontrol.can.WPI_TalonSRX;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.Joystick;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.XboxController;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.drive.DifferentialDrive;
import edu.wpi.first.wpilibj.kinematics.DifferentialDriveWheelSpeeds;
import io.github.oblarg.oblog.Loggable;
import io.github.oblarg.oblog.annotations.Log;
/**
* Handles robot horizontal and vertical movement
*/
public class Drivetrain implements Loggable {
private static WPI_TalonSRX motorLeftMaster = new WPI_TalonSRX(Constants.kMotorLeftMasterPort);
private static WPI_TalonSRX motorLeftFollower = new WPI_TalonSRX(Constants.kMotorLeftFollowerPort);
private static WPI_TalonSRX motorRightMaster = new WPI_TalonSRX(Constants.kMotorRightMasterPort);
private static WPI_TalonSRX motorRightFollower = new WPI_TalonSRX(Constants.kMotorRightFollowerPort);
private DifferentialDrive diffyDrive = new DifferentialDrive(motorLeftMaster, motorRightMaster);
private Joystick driverJoy = JoystickOI.driverJoy;
private Joystick operatorJoy = JoystickOI.operatorJoy;
@Log
private double throttle;
@Log
private double turn;
public Drivetrain() {
// only initialization values should be placed here
motorLeftFollower.set(ControlMode.Follower, motorLeftMaster.getDeviceID());
motorRightFollower.set(ControlMode.Follower, motorRightMaster.getDeviceID());
// ctre examples had these, remove if causing problems
motorRightMaster.configSelectedFeedbackSensor(FeedbackDevice.QuadEncoder);
motorLeftMaster.configSelectedFeedbackSensor(FeedbackDevice.QuadEncoder);
// invert right sensor values
motorRightMaster.setSensorPhase(true);
motorLeftMaster.setSelectedSensorPosition(0, 0, 10);
motorRightMaster.setSelectedSensorPosition(0, 0, 10);
}
/**
* Handles periodic robot control of the drivetrain
*/
public void drivetrainPeriodic() {
throttle = driverJoy.getRawAxis(XboxController.Axis.kLeftY.value);
turn = driverJoy.getRawAxis(XboxController.Axis.kRightX.value);
diffyDrive.arcadeDrive(throttle, turn, true);
//feed motor safety
motorLeftMaster.feed();
motorRightMaster.feed();
}
public static void resetEncoders() {
motorLeftMaster.setSelectedSensorPosition(0, 0, 10);
motorRightMaster.setSelectedSensorPosition(0, 0, 10);
}
@Log(name = "Left Distance")
public static double getLeftDistanceMeters() {
return motorLeftMaster.getSelectedSensorPosition() / Constants.kTotalEdgesPerRevolution;
}
@Log(name = "Right Distance")
public static double getRightDistanceMeters() {
return motorRightMaster.getSelectedSensorPosition() / Constants.kTotalEdgesPerRevolution;
}
public static DifferentialDriveWheelSpeeds getWheelSpeeds() {
return new DifferentialDriveWheelSpeeds(
motorLeftMaster.getSelectedSensorVelocity() / Constants.kTotalEdgesPerRevolution,
motorRightMaster.getSelectedSensorVelocity() / Constants.kTotalEdgesPerRevolution
);
}
/**
* Be warned of setting robot output in multiple locations
* @param leftVoltage
* @param rightVoltage
*/
public static void setOutputVoltage(double leftVoltage, double rightVoltage) {
var leftOutput = leftVoltage / Constants.kMaxBatVoltage;
var rightOutput = rightVoltage / Constants.kMaxBatVoltage;
motorLeftMaster.set(ControlMode.PercentOutput, leftOutput);
motorRightMaster.set(ControlMode.PercentOutput, rightOutput);
motorLeftMaster.feed();
motorRightMaster.feed();
}
public void configureDriveMotors() {
motorLeftMaster.configVoltageCompSaturation(Constants.kMaxBatVoltage);
motorLeftMaster.enableVoltageCompensation(true);
motorRightMaster.configVoltageCompSaturation(Constants.kMaxBatVoltage);
motorRightMaster.enableVoltageCompensation(true);
}
}
|
package net.datafaker;
import org.junit.Test;
import static net.datafaker.matchers.MatchesRegularExpression.matchesRegularExpression;
import static org.hamcrest.MatcherAssert.assertThat;
public class AppTest extends AbstractFakerTest {
@Test
public void testName() {
assertThat(faker.app().name(), matchesRegularExpression("([\\w-]+ ?)+"));
}
@Test
public void testVersion() {
assertThat(faker.app().version(), matchesRegularExpression("\\d\\.(\\d){1,2}(\\.\\d)?"));
}
@Test
public void testAuthor() {
assertThat(faker.app().author(), matchesRegularExpression("([\\w']+[-&,\\.]? ?){2,9}"));
}
}
|
Edward George Kingsford (March 1, 1862 – July 19, 1943) was an American timber cruiser, real estate developer, and automotive executive, who became the authorized representative for the Ford Motor Company and developed the Ford factory in what would later become Kingsford, Michigan; the town is named for Kingsford.
Kingsford was born on March 1, 1862, in Woodstock, Canada West. He was invited by Henry Ford in 1919 to a camping trip in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan along with Thomas Edison, Harvey Firestone and John Burroughs. Ford wanted to produce timber for his operations; a Ford Model T used about 100 board feet of hardwood. In August 1920, he became the vice-president of the Michigan Iron, Land and Lumber Company, organized to carry out the operation of a sawmill and auto body plant. The company was absorbed into Ford in 1923, and Kingsford carried on as general manager for Ford.
Ford was upset by wasted wood by-products at the plant, and Edison designed an adjacent factory to turn the sawdust and wood scrap from the lumber mill into charcoal briquets. An adjacent community was planned by Ford Motor, named for Kingsford and incorporated as a village in 1924; it was later reincorporated as a city in 1947. Ford Charcoal was later purchased in 1951 and renamed Kingsford.
Kingsford married Mary Minnie Frances Flaherty on April 8, 1890 (December 5, 1865 – May 8, 1943). She was a first cousin to Henry Ford. They had two sons and a daughter. Kingsford died in Iron Mountain, Michigan on July 19, 1943.
References
External links
Portrait of Kingsford at the Henry Ford Museum
Kingsford Charcoal company history
American real estate businesspeople
People from Woodstock, Ontario
People from Dickinson County, Michigan
1862 births
1943 deaths
Canadian emigrants to the United States
|
In step 365, the browser application 150 interrupts and/or closes the opening of a new navigation tab based on the hyperlink, and step 370, the browser application 150 opens the hyperlink in a console tab of the associated active web application interface 156. In one embodiment, the rules engine 252 of the browser extension 154 generates a command to the browser engine 212 to initiate these steps.
One example of steps 345, 355, 360, 365, and 370 is illustrated by FIG. 5. In FIG. 5, record “00001004” has been opened in the main area 430 as a record page, as indicated by associated console tab 440. In one example, the opening of record “00001004” may be a result of a user selection of hyperlink 452 from the email message 450. As such, in FIG. 5, even though the hyperlink originated from a source other than the web application interface 156, the browser application 150 opened with associated record within the active navigation tab of the web application interface 156 as a console tab 440 rather than opening up a new navigation tab 416 of the browser 152.
Accordingly, exemplary embodiments improve the presentation of web resources from a database system to a user accessing the system from a browser on a user device. In particular, exemplary embodiments improve the management of navigation tabs and console tabs such that requested web resources, particularly records, are accessed in a more efficient manner. In effect, exemplary embodiments enable the recognition of an active web application as the “handler” of appropriate database web application links, even if such links are from outside of the web application interface.
In some exemplary embodiments, the systems and methods described above may be implemented in a multi-tenant application system, such as the multi-tenant application system 700 illustrated in FIG. 7. The multi-tenant application system 700 may be considered an example of the environment 100 of FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 7, an exemplary multi-tenant application system 700 suitably includes a server 702 (e.g., database system 110) that dynamically creates virtual applications 728A-B based upon data 732 from a common database 730 that is shared between multiple tenants. Data and services generated by the virtual applications 728A-B are provided via network 745 (e.g., network 102 of FIG. 1) to any number of client devices 740A-B, as desired. Each virtual application 728A-B is suitably generated at run-time using a common platform 710 that securely provides access to data 732 in database 730 for each of the various tenants subscribing to system 700. As examples, the virtual applications 728A-B may correspond to one or more of the web applications 115 discussed above, and devices 740A-B may correspond to one or more of the devices 120 discussed above.
A “tenant” or “organization” generally refers to a group of users that shares access to common data within database 730. Tenants may represent customers, customer departments, business or legal organizations, and/or any other entities that maintain data for particular sets of users within system 700. Using the examples above, a tenant may correspond to a client. Although multiple tenants may share access to a common server 702 and database 730, the particular data and services provided from server 702 to each tenant can be securely isolated from those provided to other tenants, as described more fully below. The multi-tenant architecture therefore allows different sets of users to share functionality without necessarily sharing each other's data 732.
Database 730 is any sort of repository or other data storage system capable of storing and managing data 732 associated with any number of tenants. Database 730 may be implemented using any type of conventional database server hardware. In various embodiments, database 730 shares processing hardware 704 with server 702. In other embodiments, database 730 is implemented using separate physical and/or virtual database server hardware that communicates with server 702 to perform the various functions described herein. In an exemplary embodiment, the database 730 includes a database management system or other equivalent software capable of determining an optimal query plan for retrieving and providing a particular subset of the data 732 to an instance of virtual application 728 in response to a query initiated or otherwise provided by a virtual application 728. The multi-tenant database 730 may alternatively be referred to herein as an on-demand database, in that the multi-tenant database 730 provides (or is available to provide) data at run-time to on-demand virtual applications 728 generated by the application platform 710.
Data 732 may be organized and formatted in any manner to support multi-tenant application platform 710. In various embodiments, data 732 is suitably organized into a relatively small number of large data tables to maintain a semi-amorphous “heap”-type format. Data 732 can then be organized as needed for a particular virtual application 728A-B. In various embodiments, conventional data relationships are established using any number of pivot tables 734 that establish indexing, uniqueness, relationships between entities, and/or other aspects of conventional database organization as desired.
Further data manipulation and report formatting is generally performed at run-time using a variety of meta-data constructs. Metadata within a universal data directory (UDD) 736, for example, can be used to describe any number of forms, reports, workflows, user access privileges, business logic and other constructs that are common to multiple tenants. Tenant-specific formatting, functions and other constructs may be maintained as tenant-specific metadata 738A-B for each tenant, as desired. Rather than forcing data 732 into an inflexible global structure that is common to all tenants and applications, then, database 730 is organized to be relatively amorphous, with tables 734 and metadata 736-738 providing additional structure on an as-needed basis. To that end, application platform 710 suitably uses tables 734 and/or metadata 736, 738 to generate “virtual” components of applications 728A-B to logically obtain, process, and present the relatively amorphous data 732 from database 730.
Server 702 is implemented using one or more actual and/or virtual computing systems that collectively provide a dynamic application platform 710 for generating virtual applications 728A-B. Server 702 operates with any sort of conventional computing hardware 704, such as any processor 705, memory 706, input/output features 707 and the like. Processor 705 may be implemented using one or more of microprocessors, microcontrol modules, processing cores and/or other computing resources spread across any number of distributed or integrated systems, including any number of “cloud-based” or other virtual systems. Memory 706 represents any non-transitory short or long term storage capable of storing programming instructions for execution on processor 705, including any sort of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), flash memory, magnetic or optical mass storage, and/or the like. Input/output features 707 represent conventional interfaces to networks (e.g., to network 745, or any other local area, wide area or other network), mass storage, display devices, data entry devices and/or the like. The computer-executable programming instructions, when read and executed by the server 702 and/or processor 705, cause the server 702 and/or processor 705 to create, generate, or otherwise facilitate the application platform 710 and/or virtual applications 728 and perform one or more additional tasks, operations, functions, and/or processes described herein. It should be noted that the memory 706 represents one suitable implementation of such computer-readable media, and alternatively or additionally, the server 702 could receive and cooperate with external computer-readable media that is realized as a portable or mobile component or application platform, e.g., a portable hard drive, a USB flash drive, an optical disc, or the like. In a typical embodiment, application platform 710 gains access to processing resources, communications interfaces and other features of hardware 704 using any sort of conventional or proprietary operating system 708. As noted above, server 702 may be implemented using a cluster of actual and/or virtual servers operating in conjunction with each other, typically in association with conventional network communications, cluster management, load balancing and other features as appropriate.
Application platform 710 is any sort of software application or other data processing engine that generates virtual applications 728A-B that provide data and/or services to client devices 740A-B. Virtual applications 728A-B are typically generated at run-time in response to queries received from client devices 740A-B. In the example illustrated in FIG. 7, application platform 710 includes a bulk data processing engine 712, a query generator 714, a search engine 716 that provides text indexing and other search functionality, and a runtime application generator 720. Each of these features may be implemented as a separate process or other module, and many equivalent embodiments could include different and/or additional features, components or other modules as desired.
Runtime application generator 720 dynamically builds and executes virtual applications 728A-B in response to specific requests received from client devices 740A-B. Virtual applications 728A-B created by tenants are typically constructed in accordance with tenant-specific metadata 738, which describes the particular tables, reports, interfaces and/or other features of the particular application. In various embodiments, each virtual application 728A-B generates dynamic web content that can be served to a browser or other client program 742A-B associated with client device 740A-B, as appropriate. Data processing engine 712 performs bulk processing operations on data 732 such as uploads or downloads, updates, online transaction processing and/or the like.
The runtime application generator 720 suitably interacts with the query generator 714 to efficiently obtain multi-tenant data 732 from the database 730 as needed in response to input queries initiated or otherwise provided by users of the client devices 740. In a typical embodiment, the query generator 714 considers the identity of the user requesting a particular function (along with the user's associated tenant), and then builds and executes queries to the database 730 using system-wide metadata 736, tenant specific metadata 738, pivot tables 734, and/or any other available resources. The query generator 714 in this example therefore maintains security of the common database 730 by ensuring that queries are consistent with access privileges granted to the user and/or tenant that initiated the request. In this manner, the query generator 714 suitably obtains requested subsets of data 732 accessible to a user and/or tenant from the database 730 as needed to populate the tables, reports or other features of the particular virtual application 728 for that user and/or tenant. Still referring to FIG. 7, the data processing engine 712 performs bulk processing operations on the data 732 such as uploads or downloads, updates, online transaction processing, and/or the like. In many embodiments, less urgent bulk processing of the data 732 can be scheduled to occur as processing resources become available, thereby giving priority to more urgent data processing by the query generator 714, the search engine 716, the virtual applications 728, etc.
Data and services provided by server 702 can be retrieved using any sort of personal computer, mobile telephone, tablet or other network-enabled client device 740 on network 745. Typically, the user operates a conventional browser or other client program 742 to contact server 702 via network 745 using, for example, the hypertext transport protocol (HTTP) or the like. The user typically authenticates his or her identity to the server 702 to obtain a session identification (“SessionID”) that identifies the user in subsequent communications with server 702. When the identified user requests access to a virtual application 728, application generator 720 suitably creates the application at run time based upon metadata 736 and 738, as appropriate. Query generator 714 suitably obtains the requested data 732 from database 730 as needed to populate the tables, reports or other features of virtual application 728. As noted above, the virtual application 728 may contain Java, ActiveX or other content that can be presented using conventional client software 742 running on client device 740; other embodiments may simply provide dynamic web or other content that can be presented and viewed by the user, as desired.
Generally speaking, the various functions and features described above may be carried out with any sort of hardware, software and/or firmware logic that is stored and/or executed on any platform. Some or all aspects of exemplary embodiments may be carried out, for example, by logic executing within platform 710 in FIG. 7, for example, using software or firmware logic that is stored in memory and executed by processor as part of application platform. The particular hardware, software and/or firmware logic may vary from context to context, implementation to implementation, and embodiment to embodiment in accordance with the various features, structures and environments set forth herein. The particular means used to implement each of the various functions may be any sort of processing structures that are capable of executing software and/or firmware logic in any format, and/or any sort of application-specific or general purpose hardware, including any sort of discrete and/or integrated circuitry.
Techniques and technologies may be described herein in terms of functional and/or logical block components, and with reference to symbolic representations of operations, processing tasks, and functions that may be performed by various computing components or devices. Such operations, tasks, and functions are sometimes referred to as being computer-executed, computerized, software-implemented, or computer-implemented. In practice, one or more processor devices can carry out the described operations, tasks, and functions by manipulating electrical signals representing data bits at memory locations in the system memory, as well as other processing of signals. The memory locations where data bits are maintained are physical locations that have particular electrical, magnetic, optical, or organic properties corresponding to the data bits. It should be appreciated that the various block components shown in the figures may be realized by any number of hardware, software, and/or firmware components configurable to perform the specified functions. For example, an embodiment of a system or a component may employ various integrated circuit components, e.g., memory elements, digital signal processing elements, logic elements, look-up tables, or the like, which may carry out a variety of functions under the control of one or more microprocessors or other control devices.
When implemented in software or firmware, various elements of the systems described herein are essentially the code segments or instructions that perform the various tasks. The program or code segments can be stored in a processor-readable medium or transmitted by a computer data signal embodied in a carrier wave over a transmission medium or communication path. The “processor-readable medium” or “machine-readable medium” may include any medium that can store or transfer information. Examples of the processor-readable medium include an electronic circuit, a semiconductor memory device, a ROM, a flash memory, an erasable ROM (EROM), a floppy diskette, a CD-ROM, an optical disk, a hard disk, a fiber optic medium, a radio frequency (RF) link, or the like. The computer data signal may include any signal that can propagate over a transmission medium such as electronic network channels, optical fibers, air, electromagnetic paths, or RF links. The code segments may be downloaded via computer networks such as the Internet, an intranet, a LAN, or the like.
The following description refers to elements or nodes or features being “connected” or “coupled” together. As used herein, unless expressly stated otherwise, “coupled” means that one element/node/feature is directly or indirectly joined to (or directly or indirectly communicates with) another element/node/feature, and not necessarily mechanically. Likewise, unless expressly stated otherwise, “connected” means that one element/node/feature is directly joined to (or directly communicates with) another element/node/feature, and not necessarily mechanically. Thus, although the schematic shown in FIGS. 1-7 depicts exemplary arrangements of elements, additional intervening elements, devices, features, or components may be present in an embodiment of the depicted subject matter.
For the sake of brevity, conventional techniques related to signal processing, data transmission, signaling, network control, and other functional aspects of the systems (and the individual operating components of the systems) may not be described in detail herein. Furthermore, the connecting lines shown in the various figures contained herein are intended to represent exemplary functional relationships and/or physical couplings between the various elements. It should be noted that many alternative or additional functional relationships or physical connections may be present in an embodiment of the subject matter.
The foregoing detailed description is merely illustrative in nature and is not intended to limit the embodiments of the subject matter or the application and uses of such embodiments. As used herein, the word “exemplary” means “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any implementation described herein as exemplary is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other implementations.
While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or embodiments described herein are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the claimed subject matter in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing the described embodiment or embodiments. It should be understood that various changes can be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the scope defined by the claims, which includes known equivalents and foreseeable equivalents at the time of filing this patent application.
What is claimed is:
1. A computer implemented method of accessing a web application from a database system by a user in a browser application executed on a user device, the method executable at the user device, the method comprising: receiving, at the browser application, a first request for web resources based on user selection of a first hyperlink outside of the web application; determining if the first hyperlink is associated with a record accessible by the web application from the database system, wherein the determining is performed by a browser extension of the browser application and includes: receiving, by a rules engine of the browser extension, the first hyperlink and determining if the first hyperlink is subject to rules associated with the rules engine; commanding, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, the presenting of the record within the console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab; and interrupting, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, a generation of a new navigation tab; determining, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application, if a web application interface for the web application is active in at least one navigation tab of the browser application; presenting, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application and the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, the record within a new console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab; and presenting, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application and the web application interface for the web application is not active in the at least one navigation tab, the web application interface in a new navigation tab and presenting the record within the web application interface.
2. The computer implemented method of claim 1, further comprising presenting, when the first hyperlink is not associated with the record for the web application, the web resources based on the first hyperlink within a new navigation tab of the browser application.
3. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source outside of the browser application.
4. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source inside of the browser application.
5. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the presenting the record includes presenting each request for records in an individual console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab.
6. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the determining if the first hyperlink is associated with the record accessible by the web application from the database system is determined by comparing the first hyperlink to a list of URLs or URL fragments associated with the web application.
7. The computer implemented method of claim 1, wherein the determining if the web application interface is active includes comparing the first hyperlink to a list of active navigation tabs.
8. A system for accessing a web application from a database system configurable to present multiple console tabs within a navigation tab of a browser application on a user device, the system comprising: a processor; and memory storing one or more computer programs executable by the processor to perform operations of the browser application on the user device, the operations including: receiving a first request to access web resources based on user selection of a first hyperlink outside of the web application; determining if the first hyperlink is associated with a record accessible by the web application from the database system, wherein the determining is performed by a browser extension of the browser application and includes: receiving, by a rules engine of the browser extension, the first hyperlink and determining if the first hyperlink is subject to rules associated with the rules engine; commanding, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, the presenting of the record within the console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab; and interrupting, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, a generation of a new navigation tab; determining, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application, if a web application interface for the web application is active within the browser application; presenting, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application and the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, the record within a new console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab; and presenting, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application and the web application interface for the web application is not active in the at least one navigation tab, the web application interface in a new navigation tab and presenting the record within the web application interface.
9. The system of claim 8, the operations further including presenting, when the first hyperlink is not associated with the record for the web application, the web resources based on the first hyperlink within a new navigation tab of the browser application.
10. The system of claim 8, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source outside of the browser application.
11. The system of claim 8, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source inside of the browser application.
12. The system of claim 8, wherein the presenting the record includes presenting each request for records in an individual console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab.
13. The system of claim 8, wherein the determining if the first hyperlink is associated with the record accessible by the web application from the database system is determined by comparing the first hyperlink to a list of URLs or URL fragments associated with the web application.
14. A computer implemented method of displaying web resources to a user in a browser application executed on a user device, the method executable at the user device, the method comprising: providing a web application interface in a first navigation tab of the browser application on the user device, the web application interface configurable to access a web application on a database system; receiving, at the browser application, a first web resources request based on a first hyperlink selected from outside of the web application interface; evaluating the first hyperlink to determine if the first hyperlink is associated with a record for the web application, wherein the evaluating is performed by a browser extension of the browser application and includes: receiving, by a rules engine of the browser extension, the first hyperlink and determining if the first hyperlink is subject to rules associated with the rules engine; commanding, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, the presenting of the record within the console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab; and interrupting, by the rules engine of the browser extension upon determining the first hyperlink is subject to the rules associated with the rules engine and when the web application interface for the web application is active in the at least one navigation tab, a generation of a new navigation tab; presenting, when the first hyperlink is associated with the record for the web application, the record in a new console tab of the web application interface in the first navigation tab in the browser application on the user device; and presenting, when the first hyperlink is not associated with the record for the web application, web resources based on the first hyperlink in a second navigation tab of the browser application in the browser application on the user device.
15. The computer implemented method of claim 14, further comprising presenting, when the first hyperlink is not associated with the record for the web application, the web resources based on the first hyperlink within a new navigation tab of the browser application.
16. The computer implemented method of claim 14, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source outside of the browser application.
17. The computer implemented method of claim 14, wherein the receiving the first request includes receiving the first request based on the user selection of the first hyperlink from a source inside of the browser application.
18. The computer implemented method of claim 14, wherein the presenting the record includes presenting each request for records in an individual console tab of the web application interface in the at least one navigation tab.
19. The computer implemented method of claim 14, wherein the determining if the first hyperlink is associated with the record accessible by the web application from the database system is determined by comparing the first hyperlink to a list of URLs or URL fragments associated with the web application.
20. The computer implemented method of claim 14, wherein the determining if the web application interface is active includes comparing the first hyperlink to a list of active navigation tabs..
|
from flask import Flask
from flask_jwt_extended import JWTManager
from flask_cors import CORS
from flasgger import Swagger
from mongoengine import connect
# from redis import Redis
from influxdb import InfluxDBClient
from app.views.v1 import Router as V1Router
from app.views.v2 import Router as V2Router
from app.views import *
WEB_FILE_ROOT_DIR = '../web_files'
def create_app(*config_cls):
print('[INFO] Flask application initialized with {}'.format([config.__name__ for config in config_cls]))
app_ = Flask(
__name__,
static_folder='{}/static'.format(WEB_FILE_ROOT_DIR),
template_folder='{}/templates'.format(WEB_FILE_ROOT_DIR)
)
for config in config_cls:
app_.config.from_object(config)
connect(**app_.config['MONGODB_SETTINGS'])
# app_.config['REDIS_CLIENT'] = Redis(**app_.config['REDIS_SETTINGS'])
if not app_.testing:
app_.config['INFLUXDB_CLIENT'] = InfluxDBClient(**app_.config['INFLUXDB_SETTINGS'])
cfg = app_.config
if cfg['INFLUXDB_SETTINGS']['database'] not in cfg['INFLUXDB_CLIENT'].get_list_database():
cfg['INFLUXDB_CLIENT'].create_database(cfg['INFLUXDB_SETTINGS']['database'])
JWTManager().init_app(app_)
CORS().init_app(app_)
Swagger(template=app_.config['SWAGGER_TEMPLATE']).init_app(app_)
V1Router().init_app(app_)
V2Router().init_app(app_)
app_.after_request(after_request)
app_.register_error_handler(Exception, exception_handler)
app_.add_url_rule('/', view_func=index_student)
app_.add_url_rule('/admin', view_func=index_admin)
app_.add_url_rule('/hook', view_func=webhook_event_handler, methods=['POST'])
return app_
|
THOMAS, J.:
Appellee's action to recover damages for the death of her husband, alleged to have resulted from appellant's negligence, culminated in a verdict in her behalf. In the appeal the sufficiency of the testimony to establish liability is challenged and it is insisted that the evidence introduced by the defendant was adequate to substantiate the plea of contributory neglL gence. The only other question presented is the propriety of the trial court's ruling in admitting certain testimony given by a man who was, at the time of the mishap, assisting the deceased, Charles G. Getrost.
From the testimony in the case we learn that the electricity required for the white-way system of the city of Winter Haven was furnished by the appellant. The circuit became defective and the city directed one Franzman, whose duty it was to maintain the line, to make necessary repairs. Franzman employed Getrost, an experienced electrician, to do the actual work. In order to minimize, if not eliminate, any danger to Getrost from electricity while he was working on the line, a preliminary conversation over the telephone was held between'him and the operator of the plant where the electricity was controlled so that the latter eould recognize Getrost's voice when he gave instructions from time to time with reference to opening and closing the switch which regulated the current. Orders given by the workman were repeated by the operator to obviate any misunderstanding.
From the testimony it appears that another precautionary measure was followed at the plant to insure the line would not be energized wtihout an express order from the person working on it. It was established that a placard bearing the name of the person doing the work was placed on the switch and that the switch was not to be operated except upon his personal instruction. Consequently, when Getrost began his task Franzman, his immediate employer, called the operator and instructed him to "tag" the line for Getrost. Thereafter, until some one should succeed Getrost, he was the only person who could order the switch opened or closed.
The result of the trial in the circuit court depended upon the interpretation placed by the jury on the testimony of witnesses about occurrences at the plant and at the scene of the fatal injury for the period of an hour following nine-thirty in the morning. The log kept by the plant operator showed: at nine-twenty Getrost ordered the circuit closed; at nine-twenty-eight he ordered it opened; and at nine-thirty-five he ordered it closed. According to the notations on appellant's record the current was broken at ten-sixteen and "tagged" for Franzman and Getrost and at ten-thirty-five the former called and ordered that the circuit be "tagged" for him. It is the contention of the appellant that Getrost ordered the line energized at nine-thirty-five and that the switch was opened at ten-sixteen and labeled in the name of Franzman and Getrost because of a telephone message received then that some person had been injured.
The appellee asserts that Getrost called the appellant's plant after nine-thirty-five and instructed the operator to open the circuit, making it harmless. Testimony was introduced to show the giving of this order over the telephone and the actions of Getrost thereafter. Witnesses testified that he immediately took his assistant in a truck and drove to the office of his employer, Franzman-; that the three men with slight delay returned to one of the white-way posts on which they were then working, situated, incidentally, almost directly in front of a funeral home where an ambulance was available; and that shortly thereafter as he attempted to handle the wires Getrost received a charge of electricity which killed him. There was proof that he was taken to a hospital where he arrived at approximately ten-forty-five. -
Both appellant and appellee have presented their positions plausibly. If the testimony of either is considered independently of the other it is not difficult to arrive at the conclusion for which each contends. When, as appellant insists, the precautions taken at the electrical plant are considered in connection with the entries in the log it would seem that Getrost ordered the circuit energized at nine-thirty-five and some time between that hour and ten-sixteen was electrocuted, whereupon some one telephoned and ordered the circuit opened because a man had been injured. On the other hand, if the testimony of the appellee is to be given credit Getrost was killed after he had ordered the circuit opened at ten-sixteen. In these circumstances we think that we should not interfere with the verdict of the jury and the consequent judgment because there is ample evidence to support the findings, Holstun & Son v. Embry, 124 Fla. 554, 169 So. 400, and we have found nothing in the record to show bias, Carlton v. King, 51 Fla. 158, 40 So. 191, injustice or palpable wrong, McSwain v. Howell, 29 Fla. 248, 10 So. 588.
The appellant maintains that his plea of contributory negligence was substantiated by testimony that the deceased, Getrost, had failed to use the insulated gloves which his employer had furnished him and had failed to follow directions to "ground" the wires upon which he was working. That he did not use the gloves and that he did not ground the wires were shown but it should be remembered, if the testimony of the appellee is true, that he had the right to believe that his instructions had been followed and the wires contained no electrical current ht the time he was killed. We feel that the jury was justified in believing that the use of the gloves for the added precaution of determining whether any current was passing through the wires was unnecessary in view of these instructions. It was demonstrated that it would have been impractical for him to have worn the gloves at all times while he was working in the restricted space at the base of a white-way post and it does not appear to us logical that he should have been required continually to test the wires when the order to open the circuit had been received at the plant. The rules which we have given with reference to our interference with the verdict are applicable in the consideration of this question and upon it we have the same view.
The remaining question relates to the correctness of the ruling of the trial court in denying a motion to strike certain testimony of the witness Lynch who, throughout the repair work, had been assisting Getrost. On his direct examination he testified at some length about use of the telephone by Getrost immediately prior to his death at the time it was contended by appellee he made the last call to the plant with reference to disconnecting the circuit. He did not hear the conversation but watched Getrost use the telephone and when the -latter rejoined him he said he had had the circuit opened.
After all this testimony had been introduced on direct examination and after cross examination had proceeded to some extent the attorney for the appellant made his motion to strike, because it was hearsay, all the testimony about a report by Getrost to his helper that he had ordered the current discontinued. Even assuming that the objection was timely made (26 R.C.L. page 1046), still we think the testimony was admissible in view of all of the circumstances. It will be recalled that these two men had been working together and the witness was entirely familiar with the procedure of telephoning the plant operator each time the line was energized or the current interrupted. He knew of the memorandum, containing the telephone number, that Getrost used in calling the plant and evidently saw him on the last occasion follow the same procedure as on previous ones. Considering the entire experience of the witness as an assistant to Getrost, his familiarity with the methods they were following and the conduct of Getrost immediately preceding the misfortune, it seems to us that the testimony cannot be said to have been improper.
We think the statement was not infected with the vices which make such declarations usually inadmissible. At the time it was uttered there was no occasion for it to have resulted from reflection or premeditation, nor was there motive to make it self-serving. Nothing in the record indicates that Getrost anticipated danger or injury until the moment he died.
We conclude that the trial judge committed no error in allowing the testimony to be introduced by applying the exception to the rule against hearsay. See Jones on Evidence (Fourth Edition) page 630, et seq.
Affirmed.
BROWN, C. J., TERRELL and CHAPMAN, JJ., concur..
|
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
# File : Ampel-core/ampel/config/cli.py
# License : BSD-3-Clause
# Author : Jakob van Santen <[email protected]>
# Date : 26.08.2020
# Last Modified Date: 26.08.2020
# Last Modified By : Jakob van Santen <[email protected]>
import json, subprocess, sys, yaml
from io import StringIO
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, Mapping, Optional, TextIO
from argparse import ArgumentParser, ArgumentTypeError, FileType, Namespace
from ampel.base.BadConfig import BadConfig
from ampel.config.builder.DistConfigBuilder import DistConfigBuilder
from ampel.log.utils import log_exception
from ampel.core.AmpelContext import AmpelContext
from ampel.secret.AmpelVault import AmpelVault
from ampel.secret.DictSecretProvider import DictSecretProvider
from ampel.secret.PotemkinSecretProvider import PotemkinSecretProvider
def transform(args: Namespace) -> None:
"""Transform existing configuration with jq"""
try:
with FileType()(args.filter) as f:
jq_args = [f.read()]
except ArgumentTypeError:
jq_args = [args.filter]
# Use a custom transformation to losslessly round-trip from YAML to JSON,
# in particular:
# - wrap large ints to prevent truncation to double precision
# - preserve non-string keys
input_json = json.dumps(_to_json(yaml.safe_load(args.config_file)))
config = json.loads(
subprocess.check_output(["jq"] + jq_args, input=input_json.encode()),
object_hook=_from_json,
)
with StringIO() as output_yaml:
yaml.dump(config, output_yaml, sort_keys=False)
if args.validate:
output_yaml.seek(0)
_validate(output_yaml)
output_yaml.seek(0)
args.output_file.write(output_yaml.read())
def build(args: Namespace) -> int:
"""Build config file from installed distributions"""
cb = DistConfigBuilder(verbose=args.verbose, get_env=args.get_env)
try:
cb.load_distributions()
config = cb.build_config(
stop_on_errors=0 if args.ignore_errors else 2,
config_validator="ConfigValidator",
)
except Exception as exc:
# assume that BadConfig means the error was already logged
if not isinstance(exc, BadConfig):
log_exception(cb.logger, exc)
return 1
yaml.dump(
config, args.output_file if args.output_file else sys.stdout, sort_keys=False
)
return 0
def _load_dict(source: TextIO) -> Dict[str, Any]:
if isinstance((payload := yaml.safe_load(source)), dict):
return payload
else:
raise TypeError("buf does not deserialize to a dict")
def _validate(config_file: TextIO, secrets: Optional[TextIO] = None) -> None:
from ampel.model.ChannelModel import ChannelModel
from ampel.model.ProcessModel import ProcessModel
ctx = AmpelContext.load(
_load_dict(config_file),
secrets=AmpelVault(providers=[(
DictSecretProvider(_load_dict(secrets))
if secrets is not None
else PotemkinSecretProvider()
)]),
)
with ctx.loader.validate_unit_models():
for channel in ctx.config.get(
"channel", Dict[str, Any], raise_exc=True
).values():
ChannelModel(**{k: v for k, v in channel.items() if k not in {"template"}})
for tier in range(3):
for process in ctx.config.get(
f"process.t{tier}", Dict[str, Any], raise_exc=True
).values():
ProcessModel(**process)
def validate(args: Namespace) -> None:
"""Validate configuration"""
_validate(args.config_file, args.secrets)
def main():
parser = ArgumentParser()
subparsers = parser.add_subparsers(help="command help", dest="command")
subparsers.required = True
def add_command(f, name=None):
if name is None:
name = f.__name__
p = subparsers.add_parser(name, help=f.__doc__)
p.set_defaults(func=f)
return p
p = add_command(build)
p.add_argument("-v", "--verbose", default=False, action="store_true")
p.add_argument("--ignore-errors", default=False, action="store_true")
p.add_argument("--no-get-env", dest="get_env", default=True, action="store_false",
help="Skip Python dependency detection when gathering units."
)
p.add_argument("-o", "--output-file", type=FileType("w"))
p = add_command(validate)
p.add_argument("config_file", type=FileType("r"))
p.add_argument("--secrets", type=FileType("r"))
p = add_command(transform)
p.add_argument("filter", help="jq filter (or path to file containing one)")
p.add_argument("config_file", type=FileType("r"))
p.add_argument(
"--validate",
default=False,
action="store_true",
help="Validate config after applying transformation",
)
p.add_argument("-o", "--output-file", type=FileType("w"), default=sys.stdout)
args = parser.parse_args()
sys.exit(args.func(args))
def _to_json(obj):
"""Get JSON-compliant representation of obj"""
if isinstance(obj, Mapping):
assert "__nonstring_keys" not in obj
doc = {str(k): _to_json(v) for k, v in obj.items()}
nonstring_keys = {
str(k): _to_json(k) for k in obj.keys() if not isinstance(k, str)
}
if nonstring_keys:
doc["__nonstring_keys"] = nonstring_keys
return doc
elif isinstance(obj, Iterable) and not isinstance(obj, str):
return [_to_json(v) for v in obj]
elif isinstance(obj, int) and abs(obj) >> 53:
# use canonical BSON representation for ints larger than the precision
# of a double
return {"$numberLong": str(obj)}
else:
return obj
def _from_json(doc):
"""Invert _to_json()"""
if "$numberLong" in doc:
return int(doc["$numberLong"])
elif "__nonstring_keys" in doc:
nonstring_keys = doc.pop("__nonstring_keys")
return {nonstring_keys[k]: v for k, v in doc.items()}
else:
return doc
|
module.exports = [
`eyebro`,
`skeleton+kinect`,
`one thing leading to another`,
`dusangneuf-osangsett`,
`future fossils`,
`whistleblower`,
`j'ai du bon data`,
`switch`,
`iso☐iso`,
`laurent de la house`
]
|
Of Merry- Mount 65 England, as the joint agent of the two colonies, to look after their endangered interefts. He reached London in the autumn of 1634, bringing with him an evafive reply to the demand contained in Cradock's letter. Window failed in the middle or latter part of July, and a few days later, on the 4th of Auguft,1 Jeffreys came over from Weffaguffet to Bofton, bringing to Winthrop the letter which he had fhortly before received from Morton. It was the firft intimation the magiflrates had of the Commiffion and of the appointment of a governor-general. Winthrop communi- cated the news to Dudley and the other members of the Council, and to fome of the minifters ; and, doubtlefs, for a time they all nurfed an anxious hope that the exaggerations in the letter were even greater than they really were. The General Court met on the 25th of Auguft. While it was ftill in feffion, veffels arrived bringing tidings which difpelled all doubt, and confirmed everything material that Morton had faid. He whom the magiftrates had fo ignominioufly punifhed, and fo contemptuoufly driven away, was evidently in a polition to know what thofe in authority intended. It began to be evident that the Maffachufetts magiftrates had undereftimated an opponent. A full copy of the Order in Council eftablifhing the board of Lords Commiffioners of Plantations, was now received, and the colonifts were further advifed, through their private letters, that mips were being furnifhed, and foldiers gotten ready for embarkation in them. It was given out that thefe troops and veffels were intended for Virginia, whither a new governor 1 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *I37> 66 Thomas Morton governor was about to be fent ; but Winthrop wrote that in Maffachufetts the preparation was " fufpected to be againfl us, to compel us by force to receive a new gov- ernor, and the difcipline of the church of England, and the laws of the commiffioners.1 " The anfwer which beft expreffed the fpirit of the colony, in reply to Laud's threats, was now found, not in the miffive which Winflow had in charge, but in the acl of Morton's old oppreffor, Endicott, when a few weeks later at Salem he cut the red crofs from the ftandard. It was an acl, however, which feemed to indicate that there was more truth than Winthrop was difpofed to admit in Gardiner and Morton's charge that "the minifters and people did continually rail againfl the ftate, church and bifhops."2 Six months of great alarm and flrenuous preparation now enfued. Steps were taken to get together arms and ammunition, and defences were ordered at Dorchefter and Charleftown, as well as at Caftle Ifland. The magiftrates were even empowered to imprefs laborers for the work. In January the minifters were fummoned to Bofhon, and the queftion formally fubmitted to them : " What ought we to do if a general governor mould be fent out of England ? " The reply was that " we ought not to accept him, but defend our lawful poffeffions if we are able." In April a rumor of ftrange veffels hovering off Cape Ann threw the whole province into a tumult. It was fuppofed that Governor-general Gorges, with Morton in his train, was at the harbor's mouth. It proved to be a falfe alarm, and after that the excitement feems gradually to have fubfided. This 1 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *I43- 2 lb., vol i. p. *io2. Of Merry -Mount 67 This was in the fpring of 1635. Meanwhile Winflow had reached England fometime early in the previous autumn. Though he had not brought the charter with him, its pro- duction does not feem to have been again immediately called for. He probably held out confident affurances that it would be fent over in the next veffel, as foon as the General Court met ; but it is alfo probable that, in view of the courfe which had now been decided upon, an examina- tion of it was no longer deemed neceffary. The enfuing fpring, that of 1635, had been fixed upon by Gorges and Mafon as the time for decifive action. The charter was then to be vacated, and Gorges was to go out to New Eng- land with a force fufficient to compel obedience. All this, however, implied confiderable preparation. Shipping had to be provided in the firft place. A large veffel was accord- ingly put upon the flocks. Rumor faid, alfo, that the new governor-general was to take out with him a force of no lefs than one thoufand foldiers.1 Whether this was true or not, there can be little doubt that all through the winter of 1634-5 active preparations were on foot in England in- tended againft the Maffachufetts colony. Befides watching thefe proceedings Winflow had other bufinefs in London which required his appearance before the Lords Commiffioners. He had prefented to them a petition on behalf of the two colonies for authority to refift certain Dutch and French encroachments. This proceeding Win- throp had not thought well advifed,2 as he very fhrewdly argued that it implied an abfence of authority without fuch fpecial 1 Autobiography of Sir Simonds 2 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *I72. UEwes, vol. ii. p. 118. 68 Thomas Morton fpecial authorization, and might thus be drawn into a prece- dent. Window, however, had none the lefs fubmitted the petition, and feveral hearings were given upon it. Fully advifed as to everything that was going on before the Lords Commiffioners, Gorges did not favor this move. It author- ized military or diplomatic action, the conduct of which by right belonged to him as governor-general of the region within which the action was to be taken. He accordingly went to work to circumvent Window. What enfued throws a great deal of light on Morton's {landing at the time, and the ufe that was made of him ; and it alfo explains the fig- nificance of certain things in the New Canaan. Laud, it will be remembered, was the head and moving fpirit of the Lords Commiffioners. His word was final in the Board. Upon him Gorges depended to work all his re- mits ; which included not only his own appointment as governor-general, with full power and authority as fuch, but alfo the neceffary fupply of men and money to enable him to eftablidi his fupremacy. To fecure thefe ends it was neceffary to play continually on the Primate's didike of the Puritans, and his intenfe zeal in behalf of all Church forms and ceremonies, including the ufe of the Book of Common Prayer. The whole political and hidorical dgnificance of the New Canaan lies in this fact. It was a pamphlet de- figned to work a given effect in a particular quarter, and came very near being productive of lading refults. Dedi- cated in form to the Lords Commiffioners, it was charged with attacks on the Separatifts, and datements of the con- tempt diown by them to the Book of Common Prayer. Finally it contained one chapter on the church practices in Of Merry-Mount 69 in New England, which was clearly defigned for the fpecial enlightenment of the Archbifhop.1 In this chapter it is fet down as the firft and fundamental tenet of the New Eng- land church " that it is the magistrate's office abfolutely, and not the minifter's, to join the people in lawful matrimony ;" next, that to make ufe of a ring in marriage is a relic of popery ; and then again " that the Book of Common Prayer is an idol ; and all that ufe it idolaters." It now remains to mow how cunningly, when it came to queflions of ftate, Laud was worked upon by thefe Statements, and what a puppet he became in the hands of Gorges and Morton. Window's fuit had profpered. He had fubmitted to the Lords Commiffioners a plan for accomplishing the end defired without any charge being impofed on the royal exchequer, and he was on the point of receiving, as he fuppofed, a favorable decifion. Suddenly the fecret firings were pulled. Bradford belt tells the flory of what enfued. " When Mr. Window fhould have had his fuit granted, (as indeed upon the point it was,) and fhould have been confirmed, the Archbifhop put a ftop upon it, and Mr. Window, thinking to get it freed, went to the Board again. But the Bifhop, Sir Ferdinando and Captain Mafon had, as it feems, pro- cured Morton to complain. To whofe complaints Mr. Window made anfwer to the good fatisfaclion of the Board, who checked Morton, and rebuked him fharply, and alfo blamed Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Mafon for countenanc- ing him. But the Bidiop had a further end and ufe of his prefence, for he now began to queftion Mr. Window of many things, as of teaching in the church publicly, of which Morton accufed him and gave evidence that he had feen and heard him do it ; to which Mr. Window anfwered that fome- times (wanting a minifter) he did exercife his gift to help the edification of his brethren, when they wanted better means, which was not often. Then about marriage, the which he alfo confeffed, that, having been called to place of 1 Infra, pp. * 172-9. 70 Thomas Morton of magiftracy, he had fometimes married fome. And further told their lord- fhips that marriage was a civil thing, and he found nowhere in the word of God that it was tied to miniftry. Again they were neceffitated fo to do, having for a long time together at firft no minifter; befides, it was no new thing, for he had been fo married himfelf in Holland, by the magiftrates in their Stadt-Houfe. But in the end, to be fhort, for thefe things the Bifhop, by vehement importunity, got the Board at laft to confent to his commitment. So he was committed to the Fleet, and lay there feventeen weeks, or therea- bout, before he could get to be releafed. And this was the end of this peti- tion and this bufmefs ; only the others' defign was alfo fruftrated hereby, with other things concurring, which was no fmall bleffmg to people here." * For the time being, however, " the others' defign," as Brad- ford defcribes Gorges's fcheme, fo far from being fruftrated, moved on moft profperoufly. All the friends and agents of the colony were now driven from the field. Cradock, Saltonftall and Humfrey had departed the council-chamber with " a pair of cold moulders." Window was a prifoner. Morton had demonftrated that his boaft in the letter to Jef- freys, that he would make his opponents " fing clamavi in the Fleet," was not an idle one. He had not exaggerated his power. Gorges's courfe was now clear, and his plan developed rapidly. At a meeting of thofe ftill members of the Council for New England, held at Lord Gorges's houfe on the 3d of February, 1635, the next flep was taken. The redivifion of the feacoaft was agreed upon. It was now divided into eight parcels, inftead of twenty as at the original abortive divifion of 1623; and thefe parcels were affigned to eight feveral perfons, among whom were the Duke of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton, and the Earls of Arundel, Carlifle and Sterling. Arundel alone of thefe was one 1 Bradford, pp. 329-30. Of Merry-Mount 7 1 one of the Lords Commiffioners. Gorges received Maine as his portion ; and Mafon got New Hampfhire and Cape Ann. Maffachufetts, fouth of Salem, was affigned to Lord Gorges. The divifion thus agreed on was to take effect fimultane- oufly with the formal furrender by the Council of its great patent. Ten weeks later, on the 18th of April, at another meeting at Lord Gorges's houfe, a paper was read and en- tered upon the records, in which the reafons for furrender- ing the patent were fet forth. At a fubfequent meeting on the 26th a petition to the King was approved, in which it was prayed that feparate patents might be iffued fecuring to the affociates in feveralty the domains they had affigned to each other. A declaration from the King was alfo then read, in which the royal intention of appointing Sir Ferdi- nando Gorges governor-general of New England was for- mally announced. Speaking by the mouth of the King, the Primate did not propofe " to fuffer fuch numbers of people to run to ruin, and to religious intents to languifh, for want of timely remedy and fovereign affiftance." Curioufly enough, alfo, this typically Laudian fentiment was enunciated at Whitehall the very day, the 26th of April, 1635, upon which, on the other fide of the Atlantic, the Marblehead fifliermen had brought in word of ftrange veffels hovering myfte- rioufly upon the coaft, caufmg the Governor and affirmants to hurry to Bofton and an alarm to be fpread through all the towns.1 Before proceeding to eject the prefent occupants of the New 1 Supra, p. 66. Winthrop, vol. i. p. *i$7. 72 Thomas Morto7i New England foil, or to force them to fome compromife as an alternative thereto, it remained for the grantees of the now defunct Council to perfect their new titles. Proceed- ings to this end were not delayed. The divifion had been agreed upon on the 3d of February, and on the 26th of April the new patents had been petitioned for. Ten days later Thomas Morton was " entertained to be folicitor for confirmation of the faid deeds under the great feal, as alfo to profecute fuit at law for the repealing of the patent be- longing to the Maffachufetts Company. And is to have for fee twenty millings a term, and fuch further reward as thofe who are interefted in the affairs of New England mall think him fit to deferve, upon the judgment given in the caufe." A month later, on the 7th of June, 1635, the formal furrender of its patent by the Council took place.1 Morton, however, was not deftined to land at Boflon in the train of Governor-general Gorges. The effort of 1634-5 was a mere repetition, on a larger and more impreffive fcale, of the effort of 1623. The latter had refulted in the abor- tive Robert Gorges expedition, and the former now fet all the courts at Weftminfter in folemn action. Neither of them, however, came to anything. They both failed, alfo, from the fame caufe, — want of money. The machinery in each cafe was impofmg, and there was a great deal of it. Seen from New England it mufl have appeared fimply over- powering. The King, the Primate, the Lords Commiffion- ers, the Attorney General, the Court of King's Bench, the Great Seal, and a governor-general reprefenting the Duke of 1 Palfrey, vol. i. p. 401 n. Mem. Hijl. of Bojlon, vol. i. p. 341. Of Merry-Mount j$ of Lenox, the Marquis of Hamilton and the Earls of Arundel, Carlifle and Sterling, royal proprietors, were all at work together to bring about the deftruction of an infant colony. When, however, it came to accomplishing anything in a practical way, it grew apparent by degrees that behind all this tremendous difplay of machinery there was nothing but Sir Ferdinando Gorges, — an active-minded, adventurous foldier, {killed in Court ways, perfiftent and full of refource, but with fmall means of his own, and no faculty of obtaining means from others. When it became therefore a qUeflion of real action, calling for the finews of war, the movement flopped dead in 1635, juft as it had flopped in 1623. In 1635 it is true, Gorges had the affiftance of Captain John Mafon, who was an energetic man with means at his com- mand, and it was through him that a fliip was to be pro- vided.1 The building of this fhip, however, without doubt {trained to the utmoft the refources of all concerned; and when, in launching, it fuffered a mifhap, again probably from infufficient means, they could not make the damage good. The royal exchequer was then as empty as Gorges's own purfe. The King was living on benevolences, and on fines levied upon the great nobles for encroachments on the royal forefts. The writs to collect fhip-money were iffued in this very year. The next year public offices were fold. Under thefe circumftances no affiftance could for the pref- ent be looked for from Charles or Laud. As for the noble affociates, among whom the New England coaft had juft been parcelled out, while perfectly willing to accept great domains 1 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *i6i, *i87. 74 Thomas Morton domains in America, they would venture nothing more to take actual poffeffion of them in 1635 than they had ven- tured in 1623. Nothing at all was to be obtained from that quarter. Speaking of Gorges and Mafon, and the failure of their plans at this time, Winthrop wrote, " The Lord fruftrated their dengn." This was the pious way of putting it. In point of fact, however, the real fafety of Maffachu- fetts now depended on more homely and every-day consid- erations. Gorges and Mafon could not raife the money abfo- lutely neceffary to carry their defign out. Neverthelefs, though this delay was difappointing, there was no occahon for defpair. Things moved flowly; that was all. Gorges reprefented the New England part of that royal fyftem which was to ftand or fall as a whole. In the fpring and fummer of 1635 it looked very much as if it was deftined to ftand. There was then no thought of a parliament at Court, or expectation of one among the pat- riots. The crown lawyers were hunting up precedents which would enable the King to levy taxes to fuit himfelf. Went- worth had brought Ireland into a ftate of perfect fubjection. Laud was fupreme in England. The profpects for " Thor- ough " were never fo good. If " Thorough " prevailed in England it would in Maffachufetts. There could be no doubt of that. Meanwhile, though lack of ready means had put it out of Gorges's power to go to New England at once, there was no break or delay in legal proceedings. In June, 1635, the attorney-general filed in the King's Bench a writ of quo wwranto againft the Maffachufetts Bay Com- pany. This was the work which Thomas Morton had a month before been " entertained to profecute," and the promptnefs Of Merry-Mount 75 promptnefs of the attorney-general would feem to indicate that on Morton's part at leafl there was no failure in activ- ity. The plan was to fet the charter afide, not becaufe of any abufe of the powers lawfully conferred in it, but on the ground that it was void ab initio. Every title to land held under it would thus be vitiated. In anfwer to the fum- mons fome of the original affociates came in and pleaded, while others made default. Cradock made default. In his cafe, therefore, judgment was given at the Michaelmas, or September term, 1635, and the charter was declared void, all the franchifes conveyed in it being refumed by the King.1 This portion of the legal work in hand, therefore, that more particularly entrufted to Morton, feems to have been promptly and efficiently done. As refpecls the patents for the domains granted under the laft partition, things do not feem to have moved fo rapidly, for towards the clofe of No- vember a meeting of the affociates of the now diffolved Council was held at the houfe of Lord Sterling, and a vote paffed that fteps mould be taken to get patents to the individual patentees paffed the feals as foon as poffible. Morton was in fact, reminded of his duties. A heavy blow was however impending over Gorges. He himfelf was now an elderly man, verging clofe upon feventy years.2 He could not have been as active and as ener- getic 1 Palfrey, vol. i. p. 403. Mem. Hijl. was among the prifoners taken by Fair- of Boflon, vol. i. p. 343. fax when he ftormed Briftol in Septem- 2 In January, 1640, Richard Vines ber, 1645. (ill. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. wrote to Governor Winthrop, of Sir Fer- iii. p. 342.) He mull, however, have dinando, that he was then "nere 80 then been a very old man, as fifty-four yeares ould." (iv. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. years before, in 1591, he had diftin- vii. p. 342.) This can hardly be cor- guifhed himfelf at the fiege of Rouen, reel;, however, as fubfequently he ferved in Effex's Englifh contingent. (Deve- on the royal fide in the civil wars, and reux's Earls of Effex, vol. i. p. 271). 76 Thomas Morton getic as he once had been, and even his fanguine difpo- fition mufl have felt the ufual depreffing influence of hope long deferred. Mafon had of late been the mainftay of his enterprife. Only a year before, that refolute man had fent out a large expedition, numbering fome feventy men, to Pifcataqua, and he was contemplating extenfive explorations towards Lake Champlain. Morton eulogized him as a " very good Commonwealth's man, a true fofter-father and lover of virtue," x and Winthrop referred to him as " the chief mover in all the attempts againft us."2 In December, 1635, Mafon died,3 and not improbably it was the anticipation of his death which led to that meeting of the Council at which the fpeedy iffuing of the individual patents was urged. However this may be, the lofs of Mafon feems to have been fatal to Gor- ges's hopes ; it was the lopping off of the right arm of his undertakings. From that time forward there was obvioufly no fource from which he could hope to get the money neceffary to enable him to effedt anything, except the royal treafury. Of this, for two or three years yet, until the Scotch troubles deftroyed the laft chance of the fuccefs of the (hip-money fcheme, there feemed a very good profpecl:. Gorges, however, could not afford to wait. His remaining time was fhort. Accordingly, after Mafon's death, little is heard of him or of the Lords Commiffioners. During the next feven years, confequently, the traces of Morton are few. There is a paffing glimpfe obtained of him in March, 1636, through a letter from Cradock to Win- throp, 1 Infra, *98. alfo referred to in the fame work, vol. 2 See further on this fubject, Win- ii. p. *I2. throp, vol. i. pp. *i6i, *i87 ; which is 8 Hazard, vol. i. p. 400. Of Merry-Mount, 7 7 throp,1 from which it appears he was then in London and actively fcheming againft the Maffachufetts Company. He would feem at this time to have been in the pay of one George Cleaves, a man of fome importance and fubfe- quently quite prominent in the early hiftory of Maine. Cleaves apparently had propofed fome fcheme to Cradock touching the Maffachufetts Company, and Morton came to fee him about it. Thereupon Cradock fays, " I having no defire to fpeak with Morton alone put him off a turn or two on the exchange, till I found Mr. Pierce," etc. Fur- ther on in the fame letter he fpeaks of his " greyffe and difdayne " at the abufe heaped on the Company, and of the " heavey burdens, there lode on me by T. M. ; " and adds, " God forgive him that is the caufe of it." Early in 1637, and in confequence probably of the quo warranto proceedings, a commiflion of fome fort would appear to have been granted to certain perfons in New England for the government of that country.2 How or under what circumflances this was obtained is nowhere told. There is a myftery about it. Gorges afterwards affured Winthrop that he knew nothing of it,3 and only a copy ever reached America, the original, Winthrop fays, being " ftaid at the feal for want of paying the fees." He further fays that Cleaves procured this commiffion, as alfo a fort of patent, or, as he calls it, " a protection under the privy fignet for fearching out the great lake of Iracoyce." From all this it would appear that the whole thing was fome impotent and inconfequential move on the part of Morton ; for not only 1 iv. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. vi. p. 127. 3 iv. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. vii. p. 330. 2 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *z^i. 78 Thomas Morton only does Winthrop fay that the document was " ftaid at the feal," but Cradock wrote that the matter in reference to which Morton wanted to fee him, on behalf of Cleaves, re- lated to paying the charge " in taking out fomewhat under the feale." Gorges fpeaks of Morton as being at that time Cleaves's agent ; and in the New Canaan, which either had juft been published or was then in the prefs, there is a glowing account of the " great lake Erocoife," and its bound- lefs wealth of beaver,1 to which apparently the imaginative author had directed Cleaves's attention fufBciently to in- duce him to take out the " protection " which Winthrop alludes to. The year 1637 was the turning-period in the fortunes of King Charles and of Archbifhop Laud, and confequently of Gorges and Morton. Up to that time everything had gone fufficiently well, if not in Maffachufetts, at leaft in England, Ireland, and even Scotland. Now, however, the fyftem began to break down ; giving way firft, as would naturally enough be the cafe, at its weakeft point. This was in Scotland, where the attempt to force Epifcopacy on the people refulted in the famous " flony Sabbath " on the 23d of July. The New Canaan was probably going through the prefs during the deceitful period of profound calm which preceded that eventful day. Though now publifhed, there is ftrong inter- nal evidence that the book was written in 1634. Not only does this appear from the extract from its lalt page in the letter to Jeffreys, already referred to,2 but in another place3 there is reference to the expedition of Henry Joffelyn for the 1 Infra, *96-ioo. 8 Infra, *98. 2 Supra, 62, n. Of Merry-Mount. 79 the more complete difcovery of Lake Champlain, which is mentioned as then in preparation. Henry Joffelyn left England about the time Morton was writing to Jeffreys, or a little earlier, and reached Pifcataqua in June, 1634.1 Mafon, on the other hand, is mentioned as then living, and as having fitted out the expedition of Joffelyn. Mafon, however, it has already been feen, died in December, 1635. Written confequently after May, 1634, the New Canaan, it would feem, received no revifion later than 1635. ^ repre- fented Morton's feelings during the time when he was moft confident of an early and triumphant return to New Eng- land. It was publifhed juft when the affairs of Charles and Laud were at their full flood, and before the tide had begun to ebb. No mention is found of the New Canaan at the time of its publication. It is not known, indeed, that a fingle copy was fent out to New England. Though it muft have caufed no little comment and fcandal among the friends and cor- refpondents of the colonifts, there is no allufion to it in their publifhed letters or in the documents of the time, and in 1644 Winthrop apparently had never feen it. Bradford energeti- cally refers to it as " an infamoufe and fcurillous booke againft many godly and cheefe men of the cuntrie ; full of lyes and flanders, and fraight with profane callumnies againft their names and perfons, and the ways of God." 2 A copy of it may, therefore, have been brought over to Ply- mouth by one of the agents of the colony, and there paffed from hand to hand. It does not appear, however, that at the 1 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *I37. 2 Bradford, p. 254. So Thomas Morton the time it attracted any general or confiderable notice in America ; while in England, of courfe, it would have inter- ested only a fmall clafs of perfons. There is one fignificant reference which would feem to indicate that the publication of the New Canaan was not agreeable to Gorges. However much he might attack the charter of the Maffachufetts Company, Sir Ferdinando al- ways iliowed himfelf anxious to keep on friendly terms with the leading men of the colony. In the Brief e Narration he takes pains to fpeak of " the patience and wifdom of Mr. Winthrop, Mr. Humphreys, Mr. Dudley, and others their affiftants ; " * and with Winthrop he was in correfpon- dence, even authorizing him and others to act for him in Maine. He deceived no one by this, for Winthrop after- wards defcribed him as "pretending by his letters and fpeeches to feek our welfare ; " 2 but he evidently had always in mind that he was to go out fome day to New England as a eovernor-o^eneral, and that it would not do for him to be too openly hoftile to thofe over whom he propofed to rule. He regarded them as his people. When, therefore, he had occafion to write to Winthrop in Auguft, 1637, though he made no reference to the New Canaan, which had probably been publifhed early in the year, he took pains to fay that Morton was " wholely cafheered from intermedlinge with anie our affaires hereafter."3 It is however open to queftion whether, in making this fhatement, Gorges was not praclifing a little of that king- craft for which his mafter, James I., had been fo famous. In 1637 1 in. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. vi. p. 81. 8 IV. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. vii. p. 2 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. *I2. 331. Of Merry-Mount 8 1 1637 Morton may have been in difgrace with him ; but if fo it was a paffing difgrace. Four years later, in 1641, Sir Ferdinando, as " Lord of the Province of Maine," indulged his paffion for feudal regulation by granting a municipal charter to the town of Acomenticus, now York. A formi- dable document of great import, this momentous ftate paper was figned and delivered by the Lord Paramount, much as an Englifh fovereign might have granted a franchife to his faithful city of London ; and accordingly it was counter- figned by three witneffes, one of them a member of his own family. Firft of the three witneffes to fign was Thomas Morton.1 He evidently was in no difgrace then. With the exception of this fignature to the Acomenticus charter, there is no trace to be found of Morton between Auguft 1637, when Gorges wrote that he had " cafheered " him, and the fummer of 1643, when he reappeared once more at Plymouth. During the whole of that time things evidently went with him, as they did with Charles and Laud, from bad to worfe. Once only had the Lords Commiffioners given any figns of life. This was in the fpring of 1638, when on the 4th of April the Board met at Whitehall. The record of the meeting ftates that petitions and complaints from Maffachufetts, for want of a fettled and orderly govern- ment, were growing more frequent. This is very poffible, for the Antinomian Controverfy was then at its height, and indeed, the very day the Lords Commiffioners met, Mrs. Hutchinfon, having left Bolton in obedience to Governor Winthrop's mandate a week before, was on her way to join her 1 Hazard, vol. i. p. 474. 82 Thomas Morto7t her hufband and friends in Rhode Ifland. Under thefe cir- cumftances, calling to mind the futile order for the return of the charter, fent to Winthrop in 1634 through Cradock, and taking official notice of the refult of the quo warranto pro- ceedings, the Board refolved upon a more decided tone. The clerk in attendance was inftructed to fend out to Maffa- chufetts a peremptory demand for the immediate furrender of the charter. It was to be fent back to London by the return voyage of the veffel which carried out the miffive of the Board ; " it being refolved," fo that miffive ran, " that in cafe of any further neglecl or contempt by them fhewed therein, their Lordfhips will caufe a Uriel; courfe to be taken againfl them, and will move his Majefty to reaffume into his own hands the whole plantation." l If, as was probably the cafe, Morton was the fecret mover of this aclion, it proved to be his laft effort. It was com- pletely fruitlefs alfo. When the order reached Bofton, fome- time in the early fummer of 1638, it naturally caufed no little alarm, for the apprehenfion of a general governor had not yet difappeared. Indeed, on the 12th of April, " a general faft [had been] kept through all the churches, by advice from the Court, for feeking the Lord to prevent evil that we feared to be intended againft us from England by a general governor."2 With the miffive of the Lords Com- miffioners, however, came alfo tidings of " the troubles which arofe in Scotland about the Book of Common Prayer and the canons which the King would have forced upon the Scotch churches." 3 The refult was that in Auguft, inftead of 1 Hutchinfon's State Papers., p. 106. 3 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *266. 2 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *264- Of Merry- Mount 83 of fending out the charter, Governor Winthrop, at the direc- tion of the General Court, wrote " to excufe our not fending of it ; for it was refolved to be beft not to fend it." 1 Archbifhop Laud molefted the colony no further. Doubt- lefs Morton yet endeavored more than once to ftir him up to action, and the next year he received from New England other and bitter complaints of the fame character as thofe which had come to him before. This time it was the Rev. George Burdet — a difreputable clergyman, fubfequently a thorn in Gorges's fide as now in that of Winthrop — who wrote to him. The haraffed and anxious Primate could, however, only reply that " by reafon of the much bufmefs now lay upon them, [the Lords Commiffioners] could not at prefent . . . redrefs fuch diforders as he had informed them of."2 Events in England and Scotland were then moving on rapidly as well as fteadily to their outcome, and Maffachufetts was bidden to take care of itfelf. Nothing more is heard of Morton until the fummer of 1643. The Civil War was then dragging along in its earlier flages, before Fairfax and Cromwell put their hands to it. It was the fummer during which Prince Rupert took Brifhol and the flrft battle of Newbury was fought, — the fummer made memorable by the deaths of Hampden and Falkland. Gorges had identified himfelf with the Royalift fide, and now Morton feems to have been fairly ftarved out of England. When or how he came to Plymouth we do not know ; but, on the nth of September, Edward Winilow, whom he had eight years before " clapte up in the Fleete," 3 thus wrote to Winthrop : — " Concerning 1 Winthrop, vol. i. p. *26g. 2 lb., p. *298. 3 Bradford, p. 375. 84 Thomas Morton " Concerning Morton, our Governor gave way that he fhould winter here, but begone as foon as winter breaks up. Captain Standifh takes great offence thereat, efpecially that he is fo near him as Duxbury, and goeth fometimes a fowling in his ground. He cannot procure the leaft refpecl amongft our peo- ple, liveth meanly at four fhillings per week, and content to drink water, fo he may diet at that price. But admit he hath a protection, yet it were worth the while to deal with him till we fee it. The truth is I much queftion his pretended employment ; for he hath here only fhowed the frame of a Com- mon-weale and fome old fealed commiffions, but no infide known. As for Mr. Rigby if he be fo honeft, good and hopefull an inftrument as report paffeth on him, he hath good hap to light on two of the arranteft known knaves that ever trod on New Englifh fhore to be his agents eaft and weft, as Cleaves and Morton : but I fhall be jealous on him till I know him better, and hope others will take heed how they truft him who invefteth fuch with power who have devoted themfelves to the ruin of the country, as Morton hath. And for my part, (who if my heart deceive me not can pafs by all the evil inftrumentally he brought on me,) would not have this ferpent ftay amongft us, who out of doubt in time will get ftrength to him if he be fuffered, who promifeth large portions of land about New Haven, Narraganfett, &c, to all that will go with him, but hath a promife but of one perfon who is old, weak and decrepid, a very atheift and fit companion for him. But, indeed, Morton is the odium of our people at prefent, and if he be fuffered, (for we are diverfely minded,) it will be jufl with God, who hath put him in our hands and we will fofter fuch an one, that afterward we fhall fuffer for it." 1 The Rigby referred to in this letter was Mr. Alexander Rigby, an Englifh gentleman of wealth who, befides being a ftrong Puritan, was a member of the Long Parliament, and at one time held a commiffion as colonel in the army. Cleaves was the George Cleaves already mentioned as having come out in 1637, with a protection under the privy fignet.2 He had then appeared as an agent of Gorges, but fubfe- quently 1 iv. Mafs. Hijl. Coll., vol. vi. p. 175. 2 Supra, p. 77. Of Merry-Mount. 8 5 quently he had got poffeffion in Maine of the " Plough patent," fo called, under which the title to a large part of the prov- ince was claimed adverfely to Gorges.1 This patent Cleaves induced Rigby to buy, and the latter was now endeavoring to get his title recognized, and ultimately fucceeded in fo doing. Cleaves, as well as Morton, enjoyed the reputation of being " a firebrand of diffenfion,"2 and the two had long acted together. As Gorges had joined his fortunes to the Royalift fide, Morton clearly had nothing to gain by pretend- ing at Plymouth to be his agent or under his protection. So he feems to have tried to pafs himfelf off as a Common- wealth's man, commiffioned by Rigby to act in his behalf. Window was probably quite right in fufpecting that this was all a pretence. Rigby's claim was for territory in Maine. It is not known that he ever had any interefts in Rhode Ifland or Connecticut. There can, in fhort, be little doubt that Morton was now nothing more than a poor, broken-down, difreputable, old impoftor, with fome empty envelopes and manufactured credentials in his pocket. At Plymouth, as would naturally be fuppofed, Morton made no headway. But the province of Maine was then in an uneafy, troubled condition, and there was reported to be a firong party for the king in the neighborhood of Cafco Bay. Thither accordingly Morton feems to have gone in June, 1644.3 His movements were clofely watched, and En- dicott was notified that he would go by fea to Gloucefter, hopin g 1 See Mr. Deane's note on the riofities of Literature, vol. iii. p. 488) " Plough patent," in iv. Mafs. Hijl. gives a fingular anecdote of Rigby. Coll., vol. vii. pp. 88-96. Alfo the note 2 iv. Mafs. Hifl. Coll., vol. vii. p. 343. on Cleaves, lb. p. 363. D'Ifraeli (Cu- 3 iv. Mafs. Hifl. Coll., vol. vi. p. 148. 86 Thomas Morton hoping to get a paffage from thence to the eaftward. A warrant for his arreft was at once defpatched, but apparently he eluded it ; nor if he went there, which, indeed, is doubt- ful, did Morton long remain in Maine. In Auguft he was in Rhode Ifland, and on the 5th of that month he is thus alluded to in a letter from Coddington to Winthrop : — " For Morton he was [infinuating] who was for the King at his firft com- ing to Portfmouth, and would report to fuch as he judged to be of his mind he was glad [to meet with] fo many cavaliers ; . . . and he had lands to difpofe of to his followers in each Province, and from Cape Ann to Cape Cod was one. . . . And that he had wrong in the Bay [to the] value of two hun- dred pounds, and made bitter complaints thereof. But Morton would let it reft till the Governor came over to right him ; and did intimate he knew whofe roaft his fpits and jacks turned." 1 Profpering in Rhode Ifland no more than at Plymouth, Morton is next heard of as a priibner in Bofton. How he came within the clutches of the Maffachufetts magiflrates is not known ; his neceffities or his affurance may have carried him to Bofton, or he may have been pounced upon by Endi- cott's officers as he was furtively paffing through the prov- ince. In whatever way it came about, he was in cuftody on the 9th of September, juft five weeks from the time of Cod- dington's letter to Winthrop, and the latter then made the following entry in his Journal : 2 — " At the court of affiftants Thomas Morton was called forth prefently after the lecture, that the country might be fatisfied of the juftice of our proceed- ing againft him. There was laid to his charge his complaint againft us at the council board, which he denied. Then we produced the copy of the bill exhibited by Sir Chriftopher Gardiner, etc., wherein we were charged with treafon, rebellion, etc., wherein he was named as a party or witnefs. He denied 1 Palfrey, vol. ii. p. 147, n. 2 Winthrop, vol. ii. p. *i8q. Of Merry- Mount. Sy denied that he had any hand in the information, only was called as a witnefs. To convince him to be the principal party, it was mowed : i . That Gardiner had no occafion to complain againft us, for he was kindly ufed and difmiffed in peace, profefTing much engagement for the great courtefy he found here. 2. Morton had fet forth a book againft us, and had threatened us, and had profecuted a quo warranto againft us, which he did not deny. 3. His letter was produced,1 written foon after to Mr. Jeffreys, his old acquaintance and intimate friend." This paffage is chara6teriftic both of the man and of the time. The prifoner now arraigned before the magiftrates had, fourteen years before, been arrefted, and banifhed ; he had been fet in the flocks, all his property had been confif- cated, and his houfe had been burned down before his eyes.
|
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
""" Mesh converter
"""
from schimpy.schism_mesh import read_mesh, write_mesh
import argparse
def create_arg_parser():
parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
description="Convert a mesh from one format to another. The format is decided by the extensions automatically.")
parser.add_argument('--input', help="Input mesh file")
parser.add_argument('--output', help="Output mesh file")
parser.add_argument('--proj4', help="Proj4 string for the projection")
return parser
def main():
parser = create_arg_parser()
args = parser.parse_args()
convert_mesh(args)
def convert_mesh(args):
mesh = read_mesh(args.input)
write_mesh(mesh, args.output, proj4=args.proj4)
if __name__ == '__main__':
main()
|
# Copyright (C) 2016 The CyanogenMod Project
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
$(shell mkdir -p $(OUT)/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/libcommondefs-rpc_intermediates/)
$(shell touch $(OUT)/obj/STATIC_LIBRARIES/libcommondefs-rpc_intermediates/export_includes)
LOCAL_PATH:= $(call my-dir)
include $(CLEAR_VARS)
AMSS_VERSION := $(BOARD_VENDOR_QCOM_GPS_LOC_API_AMSS_VERSION)
RPC_INC := inc-$(AMSS_VERSION)
generated_files := \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_clnt.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_cb_xdr.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_common_xdr.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_cb_svc.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_xdr.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_fixup.c \
gen-$(AMSS_VERSION)/loc_api_rpc_glue.c \
src/loc_apicb_appinit.c \
src/loc_api_sync_call.c
LOCAL_SRC_FILES := $(generated_files)
LOCAL_CFLAGS := -fno-short-enums
LOCAL_CFLAGS += -include $(RPC_INC)/loc_api_common.h
LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DDEBUG
# LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DVERBOSE
LOCAL_CFLAGS += -DADD_XDR_FLOAT -DADD_XDR_BOOL
LOCAL_SHARED_LIBRARIES := librpc
LOCAL_STATIC_LIBRARIES := libcommondefs-rpc
LOCAL_COPY_HEADERS_TO := libloc_api-rpc/inc
LOCAL_COPY_HEADERS := \
$(RPC_INC)/loc_api_cb.h \
$(RPC_INC)/loc_api_common.h \
$(RPC_INC)/loc_api.h \
$(RPC_INC)/loc_api_fixup.h \
$(RPC_INC)/loc_apicb_appinit.h \
inc/debug.h \
inc/loc_api_rpc_glue.h \
inc/loc_api_sync_call.h
LOCAL_C_INCLUDES := \
$(LOCAL_PATH) \
$(LOCAL_PATH)/inc \
$(LOCAL_PATH)/$(RPC_INC) \
$(TARGET_OUT_HEADERS)/libcommondefs-rpc \
$(TARGET_OUT_HEADERS)/librpc
LOCAL_MODULE := libloc_api-rpc
include $(BUILD_STATIC_LIBRARY)
|
using Synergy.Recruitment.Data.Models.Abstract;
namespace Synergy.Recruitment.Data.Models.Identity
{
public class DefaultRoleAction : BaseEntity
{
public long RoleId { get; set; }
public long ActionId { get; set; }
public Role Role { get; set; }
public Action Action { get; set; }
}
}
|
// autogenerated
using System.Threading;
#pragma warning disable CS0108 // Member hides inherited member; missing new keyword
namespace EventStore.SourceGenerators.Tests.Messaging
{
public abstract partial class Message
{
private static int _nextMsgId = -1;
protected static ref int NextMsgId => ref _nextMsgId;
private static readonly int TypeId = Interlocked.Increment(ref NextMsgId);
public virtual int MsgTypeId => TypeId;
public virtual string Label => "";
}
}
|
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Published under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution license Checked July 2015 The psychosocial consequences of sports
participation for individuals with severe mental
illness: a meta-synthesis review Document Version
Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Citation for published version (Harvard):
Soundy, A, Freeman, P, Stubbs, B, Probst, M, Roskell, C & Vancampfort, D 2015, 'The psychosocial
consequences of sports participation for individuals with severe mental illness: a meta-synthesis review',
Advances in Psychiatry, vol. 2015, 261642. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/261642 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Andrew Soundy,1 Paul Freeman,2 Brendon Stubbs,3 Michel Probst,4,5
Carolyn Roskell,1 and Davy Vancampfort4,5 Andrew Soundy,1 Paul Freeman,2 Brendon Stubbs,3 Michel Probst,4,5
Carolyn Roskell,1 and Davy Vancampfort4,5
1School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
2School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
3School of Health and Social Care, University of Greenwich, London SE10 9LS, UK
4Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
5Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium f
,
y f
,
,
4Department of Neurosciences, University Psychiatric Centre, KU Leuven, Leuvensesteenweg 517, 3070 Kortenberg, Belgium
5Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001 Leuven, Belgium Correspondence should be addressed to Andrew Soundy; [email protected] Received 14 August 2014; Accepted 9 February 2015 Received 14 August 2014; Accepted 9 February 2015 Academic Editor: Takahiro Nemoto Copyright © 2015 Andrew Soundy et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The purpose of the current metasynthesis review was to explore the psychosocial benefits of sport and psychosocial factors which
impact on sports participation for individuals with severe mental illness. AMED, CINAHL Plus, Medline, EMBASE, ProQuest
Nursing & Allied Health Source, and Science Citation Index were searched from inception until January 2014. Articles included use
qualitative methods to examine the psychosocial effects of sports participation in people with severe mental illness. Methodological
quality was assessed using the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies and a case study tool. Included studies were
analysed within a metasynthesis approach. Eight articles involving 56 patients met the inclusion criteria. The results identified
the broader and direct psychosocial benefits of sport. Sport provided a “normal” environment and interactions that were not
associated with an individual’s mental illness. Sport provided individuals with a sense of meaning, purpose, belonging, identity,
and achievement. Other findings are discussed. Direct psychosocial benefits are a consequence of sports participation for the vast
majority of individuals with severe mental illness. Further to this, sports participation was associated with a reduction in social
isolation and an increase in social confidence, autonomy, and independence. Take down policy Take down policy
While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been
uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. If you believe that this is the case for this document, please contact [email protected] providing details and we will remove access to
the work immediately and investigate. Download date: 25. Oct. 2024 Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Psychiatry
Volume 2015, Article ID 261642, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/261642 Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Advances in Psychiatry
Volume 2015, Article ID 261642, 8 pages
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/261642 1. Introduction disparity between individuals with severe mental illness and
the general population.i The Council of Europe [1] defines the term sports participa-
tion as all forms of physical activity which, through casual
or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving
physical fitness and mental wellbeing, forming social rela-
tionships or obtaining results in competitions at all levels. Within the context of physical activity, sport is considered
a particular type of leisure time physical activity [2]. Sports
participation may be one way in which individuals with
severe mental illness can achieve the current physical activity
recommendations [3] and it is very likely, based on literature
from other populations, that the participation itself has
biopsychosocial benefits [4–6]. These benefits are important
when considering the physical [7] and social [8] health It is important to recognise that the benefits of physical
activity are most often derived from research that has focused
on the effects of exercise therapy. In contrast to sport, exercise
therapy is physical activity that is repetitive, structured, and
planned and is able to improve or maintain one or more
components of physical fitness [9]. Thus, understanding the
direct benefits of sports participation would be extremely
useful. A previous review [10] has suggested that sports par-
ticipation can have a positive effect on several psychosocial
domains that relate to an individuals mental health, including
self-esteem, body awareness, social interaction, and ability
to organise time and undertake physical activity. A recent
qualitative metaethnographic review [11] has highlighted 2 2 Advances in Psychiatry of severe mental illness is defined by other features in addition
to the diagnosis [15, 16], these include the need for formal and
informal care, the impaired ability to cope on a daily basis,
an extended period of time with the illness (>6 months), and
finally the need to consider safety for the individual (inten-
tional/unintentional self-harm, abuse from others, and safety
for others), (2) the research utilised qualitative methods, (3)
the study reported the views, perceptions, or experiences of
sports participation, and (4) the research was published in
English. Articles were excluded if (1) they were presented as
stories or (2) if they were presented commentaries which did
not provide any analysis or did not consider taking part in
sport. 1. Introduction the postive impact exercise therapy has on several important
psychosocial domains, including, but not limited to, an
individual’s autonomy and athletic identity; however, this
research did not establish the broader direct benefits (benefits
that were generic and could assist social engagement, inter-
action, or behaviour in other settings and contexts) on other
aspects of the individuals life. Recently, research [12] conider-
ing the views of indivduals with schizophrenia has identified
broader psychosocial benefits of undertaking phyical activity. These include self-initiated positive changes in behaviour
and increased confidence in other settings, having a sense of
purpose and meaning and providing a sense of achievement,
pride, and confidence. Further direct benefits included a
sense of belonging, cohesion, and support from similar
others. These findings require further consideration. Within
previous sports reviews, the potential social value of sport
has been considered by Langle et al. [10] who identified that
sports participation can benefit self-esteem and social inter-
actions. Given the above findings, it is reasonable to assume
that sports participation may have a direct and broader
social benefit for individuals with severe mental illness. For instance, it may be that sports participation can increase
self- and social-confidence, which are both important factors
that are assoicated with improvements in an individual’s
mental health [13]. However, further research is required to
establish this. 2.1.2. Study Selection Process and Data Extraction. Two
authors (AS/DV) screened the titles and abstracts of all iden-
tified articles. A paper was included when it was considered
that it satisfied all eligibility criteria. 2.2. Phase 2: Critical Appraisal of the Included Studies. In
order to assess the quality of included qualitative articles,
we used the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative
Studies (COREQ) [17]. The COREQ provides clear guidelines
to enable a gold standard approach in reporting qualitative
studies. We report a summary score from each of the three
COREQ domains, as well as a total score. The score is based
on each question either being reported correctly (scoring a
point) or not (scoring no point), with a maximum possible
score of 32. Domain 1 entitled “the research team and reflex-
ivity” is split into two areas of assessment, first, the personal
characteristics of the research team which may impact on
the researchers observations and interpretations, and second,
the relationship established, or the interactions with the
participants under investigation. 1. Introduction Domain 2 entitled “study
design” is split into four areas of assessment and includes
the theoretical framework used, how the participants were
selected, the chosen setting with contextual details, and how
the data was collected, recorded, and transcribed. Domain 3
entitled “study design, and analysis and findings” considers
two areas of assessment including identifying the process
undertaken for data analysis, method of triangulation, and
validation processes. Second, this domain considers how
the reporting is undertaken, considering the consistency in
reporting findings, consideration to major and minor themes. Aims of the Study. The aim of the present study is to conduct
a metasynthesis review to explore the broader psychosocial
benefits of sport particpation for individuals with severe
mental illness. 2. Methods A metasynthesis [14] (a particular review technique, which
was used in order to synthesise qualitative data) was under-
taken and is reported in 3 phases [12]: (1) a systematic search
of the literature, (2) a critical appraisal of identified studies,
and (3) a synthesis of research to reveal overarching and
emerging themes regarding the broader psychosocial value
of sport for individuals with severe mental illness. 2.1. Phase 1: Systematic Search. A systematic search of major
electronic databases was conducted from inception until
January 2014 including AMED, CINAHL Plus, Medline
EMBASE, ProQuest Nursing & Allied Health Source, and Sci-
ence Citation Index. The key search terms included sport OR
exercise OR physical activity OR training AND schizophrenia
OR severe mental illness OR bipolar disorder OR schizo-
affective disorder AND qualitative OR ethnography OR
phenomenology OR grounded theory OR case study OR
case series. In addition, we conducted hand searching of the
included articles’ reference lists. i
In order to assess the quality of nonqualitative articles
we used criteria established by Crombie [18]. We created a
10-question assessment tool which was based on questions
proposed by the author. The tick box scoring system for
this tool was utilised as answers to the proposed questions,
the answers included “yes,” “no,” or unsure. For example “Is
the researcher’s perspective clearly described and taken into
account?” When an answer of no was recorded, a comments
box was provided to detail why. 2.1.1. Eligibility Criteria. Articles were eligible if (1) they
included individuals with a diagnosis that fell within the
range of severe and enduring mental health problems includ-
ing individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and
schizo-affective disorder (DSM-V, ICD-10). The classification 2.3. Phase 3: The Synthesis. Thematic line-by-line coding
was undertaken using participants’ quotes and authors’ com-
ments [14]. Themes were then rearranged and streamlined. 3. Results 3.1. The Systematic Search. Eight articles [19–26] met the
inclusion criteria. Figure 1 provides the results of the search
using a traditional review flow diagram [27]. The eight
articles included 56 individuals (39 male, 2 female, and 15 not
identified). Table 1 provides the summary characteristics of
the included studies. 3.3.1. The Social Meaning of Sport in the Lives of Patients. Three subthemes were generated from this theme: (1) a
positive social experience to look forward to, be part of,
and reflect about, (2) feeling part of a community and
creating a positive identity, and (3) an activity that promoted
autonomous behaviour and social engagement.h 3.2. Critical Appraisal of the Studies. No studies that were
assessed using the COREQ (𝑛= 5) had data that was consid-
ered as flawed for the purposes of the metasynthesis analysis
[28]. Thus, all five studies were included in the synthesis. Across studies the weakest of the three domains assessed
was details regarding the study designs. The study by Iancu
et al. [23] had the lowest score. However, the available
data was considered to be authentic and usable within the
synthesis. Table 2 provides a summary of COREQ scores. Three studies [24–26] were assessed using the alternative
appraisal form. Only one study [23] was considered unclear in
some several domains, including the researcher’s perspective,
the methods for data collection and analysis, and if more than
one researcher took part in this analysis. 3.2. Critical Appraisal of the Studies. No studies that were
assessed using the COREQ (𝑛= 5) had data that was consid-
ered as flawed for the purposes of the metasynthesis analysis
[28]. Thus, all five studies were included in the synthesis. Across studies the weakest of the three domains assessed
was details regarding the study designs. The study by Iancu
et al. [23] had the lowest score. However, the available
data was considered to be authentic and usable within the
synthesis. Table 2 provides a summary of COREQ scores. Three studies [24–26] were assessed using the alternative
appraisal form. Only one study [23] was considered unclear in
some several domains, including the researcher’s perspective,
the methods for data collection and analysis, and if more than
one researcher took part in this analysis. The sporting activities seemed to generate enthusiasm
among the patients before and after the activity [19, 21, 23]. 2. Methods 3 3 Advances in Psychiatry Screening
Being included
Eligibility
Identification
Records screened
Records excluded
Studies included
Records identified through
database searching
(n = 2460)
Additional records identified
through other sources
(n = 12)
Records screened after duplicates
and reviews removed
(n = 84)
(n = 84)
(n = 40)
Full-text articles
assessed for eligibility
(n = 44)
Full-text articles excluded, with
reasons
(n = 39)
Not sport generic focus on
physical activity
(n = 14)
Quantitative study (n = 10)
Case studies (n = 4)
Not English (n = 6)
Conference proceeding (n = 4)
Same data (n = 1)
(n = 5)
Wrong diagnosis (n = 27)
Quantitative study (n = 13)
Figure 1: A PRISMA diagram for the study. Adapted from Moher et al. [27]. For more information, visit http://www.prisma-statement.org/. Records identified through
database searching
(n = 2460) Records screened after duplicates
and reviews removed
(n = 84) Records screened
(n = 84) Being included Studies included
(n = 5) Figure 1: A PRISMA diagram for the study. Adapted from Moher et al. [27]. For more information, visit http://www.prisma-statement.org/. An audit trail of the thematic development is available from
the primary author. 3.3. The Synthesis. Four themes and 18 subthemes were iden-
tified. The themes were (1) the social meaning of sport in the
lives of patients and what it represents in participants’ lives,
(2) the direct benefits of sport, (3) the organisation, processes,
and challenges of the sports activity, and (4) the use of func-
tional social support. Indicative quotes from first order and
second order interpretations are available from the primary
author. Supplementary File A (see Supplementary Material
available online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/261642) pro-
vides a full thematic breakdown and Supplementary File B
provides the translational benefits of sports model. 3. Results This could represent a positive topic of conversation and
through this means served to promote sport to peers within
the mental health setting. In contrast to this, one study
[22] identified that users could find difficulty in the effort
required to undertake the activity and be tired following
the activity. The second theme detailed the social aspects
of the sporting experience. These included that sport meant 4 4 Advances in Psychiatry Table 1: The study characteristics of the included studies. Study
Design
Participants
Assessment, Intervention and setting
Outcome measures
Main results
Carless and
Douglas
(2004) [19]
Case study design
within an
ideographic
approach
9 D with severe and
enduring mental
illness
9-week Golf Project
Mental health staff was involved in recruiting and publicising
the group before study starting. Tangible support was provided including: free transport, entry,
equipment and tea, coffee, and biscuits. Also “some” were
telephoned before session as a reminder. The golf project was planned by the second author (a PGA golf
coach). A staged approach across 9 weeks was undertaken: (1) social
meeting in the caf´e centre with indoor putting instruction and a
game, (2) two introductory sessions within the driving range, (3)
a supported par 3 course session, (4) a third driving range
session, (5) two supported sessions on the par 3 course, (6) two
free play sessions on the par 3 course. Focused themes around attendance
considering factors that threatened
attendance (competition, crossing
the bridge, Texas scramble, and
time to move on) and factors which
encouraged attendance (doing
something normal, a safety net,
bubbling about golf, a relaxing
sport, and caring golf). Money and transport barriers to autonomous play. A transfer of responsibility occurred and autonomy increased
across time. Enthusiasm was demonstrated about golf. The low intensity nature of the sport was valuable. A caring environment and atmosphere was valued. It was important to do something normal. Clark et al. (1991) [20]
Phenomenological
approach
8 D patients with
schizophrenia
Age range 19–42
5-day white water canoe trip in Northern Ontario. Support team included occupational therapist, nurse, and 5
skilled canoe instructors. Days 1-2
2 days for training canoeing strokes, river morphology, camping
skills, and safety way to fall into the rapids. Days 2–5
Canoeing down river, camping, and working as a group
Semi-interviews were 1-hour long >6 months after experience. Questions from interviews on
critical incidents, interactions with
others, emotional experiences, and
self-perceptions. 3. Results Advances in Psychiatry 5 Table 2: The summary of correctly scored domains of the COREQ (Tong et al., 2007 [17]) appraisal for the 4 included studies. Author/year of publication
Domain 1 (/8)
Domain 2 (/15)
Domain 3 (9)
Total (/32)
Research team and reflexivity
Study design
Analysis and findings
Clark et al. (1991) [20]
3
8
4
15/32
Carter-Morris and Faulkner (2003) [21]
7
9
6
24/32
Carless and Douglas (2004) [19]
7
11
6
24/32
Crone and Guy (2008) [22]
7
10
8
25/32
Iancu et al. (2004) [23]
4
6
2
12/32
Mean
5.6
8.8
5.2
20
Median
7
9
6
24 ary of correctly scored domains of the COREQ (Tong et al., 2007 [17]) appraisal for the 4 included studies. Table 2: The summary of correctly scored domains of the COREQ (Tong et al., 2007 [17]) appraisal for the 4 i being part of a group and receiving an identity from that
[20, 21, 24, 25], having a social interest which gave mean-
ing [19–22], providing a topic of conversation which was
different and interesting, for instance, being able to reflect
on a task that was overcome, failed, or was achieved. More
generally sport required individuals to undertake a social
learning experience [20], which extended and enhanced their
social network. Individuals demonstrated increases in social
confidence [19–22], greater social skills [23], and a decrease
in social withdrawal from experiencing a new social world
[21]. This particular subtheme also represents a direct benefit
of sport; however, it should be noted that one patient [25]
stated it had not changed them as a person or impacted on
their identity. The final subtheme identified that, through
engaging in sport, individuals became more autonomous
and had developed or enhanced their ability for social
engagement. The development of autonomy was, in part, due
to sport representing a challenge [20] that was overcome, by
participants just by undertaking and enjoying the experience
[22], and providing individuals with a sense of belief in
themselves. the detachment from the medical system within this as a ben-
efit [19]. Finally, it represented a social learning opportunity
as it could help break down perceptual biases. As one patient
from the study by Carter-Morris and Faulkner [21] stated “it
breaks down barriers and builds bridges.”hi g
The third subtheme identified that sport served as a
distraction from individuals’ typical worries, anxieties, or
mental health symptoms [21, 22, 24]. 3. Results The fourth subtheme
illustrated the importance of accomplishing a task, which
acted as a source of pride for individuals and the social
network within the activity acted to support that achievement
[19, 20, 22]. This included the ability to successfully complete
the activity [25, 26]. The fifth subtheme highlighted the
different emotions evoked by sports participation. Often
this was centred on positive feelings such as fun [26], but
also other feelings like being more positive or having more
positive thoughts after the activity, for example, running [24]. However, emotions such as fear or apprehension were also
reported. These were observed in different ways and were in
a response to competitive situation [19]. For instance, Iancu et
al. [23] noted an apprehension of the ability of others, whilst
Clark et al. [20] identified the fear as well as excitement about
the danger level of the activity. Finally, some participants
noted that sport could be a way of releasing negative emotions
such as anger or frustration. 3.3.2. The Direct Benefits of Sport. Five subthemes are
reported within this theme: (1) an activity that provided
meaning and purpose, (2) undertaking a normalised activ-
ity, (3) the benefit of sport serving as a distraction, (4)
achievement accomplishment and pride, and (5) feelings and
emotions generated by the sports.hiii 3.3.3. The Organisation, Process, and Challenges of the Sports
Programme. Three subthemes were identified within this
theme: (1) the organisation and content of the sports pro-
gramme, (2) the supported environment and atmosphere,
and (3) challenges presented by the sport.hi 3.3.3. The Organisation, Process, and Challenges of the Sports
Programme. Three subthemes were identified within this
theme: (1) the organisation and content of the sports pro-
gramme, (2) the supported environment and atmosphere,
and (3) challenges presented by the sport.hi The first benefit identified by patients was that sport
provided individuals with somewhere to go and something
to do [19, 22]. This in essence means patients can feel they
have a sense of purpose and have access to meaningful and
valuable social experiences [24]; this is because sports can be
highly valued by patients [25].h The first subtheme regarding the organisation of the sport
identified the importance of how the sport was marketed and
promoted by the researchers and health care professionals
before the activity began [19, 22, 23]. 3. Results Benefits in three broad categories: the experience of pleasure,
belonging, and ability to talk. Challenging activity provided accomplishment and pride. Positive emotions, fun excitement, and fear also. Normalising activity for interactions between staff and patients
Carter-Morris
and Faulkner
(2003) [21]
Phenomenological
approach
5 (D = 4)
3 individuals with
schizophrenia. 1 with
manic depression
and 1 with chronic
anxiety. Interviewing participants who had become part of a football
team for individuals with severe and enduring mental illness. Team trained “regularly”. Involved in national tournaments and took part in “Pallastrad”
in Italy = team travelled to Italy and participated in football and
other sporting events with mental health services users across
Europe. Questions from interview schedule
not identified. Project as a normalising activity and meaningful experience. Importance of accessing a positive identity. Activity benefited positive symptoms. Barriers to participation associated with medication. Crone and
Guy (2008)
[22]
Grounded theory
approach
Using focus groups
11 individuals (D =
10) with severe
mental health
problems
Sports therapy that was undertaken within an NHS trust for a
period between 2 months and 4 years. Twice weekly sessions were available including outpatient and
inpatient. Sessions included mainly badminton and the fitness
gym. Topics in focus groups included
motivations for participation,
experiences, perceptions on the role
of sports therapy, and their
perceived benefits from
participation. Themes included
Taking part in that there was value in doing something rather
than nothing. Reasons for participation: biopsychosocial reasons were given. Attitudes and opinions: the term therapy was not well liked. Perceived role of sports therapy: it was considered as beneficial
on mental health symptoms. Factors affecting participation: classic motivation barriers are
noted. Perceived benefits are noted on self-esteem, accomplishment,
feeling positive, and being more mentally altert. Improvements for the future: participants identified changes to
the program that may be beneficial. Iancu et al. (2004) [23]
Case studies
8 D with
schizophrenia
Inpatient table tennis tournament was organised with tangible
rewards including trophies, sport shirts and two hats. 4 therapists assisted in the doubles tournaments. Matches were 1 set up to 21 points. Vignettes of the experience of three
patients considered. When enjoyed and successful, provides a sense of achievement
and focus. Potential to cause negative emotions because of losing or being
fearful of the experience. Table 1: The study characteristics of the included studies. 3. Results Although it has been recognised, that act
of support from peers and practitioners may be an essential
part of promoting and sustaining the self-esteem of individ-
uals, as well as creating a perception of control over their
environment [13].fl 3.3.4. The Use of Functional Social Support. This theme was
organised into four preexisting dimensions of social support
[29]: (1) esteem, (2), emotional, (3) informational, and (4)
tangible.h g
The importance of esteem support was recognised across
all studies as a valuable facilitator of engagement, particularly
when provided by the staff involved with sport. This included
encouragement, as well as positive feedback about perfor-
mance and accomplishments. In turn, participants learnt to
provide each other with esteem support as well. Emotional
support was the most specifically mentioned theme with
specific techniques employed in order to help participants. Staff were required to be empathic towards the barriers
faced by users [21]; this required individuals to be sensitive
towards users in how they spoke to them and to take a real
interest in their lives and be known by them [22]. Where
a spirit of camaraderie between all could be generated, it
provided positive effects for the users [20]. A further aspect of
emotional support came from peers; in that it was positive for
users to feel related to others [20, 22] and want others to do
well [19], being willing to contact peers in order to support
them to attend [22] or having a place where the patient felt
being able to talk about worries in their life [25]. There was
less evidence regarding informational support, but it was
considered important for technical skills in golf and canoeing
[19, 20] and it was clearly apparent in the strategies used
within all studies to promote initial participation in sport. In
one study, a patient cites a primary reason for undertaking the
activity was due to a physiotherapist recommending that he
should get fitter [25]. Finally, tangible support was dominated
by the importance of cost, including cost of travel and par-
ticipation in the activity [19, 22]. Tangible rewards were also
utilised by Iancu et al. [23] in the form of prizes. Different aspects of the environment and culture influ-
enced the participants’ physical activity behaviour. For
instance, both a competitive and noncompetitive environ-
ment were reported as positive factors that could increase
participant [19, 23]. 3. Results Further to this, Carless
and Douglas [19] highlighted the importance of progression
of the task difficulty and the use of supported competition
as an important aid to the initial experience. The second
subtheme identified the importance of the environment and
the need to use the sport to foster a sense of belonging, iden-
tity, and interaction [19, 21, 22, 24–26]. The final subtheme
included the importance of individual considerations around
sport which need to be known in order to foster participation. These included the importance of a holistic approach by
staff [22], understanding the effects medication can have The second subtheme, undertaking a normalised activity,
was represented by four major reasons. First, sport provided
an opportunity to be someone within a positive group and
provided a positive sense of identity [19, 21]. Second, inter-
actions within the sporting environment were often different
as conversation was represented by what the participants
were doing rather than focusing on their mental illness
or problems [21]. Third, sport was often associated with a
normal trip with excitement and pleasure [22] or getting back
to what was perceived as normal for the patient [25, 26]. It should be noted that patients in one study empathised 6 6 Advances in Psychiatry been included in a model generated from these results and
can be obtained from the primary author. on individuals [21], being aware of incidences (perceptual
and interactional) during the sport that may prevent further
attendance [19], and finally responding to needs in order to
help a situation [23]. 4.1. The Importance of the Social Environment. Sports and
physical activity programmes for individuals with severe
mental illness are frequently set up using social support as
a core strategy to enhance engagement and adherence to
physical activity. Key elements of support are recognised
including the importance of the group leader [30] and
supportive staff across the health care team [31] who are able
to provide esteem and emotional support. The current study
supports these positions but also identified the importance of
the group dynamics and individuals feeling connected or a
sense of belonging to a group, which was generated through
peer support generated within the activity. Good examples
of this can be seen in other physical activity interventions,
for example, [32–34]. It is worth noting that peer led inter-
ventions are currently rarely used in individuals with severe
mental illness [35]. 3. Results By varying the competitive environ-
ments, it may be possible to influence attendance and enjoy-
ment of the sport, although the reactions to this approach
may be highly individual. An interesting finding from the
study by Ginis and colleagues [35] was that the fear and
excitement of activities with a danger element may distract
individuals from negative thoughts and encourage a focus
purely on the activity at hand. This in turn may have a positive
influence on the experience of the sport and be positively
identified in social discourse following the sport. 4.2. The Processes of Social Change Explored. Mental health
care programmes are needed which are designed to combat
social isolation and develop social contact and community
integration [8]. One reason for this is because establishing a
good social network is an important aspect in recovery for
mental illness [36]. The current results identify that sport
can provide positive opportunities for social engagement. Perhaps the most central processes by which direct social
benefits are gained is through social learning experiences, the
opportunity to feel “normal,” and access to new and different
social discourses that have a “distance” from institutionalised
settings and identities. Important aspects which make this
possible are the physical location and environment where the
activity takes places, the culture of that environment, and the
unity and collective identity between different members who
attend the sports activity [11]. Importantly, it is possible that
the sport environment provided normative and behavioural
guidance [13] by individuals within the sport setting by
modelling values and beliefs which are positive regarding
exercise, interactions, and behaviours. References [1] Council of Europe, The European Sports Charter, Council of
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to physical and mental health,” Journal of Health and Social
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vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 412–424, 2009. It is evident from research literature that individuals with
severe mental illness are vulnerable to social and cognitive
biases [16]. One important role of sports may be to provide
an environment where the effects of such perceptions are
minimised and with further successful experiences individ-
uals are able to engage in a greater range of activities. Once
individuals are embedded within a sporting activity, it is
possible that they can assume positive roles, for instance,
organising the activity, which can facilitate autonomy and
self-belief. European Society of Cardiology (ESC),” European Psychiatry,
vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 412–424, 2009. [8] S. J. Linz and B. A. Sturm, “The phenomenon of social isolation
in the severely mentally ill,” Perspectives in Psychiatric Care, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 243–254, 2013. [9] C. J. Caspersen, K. E. Powell, and G. M. Christenson, “Physical
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in the treatment and rehabilitation of schizophrenic patients,”
Rehabilitation, vol. 39, no. 5, pp. 276–282, 2000. 4.3. Limitations. Several limitations must be acknowledged;
primarily, this research was restricted to a small number
of sports activity and a small sample size. The analysis was
focused on the social benefits and does not consider the
physical benefits. Further, the primary author may have
restricted the analysis by his theoretical position or limited
understanding of previous literature. [11] A. Soundy, T. Kingstone, and P. Coffee, “Understanding the
psychosocial process of physical activity for individuals with
severe mental illness: a meta-ethnography,” in Mental Illness 2,
L. L’Abate, Ed., Intech, Vienna, Austria, 2012.f [12] A. Soundy, P. Freeman, B. Stubbs, M. Probst, P. Coffee, and D. Vancampfort, “The transcending benefits of physical activity for
individuals with schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-
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2014. Acknowledgment [15] Department of Health, Building Bridges: A Guide to Arrange-
ments for Inter-Agency Working for the Care and Protection of
Severely Mentally Ill People, Department of Health, London, UK,
1995. Davy Vancampfort is funded by the Research Foundation-
Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen). Davy Vancampfort is funded by the Research Foundation-
Flanders (FWO-Vlaanderen). [16] A. Soundy, G. Faulkner, and A. Taylor, “Exploring variability
and perceptions of lifestyle physical activity among individuals
with severe and enduring mental health problems: a qualitative
study,” Journal of Mental Health, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 493–503, 2007. 4. Discussion The current results illustrate that sport can play a valuable
role in helping individuals overcome the debilitating effects
of social isolation. Participation in sport can assist individuals
with severe mental illness in gaining social confidence by
providing individuals with positive experiences and enabling
them to become more independent and autonomous. Impor-
tantly, participation in sport provides individuals with access
to an activity which provides a sense of meaning, purpose,
and achievement in their lives, it gives access to more
“normal” interactions, and it distracts from more negative
thoughts and can create positive emotions and feelings. To
generate a positive experience it is important that the sport
is promoted before it starts and provides an environment
which fosters support and an activity that has a progression
in difficulty to enable positive experiences, assisted by their
peers. Further, it is clear that the different dimensions of func-
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|
Geochemistry and Spatial Variability
of Rare Earth Elements in Soils under
Different Geological and Climate
Patterns of the Brazilian Northeast Cinthia Maria Cordeiro Atanázio Cruz Silva
(1), Ronny Sobreira Barbosa
(1),
Clístenes Williams Araújo do Nascimento
(2), Yuri Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva
(1)* and
Ygor Jacques Agra Bezerra da Silva
(2) (1) Universidade Federal do Piauí, Campus Professora Cinobelina Elvas, Curso de Bacharelado em Engenharia
Agronômica, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. Agronômica, Bom Jesus, Piauí, Brasil. (2) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Agronomia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. (2) Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Agronomia, Recife, Pernambuco, Brasil. ABSTRACT: Growth in the agricultural and industrial sectors has increased the demand for
rare earth elements (REEs) in the production of technological devices and fertilizers. Thus, the
accumulation of these elements in the soil has become an environmental concern. Here, we
aim to determine the natural contents of REEs in soils derived from different parent materials
and under climatic conditions ranging from humid to semi-arid. We then evaluate the influence
of major elements and soil properties on the geochemistry of REEs. The contents of REEs were
determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Major elements were
determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The mean content of REEs in soils from Rio Grande
do Norte (RN), Brazil, were in the followed order (mg kg
-1): Ce (40.4) > La (18.9) > Nd (15.8) >
Pr (7.3) > Sm (3.0) > Gd (2.6) > Dy (1.0) > Er (0.7) > Yb (0.6) > Eu (0.5) = Tb (0.5) > Ho (0.3) >
Lu (0.2). The parent material was the main factor that governed the geochemistry of the REEs in
soils of RN. Higher levels of REEs were observed in soils derived from igneous and metamorphic
rocks. In contrast, sedimentary rocks - except for the region formed from limestone - generated
soils with lower contents of REEs in the state. In addition, soils developed from the same parent
material and under different climatic conditions showed the same geochemical signatures for
REEs in soils. These results confirm the small effect of climate on REE geochemistry in soils of
RN and lead to the conclusion that the geochemical signature of REEs in these soils reflects
the composition of the underlying parent material. The lack of significant correlation between
(La/Yb)N ratio and the Chemical Alteration Index also confirms the low influence of climate on
soil REE geochemistry. Among the major elements, Fe and Si had a greater influence on soil
REE geochemistry. Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2018;42:e0170342 Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2018;42:e0170342 Article Division - Soil Use and Management | Commission - Soil and water management and conservation * Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: October 16, 2017
Approved: April 3, 2018
How to cite: Silva CMCAC,
Barbosa RS, Nascimento
CWA, Silva YJAB, Silva YJAB.
Geochemistry and spatial
variability of rare earth elements
in soils under different geological
and climate patterns of the
Brazilian Northeast. Rev Bras
Cienc Solo. 2018;42:e0170342.
https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170342 Geochemistry and Spatial Variability
of Rare Earth Elements in Soils under
Different Geological and Climate
Patterns of the Brazilian Northeast Higher REEs were seen in areas with more Fe and less Si. These REE levels
were clearly controlled by the type of parent material. The Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, and Er levels
showed strong spatial dependence; this dependence was moderate for the Pr, La, Ce, Eu, Gd,
and Lu levels. Spatial variability maps of REEs are particularly important to identify areas under
environmental impact. Our results represent the most detailed study of the surface geochemistry
of REEs in Brazilian soils and contribute to the scarce data available on these elements in Brazil. INTRODUCTION Rare earth elements (REEs) are a group of fifteen chemical elements in the lanthanide
series. These elements are divided into light rare earth elements (LREEs; La to Eu) and
heavy rare earth elements (HREEs; Gd to Lu) based on the atomic number (Tyler, 2004;
Hu et al., 2006a; Sadeghi et al., 2013; Davranche et al., 2016). Not all are technically “rare” -
indeed, cerium is the 25th most abundant element in the Earth’s crust, with contents similar
to Cu and Zn (Tyler, 2004). Rare earth elements can be found in more than 270 primary
and secondary minerals (Chakhmouradian and Wall, 2012; Jordens et al., 2013). They are
mainly found in Fe and Al phosphates, carbonates, silicates, and oxides. Parent material
and climate directly influence soil REE geochemistry (Zhang et al., 2001; Cidu et al., 2013;
Silva et al., 2017). The intensity of weathering controls the transformation of minerals
that act as sources of REEs in soils and several other environmental compartments. The growth of the agricultural and industrial sectors has increased the demand for REEs
in the production of technological devices (Strauch et al., 2008; Long et al., 2010; USEPA,
2012). Due to disposal of these materials at the end of their useful life, the accumulation
of REEs in the soil is an environmental concern (Wang and Liang, 2016). Knowledge of
the natural levels of REEs in soils is the first step in monitoring potentially contaminated
areas. In addition, determination of these values deserves special attention because of
the wide utility of these elements as tracers of soil erosion (Zhu et al., 2011; Wen et al.,
2014), pedogenetic processes (Berger et al., 2014; Silva et al., 2017), and geochemical
cycles (Viers et al., 2009). Geochemical associations between major elements and REEs in different climatic conditions
are important for understanding the behavior of REEs in soils (Laveuf et al., 2012). Some authors have observed a high correlation between REEs and Fe in tropical soils
(Silva et al., 2016; Alfaro et al., 2018). This is logical because the process of weathering
and crystallization of Fe oxides can release REEs. Spatial variability of REEs represents the scale of change in geology and helps identify REE
hotspots and their sources (Wang and Liang, 2016). This approach assists in observing
the influence of climate and parent material on REE distribution. INTRODUCTION Spatial distribution of soil
properties is often described (Aquino et al., 2015; Azevedo et al., 2015; Camargo et al.,
2015; Shukla et al., 2016; Moraes et al., 2017). However, the spatial variability of REEs has
rarely been shown. Spatial variability maps are particularly important for identifying areas
subject to environmental impact - an essential step in establishing future environmental
policies that affect human health and environmental protection. In this context, we aim to
determine the natural levels (background) of REEs in soils derived from different parent
materials and in climatic conditions ranging from humid to semi-arid; and to evaluate the
influence of major elements and soil properties on the geochemistry of REEs. This study
fills a gap in the scarce data on surface geochemistry of REEs in Brazilian soils. * Corresponding author:
E-mail: [email protected] How to cite: Silva CMCAC,
Barbosa RS, Nascimento
CWA, Silva YJAB, Silva YJAB. Geochemistry and spatial
variability of rare earth elements
in soils under different geological
and climate patterns of the
Brazilian Northeast. Rev Bras
Cienc Solo. 2018;42:e0170342. https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170342 Copyright: This is an open-access
article distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits
unrestricted use, distribution,
and reproduction in any medium,
provided that the original author
and source are credited. Keywords: natural contents, lanthanides, geostatistics, factor analysis, soil quality. 1 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Study area and sample preparation The study area covers the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, whose total area is
52,796.79 km². The sampling sites were selected based on the exploratory map of
soil recognition (Brasil, 1968) and the geological framework of the state adapted from
Medeiros et al. (2010). Soil and climate were considered for this sampling, and the soil
samples included the most representative geomorphological, pedological, and geological
compartments of the state. Rio Grande do Norte can be divided into two major climatic environments. The semi-arid
region covers a large part of the state’s territory, with mean annual rainfall between
500-750 mm. The wetland is the second most dominant environment - it is located in the 2 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... eastern portion of the state, with mean annual rainfall of 750-1,500 mm. The sub-humid
region and semi-humid regions have mean annual rainfall of 800-1,200 and 600-800 mm,
respectively. Mean annual air temperatures ranged from 26 to 27 °C. The geology of the area is mostly pre-Cambrian (crystalline basement rocks), with
Cretaceous units and Cenozoic sedimentary material (sediments of the Barreiras Group)
(Figure 1) (Medeiros et al., 2010). Different soil classes and source materials were represented by 104 composite soil
samples (Figure 1). Each sample was formed from five simple samples. The samples
were obtained with a stainless steel core sampling device from a layer of 0.00-0.20 m in
places with minimal anthropogenic influence (geochemical background). Many definitions
of geochemical background content are discussed in the literature (Tack et al., 1997;
Matschullat et al., 2000; Reimann and Garrett, 2005; Dung et al., 2013). In the present
study, geochemical background content is defined as the element content that has little to
no influence from human activities and thus reflects natural processes (Matschullat et al.,
2000). The soil samples were air dried, homogenized, and passed through a 2-mm sieve. A 5 cm
3 portion of soil was taken from each sample, macerated in an agate mortar, and
passed through a stainless-steel sieve with 0.15 mm mesh openings (ABNT n° 100). Physical and chemical characterization of the soil Particle size analysis was performed according to Gee and Or (2002). Chemical characterization
was performed according to Donagema et al. (2011). The pH was determined in water
(1:2.5); Ca
2+, Mg
2+, and Al
3+ were extracted with KCl 1.0 mol L
-1 and titrated. Exchangeable
K and Na were extracted with Mehlich-1 and measured by flame photometry. Potential
acidity (H+Al) was determined by extraction with calcium acetate (0.5 mol L
-1) and titration. Organic carbon (OC) was determined via a modified Walkley-Black method (Silva et al.,
1999). The values of the sum of bases (SB) and total cation exchange capacity (CEC) were 9450000
9400000
9350000
9300000
9250000
550000
N
E
0
30
60
km
15
W
s
600000
1:500,000
650000
700000
750000
800000
850000
900000 Figure 1. Simplified geological map of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... calculated from the results obtained from the sorptive complex. The soils exhibited wide
variability in physical and chemical properties. In general, they are slightly acidic, with low
organic carbon content (<1 %), and thus have low CEC. The sand content ranged from
8 to 97 g kg
-1 and clay content from 2 to 64 g kg
-1. Determination of rare earth elements and quality control The extraction of REEs was performed according to methods from the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA, 1998). This method extracts the REEs that
are likely to become available over the medium- and long-term (Alloway, 2013). This
extraction is considered to represent the ecologically or environmentally relevant fraction
(REE contents in carbonates, sulfates, oxides, and less labile phases) (USEPA, 1998;
Rauret et al., 1999; Rao et al., 2010; Loell et al., 2011). The method used a closed system
(microwave oven) with 1 g of soil, 9 mL of HNO3, and 3 mL of HCl (high purity acids -
Merck, PA). The extracts were poured into 25 mL (NBR ISO/IEC certified) flasks, filled
with ultrapure water (Millipore Direct-Q System), and filtered through slow filter paper
(Macherey Nagel
®). All analyses were performed in duplicate. For control and data quality, blank samples and international SRM 2709 (San Joaquin Soil
certification sample; NIST, 2002) were analyzed during each series of digestions. The
concentrations of the REEs were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical
emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES/Optima DV7000, Perkin Elmer) using a cyclonic chamber
system. The quality of the analysis was confirmed via the recovery rates of the REEs
obtained from the SRM 2709 sample; rates were over 80 %. Determination of major elements and calculation of CIA The major elements (TiO2, Al2O3, SiO2, SO3, Fe2O3, MgO, CaO, Cr2O3, MnO, Na2O, K2O, SrO,
ZrO2, BaO, and P2O5) were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with wavelength
energy dispersion (S8 TIGER ECO - WDXRF-1KW). The sample was prepared via a hydraulic
press at 25 tons. The fire loss was determined at 1000 °C. The quality of the data was verified
by analyzing the certified sample SRM 2709 (NIST, 2002). The recovery rates of the major
elements (%) decreased in the following order: P (114) > Al (106) > Ca (105) > Ti (101) >
Fe (100) > K (98) > Mg (96) > Si (89) > Mn (86) > Na (80). The chemical alteration index
(CIA) was calculated following the methodology of Nesbitt and Young (1982) (Equation 1): Eq. 1 CIA = [Al2O3 / (Al2O3 + Na2O + CaO + K2O)] × 100 Rare earth elements in the soils were normalized to the upper continental crust (UCC - La: 30;
Ce: 64; Pr: 7.1; Nd: 26; Sm: 4.5; Eu: 0.88; Gd: 8; Tb: 0.64; Dy: 3.5; Ho: 0.8; Er: 2.3; Tm: 0.33;
Yb: 2.2; Lu: 0.32 mg kg
-1) (Taylor and McLennan, 1985). Standardization was the first step in
determining whether depletion or enrichment occurred relative to reference material. It also
facilitated comparison of the REE content results with soils from other locations; normalization
with the upper continental crust is common (Paye et al., 2016; Censi et al., 2017; Silva et al.,
2017). Fractionation between the LREEs and HREEs (La/Yb)N was quantified. Specifically,
Ce [(CeN/(LaN × PrN)
0.5] and Eu [(EuN/(SmN × GdN)
0.5] anomalies were calculated according to
Compton et al. (2003) - values over 1 indicate enrichment relative to UCC. Statistical analysis The results were evaluated via descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, regression
analysis, and factorial analysis (FA). Factorial analysis was applied to assess REE behavior
in soils derived from different geological patterns. As variables with difference in data
magnitude and measurement scales were considered, a correlation matrix was applied
to standardize each variable (Webster, 2001) and only eigenvalues greater than one
were selected. This analysis converted the original group of variables, Z1, Z2,…, Zn, into a
new group of variables, Y1, Y2,…., Yn, with equal dimensions, but uncorrelated. These new
groups represent linear combination of the original variables, with the aim of explaining
the maximum total variability associated with these independent variables (Manly, 2008). Varimax rotation was used to extract the most relevant factors and exclude variables
with little or no influence on REEs content in soils (Kaiser, 1958; van den Boogaart and
Tolosana-Delgado, 2013). Linear regression analyses between (La/Yb)N ratios and CIA
values were tested to evaluate how fractionation is connected with weathering intensity. Spatial distribution of REEs The spatial dependence of the variables under study and their spatial distribution were
obtained by geostatistical modeling (Vieira, 2000). The assumptions of stationarity in the
intrinsic hypothesis were considered by Gamma Design Software 7.0 - GS + (Robertson, 1998). Adjustments were made via simple experimental semivariograms selecting the spherical,
exponential, or Gaussian models and then determining the effect of nugget (C0), threshold
(C0 + C1), structural variance (C1), and range. This selection used the smallest value of the
sum of the squares of the residuals (SSR), followed by the highest value of the determination
coefficient (R
2), and the highest value of the degree of spatial dependence (DSD). 4 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... The DSD was calculated according to the proposal of Cambardella et al. (1994) [C0 / (C0 +
C1) × 100]. A nugget effect less than or equal to 25 % of the plateau was considered
strong. The value was considered moderate when it was from 25 to 75 % and weak
when greater than 75 %. The kriging algorithm was used here via Surfer 8.0 software
for map manipulation. (1) The extraction of REEs was performed according to USEPA (1998).
(2) Silva et al. (2016).
(3) Alfaro et al. (2017).
(4) Wei et al. (1991).
(5) Tyler and Olsson (2002). Natural content and reference values of REEs in RN soils Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... continental crust (Tyler and Olsson, 2002). The HREE levels were half of those observed
in China. Linear regression analyses between the (La/Yb)N ratio and CIA value (r
2 = 0.012;
n =104; p<0.26) evidenced the low influence of climate on REE geochemistry in soils of
RN. Thus, the type of parent material is the main factor that governs these differences. To generate more information about the effect of geological settings on REE geochemistry
in soils, results were organized according to the type of parent material (Figure 2a). Clearly,
the REE contents in soils varied systematically according to the different geological
units, decreasing in the following order: igneous units > limestone units > metamorphic
units > clastic sediments (Figure 2a). The REE contents in soil normalized to UCC had
a similar distribution pattern (Figure 2b). These findings demonstrate that, regardless
of climatic conditions, the parent material factor highly influences REE geochemistry in
soils. Several authors have observed that large variations in REE contents in soils are
highly dependent on the types of parent material they are derived from (Hu et al., 2006b;
Silva et al., 2017; Alfaro et al., 2018). Normalized to UCC
REEs (mg kg
-1)
0.04
0.08
0.40
0.80
4.00
8.00
40.00
(a)
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
1
2
3
4
5
6
Metamorphic units
Igneous units
Clastic sediments
Limestones
Igneous units
Metamorphic units
Clastic sediments
Limestones
(b)
Figure 2. Rare earth elements in soils derived from different parent materials of the state o
Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Non-normalized data (a). Data normalized to UCC (b). REEs (mg kg
-1)
0.04
0.08
0.40
0.80
4.00
8.00
40.00
(a)
Igneous units
Metamorphic units
Clastic sediments
Limestones Normalized to UCC
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
1
2
3
4
5
6
Metamorphic units
Igneous units
Clastic sediments
Limestones
(b) Normalized to UCC La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu Figure 2. Rare earth elements in soils derived from different parent materials of the state of Rio
Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Non-normalized data (a). Data normalized to UCC (b). Figure 2. Rare earth elements in soils derived from different parent materials of the state of Rio
Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Non-normalized data (a). Natural content and reference values of REEs in RN soils The mean REE contents in the soils was in the followed order: Ce > La > Nd > Pr > Sm > Gd
> Dy > Er > Yb > Eu = Tb > Ho > Lu (Table 1). The REE contents decreased with increasing
atomic number according to the Oddo-Harkins rule (Laveuf and Cornu, 2009): Ce > Nd/
La > Y > Gd > Dy > Er > Yb > Eu > Tb > Ho > Tm > Lu. The LREEs comprise 93 % of the
total REEs in the soils, with Ce being the most abundant element. The contents of LREEs
were similar to the contents found in soils from Pernambuco (Silva et al., 2016). However,
the values were lower than those observed for the soils of China (Wei et al., 1991) and the Table 1. Mean contents of rare earth elements (REEs) in the soils of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil,
compared to data from Pernambuco, Brazil, other countries, and the Earth’s crust
REEs
RN
PE
(2)
Cuba
(3)
China
(4)
Crust
(5)
La (mg kg
-1)
18.9
20.8
15.2
37.4
35.0
Ce (mg kg
-1)
40.4
43.5
24.2
64.7
66.0
Pr (mg kg
-1)
7.3
9.6
5.0
6.7
9.1
Nd (mg kg
-1)
15.8
17.7
17.1
25.1
40.0
Sm (mg kg
-1)
3.0
3.4
4.4
4.9
7.0
Eu (mg kg
-1)
0.5
0.6
0.03
1.0
2.1
Gd (mg kg
-1)
2.6
2.3
0.2
4.4
6.1
Yb (mg kg
-1)
0.6
0.7
1.9
2.3
3.1
Lu (mg kg
-1)
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.4
0.8
Dy (mg kg
-1)
1.0
0.9
1.3
3.9
4.5
Er (mg kg
-1)
0.7
0.6
2.4
2.4
3.5
Ho (mg kg
-1)
0.3
0.2
0.6
0.8
1.3
Tb (mg kg
-1)
0.5
0.5
1.2
0.6
1.2
∑LREEs
86.0
95.6
65.9
139.8
159.2
∑HREEs
5.9
5.2
8.2
14.8
20.5
∑REEs
91.9
100.8
74.2
154.6
179.7
∑LREEs/HREEs
14.5
18.3
8.0
9.4
7.8
(1) The extraction of REEs was performed according to USEPA (1998). (2) Silva et al. (2016). (3) Alfaro et al. (2017). (4) Wei et al. (1991). (5) Tyler and Olsson (2002). Table 1. Mean contents of rare earth elements (REEs) in the soils of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil,
compared to data from Pernambuco, Brazil, other countries, and the Earth’s crust 5 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Natural content and reference values of REEs in RN soils Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... The higher enrichment of LREEs was quantified via the (La/Yb)N and ΣLREEs/ΣHREEs ratios
(2.36 and 14.5, respectively). The (La/Yb)N ratios, greater than one, suggest magma
evolution occurred through crystal fractionation (Bolarinwa and Bute, 2015). This process
can explain the higher occurrence of LREEs in the parent material. The enrichment of
LREEs may also be associated with their more limited soil mobility (Laveuf and Cornu,
2009). The HREEs form more stable complexes with soil organic matter, facilitating
their mobilization in soil (Henderson, 1984; Sonke, 2006); however, this effect was not
observed in our data. Silva et al. (2017) studied the influence of the mineralogy of type
I and S granites on the geochemistry of REEs in rocks and soils along a climosequence
in Brazil. They saw no relationship between organic carbon content and REEs in soils. Although soils under tropical and subtropical conditions commonly exhibit depletion of
HREEs with increased weathering intensity (Laveuf and Cornu, 2009; Cao et al., 2016;
Silva et al., 2017), the lack of significant correlation between HREE contents and CIA
values (Table 2) indicates the small effect of weathering intensity on depletion of HREEs
in soils. The lack of significant correlation among (La/Yb)N ratios and CIA values (Table 2)
also confirms the small influence of climate on REE fractionation in soils. Approximately 90 % of the samples had a negative Ce anomaly (0.64-0.98), indicating
slight depletion of this element on the soil surface. Regardless of the parent material,
in general, the Eu anomaly was slightly negative or absent in soils, with an average
value of 0.99. REEs (mg kg
-1)
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Sub-humid
Semiarid
Figure 4. Rare earth elements in soils derived from metamorphic rocks across a climosequence
(sub-humid and semi-arid zones) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu Figure 4. Rare earth elements in soils derived from metamorphic rocks across a climosequence
(sub-humid and semi-arid zones) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Figure 4. Rare earth elements in soils derived from metamorphic rocks across a climosequence
(sub-humid and semi-arid zones) in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil. Table 2. * Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level. Natural content and reference values of REEs in RN soils Data normalized to UCC (b). Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2018;42:e0170342 6 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Soils developed from different parent materials that formed under the same climatic
condition (sub-humid zone) exhibited different geochemical signatures of LREE and HREE
in soils (Figures 3a and 3b). The LREE and HREE contents in soils of this climatic zone
reduced in the following order: igneous units > metamorphic units > clastic sediments
(Figures 3a and 3b). There are no soils derived from limestone in the sub-humid zone. The similar distribution pattern of REEs observed in figures 2 and 3 also indicate that
the geological unit is the main potential factor that governs REE dynamics in soils of RN. In addition, soils derived from metamorphic units along a climosequence (sub-humid
and semi-arid zones) had similar REE contents (Figure 4). This finding confirms the small
effect of climate on REE geochemistry in soils of RN and leads to the conclusion that
the geochemical signature of REEs in these soils largely reflects the composition of the
underlying parent material. HREEs (mg kg
-1)
LREEs (mg kg
-1)
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clastic sediments
Metamorphic units
Igneous units
(a)
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Yb
Lu
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
(b)
Figure 3. Light rare earth elements in soils derived from different parent materials in the sub-humid
zone of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (a). Heavy rare earth elements in soils
derived from different parent materials in the sub-humid zone of the state of Rio Grande do Norte,
Northeast Brazil (b). LREEs (mg kg
-1)
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Clastic sediments
Metamorphic units
Igneous units
(a)
(b) Clastic sediments
Metamorphic units
Igneous units Figure 3. Light rare earth elements in soils derived from different parent materials in the sub-humid
zone of the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeast Brazil (a). Heavy rare earth elements in soils
derived from different parent materials in the sub-humid zone of the state of Rio Grande do Norte,
Northeast Brazil (b). Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Influence of the major elements and the physical and chemical properties of
the soil in the distribution of REEs The mean content of the major elements in the soils were in the following order (%): Si
> Al > Fe > K > Ca > Na > Ti > Mg > Zr > P > Ba > S > Mn > Cr = Sr (Table 3). The
CIA ranged from 36.4 to 99.2 %, with an average value of 78.13 %, which might imply
high proportions of feldspars in some samples. This confirms the low/intermediate/
advanced intensity of soil weathering. This wide difference in the intensity of weathering
and geological contexts (Figure 1) confirms that the dynamics of elements in the soil
are more strongly influenced by the parent material. The negative correlation of the CIA
with the larger and more mobile elements CaO (-0.67), Na2O (-0.65), K2O (-0.75), and
BaO (-0.66) indicates leaching of these elements with increasing weathering intensity. This is mainly seen in coastal and sub-humid regions (Figure 8). The moderate to high correlations facilitate factorial analysis (Table 4) to verify the
influence of the major elements and the soil physical and chemical properties as a
function of REE distribution. The light and heavy rare earth elements had a high positive
correlation (0.69-0.99; p<0.01); for the HREEs, this ranged from 0.75 to 0.99 (p<0.01). High positive correlation was also observed between the LREEs and HREEs (0.71-0.98;
p<0.01). The sand and clay fraction were inversely related and directly correlated with
the REEs. Organic carbon and pH had no correlation with the REEs. Iron had the highest
positive and Si had the highest negative correlation with REEs. The more mobile elements,
such as Ca, Na, K, and Ba, had a negative correlation with the CIA weathering index. The
spatial distribution of CIA and Ca + Na2O + K2O + BaO is shown in figure 5. Table 3. Natural content and reference values of REEs in RN soils Pearson correlation coefficients among ∑HREE, ∑LREE, ∑REE, and CIA values in soils
developed from different geological settings of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (n = 104 soil samples)
Variables
∑HREE
∑LREE
∑REE
CIA
(La/Yb)N
∑HREE
1.00
∑LREE
0.84
*
1.00
∑REE
0.86
*
0.99
*
1.00
CIA
-0.25
-0.26
-0.26
1.00
(La/Yb)N
-0.24
0.03
0.01
-0.11
1.00
* Correlation is significant at the 0 01 level Table 2. Pearson correlation coefficients among ∑HREE, ∑LREE, ∑REE, and CIA values in soils
developed from different geological settings of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (n = 104 soil samples) Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Influence of the major elements and the physical and chemical properties of
the soil in the distribution of REEs Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation for the major elements in Rio Grande
do Norte soils
Major elements
Min
Max
Mean
SD
%
SiO2
27.46
93.60
60.42
12.30
Al2O3
3.09
33.30
17.99
5.07
Fe2O3
0.44
18.50
4.89
3.14
MnO
0.01
0.30
0.07
0.06
CaO
0.06
7.57
1.47
1.52
MgO
0.08
4.34
1.02
0.94
Na2O
0.08
13.50
1.35
1.75
K2O
0.06
9.25
3.03
2.28
P2O5
0.05
1.73
0.19
0.23
TiO2
0.15
10.80
1.21
1.11
ZrO2
0.03
2.86
0.25
0.29
Cr2O3
0.01
0.09
0.04
0.02
SrO
0.01
0.17
0.04
0.03
BaO
0.04
0.40
0.17
0.08
SO3
0.03
1.78
0.15
0.22
SD = standard deviation. The major elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with
wavelength energy dispersion. Table 3. Mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation for the major elements in Rio Grande
do Norte soils SD = standard deviation. The major elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with
wavelength energy dispersion. SD = standard deviation. The major elements were determined by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry with
wavelength energy dispersion. CIA
97
90
83
76
69
62
10
8
6
4
2
0
CaO + Na2O + K2O + BaO
Figure 5. Spatial distribution of the chemical change index (CIA) and major elements in soils from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Spatial distribution of the chemical change index (CIA) and major elements in soils from Rio Grande do N Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Factorial analysis helped to evaluate the influence of the major elements as well as the
physical and chemical properties of the soil as a function of REE. Variables with little or
no contribution (Al2O3, MgO, P2O5, TiO2, ZrO2, Cr2O3, SrO, SO3, OC, and pH) were ruled
out (Table 4). The first two factors had eigenvalues greater than one (F1 = 16.95 and
F2 = 2.96) and explained approximately 74 % of the REE variation in soils. The F1 was positively correlated with light and heavy REEs (0.84-0.98), sum of LREE
(0.90), sum of HREE (0.97), sum of REE (0.91), Fe2O3 (0.74), MnO (0.60), clay (0.71), and
CEC (0.62). It was negatively correlated with SiO2 (-0.72) and sand (-0.72). The F2 was
positively correlated with CaO (0.65), Na2O (0.65), K2O (0.73), and BaO (0.77), and
negatively correlated with the CIA weathering index (-0.95). Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Distribution of rare earth elements in soils The La, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb, and Er had strong spatial dependence (Table 5), indicating
that the sampling distance could provide data variance (Carvalho et al., 2011). In addition,
the values of parameters “a” and “b” confirmed the precision of the adjusted semivariograms. All LREEs had a similar distribution (Figure 6). However, lower contents were observed in
soils derived from sedimentary rocks (Figure 1), except for the region formed by limestone. Higher contents were observed in soils composed of igneous and metamorphic rocks because
this type of source material may contain a larger stock of REEs (Hu et al., 2006a). Although
the climate is similar in the extremes of RN, there are LREE “hotspots” that show different
behavior. This can explain why the source material is the main factor impacting REE contents. Except for Gd, the HREEs had similar spatial distributions (Figure 7). The HREEs had lower
contents in soils than the LREEs (Figure 8). This was expected because the HREEs have lower
contents in the parent material (Henderson, 1984; Cantrell and Byrne, 1987; Hu et al., 2006a). The spatial variability of REEs represents the scale of change in the geology and help
identify the REE hotspots and their sources (Wang and Liang, 2016). This approach
helps to observe the influence of climate and parent material on REE distribution
(Silva et al., 2017). The spatial distribution of several soil properties is often described
(Aquino et al., 2015; Azevedo et al., 2015; Camargo et al., 2015; Shukla et al., 2016;
Moraes et al., 2017). However, the spatial variability of REEs has seldom been shown. These maps are particularly important to identify areas subject to environmental impact
- an essential step in establishing future environmental policies that affect human health
and environmental protection. Table 5. Influence of the major elements and the physical and chemical properties of
the soil in the distribution of REEs This indicates that higher
weathering results in greater removal of more mobile cations. Soil pH and OC did not
influence the content of surface REE. However, other studies have demonstrated an
influence of OC and pH on the REEs content (Silva et al., 2016; Vermeire et al., 2016). This suggests that the chemical composition of the organic matter and the interaction
of the chemical compartments with the REEs should be considered in future studies
involving the geochemistry of these elements in soils. The effect of the clay content
overlaps with the effect of the organic carbon. Table 4. Factorial analysis of rare earth elements, major elements, and physical and chemical
properties of soil
REEs
F1
F2
La
0.84
0.18
Ce
0.88
0.19
Pr
0.89
0.17
Nd
0.94
0.14
Sm
0.97
0.12
Eu
0.95
0.05
∑LREE
0.90
0.18
Gd
0.92
0.17
Tb
0.98
0.09
Dy
0.91
0.10
Ho
0.94
0.05
Er
0.96
0.02
Yb
0.95
0.01
Lu
0.88
-0.03
∑HREE
0.97
0.10
∑REE
0.91
0.17
SiO2
-0.72
-0.21
Fe2O3
0.74
0.10
MnO
0.60
0.16
CaO
0.28
0.65
Na2O
0.11
0.65
K2O
0.10
0.73
BaO
0.01
0.77
CIA
-0.14
-0.95
Sand
-0.72
0.07
Clay
0.71
-0.24
CEC
0.62
0.13
Eigenvalues
16.95
2.96
EV (%)
62.77
10.96
EV = explained variance. Bold means significant values. 10 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Distribution of rare earth elements in soils Estimated models and parameters of the semivariograms of rare earth elements (REEs),
iron (Fe2O3), clay, and CEC
Variables
Model
C0
C0 + C
DSD
ESD
Range
R
2
CRVC
a
b
%
m
La
Exponential
0.19
2.61
7
S
38100
0.58
5.77
0.71
Ce
Spherical
1.84
5.83
32
M
42700
0.66
10.65
0.78
Pr
Spherical
0.39
1.16
34
M
41300
0.67
1.95
0.79
Nd
Exponential
0.38
2.29
16
S
43800
0.58
2.98
0.88
Sm
Exponential
0.04
0.56
7
S
26700
0.61
0.50
0.95
Eu
Spherical
0.03
0.09
35
M
48000
0.66
0.14
0.78
Gd
Spherical
0.22
0.60
36
M
46300
0.81
0.88
0.77
Tb
Exponential
0.01
0.10
10
S
32400
0.73
0.12
0.87
Dy
Exponential
0.01
0.20
5
S
33000
0.60
0.32
0.74
Ho
Gaussian
0.01
0.06
11
S
17666
0.72
0.08
0.74
Er
Exponential
0.01
0.12
12
S
35100
0.76
0.19
0.79
Yb
Exponential
0.01
0.13
8
S
33300
0.77
0.10
0.96
Lu
Spherical
0.01
0.04
31
M
50400
0.84
0.05
0.79
LREEs
Spherical
3.16
12.49
25
S
40900
0.72
21.60
0.79
HREEs
Exponential
3.02
25.38
12
S
32700
0.73
0.79
0.86
REEs
Spherical
4.49
12.41
36
M
49200
0.61
21.00
0.80
Fe2O3
Exponential
2.39
6.52
37
M
61200
0.77
1.24
0.72
Clay
Spherical
0.98
2.77
35
M
47800
0.59
1.17
1
C0 = nugget effect; C0 + C1 = still; R
2 = determination coefficient; DSD [(C0/C0 + C) × 100] = degree of spatial
dependence; ESD = evaluation of spatial dependence assessment; CRVC = cross-validated regression coefficient;
a = intercept; b = angular coefficient; M = medium dependence; S = strong dependence. Table 5. Estimated models and parameters of the semivariograms of rare earth elements (REEs),
iron (Fe2O3), clay, and CEC Rev Bras Cienc Solo 2018;42:e0170342 11 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Figure 6. Spatial distribution of LREEs (mg kg
-1) in soils from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. La
30
24
18
12
6
0
Ce
75
60
45
30
15
0
Pr
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
Nd
25
20
15
10
5
0
Sm
0.7
0.58
0.46
0.34
0.22
0.1
Eu
0.95
0.76
0.57
0.38
0.19
0 Figure 6. Spatial distribution of LREEs (mg kg
-1) in soils from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Figure 7. Spatial distribution of HREEs (mg kg
-1) in soils from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Distribution of rare earth elements in soils Gd
0.75
0.6
0.45
0.3
0.15
0
Tb
1.1
0.88
0.66
0.44
0.22
0
Dy
2
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
0
Ho
0.75
0.6
0.45
0.3
0.15
0
Er
1.3
1.05
0.8
0.55
0.3
0.05
Yb
1.25
1
0.75
0.5
0.25
0 Figure 7. Spatial distribution of HREEs (mg kg
-1) in soils from Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. 12 Silva et al. Geochemistry and spatial variability of rare earth elements in soils... Figure 8. Spatial distribution of clay (%), Fe2O3 (%), lutetium, REEs, LREEs, and HREEs in mg kg
‑1. Lu
0.35
0.28
0.21
0.14
0.07
0
Clay
47
38
29
20
11
2
Fe2O3
6.8
5.8
4.8
3.8
2.8
1.8
REEs
125
100
75
50
25
0
LREEs
150
120
90
60
30
0
HREEs
15
12
9
6
3
0 Figure 8. Spatial distribution of clay (%), Fe2O3 (%), lutetium, REEs, LREEs, and HREEs in mg kg
‑1. CONCLUSION The parent material was the main factor that governed the geochemistry of REEs in soils
of the state of RN, Brazil. Regardless of climatic conditions, the REE contents in soils varied
according to the different geological units, decreasing in the following order: igneous units >
limestone units > metamorphic units > clastic sediments. In addition, soils developed from
the same parent material under different climatic conditions showed the same geochemical
signatures of REEs in soils. These results confirm the small effect of the climate on REE
geochemistry in soils of RN and lead to the conclusion that the geochemical signature
of REEs in these soils largely reflects the composition of the underlying parent material. The lack of significant correlation between the (La/Yb)N ratio and CIA value also confirms
the small influence of climate on soil REE geochemistry. The La, Nd, Sm, Tb, Dy, Ho, Yb,
and Er had strong spatial dependence; this dependence was moderate for Pr, Ce, Eu, Gd,
and Lu. Spatial variability maps of REEs are particularly important for identifying areas
subject to environmental impact – an essential step in establishing future environmental
policies that affect human health and environmental protection. Our results offer the most
detailed study of surface geochemistry of REEs in Brazilian soils and help expand the
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REPORT OF OFFICIALS SAY THAT CORN CROP. IS BELOW NORMAL (continued from first page) duced one hundred cars of honey each year fot market. He also stated that in some parts of Wyoming, where land can be obtained from the Government, a section consisting of 640 acres would only support three cows. This leaves room tor consider able comparison between the condi tion of the soil In that section of the country and the fertile farms of Delaware, where, in most cases, one acre of ground per cow is sufficient for good pasturage. There Is no bet ter soil or climate in the United States than we have here in Dela ware, where practically all agricul tural products, with the exception of citrus fruits and tropical fruits, are produced commercially. At the meeting of the State Mar keting officials, there were about 30 states represented, and many mar keting problems were discussed from various angles, each represen tative having an opportunity to state his experience and opinion re garding the different questions. Mr. Coverdale, who is Secretary and Treasurer of the United Grain Marketing Co., a co-operative or ganization, for the purpose of mark eting grain, delivered an interesting address regarding the purpose and growth of that organzation. This or ganization is the largest co-opera tive grain marketing association in the world, and their method of oper ating was very interesting to those present. While they have only been in operation about a year, they have taken over the warehouses of the Armour Grain Co. and two other large grain companies in Chicago, and are marketing a considerable portion of the grain produced in the United States at this time. Mr. Cov erdale stated that about 70 per cent of the grain exported from the Unit ed States this year, was handled through their organization. Various marketing questions were discussed at these meetings; how ever, two of the principal subjects were co-operative marketing and the standardization of grades and pack ages, both of which subjects are very Interesting from the standpoint of Delaware farmers. It was the gener al opinion that co-operative market ing is increasing among the produc ers throughout the United States, and that a co-operative organization, when founded on sound business principles, can be of great service to the growers whom It represents. The shipping point inspection work, as done jointly by the Government and the various states, has proven to be of great benefit to the growers throughout the country, and this work has made rapid growth during the short time that It has been in C. D. ABBOTT k CO. C. D. ABBOTT k CO. C. D. ABBOTT k CO. C. D. ABBOTT k CO. Ù % tarea vr. Gift £ r»: . —^ j TOYLAND OFFERS MOST EVERY KIND OF TOY For Boy or Girl SECOND FLOOR we. ihya BE SURE TO VISIT TOYLAND 'Tis a Place of Delight SECOND FLOOR . -r r 1 Çmpre topetit Gtdde vC IS 4 mmm < » Ï v 4 This great store is in complete readiness to supply every holiday need at less cost! Toys—gifts—apparel— every item of timely interest in greatest variety at most reasonable prices. Make this your Christmas Store! Gloves of i f FOR GIFTS MEWS TIES SANTA HAS SENT EVERYTHING 4b i mi jJJLh Quality .. MEN'S AND BOYS' SUITS AND OVERCOATS Priced : stylish and good looking three special prices that'll help a lot with your Christmas list Ties for men and young men ; of knitted Rayon, full size, firmly knit; a good 50c four-in-hand. Silk and Wool Crepe Four-in-Hands, rich color ings and handsome pat terns, $1.00 each; in a Christmas box. Silk Knit Four-in-Hands, in all the latest stripes and _ colors; $1.00 each. These special values are selling fast for Christmas remembrances that are practical and pretty. Men's Hosiery of the kind you like to give and at remarkably low prices ,25c to $2.60. r/Çj i ~rA that make welcome Christmas Gifts A Girl or Boy Could Wish for to $25.00, $30.00, $35.00 and $40.0( v. >. / W/ Women's Strap Wrist Gloves in grey, pearl, tan —brown, black and white ; contrasting em- broidered backs. Special --- prices, $2.00 to $3.00. Women s Mocha Gloves of fine quality; some of fam ous make and some silk-lined, $1.50 to $3.95 a pair. Women's Strap Wrist Mocha Gloves with embroid ered backs, tan and grey ; splendid quality, $2.50 to $4. Men's Hay's make Mocha Gloves, embroidered backs —an unusually good glove for only $3.50 a pair. Women's fine, dressy Kid Gloves, Fownes make, in all the wanted shades at $2.00 a pair. Women's French Kid Gloves with novelty cuffs; black with white, tan with brown, beaver and tan. Smart gloves for $2.50, $3.00 and $3.50 pair. These are splendid materials, exceptional values, plaid backs, half and full belts and plain box backs. Boys' Suits, Overcoats, Mackinaws and Sheep Lined Coats, ages 8 to 18, /■ TOYLAND > ïlfclaumfà î\ :, 4 ! - ■ : $8.50, $10.50, $13.50 C These are warm, serviceable garments in beautiful plaids. Men's Beacon Blanket Bathrobes and Silk Lounging Robes, i x $3.75, $6.50, $7.50, $8.50 4 0 0, Desirable colors and rich combinations and attrac tive checks. A real Christmas gift for any man. 4 Luggage •4 I COME SEE FOR YOURSELF. Handsome Coats Generously Embellished With Fur In a big Christmas Group Daniel Green Slippers for Xmas Gifts p I 4 For ( / y jj COASTER WAGONS_ JUNIOR AUTOMOBILES $3.75 to $10.00 $9.00 to $15.00 BOYS' AND GIRLS' VELOCIPEDES.$5.95 to $12.00 ; f Gifts. 4 uc: DOLLS, ALL SIZES AND KINDS_,25c to $5.00 STUFFED ANIMALS It —.25c to $3.00 „.$1.50 to $3.50 $1.00 to $3.00 UPRIGHT AND BABY GRAND PIANOS „$1.50 to $3 10c to $2.00 —5c to 25c l In Men's Suit Section—First Floor Traveling Bags KIDDIE AND PEDAL KARS_ IRON TOYS OF MANY KINDS. Always Acceptable Always Practical $25.00 to $50.00 / $6.50 to $15.00 each 4 Whether you are buying l for your own use or for a p gift it will pay you to see » this array of Coats before 1 * you finally decide. At the price we do not think it possible to get any better,' anywhere, any time. Fash ioned of the finest pile and suede-finished fabrics; /trimmed with the costliest of furs. Always Sensible In Felt for Women Ladies' Overnight Cases, sizes 18, 20, 22 BOOKS * $6.50 to $7.50 ♦ UÖ CHRISTMAS TREE ORNAMENTS Ladies' Fitted Cases $1.75 to $2.50 $7.50 to $13.50 i C. D. Abbott & Co. ¥] Quilted Satin Boudoir Styles Ladies' Black Enamel Hat Boxes; each $1.50 to $2.25 $5.00 to $8.50 0) t Leather Boston Bags; black and tan; each ; Felt Slippers for every member of the family in ev ery shape and color. » MILFORD, DELAWARE $1.50 operation. At the present time, there are about 30 different states that are providing shipping point Inspection on one or more commodities. Some of the states make the shipping point inspection compulsory, while others simply provide the service on re quest, and it is generally believed that the latter plan is the best one under general conditions. It was pointed out that in some cases where shipping point Inspection had been compulsory, it was not under stood by a large part of the produc ers; whereas, if the service was provided to those who requested it, they were soon enthusiastic about the benefits to be gained therefrom, and in that way their neighbors soon became acquainted with these bene fits, and in a short time, a large per centage of the growers took advan tage of this service, as they found that by using this service and grad ing carefully, they were able to ob tain a better price and had fewer complaints and adjustments than under the old method, all of which has been found to be true by the growers in Delaware who have used the shipping point inspection service as provided by the Delaware Bureau of Markets. Several of the officials of the United States Bureau of Agricultur al Economics attended this meeting and explained the work that the Federal Government is doing in its various marketing departments. The dio was discussed, and practically all of the State Marketing officials stated that they depended on this service to a great extent in gather ing their market information, and it is believed that the Government will soon Increase its service along this line. Representatives of several colleges attended this meeting, and a part of the program was set apart for them to discuss what they thought should be contained in the college course of marketing. Very interesting phases of this work were brought up. On Tuesday evening, the Agricul tural Commissioners and the State Marketing Officials jointly attended a banquet at which various agricul tural questions were discussed, and Dr. H. C. Taylor, Chief of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics at Wash ington. made an earnest plea for co operation between the producers and distributors. SOLD HIS BUSINESS; WILL LEAVE MILFOl The grocery business at thdf cor ner of Front and Walnut streets. North Milford, has been sold this week by J. F. Elliott to William Mal oney, who takes over the business on Saturday, December 27th. Mr. Elliott will return to Newark, Del., from whence he came to Milford about two years ago. Mr. Maloney recently sold his farm at the eastern side of North Milford and will engage in the grocery business and occupy the res idence vacated by Mr. Elliott. Selbyville The P. T. A. will be held at the Hudson Theatre, December 16th. An admission of 10c will be charged at the door. The program will be in three parts: "The Hottentot Drill," "The Music Master," and "The Court of Nations." The speaker of the ev ening will be the Rev. Mr. Frye of Millville. The Selbyville town play the Dover basket ball team at Ringler's Theatre, on Friday even ing. December 12th. The funeral of Mrs. Jane McCabe was held at Salem M. E. Church on Sunday afternoon. The ladies of Blshopvllle will hold a minstrel entertainment called the "Gold Star Minstrels," to be given at the Ringler Theatre, Tuesday even ing, December 30th, under the lead ership of Mrs. P. K. Evans, of Sel byville. Miss Mildred Hudson of Philadel phia spent the week-end with her parents. Mr. and Mrs. George Hud son. team will Miss Ethel Warren entertained out of town guests on Sunday. H. B. King of Dover, spent Monday at the high school. Mrs. Cleora Taylor of near town, returned from the Beebe Hospital on Monday. Mr. and Mrs. W. A. Law and Miss Furman have returned from a visit Philadelphia. Miss Beatrice Rogers spent the week-end as the guest of Miss Cor delia Morris, near town. Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Jarrett had as their dinner guests on Friday even ing, Miss Maude McCabe and Miss EUtfel Warren. ./'apt. and Mrs. Warren had as their Sunday guests the Misses Alva and Maude Smith, Florence Gutherie, Louise Leigh and N— L. Warren, Jr., all of Philadelphia^ The W. P. Missionary Society will hold an entertainment during the Christmas holidays at the Hudson Theatre. The date will be announc ed later. NEW CENTURY CLUB The Milford New Century Club met in the club house on Monday af ternoon at two o'clock. Practically the entire session was devoted to basket weaving. Miss Woods, the state teacher of home economics not being able to be present, her place was admirably, filled by Mrs. Andrew Marvel and Miss Marvel, of Georgetown, who very competently instructed those present. Much enthusiasm has been shown in this course of work, and the en suing results have been very gratify ing. The members are showing some beautiful and really artistic baskets of all sizes and shapes, which may be quite useful in various ways. Mrs. Lester O. Adkins was elected a club member. Next Monday will be the regular monthly business and social meet- I I ina. AVENUE M. E. CHURCH Things Past On Tuesday evening, December 2nd the Friendship and Fellowship Bible classes met for a social even ing. At the chapel the Friendship class enjoyed a program of music, readings, games and refreshments. At the home of Mrs. George Man love, the Fellowship class was en tertained by the "Frog Holler Or chestra," also other miscellaneous numbers, concluding with delicious refreshments. At the chapel, the Epworth League met for their monthly business meet ing and social in charge of Miss El va Hall. A splendid time was re ported by those who attended. At the chapel on Friday, Decem ber 5th, despite the inclement weath er, a large number of the young peo ple of our Sunday school 'teen age department, attended the first de partmental social under the direc tion of the newly-appointed recrea tional director. Miss Helen Pierce. 0nl y good things were to be heard concerning the evening's entertain ment. Tilings Present— On Sunday, December 7th, the Jun ior congregation was officially inau guarted. As the members of the mor ning congregation were seen to their places in the main auditorium, the Junior Ushers, John Jewell and Rus sell Kelly, were performing like courtesies for the junior congrega tion in the Sunday school auditor ium. The secretary, Donald Smith, made up the first roll which included 25 girls and IS boys. Miss Rebecca Matthews is pianist for this service. Miss Beulah Mae Hobbs is in charge. Things to Come— In the main auditorium on Sunday evening, December 21st, there will be presented a beatuiful pageant en titled, "Golden Gifts for the King." This will be gift Sunday at the Sun day school hour. Every person bring ing a gift is requested to wrap same in yellow paper so that it will be ready for use in the pageant. Our friends from near and far have been very faithful in their at tendance upon our former pageants. We urge you not to miss this one. SCHOOLS CLOSE FOR HOLIDAYS In pursuance to Instructions from the State Board of Education, the public schools of Milford will close on Tuesday, December 23rd, at 4 p. m., and reopen on Monday, January 5th, 1925, at the usual hour; making a twelve day vacation, schedule governs the rural schools as well as those In the special dis tricts. The same SPECIAL MEETING This evening at the usual hour of calling on for work. Temple Lodge, No. 9, A. F. and A. M., will hold its stated monthly meeting. The mem bers who have received special no tices for this evening will be ex pected to be present, or make proper acknowledgement of the notice. TOLD IN A FEW LIKES Only eleven more shopping days before Christmas. Better buy that gift now and save your patience later on. The Millwood Parent-Teacher As sociation will meet in Community Hall Friday evening, December 19th. A speaker is expected. Mail your Christmas packages ear ly. Christmas Day the postal employ ees will be given a holiday, so no mail will be delivered that day. Wednesday, December 17th Christ Church Guild will meet with Mrs. Louis Ross to clean the church brasses. A full attendance is requir ed. Milford merchants have prepared for the Christmas trade with large stocks of merchandise. The stocks are large enough for the best of gift selections. For Sunday you will find cakes, pies, rolls and other goodies at the Pierce Hardware Company. Bake be ing held by Mrs. Ratie Rickards' Sunday school class. If one request out of ten that is made of you is designed for your benefit and the other nine are for thebenefit of those asking, you are lupKier than most persons. /victor E. Simper has been nomi nated by President Coolidge to be postmaster at Selbyville. No objec tion to Simpler's appointment is an ticipated. The office pays $1,900 a year/ (The Faithful Circle of King's Daughters will meet with Mrs. Rob ert Griffith on South Walnut street on December 18th. Meeting will be held promptly at 3 o'clock. All mem bers please be present. There will be a Christmas enter tainment and shadow social given at Stockley school Friday evening, De cember 19th. Come and help us and bring a well filled purse. Proceeds for the benefit of the school. PERSONAL MENTION Miss Lila Hudson of Milford gave a dinner Sunday to T. Cortlandt Warrington of Dover In honor of his birthday. Miss Betty Lolland who has been visiting her cousin. Miss Mildred Hunt, of Philadelphia, for the past ten days has returned home. Mrs. Pauline Townsend Hanely, of New York City, will arrive in Mil ford the latter part of next week and pass the holidays with Col. and Mrs. Theo. Townsend and Delaware friends. Mr. Hanley Is expected to arrive on Christmas Day for a few days' visit. H. F. Sheldon of Paynsevllle, Min nesota, is visiting his daughter. Mrs. A. E. Nunn, of Milford. Mr. Sheldon has visited his sons in Dakota, Mon tana and Canada and is returning to Minnesota by way of Delaware. Al though 83 years of age he has made the long journey unaccompanied. OBITUARY HUDSON The death angel called home of John H. at the Hudson, Friday morning, December 5, 1924, when his wife, Mrs. Viola Riley Hudson, pass ed into the great beyond. She had been a most patient sufferer for more than a year, during which time skilled medical specialists tried in vain to alleviate her sufferings. Mrs. Hudson was the daughter of Mrs. Sarah D. Riley and the late John H. Riley, of Snow Hill, Md., and was married to John H. Hudson about sixteen years ago. They resid ed in Winfield, a suburb of Philadel phia. until a year ago when her hus band decided that perhaps a change in climate and scenery might, be a benefit to her health. They moved to near Georgetown, on the State boule vard, where she died. Mrs. Hudson is survived by her husband, mother and four sisters, were conducted at her home, Sunday, December 7th at 1 p. m. by Reverend Mason, assisted at the grave by Rev. Jones of Snow Hill, was largely attended by relatives and friends from Philadelphia, Bal timore and from many sections of Delaware and Maryland. Interment was made in the M. E. cemetery at Snow Hill, Md. Funeral cervices The funeral MILFORD EMERGENCY HOSPITAL Mrs. George M. Watson, of Milford, who underwent an operation Monday, is resting fairly comfort able at this time. Mrs. William H. MacLary, of Leipsic, Is receiving treatment at the hospital. Mrs. Harrison Wright of Laurel who was operated upon Monday, Is doing as well as can be expected. Mrs. Frank T. Nichols and baby son of Greenwood will return home in a few days. Mrs. Roy Naff of Dover who was operated upon Tuesday, December 9th, is resting quite comfortable at this time. Miss Mary A. Hammond of Felton, Ernest Ruf, of Federalsburg, Md., and Philip R. Marvil of Laurel lire patients at the hospital. Miillcent Hamilton of near Hick man, returned to her home Sunday, after receiving treatment at the hos pital, following an automobile acci dent. James T. West of near Pittsvllle, Md., was operated upon Wednesday, December 10th. Mrs. H. M. Case of Magnolia, Is getting along splendidly and hopes to return to her home the latter part of this week. on Mrs. Rickards Sunday school class of Avenue M. E. Church will hold a bake this Saturday at the favorite stand, Pierce Hardware Company, starting at 10 o'clock. All sorts of delicious things will be on hand. Most of Mrs. Rickards' class are marvelous vooks—so don't put off going early, and advoiding the rush. NEIL O'BRIEN MINSTRELS AT PLAZA THEATRE The attraction at the Plaza The atre Wednesday, December 17th, will be Neil O'Brien Minstrels known throughout the country as the Fam ily Entertainment. Mr. O'Brien says he will offer an entirely new pro duction again this season, with new costumes and not a single feature that has been seen before with this organization now in its thirteenth year. Each season an effort has been made to improve on the year before and in the offering this year atten tion is called to the combination of Neil O'Brien, Billy Beard and "Sug arfoot" Gaffney, making what is promised as the strongest combina tion of minstrel stars ever before of fered to the public. Mr. O'Brien in addition to being one of the best known comedians is also a capable producer as well and the whole pro gram is under his supervision, bear ing the mark of bis wit and good taste in staging the performance. Of course the comedian himself will appear in an entirely new act, writ ten for him entitled, "Hot Dog." MILFORD JUVENILE GRANGE 15 On Friday evening, December 5th, the members of the Juvenile Grange held a "backward" social in the Grange Hall, with the members of the older grange as their guests. Al- ! orable a large number attended. The social being a "backward" one ev erything was done In that way. The evening was spent in playing various kinds of games in which the older members joined, hour apples were served. At a late IN MEMORIAM Two years ago this month, dear We saw' you laid away at rest God thought it best to take you home He saw you needed rest. Sleep on dear brother and take your rest He saw your suffering here was great And He opened wide to you His heav enly gate. Tes, dear brother, you are gone And you are sadly missed. But you did not die to live in pain Tou only died to live again. We will not mourn for you, the one we loved, But we will live and pray to meet you in heaven above. Mother, Brothers and Sister Cornelia. up THE GOOD FOOD h®re make* for good fellowship. On* cannot poaaibljr hold a grouch after eating you feel out of aorta, if your taste for food haa dulled, come and dine here. Your grouch will disappear and pleasure in ealing will be restored. of perfect dinners. II F ,v L your L % Ji HARRY L. HILL'S RESTAURANT MILFORD, - DELAWARE u FOR SALE FOR sale:—G ood piano, wifi sell for 5150. Apply P. O. Box No. 181. Frank dl2-tf ford, Del. FOR SALE:—Two Jersey cows, broke No kick or other to lead and tether, had habits. Just the kind for the fam ily. T. A. Hall. Milford, Up LOST IjOST —Fox. hound, black and blue with collar with name, Carl Simp. on. Finder notify Carl Simpson, Milford. ftp LOST—Watch Masonic Please fob with charm on Thanksgiving Day. return to Dr. S. M. D. Marshall and receive reward. WIRE If you have an Important mes sage to send quick, it goes by wire. That is just what the brain does in directing the work of the body. It sends out its messages over the great est communicating system nervous system. If something goes wrong with this system the brain cannot get its full amount of force over the nerve wires and disease is the result.__ CHIROPRACTIC ADJUSTMENTS will keep your nerve wires clear. Consultation and Analysis FREE Bring ail your health troubles to BLANCHE C. DAVIS CHIROPRACTOR 406 W. Market Street GEORGETOWN, DEL. 'Phono 63.R-11 d!2-3t.
|
finding the mean of a cdf
X has the following cdf
F(x) = 0 if x<0
=x/2 if 0≤x<1
=(x^2−1)/6 + 1/2 if 1≤x<2
= 1 if 2 ≤ x
Find the mean of X.
I tried the integration using 1 - F(x) but got the wrong answer of 1.80555
Can't you just find the PDF and compute $\int x f(x) dx$?
You should show us your work, because integrating over the tail works just fine. I believe the answer is something like 1.028. Without seeing your work, we can't really do much to help you.
integral (1-(x/2))dx from 0 to 1 + the integral (1-((x^2-1)/6)-(1/2)) from 1 to 2 , for the first integral , I got 3/4 and for the second I get 1.05555. I add them together and get approx 1.806
You may have made an arithmetic error:
$$\int_1^2 (1-((x^2-1)/6)-(1/2)) \, dx $$ $$=\int_1^2 \left(\frac23-\frac{x^2}{6} \right)\, dx$$ $$=\left[\frac{2x}3-\frac{x^3}{18} \right]_1^2$$ $$=\left(\frac{4}3-\frac{8}{18} \right)-\left(\frac{2}3-\frac{1}{18} \right)$$ $$=\frac{5}{18} \approx 0.27778$$ rather than the $1.05555$ you calculated.
$\dfrac34+\dfrac5{18}=\dfrac{37}{36}\approx 1.027778$ for the final answer
|
<?php
if ( ! defined( 'ABSPATH' ) ) {
exit;
}
/**
* Orders
*/
class WC_Paid_Listings_Orders {
/** @var object Class Instance */
private static $instance;
/**
* Get the class instance
*
* @return static
*/
public static function get_instance() {
return null === self::$instance ? ( self::$instance = new self ) : self::$instance;
}
/**
* Constructor
*/
public function __construct() {
add_action( 'woocommerce_thankyou', array( $this, 'woocommerce_thankyou' ), 5 );
// Displaying user packages on the frontend
add_action( 'woocommerce_before_my_account', array( $this, 'my_packages' ) );
// Statuses
add_action( 'woocommerce_order_status_processing', array( $this, 'order_paid' ) );
add_action( 'woocommerce_order_status_completed', array( $this, 'order_paid' ) );
add_action( 'woocommerce_order_status_cancelled', array( $this, 'package_cancelled' ) );
add_action( 'wp_trash_post', array( $this, 'wp_trash_post' ) );
add_action( 'untrash_post', array( $this, 'untrash_post' ) );
// User deletion
add_action( 'delete_user', array( $this, 'delete_user_packages' ) );
}
/**
* Thanks page
*
* @param mixed $order_id
*/
public function woocommerce_thankyou( $order_id ) {
global $wp_post_types;
$order = wc_get_order( $order_id );
foreach ( $order->get_items() as $item ) {
if ( isset( $item['job_id'] ) && 'publish' === get_post_status( $item['job_id'] ) ) {
switch ( get_post_status( $item['job_id'] ) ) {
case 'pending' :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully and will be visible once approved.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['job_id'] ) ) );
break;
case 'pending_payment' :
case 'expired' :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully and will be visible once payment has been confirmed.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['job_id'] ) ) );
break;
default :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['job_id'] ) ) );
break;
}
echo '<p class="job-manager-submitted-paid-listing-actions">';
if ( 'publish' === get_post_status( $item['job_id'] ) ) {
echo '<a class="button" href="' . get_permalink( $item['job_id'] ) . '">' . __( 'View Listing', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ) . '</a> ';
} elseif ( get_option( 'job_manager_job_dashboard_page_id' ) ) {
echo '<a class="button" href="' . get_permalink( get_option( 'job_manager_job_dashboard_page_id' ) ) . '">' . __( 'View Dashboard', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ) . '</a> ';
}
echo '</p>';
} elseif ( isset( $item['resume_id'] ) ) {
$resume = get_post( $item['resume_id'] );
switch ( get_post_status( $item['resume_id'] ) ) {
case 'pending' :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully and will be visible once approved.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['resume_id'] ) ) );
break;
case 'pending_payment' :
case 'expired' :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully and will be visible once payment has been confirmed.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['resume_id'] ) ) );
break;
default :
echo wpautop( sprintf( __( '%s has been submitted successfully.', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( $item['resume_id'] ) ) );
break;
}
echo '<p class="job-manager-submitted-paid-listing-actions">';
if ( 'publish' === get_post_status( $item['resume_id'] ) ) {
echo '<a class="button" href="' . get_permalink( $item['resume_id'] ) . '">' . __( 'View Listing', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ) . '</a> ';
} elseif ( get_option( 'resume_manager_candidate_dashboard_page_id' ) ) {
echo '<a class="button" href="' . get_permalink( get_option( 'resume_manager_candidate_dashboard_page_id' ) ) . '">' . __( 'View Dashboard', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ) . '</a> ';
}
if ( ! empty( $resume->_applying_for_job_id ) ) {
echo '<a class="button" href="' . get_permalink( absint( $resume->_applying_for_job_id ) ) . '">' . sprintf( __( 'Apply for "%s"', 'wp-job-manager-wc-paid-listings' ), get_the_title( absint( $resume->_applying_for_job_id ) ) ) . '</a> ';
}
echo '</p>';
}// End if().
}// End foreach().
}
/**
* Show my packages
*/
public function my_packages() {
if ( ( $packages = wc_paid_listings_get_user_packages( get_current_user_id(), 'job_listing' ) ) && is_array( $packages ) && sizeof( $packages ) > 0 ) {
wc_get_template( 'my-packages.php', array(
'packages' => $packages,
'type' => 'job_listing',
), 'wc-paid-listings/', JOB_MANAGER_WCPL_TEMPLATE_PATH );
}
if ( ( $packages = wc_paid_listings_get_user_packages( get_current_user_id(), 'resume' ) ) && is_array( $packages ) && sizeof( $packages ) > 0 ) {
wc_get_template( 'my-packages.php', array(
'packages' => $packages,
'type' => 'resume',
), 'wc-paid-listings/', JOB_MANAGER_WCPL_TEMPLATE_PATH );
}
}
/**
* Triggered when an order is paid
*
* @param int $order_id
*/
public function order_paid( $order_id ) {
// Get the order
$order = wc_get_order( $order_id );
if ( get_post_meta( $order_id, 'wc_paid_listings_packages_processed', true ) ) {
return;
}
foreach ( $order->get_items() as $item ) {
$product = wc_get_product( $item['product_id'] );
if ( $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) && wc_paid_listings_get_order_customer_id( $order ) ) {
// Give packages to user
$user_package_id = false;
for ( $i = 0; $i < $item['qty']; $i ++ ) {
$user_package_id = wc_paid_listings_give_user_package( wc_paid_listings_get_order_customer_id( $order ), $product->get_id(), $order_id );
}
$this->attach_package_listings( $item, $order, $user_package_id );
}
}
update_post_meta( $order_id, 'wc_paid_listings_packages_processed', true );
}
/**
* Delete packages on user deletion
*
* @param mixed $user_id
*/
public function delete_user_packages( $user_id ) {
global $wpdb;
if ( $user_id ) {
$wpdb->delete(
"{$wpdb->prefix}wcpl_user_packages",
array(
'user_id' => $user_id,
)
);
}
}
/**
* Handles the tasks after the restoration of orders and job listing or resume posts.
*
* @param int $post_id
*/
public function untrash_post( $post_id ) {
$post_type = get_post_type( $post_id );
switch ( $post_type ) {
case 'shop_order':
$this->untrash_shop_order( $post_id );
break;
case 'job_listing':
case 'resume':
$this->untrash_wpjm_post( $post_id );
break;
}
}
/**
* Handles the tasks after a job listing or resume post is restored.
*
* @param int $post_id
*/
public function untrash_wpjm_post( $post_id ) {
$product_id = get_post_meta( $post_id, '_package_id', true );
$user_package_id = get_post_meta( $post_id, '_user_package_id', true );
$product = wc_get_product( $product_id );
$user_package = wc_paid_listings_get_user_package( $user_package_id );
$order = false;
if ( $user_package && $user_package->has_package() ) {
$order = wc_get_order( $user_package->get_order_id() );
}
if ( $order && $product && $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) ) {
/** This filter is documented in includes/package-functions.php */
if ( apply_filters( 'job_manager_job_listing_affects_package_count', true, $post_id ) ) {
wc_paid_listings_increase_package_count( $order->get_user_id(), $user_package_id );
}
}
}
/**
* Handles tasks after a WC order is restored.
*
* @param int $order_id
*/
public function untrash_shop_order( $order_id ) {
$order = wc_get_order( $order_id );
if ( ! $order ) {
return;
}
foreach ( $order->get_items() as $item ) {
/**
* @var WC_Order_Item_Product $item
*/
$product = $item->get_product();
if ( $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) && $order->get_user_id() ) {
$user_package_id = null;
// Give packages to user
for ( $i = 0; $i < $item['qty']; $i ++ ) {
$user_package_id = wc_paid_listings_give_user_package( $order->get_user_id(), $product->get_id(), wc_paid_listings_get_order_id( $order ) );
}
$this->attach_package_listings( $item, $order, $user_package_id );
}
}
}
/**
* Attached listings to the user package.
*
* @param array $item
* @param WC_Order $order
* @param int $user_package_id
*/
private function attach_package_listings( $item, $order, $user_package_id ) {
global $wpdb;
$listing_ids = (array) $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT post_id FROM $wpdb->postmeta WHERE meta_key=%s AND meta_value=%s", '_cancelled_package_order_id', wc_paid_listings_get_order_id( $order ) ) );
$listing_ids[] = isset( $item[ 'job_id' ] ) ? $item[ 'job_id' ] : '';
$listing_ids[] = isset( $item[ 'resume_id' ] ) ? $item[ 'resume_id' ] : '';
$listing_ids = array_unique( array_filter( array_map( 'absint', $listing_ids ) ) );
foreach ( $listing_ids as $listing_id ) {
if ( in_array( get_post_status( $listing_id ), array( 'pending_payment', 'expired' ) ) ) {
wc_paid_listings_approve_listing_with_package( $listing_id, $order->get_user_id(), $user_package_id );
delete_post_meta( $listing_id, '_cancelled_package_order_id' );
}
}
}
/**
* Handles the tasks after WC orders and WPJM related posts are trashed.
*
* @param int $post_id
*/
public function wp_trash_post( $post_id ) {
$post_type = get_post_type( $post_id );
switch ( $post_type ) {
case 'shop_order':
$this->trash_shop_order( $post_id );
break;
case 'job_listing':
case 'resume':
$this->trash_wpjm_post( $post_id );
break;
}
}
/**
* Handles tasks after a job listing or resume post is trashed.
*
* @param int $post_id
*/
public function trash_wpjm_post( $post_id ) {
$product_id = get_post_meta( $post_id, '_package_id', true );
$user_package_id = get_post_meta( $post_id, '_user_package_id', true );
$product = wc_get_product( $product_id );
$user_package = wc_paid_listings_get_user_package( $user_package_id );
$order = false;
if ( $user_package && $user_package->has_package() ) {
$order = wc_get_order( $user_package->get_order_id() );
}
if ( $order && $product && $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) ) {
/** This filter is documented in includes/package-functions.php */
if ( apply_filters( 'job_manager_job_listing_affects_package_count', true, $post_id ) ) {
wc_paid_listings_decrease_package_count( $order->get_user_id(), $user_package_id );
}
}
}
/**
* If a listing gets trashed/deleted, the pack may need it's listing count changing
*
* @param int $order_id
*/
public function trash_shop_order( $order_id ) {
$order = wc_get_order( $order_id );
if ( ! $order ) {
return;
}
foreach ( $order->get_items() as $item ) {
$product = $item->get_product();
if ( ! $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) && $order->get_user_id() ) {
continue;
}
$this->delete_package( $order_id, $product->get_id() );
}
}
/**
* Fires when a order was canceled. Looks for Job Packages in order and deletes the package if found.
*
* @param $order_id
*/
public function package_cancelled( $order_id ) {
$order = wc_get_order( $order_id );
foreach ( $order->get_items() as $item ) {
$product = $item->get_product();
if ( ! $product->is_type( array( 'job_package', 'resume_package' ) ) ) {
continue;
}
$this->delete_package( $order_id, $product->get_id() );
}
}
/**
* Deletes a package.
*
* @param int $order_id
* @param int $product_id
*/
private function delete_package( $order_id, $product_id ) {
global $wpdb;
$user_package = $wpdb->get_row( $wpdb->prepare( "SELECT * FROM {$wpdb->prefix}wcpl_user_packages WHERE order_id = %d AND product_id = %d;", $order_id, $product_id ) );
if ( $user_package ) {
// Delete the package
$wpdb->delete(
"{$wpdb->prefix}wcpl_user_packages",
array(
'id' => $user_package->id,
)
);
$listing_ids = wc_paid_listings_get_listings_for_package( $user_package->id );
foreach ( $listing_ids as $listing_id ) {
$original_status = get_post_status( $listing_id );
$listing = array(
'ID' => $listing_id,
'post_status' => 'expired',
);
wp_update_post( $listing );
// Make a record of the order ID and original status in case of re-activation
update_post_meta( $listing_id, '_cancelled_package_order_id', $order_id );
update_post_meta( $listing_id, '_post_status_before_package_pause', $original_status );
}
}
}
}
WC_Paid_Listings_Orders::get_instance();
|
Per Curiam. Judgment for 8100 against appellant in a suit by appellee for malicious prosecution, is the subject of this appeal. Appellant contends that the court erred in admitting improper evidence. We find, however, that the evidence was part of res gestee. Ha ism-m was arrested on complaint of Biumenfeldt’s wife, and several other parties were proven to have taken a more or less conspicuous part. What took place at the time of and during the disturbance was material on the question of probable cause, and the admission thereof was necessary to an intelligent judgment in the case. We are not prepared to say that the finding of want of probable cause was produced by a misconception of the evidence. Mor do we perceive any fault in the instructions. The judgment is affirmed. Judgment affirmed..
|
import * as React from 'react';
import { render, screen } from '@testing-library/react';
import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event';
import { PasswordField } from '../PasswordField';
import { ComponentClassNames, SharedText } from '../../shared';
const ariaLabelText = SharedText.ShowPasswordButton.ariaLabel;
describe('PasswordField component', () => {
const testId = 'PasswordFieldTestId';
it('should render classname for PasswordField', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
testId={testId}
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
className="custom-class"
/>
);
const passwordFieldWrapper = await screen.findByTestId(testId);
expect(passwordFieldWrapper).toHaveClass('custom-class');
expect(passwordFieldWrapper).toHaveClass(ComponentClassNames.PasswordField);
});
it('should forward refs to DOM elements', async () => {
const ref = React.createRef<HTMLInputElement>();
const showPasswordButtonRef = React.createRef<HTMLButtonElement>();
render(
<PasswordField
testId={testId}
label="Password"
ref={ref}
showPasswordButtonRef={showPasswordButtonRef}
/>
);
await screen.findByTestId(testId);
expect(ref.current.nodeName).toBe('INPUT');
expect(showPasswordButtonRef.current.nodeName).toBe('BUTTON');
});
it('should be password input type', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
placeholder="Password"
/>
);
const passwordField = await screen.getByPlaceholderText('Password');
expect(passwordField.getAttribute('type')).toBe('password');
});
it('should be able to set a size', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
hideShowPassword={true}
placeholder="Password"
size="large"
/>
);
const passwordField = await screen.getByPlaceholderText('Password');
expect(passwordField.dataset['size']).toBe('large');
});
it('should have show password button', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
/>
);
const button = await screen.findByRole('button');
expect(button).toBeDefined();
expect(button.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(ariaLabelText.showPassword);
});
it('should be able to hide show password button', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
hideShowPassword={true}
/>
);
const button = await screen.queryByRole('button');
expect(button).toBeNull();
});
describe(' - ShowPasswordButton', () => {
it('should toggle button type and label when clicked', async () => {
render(
<PasswordField
label="Password"
descriptiveText="Required"
name="password"
placeholder="Password"
/>
);
const button = await screen.findByRole('button');
const passwordField = await screen.getByPlaceholderText('Password');
expect(passwordField.getAttribute('type')).toBe('password');
expect(button.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(
ariaLabelText.showPassword
);
userEvent.click(button);
expect(passwordField.getAttribute('type')).toBe('text');
expect(button.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(
ariaLabelText.hidePassword
);
userEvent.click(button);
expect(passwordField.getAttribute('type')).toBe('password');
expect(button.getAttribute('aria-label')).toBe(
ariaLabelText.showPassword
);
});
});
});
|
function is_empty_queue(queue) {
return is_null(front_ptr(queue));
}
function front_ptr(queue) {
return head(queue);
}
function rear_ptr(queue) {
return tail(queue);
}
function set_front_ptr(queue, item) {
set_head(queue, item);
}
function set_rear_ptr(queue, item) {
set_tail(queue, item);
}
function delete_queue(queue) {
if (is_empty_queue(queue)) {
Error("delete_queue called with an empty queue",
queue);
} else {
set_front_ptr(queue, tail(front_ptr(queue)));
return queue;
}
}
|
/*
* Copyright 2007-2107 the original author or authors.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package net.ymate.platform.module.search.handler;
import net.ymate.platform.module.search.ISearchable;
/**
* @author 刘镇 ([email protected]) on 14/12/16 上午9:20
* @version 1.0
*/
public interface ICallbackHandler {
/**
* 当索引创建成功时调用此接口方法
*
* @param searchable
*/
public void onIndexCreated(ISearchable searchable);
/**
* 当索引更新成功时调用此接口方法
*
* @param searchable
*/
public void onIndexUpdated(ISearchable searchable);
/**
* 当索引删除成功时调用此接口方法
*
* @param searchableClass
* @param id
*/
public void onIndexRemoved(Class<? extends ISearchable> searchableClass, final String id);
}
|
MNRAS 516,
2586
–2596 (2022) The detailed calculations and measurements of the acetaldehyde BEs on water ices show a consistent but complex picture. First, as already reported in other works (e.g. Dulieu et al. 2005; Ferrero et al. 2020), BE on an icy surface is not a single value, but there is rather a distribution of BEs caused by the different sites to which acetaldehyde can be adsorbed. Second, using the BE values without paying attention to its associated pre-exponential factor can lead to inconsistencies, if not mistakes. That being said, most of the astrochemical models use a single value of BE and the AHH preexponential factor, recalculated from it following equation (3), which is not a guarantee of correctness. Another question is: which single value of BE to choose from the observed distribution? To choose a single value in the distribution, one needs to know the nature of the ice, for instance, if the surface will be fully or partly covered. Acetaldehyde is a frequently observed molecule in the gas phase, but it has not been detected yet in the ice mantles because its concentration is probably low (but see also the discussion in the ‘Introduction’). Therefore, the coverage of this molecule on the surface of icy grains should remain low and the low coverage side of the distribution shall be preferred. Moreover, the interval of values that we propose overlaps the BE extrapolated by Wakelam et al. (2017; 5400 K), which turns out to be correct if one adopts the pre-exponential factor of A = 1.1 × 1018 s−1. However, if the astrochemical model uses the harmonic oscillator approximation and a value of AHH ∼ 1012 s−1, a value around 3800 K shall be preferred. The advantage to use the couple BE = 5400 K and A = 1.1 × 1018 s−1 is that one can then compare this BE with that derived by the theoretical calculations and to the already published BE values of other molecules (Minissale et al. 2022). As an example, CH3 CHO can be compared to H2 CO, which seems to have a similar desorption behaviour, exhibiting a non co-desorption with water (Noble et al. 2012b). The values for H2 CO are: BE = 4117 K (A = 8.29 × 1016 s−1 ). On the contrary, both ethanol and methanol exhibit co-desorption with water and have larger BEs, BE = 7000 K (A = 3.89 × 1018 s−1 ; Dulieu, Vitorino & Minissale, private communication) and BE = 6621 K (A = 3.18 × 1017 s−1 ; Bahr, Toubin & Kempter 2008; Minissale et al. 2022), respectively. Finally, formamide (NH2 CHO) has a refractory behaviour with respect to water. It desorbs at higher temperatures from bare surfaces because of its high BE = 9561 K (A = 3.69 × 1018 s−1 ; Chaabouni et al. 2018; Minissale et al. 2022). One obtains the same substantial result when considering the theoretical BEs calculated by Ferrero et al. (2020), although they are BE distributions. 4.4 Astrochemical implications
From an astrochemical point of view, two points are particularly relevant. The first point regards the presence of acetaldehyde in cold (∼10 K) objects (e.g. Bacmann et al. 2012; Vastel et al. 2014; Scibelli & Shirley 2020; Zhou et al. 2022). The relatively large BE (4800–6000 K) makes it difficult to explain the presence of gaseous acetaldehyde if formed on the grain-surfaces, and would rather favour a gas-phase formation. Of course, this may just move the problem of the presence of the reactants needed to synthesize acetaldehyde from them, namely ethyl radical and/or ethanol. Non-thermal mechanisms could be at play such as cosmic-ray bombardment that would not be chemically selective (Dartois et al. (2019)), whereas the chemical desorption initiated by hydrogenation on the grain surface may have Although we provided two BE values because of the use of two different unit cell sizes (i.e. 1x1 and 2x1 supercell), here, for the sake of comparison with experiments, we take the value of BE(0) = 5194 K obtained using the 2x1 supercell, as it is more realistic. In experiments, we find a distribution of BEs. It is not a bias of the method, as it was possible to derive a unique value of the BE for the HOPG surface. Actually, in experiments, even for a PCI, the surface is disordered. Indeed, the water molecules at the outermost positions of the surface almost randomly alternate dH pointing outside or inside the solid. Therefore, even for crystalline water ice, distributions of BE are usually measured whatever is the adsorbate (Amiaud et al. (2007), Noble et al. (2012a), Nguyen et al. (2018)). The calculations, made on a perfectly regular or periodic crystal, are not able reproduce this disorder. In experiments, the largest population is found for BE = 4650 K and it corresponds to the BE of an acetaldehyde multilayer. This means that CH3 CHO molecules prefer to rearrange themselves, probably creating some sort of small clusters, rather than spreading over the surface. In other words, acetaldehyde do not wet properly the water ice surface. The low coverage values, which correspond more to the calculations made for a unique molecule, lay between 4950 and 5700 K. This is in excellent agreement with the calculated value of BE(0) = 5194 K. We note that population at 5700 K could also correspond to defaults or steps in the poly-crystalline assembly.
4.3 Comparison of the acetaldehyde BE with those of other important interstellar molecules
Acetaldehyde BE 4600–4800 K. In amorphous water ice, the BE ranges between about 4600 and 5900 K, with a peak around 4800 K. The weighted average in the three cases are 5150, 5080, and 4990 K, respectively. (ii) The theoretical calculations give BE values on the different sites of the used ice model. BEs spread over 5194 and 7253 K in the case of crystalline ice, and 2809–6038 K in the case of amorphous ice. In the pure acetaldehyde ice, two extreme values of 2650 and 5692 K are obtained. (iii) We discussed and showed the importance of the preexponential factor when deriving, comparing, and using BEs derived from experiments and theoretical calculations. Remarkably, when the correct pre-exponential factor is used with the derived BE, experiments and theory are in fair good agreement. (iv) A comparison of the the derived acetaldehyde BEs with those of other important species shows that acetaldehyde would desorb at temperatures lower than those at which water desorbs and even lower temperatures with respect to formamide. (v) The large acetaldehyde BE challenges the explanation for its gas-phase presence in cold (∼10 K) astronomical objects, especially if it is formed on the grain surfaces. The problem may be alleviated if it is formed by gas-phase reactions. (vi) In hot cores/corinos, the measured and computed BE is in agreement with the observations of acetaldehyde originating in regions colder than formamide, whose BE is larger. Finally, our study shows the importance to extend the methodology adopted here to other molecules of astrochemical interest, such as ethanol or formamide, which are nowadays routinely observed in astronomical objects and that show a spatial segregation probably due to their different BE.
AC K N OW L E D G E M E N T S
This project has received funding within the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme from the European Research Council (ERC) for the projects ‘The Dawn of Organic Chemistry’ (DOC), grant agreement no. 741002 and ‘Quantum Chemistry on Interstellar Grains’ (QUANTUMGRAIN), grant agreement no. 865657, and from the Marie Sklodowska-Curie for the project ‘Astro-Chemical Origins’ (ACO), grant agreement no. 811312. This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de la recherche (ANR) SIRC project (grant ANR-SPV202448 20202024). CC wishes to thank Eleonora Bianchi and Lorenzo Tinacci for fruitful discussions on the chemical segregation observed in hot corinos and the evaluation of the theoretical binding energy, respectively. This work has also been funded by the European Research Council (ERC) for the Starting Grant ‘DustOrigin’, hold by Prof. Ilse De Looze, University of Ghent, grant agreement ID: 851622. AR is indebted to the Ramón y Cajal programme. DATA AVA I L A B I L I T Y 5 CONCLUSIONS
We presented TPD experiments and quantum chemical computations of the acetaldehyde BE on a pure acetaldehyde ice, and on crystalline and amorphous water ices. The main conclusions of this work are the following: (i) The experiments indicate that the acetaldehyde BE has a distribution of values. In the acetaldehyde ice, the BE has two main energy values, at about 4650 and 5250 K, with the peak around 5250 K being about 10 times more frequent. In crystalline water ice, the BE ranges between about 4600 and 5700 K, with a peak around The data underlying this article are freely available in Zenodo at https://zenodo.org/communities/aco-astro-chemical-origins/?pag e=1&size = 20
REFERENCES Amiaud L., Dulieu F., Fillion J. H., Momeni A., Lamaire J. L., 2007, J. Chem. Phys., 127, 12 Bacmann A., Taquet V., Faure A., Kahane C., Ceccarelli C., 2012, A&A, 541, L12 Bahr S., Toubin C., Kempter V., 2008, J. Chem. Phys., 128, 134712 MNRAS 516, 2586–2596 (2022) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/516/2/2586/6678576 by CNRS user on 24 March 2023 different efficiencies depending on the molecule (Minissale et al. 2016). As written in the ‘Introduction’ section, the BE of a given species determines at what temperature the species remains adsorbed or goes to the gas-phase. In hot cores/corinos, several species, including acetaldehyde, have a jump in the abundance in the region where the dust temperature reaches about 100 K. This is believed to be caused by the sublimation of the frozen water (e.g. Charnley, Tielens & Millar 1992; Ceccarelli et al. 2000; Jaber et al. 2014), which is the major constituent of the icy grain mantles (e.g. Boogert, Gerakines & Whittet 2015). However, the analysis of the emission lines of different species and their spatial distributions sometimes suggest that there is a differentiation in the sublimation of different species (e.g. Manigand et al. 2020; Bianchi et al. 2022). The recent study by Bianchi et al. (2022) definitively shows a chemical differentiation between the two hot corinos of the SVS13 protobinary system. Specifically, the analysis of the high-spatial resolution ALMA observations leads to the conclusion that gaseous acetaldehyde and formamide are distributed in an onion-like structure of the hot corino, with formamide becoming abundant in a warmer region with respect to the acetaldehyde region. A natural explanation of this behaviour is that species with larger BE emit lines (mostly) in more compact regions, i.e. the region corresponding to their sublimation temperature, rather than the water sublimation front, because the large densities (≥108 cm−3 ) make those species freezeout back very quickly. Therefore, given their respective BEs (see Section 4.3), acetaldehyde is emitted in a region more extended and colder than that of formamide. More in general, by considering their respective BEs, formaldehyde (H2 CO) and acetaldehyde would desorb before water, ethanol, and methanol with water, but formamide has to wait for higher average temperatures, given its much higher BE. Our new estimates of the acetaldehyde BE, slightly lower than water, would suggest that acetaldehyde should be found approximately in the regions where water and methanol are present too, which is what has been so far found (Bianchi et al. 2022). On the contrary, formamide has definitively a larger BE range, so that we predict formamide to originate in a hotter region than that of acetaldehyde, which is indeed what is observed in the few cases where a similar analysis has been carried out (e.g. Csengeri et al. 2019; Okoda et al. 2021; Bianchi et al. 2022). In summary, with the high sensitivity of the new present facilities, such as ALMA and NOEMA, very likely studies revealing a differentiation in the chemical species in hot cores/corinos will become more an more available. We need to be prepared with studies similar to the one reported here, where the BEs of more complex organic molecules are estimated, so that we can appropriately interpret the astronomical observations. In turn, those observations can help to validate our methods, for which so much uncertainty still persist.
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|
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf-8
import math
print("\n********************************************************\n")
def check_prime(num):
#print("check_prime num = ",num)
if num <= 1:
result = False
else:
result = True
for i in range (2,num):
if ((num % i) == 0):
result = False
break
if result:
print(num, "is a prime number.")
else:
print(num, "is NOT a prime number")
return result
wantmore = True
while(wantmore):
number = int(input('Enter a number: '))
check_prime_response = check_prime(number)
response = ''
while(response !='y' and response !='n'):
response = str(input("Want to check more numbers? [y/n]: "))
if response == 'y' :
wantmore = True
elif response == 'n':
wantmore = False
print("\n..Exiting")
else:
print("\nERROR! ..Exiting")
break
print("\n********************************************************\n")
|
# frozen_string_literal: true
require 'test_helper'
describe 'Integration tests: ' do
let(:small) { { a: [1, 2, 3] } }
let(:medium) { { a: [1, 2, 3, { a: :b }] } }
describe '[ARRAYS]HashDeepDiff::Comparison#diff' do
it 'finds difference between hash and' do
diff = HashDeepDiff::Comparison.new({ c: :d }, small).diff
assert_equal(
[{ c: { left: :d, right: HashDeepDiff::NO_VALUE } },
{ a: { left: HashDeepDiff::NO_VALUE, right: [1, 2, 3] } }], diff
)
end
it 'finds difference between hash and complex array' do
diff = HashDeepDiff::Comparison.new({ z: :x }, medium).diff
assert_equal([{ z: { left: :x, right: HashDeepDiff::NO_VALUE } },
{ '...' => { left: HashDeepDiff::NO_VALUE, right: [1, 2, 3] } },
{ a: { left: HashDeepDiff::NO_VALUE, right: :b } }],
diff)
end
it 'differences between hashes and arrays with simple hashes has correct paths' do
diff = HashDeepDiff::Comparison.new({ z: :x }, medium).diff
assert_equal([[:z], [:a, '...'], [:a, '{}', :a]], diff.map(&:change_key))
end
end
describe '[ARRAYS]HashDeepDiff::Comparison#report' do
it 'reports difference string and array' do
diff = <<~Q
-left[a] = a
+left[a] = [1, 2, 3]
Q
report = HashDeepDiff::Comparison.new('a', small).report
assert_equal(diff, report)
end
it 'reports difference between NilClass and array with simple hashes' do
diff = <<~Q
-left[a][...] = \
\n+left[a][...] = [1, 2, 3]
+left[a][{}][a] = b
Q
report = HashDeepDiff::Comparison.new(nil, medium).report
assert_equal(diff, report)
end
end
end
|
pragma solidity 0.4.19;
contract fibonacci {
uint _curr = 0;
uint _next = 1;
function fibonnaci() public {
_curr = 0;
_next = 1;
}
function fibIter() public returns (uint fib) {
uint stor = _curr;
_curr = _next;
_next = stor + _next;
return stor;
}
}
|
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Qui ■i , .>;ii'|.i]!|ii , B Vb.ut lit _]n;esciil «.fi-.JiiV Jico-'iun! •t'ic!«-. ].:.£ ■ji.'-'E'.'.loii-ssto'. ';■■;/■'■■■ : .(■Jiiisliyd/iiiJjf.'JianJititgi, AugusHtii.' ?"';''/. Tfa-';t[rl»j-:.W»C". '■■'. ' ■■i£\k : ■ .IS'!:;- Having used, yoiir: dip _ ftis :■'- ■ 'seaSwiyj he';/ psti/.-iityiQttj 11 iGi-iViyg ji ..ctiipicnej '''■'" hi-i-f-i'ini'l iii'ii: I'K*, 'hjiVwiig ;tlio wool %. iiM\kh:\iij ■.',.■: yic^n^yj'andHhploughfy .;•'.:-■ "■''C'lc.liisilla'-.i'llS'-'l-i!!' .- - :'.:■■■'?" '':■. ' A;*-vrFKi;p.Eiii(;'Ki jn'ii-- 'rt ■■■':: '■' •Jlel'eViii',: ■l->iii:;.:!i'.:ii, 'September llitlh ■;;;..;.,4lii.?!:Affci;r j , ."' ■ -. .-■.■■:.■ " : " :T>.j;;\i;"-"-;-•:"i":"/-■—Vt■ ivi- i)'i» has given m'c : ■■c.vf "" tisfc'i'ioitv jvyfrMlljee and licks, is la ■.W '.i'lr'iiuiv .'lite tl'se tfool ii-- g'o.oil- ■.'■;.'.?; K':« : mr"'*>'" r - :f * >& '^ ; '' u - & ?* ■ c ' w '"ii!' ; ™% :fii.y -otiiiir di;>'l TiTthe.rlo. ■'- ' ' '■ - :. ii-i'y Manny Gjcii; v;;':---',';MKU'iS v f).'::;.-^ ■ V"-_ ■■>-*, "" : I>i:Au.-Si :.;-.^-- : -V'.iM- % ij'ijVfaT'flie best ami ' ; iclieaiioVrii;iiV. : V'V lu'il, It do'cs i'ipt stain 6i;. J \?h : m;ilcu;r! : ;>iv-'o'jV.,i'rs ; uid Vsf.'-r.sii-,.ljkc' miriy' of : pius oivii. Be'aii'tifiil giosj, i.i;i:andUdiaiyi i'y.k all. lilfii, 'killiiig ; 'all insce.t kiasiiiig'in its c'i'edv /^ : o'-V'"' ■ ~ Ji».VNIKI. 'St-kkkx's. - Hi'laiais, Xoyfliibei-Uni, iSSS'; iiv Di'.i.Jia.s.giyeTi.inc satis.fa'c -i.) ii;;u it 'tlii>,y'c';ii-:- ... -. '■J'-;? rDKAii^ji:::7vti.iiiv DitMias.giye'n.inc satis.fac ; :ya:/tionf|niHi:.t ; :iid yi use it , tliiiytar l ... , ■■■"i : ; :. \'- v i'i i ]SSS'. SALVATORELEZZA, MANUFACTURING CONFECTIONER in Lambton Quay (next Evening Pro Office), and No. 18, Mannors-st., Wellington, MAKER of all kinds of Jellies, including Apple, Orange, Banana, Pineapple, etc. All kinds of New Zealand Candied Fruit. Syrups and Ice Creams of every description. All the above made on the Premises. French Dessert in every variety. FRUIT OF, ALL KINDS. Mr. Lezza having learnt his trade in the largest European centers, customers can be assured that his assortment is of the best and most varied quality. Mr. Lezza has won many medals, and great renown, at various Exhibitions. His exhibits at the exhibition now opened have O T E L, Mk/'(Oppoife: St. George's Hall) LAMBTON, M.D. PROPRIETOR; (F; Visitors-from the country can read the that there are people to be found shy goods superior, to look for their quality for their needs. CARSWELL, Proprietor; newly built Hotel situated in the city of St. Louis, and is replete with every accommodation for tourists and travelers. The mail coach arrives from Muster to St. Louis every Tuesday and Friday, returning the following days. The situation of the Hotel for a healthy spot could not be equalled, and it is sheltered from the winds by the low hills which surround it on all sides. B. BEOWN CO., "COMMISSION MERCHANTS, MINTERS, LAND, LOAN; fosteAScK and Commission Agents, Subsistence in British and Mercantile Insurance Company A-hii Murray Roberts & Co. Cash advanced, on wool, and Insurances effected at lowest current rates, from sheep's back to London. To lend in sums of £50 and upwards at lowest rates of interest, hold, sections, etc., for sale. - A splendid land, Pahiatua, partly grassed, has been well-fenced, ready for burning, tooling stock. "Grand Opportunity for investment or investment. Price and terms on application; acre land 2 chains frontage, Haiti Street, Paliata, Central situation. A chance to secure building site in this rapidly rising township. Small farm near Carterton to let on lease. House, and shop to lot in Pottery Street. ■; Full particulars on: application- to ■ 'it. BROWN & CO., -. OouiiciTOhamhers,. 20(13 Maßterton 3wm M liaclcaf, ti-NGINEEES, Surveyors, Valuators;. Jit Land and.Estate Agent's,.' Liceiiae.d ' Broker's under the "Laud-Transfer-Act/' ' .A list. of. town .and Country properties i for sale, can show window. Money lent at-lo.west.ciuTont.rates'.:,. Otlice's' : ; adjoining-Courthouse,. Miiiit'ertom,, '" ' '. .2148'" MASTERTON' AND CASTLEPOINT, ROYAL MAIL. waiiAßiicKiiiLap. TIjESIPviS ■hi inform up country J J settlers aitd the generiilpiiblii); 'that lie is-now [irejjiji'eJ to carry parcels, ;and passengers iii his 'sj.ie.c.iii , ily-b'iiilt:.,brako iipon- reasi-nable terMs, Parcels ivnct: ordc':-3 left at To'wiis'end-'and Cpiypiirs' saddlery esfablisluneiit will.be.carefully attended. t(v :■■' The .brake.will,leaveJfasV ■ terto'n Post Oflice every 'TPESDAXaivct FRIDAY jnol:mnra : at (j. : 3o.':p'clock- : ;tpr ' Tauerii, Tinui, and returh iiw tliofb 11 u\vinit'diiv: '■■-■,:,■■! 21t)2 '. ' i RE. cO.iviideiipyißComni'enciedasithe : , ££' .most'durable;andacciiratewiit'chea. | iji. -tliG aS u>y .Zi'aT;n.i<t. |. The-unscrupulous wliijtry.tb'.palrh bff ■ inferior- watc'lies bfeaviiig-Littlejoliii's'naru'e ■\ iirejfccjimmeiid'ed'to j. ]ohn v Mulligan,,-.tried, iirthe' Supreme !C.o.'.ift,-. Wellington,: before...-dohig 1 :so,; j N.o-ageiits-. ■ Address Queen street, Mas t'ei:toii, and: Lanibton Quay,- AYellingt'on,:. 121-5& ■ '■'-' ■ ■'""'"<?'■ MTEkofe iHraiilMHl: [,;,';,,;"-.QuEEs : sTKEETfMasterton, >■:■-.'-. 'fpiHßNKS:theih.liabitantsof Masterton District- fori-past favors, and .■be'g3!;to:..;in'timate--:that-hc has in stock,- ■.Wltoaiiivei''a ; vei'yiargo assortment of LADIES'.' GEMS, AND CHILDREN'S BOOTS AND'SHOES, .Of-'Tirst class quality,- and'by the best takers, lvhicli he will sell .'at TEN PER : CENT below the usual trade prices.- '■ A ■lntending:'purchasers will do well to call and inspect his stock, which is .by far the largest and best in the district. ■ -The whole of the stock is Perfectly Sound, ■:. : .\ .-'■; Remember:'' iffl^HH:iui:i;iiiui:iiii: H. PETERSON. XV, BROWN & " 0 0 Sub-Agents for North British and Mer I cantile Insurance Company. | And Murray, Roberta & Co. Cash advanced on wool and insurances bffooted at lowest current rates, from sheep's back to London. 21(A) T. 6 MASON, [Registered.] Phnnimceutical Chemist MEDICAL HALL, MASTERTON. )EGS to announce that he has JUST JL) RECEIVED a largo consignment of tho undermentioned Preparations for the Summer Season : PURE SOUTH SEA ISLAND LIME JUICE.-lhom tho Fruit. Purified by a new process, Fresh, bright, and palatable. ENO'S FRUIT SALT.-Th Genuine, direct from Manufactory. ZOEDONE,— Non-alcoholic Champagne. A delightful beverageforthe summer. LEMON SYRUP.-'EorßmnmQi'J)m)ks. Made from a private recipe of great ■ value. PURE ESSENCES.—. For Flavoring Confectionery, Jellies, &c. Lemon (extra strong), Almonds, Cloves, Pine Apple, Ratatiia, Cochineal, &c. NELSONS GELATINE, ISINGLASS, '■//.and. PURE CITRIC iCTD-For making Jellies, ■FSSENCE.OFRENNETi-For making '■''*■: Curds and Whey, Cream, Cheese, &c. •;;■ J.;'i;SALSALINE :.■ ./; i .i„__pa.cKETß — ln ■ ///THE GREAT FOOD PRESERVATIVE, T. G. MASON'S STOCK OF PATENT ;//////■ MEDICINES, ////Toilet requisites,' perfumery, &o. ■Will hoar comparison with any house in /////the; Wellington Provinco. : : ; ■;.;■/■ ~. /The/successivliich has hitherto attended' liis bflorts'is gveatiyduo to the'/////" /-/ ///pur/itY;OF the drugs//;./ /used/ih.his'dispensary which are selected: : % : hislAgeivt':from, the leading -London; : /and ContinentalHoubcb. ' /E/ : H|M(BOPATHIO: ; Quinine' v an.d.^ ■ ; '' , ■/of Meat;.-/./'■'/'.// '/ ■/:/ : '■■ / ;../ /' iiARM'^SORTMENT^F, 7 ;' ' IpLSOj' ■ ||oiT£ (J><\ '■"l'' ■-GEMMATED-/:.:.-;../; .Fur®. Bloriaed:*Te ; as.. /''HA:yEJO' : : "."'f REGISTERED/ ' TitAciv MiitK/ ■". : ■ R'AVE/Be/e/n AWARD'EcD,. , ■; GOLD WD A S]WER : MEDALS:: / ■■.Ghristpjiufeji, Duhedin,-Wcllmgton /and '. ''../'. ■ ' Auckland/; /..' ■;/■/ La'rgeiy,soid,iri.Masterf;on:by ; G.. DUN-; ■QAN *V : SGKS,' : : raa:J; ~W;: TEMBLEf ■grocer,: atprices pfeciß/oly.tho; .airie]as.:at'..hea(! festablishinohta;... : :..' 2177. ~:Y;:/^i?fi;S;PiS2KK''.s;':,-,.'.' :. PRIVATE:DJ3i)!!nsai ; y,' Palmerstpn'Bujidings,: • ',' v. Fobtlpf r Queen-stre_et,:;jiueklarid; '.'Estab-. Jishcd/fbr. >H'e'- Soieiitiiic- aiid .Speedy'i.-GureVof '•'■'Ghr6nib^.Nbryoua-*hd'-'SpemV:Diseaseß;.' : '.Dr.? .Specrns/aKe^ilarferaiUmted-P ■ ied;at ; Harynr(l!ppllegei7lliS/. lie/'lias devoted .:ft:li[otiiiiel't6,.aii(lis' /acknowledged/tp"/be;;tho. most expert'TJiysicinir'ii'riliis ; ■Uhlted-.Sfntes; /'Young m'en/antt/middle-aged : men,.:Wli'oi suffer, from Nervous/and .'Physical ] Debility, LpsViif EuergyaMMcniory^Eruptiohß of.tlio Face;; ;J lerital: ■ D.epreaaioir, /Kid riey ;■. find ' b... .fiiiti,. Salt - paralysis, Fits) ./Spiral ' 'Djacaaei. '..St Vitus' Dance,,: LiT.cr/Cpmplainj,, /. Asthma; .Uatari'iif.ileaii'Dise ;. '&c/aii'd'are'tired' of takiivjiiiincral. drugs,... will : :'do wcll'to ..'cpm.e.mid'ti'.y. the method, of : c.iire'i,Rß it-yjll/if/pro^ .of-'tlieiif/BnfferingsVaiid.'-re6.tbrc./tlieni: to .health/ ': Pe:Doetpi'' : u'scs 110/ iinineral/prcparatioiis':;; liis : treatment consists wholly ■inilio uso'.dfyegetable ..remedies,. Sliyiy^ari l ■jEricyf-wh'o^-liaVc.'liiiiplantptj ■ : iii "their system,by im jm bperuse of■ bal'orh el, SQecl 8 ■ whicli prbduqc iih- aiii.iuKlcroi>:qf .disjease.;. To " ■:BUchihc('wo^M;-\ay,r'.:MLi^.-: i aii4 : -i)c healed-. It ■ mattersn'otwhatyi)urtroubles may 1 be; come ; .-fthdlbt'thePpctoi/.examinb:your case,.;:,,.lf it is \ curable'lie/will'te!! : yoii:-s6( if jib .will 'telliy.b/u'thafc'/;-. for : lie;wini\ot.uiiilert'akc'a case ; : /unlc.ssluf : .iscohfiijbiit.:of 'ofFectiiig -a'cu're. ■ ■ It .. 'Willvcost ypii. .no.tliing s ;fior pleiiae ; callaridsntis/fyyoiirselvesih.itthel)pctbr ; iin'dor- Vstands ydurcasev : Di: S;;ciircs.:Humoiira and //'Diseases/of tho /Blood/.To/ladies/who arc " aßlicted' i -by.--Bny::bf/thte'r! fpllp.iying/icpmplaihtai': .' ■ : weak/backs/ nehydiis aiid'/sick lieadschesj/con ■. JOHN DUTHiJi & CO. IRONMONGERS AND IROA j MERCHANTS. Importers OP BUILDERS' IRONMONGERY. Galvanise Gorruqated Iron Sheet lend Shoet Zinc Portland Cement Roofing Felt Wire Nails Ewbank's Nails Pat, nfc Wrought Steel English and American Looks Brass Foundry Drawing, Dining, and Bedroom Grates Ranges and Cooking Stoves Marblo Manltcpieces Tile Hearths FURNISHING IRONMONGERY. Half-tester, French, and Stump Beds Table and Dessert Cutlery Electro and British Plato, .. Fenders and Fire-iorns Tinned and Enamelled Holloware Lamps and Chandeliers AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS McCormick'B Reapers and String Binders Samuelson's Reapers and String Binders Samuolson's Combined Reapers & Mowers Zig-zag Harrows Chaff Cuttor Spades, Shovels, Rakes, Forks, Scythes, Sheep Shears, Hoes ■iv ; - ■ FENCING WIRE/ ; ■ Three-Crown Annealed Fencing Wire English 4-barb-Galvanised Wire Galvanised Netting, \m to2in mesh .:51-PAINTS.AND;OILS. ■:■■■. Champion's Genuino White Lead Kehdrick's Genuine and Best Paints ■ Dry-Colors>';>/|- : V' .;■. Mixed Paints '.Copal,' Oak,- arid Coach.Yarnishcs v; ;-Linseedj ; Colza,-; Castor,; Lard and ■? ■ ; -MiohiheryjOUsV\'V'-;'ir:;'.!;*v>iK"\:.i;: : »\-.'.'''. SAW MILL i : CONTRACTORS'; ;■;;,.. ;v^;r|w^; : -vw-^Q iCircjilar Sawßi'fo.sft;Gih; v';\ YerticaiCross-CutVan'd'Pit'Saws;(;: 'J};- %lcanisedißeltirig','".: ■■"■■■ leather Belting .'.; v ;Tested.S.L,Chain birth's andLockwobd-s-SawiFUes:.:..- -*■ ''■': v Hickory; and :Ash^ob(lware ; :' „■• yi.. ; : '■' teb'acli and. Buggy Springs '".',".'■'■ ;.:.i'\ DrayjGpacJiV'aivd.Buggy.".ixl.etf: ■'■■';- ? Transfer? Ornament's/Malleable. Castings:'';, Mprpcpo-^iid ■. ■ ■'.:■,'■■';■'?: OarriiigoOlpttif//'./ '■ ■ ,Gamage''Lamps'. ?,mp 'a§); ;^ipii(f, ;i 'PiaiMond-Grafre;' aHcl-Alliaiice 'Giin'powder': :Blaßtirig.'Powdery.,:: .'. Safety Fuse? Gflrtri'dgawri^Qaps''.•.■/'.'., '■■'■'';:■',.■' SpprtingGunianißiflfes' ? JOlMDUTfift&te 50 ; and:s2: W HyLIS^S:M;IfT, : WELLINGTON;. : Entrance, to Iwii WafehoUsi'srom:TeAfc. EkldimPLaid'"'/ ':?■■;■?/ ■../.?, ..;;:y..2iir .:"■ WAIRMiAEA ARCM)S^.; ■ - : , •('ia<ft ,^a/ia»V./$/'i?ww^l * l -"-?-"■'-'. : ? : - GKOOERSiIRONMONGEKS,; fcrRQYISION. : '--C:{ ■■'■".; , .iDEALERSi? :^.v:;:-.:-;, .V:.;.. .^MS'S-'SS-B'BJ'vV?-:':^}?.*--':-;!?:-,: 1 ■.,',..'.. ; ; "■: ; : G';aA;ss;??sM:; Queen-simis. .?.'.w. : ,\ ~;>.;.; .'£'.';■. M dsttHon. :0 'fi..;& i SQN;aro'CashjEurohaßet^f. ■ : jaM;and,.te ■';■ MOTEL;;?^;^;;;;;; QnEEN,:STREETJM'sTERT6K;' ■■?" /jjlOR. tKe-cphyenience-of v ':J1 ; ;' iConSinorciai;; : -Room' '"'and■,fatKerS,. ; SECjONJ)/ BAR: Kas been' opened in.' th j ■ibbve/Hotel-.';.?«.. /?■ v ■ ■'■■■'..•-'.'..' ' The Biijiard/ißpbin 'attached4as: ;. ow -been renovated'andstWd-witiiori6:'6f:V. ■;. jilcock^s-iD^st.'lEatoi^is;/' A well-aupplied tabled and.;eYery-comfort ' ''/fpr'trayelle'M,}^e.': s --V''::-'v-.'- 'Wines, Bfeera, .aiid -.'Spirit'' ■ tlifijbest : tQ:OTAtIb^IIQMERg.. H -\ ,;l| iiiicKoa J? ■":' by • J inchiHpr i J.inches by s : rl6.inch~; ypufotS liiijr /..length;' and'/punche&tb,.: any , guagoi -PricOifor'quantititeSjidQ guineas :; pertqn.r;.v , ;' : ...;■.. Speedy, late at the forefront, the public's patronage with which we are proud to make our store a place of business. We are proud to offer our customers with the best quality of goods at competitive prices. We are proud to offer our customers with the best selection of quality clothing, including suits, overcoats, and more. We understand the importance of quality and strive to provide our customers with the best possible service. Our store is open from Monday to Saturday, and we are committed to providing our customers with the best possible service. Whether you're looking for a new suit, a stylish suit, or a stylish dress, we have something for everyone. In addition to our regular stock of men's and women's clothing, we also offer a wide range of other goods including clothing, footwear, and accessories. Our selection includes both men's and women's clothing, ensuring that you can find the perfect outfit for your needs. We understand the importance of quality and strive to provide our customers with the best possible service. Our commitment to excellence extends to every aspect of our business, and we are committed to providing our customers with the best possible service. So why wait? Visit us today and let us help you find the perfect suit for your needs. With our wide selection of men's and women's clothing, competitive prices, and competitive prices, you're sure to find the perfect suit for your needs. But the very best of talent, combined with a lengthy experience in the trade. SUGARESON & Co. Prize Medallists, 14th STREET, WASHINGTON, D.C. (Late Edward Jones), LICENSED GENERAL CARRIER, conveyed to all parts of the "Borough and surrounding district at lowest current rates. Orders left with Mr. E. Jones will receive prompt attention. STEAM SAW MILL, SASH AND DOOR FACTORY, PLANING AND MOULDING MILL. "A DOUGLING RAILWAY STATION, A GREYTOWN N. 62 WALTER HILL, METAL BROKER AND COMMISSION AGENT. STOCKS kept of Wheelwrights' and Coachbuilders' Materials, and Cabinetmakers' Requisites, BRANDON-STREET. W. CATT, HIOH-SIBEET; CARTERTON. AS now received a fine selection of Confectionery of every description. He has also been appointed agent to the well-known Herbalist, W. Ayra, and keeps a stock of these celebrated remedies ALWAYS ON HAND. FANCY GOODS Comprising the newest novelties can be obtained at his establishment. Agent for the Wairarapa Daily. MEDICAL HERBALIST. Taranah St., Wellington, MAY be consulted either personally or by letter on any DISEASE. No persons should consider their case hopeless until they have written to me for ADVICE, which will be given. FREE by enclosing stamp for reply. Wholesale agent for Professor Brown's Herbal Remedies. Hop Bitters 1/U per bottle. 2153 OXFORD HOUSE. QUEEN-STREET MASTERTON. FIRST-CLASS Accommodation is offered in this commodious house. BATH, and EVERY COMFORTABLE ROOM FOR FAMILIES. 2240 SADDLER & HARNESS-MAKER, QUEEN-STREET, MASTERTON. HAS pleasure in announcing the receipt of his November shipment of "Rimutaka," Special attention is directed to the following lines: Best English Hunting Saddles, Ladies' Saddles in great variety, Sterling Silver mounted jockey whips in various new designs, Ladies' Hunting whips, highly finished and very chaste patterns, Nickel Silver Goods comprising ladies and gents' bits, pelhams, snaffles, etc., stirrups and spurs in every variety of shape. Buggy furniture, solid nickel and plated German Silver. In bridles, a large stock has been imported, which are worthy of inspection. Also, a lot of jobbing material of the very best quality. A few suits of horse clothing which will be sold very cheap. 2153 JAMES ELLIOTT, JAMES THOMPSON. MANUFACTURER OF CRATED WATERS AND CORDIALS. Quarry Streets, Mastleton. TARATA HOTEL M. HODGINS, (late T. Ray) Proprietor. THE above first-class Hotel offers special accommodation to travelers, being furnished with the best of everything. Convenient Stables and loose boxes, and Sixteen good grass paddocks. Special convenience for horses traveling the season; Wines, Spirits, and Malt. Liquors of the finest brands only kept. G. S. W. OALRYMPLE [FINANCIAL, insurance and STATION AGENT. PERKY-Strekt, Masterton Auctioneer:—The Standard Insurance Company of New Zealand; Fire, Marine and Fidelity Guarantee; North; Burials Draining Pipes; Mutual Life Association of Australasia; West's: Colonial Barbed Fencing Wire and Patent Barbing Machine, PROPERTY LIST. Opaki, 1877, arable land BG3.'469 Chapel-Street, 33 ft x 2 chains 150 M 72 Opaki, 100 acres 650.473 Opaki, 400 acres, large house 3000.478 Opaki, 400 acres, good house 600 1.479 Bannister-Street, 7 roomed house h', and garden 425 Taratahi, 100 acres mill timber to 491 Opaki, (8 acres, good house 750 493 Carterton, 31 acres 210 495 Albert-street, 6 roomed house 250 '5Ol Home Bush, two houses and 10 acres 800 502 Taratahi, arable farm of 100 acres, 6-roomed house 1000 503 Eketaliuna, 50 acres, easy terms 200 504 Hotel to let, £5 per week 505 Be 'tley's estate, 4-roomed house, 2 acres 185 50G Koi larauga, 530 acres, 200 acres felled and in grass 1900 511 Tauer 2740 acres, 2000 sheep, 40 cattle 6,850 513 Cole-si, 4-roomed house and section 275 514 Featherston, 1013 acres, large house 5,500 514 a Queen-st., shop, easy terms 350 BID Upper Plain, large house and 24 acres arable land 1100 516 Opaki, large house and 939 acres arable land and stock 5000 List of other properties not authorized to be advertised can be seen on 2007 application PREMIER BOOT MART. WILLIS-STREET, WELLINGTON, (Next Empire Hotel. NOW OPENING, Ex Tainui, 179 PACKAGES, Comprising all the Latest Novelties in Ladies', Gents' and Children's BOOTS, SHOES, SLIPPERS, &c, &c. OUR stock of Colonial Boots is Also very large, and as we own one of the largest and most complete Boot Factories in New Zealand, we are enabled to supply all descriptions at lowest possible prices. A trial respectfully requested. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED. M. O'BRIEN & CO., Wholesale Boot Manufacturers and Importers, Christchurch—Proprietors. SEEDSMEN.-SW Ewdopetm be obtained at" Daily" Office. ENGLISH AND AMERICAN Tab ah aki-Steet Wellington. GT UKE has commenced business, and is now prepared to execute orders for Landaus, Broughams, Phretons, Waggons, Buggies, Dog Carts, Expresses, Light and Heavy Traps, Drays, Waggons, etc., etc., etc., G. L, hopes by paying strict attention to business and moderate charges to merit a fair share of patronage. Special attention will be paid to iron-carriages and springs. All kinds of Coach Iron Work supplied to the trade. Repairs, Paintings, and Trimming done on the shortest notice. Only the best material used, and all work guaranteed. Estimates given for all kinds of work, 2230 MASTERTON ST. THE TELEGRAPH LINE OF COACHES will resume running on TUESDAY NEXT, September 29th, leaving the Prince of Wales Stables, Masterton, every Tuesday and Friday at 1 a.m., calling at Tauru, Tinui, and Castlepoint, and making the return journey on the following days. WM. NEILL, Proprietor. THOS. C. D'ARC, TENT AND COVER DEPOT, (Opposite Denison House). QUEEN-STREET, MASTERTON. "TAVING opened the above premises is now prepared to supply Tents of all kinds, Horse, Cart, Waggon and Rick Covers, and Oiled Clothing of all descriptions. Orders promptly executed at the lowest rates from Material of the best quality. COBB & CO.'S TELEGRAPH LINE OF HO* AL MAIL COACHES. The coaches leave the booking office EVERYDAY at 12:45 p.m. for Woodville Tahorito (for Napier,) and Palmerston, returning from Tahorito every day on arrival of the first train from Napier. JAMES MAOARA, Proprietor. THOMAS JAGO, CABINETMAKER & FURNITURE DEALER, MASTERTON, HAS a large stock of Linoleums from $3 per yard, Oilcloths 12 yards wide from 2s 4d per square yard, also a splendid lot of MATS, RUGS, and CARPETS, superior quality, at a Great Reduction, ALL, NEW GOODS. A good chance to renew for Xmas at a small outlay. 2159 Carterton Furniture Factory. CABINET-MAKERS, HIGH-ST., CARTERTON. We take this opportunity of thanking our numerous customers for past Favors, and invites an inspection of the Large Stock of FURNITURE & CABINETWARE with which we have opened our new promises. In Iron and Brass Bedsteads we have imported a choice assortment, consisting of 28 of all the newest designs —Arabians, half-testers, single and double. In Chairs we have Seven varieties to choose from. Drawing-room and Bedroom Suites in any style, Floorcloths, Linoleum, Carpets, Sewing Machines, Picture Frames, &c, WALTER PERRY, GENERAL BUTCHER, BRIDGE-ST., MASTERTON MASTERTON STEAM SASH AND DOOR FACTORY, PLANING & MOULDING MILL, WILLIAMS & BARKER, (Late E. Toojutii.) ALL kinds of Dressed Timber, Mouldings, Rusticating, Sashes, Doors, and Floorings, and a good stock of seasoned timber kept on hand, suitable for office fittings, &c. Repairs of all kinds executed with neatness and despatch. Up country orders promptly attended to. W. & B. return their sincere thanks to their numerous customers for past favors, and solicit a continuance of the same. From their long experience in all classes of work, they can confidently guarantee the satisfactory execution of all orders entrusted to them, WILLIAMS & BARKER, BUILDERS AND CONTRACTORS, Estimates Given for General Repairs and Buildings of any description. 206 GEO. REMINGTON, NO. 36 CUBA-ST., WELLINGTON. IN thanking his customers for past favors, begs to inform them and the public that he has made extensive additions to his business premises, and is thereby enabled to carry on his business with promptness, and on a more extensive scale. Importer and Manufacturer of baths (plunge, shower and spray), sinks, pumps, lead and iron piping, chimney pots, ventilators, etc. Estimates given and workmen sent to any part of the country. REMINGTON, Plumber, Gasfitter and Bellhangers, 36, CUBA-STREET, 2243 TQTHEMERCANTILE COMPANY. NEW CITY RESTAURANT. WANTED, 50 persons to do at the City Restaurant and Luncheon Rooms, opposite Barrett's Hotel, today. All meals 9d, Select supper rooms open till 11:30 p.m. A. HAMMOND, 2226 Proprietor, CARTERTON BAKERY. IMPORTANT NOTICE. ON and after this date Bread will be supplied at 6d the 41b Loaf, No extra charge for Booking, 2158 A. L. WHYTE. CLOCKS, and JEWELLERY. AND SAVE 60 PER CENT. COME and see the prices and best tonislied. ROTHERHAM'S JUSTLY CELEBRATED ENGLISH LEVERS d 84:45&*4105.: Clocks from 3s 6d; Lever Clocks, 6s; Alarums 7s 6d. Everything: Cheap, Everything Genuine. PRESSWOOD, 2178 Masterfai, I TILLIAM SELLAK. AGENT FOR New Zealand Fire and Marine Insurance Company. New Zealand Fire Insurance Company Certificates of Accountant in Bankruptcy. TEMPLE CHAMBERS, MASTER TON. EWINGTON & SON. BLACKSMITHS, FARRIERS, AND WHEELWRIGHTS. Opposite Oxford House, Queen-street, Manchester. All kinds of vehicles and agricultural implements made and repaired with neatness and despatch on reasonable terms. MR. EWINGTON has had nine years experience with Mr. Farquhar Gray and Mr. J. Ross, and, having obtained the assistance of a first-class smith, he can guarantee that all work executed on his premises will give satisfaction. Farmers, carriers, and others will find it to their advantage to give the new smithy a trial. Horses Shod. Lumber (hit. 2165 mmmi THE CHEAPEST & MOST EFFECTIVE. BARRAUD & SON, Agents, Wellington. Liberal Discount to Storekeepers. FRUITER, (Opposite Ban March, BEGS to tender to his numerous customers and the public generally, the compliments of the season, Local and Foreign Season Fruit. A large supply on hand, which will be sold at prices to suit everyone, Fresh Fruit Received Daily. 2174 JONES & ASH'DOWN. OF THE EAGLE TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT (Opposite Barrett's Hotel) A HE STILL MAKING THEIR AUCTION OF MADE-UP SUITS and CLOTH, which for value, style, and fit, cannot be equalled. As showing the popularity of this firm, it is only necessary to mention that the business has increased one hundred percent during the last twelve months, which has only been done by giving their customers better value, fit, and workmanship, than formerly. Their cutting department is under the control of experienced hands, and their own personal supervision is given to all branches of the trade, thus ensuring to their patrons exceptional advantages. They have opened up their magnificent stock of Summer goods of English, Scotch, and Colonial manufacture, from the most celebrated makers. Special attention is called to the season's Colonial Tweeds, which have been bought at exceptional prices for Cash, Patterns and directions for self-measurement sent post free. JONES & ASH'DOWN, WELLINGTON. JOHN MONTGOMERY BUILDER AND CONTRACTOR, Mastemon, Estimates Given, Jobbing done, Repairs executed. Snaffle, Pelham, and Weymouth bridles; breastplates; stir-spreads; stir-spreads; ladies' and gent's hunting, jockey, and twig's whips; dray, spring cart, and buggy whips; kangaroo thongs; thick felt for Baddle cloths; harness blacking, back oil, and saddle soap. Also a good line in jute horse covers very cheap. Received a large consignment of Kangaroo skins for long. The above goods are very superior in style and quality, whilst the prices will compare favorably with any other house in the trade. Repairs neatly executed and done with the best material. All country orders promptly attended to. Note the address— Town send & Cowper, Saddle, Harness, and Collar Makers, Queen-Street, Masterton, 2241 RAPER'S THREADS CHEAP!! "BAILY OFFICE" Pahatua, and interme diato places, Orders and goods left with Mr. Job Vile, Hall street, will be forwarded with dispatch. J.-E. POTTER, - BOOT AND SHOE MANUFACTURING (Late New Zealand Leather Co.' Lamiitoh Quay Wellington (Opposite Government Buildings.) AS a Manufacturer, J.E.P. is enabled to offer to the Public considerable advantages as to value and quality. Special attention is called to the goods of our own manufacture, which were awarded Three Prizes at the Industrial Exhibition. Every description of boots and shoes made to order. Country orders promptly executed. Price lists on application. THE WELLINGTON Sheet Iron and Patent Automatic 08 Chilled and Lead and Composition Headed Nails MANUFACTURING CO., 5 above Company are prepared to offer kinds of Plumbing, Gasfitting, Water work at moderate charges. Bells fitted and repaired upon an improved principle. Baths, Tanks, Portable Boilers of all descriptions made on the premises. Try our improved Boiler Frame, Smoky Chimneys and Leaky Roofs cured. No cure, no pay. Just you try us! Sole Patentees and Manufacturers of the Patent Lead and Composition Headed Nails, with Washers for roofing. ANS, Queen-street Masterton, AND AT Lambton Quay, Wellington, RESPECTFULLY invite inspection of their large and well-assorted stock of NEW GOODS in all departments. OUR SIX GUINEA SILVER HUNTING, ENGLISH LEVER WATCH is specially commended for its excellence and cheapness, being in no respect inferior to Watches usually sold for £B. Each Watch is accompanied by a GUARANTEE for TWO YEARS. Securely packed and sent by Registered Post to ANY PART OF THE COLONY on receipt of P. O. O. or Cheque. SPECTACLES and EYEGLASSES fitted to any sight. All work guaranteed. Careful Attention. GEO. HASKELL PAINTER, PAPERHANGER, & GENERAL HOUSE Decorator, Queen Street Masterton A SPLENDID assortment of DINING AND DRAWING ROOM WALL PAPERS with Dadoes and Frieze to match. All kinds of Dry Colors and ready-made paint. A large stock of SHEET GLASS, 16, 21, and OUNCE up to 60 by 40 in size. Workman sent to any part of the city. Good 10 h.p.
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No member of the English opposition proceeds on the as- sumption that the authorship and the responsibility of the war rest with the English Cabinet. The left Socialist group of the Independent Labour Party holds the English Government responsible for the war in the wider sense in which their own Government is held responsible by every left socialist group in the belligerent countries, and to which expression was given in the Conference of left socialist delegates of belligerent and neutral countries, held in September, 19 15, at Zimmerwald, in Switzerland. The view there enounced was that the imperial- istic policy of government pursued by all the Great Powers of Europe had prepared the soil from which in the end this carnage of the nations was bound to spring. 1 It is in this sense, which is equally applicable to all countries, that the Socialist opposition in England considers the English Govern- 1 The Error of Zimmerwald-Kiental, which Grumbach has indicated in his convincing pamphlet under the above title, and which I have made the subject of my pamphlet, The Salient Point by Germanicus, consists in the fact that the emphasis is exclusively laid on the fostering soil out of which war has arisen, whereas the immediate responsibility for the war, the war-bacillus is completely ignored. In emphasising merely the causa sine qua non, the causa eiUciens is forgotten. The result, unintentionally, is to arrive at an exculpation and exoneration of the true criminals, the rulers and governments of Germany and Austria, and in effect to act in concert with the Imperialists and the Social Imperialists. GREY'S CONVERSATION 203 ment responsible. So far as the more immediate and proxi- mate causes of the war are concerned, there is, however, scarcely any one in England who fails to emphasise and eulo- gise the indefatigable efforts made by British statesmen in the cause of peace in the critical days from July 23rd to the beginning of August. Even the keenest opponents recognise Grey's efforts for peace, and in an equal measure the necessity of the declaration of war against Germany when Belgian neu- trality had been violated. Even so violent a critic of English policy in the last fifteen years as E. D. Morel, expresses the view that "on the inevitableness of an Anglo-German war arising out of a German invasion in 1914 of Belgian territory I imagine there can be no difference of opinion in this coun- try" {New Statesman, February 13th, 1915). Nevertheless there are voices, even in England, which re- proach the English Government because, when their efforts for peace failed, they decided to take part in the war, instead of remaining neutral. The opposition thus expressed to Eng- land's participation in the war is, of course, fundamentally dis- tinct from the assertion of the German Government and their defenders that the guilt of the war rests on England. The the- sis of the English opponents of the war may in essential mat- ters be summarised as follows : "Like all the other Great Pow- ers, you have contributed to the accumulation of the combusti- ble material in Europe by the imperialistic policy of expansion which you have pursued. You have honestly and sincerely endeavoured to prevent the outbreak of the war itself. Never- theless, when it did break out, notwithstanding your exertions, England's interests demanded that you should stand aside rather than intervene in the war." Why is it suggested that they should have stood aside? Because — so runs the argument of the English opponents of the war — Note 123 proves that Germany had offered you ev- erything that could reasonably be required from the English point of view ; there was a promise not to violate Belgian neu- trality ; there was a guarantee of France and of her colonies. Further, the German Ambassador himself pressed the English Secretary of State to formulate the conditions on which Eng- 204 THE CRIME i land would be prepared to remain neutral; but Sir Edward Grey definitely declined to give any promise of neutrality and declared that he must keep his hands free. Such is the accusation of that section of the English opposi- tion which finds even in the violation of Belgian neutrality no sufficient ground for England's participation in the war; such is the accusation which rests on No. 123 of the Blue Book, and which is advanced on the same foundation in German apologetic literature and especially by Herr Dr. HelfTerich. Inevitably, in the course of his argument Dr. HelfTerich at the same time seizes the opportunity of tracing Grey's refusal of any promise of neutrality to an alleged undertaking given to France which, as I have shown elsewhere, was in reality non- existent. The Meaning and Significance of No. 123 of the Blue Book Both these attacks on the English Secretary of State, the English as well as the German, break down as soon as one examines the fateful No. 123 in the light of the other diplo- matic documents, and in particular of those published in the recent German White Book (pages 46 to 49). Such an ex- amination shows the complete correctness of the assertion of Grey and his defenders, that No. 123 does not, in fact, con- tain any offers made by the German Ambassador of a more or less binding character, but merely certain hypotheses and personal views which the Ambassador uttered in conversation, and which neither invited nor required any formal reply. It must be admitted that the telegram sent to Goschen, which, nevertheless, was published by Grey himself, may give rise to all manner of misunderstandings to Grey's disadvantage. It is all the more deserving of recognition that, notwithstand- ing this, he has published the telegram which has furnished his opponents within and without England with so copious ma- terial for attack, instead of simply omitting it, as diplomatists of other countries have done in the case of all inconvenient documents. The publication of the telegram thus evinces a GREY'S CONVERSATION 205 degree of objectivity and sincerity on the part of English di- plomacy which is not to be found on the other side, and thereby confers a measure of credibility on their other publications which defies all the assaults of Helfferich and his tribe. Respect of Belgian Neutrality? What, then, is the meaning and significance of No. 123? So far as the first paragraph is concerned the contents of the despatch are entirely clear and unambiguous. This first paragraph corresponds to the despatch sent to Berlin at 5.30 p.m. on August 1st by Prince Lichnowsky (New German White Book, page 48) and contains in the form of a memoran- dum the reply of the English Government to the declaration made by Jagow with reference to the respect, or rather the non-respect, of Belgian neutrality (Blue Book, No. 122). The English Government expresses their great regret at Jagow's evasive answer, because the neutrality of Belgium "affects feeling in England." If Germany could see her way to giving the same positive answer as had been given by France, it would materially contribute to relieve anxiety and tension in England. On the other hand, if there were a vio- lation of the neutrality of Belgium by one combatant, while the other respected it, it would be extremely difficult to restrain public feeling in England. While the first paragraph of the Note presents no difficul- ties, these begin at once with the second paragraph, which runs: "He (Lichnowsky) asked me whether, if Germany gave a promise not to violate Belgian neutrality, we would engage to remain neutral." The third paragraph contains Grey's answer to this ques- tion on the part of Lichnowsky: "I replied that I could not say that; our hands were still free, and we were considering what our attitude should be. All I could say was that our attitude would 208 THE CRIME be determined largely by public opinion here, and that the neutrality of Belgium would appeal very strongly to public opinion here. I did not think that we could give a promise of neutrality on that condition alone." That we are here dealing not with a real offer by the Ger- man Government, but with what I might call a theoretical hypothesis put forward by Lichnowsky, is clear from all the diplomatic documents and also from the military situation. Neither before nor after August ist, the day of the conver- sation between Grey and Lichnowsky, did Germany at any time ever give a pledge that she would not violate the neutral- ity of Belgium, that is to say, that she would desist from marching through Belgium. From the conversation between Bethmann and Goschen on July 29th (Blue Book, No. 85) down to Jagow's despatch to Lichnowsky of August 4th (Blue Book, No. 157) the German Government had only given evasive or, in the end, directly negative answers to the question whether Germany would respect Belgian neutrality. The answer was evasive as given on July 29th by Bethmann ; evasive as given on July 31st by Jagow (Blue Book, No. 122) ; directly negative as given on August 4th by Jagow (Blue Book, No. 157 and 160). The necessity of marching through Belgium was explained by the German Government by refer- ence to the similar intentions entertained by France, the exist- ence of which, however, was never proved, and by the urgency of anticipating a French invasion (see the Chancellor's speech ■of August 4th; Blue Book, No. 157; Grey Book, I, No. 20) ; this passage through Belgium was, however, never renounced, and could not be renounced by Germany, since the strategical plans prepared years in advance had rested on forcing such a passage through Belgium. To march through Belgium was, however, tantamount to the violation of Belgian neutrality, as Herr von Bethmann himself admitted in his speech in the Reichstag, and as is incontrovertible from the standpoint of international law. The day on which this conversation took place, August ist, was the day of the expiration of the two ultimata, of the general mobilisation in France and Germany, GREY'S CONVERSATION 207 of the declaration of war against Russia, it was the day before the entry of German troops into Luxemburg; how was it that on that day, when it was no longer possible to stave off the European war, Prince Lichnowsky should suddenly be in a position to promise something which was never promised be- fore or afterwards, and which it was impossible to promise, having regard to the diplomatic and military situation ? What he could do was to promise that the neutrality of Belgium would be respected if no war between France and Germany broke out; but if war should break out, the promise was im- possible, pointless, and impracticable. It was a theoretical hypothesis and not a practical proposal, and therefore it need occasion no surprise that Sir Edward Grey declined to make any definite statement as to the obligations he would under- take on the ground of this hypothetical assumption on the part of Lichnowsky. He naturally restricted himself to the observation that the action of the English Government would to a large extent be determined by public opinion, and that this, again, would be very materially affected by the respect or the violation of Belgian neutrality. He then considered further Lichnowsky's hypothesis, which, speaking for himself, he considered insufficient to ob- tain from England a promise of neutrality. He was here obviously making reference to the more extensive interests of England, which, as the English Government had constantly emphasised, prevented Great Britain from being an indifferent spectator while France was being crushed — which might take place quite apart from loss of territory — and while the Euro- pean balance of power was thereby upset, and a position of hegemony assumed by Germany. In a world-wide conflagra- tion such as at that moment threatened to break out, England, like every other European Power, was called upon not merely to fulfil her treaty obligations towards a small neutral state, but also to safeguard her own interests as a Great Power ; and with regard to the nature or the extent of these interests, she was under no obligation to give an account to anyone but her- self. As, on the one side, the German craving for "World Power" led to the European War, as a result of which pan- 208 THE CRIME Germanism hjped in the first place to acquire the leading posi- tion on the Continent and thereafter to reach a final reckoning with England the former world-power, so, on the other side, the interest of Great Britain operated in the contrary direction, and called for the conservation of the European balance, the maintenance of the equilibrium of forces on the Continent, and as a result the continuance of the position acquired by Eng- land in a development extending over centuries. This is the idea, incontrovertible from the English point of view, at which Grey hints when in his conversation of August ist he declined to enter into any compact with regard to Eng- lish neutrality, as he had previously done in his celebrated despatch of July 30th (Blue Book, No. 101) and in all the previous Anglo-German negotiations. England had only one interest, the preservation of the peace of Europe. If this interest were thwarted by the bellicose attitude assumed by Germany and Austria, and if war should in fact ensue, a con- sideration of English interests would be the exclusive factor in deciding the question of England's participation in the war, and no regard would be had to Germany's desire, dictated by Germany's own interests, for English neutrality. If Herr Helfferich chooses to depict England's resolution to keep her hands free in the event of a war as having been a consequence of an agreement made with France, nothing can, of course, prevent him from adhering to his arbitrary inference. That it is arbitrary and in contradiction to all the proved facts of the case, I have, however, as I believe, proved beyond all doubt in the preceding inquiry into No. 87 of the Blue Book, which according to Helfferich's assertion, is supposed to con- stitute a pledge undertaken by England as early as July 29th. This assertion is refuted by countless proved indisputable facts to which I need not return here. One of these is the fact that it was not until August 2nd that Grey's first promise of help was handed to the French Ambassador (Blue Book, No. 148), and that even this promise was restricted to support by the fleet, and was conditional on certain German naval op- erations. How can Herr Helfferich be so hardy as to assert that Grey's statements to Lichnowsky on August ist were the GREY'S CONVERSATION 209 consequence of an English undertaking given to France ("England is already bound to France"), when it was not until the following day that the first binding act took place, an act, moreover, that was contingent merely, being dependent on Germany's proceedings at sea? But however Herr Helfferich may explain Grey's behaviour towards Lichnowsky, it remains a fact that Grey declined on August i st to give a promise of English neutrality on the strength of Lichnowsky's purely theoretical, and in practice unfeasible, hypothesis that Belgian neutrality would be re- spected. ****** If Lichnowsky had, in fact, offered that Belgian neutrality should be respected in the widest sense — that is that Germany would disclaim a passage through that country — a promise he was neither willing nor able to give — he would in doing so at once have placed himself in opposition to all the other state- ments made by German statesmen. If Germany could have waived the passage through Belgium, the request that her neu- trality should be respected would not have been decisively rejected by Bethmann on July 29th, and by Jagow on August 14th, in the morning in his despatch to Lichnowsky and in the evening in conversation with Goschen. If the renunciation of the passage through Belgium had been seriously offered as the price of English neutrality, Herr von Bethmann in his speech of August 4th would not have confined himself to the assurance "that we will not violate the territorial integrity and independence of Belgium." He would certainly not have passed over in silence the fact, so incriminating to England, that Germany was indeed prepared to renounce the passage through Belgium, if England would but remain neutral. Herr Dr. Helfferich also would not have contented himself (page 40) with representing "the integrity of Belgium" as the price, apart from other concessions, which had been offered for Eng- lish neutrality, if, in fact, the price had been a much higher one, namely, the unconditional observation of Belgian neu- trality, that is to say, the renunciation of a passage through the country. This renunciation was never at any time offered 210 THE CRIME and, as things stood, could not be offered. The apparent con- tradiction between the second paragraph of No. 123 of the Blue Book and all the other demonstrated facts is only to be explained, as Grey and his defenders explain it, by the fact that Lichnowsky's question was not an official offer by the German Government, but only a personal hypothetical utter- ance of the Ambassador, void of any practical material foundation. The Integrity of France and Her Colonies We now come to the fourth and fifth paragraphs of No. 123: "The Ambassador pressed me as to whether I could not formulate conditions on which we would remain neutral. He even suggested that the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed. I said that I felt obliged to refuse definitely any prom- ise to remain neutral on similar terms, and I could only say that we must keep our hands free." From these sentences in Note 123 Herr Helfferich and Grey's English opponents deduce the further grave charge against the English Minister that he was offered a guarantee not only of the non-violation of Belgian neutrality but also of the integrity of France and her colonies, but that he never- theless refused to enter into any discussion on the conditions of neutrality, and that he thus without reason plunged England into war. What validity is there in this charge? If the phraseology of No. 123 may give rise to certain doubts on the question of the integrity of France and her colonies, as well as on the question of the observation of Belgian neutrality, any such doubts are completely resolved by the publications contained in the second German White Book. In the light of these pub- lications, and especially of Lichnowsky's three despatches of August 1st (pages 48 and 49), which have not hitherto been GREY'S CONVERSATION 211 known, it is clear that the German Ambassador never thought, and could not have thought, of giving to the English Govern- ment, as the price of their neutrality in a continental war, an assurance that the integrity of France and her colonies would be respected. Such an assurance would a priori appear so improbable, in the light of the other diplomatic records of Germany, that no critical and impartial inquirer could admit an interpretation of the sentences in No. 123 now in question, in the sense at- tributed to them by Grey's German and English opponents. On July 29th, in conversation with the English Ambassador, the Chancellor had officially declined to give any guarantee that French colonies would not be annexed. In no other diplo- matic document was there ever any mention of such a guar- antee. The price offered by Germany in return for English neutrality was restricted to Holland and Belgium ; in the case of Holland the undertaking was given in the most general terms, excluding every violation of neutrality; in the case of Belgium in the restricted form of a later restitution of Bel- gium's integrity and independence. According to the clear and unambiguous statement made by Bethmann in his speech in the Reichstag on August 4th, the guarantees given in the case of France were restricted to an assurance that the north- ern coast of France would not be attacked, and that measures would not be undertaken against French commercial shipping. Prince Lichnowsky himself, in his communique sent to the English Press on August 3rd (Yellow Book, No, 144), re- stricted the German return for England's neutrality to the abandonment of all naval operations, and of the use of the Belgian coast as a point d'appui. When we bear in mind all these express refusals, restrictions, and limitations, how are we to suppose that Prince Lichnowsky should now have made to Grey such an enormous offer on his own initiative, without the instructions of his Government, in opposition to Beth- mann's statements to Goschen, in opposition to the offers which, as set out in the Chancellor's speech, were restricted to subsidiary points? Are we to believe that he made to Grey the comprehensive offer: "If England remains neutral, we 212 THE CRIME shall take nothing from France, either in the way of her European territory or of her colonies." If offers to this effect had been made in person by the Am- bassador on August ist (even Grey's note merely speaks of a "suggestion"), they would certainly have been repeated in the critical days between August ist and 4th, when, as must then have been clear, Germany's fate depended on England's participation or non-participation in the war ; the offers would have been officially formulated and submitted to the English Government in a binding form by the Chancellor in Berlin and by the Ambassador in London. Above all, the Chancellor, in enumerating the German offers for English neutrality, would not have refrained from attaching special emphasis to this, the weightiest and most far-reaching of them all. War had not yet broken out between Germany and England when the Chancellor spoke in the Reichstag. Herr von Bethmann was obviously taking pains to inform the German Reichstag as fully as possible of the efforts made by him to secure the neutrality of England; he paraded all the offers made by Ger- many, but so far as France was concerned, he was obliged, under the restraining influence of the truth, to restrict him- self to the statement that Germany had only given the promise with reference to naval operations against France, of which mention has been made several times. His speech of August 4th was even silent on the question of the non-annexation of French territory in Europe, which the Chancellor had still been willing to guarantee on July 29th. The Publications in the Second German White Book bearing on the negotiations between grey and llchnowsky on august 1st We have hitherto been acquainted with only five of the tele- grams bearing on this incident — those printed in The Out- break of War, 1914 (pages 59 and 60). There were the two telegrams from Lichnowsky of August 1st and August 2nd, one from the Emperor William to King George of August 1st, an answer from King George of the same date, and a telegram from Bethmann to Lichnowsky, also of August 1st.1 These earlier publications have now been amplified by the publication of three further telegrams from Lichnowsky to Bethmann, all dated August 1st. These first appeared in the N orddeutsche Allgcmeine Zeitung of September 6th, 1914, and later in the new German White Book. According to these the position is as follows: On Saturday, August 1st, at 11 a.m., Lichnowsky reported to the Chancellor that Grey had just called him to the tele- phone, and asked whether he could declare that in the event of France remaining neutral in a German-Russian War, Ger- many would not attack France. Lichnowsky answered that he believed that he could assume responsibility for this. On the afternoon of the same day Lichnowsky reported regarding a visit which had just been paid to him by Grey's private secretary, who had said to him that the Minister wished to make proposals to him for the neutrality of England, even in the event of Germany being at war with Russia and France. In the afternoon the conversation, to which No. 123 of the Blue Book relates, took place between Grey and Lichnowsky. Lichnowsky reported the subject-matter of the conversation 1 These are printed in Part IX of Collected Diplomatic Documents. 214 THE CRIME in a very detailed despatch sent to Berlin at 5.30 in the after- noon. This report from Lichnowsky affords a very valuable amplification of Grey's report to Goschen, and incontrovertibly confirms the exposition of No. 123 which I have already given in my book, that is to say, before the publication of the new German White Book, and which I have reproduced in the above discussion. In the light of this it is clear that there was never at any time any question of a guarantee of France and her colonies on the part of Lichnowsky. In reality the con- versation took quite a different course from what it might appear to have done judging from the short summary ad- dressed by Grey to Goschen. Lichnowsky's account puts it beyond all doubt that the integrity of France and her colonies was neither offered nor even "suggested" by the German Am- bassador ; his statement, therefore, serves not only to put his- torical facts in their true light, but also to furnish a complete exoneration of the English Secretary of State from the attacks of his opponents. What did the Ambassador and the Secretary in fact discuss on the afternoon of August 1st? There is no difference of opinion with regard to the first point dealt with, viz., the re- ception which the English Cabinet had accorded to Jagow's tortuous statement made in reply to the English inquiries as to Belgian neutrality (Blue Book, Nos. 114 and 122). The statement of the English Cabinet was given in the form of a memorandum to the German Ambassador and in his despatch of the afternoon it is reported by him in exactly the same form as that in which it appears in the first paragraph of No. 123. The further conversation between the Ambassador and the Secretary of State on the influence which a violation of Bel- gian neutrality might have on public opinion in England, and consequently on the decisions of the Government, is also in es- sential matters reported in the same terms by the Ambassador and by the Secretary of State. Mention should, however, be made of certain additions in favour of Grey's devotion to peace which appear in Lichnowsky's report, but are not to be found in the English note. GREY'S CONVERSATION 215 "For the time," said Grey, according to Lichnowsky's report, "there was not the slightest intention to proceed in a hostile manner against us. It would be their desire to avoid this if there was any possibility of doing so. It was, however, difficult to draw a line up to which we could go without intervention on this side. He turned again and again to Belgian neutrality, and was of opinion that this question would also play a great part." Although the point no longer requires any proof for the objective inquirer, these further statements made by Lichnow- sky, which are not contained in the English note, prove anew that even in this critical moment, on the very day of the Ger- man declaration of war against Russia, Grey was still seeking by every possible means to avoid a ground for war which might drive public opinion in England, and consequently drive the Government, to war. Lichnowsky's statements prove that it is nothing but clumsy falsification of history on the part of Messrs. Helfferich and Co. when they reproach Grey with having sought and found in the Belgian question what was merely a pretext for entering the war, when in reality, after countless previous warnings, this could not fail in the end to furnish the ground for the English declaration of war. Even the report of the German Ambassador of August ist, like so many documents already mentioned, shows that the English Government wished, if it were in any way possible, to avoid war and was compelled to it only by the violation of Belgian neutrality. But to proceed : Grey, according to Lichnowsky's report, continues as follows : "He had also thought whether it was not possible that we (Germany) and France should, in case of a Russian war, stand armed opposite to one another without attack- ing. I (Lichnowsky) asked him if he would be in a position to arrange that France would assent to an agree- ment of this kind. As we wanted neither to destroy France nor to annex portions of French territory, I could 216 THE CRIME think that we would give our assent to an arrangement of this kind which would secure for us the neutrality of Great Britain. The Minister said he would make in- quiries; he also recognised the difficulties of holding back the military on both sides." This passage of Lichnowsky's report contains the detailed paraphrase of that part of the conversation which in No. 123 of the Blue Book is reproduced with excessive brevity in the words which might mean, and have been made to mean, so much: "He even suggested that the integrity of France and her colonies might be guaranteed." Lichnowsky's account gives the authentic interpretation of this short English sen- tence, and leads to a conception of the conversation diametri- cally opposed to that hitherto advanced by Grey's opponents within and without England. Grey, in his indefatigable efforts to secure at least a localisation of the apparently inevitable struggle between Germany and Russia and in his attempt to keep France as well as England out of the contest, discussed with the German Ambassador the possibility that France and Germany, notwithstanding the German-Russian war, should remain opposed to each other in arms without taking part in the real struggle. Buchanan expressed the same idea to Grey at the close of his despatch of August 1st (Blue Book, No. 139), and Russia had also, as Buchanan reported, associated herself with the idea, stating that she was prepared to remain mobilised so long as the last attempts to arrive at an under- standing were still under consideration, but that she would in no case begin hostilities first The Tsar's telegram sent at 2 p.m. on August 1st (White Book, page 413) also contains the same proposal, namely, that mobilisation on both sides did not mean war, and that negotiations should be continued. To Grey's suggestion Lichnowsky replied that he could well believe that Germany would give assent to such an agree- ment which would secure for her the neutrality of Great Britain, but added the obvious question whether Grey was in a position tc make any statement that France would assent to an agreement of this kind. As the English Secretary of State GREY'S CONVERSATION 217 had only given expression in the course of conversation to this idea as a possible solution of the problem of avoiding an actual conflict between Germany and France, but as he had received from France neither instructions to make such a proposal nor her consent to the adoption of such a course, he was obliged to restrict himself to the answer that "he would make inquiries.'' In saying this, however, he did not fail to hint at the military difficulties involved in such a solution. In the course of the discussion of this solution, in stating the reasons which might induce Germany to concur in such an agreement to remain inactive under arms, Lichnowsky made use of the words: "As we wanted neither to destroy France nor to annex portions of French territory." It is the words thus used by the German Ambassador which have led to the ambiguous phraseology and the consequent erroneous inter- pretation of the words of Note 123 which are quoted above. Lichnowsky advances as the reason why Germany might be prepared to remain under arms opposed to France the fact that Germany did not want either to destroy France or annex portions of French territory. In the English note, however, and in the erroneous expositions of it which have found cur- rency, it is made to appear as if Lichnowsky had promised something in the event of a war and as a negative result of a war, which in fact he had only produced in support of his contention that the intention to make war was non-existent. We are prepared, said the German Ambassador, to refrain from waging war against France, if France on her side does not actively intervene on behalf of Russia but merely remains under arms. We are prepared to do this, because our minds are not bent on conquest. But he did not make the statement, erroneously attributed to him: "If war breaks out with France, we guarantee, in the event of England remaining neutral, that we will take nothing from the French, either within or without Europe." According to his own copious despatch, sent at 5.30 p.m. on August 1st, the German Am- bassador did not give such a guarantee, and cannot have done so, as I believe I have proved above. It appears from his own unambiguous account that he did make the former state- 218 THE CRIME ment — in explanation of the German readiness to concur in an agreement for armed inactivity — and he was in a position to make such a declaration since it was not in contradiction with any other record of the German Government. There is no room for doubt that Germany would have been prepared to desist from war with France, if France had been in a position and had been willing to break her treaty of al- liance with Russia and to refuse Russia her military assistance. This possibility, however, was not open to France, just as it was not open to Germany to abandon her ally Austria. The relation between France and Russia was not merely an En- tente, as was that between France and England, but a treaty of alliance, and as in the case of all treaties of alliance, the classic casus foederis arose where one of the allies was in- volved in war with two great Powers. In view of the existing treaty of alliance and France's situation in the political con- figuration of Europe, it was impossible that France should refuse her assistance to Russia if Germany and Austria were opposed to Russia in war, and if in addition the declaration of war emanated from Germany. To this is to be attributed Grey's indefinite concluding observation that he would make inquiries, — inquiries, that is to say, on the point whether, in the imminent conflict between Germany and Austria on the one side and Russia on the other, France was in a position to refuse her ally help and was willing to do so. It was on this point that Grey's suggestion finally came to grief, since it was necessarily impossible to carry it into effect in view of France's loyalty to her ally Russia. Lichnowsky's fourth telegram of August ist, sent off at 8.30 p.m., and his fifth despatch of August 2nd make the situation, as I have repre- sented it, free from doubt. In his telegram sent on the evening of August ist we read: "As there is no positive English proposal before us, any further step in the sense of the mes- sage I sent is superfluous." In Lichnowsky's telegram of August 2nd we read: "Sir Edward Grey's suggestions, which rested on the desire to create the possibility of an enduring neutrality on the part of England, were put forward without previous consultation GREY'S CONVERSATION 219 with France and without knowledge of the mobilisation and have meanwhile been abandoned as entirely without prospect of success." Grey had thrown out in the course of conversation the idea of a possible preservation of the peace between Germany and France and consequently also with England, without pre- vious consultation with France and without knowledge of the general mobilisation in France and Germany which took place on the afternoon of August ist. According to HelfTerich, Grey had construed the Belgian ques- tion merely as a pretext for entering the war; indeed, on HelfTerich's view, we are almost led to assume that Grey had directly incited the Germans to violate Belgian neutrality in order that he might intervene in the war with Germany which was so passionately longed for. In HelfTerich's eyes Grey was the evil spirit of Europe who had not only conjured up this fearful catastrophe of the nations, but could scarcely 220 THE CRIME await with patience the moment in which to plunge into the conflagration; yet we find that this same Grey at the last moment considers and turns over with Lichnowsky every pos- sibility whereby the catastrophe might be restricted and France and England saved from disaster. What he had already done, before and up to August ist, to prevent the outbreak of the war need not again be rehearsed here. ****** It is particularly when read in conjunction with Helfferich's historical views that Lichnowsky's despatches of August ist and August 2nd are so extremely instructive. How is the substance of these despatches to be reconciled with Helfferich's inference that in the course of his conversation with Cambon (Blue Book, No. 87) on July 29th, Grey had already spoken the decisive word in favour of England's entry into the war? The fact that on August ist Grey was still seeking for means whereby England could be kept out of the conflict proves that at that time, that is to say, four days after the alleged under- taking, England was still entirely free. Until the evening of August 4th England was still entirely free, and would have remained outside the conflict, if Herr von Jagow had given the pledge asked of him, that Germany would withdraw her troops from Belgium and desist from further violation of Bel- gian neutrality (Blue Book, No. 160). For the presumption underlying all the discussions which took place on August ist between Grey and Lichnowsky may be expressed in these words: "If you violate Belgian neutrality, it will be impos- sible for England to remain out of the war." Should an actual conflict arise between Germany and France, it was evident, from all that was known in Europe of Germany's strategic plans and from the tortuous declarations of the Ger- man Government during the last days of the conflict, that a Franco-German War would involve a violation of Belgian neutrality by Germany. This is the inner meaning of the efforts made by Grey in the course of his conversation with Lichnowsky on August ist to eliminate the possibility of an actual struggle between France and Germany. Had Grey's efforts been successful, had it been possible for France to GREY'S CONVERSATION 221 withdraw from the duties involved in her alliance with Russia and to remain under arms on her side of the frontier, had Germany in consequence also remained under arms before the frontier, but without proceeding to any declaration of war or any aggressive action, there would, under these conditions, have been no violation of Belgian neutrality and consequently the possibility of England's entanglement in the war would have been eliminated. This is the meaning and the purpose of the idea expressed by Grey on August ist. The "Misunderstanding" in Berlin After this exhaustive investigation of the significance of No. 123 in connection with, and in the light of, Lichnowsky's despatches of August ist and August 2nd we are at once fully informed of the meaning of the telegrams exchanged between the German Emperor and the King of England on August ist, and also of the telegram sent by the Chancellor to Lich- nowsky on August ist. The expression of Grey's views on the telephone on the morning of August ist, which later on led in the afternoon conversation to a detailed discussion of the topic, produced in Berlin the erroneous opinion that France would remain neutral in a German-Russian war, and that England would guarantee her neutrality. The Emperor Wil- liam's telegram of August ist, sent in answer to Lichnowsky's communication, begins with the words: "I have just received the communication of your Government offering French neu- trality under the guarantee of Great Britain." The Chancel- lor's telegram to the German Ambassador in London begins with the words : "Germany is ready to agree to the English proposal in the event of England guaranteeing with all her 222 THE CRIME forces the unconditional neutrality of France in the conflict between Germany and Russia." These telegrams show quite clearly that in Berlin the er- roneous idea prevailed that England had made a formal pro- posal of French neutrality under English guarantee. In fact, as we have seen, there had only been a non-committal ex- change of ideas between Grey and Lichnowsky, and this con- versation had taken place without any previous consultation with France and without knowledge of the mobilisation on both sides. In his telegram dispatched at 8.30 p.m. on the evening of August 1st, Lichnowsky at once cleared up the mistake, and pointed out that there was in fact no positive English proposal. He continued his explanation of the mis- take in his telegram of August 2nd, and stated on what grounds there could not be any positive proposal, but that there had merely been an expression of Grey's ideas and wishes. King George speaks of a "suggestion which was made in a friendly conversation between Prince Lichnowsky and Sir Ed- ward Grey when they were discussing how an actual conflict between the German and French armies might be avoided, so long as there is still a possibility of an agreement being arrived at between Austria and Russia." The account thus given by the King of England is in almost verbal agreement, and it is entirely in substantial agreement, with Lichnowsky's account given in his telegrams of the afternoon and evening of August 1 st and in his telegram of August 2nd. Grey had discussed in conversation the possibility of avoiding an actual conflict between the German and French armies. This non-committal discussion was understood in Berlin as a positive proposal, and it was owing to this misunderstanding that the telegrams of the Emperor and the Chancellor were sent, and in reply to GREY'S CONVERSATION 223 these an explanation in similar terms was then given by the German Ambassador and the English King. *l* *?* n* H* *f* 3§C This is the interesting story of the Anglo-German negotia- tions of August ist, and in my opinion it is not possible to dispute the view here given, resting on No. 123 of the Blue Book and on the eight despatches exchanged between Berlin and London which were published in the second German White Book. The result of this investigation is: 1. England refused to make her neutrality the sub- ject-matter of a bargain. 2. England declared that the violation of Belgian neu- trality would evoke so violent a storm in the public opin- ion of England, that it could be foreseen that the Gov- ernment would be forced to war. 3. The German Ambassador gave no promise that Belgian neutrality would not be violated, and could not give such a promise. 4. The German Ambassador gave no pledge that the integrity of France and her colonies would be respected in the event of Germany's victory in a Franco-German war, and he was not in a position to give such a pledge. It was merely in explanation of the fact that Germany might be willing to stand opposed to France under arms that he stated that Germany did not wish to destroy France or annex portions of French territory. His ut- terance had reference to a motive for not going to war; it was not a promise in the event of a victorious issue of a war. The result of my investigation is in complete accord with the declarations of the Chancellor in his speech in the Reichs- tag on August 4th, but it is diametrically opposed to Herr Helfferich and those who argue with him, who, with the object of revealing England's malice in the true light, invent German offers which in fact were never made, and which were dis- 224 THE CRIME owned by the Chancellor himself and by his Ambassador in London. From this inquiry English diplomacy again emerges untarnished and renewed corroboration is given to the con- viction that England's desire was peace, and peace only. CHAPTER IV THE AUSTRIAN ULTIMATUM AND THE SERBIAN ANSWER Articles 5 and 6 of the Ultimatum In the trifling dissertations of Herr Houston Stewart Cham- berlain on the question of responsibility in what he calls the "innermost circle" (New War Essays, page 63) I discover for once, by way of exception, a thought the substance of which merits discussion. In the passage in question Herr Chamberlain gives expression to the view that, while it may be admitted that Sazonof wished for peace in a general way, he had nevertheless a mortal horror of the Austrian demands contained in paragraphs 5 and 6 of the Ultimatum, which re- late to the collaboration of Austrian representatives in the suppression of the subversive movement and their participa- tion in the investigations undertaken with a view to judicial proceedings against the murderers. This fear is attributed to the fact that the collaboration of Austrian representatives would have revealed the participation of the leading sections of Russian society in the murder of the Archduke. Such a contingency could under no circumstances be allowed, and hence Russia took as her motto: ''Let us have peace, cer- tainly, if it is possible; but, for God's sake, let never an Aus- trian look into Serbia's internal arrangements." The idea, Herr Chamberlain, is finely conceived, but it com- pletely breaks down when confronted with the facts : 1. That Serbia was prepared to permit the collaboration of Austrian representatives so far as agrees "with the principles of international law, with criminal procedure and with good neighbourly relations" ; 2. That Serbia was prepared to submit to the decision of 225 226 THE CRIME The Hague Tribunal or of the Great Powers, that is to say, she was ready to accept a decision which would be pronounced by an impartial body on the basis of an objective inquiry which might even assume judicial forms; 3. That the Tsar of Russia had also proposed that the matter should be decided by The Hague Tribunal ; 4. That, apart from the solutions offered by a conference of the Great Powers, and the reference of the question to The Hague Tribunal, there was the further possibility, proposed by Jules Cambon, of instituting an international commission of inquiry with judicial authority in order to establish the facts with regard to the murder and its concomitant circumstances. It is clear from these four authentic facts that Russia had no reason whatever to dread an objective inquiry into the assassination, but that, on the contrary, she proposed or ac- cepted methods of inquiry which facilitated a far more ob- jective investigation than the collaboration of Austrian officials in Serbian police actions, which in practice would have been found unworkable. There is therefore no point in this artful thesis, or rather antithesis, of which Herr Chamberlain may claim the undisputed authorship: "Let us have war rather than an inquiry into the murder." To Herr Chamberlain, as to all robust pan-Germans of the new type, international law is a thing of naught, and it is therefore inevitable that in his eyes Austria's demand for a bureau de siirete in Serbia, similar to that possessed by Russia in Paris, was "certainly no excessive demand/' In view of the Chamberlain manner of demonstration, it need occasion no surprise that this, the most hasty and most superficial of all German pamphleteers, should refer this demand for a bureau de siirete to the sixth paragraph of the Austrian Note, whereas according to Berchtold's despatch of July 25th (Red Book, No. 27) it in fact refers exclusively to the fifth para- graph (and the two are in no way to be confounded). What, however, could reasonably have been asked of him was that he should inform his readers that the Russian bureau de siirete in Paris is a voluntary institution, conceded by an international treaty, and possibly also an institution on a reciprocal basis, THE AUSTRIAN ULTIMATUM 227 whereas the Austrian bureau de surete in Belgrade was in- tended to be compulsory in its origin and imposed upon Ser- bia. This is the fundamental distinction for which no anal- ogies exist.
|
{-# OPTIONS_GHC -F -pgmF htfpp #-}
{-# LANGUAGE OverloadedStrings #-}
module Recipes.DB_Test where
import Control.Lens
import Control.Monad.Reader
import qualified Data.Vector as V
import Database.PostgreSQL.Simple
import Test.Framework
import Test.QuickCheck.Monadic
import Recipes.Arbitrary ()
import Recipes.DB
import Recipes.Types
connection :: IO Connection
connection = connect defaultConnectInfo { connectDatabase = "recipes_test"
, connectUser = "recipes_test"
, connectHost = "localhost"
}
destroyQuery :: Query
destroyQuery = "DROP SCHEMA IF EXISTS public CASCADE"
createPublicSchema :: Query
createPublicSchema = "CREATE SCHEMA PUBLIC"
setup :: IO ()
setup = do
conn <- connection
_ <- execute conn destroyQuery ()
_ <- execute conn createPublicSchema ()
createTables conn
writeRead :: (DBStorable k t, DBRetrievable k t, Monad (m IO), MonadTrans m) =>
t -> m IO (Maybe t)
writeRead x = do
conn <- lift connection
lift (runReaderT (store x >>= retrieve . fst) conn)
class Cleanable a where
clean :: a -> a
instance Cleanable Ingredient where
clean = ingredientId .~ Nothing
instance Cleanable Component where
clean (IngredientComponent quantity ingredient _) =
IngredientComponent (clean quantity) (clean ingredient) Nothing
clean (RecipeComponent quantity recipe _) =
RecipeComponent (clean quantity) (clean recipe) Nothing
instance Cleanable Recipe where
clean (Recipe name components instructions _) =
Recipe name (V.map clean components) instructions Nothing
instance Cleanable Quantity where
clean (Quantity name amount) = Quantity name rounded
where
factor = 10 ** 6
scaled = floor (amount * factor) :: Integer
rounded = fromIntegral scaled / factor
prop_writeReadIngredient :: Ingredient -> Property
prop_writeReadIngredient ingredient = monadicIO $ do
mIngredient <- writeRead ingredient
assert $ case mIngredient of
Nothing -> False
Just ingredient' -> clean ingredient == clean ingredient'
prop_writeReadComponent :: Component -> Property
prop_writeReadComponent component = monadicIO $ do
mComponent <- writeRead component
assert $ case mComponent of
Nothing -> False
Just component' -> clean component == clean component'
prop_writeReadRecipe :: Recipe -> Property
prop_writeReadRecipe recipe = monadicIO $ do
mRecipe <- writeRead recipe
assert $ case mRecipe of
Nothing -> False
Just recipe' -> clean recipe == clean recipe'
|
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using GostCryptography.Base;
using GostCryptography.Gost_28147_89;
using GostCryptography.Gost_R3411;
using NUnit.Framework;
namespace GostCryptography.Tests.Gost_R3411
{
/// <summary>
/// Вычисление HMAC на базе алгоритма хэширования ГОСТ Р 34.11-2012/256 и общего симметричного ключа ГОСТ 28147-89.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Тест выполняет подпись и проверку подписи потока байт с использованием HMAC.
/// </remarks>
[TestFixture(Description = "Вычисление HMAC на базе алгоритма хэширования ГОСТ Р 34.11-2012/256 и общего симметричного ключа ГОСТ 28147-89")]
public class Gost_R3411_2012_256_HMACTest
{
[Test]
[TestCaseSource(typeof(TestConfig), nameof(TestConfig.Providers))]
public void ShouldComputeHMAC(ProviderType providerType)
{
// Given
var dataStream = CreateDataStream();
var sharedKey = new Gost_28147_89_SymmetricAlgorithm(providerType);
// When
var hmacDataStream = CreateHmacDataStream(sharedKey, dataStream);
var isValidHmacDataStream = VerifyHmacDataStream(sharedKey, hmacDataStream);
// Then
Assert.IsTrue(isValidHmacDataStream);
}
private static Stream CreateDataStream()
{
// Некоторый поток байт
return new MemoryStream(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("Some data to HMAC..."));
}
private static Stream CreateHmacDataStream(Gost_28147_89_SymmetricAlgorithmBase sharedKey, Stream dataStream)
{
// Создание объекта для вычисления HMAC
using (var hmac = new Gost_R3411_2012_256_HMAC(sharedKey))
{
// Вычисление HMAC для потока данных
var hmacValue = hmac.ComputeHash(dataStream);
// Запись HMAC в начало выходного потока данных
var hmacDataStream = new MemoryStream();
hmacDataStream.Write(hmacValue, 0, hmacValue.Length);
// Копирование исходного потока данных в выходной поток
dataStream.Position = 0;
dataStream.CopyTo(hmacDataStream);
hmacDataStream.Position = 0;
return hmacDataStream;
}
}
private static bool VerifyHmacDataStream(Gost_28147_89_SymmetricAlgorithmBase sharedKey, Stream hmacDataStream)
{
// Создание объекта для вычисления HMAC
using (var hmac = new Gost_R3411_2012_256_HMAC(sharedKey))
{
// Считывание HMAC из потока данных
var hmacValue = new byte[hmac.HashSize / 8];
hmacDataStream.Read(hmacValue, 0, hmacValue.Length);
// Вычисление реального значения HMAC для потока данных
var expectedHmacValue = hmac.ComputeHash(hmacDataStream);
// Сравнение исходного HMAC с ожидаемым
return hmacValue.SequenceEqual(expectedHmacValue);
}
}
}
}
|
var documentReady = require('document-ready')
function Dollar (el) {
if (!(this instanceof Dollar)) return new Dollar(el)
Array.call(this)
this[0] = el
}
Dollar.prototype = Object.create(Array.prototype)
Dollar.prototype.ready = documentReady
Dollar.prototype.constructor = Dollar
module.exports = Dollar
|
Helping Dame With Auto By John P. Medbury. Statistics show that once a girl gets an automobile, it costs her practically nothing to run it. All she has to do is to pick up some fellow and head for a service station. There are very few men in town who aren't good for at least half gallons of gasoline. After he fills her tank, she drops him and picks up another guy for oil. Every time her car needs repairing, she becomes engaged to a mechanic. Then as soon as the machine is running all right again, she breaks her engagement... Once when she ran up a big garage bill in Chicago, she had to marry the proprietor to get her machine but luck was with her. She not only got her automobile back, but she got alimony besides. Then she took the judge out riding and tried to stick him for a new set of tires. But the judge was so cheap he wouldn't even fill the radiator for her. She called him a tight-wad and it cost her twenty-seven dollars for contempt of court. She told him that if all guys were like him, she wouldn't even be able to own a pair of roller skates. The upkeep is very small on a beautiful dame's automobile. Whenever a woman motorist smiles at you, it's going to cost you something. She doesn't flirt when she's a machine running O.K. A little wink is liable to cost you a can of polish or a whole new paint job. If she happens to pick you up when her gas tank is full, she makes a date to meet you when it's empty. But there's not one man in a thousand who can ever remember taking a ride in his girl's automobile when she didn't need something. No matter who she picks up in the machine, she thinks he's Santa Claus. She imagines that every day in the year is Christmas. Automobiles are comfortable to ride in, but it's a whole lot cheaper for a man to do his flirting in streetcars. (Copyright, 1892, by King Features Syndicate, Inc.) CRACKLINGS Civilization means advancing from the stone age to the oil age. An ambitious bootlegger sends his son to college so he can learn creative chemistry. The way they're wearing hats this season, it's an old-fashioned girl who says, “Is my hat on straight?" We suppose that cheating in correspondence school examinations means answering the questions without looking in the book. There are no chewing gum users in the wide open spaces. Grandmothers still sit in the corner; ask any tea dansant proprietor. Lemon Juice Whitens Skin The only harmless way to bleach the skin white is to mix the juice of two lemons with three ounces of Orchard White, which any druggist will supply for a few cents - Shake well in a bottle, and you will find it. A whole quarter-pint of the most wonderful skin whitener, softener and beautifier. Massage this sweetly fragrant lemon bleach into the face, neck, arms, and hands. It cannot irritate. Famous stage beauties use it to bring that clear, youthful skin and rosy-white complexion; also as a freckle, sunburn, and tan bleach. You must mix this remarkable lotion yourself. It cannot be bought ready to use because it acts best immediately after it is prepared. Foot Burning Lies in the Joints When Joints Ease Soak In Foot Agony Gets Out- Quick. You can't sit rid of sore, inflamed, burning feet unless the remedy you use soaks right into the joints many joints and tendons of the feet. For that is where all foot trouble starts. Treating the skin with powder and baths no good — a thing of the past try the new way. Just rub on joint - Kase Watch It soak right in one minute — the soreest of burning feet are like swollen in a couple of days. Always remember when Joint-Base gets In foot agony and burning get : •St—quick— SO cents a tube., • | .Peoples Drug Stores sell lots of JOINT-EASE . ———-K, - ■ ■■ -• ■■ ■■■■ ~ I—' ' - I— —^_f—J_ - r —-u—ll—11 .< 1 SKiPP£R is OVER 66.H1H0 YHA< looks vas but gnOO’pK A hsAtArt •'»•* / fA^U4«» tU MS ) ■ -DOATr -TMBV AIMT FPEZ>*- J ,* 5 > e r4 0 % % ■peOk 1 1 flp . x I trflt H L///‘fI — ■ - I L/lfl | i JwWW/Q w H * fe Tt'MfcE-r \ 7 iLUJ ‘ A ~ rwAT KAOMSTtrt' I •» ■ W, ~w Se&MS -To BB -OISCusSIhfG |H /tOM % fr// 8U6H4856 CoMMeclfeD vJIYH 5 _£ Hl !/ I^l/ JTi Iftt YroulbT' So / I / Ij i’ut ~ j 1 | TBE ITOiffißLlE 'IgEATEfc i ■ ■ . ' " | *tS o *** ( help! < u/u nA <or«e pulled \| rZu/UFhr\ Zt4ou/- Fl,'A a 7TT AuIStfOR \HAM6RAVy ( HOLD ) TOR AH HOUR / /BY 6TV LV P iScH .. V, IV6 k HIM.'/ BUT (Uen/£ HAROLVy q^,/ 1 ? c \rr Ly /Hz sWAuoweD *• **- Looked \ J \A<oveDHzH y \ We(/e Ju* T Slrly BUZXARD \ Wl/got >l/ m z -AWAY ' n |Wt|M)uzLXARO (WOCKLC) Tderve <V "C7 wl- h > 6ivenop _77W— x z k \- 1 — ; ah hops ' i. To The The New York Times ALFRED L. FORGOTTEN, THE GREATEST OF ALL, ON THE COAST OF JgM P I I L_— 6 f ß| | Coiyisht. 1?24. by Kins FsatwshS.||j 'I ■ >llll ll* GswwlJ w~*-™l ■ \VBWZc j S. I I :r:': ;. 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Dorfman. rettll .y’ **•> l cou l * o * c * ’*'* * n tlou ®6 r an<s r* : - A ",.honestly accept this five hundred dollar bonus. year round"! cursed you tor not*"giving me a raise in salary Os your o#n volition 'and now I feel Mkea .thump for misjudging you and calling y>6u a piker. : I even got .- dieted on the job, wasted your Mine-for which' you paid xdO and otherwise worked against the gen eral interest -of-the firnf. X want this to be a lesson to-rn* so "J< 'Won’t ever be so fOoHsb/dgainf’] “Hello,-dear.. Thia is your darl ing husband. . I just thought _l’d call you up to tell ; pect me home for dinner tonight. While riding down the -boulevard in the car I met the swellest little chorus girl yep ever laid your eyes on and I’ve Invited her out to dine with me. I knew you Wouldn’t object, dear,-' for really' she’d' the sweetest and shapeliest-girl X over met. Don’t let my portion <rf the ' meal go to Waste, though', honey. Give it to the cat?' “Here, 1 Private Brown, 4 ' wish you'd stop ‘.saluting me when I pass. Even though I am. ydur superior officer, I realize this is a free country and we were both - born equal. As a matter of fact, you come from a much better family than T do, and.it seems ridiculous for you to salute pie merely because I happen to ,be a general.'* | THOSE BLISSFUL MOMENTS - . . i When the cook didn’t come and ■ uncle took the whole family out to dinner at a swell restaurant. The time you went down, in the cellar in the morning and found there was still a little fire left in the hot water furnace. When graduation day rolled around and you were first in the heart of your relatives. When the hostess suggested taking your chicken wing in your fingers. When mother said you had to do your homework instead of going to the movies and you showed her you had all of it finished, this afternoon. Famous Homs The hunter’s horn. Horning in at the head of the line. Blow your own horn. The klaxon on the family flivver. Grandpa's powder horn. Brother Egbert's saxophone. The cow’s horns. The phonograph horn. The loud speaker. CORNS Dr. Scholl’s Zino-pada stop corns hurting instantly. Remove the juice—friction and pressure. They are thin, medicated, antiseptic, waterproof. Absolutely safe! Easy to apply. Get them at your druggist's or shoe dealer's. Three Suffer—for corns, calluses, but no one on—the pain is swelling. Stop that Eczema. AMAZING results have been produced by S. S. S. in cases of eczema, pimples, blackheads, and other skin eruptions. If you have been troubled with eczema, and you have lost your appetite, you have a bottle of S. S. S., one of the most powerful blood cleansers known. S. S. S. makes the blood rich and pure, and whether your blood is freed of impurities, your stubborn eczema, rash, tetter, skin eruptions, pimples, blackheads, and acne are bound to disappear. There are no unproven theories about S. S. S.: the scientific results of each of its purely vegetable medicinal ingredients are admitted by authorities. S. S. S. is sold at all good drug stores in two sizes. The longer you give the better, the more economical. Best Aba Zflpod Medicine Obtains New Life and Vizor by Talcing Howtll'i LYMPNINE Tablets Restore lost nerve force, creating new life. Improvement comes to stay. Guaranteed free from moral, cocaine, morphine, or other narcotic drugs. Each. package contains 30 days' treatment. Sold by all O'Donnell's Drug Stores and other leading druggists. STUDEBAKER Just what you need.
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PACE FIGHT LINCOLN COUNTY LEADER, TOLEDO, OREGON, THURSDAY, JULY 13th, 1922. Tores Blue Chambray Shirts 69c. Bathings Trunks 35c. Regulation Army O. D. Wool Shirts $1.69 Regulation Army Khaki Breeches $1.00 Barrack Bags 50c. Aluminum Canteen Cups (Quart Size) 23c. Army Aluminum Mess Kits 35c. Army Folding Water Buckets 75c. B. V. D. Union Suits 33c. Khaki Work Coats 35c. Army Two-Man Pup Tents $2.59 Regulation Army Pack Carrier with Haversack $1.10 We get From 3 1-2 to 4 1-2 lbs. Size 69x83 Officers Dress Shoos $5.00 Officers All Leather Puttees From $3.50 to $5.30 A Good Heavy Work Shoe $2.90 New Hip Rubber Boots $3.83 Atty Bacon, 12 lb. Tins. Best Grade $2.45 Army Roast Beef. 2 lb. Tins 35c. Corn Beef 35c. Velvet Tobacco, 2 Cans 25c. Tents All Sizes Made of Best U. S. Standard 29 Inch duck We Have the Largest and most Complete Stock in LINCOLN COUNTY Our Prices are the Lowest 7x7 8 oz. 3 ft. wall $5.80 8x10 8 oz. 3 ft. wall $5.80 10x12 8 oz. 3 ft. wall $11.00 12x14 8 oz. 3 ft. wall $15.75 12x16 8 oz. 3'2 ft wall 17.20 7x7 10 oz. 3 ft. wall $8.35 8x10 10 oz. 3 ft. wall 11.15 10x12 10 oz. 3 ft. wall 13.80 12x14 10 oz. 3 ft. wall 21.50 12x16 10 oz. 3 y2 ft wall 21.50 12x16 10 oz. 3 y2 ft wall 21.50 Army Folding Cots (New) Extra Heavy Canvas 50c. and 75c. Camp Chairs, Made of Heavy Canvas, 70c. and 95c. Army Folding Cots (New) Extra Heavy Canvas $3.95 Special Attention Given to MAIL ORDERS UNITED ARMY STORES Toledo Hotel Building Toledo, Ore. . SWEET BRIAR Contributions are solicited from res idents pt Jhis community by your cor respondent. News Items, notes of general interest, and constructive criticisms will be welcomed. Sweet Briar Civic Club held Its reg ular monthly meeting on July 2nd. A fair number of members and visitors were present. A welcome supplement to the usual good dinner was a gener- supply o( Ice cream, Highway Meeting (Continued from Page 1) coast counties to emerge) from Its bottled up condition, there is ncre or less interest taken in the prospect of driving through the entire length of that county by automobile. The afternoon conference was pre sided over by B. F. Jones, of Newport. Ore., when the Roosevelt highway was GR0CERIE8-FL0UR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GR0CERIE8-FL0UR-FEED-H having been placed in a good humor i the topic, and the speakers were Col by the refreshment we nterest to an excellent Program which , count Fred ABaenhelraer of Was under the direction o( Mrs. Annie , w , Kyle and Coun- IRomtvedt. Among the numbers which d c p of coun. were well rendered and much enjoyed J R DlckirMloni of Lincoln n'ara Dnot hir Mrs J. W. KflPflrR Ann I w ' .. ... Im. mr.i k county; H. T. Bona and Koine w. i" ""' ', . a a . tT. Watson of Tillamook county, and mem M, h L"8;nad bpr. of a delegation from Clatsop ing by Mrs. Hunh Murray; guitar solo ,cuu"1 ,Dy , ;,Y, ' 1 . ,1m Z1 The party saw unsuspected and by Miss Alice Murray i patrlo ic songs H, ' h h c coun. by the audience and of especial inter- h f g,xea river. North of est a violin solo entitled A Broken south f Ban(Jon arfl wd airing uy ouimin finv..Br 1n the result nf efforts of residents of Coos and Curry counties in raising road funds World's Scenic Route 23 Bars Swlffs Whlte Soap for $1.00 23 Bar Polar White Soap for $1.00 Shredded Wheat, per Packags 13c. Old Dutch Cleanser, per Package 10c. Old Dutch Cleanser, Per Dozen $1.05 Rex Pure Lard 5 $1.10 Rex Pure Lard 10 ....$2.10 Puritan Pure Leaf Lard 5 1.15 Puritan ' " " " 10 2.15 Crlsco V2 39o. Crlsco 3 77c- Crlsco 6 $1.51 W. C. Burcroff Mercantile Co, pi m V n r o c 3 m in 9 x 5 z z o m 30 O o m m P n r o c a the dent of the club presided over the business meeting. Matters of interest to the community were brought up and discussed. Regret was expressed that, in the case of the support, the county by the Oregon state GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HAY-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARDWARE-GROCERIES-FLOUR-FEED-HARD O.,,.,,.... fBW.. north house so that passersby may know the identity of the community. Lack of funds and time are excuses in delaying these worthwhile enterprises. Wedderburn and Gold Beach. South of Gold Beach there is just road," and it is not a very good one. "P";.........11 I run, mm ll io a,ci; &uuu uuo, which can be overcome now as well, yet intervene between as five or ten years from now, A., (k. r.u.i, m. ; splendid program is assured for our Gold Beach and the California near Brooking Four and a line. half r.,,,,... JK njt lira I NLnjiiiiB i' iufl auu next meeting which is to be arranged. however, is once. and directed by Mrs. J. u i nomas. way fpw mleg B&uth of Gold Beach Miss Bess e Brigham of Toledo. has financed by the State highway department in addition to teaching the SWOet Brilr.. : J j, .V ", Mi., ti.i. meni and is the most unusual of any I school this coming year. Miss Brig-1 construction Job, the state The born is a graduate of the Toledo High. t high. The splendid views of the ocean School and has been in attendance at, ton of these 45 mes I the Oregon Normal this.ast year. She but not a man M when the state comes to us highly recommended and, when mmmiP lt comes to us highly recommended and, when mmmiP lt, we congratulate ourselves upon having secured her services. Miss Gladys T. V. -...tl.mttn. Ihn DnnDOvaV I .,, 1 lilt, iiUBOiuiiiiirD u...uwo.&.vi Koch of Prinevillo will teach the east h was thoroughly explained to 4 oMa dnlinnl nf rilatl-ld 10. r 1... j.t J. the guests In the expedition, and they are certain to be impressed with the Ride school of district 10, We all miss the presence of Mr. Mrs. A. H. McRitchie, who has gone to Vancouver, has gone to Vancouver. We understand that they have gone into business in that city. Mr. Thurley Tompkins of Hood River has been a guest at the J. W. Rogers home recently. Other interesting and interested visitors at the same place are the three children of Mrs. Carl Niederer of Portland. Why? asks a contributor, do we raise hogs? He goes on to say that they only consume valuable foods such as meat, cheese, etc. Is the answer found in the fact that we like bacon and ham? As Rudolph Thompson once fittingly remarks, "The Dangerous Little Demon will be at the Liberty Saturday and Sunday." The same contributor asks other questions about the importance of the farm, which is a nuisance and menace and may "stand behind the bars" some fine day. He might find many other problems of which to remind us and will doubtless do so. ROCK OREGON. One of the county tractors and graders came over Saturday and did some much needed work on the farm. Steer Creek hill and road along Htti3 Rock Creek. J. M. Reeder manipulated the grader and Clurenne Ofstedahl. Standard Oil Company (Continued from First Page) Mrs. Barbara Blosser of Hubbard, is visiting her two sons here, Chas., and John. Mr. and Mrs. Eglund and son, Harold, of Portland, visited their old home here, and spent the Fourth of July with J. M. Reeder and family. Road supervisor Southwell and county engineer Porter made a flying trip up this way last Sunday. Julius Miller of Dallas, formerly a resident of this neighborhood, is visiting at the home of G. H. Horsfall. The people of Rock Creek and vicinity celebrated Independence Day by holding a picnic at Blosser's bridge. A nice program was arranged by Miss M. L. Hampton, which consisted mainly of recitations and music. All did their parts well, but the piano music rendered by Miss Beryll Blosser, several recitations by Mr. Velma Towsley, and some old-fashioned tunes on the violin by Henry Luthsoj, were worthy of special mention. Ice cream and plenty of good "eats" were served and everyone had a good time. Glen McMillan. City To Build Dam. At the regular meeting of the council, Monday, July 3, bids were opened for the construction of the dam to be built, on Will Creek. All bids submitted were far in excess of the estimates of engineers and the city dads rejected. The city will now be considered. Constructed by the city itself, under the direction of City Engineer McMillan and Mr. Hammond, of the Pacific Spruce Corporation. Mr. McMillan has recently returned from a trip to Salem where he consulted with the state forestry department, the state engineer and also the state health department in regards to the dam site. He will receive the cooperation of all three of these departments, the forestry department to grant the city all rights necessary for the dam site, the state engineer to inspect the construction work and the state health department will take care of the sanitary work. Mr. Ward Mayer came before the council and asked that delay be made in awarding the paving contract for the street in front of the post office until he could get data for the laying of concrete. Mr. Mayer believes in concrete will be much more durable for this particular job than the old one, putting in asphalt without the necessary plant. Outside of the regular routine of business and a few minor matters, the above was what was accomplished at the meeting. The next regular meeting of the council will be held on Monday, July 17th. I was brought to Toledo Tuesday by Deputy Sheriff McElwain and examined before Judge James as to his sanity. It is expected that he will be committed to the asylum at Salem. Don't Forget! Liberty Theatre Saturday and Sunday Every Lady Gets a Valuable Present University of California The University of Oregon contains: The college of Literature, Science and the Arts with 22 departments. The professional school of Architecture Business Administration - Education - Graduate Study - Lew Medicine Music Physical Education Sociology. The 47th Year Opens October 2, 1922. For catalog or information, write The Registrar, University of Oregon. Have You a House To Wire Our estimates are based on the cost of the best material and expert workmanship that is guaranteed to pass any official inspection. We would be pleased to figure with you. TOLEDO ELECTRIC CO. Shop and Store opposite Telephone Office. Flat Iron Building. SUCCESSFUL graduates Are the Best Recommendation of O. A. C. This Institution offers a thorough, practical, and standard education at a cost within reach of the high school graduate. It offers training for collegiate degrees in Agriculture, Commerce, Engineering, and Mechanic Arts, Forestry, Home Economics, Mines, Pharmacy, Vocational Education, Chemical Engineering, Military Science and Tactics. It offers training also in: The School of Music, Physical Education, Industrial Journalism. Fall Term Open September 18. For circulars of information and Illustrated booklet write to The Registrar, Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallis, Oregon. VACATION TRIPS PORTLAND And Eastern Cities Cost MUCH less this year $5.25 15 Day Tickets $7.25 Season Tickets TOLEDO TO PORTLAND AND RETURN Fifteen day tickets on sale Fri. and Sat. Co. for 15 days. Season tickets on sale daily. Good for 3 months not to exceed October 31st. On Your Way EAST St. Dover at San Francisco, Los Angeles, San Diego Three world-famous and beautiful cities, and Visit California's National Parks and Charming Sea shore Resorts "Oregon Outdoors" and "California for the Tourist," beautifully illustrated folders are FREE on request. Secure your copy, read about the many delightful places, and you will surely want to see them. For further particulars, ask agents for SOUTHERN PACIFIC LINES. JOHM M. SCOTT, General Passenger Agent.
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46 ibid 1,2; Ballesteros-Peiró (n 32) 2 47 Islam, ‘Building democracy and fighting extremism in Pakistan: a role for the EU
’ (n 40)
1. 188
4.3. RELATIONS BETWEEN EU–PAKISTAN DURING ITS MILITARY RULE
condemned at the international level. EU also expressed its grave concern over the assassination of Benazir Bhutto and all those people who were killed and injured along with her convoy. The European Parliament adopted a resolution in condemnation of the assassination of the political leader and concerning the grave security situation in Pakistan, which could undermine the upcoming election scheduled in April 200848 . The security situation was also a cause of great concern in the international community. However, the EU kept demanding Pakistan’s government not to delay the scheduled election49 . In January 2008, President Musharraf, in a bid to gather support for the country following a long spate of political violence and chaos which has not only effected the security of the country but has also crippled its economy, embarked on four nations European tour to United Kingdom, Belgium, Switzerland and France50 . However, over the years, the EU has become much tougher and forceful in its demand. That was evident by remarks of the EU High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy Javier Solana in a meeting with President Musharraf held on 21 January 2008. He said, ‘The country must have a government according to the will of people to move forward on the path of reforms and on the path of the rule of law’51 . He made it clear that the future engagements of EU with Pakistan would be dependent on holding of free and fair election52. 48 European Parliament Resolution on Pakistan
23
October 2007 [2007]. 49 ibid. 50 David Brunnstorm, ‘Pervez Musharraf to seek backing in Europe’ Reuters (Brussels, 21 January 2008) hhttps://www.reuters.com/ /
us
-pakistan-europe/pervez-
mus
harraf-
to
-seek- -europe- i. 51 Council
of
the European Union
,
Javier
Solana
EU High
Representative for
the
CFSP, met
President Musharraf
of
Pakistan, Brussels
(21
January 2008) S018/08
h
https://www.consilium
.
europa
.
eu/ uedocs/cms data/docs/pressdata/en/discours/98245.
pdf
i
.
52
ibid.
4.4. VISIT OF EUROPEAN UNION PRESIDENT AFTER THE SET UP OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
The election of February 18,2008 was largely welcomed by the EU, which have radically transformed the country’s political landscape , ushering in a new era of democratic rule after almost nine years of military rule53 . Further, the deployment of Election Observation Mission (EOM) in election added credibility to the February 2008 election54 . The European Council also welcome the progress made in the democratic process in Pakistan and pointed out that these elections provided both Pakistan and the EU with new opportunities to improve and deepen the existing relations. It further added that EU will work jointly with Pakistani Government to explore ways for strengthening the democratic institutions, electoral framework with particular focus on institution building, legislative reforms and voter participation. The council remarked that progress in that sector is essential to the security and long-term stability of Pakistan55.
4.4 Visit of European Union President After the Set Up of Democratic Government
Following Pakistan’s transition to the democratic set up, the visit of the EU president Javier Solana to Pakistan on 22 April 2008 was considered an important step towards a renewed relationship between EU and Pakistan. The EU president Javier 53 Islam, ‘Building democracy and fighting extremism in Pakistan: a role for the EU’ (n 40) 1. 4.4. VISIT OF EUROPEAN UNION PRESIDENT AFTER THE SET UP OF DEMOCRATIC GOVERNMENT
Solana two days visit after the end of military rule in fact marked the European Union approval and support of the new democratic government. Javier Solana held important meetings with the President Musharraf, the newly elected Prime Minister and with leaders of mainstream political parties. During the meetings, important issues relating to trade, rise of militancy in tribal areas, situation in Afghanistan and a peace process with India were discussed56. He emphasized the need for reforms for strengthening the rule of law57 . He further said that EU s to a er and more comprehensive with Pakistan to ‘ regional and domestic stability, and e State’ . s been ndable edly The EU ministers on 10 March 2008 also stressed that union was committed to supporting Pakistan in building a prosperous and stable society based on the principles of democracy, rule of law and human rights59 . During the military rule, EU cautiously balanced its approach towards promotion of democracy and pursuit of its security interest in Pakistan60 . It enhanced its engagement with the newly elected government and has make use of political dialogue, trade and economic assistance 56 Noor (n 27) 26. 57 Shada Islam, ‘EU seeks stronger ties with the New Govt, Says Solana’ Dawn (Karachi, 22 April 2008). 58 ibid.
59 Islam,
‘
Building democracy
and fighting
extrem
ism in Pakistan: a role for the EU’ (
n
40) 2. 60
Shad
(
n
17
)
122. 191
4.5. INSTITUTIONALISATION OF EU–PAKISTAN RELATIONS as tools to ensure stability in the country61 . The EU has a strong interest in seeing democratic consolidation in Pakistan essential not only for stability within the country but also for a security cooperation in the region62. While availing the opportunity of European Union president’s visit, Pakistan government sought to gain the maximum support in trade and socio -economic sectors. The Prime Minister of Pakistan discussed the importance of gaining duty free access to the European markets while expressing its concerns on the dutyfree regime granted to Bangladesh as well as EU interest of establishing FTA with India. As war on terror has severely dented the development in Pakistan the Prime Minister of Pakistan demanded the EU support in socio-economic sectors to curb the extremism in a society which results from socio economic deprivation of various segments in a society63 . The cost of ‘war on terror’ to Pakistan was around 484 billion rupees during year 2007-08. The cost was projected to increase to 678 billion rupees during 2008-0964.
4.5 Institutionalisation of EU–Pakistan Relations
Undoubtedly, the war on terror proved to be instrumental in forging a closer relation between EU and Pakistan. The Perceived importance of Pakistan for the EU increased after the terrorist attacks of 9/11 on America in 2001. Because of the importance of the issues related to Pakistan, it became a priority on the agendas 61 Shad (n 17). 62
G
Stang
,
‘The EU and Pakistan’s turbulent democratisation’
[2012]
Agora Asia-Europe
, 1.
63 Noor (
n
27).
64 Cost of ‘war on terror’ to Pakistan, Source/Finance Division, Government of Pakistan (2008) hhttp://www.finance.gov.pk/poverty/PRSP-II.pdfi. 192
4.5. INSTITUTIONALISATION OF EU–PAKISTAN RELATIONS of not only European leaders but also of European Defence and foreign ministers65. Apart from that, certain important developments also took place on EU side, such as the setup of European Defence and Security Policy (EDSP) which established the EU’s political and defence identity, the appointment of EU Counter Terrorism Coordinator and dispatch of EU’s first police and military mission66 . All these developments enhanced the need for Pakistan engagement not only because of its campaign against terrorism, but also for achieving the EU’s policy goals in the region67 . Secondly, with the elected civilian government after the elections of 2008, the EU found itself in a comfortable position to deal with it68 . With these developments in the background, EU made an effort to institutionalise its policy in relation to Pakistan as per its own needs more explicitly69 . At the initiative of EU, several important cooperation agreements and political dialogues took place between EU and Pakistan which has the effect of consolidating EU and Pakistan relations. This set the beginning of institutional rapprochement between the two partners. Here is important to highlight the assistance provided by the EU’s through its development programmes in socio-economic areas as well increased level of diplomatic contacts and consultations that took place on important issues between EU and Pakistan to analyse the nature of coordination between the two. 65 Zajkczkowski and Wolf (n 10) 139,140. 66 ibid.
67 ibid.
68 Ballestero
s
-
Peiró
(
n 32) 6.
69
ibi
d. 4.6. COUNTRY STRATEGY PROGRAMME 2002-2006 4.6 Country Strategy Programme 2002-2006
The EU adopted its first five-year Country Strategy Paper (CSP)on Pakistan in 2002-2006.The strategy paper identified human development and trade development as two priority areas for European Commission cooperation with Pakistan. Besides these two priority areas other than areas for intervention includes child labour, good governance, rural development and drugs. The total budget allocation for the EC co-operation priority areas and interventions was 90 million euros under the multi -Asia budget70 . Pakistan being the 7th largest population in the world and due to its bleak social indicators , Human development in the education sector with focus on poverty reduction was targeted for priority attention in accordance with the overarching objectives for Community cooperation explicitly laid down in Article 177 of the EU Treaty in addition to the guidelines included in Council regulation 443/92 on financial and technical assistance and economic cooperation with developing countries in Asia and Latin America. Total 80% of available resources was allocated to this area71. Pakistan is an important trading partner of the EU despite that its current economic and commercial relations with the EU are below potential. Trade development and promotion of business and institutional links was identified as a second priority area in order to strengthen the economic institutions and commercial links to enhance Pakistan’s capability to interreact more effectively with EU. Approximately 70 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (2002-2006) hhttp://eeas
.
europa
.
eu/
archives
/docs/pakistan/
csp/02
06 en.pdfi
, 6,7
; EU-
Pakistan
: Commission propose increase in
assistance h
http://
europa
.
eu
/
rapid
/press-
release IP-07-115 en.htmi 71 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (2002-2006) (n 70) 36. 4.6.
2002-2006
8% of the resources was earmarked for activities under this head72. The remaining 12% of the total resources were allocated to other areas which were considered important in the current context of the country. This includes eradication of child labour, poverty alleviation projects, the fight against drugs abuse measures with focus on good governance and measures of conflict prevention73. In addition to the allocation of resources under the Asia budget earmarked for the targeted areas mentioned above other budget lines which included (European initiative for democracy and human rights , NGO co-financing , HIV and population related operations, Co-operation with third countries in area of Migration ) allocated total 165 million euros for addressing issues such as promotion of democracy and human rights, HIV and population-related operations, NGO co-financing , aid to uprooted people (afghan refugees) and curbing illegal migration74. The second CSP was adopted by EU on Pakistan in 2007 for the period 20072013. Under the development Cooperation Instrument (DCI)an indicative allocation of 398 million euros had been earmarked for the whole period of CSP. This strategy focused on alleviation of poverty and helping Pakistan follow a sustainable growth path. This strategy paper underline that the ‘long standing conflict in neighbouring Afghanistan has deep impact on economic and social development in the less developed and less secure provinces of Pakistan’75 . Therefore, the CSP identified rural development and natural resources management in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Baluchistan as the first focal areas for the allocation of resources.
72 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (2002-2006) (n 70) 26. 73 ibid 6. 74 ibid. 75 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (20072013) COUNTRY STRATEGY PROGRAMME 2002-2006
Through investment in the rural areas of these provinces the objective was to support these provinces to move ahead towards the Millennium developments goals (MDGs) to ensure the cohesion and stability of the country as a whole and to prevent the conflicts from recurring in these areas bordering Afghanistan. These efforts would supplement the EC’S substantial engagement in Afghanistan76 . Therefore the objective of rural development and natural resource management in these provinces placed particular emphasis on degenerating state of environment and declining water resources to achieve improvement of livelihood, income generation and creation of employment opportunities for the locals communities including refugee-impacted areas. Secondly the Strategy paper emphasized that Education and Human resources development play a strategic role in the government’s long term plan thus were listed as focal area 2 for European Commission cooperation with Pakistan over the reference period77 . The objective was to increase access to basic education and to support measures to improve the quality of education and human resource development with the objective to prepare Pakistan’s transition to knowledge-based economy78 . In addition to that, trade development with a view to further integrate Pakistan into world economy together with human right and democratization constituted non focal areas of the European Commission support79. Other areas identified for EU’s support and cooperation was human rights, combating child labour to address child protection issues in broader sense such as viol-
76 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (20072013)
(
n
75) 19. 77 ibid. 78
ibid. 79 ibid
20. 4.7. EU-PAKISTAN MULTI-ANNUAL INDI (2014-2020)
ence, trafficking and discrimination with special emphasis on juvenile justice, human and social development in order to support the government of Pakistan to implement its policies and international commitment towards the human rights, fair globalization and decent work80.
4.7 EU-Pakistan Multi-Annual Indicative Programme (2014-2020)
This multi annual-indicative programme was adopted in response to Pakistan national development agenda and was based on two documents, Pakistan vision 2025 and Poverty reduction strategy paper (PRSP-II 2010).Vision 2025 was adopted in May 2014 by a new government elected in 2013. This vision contains the country’s long-term development blueprint which aims to create a globally competitive and prosperous country providing a high quality of life for all of its citizens. It aims to transform Pakistan into an industrialized, technology intensive, globalized and knowledge based inclusive upper middle country by 2025. The Poverty reduction strategy paper provide an assessment of poverty and ‘details of the macroeconomic, structural and social policies and programmes that a country will pursue over several years to promote growth and reduce poverty as well as external financing needs and associated sources of finances’81 . The World bank and International Monetary fund (IMF) require it from countries which applied for debt relief or before receiving aid from donors. This indicative programme was adopted to assist Pakistan in improving 80 Pakistan Country Strategy Paper (20072013) (n 75) 24. 81 Government of Pakistan (Finance Division), Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)-II hhttp: //www.finance.gov.pk/poverty/PRSP-II.pdfi. 4.8. EU’S NEW FINANCIAL SUPPORT TO EDUCATION RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS IN PAKISTAN
its poverty level which have not decreased since 2008 due to persistent stagnation of economy and successive humanitarian crisis and to provide support in achieving its targets of Vision 2025. EU through multi annual indicative programme aim to accelerate the abysmal national performance through its financials interventions in three main areas such as rural development (allocated 340 million euros), education (210 million euros) and good governance, human rights and rule of law (97 million euros)82 . The total budget allocated under this programme was 653 million euros83.
4.8 EU’s New Financial Support to Education Rural Development and Democratic Institutions in Pakistan
Recently, EU has awarded a financial grant of 150 million Euros to Pakistan to support education, rural development and democratic institutions in Pakistan. This bespeaks of EU commitment to support Pakistan in its inclusive, sustainable and democratic development. To improve universal access to quality education ,50 million euros is earmarked for the project ‘Development through Enhanced Education Programme (DEEP)’ in the Province of Sindh. This project will support the young people to engage in productive employment or higher/vocational training. This project will also work on issues such as reduction of drop outs, higher enrolment rate, and better quality education in a context of persistent demographic pressure. 4.9. FORGING OF POLITICAL PARTNERSHIP
For rural development in the Province of Sindh and Baluchistan, 50 million euros is earmarked for the project ‘Growth for Rural Advancement and sustainable programme(GRASP)’.This programme will aim to contribute to the reduction of poverty through development of rural SMEs thereby creating inclusive employment and income opportunities in the rural areas of Pakistan. The programme will have a specific focus on women in these areas. Similarly 45 million Euros is dedicated to a project to support parliamentary democracy in Pakistan especially in the frame of the 18th amendment of the constitution. This project will be additional part of the on-going EU assistance to Provincial Assemblies and recently completed EU assistance to the Federal Parliament.
4.9 Forging of Political Partnership
Several important developments took place which have transformed the EU– Pakistan relations traditionally centred around trade and development cooperation since its inception into the political partnership. In this regard, Joint declaration of EU–Pakistan ministerial troika is notable that took place in Berlin on 8 February 200784 . Both the sides undertake to develop broad formalized political dialogues on important issues such as counter terrorism, nonproliferation, counter-narcotics, inter-faith dialogue, human rights and good governance through regular ministerial and expert level meetings and to cooperate in the promotion of regional peace, stability and security. Both the sides agreed to exchange experience in the fields of political and economic governance in addition to human rights and rule of law. Both the sides showed their commitment to the elimination of poverty in Pakistan, in accordance with the Millennium Development goals85 . After a year, in April 2008 the EU foreign ministers made a list of priority actions in Pakistan. First, they agreed to support and provide assistance related to Pakistan’s governance, rule of law and democracy issues86 . Second, regarding the recommendation of the Election Observer Mission (EOM) 2008 for bringing electoral reforms in Pakistan, they said that ‘The European Union stands ready to support the government of Pakistan in the implementation of these recommendations to assist reforms to strengthen Pakistan’s democratic institutions’87 . The ministers showed interest for initiating dialogue with Pakistan by pointing to the future areas of cooperation such as trade and development, non -proliferation, intercultural exchange, human rights, education counter terrorism and radicalization88 . Most importantly, Pakistan’s request for initiating negotiations on EU–Pakistan free trade agreement and for promoting trade liberalization in South Asia, specifically with Afghanistan and India was taken into consideration89.
4.10 First EU–Pakistan Summit 2009
The first EU–Pakistan summit took place in Brussels on 17 June 2009. The summit was held to mark the successful transition of democratic system in Pakistan. In 85 Islam, ‘EU-Pakistan Relations: The Challenge of Dealing with a Fragile State’ (n 9) 592. 86 The Council of the European Union, 2864th and 2865th Council meetings General Affairs and External Relations, Luxembourg (n 55). 87 ibid. 88 ibid. 89 Islam, ‘EU-Pakistan Relations: The Challenge of Dealing with a Fragile State’ (n 9) 592. 200 4.10. FIRST EU–PAKISTAN SUM
MIT
2009 that Summit both sides showed their commitment to engage in a strategic dialogue. However, EU pointed out that ‘terrorism, extremism and militancy represents serious threat to international peace and should be eliminated’90 . Both sides emphasised the need to work together on integrated long-term strategy including civilian law enforcement structures, rule of law as well as socio-economic development91 . EU also offered its assistance in improving Pakistan’s law enforcement system through Police reforms and criminal justice. EU also offered its help to improve Pakistan’s counter terrorism capabilities92 . Regarding energy crisis issue in Pakistan, they emphasised the need to attain sustainable and safe energy supplies93 . The deteriorating security situation of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and tribal areas, which were largely hit by the acts of terrorism, was discussed94 . The demand, made by the government of Pakistan interested in seeking increased access to European market for its exports especially textiles, did not receive positive response. However, EU gave assurance that it would work with Pakistan towards further liberalization of trade in goods and services with aim to mutually enhance market access and convergence on regulatory matters95.
Pakistan summit
Brussels 2009) .consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms Data/docs/ /en/ s/ 62. i. 91 ibid. 92 ibid. 93 ibid; Ballesteros-Peiró (n 32) 7 94 Eu-Pakistan summit Brussels (n 90). 95 ibid;
SECOND EU–PAKISTAN SUMMIT 2010
Summit
2010
The second EU–Pakistan summit was held on 4 June 2010 in Brussels. The leaders showed their interest to build up a ‘partnership for peace and development’96 . While taking up the dialogue a step further, the leaders re-affirmed their commitment to jointly address the issues related to regional and global security, economic and trade cooperation, respect for human rights and provision of humanitarian assistance. In addition to that, the EU expressed to continue to extend its cooperation with Pakistan for strengthening Pakistan’s democratic government and institutions97. Leaders from both sides also assured to work on a five-year engagement plan for Pakistan, which would outline the specific targets for their joint actions. For consultations at the ministerial or official level, it was agreed that under the new Lisbon treaty rules, regular meetings between the High Representative of the Union for foreign and security policy and Pakistan foreign minister will continue98 . EU President van Rompuy in his statement stated, that over one million Pakistanis are living in EU which establish a good link between EU and Pakistan and necessity of working together on serious issues faced by Pakistan. He further said that,‘Moreover the EU is Pakistan’s most important trading partner and one of the largest partners in development cooperation. The development in Pakistan do have a direct influence in Europe, and in the whole world. Therefore, it is in our interest to be constructively engaged with Pakistan after a period of lower intensity. We are discussing a broad 96 Second EU – Pakistan Summit Brussels, Joint Statement (4 June 2010) hhttp://register.consilium. europa.eu/doc/srv?l=EN&f=ST106922010INITi. 97 ibid. 98 ibid. 202 . range of issues that are important to us’99. While streamlining the future course of action, EU at the same time expressed its dissatisfaction on Pakistan’s leadership ill performance on the issues it committed previously to address. Thus, in the summit EU firmly made a demand that Pakistan must take some concrete actions on regional and global security issues as well as for strengthen its democratic institutions and human rights conditions in the country100 . EU continued to express its concerns on Pakistan’s performance on major issues that required substantive action for fulfilling its commitment under the various cooperation agreements. After the Summit, similar concern was once again raised in a statement issued by the EU foreign ministers meeting on 18 July 2011. They warned that ‘As the EU’s Partnership with Pakistan mature, it should increasingly balance the interests and concerns of both the partners’101. Further the statement reads, ‘Thus, while EU is ready to pursue cooperation in number of areas, we also count on react to EU concerns, in particular in the field of security and of human rights, including the protection of minorities and freedom of religion and speech. Moreover, without far reaching structural, economic and fiscal reforms, EU assistance cannot be fully effective’102 . While accounting the necessary cooperation which EU is extending to strengthen its law enforcement system and for bringing necessary reforms in functioning of police and judiciary, it encouraged the Pakistan to take necessary steps for combating terrorism which is affecting the 99 European Council the President, Remarks by HermanVan Rompuy, President of the European Council, at the press conference after the EU -Pakistan Summit.
u n 101
European Council the President, Remarks by HermanVan Rompuy, President of the European Council, at the press conference after the EU -Pakistan Summit. PCE 115/10 Brussels (n 99). 102 ibid.
4.12. GRANT OF GSP+STATUS OF PAKISTAN security of the region103. 4.12 Grant of GSP+Status of Pakistan
As discussed above areas of trade, economic cooperation and development remained significant in EU–Pakistan relations. EU has been Pakistan largest trading partner accounting for 12.8% of total trade and borrowing 23.7% of total exports . In May 2007, a subgroup on trade was set up in order to further promote the development of two-way trade between EU and Pakistan under the EU–Pakistan Joint Commission. To give boost to Pakistan trade following heavy monsoon rains and devastating floods which have affected 20 percent of Pakistan land and 20 million people, the EU has not only given 423million in emergency aid but have also adopted autonomous trade preferences Pakistan duties key import waiver EU trade related to Pakistan Trade Related Assistance mely TRATA I improvement sanitary and phytosanitary measures, trade capacity and intellectual property rights A II three components
, Remarks by Herman , President of the European Council, at the press conference after the EU Pakistan Summit. 5/10 ). . 105 Regulation (EU) No 1029/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 introducing emergency autonomous trade preferences for Pakistan [2012] OJ L316/43 hhttps: //eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32012R1029&from=ENi. 204
4.12. GRANT OF GSP+STATUS OF PAKISTAN
property rights and TRATA III which focussed on Private sectors development106. For the improvement of Pakistan’s socio-economic situation in Pakistan, EU considered awarding the Generalized system of preference (GSP) plus status to Pakistan. It was estimated that with grant of this status Pakistan’s textile and leather industries would benefit enormously from unrestricted access to EU’s single market. According to analysts this trade concession would help Pakistan to earn additional USD 550-700 million per year with an increase in exports of USD 2billion107 . A significant step in the direction of granting GSP plus status to Pakistan was made on taken on 5 November 2013, as the International Trade Committee of the European Parliament (INTA) voted against a Resolution of Southern European Countries opposing the grant of the GSP plus to a batch of ten newly selected members , including Pakistan108 . The final decision of the European Parliament on 12 December 2013 was in favour of awarding Pakistan the GSP Plus status until 2017. The grant of GSP Plus status was subject to a condition upon Pakistan’s effective implementation of 27 UN Conventions covering human rights, labour rights, environmental protection and good governance. These conventions are within the scope of GSP+ regulation. This economic incentive is link to improvement of overall human rights, labour standards and protection of environment and good governance in Pakistan. For Pakistan, the ward of GSP Plus status was a matter of prestige, as it was hopeful that it will help in improving the country’s tattered international 106 Pakistan Institute of trade and development, EU funded Trade related technical assistance projects hhttp://www.pitad.org.pk/indexP.php?type=TRTA-IIIi. 107
Muhammad Javed, ‘
Government
can earn $
700m
through GSPplus status: experts’ The News International (Islamabad, 15 October 2013).
108
According
to media reports 406
members of
the European
Parliament for awarding Pakistan
GSP status
while
186
European members voted
against the initiative
. MZ Khan, ‘Ways open for grant of GSP+’ The Dawn (Karachi, 7 November 2013) 205 4.12.
GRANT OF GSP+STATUS OF PAKISTAN
standing. Its reputation has greatly suffered from its image of being one of the world greatest hubs for international terrorism, extremism, a source of all kind of instability leading to suppression of religious and ethnic minorities and strained relations with its neighbours109 . However, Pakistan’s lobbying and diplomatic efforts has convinced the most important decision makers with the EU of following things. First, Pakistan has ensured that it has the Political will and capacities to deal with the prerequisites for getting the GSP Plus status. Second, to improve the coordination and cooperation between its institutional structure in order to be able to accomplish the entire GSP Plus programme110. As per the EU–Pakistan trade facts, EU 28 imports from Pakistan during the period from 2006 to 2016 have almost doubled from 3,319 million euros to 6,273 million euros111 . The increase in growth of imports from Pakistan has been recorded since the award of Generalised System of Preference (GSP) plus to Pakistan in January 2014. Overall GSP Plus has been instruments in providing a boost to Pakistan’s textiles and leather and domestic industries of Pakistan by giving them a duty-free access to European markets and business clientage. The assessment of Pakistan’s compliance with the EU obligations concerning the compliance of 27 UN Convention which are within the scope of GSP+ conditionality will be analysed in detail in chapter 4 of the thesis.
109 Wolf
(
n
25)
5. 110 ibid 6. 111 EU-Pakistan trade facts
(
n
104
). 206
4.13. EU-PAKISTAN FIVE YEAR ENGAGEMENT PLAN (2012-2017) 4.13 EU-Pakistan Five Year Engagement Plan (2012-2017)
The five-year engagement plan between EU and Pakistan was adopted on 2 March 2012 which set up a new political framework for EU–Pakistan relations112 . Besides that, a bi-annual ‘strategic-dialogue’ was also launched based on EU -Pakistan engagement plan by the EU High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy with her meeting with Pakistan Foreign Minister on 5 June 2012113. This engagement plan was guided by the EU–Pakistan Summit of joint statements of 17 June 2009 and 04 June 2010. The aim of five-year engagement plan was to ‘build a strategic relationship by forging a partnership for peace and development rooted in shared values, principles and commitments’114 . This engagement plan aim to promote partnership and expand cooperation on a wide range of issues. The targeted areas of cooperation in five-year engagement plan were regular strategic/political dialogues between the two sides, security, democracy, governance issues, human rights, socio-economic development, trade and investment, energy issues and cooperation in various social sectors115 . With this engagement plan the EU and Pakistan relations graduates to a new level with shifting what has been traditional more trade oriented to the one that is political. Under this engagement plan the two sides have been engaged on important areas such as security, counter terrorism and counter EU-PAKISTAN FIVE PLAN (2012-2017)
proliferation. The five-year engagement plan successfully culminated in 2017. Before its expiration the negotiations on the adoption of EU–Pakistan strategic engagement plan had begun on the direction of the Council116 . On 14 September 2018 a proposal for an EU–Pakistan strategic Engagement was transmitted to the Council by European External Action Service (EEAS) to be signed by the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. In the text of the EU–Pakistan strategic Engagement plan both the sides have committed to reinforced the cooperation in area of counter terrorism , preventing and countering violent extremism and tackling their root causes , as well as in the field of organized crime, money laundering , cyber security and anti-piracy117. The new strategic engagement plan between EU–Pakistan was signed in Brussels on 25 June 2019118 . This strategic engagement plan set the beginning of new chapter in EU–Pakistan relations. Now the bilateral relations between the two partners would be guided by the EU -Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan and by the 2004 Cooperation agreement on partnership and development. The Strategic engagement plan provides a comprehensive political framework for development of broad-based partnership in areas of peace and security, trade and investment, the rule of law, good governance and human rights, education and culture, sustainable development migration and mobility, and science and technology119 .
Engagement in area of peace 116 [xxx] 117 Council of the European Union, EU-Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan-Signature authorization, Brussels [2019] hhttps://data.consilium.europa.eu/doc/document/ST-7857-2019-INIT/en/pdfi, 2,4. 118 EU-Pakistan Strategic Engagement Plan hhttps://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/eupakistan strategic engagement plan.pdfi. 119 EU-Pakistan Relations, European external action service, Brussels [2019] hhttps://eeas.europa.eu/ 4.14. CONCLUSION
and security through structured security dialogues is important component of this plan. The new security dialogues under Strategic engagement plan has replaced the earlier series of annual counter terrorism and non-proliferation dialogues between the two partners. The new Strategic engagement plan will not only further bilateral relations between the two partners, but it will also set the agenda for enhanced cooperation. The strategic engagement plan substantiated the fact that Pakistan has slowly climbed the EU’s foreign and security Policy agenda and it no more lies at the periphery of the EU’s Asia policy rather it has been able to established itself as a new important strategic partner of EU in South Asia along with China, India and Japan.
4.14 Conclusion
EU-Pakistan relations have been profoundly developed in various areas of cooperation over the period of fifty years. Trade, investment and development cooperation have remained the main area of cooperation since the start of relations till present. EU has been Pakistan not only one of its leading trade and investment partner but has also been its important development partner as evident from its immense financial aid and support in areas of health, education, rural development and poverty reduction. EU has played an eminent role in providing its continuous support to consolidation of democracy, rule of law and promotion and protection of human rights in a country. Due to this very reason EU has been well received in Pakistani media, civil society, women groups, human rights activists and organization as well as pro-democracy groups and parties. EU involvement in American war on terror in Afghanistan after 9/11 terrorists attacks on America brought a change in its towards which was mainly for EU its policy towards Pakistan. European that a secure and stable Pakistan can only contribute in achieving peace and stability in the region. The 2004 cooperation and development agreement between EU-Pakistan have reinforced the relationship between the two. However, it was five years engagement plan concluded in 2012 which have broadened the scope of their terms of engagement to entirely new areas notably security, counterterrorism, energy, trade, democracy and good governance. The currently concluded new Strategic engagement partnership between EU and Pakistan is an offshoot of the five-year engagement plan 2012 which ended in 2017. The new strategic engagement partnership is considered an immense achievement for both the Partners. It is ambitious new political framework which have set the foundation of political ties between EU and Pakistan and have transformed the relations between them from mere trade partners to policy partners. It bespeaks that both EU and Pakistan value their mutual relations and are committed to enhance the level of there bilateral engagement and to further strengthen the long term, forward looking and broad based partnership for peace , development and prosperity. Analyzing The Status of Implementation of Human Rights, Labour Rights, Environmental Protection and Good Governance Conventions in Pakistan
Pakistan has been granted the GSP+status on 1st of January 2014. One of the important condition relevant to GSP+status is that the beneficiary State is required to ratify and ensure the effective implementation of the 27 core international Conventions within its State. This chapter will make an in-depth analysis of the status of the implementation of those conventions through adoption of national and provincial legislation in Pakistan.
5.1. INTRODUCTION
5.1 Introduction Since 1971, the EU has created a Generalized System of Preferences (‘GSP’) scheme to assist the developing countries in their efforts to reduce poverty, promote good governance and sustainable development. Under this scheme, the countries are provided preferential access to the EU market, which helps them to generate additional revenue through international trade1 . The European Parliament Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 and the Council Regulation of 25 October 2012 on applying a scheme of generalized tariff preferences (‘the GSP Regulation’) is the legal framework for the GSP2 . The scheme has been introduced under the ‘Enabling Clause’ which permits an exception to the WTO ‘Most Favoured Nation’ principle3. GSP has three different preference arrangements to accommodate developing countries trade, development and financial needs effectively. GSP+is the Special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance for countries especially vulnerable in terms of their economies diversification and import volumes. GSP+grants duty suspension for 66% tariff lines to its beneficiaries4.
1 EU Generalized System of Preference (GSP) hhttp://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countriesandregions/development/generalisei. 2 Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 applying a scheme of generalised tariff preferences and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 5.2. CONDITIONS LINKED WITH GSP+STATUS 5.2 Conditions Linked with GSP+Status
The grant of GSP+status is linked with three important conditionalities. The country applying for the GSP+is required to have already ratified the 27 core international conventions on human and labour rights, environmental protection and good governance5 . These Conventions are listed in Annex VIII of the GSP Regulation. Secondly, countries must ratify those Conventions without formulating any reservations which are prohibited by those conventions or are incompatible with the purposes of the Conventions. Thirdly, the recent conclusions and recommendations of the monitoring bodies must not have identified any serious difficulty in the implementation of those conventions in a beneficiary State6. The countries must not only commit to reporting and monitoring requirement of the Conventions, but shall also commit to cooperate with EU GSP+monitoring led by European Commission for assessing the beneficiary’s state compliance with their undertakings under the GSP+7. Pakistan has been granted the GSP+status on 1st January 20148 . As a require5 European Commission, ‘The EU Special Incentive Arrangement for Sustainable Development and Good Governance ( ‘GSP+’ ) covering the period 2014-2015’ SWD(2016) 8 final Brussels hhttps: //eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/european commission. 2016. .pdfi. 6 ibid. 7 ibid; See also Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 155/2013 of 18 December 2012 establishing rules related to the procedure for granting the special incentive arrangement for sustainable development and good governance under Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council applying a scheme of generalised tariff preferences [2013] OJ L48/5 hhttps://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32013R0155&from=ENi, para 8 8 Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 1/2014 of 28 August 2013 establishing Annex III to Regulation (EU) No 978/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council applying a scheme of generalised tariff preferences [2004] OJ L1/1 hhttps://eurlex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/ TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32014R0001&from=GAi, para 1. 213
5.2. CONDITIONS LINKED WITH GSP+STATUS
ment, Pakistan must maintain ratification of 27 Conventions which includes seven UN conventions on human rights, eight fundamental ILO conventions on labour rights, eight UN conventions on environment protection and four UN conventions on good governance without any reservations. As a mandatory requirement, Pakistan must bring necessary changes in its current laws or adopt new national or provincial legislations to ensure compliance with these core international conventions. Secondly, Pakistan should not demonstrate any serious difficulties regarding implementation of these conventions. Moreover, Pakistan must commit to the reporting and monitoring requirement of these conventions as well as with the EU GSP+monitoring of the European Commission for the assessment of effective implementation of these conventions through necessary legislations. The Pakistan’s Government has introduced a number of important divisions and units associated with the GSP+programme. Before the grant of the GSP+status, the government has set up a GSP+force to ensure that it has fulfilled EU’s formal criteria9 . Pursuant to the grant of GSP+status, the Government has established a ‘Treaty Implementation Cells (TICs) at the national and provincial levels. These cells are tasked to monitor and ensure implementation of treaty obligations, coordinate information between federal and provincial level and between different ministries and departments and update data collection for the country report10 . At the provincial level, provincial treaty cells were also set up.In 2016, a reform was introduced for the purpose of enhancing coordination with departments and agencies and to enable 9 M Ghumman, ‘Procedural EU formalities for GSP-Plus: Prime Minister forms inter-ministerial task force’ Business Recorder (Karachi, 5 December 2012) hhttp://fp.brecorder.com/2012/12/ 201212051264410/i. 10 European Commission, The EU Special
Inc
entive Arrangement
for
Sustainable
Development
and
Good Governance
(
GSP
+) assessment of Pakistan covering the
period 2016-2017
,
Joint Staff Working Document Brussels
[
2018
],
2. 214
5.2. CONDITIONS LINKED WITH GSP+STATUS cooperation with International partners11 .
The
Government
has also announced to establish GSP+ support Mechanism Unit to cooperate with private sectors and NGOs to improve human rights conditions in Pakistan
12. Monitoring of human rights is the main challenge due to lack of reliable nationwide data on human rights situation in the country. The data is usually provided by NGOs and based on media reporting. For improving the data collection on human rights situation in the country, the Government has indicated to establish a Human Rights Management Information System, which will be central to the National Institute of Human Rights in Pakistan. The National Institute of Human Rights will conduct research on human rights, training, capacity building of the Provincial Human rights departments, collection and dissemination of information, review policy and legal reforms, advocacy and awareness of human rights through media campaigns and other ways13. The next part of this chapter will review the status of implementation of the UN conventions on Human rights in Pakistan required for the maintenance of the EU GSP+status through adoption of national and provincial legislations during the period between 2014-2018 and through the observations of the UN committees on the periodic reports submitted by Pakistan concerning each human right Convention.
11 ‘PM Restructures TIC to improve compliance on International obligations’’ Associated Press of Pakistan (Islamabad, 24 June 2016) hhttps://www.app.com.pk/pm-restructures-tic-to-improvecompliance-on-international-obligations-ashtari. 12 ‘GSP Plus review:Support mechanism unit to be established’ The Tribune (Karachi, 4 August 2015) hhttps://tribune.com.pk/story/931751/gspplusreviewsupportmechanismunittobeestablished/i.
13 The National Institute for human rights, Islamabad was established under the National Action Plan for Human Rights which was approved on 13th February 2016 hhttp://www.mohr.gov.pk/ index.php/home/pps page/15i. 5.3. STATUS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE UN HUMAN RIGHT CONVENTIONS 5.3 Status of the Implementation of the UN Human Right Conventions 5.3.1 International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD)
International Convention on the elimination of all form of racial discrimination (CERD) entered into force on 4 January 196914 . Pakistan ratified the convention in year 196615 . Racial discrimination is defined as any ‘distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life’16. The State parties are required to undertake the policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms and shall promote understanding among all the races to achieve that end17 . Further the state party shall not undertake to sponsor, defend or support racial discrimination by any persons or organizations. The state party shall review its governmental, national or local policies and amend or nullify any laws or regulations which have the effect of creating or perpetuating racial discrimination. The state party shall prohibit and bring to an end through appropriate measures including legislation as necessitated by circumstances racial discrimination by any 14 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination [1965].
15 Pakistan Ratification status hhttp://indicators.ohchr.org/i. 16 International Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Racial Discrimination (n 14) art 1. 17 ibid art 2.
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Dig holes two feet in diameter, twenty inches deep ; fill one foot with rubbish raked from the garden and stablo-yard, and unrotted manures ; beat down hard, and water it freely; then fill to the top with rich soil; on this spread an inch of fine compost, or wcll-rotted manure, compact, but not hard. Plant the seed from the fifteenth of April to the first of May, ten or fifteen to a hill, to allow for accidents, a little below the sur- face of the compost. Brush over the hill with the hand so as to fill the holes made by the fingers ; then cover the hill with an inch of clear sand. Should the weather be dry, -vrater them well two or three evenings. The hills may be made twelve feet apart, and when the plants are well up they may be thinned out so as to leave five or six good, thrifty plants : and when the plants have got six leaves, thin out again, so that only two may remain to grow, and give the two plants ten or twelve inches space. If the season be dry, dig down by the side of the hills nearly as deep as the bottom of the holes, and put in a bucket or two of water, filling the hole after the water is absorbed. As soon as the yellow bug is gone, take away the sand, and supply ita place with soil. This is all that can be done in the hill. "When the plant has sis leaves take off the center shoot with the point of a sharp penknife, and when the lateral shoots are six ,y Google 6t) GARDENING, inches long take off all but three. When these hegin to fall to the ground, secure them down with cross- sticks ; and as they advance, spade up the ground a foot deep in advance of tlio*vine8. Once in every three or four feet, put a shovel-full of soil on the leaf- joint of the vine, not covering up the lea^ and press it down gently with the foot on both sides of the leaf. If this ia kept moist, it will take root — the ends of the vines to be kept to the ground by cross-sticks. Let the vines spread from the hills regularly so as to cover the whole ground. If the side branches of the main vines are inclined to head up, and not to keep to the ground, take them off, say a foot, from the main vine. All pruning should be done in the middle of the day, when the sun shines. Let no melon grow nearer the root than four or five feet, and then only one on a lateral branch, three to a plant. Let the vine run on as far as it will, keeping it to the ground. Permit no melon to grow that is deformed, and pull off no male blossoms. "When the melon has nearly attained to its size, others may be permitted to grow on the same vine, and a second crop raised. The vines might be made to grow from twenty to thirty feet long. Great care should be taken that they are not moved or trod upon. The sand is put on the hills as a preventive against the yellow bug ; but pumpkin or squash seed may be planted near the bills for the bugs to light on, taking care to pull them up as soon as the bugs are gone. Common salt, bone dust, or superphosphate of lime, guano, ashes, and animal manures, are also good for water-melons. ,y Google GARDENING. 61 TO DRIVE BUGS FROM TINES. The ravages of the yellow-striped bugs on cucum- bers and melon-vines, may be efibctually prevented by sifting charcoal-dust over the plants. If repeated two or three times, the plants will be entirely free from annoyance. There is in charcoal some property so obnoxious to these troublesome insects, that they fly from it the instant it is applied. HINT TO FARMERS, It is said that the spirits of turpentine is a deadly enemy to all the insect tribes, and consequently wili destroy the bug or worm which is found to prey on wheat and other grain. "With a watering-pot, finely pertbrated in the spout, a person may sprinkle a field of ten acres, without using more than two or three gallons. The exporiment on a araall scale may easily be tried. TO CORRECT DAMAGED GRAIN. Musty grain, totally unfit for use, and which can scarcely be ground, may, it is said, be rendered per- fectly sweet and sound by simply immersing- it in boiling water, and letting it remain until the water becomes cold. The quantity of water must be double that of the grain to be purified. The musty quality rarely penetrates through the husk of the wheat ; and in the very worst case it does not extend through the amylaceous matter which lies immediately under the skin. In the hot water all the decayed or rotten grain swims on the surface, so that the remaining wheat is efiectually cleansed from all impurities with- out any material loss. It is afterwards to be dried on a kiln, occasionally stirring it; or it would dry in the ,y Google 62 GARDENING. hot snn if spread there. It should be efFeetually dried before it is ground, or there would be danger of its heating, and of the flour becoming musty. POTATOES, Planted from the middle of February to the middle of April, are raised \yith the greatest suceesa in this climate : a later planting seldom turns out well, owing, generally, to the heat and dryness of summer. A light soil, which is neither too dry nor too wet, suitB them best. The ground should be well plowed once or twice previous to planting, and if the ground was plowed late in the fall, to have the winter exposure, so much the better, in order that the ground might be made mellow and fine. After preparing the ground for planting, lay off the trenches three feet apart, seven or eight inches deep, and throw in the bottom coarse straw or litter from the stable, one or two inches thick, pressing it down evenly; and on this put a compost of stable and cow-pen manure, tolerably well rotted, to about the same thickness ; then cut your potatoes, so that there may be one or two good eyes in each piece, from the middle of the potato, rejecting both ends, or what is called the eye or top and the bottom or root end ; then drop them in the trench nine inches apart, and cover them with the earth taken from the drill, three or four inches deep, taking care to have the ridge covered very little above the level of the ground. One good molding will be sufficient, after the potatoes get about six or eight inches in bight. ANOTHER METHOD OF RAISING POTATOES. The latter part of ^February, make trenches about ten or twelve inches deep, by running a plow two or ,y Google GARDENIiSG. 63 three times in a place, and Bcrapiiig them out with a hoe. In these trenches put a small quantity of stable or other strong manure, drop the potato, aud fill the trenches with half-rotted straw or trash from the woods or barn-yard. Then level the ground, and scatter leaves or other trash, about four or five inches deep all over the surface, which keeps the ground moist, and prevents the weeds and grass from grow- ing. There is no trouble in working them afterwards. A SOCCESSFUL MODE OF KEEPIMG SWEET POTATOES. Dig a square pit in the ground about four feet deep, about the size you wish your house to he. Log it upon the inside until the logs are four or five feet above the surface of the earth. Draw the dirt well around the log frame. In the earth, on the inside of the first frame, build another frame of logs, leaving a space of one foot between the two. Fill the space between them with sand or dry earth. Upon the top of the frame lay a plank fioor, the upper part of the floor to be covered with earth about four inches deep. Then a roof, with the gable-end opened at the south, and closed at the north. Have a door in the log frame about two feet square, to the south. After the pota- toes are dug, they must be protected from the sides and bottom by dry pine leaves. The door must be kept open in warm, dry days, and closed in cold, damp weather, and always at night. A fioor of poles should be made to the potatoe bouse. ANOTHER. Open a hole or bed about a foot deep, in high, dry land (deeper would be better) ; put the potatoes in a HoslcdDyGoOglc 64 GAEDENING. conical form, and cover with fine straw and corn stalks; or stalks alone, at first, and then with earth froih eight to twelve inches deep ; covering lightly at first, and increasing the qnantity of earth as the cold increases, would probably be better, but more risk is ran in covering too lightly than too heavily. The only advantage in putting on stalks, is to keep the earth from mixing with the potatoes, as they keep equally well, or better, to put the earth on without either straw or stalks. A house built of clay, the walla about a foot thick, and covered (under the roof) in the same manner, was found not to preserve pota- toes. Wben a hill is opened, remove the contents to this house during winter ; but in spring, say early in May, remove the potatoes to a dry house or lot, for if left, in the hill, they sprout or become too moist and soft to be good. The yam rarely fails to keep till new potatoes are dug, but the Spanish can seldom be kept so late. Large hilts or banks never keep so well as small ones. About twenty bushels are suf- ficient. The above plan has proved highly successful after much experience. PRESERVING IRISH POTATOES Injurioui Efecli of their Tops. When digging your potatoes, spread them out aa much as possible upon the ground, in order that each potato may feel the direct influence of the sun and air ; and do not dig more than can be got in at night, lest they have to be exposed out twelve or twenty-four hours with nothing over them but a few straggling tops, as a sort of apology for a covering. It is recom- mended to have them carried into the cellar or bins as soon after they are taken from the hills as they can ,y Google GAKDENINO. 65 be conveniently. The bins should also be so con- structed that potatoes can be excluded from air and light — in short, so aa to keep them in a state similar to that which they are in previously to their being dug; that is, secure from the light and air, with a little moisture and a temperature sufficiently low to keep them from vegetating. The beat plan is to make a bin. Put some sand or turf at the bottom, cut some sods, and line up the ends with them, and when the potatoes are put in, cover them over with aoda, and heat them down solid. This keeps them moist and cool, and, no doubt, is an excellent plan. The light has a peculiar action on some potatoes, making them heavy and watery or waxy, and strong or rancid to the taste. It is, per- haps, not always possible to prevent tliis, when they have snftered from some disease of their tops, or have been disturbed while growing, or have not a suitable soil. As it regards the tops, it is generally the custom to throw them down, and take no further trouble about them. It has been recommended to preserve them when green for fodder; and also not to leave them on the ground, as they form a harbor and breed- ing-place for insects, which will probably injure the next crop, especially if it be wheat. During the past summer, several crops of wheat that succeeded a po- tato crop, were injured by some worm or insect. It is better, either to gather them up and burn them, or throw them into the hog-yard, for manure. ANOTUER MODE OF PRESERVING POTATOES FOR FOOD. An English paper saya that to preserve potatoes in a proper state for food for many years, it is only ne- ' to scald them, or subject them to a heated 6* ,y Google 66 GARDENING. oven for a few minutes. By doing thia they will never sprout, and the farinaceous substance will keep good for many years, provided the cortical part or skin be entire. They should be well dried after being scalded, TO IMrROVE THE QUALITY OP THE IRISEI POTATO. .A way has been recommended for improving the potato from the seed of its own apple. Gather the apples of the blue potato when fully ripe, and M-ash out the seed, and diy them. In the spring sow them in drills. They come up very thick, having the ap- pearance of small weeds. In two or three weeks they put out leaves, having the appearance of potatoes; then thin and work them. In the fall you will likely have seed of various shapes and complexions, from which select four or five kinds in the spring, and plant each separately. This is said to improve the potatoes very much in flavor and quantity. AVood-ashes will improve the soil for the potato. ON THE CULTURE OF THE GRAPE-VINE. There are few things that afford more pleasure for the same expense of time and trouble, than a good and well managed grape-vine. The following plan for its cul- ture has proved, after many experiments, highly suc- cessful: — An Isabella vine, one year old from the layer, having a very good root, was planted in the spring in an ordinary soil, of rather a sandy quality, and a wheel-barrow load of wood-yard manure and old lime-mortar put about the root. As soon as it began to grow, all the buds were rubbed off but one, and that was trained perpendicularly, rubbing off during the season all side-shoots ; and when it had reached to the top of a second story balcony, the end was ,y Google GAEDENISQ. 67 nipped off, thus stopping its further growth. In the spring following, every bud but two at the top of tlio vijie were rubbed off, and those two were trained along tlie front of the balcony on a largo wive stretched along the posts for their support. Everj' Bide-bud, during this season, was also rubbed off as at first Both shoots made about thirty-five feet of growth this season. In the second spring, every joint on the horizontal shoots was permitted to send forth its buds, and to grow unmolested, till the branches had fairly set fruit, generally until they were about eighteen inches long. Then the end of each branch was nipped off, and its further growth prevented. The perpendicular stem was carefully prevented from send- ing out buds. The whole plant was carefully watched that no more buds might be permitted to grow — each one being rubbed off as soon aa it appeared. Thus from about the middle of June, the vine was not per- mitted to form any new wood. During the season the grapes grew uncommonly well, and were very fine, and every one ripened in good season, as was proved by the numerous company at the Horticultuml Society exhibition, who unanimously pronounced them the finest grapes there. The produce of the vine was three hundred and fifteen bunches, all very largo, and the grapes of uncommon size. The society awarded to them its first premium for native grapes. lias no doubt tliat if he bad been able to get, the sear- eon before, a greater length of wood for fruit branches, the plant would have supported a much larger quaji- titj of fruit. On trimming the vine, preparatory to its bearing the third year, there was verj- little wood to be cut off. Only two buds were left on each branch of last year's growth, and these are now growing, and showing fruit-buds very finely. The vine is not dead, nor does it appear to have been injured in the least by last year's hard work. So far, the experiment is highly successful, and we now feel authorized to recommend this plan to all who love fine fruit. It must be borne in mind that the experiment was made with the Isabella grape ; we of course cannot say any- thing about its applieabilily to other kinds, from expe- rience ; but the same reasoning applies with equal force to all kinds. If the powers of a plant can be turned from the foi-mation of wood to that of making fruit, as we have proved it can be, in the ease of the Isabella gi-ape, we do not see any reason why the ex- periment may not be sueceasful with all kinds of grapes and fruit. One thing we do know, that a plant that bears fruit does not grow as much as one that does not ; and we are hence authorized to infer, that the power of the plant may be directed at plea- sure, either to the growth of fruit or of wood — that by suppressing the one, you may increase the other, to a very great extent. It may be observed that this vine occupies no room at all in the garden. It grows close in the corner of the house, a sin- gle stem ascending fourteen feet to the baJcony, when it starts off horizontally as above desciibed, along the balcony. Thus every house in any city that ,y Google GARDENING. 69 has a yard at all, bo that the vine may be eet in the earth, may have just such a supply of delicious grapes as the writer of this had last fall. ANOTHER WAY TO CULTIVATE THE GRAPE-VINE. Whj SO little attention, comparatively, is bestowed upon the culture of the grape in this cotmtiy, where there are so many acres of poor land, of little value in an agricultural point of view, hut on which vines would flourish and produce largely, and yield a profitable return, is truly surprising. The mode of culture here euggeated oflers ample means for pro- curing an abundant supply of this delicious fruit, as hundreds of pounds might annually be produced upon the surface of walling ; for every house in town and country has more or less spare walling, which is deemed of no value, and might be turned into inva- luable account in the production of the fruit of the vine. There is not a single point of culture in the whole routine of the management of the vine, the knowledge of which is so important as that which enables the cultivator to discover mth accuracy the greatest quantity of fruit he can annually extract from it without checking its growth, or impairing its vital powers ; for it is well known, that the generous flavor of grapes, and the vital energies of the vine, are much affected by over-cropping. No vine under three inches in girth ought to be suffered to ripen any fruit, and the great end to be attained is the flavor of the grape that is used for the table, and this is regulated by the circumstances under which they ripen ; one of which is, the quantity of grapes suffered to remain and ripen as compared with the strength of the vine. Some vines show more fruit than others, but the power to ,y Google 70 UARDBNING. ripen is nearly equal in all. The warmer the aspect, the greater perfection does the grape attain in our climate, as is already demonstrated in the hot^housea; but it is not warmth alone; shelter is equally neeea- Barj'. There is no period in the growth of the vine, from the moment it is planted until it attains the greatest extremity of its growth, in which any move- ment of the wind will not have a greater or leas per- nicions effect on its well-heing ; for its perspiration is BO great through its large leaves, that a great supply of sap is necessary every moment, through the growing season, to enable it to recruit its loss. Every wind that blows on the foliage of the vino derangea its functions, and retards the growth of the plant and the ripening of its fruit, in proportion to its duration and violence. An aspect due-south is a veiy good one, but the south-west winds form a drawback to its excellence. The best is east by north. I have seen the black Hamburg attain great perfection ia thia aspect. The soil most congenial to the growth of the vine is a light, rich, sandy loam. One reason why grapes will not ripen on open walls is, the great depth of mold in which the roots of vines are suffered to run, which supplies them with too great a quantity of moisture. The subsoil should be of dry materials, for it is not mere earth the roots require, but air also. Each root requires a peculiar temperature, and all flonrish best in a stony soil. TO PBUSE GRAPE-VINES TO ADVANTAGE. In pruning vines, leave some new branches every year, and take away (if too many) some of the old, which may be of great advantage to the tree, and will much increase the quantity of fruit. When ,y Google GAEDENINO. 71 training the vine, leave two knots or buds, and cut them off the next time; for usually the two buds yield a bunch of grapes. Vines, thus pruned, bear abundantly, whereas others that have been cut close, to please the eye, yielded little or no fruit. REMEDY AGAINST MILDEW OF GRAPES. Take a pint and a half of sulphur, and a lump of the best unslacked lime; put them in a vessel of about seven gallons measurement: let the sulphur be thrown in iirst, and the lime over it ; then pour in a pailful of boiling water ; stir it well, and let it stand half an hour : then fill the vessel with cold water, and after stirring well again, allow the whole to settle. After it has become settled, dip out the clear liquid into a barrel, and fill the barrel with cold water, and it is then fit for use. Next proceed ■with a syringe holding about a pint and a half, and throw the liquid with it on the vines in every direc- tion, so as completely to cover the foliage, fruit, and wood. Thia should be done when the fruit is just forming and about one-third the size of a pea: it may be continue'd twice or thrice a week for two or throe weeks. The whole process for one or two hundred grape-vines need not occupy more than half an hour. MANAGEMENT OF FRDIT-TKEBS. The following suggestions, as to the use of lime around fruit-trees, are worthy of attention. In the autumn, we laid bare the roots of a number of un- thrifty apple, pear, and peach trees, and leaving them exposed during the winter, returned the dirt in the ,y Google 72 GARDENING. Spring, and applied to the roots of each tree ahout half a bushel of gas-lime. Last year the trees seemed greatly improved, and the pears bore more than three times as much as they did the two previous years ; tiie limbs had to be propped up, and the fruit seemed improved. "We treated some old quince-trees in a similar manner with success. Ashes are a good substitute for lime, and ordinary lime would probably do as well as the gas-lime. Exposing the roots of trees occasionally during the winter, it is well known, is very salutary. I have perfect faith in the beneficial use of calcare- ous substances applied to the roots of trees, sensible, as has been observed, that " oxygen is the basis of acidity," with which all putrid substances are charged ; and it is with this view that Major Eeybold, of Dela- ware, the first of the cultivators of the peach (for he and his sons, and sons-in-law, now number 70,000 peach trees-planted in orchards), is at this time actively engaged in dressing his trees with shell-marl by de- positing a quantity at the root of every tree, to be pulverized by the frosts of the ensuing winter. He also cultivates his orchard with the plow, turning a shallow furrow over the whole sui'face of the land, three times during the summer, — a weighty aflair, seeing that one of these orchards contains more than one hundred acres ; by these means he conceives that he renovates the land and benefits the health of the trees, which are, indeed, in full vigor, although many of them are very old, and as large as some apple-trees of mature growth. One of the proprietors of a lime quarry, mentioned that lime, which was proved by analysis to yield 96.6 per cent, of carbonate, and not a trace of magnesia, increased the size of the ,y Google GARDEHING. 7S fruit of an aprieotrtree three-foM, hj digging in around its roots a quantity of lime, adding also to its flavor in au ecitial degree. MANAGEMENT OP FRUIT TREES. In tho first place, allow mo to say that the disease of the peach-tree called and known as the yellows, is not contagious, and I will hold myself ready to prove, not theoretically or speculatively, but practically, that there is no sucli thing as a healthy peach-tree being infected by another standing adjacent and having the yellows. I will not say that this or any other disease cannot be inoculated ; but if it can, I have not been able to do it in several experiments made for the pur- pose. I will endeavor to detail some of my experiments and observations in regard to the yellows, &c., and believe that I ean show it to be the result of error in their culture. This farm had upon it, a small apple orchard, the trees standing at distances of thirty-two feet; between the rows of apple-trees, peach-trees were planted, at distances of sixteen feet tree from tree. The peach-trees were in a veiy unhealtEy con- dition ; some of them, being in the last stage of the disease called the yellows, ceased to live after that year ; others not so bad, but having the disease in the worst form (every part of the tree being affected), received my care and attention. My first desire was to get rid of tlje peach-worm, which I readily accom- plished by the use of salt and saltpetre around the trunks of the trees, &c., and at the same time I gave to those trees producing good fruit, a top-dressing of manure. Two years after, my orchard was entirely ,y Google 7-t GARDENING. free from the worm, and appeared in a healthy coil- dition, with the loss of only three trees out of about forty that had the yellows. The orchard being in good health, I resolved to teat my then theoretical views ; having planted a few trees to supply me with fruit in case these should be destroyed, I wont more cheerfully to work, and select- ed eight trees standing in a row, aud had the ground manured for about ten or twelve feet on each side of the row of trees; it was then plowed, and potatoes were planted in every third furrow, this furrow re- ceiving an additional q^uantity of manure. The balance of the orchard was plowed during the montli of September; a part thereof received a dressing of manure, and was plowed in; another part was ma- nured after being plowed, and a third partwas left with- out manure ; the whole orchard was sown with wheat, and the following spring with clover. The effect was, that a large majority of the peach-trees showed some symptoms of disease, but more perceptible on those where there was no manure, where the manure waa turned under, and where the potatoes were planted. Of the eight trees where the potatoes were planted, I V!&B resolved on saving four of them if possible, for here I thought the greatest amount of injury was done (though I have thought differently on this sub- ject since), yet in this ease the injury met my fullest expectation, and the four trees unattended to had the yellows and were about to die, when two friends, both peach-growers, came to see my orchard; these gentlemen, pointing to three of these trees, asked if I could cure them ; I told them it might be possible, although they were very far gone ; their remark was, that they thought these trees could not be restored to ,y Google GARDENING. health. The middle one of these three trees, being moat diseased, was selected by me to be cured ; and if those friends will call and see me in September next, I will promise to give them some perfectly sound fruit, to be gathered from this tree, though the fruit is not of a very good kind. The other two trees died for want of attention, and were cut down this spring. N"ow this is one instance of which I have ample testimony of this disease being curable, though it is not the first instance of cure with me by very many. The disease was produced by the plow, and the cure by rest, with a top-dressing of stable manure and ashes. I deem it unnecessary tO' say anything more about my orchard at present, but beg your indulgence to permit me to ask attention to the effect produced from plowing orchards. A person living within two miles of me, has an apple orchard that was, to within the last three years, a most prolific orchard, but in con- sequence of some of the trees putting on the appeai'- ance of decay, he thought that to manure and plow it would be of service ; this he did three years ago, and the orchard producing no fruit the next year, and the trees appearing more unhealthy, ho manured and plowed again; but still he has no fruit, and bis trees are growing worse instead of better. Another per- son about seven miles distant, has an apple orchard that he has worked in corn three years ago ; one of his people being at my house the year following, I inquired if there was any fruit on the trees: "No: the frost has killed all the apples." I then asked him about trees standing in different parts of the orchard, where I knew they could not plow, and was told these trees were full of fruit, and that the ,y Google 76 CIAKDBNIHQ. " frost did not hurt them." I desired him to say, the next time he was asked why tliese trees were full of fruit and the others harren, that they had not heen injured with the plow. I could give very many in- stances of this kind, but my object being to call atten- tion to this matter, I will ask every one to make his own ohservatioua and comparisons ; let every tarmer look into his neighbor's orchard and his own, and see what the effect of plowing is when compared with the unplowed orchard adjacent to that plowed ; let him call to recollection the fine orchard planted by hia father, that is going into decay, and ask himself the cause, and he will receive more knowledge upon this subject than could be derived from volumes written upon orchards — though I would strongly recommend the perusal of all M'orks written upon the subject of our business ; the avocations of life are always pro- moted by a proper and strict inquiry after truth, and no agent should be neglected to the advancement of so desirable an end. My system is to work a tree just as I do the corn plant ; the one as an annual, tlie other as a perennial ; give the tree all the cultivation it is to have while young, and before a set of organs are wanted for the perdurable formation of fruit ; and when the tree puts on the appearance of premature decay, I give it a coat of manure spread upon the surface of the ground : this I apply in the fall of the year, always preferring long to short manure, and when ashes are deemed necessary, I have put them on in the spring. Shall I say a word here about peach-trees many years ago, which Mr. Downing represents to have grown anywhere in the United States, south of 43° of latitude ? "Well, at that time there was but little ,y Google GARDENING. 77 demand for peaches aa a market fruit, and they were for the most part converted into pork and brandy. For these purposes, it did not answer at that period of time, to pick them off the trees by hand, but a neat grass lay was considered as indispensable to facilitate their collection, as step-ladders are at the present day. The peaches then were shaken off the trees, and the best selected, either for drying or for the still, and the hogs disposed of the remainder. There were several reasons why orchards were not destroyed at that time by tillage, and perhaps the most prominent one was that a grain crop in the orchard would prevent or retard the gathering of the peaches, which, by the hy, were worth more than any grain crop that could he grown in the orchard; but whenever an old peach -orchard was plowed a few times, a new one had to be planted, or at least such was the case 30 years ago, on some farms, to my cer- tain knowledge. I do not wish to be understood that the peach-tree can be grown at the present time with the same facility it could then, for I have no doubt that the pabulum necessary for the support of this tree has become iu a great measure exhausted from the soil, but I presume it can be restored ; if so, we must get "the neighbors" to resuscitate their soils and to form a good stock by proper tillage ; but when the trees come into full bearing, we must then feel satisfied with whatever Nature may be pleased to do in the premises, for any stirring of the soil after this period of growth is obtained, has a tendency to bring the orchard into decay, of which I can show hundreds of surviving witnesses. A careful inquiry will show that the peach-tree began to decline about the close of our last war with ,y Google 78 OARDENIHG, England; grain commanding a very high price at that time, peaches were only considered in a second- ary point of view, and orchards that probably liad not been disturbed with the plow for 15 or 20 years previous, were then put in wheat, corn, &e. This soon brought the orchards into decay, and in many instances they were not replaced ; and when replant- ed, they have been treated very differently from the original. We must now have a crop of grain, grass, or roots, but in former times such things were not expected from a peach orchard after it began to pro- duce fall crops of fruit. ON THE CULTURE OF THE PEACH-TEEE. Having bestowed much time and attention on the cultivation and preservation of frait-treee, the follow- ing are the results of many experiments. After adopts ing various modes in rearing the peach-tree, none succeeds so well as the following: In the fall of the year I bury the peach-stones (from which I design to raise ti'ees) in a hole under six or eight inches of earth, to remain there until the following spring, when I take them up, and after cracking the stone carefully, so as not to injure the kernels (most of which will be found swollen and ready to sprout), I then plant them in a trench eight or ten inches apart, where they are suffered to remain until the plant baa acquired a growth of three or four inches in bight, when I transplant them to the place designed for ray peach-orchard, placing small stones about the plant, to preserve tbem from being trod upon by the cattle, &c. It is unnecessary to be more explicit on this part of the subject; eveiy farmer is acquainted with the mode of rearing, which is emphatically trifling, com- ,y Google GARDENING. 79 pared with the preserving of this valuable and deli- cious fi-uit-treo. Few have turned their attention to it, and of the few the Bmallest numher have suc- ceeded: perhaps none have fully in preserving the peach-tree from decay for any length of time. I have, however, prevented the destruction of my trees for several successive seasons, and am entirely convinced of the efficacy of my plan in destroying an insect, which, of all other things, I heiieve most pernicious to the tree. It is a fact, of which perhaps few farmers arc aware, that the peach-tree receives its death by an insect of the fly-kind, which annually deposits its eggs in the bark of the root of the tree, sometimes at or near the surface of the ground, but most generally under the surface. The egg is deposited by making small perforations: these are sometimes numerous, and from the circumstance of a gum issuing out of the wounded parts, there is ao doubt that it ma- terially injures the health of the tree. from the circntnsfaiice of their roots being less ex- posed than those of an old tree. Many farmers, in my opinion, injure tlie health of peach-trees, and bring on premature decay by prun- ing. I have trierl them with and without pruning, and am decidedly against using the pruning-hook at all. The reasons in favor of tliis plan are obvious. I BuJFer the tree to grow as Nature pleases, which it does in the manner best calculated to withstand the shocks of storms, and to bear its fruit without props. In pursuing an opposite plan, by cutting ofi' the first branches that appear, a long body is formed, and the tree ultimately divides in two or three main branches, which, when loaded with fruit, or during high winds, are apt to split asunder, and the death of the tree en- sues. It is trae I have found it necessary sometimes to prop my trees ; hut they never attain a great height, and take the shape which is given to them by nature. The load is so equally distributed that the necessary propping is easily done. In addition to what I have already stated, it may not be improper to add, that an intelligent farmer informed me, that merely to keep the earth about the root of the tree in the fall of the year, and removing it again when the winter sets in, would destroy the insect, whose eggs would then be exposed to the' severe frost. I have never tried this experiment, but am of opinion that it would have a good effect. From its simplicity it is well -worthy a trial. I prefer ashes, because they are always at hand, besides being a good manure for peach-trees. I have found a sandy soil best, both for a nursery and orchard. ,y Google ARDBHINO. PLANTING APPLE-ORCHARDS. The following mode of planting an orchiu-d of apple-trees is possessed of many advantages. Ac- cording to the common mode, the trees are planted fifty feet apart, to give them room to spread to their full extent, and that the ground may he worked be- tween them for their benefit, as well as for tlie crop produced. The disadvantages arising from this plan are so many, as to have suggested the one now pro- posed in place of it. The disadvantages attending the usual mode of cultivation are: — Ist. The trees grow up with a straight body, six or seven feet higli, before they are sufiered to produce their limbs. This large body is soon filled with worms under the bark, which is peeked into holes all around by the small wood-pecker searching after them. These two causes soon bring ou the canker, ■which, in a little time, occasions the decay and death of the trees. 2d. They frequently grow crooked and deformed, which is not only unsightly, but a great injury. 3d. Their bodies and large branches become full of moss, and harbor insects which prey upon them. 4th. The trees planted thus, and especially where the ground is cultivated between them, grow luxu- riantly, throw out large branches, and form high trees with great heads: thus exposing them to the fury of the winds, which sometimes break off large branches, and which, whenever it happens, if care is not taken to smooth the wound, and protect it from the air, bring on disease and decay. It also renders the fruit liable to be blown down, to the ,y Google 8!i GARDENING. great loss of the proprietor. Thej' are, besides, more difficult to prune and keep in order. Their fruit is more difficult and expensive to gather, owing to the hight and extent of the head, and they seldom bear more than ever}' other, or every third, year.
|
/**
* Copyright (c) 2014 Baidu, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
/**
*
*/
package com.baidu.rigel.biplatform.cache.store.service;
import java.util.EventObject;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;
import org.springframework.beans.BeansException;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware;
import org.springframework.context.ApplicationEvent;
import com.baidu.rigel.biplatform.cache.StoreManager;
/**
* LocalEventListenerThread 本地监听事件线程
*
* @author lijin
*
*/
public class LocalEventListenerThread implements ApplicationContextAware {
/**
* LOGGER
*/
private static final Logger LOGGER = LoggerFactory
.getLogger(LocalEventListenerThread.class);
/**
* context
*/
private ApplicationContext context;
/**
* storeManager
*/
@Resource
private StoreManager storeManager;
/**
* 从集群中拿出事件发布为本地事件
*/
public void getClusterEventAndPublish() {
try {
EventObject item = this.storeManager.getNextEvent();
context.publishEvent((ApplicationEvent) item);
LOGGER.info("publish topic event : {} success", item);
} catch (Exception e) {
LOGGER.error("get event from topic catch error:{}", e);
}
}
/*
* (non-Javadoc)
*
* @see
* org.springframework.context.ApplicationContextAware#setApplicationContext
* (org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext)
*/
@Override
public void setApplicationContext(ApplicationContext applicationContext)
throws BeansException {
this.context = applicationContext;
}
/**
* @param storeManager the storeManager to set
*/
public void setStoreManager(StoreManager storeManager) {
this.storeManager = storeManager;
}
}
|
require('nock').disableNetConnect()
jest.unmock('fs-extra')
process.setMaxListeners(0)
global.columns = 80
global.testing = true
process.env.TEST_PRISMA_CLI = true
|
Tooth powder dispenser having sliding valves for dispensing measured quantities of powder
Feb. 12, 1952 M E, COOK 2,585,299
TOOTH POWDER DISPENSER HAVING SLIDING VALVES FOR DISPENSING MESURED QUNTITIES OF' POWDER Filed 0G12. 7, 1947 2 SHEETS-SHEET l Michael E. Coo/r WWW HMM Feb. 12, 1952 M E, COOK 2,585,299
TOOTH POWDER D ENSER HAVING SLIDING VALVES FOR DISPENSING ASURED QUNTITIES OF' PO R Filed OC't. 7, 1947 SHEETS-SHEET 2 Patented Feb. 12, 1952 UNITED STA-TES PATENT OFFICE i TOOTHl POWDER y DISPENSER AHAVING- SLID- ING VALVES FUR DISPENSING; MEASURED QUANTITIES F POWDER;
Michael E. Cook, Bellwood, Ill.
Application October 7, 1947-, Serial No'. 7.783-21 2 Claims.
. The present invention relates to new and useful improvements in dispensing devices for tooth powder and similar material and more particularly to a device of this character for dispensingmeasured quantities of the powder.
An important object o-f the invention. is to provide a dispenser for powder including a powder container having a measuring chamber therein controlled by a plunger operating oppositely opening and closing proportionating valves to dispense measured quantities of powder from the container together with means for venting the container as well as the measuring chamber to prevent creation of vacuum therein which might interfere with the eiiicient dispensing of the powder.
A further object of the invention is to provide a -powder dispenser of this character and in which the. powder container is constructed to provide a glass holder, tooth brush holder and a wall bracket as a unitary part of the dispenser.
A still further object is to provide a device of this character of simple and practical construction, which is neat and attractivein appearance, efficient and reliable in operation, relatively inexpensive to manufacture and otherwise well adapted for the ypurposes for which the same is intended.
Other objects and advantages reside in the details of construction and operation as more fully hereinafter described and claimed, reference being had to the accompanying drawings forming part hereof, wherein. like numerals refer to like parts throughout, and in which:
Figure l is a side elevational view.
Figure 2 is a vertical sectional view showing the plunger moved inwardly to ll the measuring chamber.
Figure 3 is a similar view showing the valves andi plunger in dispensing position.
Figure 4 is a transverse sectional view taken on aline 4-4 of Figure 3.
Figure 5 is a transverse sectional view taken on a line 5-5 of Figure 2.
Figure 6 is a top plan view.
Figure 7 is a perspective view of a modified Wall bracket.V
Figure 8 is an enlarged fragmentary perspective view showing the bayonet slot for attaching the combined cover, glass holder and tooth brush holder.
Figure 9 is an enlarged perspective view of the notched Washer at the lower end of the valve stem.
Referring now to the drawings in detail where- 2. infor the purpose of illustration, I have disclosed a preierredembodiment of the invention, the numeral 5 designates a substantially hollow cylindrical` powder container having a sloping4 bottom 6 toward a central discharge opening 'l provided with a downwardly extending annular flange 8 to form a measuring chamber il at the bottom of the container.
\ The outer edge at the vbottom of the container is formed with anA annular rib I which is. seated in a groove Il of a supporting walll 'bracket I2', the bracket having a. verticalopening i3 in the upper end of which the, flange 8f projects. The bracket i2 includes a plate I4 formed on itsrear tace with a lug I5 having upper andy lower tapering horizontal grooves I6 and I1 therein.
The lugl I5 is received in an` opening I8 in the outer. surface of a box-like attaching plate L9 secured to a wall or other suitable supporting structure 2. The sides of the plate I9 are formed with vertical slots 2|v in which. the ends of a transverse pin 22 are slidably positioned to enter the upper groove I6 of the lugY while the lower groove I'Iy receives the loweredge of the opening I8 to thus lock. the plate I lvoi the bracket I2 to the attachingv plate I9.
A. hollow Valve stem 23 is'v slidablyv mounted in upper and, lower guides 24 and 25; extending` transversely of the container 5, the endsy of the lower guide 25 being secured in position. by vertical bolts 2-6. which have theirY lower ends an,- chored in the bracket I2'` and extend upwardly through the bottom 6 of the container.
A washer 2l isA held against a shoulder 2-8ad jacent the upper enel.r of; thev valve stein 2:3- by a coil spring 29 placed'` under compression between the washer and the upper guide 2li` to normally urge the valve stem. downwardly.
A lower conical valve 301 is held on the, lower end of valve stem 23 with its tapered-end positioned; upwardly by a notched disk 3l: suitably carried by the vaive stem. below the valve-1301;` the tapered end of the valve terminatinginani-ip.- wardly extending sleeve 32 which holds anupper downwardlyv tapering valve 33I on the valvestem against a shoulder 34. The lowerportonlot the valve 33 surrounds ther upper portion ofvsleeve 32 in spaced relation therefrom andthe valve stem 231 and sleeve4 32 areformed. with aligned openings 35v to vent the, measuring chamber 9.
The valves 30 and 33 are spacedverticallyone above the other and the valve 3Ilseats againstthe lower edge of the flange 8 at the bottom of the measuring chamber it while.Y the valve. 33 seats 56 against. the opening Vl. in the-bottom. 6 of; the
3 tainer to close the top of the measuring chamber 9. The valve is actuated by means of a plunger 36 slidably carried in the opening I3, the plunger having a vertical passage 31 therein which is flared at the upper end of the plunger as shown at 38, the lower end of the passage forming a discharge opening. The lower end of the valve stem 23 is positioned in the flared portion 38 of the plunger" whereby an upward movement of the plunger will engage the lower end of the valve stem to raise the valve 30 to close the lower end of the measuring chamber 9 and to raise the upper valve 33 to open the upper end of the chamber whereby to admit powder from the container 5 into the measuring chamber. A plurality of pins 39 project downwardly from the lower end of plunger 36 for engagementby the hand 40 of a person for raising the plunger, the pins preventing moisture from the hand contacting the plunger which might clog the discharge passage 31. When the pins 39 are released by the hand, the-spring 29 lowers the valve stem 23 to open the lower valve and close the upper valve 33 whereby the contents contained in measuring chamber 9 is discharged through the discharge opening 31 of the plunger into the hand of the person.
The hollow valve stem 23 vents the container to prevent creation of vacuum therein and the vent openings exhaust air from the measuring chamber 9 when the lower valve 30 is moved upwardly into its closed position.
The top of the container 5 is closed by a cap 4| provided with inwardly projecting locking pins 42 engaging bayonet slots 43 in the upper outer walls of the container to lock the cap in position thereon.
The top of the cap is recessed as shown at 44 to provide a holder for a glass 45 and the opposite sides of the cap are formed with outwardly projecting shoulders 46 having openings 41 therein for receiving toothbrushes 48 to support the brushes therein.
'In the operation of the device, the plunger 36 normally gravitates downwardly in the bracket I2 as shown in Figures 3 of the drawings free of the lower end of the Valve stem and the valve is held downwardly by the spring 29 to maintain the lower valve 30 open and to close the upper valve 33. An upward movement of the plunger 35 by the hand 40 of a person will simultaneously close valve 30 and open valve 33 whereby powder placed in the container will enter the measuring chamber 9. Y
' Upon releasing the plunger 36, the valve 33 will be closed and the valve 30 simultaneously opened and the powder contained in the measuring chamber 9 will be discharged into the plunger 36 and out through the discharge opening 31 into the hand of a person held beneath the container.
Figure 7 illustrates a modified construction of the attaching plate and comprises a block 49 of suitable material and adhesively or otherwise suitably attached to a wall. Vertical slots 50 are formed in the sides of the block for receiving the locking pin 5|"held in the slots by a face plate 52 suitably secured to the block. Registering openings 53 and 54 are formed in the block and face plate respectively for receiving the lug l5 of bracket I2. A lug 55 is formed on the block 49 for engaging a notch 56 in the face plate to center the plate thereon.
1 In view of the foregoing description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings it is believed that a clear understanding of the construction, operation and advantages of the device will be quite apparent to those skilled in this art. A more detailed description is accordingly deemed unnecessary.
It is to be understood, however, that even though there is herein shown and described a preferred embodiment of the invention the same is susceptible to certain changes fully comprehended by the spirit of the invention as herein described and the scope of the appended claims.
Having described the invention what is claimed as new is:
1. A dispenser of the class described comprising a powder container having a discharge opening in its bottom, an annular flange extending downwardly from the opening to form a measuring chamber, a valve stem slidably mounted in the opening and extending downwardly through the chamber, an attaching bracket supporting the container and having a vertical opening into which the lower end of the valve stem projects upper and lower valves carried by the stem closing respectively the top and bottom of the chamber to trap powder therein, said valves being arranged for opposite opening and closing movement, and means for vertically actuating the valve stem, said means comprising a funnelshaped plunger slidably mounted in the opening of the bracket and positioned beneath the chamber and engaging the lower end of the valve stem to open the upper valve and close the lower valve -upon an upward movement of the plunger, spring means lowering the valve stem, and manually engageable actuating pins projecting from the lower end of the plunger to protect the plunger from contact with the hand of a person actuating the plunger.
2. An attaching bracket for articles of the class described and comprising a hollow wall attaching member having an opening in its front surface and vertical slots in each side, a pin having its ends sldable in said slots, a horizontally positioned bracket member having a lug at its inner end and formed at its top and bottom with upper and lower horizontally tapered grooves, said lug being received in said opening with the lower groove receiving the lower edge of the opening and the pin received in the upper groove to lock the bracket member to the wall attaching member, and means securing a powder container to said bracket member.
MICHAEL E. COOK.
REFERENCES CITED The following references are oi' record in the file of this patent:
UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 777,321 Randolph Dec. 13, 1904 798,163 Carter Aug. 29, 1905 853,769 Caviglia May 14, 1907 995,340 Garnet June 13, 1911 1,075,268 Oliphant Oct. 7, 1913 1,199,240 Burnett Sept. 26, 1916 1,287,141 Travis Dec. 10, 1918 1,326,253 Cordley et al Dec. 30, 1919 1,566,193 Foster et al Dec. 15, 1925 1,729,501 Buccieri Sept. 24, 1929 1,794,484 Seidel Mar. 3, 1931 1,988,865 Campbell Jan. 22, 1935 1,993,401 Dudley Mar. 5, 1935 2,054,881 Saunders Sept. 22, 1936 2,269,847 Feinson Jan. 13, 1942 2,366,343 Ludwig Jan. 2, 1945.
|
Chengiopanax sciadophylloides is a flowering tree in the family Araliaceae native to Japan. Previously included in the genus Eleutherococcus, it is distinguished from other members of that genus by not having spines or prickles and ITS sequence data confirmed the separation.
Chemistry
Chengiopanax sciadophylloides has been found to be a specific hyperaccumulator of manganese even in soils not contaminated with excessive amounts of manganese. In wild plants manganese concentrations of up to of dried leaf have been analyzed.
After the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in March 2011 it was found that Chengiopanax sciadophylloides accumulated the radioactive isotope Caesium-137 to concentrations above the human consumption guideline of 100 becquerels per kilogram of fresh weight even as far away as Nagano and Iwate Prefectures. Analysis of leaves taken from Chengiopanax sciadophylloides in August and October 2013 from a forest northwest of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant found a mean concentration of 28,100 becquerels per kilogram of dry weight, over three times those of other trees. They also accumulated the non-radioactive Caesium-133 more than other trees.
Uses
Known as koshiabura (コシアブラ), gonzetsu and gonzetsunoki in Japanese cuisine, it is foraged in the wild in spring for the young leaves as sansai ("mountain vegetables"). Called the "queen of sansai". Often used in tempura but popular in a range of dishes. The highest grade of buds is as small as a calligraphy brush and so named fude ha ("leaf of brush").
A decoction of the roots, tea of the root bark, and tea of the leaf were used in the Niigata Prefecture as a folk remedy.
A lacquer-like coating material called used to be made from the sap. The polyacetylenes in the plant sap were polymerised by sunlight to produce the hard resin varnish. Two other members of the Araliaceae, Dendropanax trifidus and Gamblea innovans, may also have been sources for this lacquer in Japan. The lacquer was used to prevent corrosion of suits of armour and helmets, with related species providing a similar lacquer used in China during the Tang dynasty and in Korea.
The wood is used for general construction and for chopsticks. The wood is regarded as auspicious and is valued in the Sasano-Bori doll carving tradition in Yonezawa (along with the wood of the Pagoda Tree) for its strength and flexibility.
References
Araliaceae
Leaf vegetables
Flora of Japan
Endemic flora of Japan
|
/** @flow */
import { MTurk } from '../index';
import AWS from 'aws-sdk-mock';
test('formats HIT questions', () => {
const mturk = new MTurk();
const question = mturk.formatQuestion('https://example.com', 480);
expect(question).toContain('<ExternalURL>https://example.com</ExternalURL>');
expect(question).toContain('<FrameHeight>480</FrameHeight>');
});
test('creates a HIT', async () => {
const hitToken = Math.random().toString();
const id = 'abc';
const type = 'def';
const createdAt = new Date('2017-11-03T21:38:10.761Z');
const expiresAt = new Date('2018-11-03T21:38:10.761Z');
AWS.mock('MTurk', 'createHIT', (params, callback) => {
expect(params.Title).toBe('Lorem Ipsum');
expect(params.Description).toBe('Dolor sit amet');
expect(params.Reward).toBe('0.00');
expect(params.AssignmentDurationInSeconds).toBe(60);
expect(params.AutoApprovalDelayInSeconds).toBe(120);
expect(params.Keywords).toBe('foo, bar');
expect(params.LifetimeInSeconds).toBe(60 * 60);
expect(params.MaxAssignments).toBe(1);
expect(params.Question).toBe(question);
expect(params.RequesterAnnotation).toBe(hitToken);
expect(params.UniqueRequestToken).toBe(hitToken);
callback(null, {
HIT: {
HITTypeId: type,
HITId: id,
CreationTime: createdAt,
Expiration: expiresAt
}
});
});
const mturk = new MTurk();
const question = mturk.formatQuestion('https://example.com', 480);
const hitResponse = await mturk.createHIT(
hitToken,
question,
'Lorem Ipsum',
'Dolor sit amet',
'0.00',
['foo', 'bar'],
60 * 60,
1,
60,
120
);
expect(hitResponse).toEqual({
id,
type,
createdAt,
expiresAt
});
});
|
'use strict';
describe('filter', function () {
beforeEach(angular.mock.module('formsAngular'));
describe('title case', function () {
it('should convert models with underscores appropriately',
inject(function ($filter) {
expect($filter('titleCase')('b_using_options', false)).toBe('B Using Options');
expect($filter('titleCase')('b_using_options', true)).toBe('BUsingOptions');
}
)
);
});
});
|
19 East 54th Street, originally the Minnie E. Young House, is a commercial building in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is along 54th Street's northern sidewalk between Madison Avenue and Fifth Avenue. The building was designed by Philip Hiss and H. Hobart Weekes of the firm Hiss and Weekes. It was constructed between 1899 and 1900 as a private residence for Minnie Edith Arents Young.
The house was designed as a palazzo in the Italian Renaissance Revival style. The 54th Street facade was designed as a four-story structure with a rusticated first story and decorated windows on the upper stories. Because 19 East 54th Street was wider than other houses in the area, the architectural details were designed to be more imposing. The penthouse at the fifth and sixth stories is recessed from the street. The interior was ornately outfitted with a coffered ceiling, a stained-glass conservatory, and staircases with oak paneling.
Young commissioned the house after her uncle Lewis Ginter, the founder of the American Tobacco Company, died in 1897 and left her a large bequest. Young leased the home to "Lucille" Lady Duff Gordon in 1920. The house was subsequently occupied by antiques trader Arthur S. Vernay from 1925 to 1943, then by the English-Speaking Union until 1956. Hairdresser Mr. Kenneth operated a salon in the building from 1963 until 1990, when the house's interior was severely damaged by fire. The building was then renovated and has served as Bank Audi's U.S. headquarters since 1993. The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated 19 East 54th Street as an official landmark in 2016.
Site
The Minnie E. Young House is at 19 East 54th Street in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is on the north side of 54th Street between Madison Avenue to the east and Fifth Avenue to the west. The land lot covers with a frontage of on 54th Street and a depth of . Nearby sites include the William H. Moore House at 4 East 54th Street and the Aeolian Building to the west; the St. Regis New York hotel to the northwest; 550 Madison Avenue one block north; the DuMont Building to the southeast; and Paley Park one block south.
Fifth Avenue between 42nd Street and Central Park South (59th Street) was relatively undeveloped through the late 19th century. The surrounding area was once part of the common lands of the city of New York. The Commissioners' Plan of 1811 established Manhattan's street grid with lots measuring deep and wide. Upscale residences were constructed around Fifth Avenue following the American Civil War. The block of East 54th Street from Fifth to Madison Avenues was only sporadically developed until the late 1870s, and it had brownstone residences by 1886. Residents of the block included developer William Earl Dodge Stokes at 4 East 54th and merchant John R. Platt at 7 East 54th. On the next block west were the residences of John D. Rockefeller at 4 West 54th, John D. Rockefeller Jr. at 10 West 54th, and Philip Lehman at 7 West 54th.
Architecture
19 East 54th Street is designed in the Italian Renaissance Revival style by Philip Hiss and H. Hobart Weekes of the firm Hiss and Weekes. It is six stories tall, although only four stories are directly visible on the street. With a width of , the house is wider than other townhouses in the area, which typically measured . Russell Sturgis, writing for Architectural Record in 1900, described 19 East 54th Street as being well proportioned because its increased width allowed more imposing design features. According to Sturgis, "if one were to wish for a fairly good idea embodied in solid construction of those villini which the Florentines have been building diligently during the last twenty years, he would find it in this front."
Facade
The main facade on 54th Street is four stories tall with three bays of vertical openings. Below the ground story is a granite water table with bead molding. The first story is faced with rusticated stone blocks, and it contains bronze-framed display windows on the left and right bays. The main entrance is through a portico in the center bay, with engaged columns flanking a slightly recessed doorway. The doorway itself is set within a carved-stone frame and is topped by a cartouche. A balustrade runs across the bottom of the second story. The windows on that story are topped by pediments that are supported by scrolled brackets. The second-story and third-story windows are flanked by rusticated piers that support a cornice above the third story. The fourth story has recessed panels between the windows and is topped by a large stone cornice with brackets.
The fifth and sixth stories, added in 1960 and 1993 respectively, are hidden behind the fourth-floor cornice. These stories form a penthouse that is clad with parged brick and concrete. The house's west and east facades are not visible from the street.
Interior
According to the New York City Department of City Planning, the house has a gross floor area of . It is one of several "American basement plan" residences on 54th Street, where the entrance is placed at ground level, rather than on a stoop slightly above ground as in other rowhouses. This type of design enabled the ground-floor reception area to have a central staircase, rather than on one side. Inside the house, a broad staircase connects the first and second stories. The interior was originally designed like Renaissance Revival palazzos. Inside the second floor was a parlor that was a common space for guests. The third and fourth floors served as the private rooms. The interior was ornately decorated with a coffered ceiling, a stained-glass conservatory, and rooms with oak paneling. The rooms also had modillioned cornices.
When the house was turned into the salon of hairdresser Mr. Kenneth, the interior was richly decorated throughout with flowered carpet and red-and-yellow paisley pattern fabrics. The original salon interior was a rare commercial project undertaken by the interior decorator Billy Baldwin. Mr. Kenneth's salon was redesigned in 1985 with red walls, painted clouds on the ceiling, Parts of the original interior design persisted through at least 1990, when the salon was severely damaged by fire.
History
The residence was commissioned for Minnie Edith Young (née Arents), born in 1855 and married to stockbroker Albert Young. The Youngs had three children: Albert, Lewis, and Edna. Minnie Young was a scion of the prominent Arents family in Richmond, Virginia; her uncle Lewis Ginter was the founder of the American Tobacco Company, while her sister Grace Arents was a Richmond philanthropist. Minnie was widowed when Albert died in 1895. When Minnie's uncle Lewis died two years later, he left her a substantial bequest.
Residence
In 1899, John and Elizabeth Kearny sold two lots at 17 and 19 East 54th Street to Minnie Young. That March, Young commissioned Hiss and Weekes to design an upscale residence. The architects selected the Italian Renaissance Revival style for its classical design attributes. The house was officially completed in the next year, but it went relatively unnoticed afterward. According to a 1990 article in The New York Times, the building was last mentioned in a print publication in 1900, when the American Architect and Building News ran a picture with a caption that denoted its client as a "Mr. Young".
Minnie Young initially lived in the house with her son Lewis and sister Johanna Arents, as well as a variety of servants. Minnie and Johanna's brother George Arents also lived in the house for a short time. The New York Times wrote that the servants included a "butler, cook, laundress, kitchen maid, [and] parlor maid", as well as Pleasant Read, a "hallman". The house hosted events such as the wedding of Edna Young to Alfred E. Dieterich in April 1900, as well as a fundraiser of the Junior Auxiliary to the New York Diet Kitchen Association in 1913. The surrounding neighborhood rapidly became a commercial zone after World War I, and Minnie Young moved to 420 Park Avenue in 1920, though she retained ownership of the house until her death in 1933.
Mid-20th century
In November 1920, Young leased the house to Lucille Ltd. for twenty-one years. The firm, headed by dressmaker Lady Duff Gordon, catered to upper-class clients. The next month, Mott B. Schmidt filed plans to remove partitions, add rooms, and rearrange spaces in the building for $20,000. Schmidt turned the house into a showroom. By March 1921, the renovations were complete and Lucille was paying $50,000 annually in rent. A little more than one year after the lease was signed, in March 1922, Lucille's creditors forced the company into receivership. Lucille's attorney characterized the "embarrassment of the company" (as it was described in The New York Times) as being partially caused by the relocation to 19 East 54th Street.
Starting in 1925, the house was leased for a long term to a client represented by Augustus H. Skillin. The client in question was English antiques collector Arthur S. Vernay, whose company sold antiques and decorative artworks. Vernay bought the house outright from the estate of Minnie Young in 1933; at the time, the building was valued at about $450,000 for taxation purposes. The purchase reportedly was made for $312,500, but this value was not confirmed. During the 1930s, the Vernay gallery was used for multiple events, such as a show of English antique furniture, a needle-art show with work by artists such as former U.S. first lady Edith Roosevelt, a Tibetan-artifact exhibition to benefit a children's school, and an exhibition of English clockmakers' art. The house was sold in September 1937 to Frederick Brown, who resold it to Charles S. Noyes. Though Vernay retired in 1941, the business continued to operate at 19 East 54th Street. The house was acquired by the Bank for Savings in May 1941.
The building was sold in 1943 to the English-Speaking Union (ESU) for use as that organization's United States headquarters. The purchase, conducted entirely in cash, was funded partly by a gift of $60,000 toward the organization. The purchase was intended to provide adequate space for the ESU, whose American operation was then headquartered at nearby 30 Rockefeller Plaza. The Lawyers Title Corporation of New York insured the property title in the purchase. The ESU's new headquarters opened in May 1944. The building had enough space for the ESU's offices, including those of the United Nations Officers Club, Committee for Overseas Children, and War Relief Workroom. In addition, the building was used for events, such as exhibits of British veterans' products, early-20th century English art, and a needlework tapestry in memory of the Battle of Britain.
The ESU ultimately sold the building in 1956 to Henry Payson and relocated the next year to a new home on 69th Street. The sale was not finalized until 1958 because of a lawsuit over delays in the sale. Payson had initially refused to take the title because of these delays, saying that the building's entrance portico and underground vaults projected slightly into the street. The New York Supreme Court ruled that the ESU was entitled to demand specific performance; namely, Payson was obligated to take the title.
Late 20th century to present
Mr. Kenneth signed a 50-year lease in the building in 1962, backed by salon-and-beauty-supply firm Glemby Company. After Billy Baldwin renovated the interior, the salon officially opened on March 4, 1963. It had a wig boutique and special cold storage for fur coats on the first floor; drying rooms on the second floor; washing and styling rooms on the third floor; and massage rooms, steam baths, waxing chambers, whirlpool spas, and a Pilates studio on the fourth floor. Clients could have manicures and pedicures while being served lunch or tea, and a Mercedes car was on call to bring clients to the salon or take them home afterward. Some women would drop in simply for lunch, or to sit and leaf through magazines while enjoying the relaxed, club-like atmosphere.
By 1985, the salon was starting to become aged. That year, it was closed for one month and the house was renovated for $1.3 million. The main room's furniture was redesigned and a pedicure room was added. Part of the main floor was subdivided for a men's division, with specially designed chairs. A New York Times article describing the 1985 renovation referred to Mr. Kenneth as an "institution". The salon burned down on May 16, 1989, when a fire arose on the third floor and ultimately destroyed the rear of the second and third floors. The fire was extinguished after four hours with the help of 125 firefighters. The damage was extensive enough to uncover large portions of the original decoration work. As a result of the fire, Kenneth Salon relocated to the Palace Hotel. Kenneth said later, "There had never been anything like [the 54th Street salon] before, and nothing like it will ever exist again."
For over a year, the house sat empty and no restoration work was performed. The owner of 19 East 54th Street, Donald J. Gordon, was planning to rebuild the house, and Kenneth Salon's lease was effectively terminated. While Kenneth Salon's lease ran until 2010, a "fire or earthquake" clause allowed the owner of a severely damaged building to end a lease if they wished to demolish or rebuild it. Gordon spent $1.2 million to refurbish the interior, adding an elevator and mechanical areas to designs by Emery Roth & Sons. The existing stories were extended to the rear and a sixth story was added. Gordon then sought a tenant who could sign a net lease, thereby assuming the maintenance and upkeep costs.
Bank Audi leased the house by 1993; it had initially wanted to buy the house, but the owner did not want to sell it. The wide facade enabled Bank Audi to add offices and a conference room lit by large windows. In addition, the bank installed its name over the entrance portico. The bank became the InterAudi Bank in 2003. When the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) started considering buildings in Midtown for city landmark status in 2013, including the Minnie Young House, a group of development organizations wrote a report advising against a landmark designation for the house, saying it was "now isolated and lacks the context that would enhance its value". In mid-2016, the LPC proposed protecting twelve buildings in East Midtown, including 19 East 54th Street, in advance of proposed changes to the area's zoning. On November 22, 2016, the LPC designated 19 East 54th Street and ten other nearby buildings as city landmarks.
See also
List of New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan from 14th to 59th Streets
References
Citations
Sources
External links
1900 establishments in New York City
Houses completed in 1900
Houses in Manhattan
Midtown Manhattan
New York City Designated Landmarks in Manhattan
Renaissance Revival architecture in New York City
|
<?php
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
// | date: 2016-02-02
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
// | DisabledFormHtmlBuildTraits.php: 设置表单为禁用
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
// | Author: yangyifan <[email protected]>
// +----------------------------------------------------------------------
namespace App\Traits\HtmlBuild\Form\AttrFunction;
trait DisabledFormHtmlBuildTraits
{
/**
* 设置表单为禁用
*
* @param null $form_schema_name
* @param true $type 是否是只读
* @author yangyifan <[email protected]>
*/
public function buildFormDisabled($form_schema_name = null, $type = true)
{
if ( is_null($form_schema_name)) {
//设置最后一个表单字段为只读
$this->setFormDisabled(last($this->form_schema), $type);
} else {
//如果当前表单不存在,则初始化表单
if ( !array_key_exists($form_schema_name, $this->form_schema) ) {
//初始化
$this->initializeFormSchema($form_schema_name);
}
//设置指定的表单为只读
$this->setFormDisabled($this->form_schema[$form_schema_name], $type);
}
return $this;
}
/**
* 设置当前表单字段为禁用属性
*
* @param $form_chema_info
* @param true $type 是否是禁用
* @return mixed
* @author yangyifan <[email protected]>
*/
private function setFormDisabled($form_chema_info, $type)
{
//获得当前表单字段的name名称
$name = $form_chema_info['name'];
//设置当前表支付字段true
$this->form_schema[$name]['disabled'] = $type;
return $form_chema_info;
}
}
|
<?php
declare(strict_types=1);
namespace AlecRabbit\Spinner\Core\Widget;
use AlecRabbit\Spinner\Contract\IFrame;
use AlecRabbit\Spinner\Core\Revolver\Contract\IRevolver;
use AlecRabbit\Spinner\Core\Widget\Contract\IWidget;
use AlecRabbit\Spinner\Core\Widget\Contract\IWidgetBuilder;
use LogicException;
final class WidgetBuilder implements IWidgetBuilder
{
private ?IFrame $leadingSpacer = null;
private ?IFrame $trailingSpacer = null;
private ?IRevolver $revolver = null;
public function build(): IWidget
{
$this->validate();
return new Widget(
$this->revolver,
$this->leadingSpacer,
$this->trailingSpacer,
);
}
private function validate(): void
{
match (true) {
null === $this->revolver => throw new LogicException('Revolver is not set.'),
$this->leadingSpacer === null => throw new LogicException('Leading spacer is not set.'),
$this->trailingSpacer === null => throw new LogicException('Trailing spacer is not set.'),
default => null,
};
}
public function withWidgetRevolver(IRevolver $revolver): IWidgetBuilder
{
$this->revolver = $revolver;
return $this;
}
public function withLeadingSpacer(?IFrame $frame): IWidgetBuilder
{
$this->leadingSpacer = $frame;
return $this;
}
public function withTrailingSpacer(?IFrame $frame): IWidgetBuilder
{
$this->trailingSpacer = $frame;
return $this;
}
}
|
package io.renren.modules.generator.entity;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableId;
import com.baomidou.mybatisplus.annotation.TableName;
import java.io.Serializable;
import java.util.Date;
import lombok.Data;
/**
*
*
* @author chenshun
* @email [email protected]
* @date 2020-09-23 18:21:23
*/
@Data
@TableName("service_meeting_room")
public class ServiceMeetingRoomEntity implements Serializable {
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
/**
* 唯一标识
*/
@TableId
private Integer roomId;
/**
* 会议室
*/
private String roomName;
/**
* 会议室地点
*/
private String location;
/**
* 状态（0:无设备，1:麦克风，2:投影仪，3:都有）
*/
private Integer equipment;
/**
* 容纳人数
*/
private Integer capacity;
/**
* 所属校区
*/
private String roomArea;
}
|
vendor
composer.lock
workbench.php
|
Of Circe and the Men She Changed into Swine Subject of Paris Latest Sisterly The Companions of Ulysses Submits the Painting That Was Really F PARIS, Nov. 26. The Parisian theatres have almost exhausted the possibilities of shocking the public, but the desire of profit constantly spurs them on to attempt new and more daring spectacles. From time to time a theatre succeeds in shocking even the hardened Parisian audiences and in arousing a public protest. But it seems impossible to secure any official action against the theatres. There are, indeed, many Frenchmen who object to Immodest spectacles, but they appear to be powerless against the theatrical directors. The very latest Parisian effort to startle the world is the play called "Circe," by Alfred Poizat. The author endeavors to throw a glamour of literary dignity over his work by choosing this classical subject, but it is obviously used as a subterfuge to present nudity shamelessly. The play is in blank verse and the author is a man of scholarly attainments, having written dramatic works on other classical subjects - Sophonisbe, "Antigue," "Dectra" and "The Cyclops." Everybody knows that Circe is the prototype of the wicked sorceress. She dwelt with her attendant maidens on a fair island in the Aegean Sea. Her home was in a great cave, where she lived surrounded by creatures who had once been men, but had been changed into beasts by the sorceress and her charmers. The wandering Ulysses visited The island. Half his crew entered the cave and were promptly changed into swine. The wily Ulysses would have experienced the same fate, but was warned in time and furnished with a counter charm by Apollo. His companions were suffering agonies, for they were conscious of being men and felt the disgrace of being enclosed in a piglike form. Ulysses by his counter charm was able to rescue them. Ever since then, Cice has been the type of the wicked woman who transforms men into swine by her charms. Anybody can imagine what some of the methods of the stage have been, and many are already illustrated in the adventures of these actresses. The stage has been refrained from reproducing scenes that may be shown on canvas. This limitation has been boldly overstep by the author of "Cice." One of the great scenes of his play is based on Henry Irving's famous painting of Cice, the companions of Ulysses into the Cave of Love. The hand smelt and most stupeque women of the Parisian stage were engaged to represent the primeval sire and her attendant charmers. These actresses were virtually unformed. Brilliantly lighted and arranged in artistic poses about the cave, they presented unquestionably the most startling spectacle that ever had been seen on the Parisian stage. Then the scene changes. The companions of Ulysses enter the cave and the alluring nymphs begin to entertain them with wine and caresses. The valiant but youthful soldiers and sailors fall easy and ill-fated victims to the charms and depths that are spread before them. Then they are... S induced to partake of the magic cake and to touch the enchanted rig which are to transform them into beasts. But the producer decided that he could ot represent the conversion of the men nto swine en the stage. They therefore ass into some unseen place, where the ....ns..ormatm isacmpnted. - A Pauislem Danesse Predee a Startiag E.e by Wearing a - Flesh Celored Steelg Embreldesed With a U~fe-Ihe Serpeat. Ito~Ie and Lenoir in Their Grewsoen Then Ulysses arriveu to rescue his brave companions. Circe exercises her utmost powers and displays all her charms in the trong itelligence ad t. tount chr suppled b h pagan godhe alluremient an imai and admits that her hene matd Parisia sage are not of suc an elao tertinment, whc has eted widesprea sul'an's'harem.*s "bw . .May".fth made.t.em who is seing te sight of the wrid In a hurry, breaks iauo ths scene.i With .aecis. of the chief favortea. The sal * The Famies Pa.gu DaceofDet.mt. o le hosapn hmslfthe tamsk e of chkig i Then himc callHed heeanc Deah,"whih te Tstanesacmb tion of e eje ain ads appaent ty e h fa'1 a su d whi tand er and hfer hadie the presch. an her thoa thgad o eandcutin he aks quee helf te otas of ho hi Thisnd mny mre ctcalg Theng an of Detnhse atchI the osrgert b ted a of letertdacingmend whichen sculeda lgoodedealriterslies awayrfrts hi, and hisstengthorduply.akns onherei tha withe ho happds ntl Thisa mad manya me satigt. ga ses .e. :6.~ 1 Wile.Goonva Wh aesCa the. daneris yale W o Dneb laht trn onl her Mgaresh aun reth of i displayed is very startling. This ostume is a source of anxiety to the audience every time it is worn,. for it seems that strings of pearle, cannot hold togetherI long nder the strata of her spirited danlcing. Luclen an4 Secha . h father and son who are so popula a the Partsian tage, have presented a iew treatment of the old triangle problem called "aeque line." in this a lover slays a wife because she has been udfaithful- to him. isl the end the husband' brgives the lover for his crme and the deceased wife in oinsidera tnn of her many good qualities. Berlin reformers, by the way, are seeking to suppress a new musical coedy, "Rigen," by Arthur Schnituler, on account of the improper rhythm of the music which accompanies it. The methods of the leadtag French act tsses to attract attention both on anS of the stage are very original andinenou. The practice of being phoogr in bed was popular for a time, but became eo comum that it abnveved little dietinctica. Snakes on Sockiigs and a Costune of ffninted Provoke Criticism ItI ';' Fngek Nails, 'Dece. .4rae with m.. Sof Her -Most Highly Eesem.e4 Friends. 1 inly The Adam Cosa " hici Was xpeced t Ve1 Shocingbut rove a Jke. On sarbeam te emn ofte a Tnenal he has aCmnitur paito S homanin, homshe Psireted. Joe The charbecae sttes hatron onte daye ahr her avo srckatewllo'te on. sel otherihelet man ver one ofe her daress-~ mer man In fwrho. he porIteraitscang from time to time and mademoisefles frid look- closely at her hands to see who is the laitest favorite. The "Adam costume" announced at one theatrin sounded as if it might -be eheeh 1ng. but it proved t6 be only ablbe. The oostme represented Adam after the' fail and- oonsisted of coploui fig leavas sewn togther== an aeng himn from heed to.
|
PAGE TWO HICKORY DAILY RECORD TELEPHONE 167 Published by the Clay Printing Co. Every Evening Except Sunday PUBLICATION OFFICE: 1402 ELEVENTH AVENUE Subscribers desiring the address of their paper changed, will please state in their communication both OLD and NEW addresses. To insure efficient delivery, complaints should be made to the Subscription Department promptly. City subscribers should call 167 regarding complaints. SUBSCRIPTION RATES One year $5.00 (By mail, $4.00; 6 months, $2.00) Six months $2.50 Three Months $1.00 One Week $0.45 Entered as second-class matter September 11, 1919, at the post office at Shelby, N.C., under the act of March 8, 1879. MEMBER OF ASSOCIATED PRESS The Associated Press is exclusively entitled to the use for republication of all news credited to it or not credited in this paper and also the local news published herein. FRIDAY MAY 23, 1919 MONUMENT TO CAPT. PLATO DURHAM Shelby News. The Shelby News proposes to aid by subscriptions from Cleveland county's public-spirited men and from friends and descendants of the Ku Klux Klan for the purpose of erecting an attractive monument to the memory of Captain Plato Durham, a patriot who nobly went to the aid of the Ku Klux Klan. He sleeps in the heart of his father-in-law. These children are. Uncles to each other. Now, try your wits and solve this question. There is another puzzle for someone to solve. There was a certain man who owned at his death a square lot of 40 acres and he directed in his will that this lot should be equally divided among his five children, give each one exactly eight acres of the same shape and that each should have six corners to it. Now put your wit in the will. TWO PUZZLES There is a young man who married the daughter of a certain woman in Bandy's township. His father being a widower at that time then he married the mother of this daughter, and now they both have children. The tenure of will. G. M. Yoder. Shplhv rtnieterv without tombstone, or a name on his grave. Only a Confederate cross marks the grave of a brave Confederate hero, whose self-sacrificing spirit went to the hescue of the Ku Klux in prison and under indictment. He secured from President Grant in person a pardon for all, and brought joy to hundreds of Cleveland and Rutherford homes. Several prominent citizens favor this plan to commemorate his heroic struggles and stand ready with the cash to help erect a suitable monument to a noble hero, lawyer, and editor, who died here 40 years ago. NEWTON WOMAN'S CLUB TO HAVE CHAUTAUQUA Newton, May 23. The Woman's Club of this city has made arrangements for a Chautauqua to be held here June 12, 13 and 14. Their arrangements are to bring it here on a percent basis, the proceeds to be used towards securing a community nurse for the town. The Chautauqua will consist of five lectures on France, Italy, Belgium, Serbia and Paris. These lectures to be accompanied by movies showing all parts of these countries. These managers of the entertainment will also have community singing before each entertainment. The lectures will be given two afternoon and 3 evenings and total cost of a ticket covering all five days will be $1. Catawba College has donated what relation do they bear to each other as his father's wife became the auditorium and lights for the occasion. WILL IMPROVE TIME The Germans will use the seven days grace given them by the allies, we are informed by the French news agency, in explaining to the people why the peace terms should be accepted. For three weeks the German leaders have been playing their bluff, but the allies have assembled their war machine a little closer to the scene of operations and the whole entente force would sweep onward in Germany to Berlin if the terms are not accepted. Nobody knows this better than Ebert and Scheidemann and the blut will not work. We are getting some other things from Berlin just now. For instance, the soldiers and workers are urging that the treaty be signed, businessmen and others prefer it to what might follow. Germany might be without a government, in any event but the allied soldiers would be on the scene, and they would remain there until a government is formed that could accept the terms imposed. The Prussian army was in France in 1871 when a new government was formed. The terms then were so cruel that the world was horrified. Bismarck made war a profitable business, and he seized and held alien territory. France formed a government, paid off the billion dollars in indemnity under the circumstances that were harder for that day than the twenty-five billion dollars are for the Germans today. The Germans will sign. Your Prescriptions Let us fill your prescriptions. They are compounded here of the best materials, by competent hands and in a thoroughly conscientious manner. Send your prescriptions and other Drug wants to us. Our service will please you and we will appreciate your patronage. The R. A. Grimes Company R. A. GRIMES, Manager. Homer L. Furgeson, recently elected president of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States, is the foremost shipbuilding expert in the country, and it is interesting to recall that he was offered the place vacated by General Goethals as head of the emergency fleet corporation. Mr. Furgeson declined, believing that he could do better work at his own plant. His unanimous election as president of the associated chambers of commerce shows what businessmen Think of him. SPECIAL AT THE PASTIME TODAY JACK HUDS LOUISE HUFF IN "FRECKLES" Adapted from the famous novel "Freckles," written Gene Stratton Porter. A picture of great interest to boys girls of all ages and especially teachers. Admission 10 and war tax "included. A PARAMOUNT PICTURE. by and 15c ALSO PAT THE NEWS. The Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company, of which a North Carolinian is at the head, made the lowest bid on a super-dreadnaught, but that bid was over twenty millions of dollars. We do not want disarmament for the United States alone, but we should like to see all the nations reduce their navies something like 85 per cent. Senator Sherman would separate the league of nations covenant from 1 the peace treaty in order to defeat the league in the senate. That is all. They are inseparable, and one should not be ratified without the other. Lenoir county commissioners win their fight in favor of paved roads; at least they have won the first engagement in the courts. And Lenoir county should be permitted to have the sort of roads it wants if the roads are approved by road engineers. Also that county should receive state and federal aid. EXTRAORDINARY ATTRACTION AT THE PASTIME Saturday, May 24th Mary Pickford "How Could You, Jean?" By Eleanor Hoyt Brainerd An Artcraft Picture Story that of an Aristocratic Impoverished Girl Who Bravely Earns her own Livelihood as a cook and finds love. A delightful picture. Entirely, too good to miss. Admission 10 and 15c, her experiences entertaining the "Tommies" at the front. Miss Ward first became known to American audiences during the war. She had a wonderful story of life at the front, and she told it so dramatically that she completely captivated her hearers. After the signing of the armistice, Miss Ward went to France and Germany, and only came back to the United States at the beginning of the Chautauqua season in April. She comes here with a vivid story of conditions in present-day Europe and with a plea for a strengthening of the ties which bind America and our allies together. YES, LINCOLNTON WON THIS BASEBALL GAME Newton, May 23. Yesterday afternoon on the college diamond, Lincoln and Hickory played off the tie of a series of games. The game had been well advertised and a large crowd was present. A large delegation from Lincoln was here for the game, coming in two large trucks and several cars. Hickory was also well represented. The game was called at 4 o'clock. From the very outset of the game it was clearly seen that the Lincoln batters were on to the "tricks" of Hickory's pitcher. The game was slow but at times exciting, especially when the Hickory boys helplessly looked on while the diamond was converted into a race track by the Lincoln boys scoring as many as four runs in one inning. Hickory was outclassed from beginning to end. The batteries for Lincolnton were Rudisill and Beal; Hickory, Benfield and Deats. Macon Williams umpired. Forty-six persons from Randolph county went to Raleigh Tuesday to take treatment at the state laboratory of hygiene. A couple of mad puppies ran amuck and sent a scare into a whole community. Dogs should be muzzled. A highway that should be of hard surface In the Brookford road and that proposition should have consideration as soon as possible. Of course, everybody will want a Chautauqua ticket on the first day. But the best way to do is to get one now. The rain that has seemed to work against us may be merely storing moisture against the day when people will be almost praying for rain. Lenoir was able to stave off a post office robbery, thanks particularly to Mr. Courtney and his good shotgun. Wonder if Speaker Gillett is a sharp blade. At HUB THEATRE TONIGHT and SATURDAY MATTHEW'S WORLD OF NOVELTIES The Show With the New Idea and The Hot Little Band Featuring HAPPY BEN MATTHEWS That Funny Man in black with the funny laugh Tonight's BUI: "SAM AND JAKE," a Big Black Face Farce Comedy With new Musical numbers. Also "MARTIN JOHNSON'S CANNIBALS OF THE SOUTH SEAS" Photographed at the risk of his life. "The most astounding unusual and unconventional picture ever taken. Open at 8 p.m. (new time). VXlGay' 25c; First Floor 35c war tax included. Entire Change of Program each night. BIG MATINEE SATURDAY AT 3 P.M. ADMISSION 15 & 25c Professional Cards Dr. W. B. Ramsey Dentist Office over Shuford's Drug Store Hickory, W. Oc CHIROPRACTOR DR. E. E. ROGERS Chiropractic removes the cause of Constipation and Kindred evils. Rheumatism, Bladder trouble, Gallstones, or most any other abnormal condition of the body. Hickory, Men., Wed., Friday. Mirganton, Tues., Thur. Sat. DR. O. L HOLLAR HICKORY, N. C. Special attention given to Piles, Fistulas, Fistulas, Laceration, Pruritus Cured. No cutting, go confinement. DR. E. J. M'COY VETERINARIAN Office at Abernethy's Stable Residence Phone 306-M. I R. J. B. LITTLE Over D. P. Bowman's Store. Office Phone 396. DENTIST GEO. E. BISANAR Doctor of Optics Errors of Refraction and all Optical defects corrected with properly fitted glasses. Office and examination room in connection with Jewelry Store. IF YOU WANT YOUR TIME PIECES AND EYES DOCTORED, KELLT SEE, E.E. RIGHT. Expert Watchmaker AND Registered Optometrist. Experience in experience. J. Arthur Webb, 532 Eighth Ave. Hickory, N.C. Interior Finishes, Wall Painting, Wall Papering and Mural Decorating a specialty. Highest class work. Estimates furnished. Efficient service. Painter, Paper-hanger and Decorator. Build now with BRICK. Buffalo Clay Co. Statesville, N.C. WUIIIIIIIHIHTIIMTmTmTmT Fraternal Directory. Catawba Lodge No. 54, K. of P. Meets every Thursday night. Visiting brethren invited. B. B. BLACKWELDER, C.C. B. D. GADDY, K.R.S. Piedmont Council No. 43, Jr. O. U.A.M. Meet every Wednesday at 8:00 p.m. All visiting brothers cordially invited. H. G. Miller, Counsellor A. J. Eason, Roe. Sc. Hickory Lodge No. 34 A. P. A. H. Regular communication first and third Monday nights. Brotherhood cordially invited to present. W. B. SOUTHERLAND, Sec. D. L. MILLER, Master. A Little WORD. That little word thrifty meam thriving by industry, and fertility, prosperous, acquisition worldly goods, increasing wealth, as a thrifty farmer mechanic. Any person can practice thrift, and the one who deposits the result of more thrift in an interest account this bank can meet the future with confidence. Better thrifty. First National Bank Hickory, N. C. Money To Loan At All Times Released From War With the closing of the Victory Loan campaign, the officers of this nation are now able to devote their full to the upbuilding of persons -!. 1?er,': patrons. To each and all we extend thanks for hearty cooperation during strain of the past two years. In returning to normal conditions, one policy of war will not change. For mutual success, community progress, we shall encourage the practice of thrift and time necessity, a peace-time virtue. Consolidated Trust Co. L. F. Abernethy, Cashier. RAILROAD SCHEDULE The arrival and departure of passenger trains will be as follows: The following schedule is published as guaranteed. SOUTHERN RAILROAD LINES Arrives from 12:02 A.M. 7:55 a.m. 9:00 a.m. 11:20 a.m. 11:35 a.m. 4:45 p.m. 4:45 p.m. 6:15 p.m. 11:50 a.m. 2:32 p.m. specialty. A long distance t. : For any class of n:c-v. - Phone 43-1 Jitney School THE HICKORY HARNESS CO AENKss, bridle SASLiw! Schedule AND STRAP WOWL j LoilVO 1 UOIV .,! 111., iVr HIP CTEfTDir CHAD ciiAniAirvt f rX " r M. THOMPSON. irnt;oUj, First-CIM Work Co&rmcUol 1082 14th ttvt Hickory. N C t so First Bundia & ofi C. E Jitney Service HICKORY CONOVER AND NEW TON. Schedule flar T?.Ic,kory 8:20 a. m. I v! Tr1? ry 10:20 m. T S?c,kory -2:30 p. m. Lv6 S?Cry 4:30 P- e HTlcory 7:30 p. ni. Leave Newton a m Leave Newton 9 .on a m Leave Newton iq t' ' Leave Newton 3:30 n m' lpavp p- m- Newton t cVeV " -:30 t tt - V tu xilCKOry 40c 1 Hickory to Conover 30c Hickory to Newton " "40c jOur Motto: Good Service?" R W. CLINE All Busing Men , -. tt-r ' Keenly rc:.-- ' .. fectly iuv .. ur 'iicinoa ci 1- modern that V :'; '. the natural t"'"-:;;. clothes. rv'' oU::Tr and a ui.irm !:'!;r'" S;itiIf't',,n(;U3:i" Williams ar.i Peai"sn - 9th Ave 1 I SUBSCRIBE FOR THE RECORD.
|
module Renamer
class FileRenamer
attr_accessor :new_name, :name
def initialize(path, new_name = nil)
@path = Pathname(path)
@name = Unicode.nfkc(@path.basename.to_s) # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compatibility_decomposition#Normalization
@new_name = new_name
end
def parser
@parsed_filename ||= ParsedFilename.new(@name)
end
def no_change?
@name.eql?(@new_name)
end
def rename!
unless no_change?
FileTools.safe_move(@path.to_s, @path.dirname.join(@new_name).to_s)
end
end
end
end
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Last night probably the most numerous and imposing demonstration of popular feeling that was ever exhibited under a single roof took place in the Agricultural Hall. Last night was the hour appointed for the commencement of the proceedings, but long before that time some thousands of persons had assembled in the body of the hall, while still greater numbers were congregated outside. As the hour of eight approached, the speeches left vacant in the hall began to fill rapid from the empie reservoirs of population who preferred to remain outside and wait in the open air to see the various proceedings with their bands of music, coming up, rather than secure a good portion inside by an early entry. EXCITING scene. Some twenty minutes before the proceedings commenced, the head of the procession, which came on with banners flying and bands playing, was seen through the open doors in the Liverpool Road, and when the leading flag showed itself within the portals, loud hurrahs and enthusiastic cheers were raised. At this time the people within the hall were, to the eye of the spectator, considerably dense, and it was at one time a question of doubt whether the resources of the hall, vast as they were, would have been able to accommodate the accession which now poured in from the doors on the western side. It was, like the affluents of some species, the successive steps of human beings moved forward through the main inside all at length they blended, and became one solid, compact, and homogeneous substance. At this moment the prospect from the plattorm was truly wonderful. Tens of thousands of stalwart men, evidently belonging to the working classes, packed in front of the plattorm, the galleries all around the building so filled as to have no space vacant, the bands playing popular and patriotic music, and the banners arranged in the distance, presented a spectacle such as could scarcely be equaled in any other part of the world. The open doors on the upper floor added to the demonstration, for through them could be seen the thousands who were unable to find admission inside. CHASACTES OF THE DEMONSTRATION. As a demonstration of political sentiment, nothing could surpass the meeting of last night. It was vast in its proportion, orderly in its conduct, unanimous in its sentiment, and resolute in its determination. It would be inaccurate to say that the meeting was or could be deliberative. The voice of the most powerful speaker could not be heard beyond a very limited distance, and the resolutions agreed to were probably not heard by one in a hundred of those present. But no one who was present can deny the fact that the something like 25,000 persons who were congregated in the Agricultural Hall last night were resolute and determined, and actuated by a common sentiment to favor that reform about which they are said to be careless, and for which they are said to be until. The banners were inscribed with various mottoes, such as "Mansfield and the Reform," "Ladstone and the Reform," "The Clerkenwell Branch of the Reform League," with a very well-executed memorial bust of Mr. Bright. Among those present were Mr. J. L. Mill, M.P.; Mr. P. Taylor, M.P.; Mr. M. Jones, Lieut. -q, j. Pick-o", Mr. Charles Weston, Mr. C. Brooke, Mr. H. Vincen, the Revs. Dr. Massey, Delia Martin, Thoreshy, J. C. Green, Foy, etc. The appearance of Mr. Kane, the chairman. As soon as accompanied by Mr. Mill, Mr. Taylor, Mr. M.P., and other members of the Reform League, was the signal for enthusiastic and long continued cheers. SPECIAL AND RESOLUTIONS. When silence had in some measure been obtained, Mr. Beales, the Chairman of the League, made a brief speech, after which Mr. Wootenenton proposed the following resolution: "That the present Government, by assisting to defeat the bill introduced by the late U.S. Senate for the amendment of the representation, and by themselves indefinitely postponing the whole question of reform, and finally by their employing the police to forcibly prevent the working classes from peaceably meeting in Hyde Park, on Monday last, to complain of the surrender being withheld from them, have forfeited all claim to the confidence and support of the country." It is utterly impossible, he said, for anyone with such a demonstration as this before him, to deny that the people are anxious for reform. The people who have spoken thus have called your attention, and the proof is now before them. Mr. Stone Jones, in seconding the resolutions, said he should endeavor to make himself heard by every person, if they would only give him a patient hearing. In the 7th of that month, the question was put which demanded an answer. The question was why we called a meeting in Hyde Park. He would tell them because she Tories and the Adulans said they did not want reform. Let us, and we will. shall have it." How aid we try to prove that? By taking tens of thousands to the Park. Hear. The most convenient of the Parks to meet in. Hear, hear, we said we had a legal right to meet there. The Government and we had not. What then ought the Government to have done? They should have allowed us to meet. And if we violated the law, no doubt they should have arrested us. Hear, hear, of doing so, they shut the gates and would not let us go in. Now, even if we had no right, he contended that the present was one of those cases when it would be wise to enforce the law. Hear. There is a maxim which overrides all law, and this is a false principle; that is, the safety of the people is the highest law. Cheers. What did the Government do? They said the right of Hyde Park against us. Had they a right to do so? No, no. Then their friends as well as their hosts said they committed an error. It happened? The railings were pulled down, and I rejoice they were pulled down. Loud cheers, I've given you the victory. Cheers. When he saw policemen beating people, he saw the guards with their guns loaded and their bayonets fixed when he saw all this extraordinary array of force, he exclaimed, in something like the words of Oliver Cromwell on one occasion, "The Lord deliver us from Sir R. Mayne." Cheers, could one doubt that the Tories intended to make a hell of the people. Hear, hear. They said at first that you did not care for reform, and when you began to show that you were in earnest, they would not allow you to manifest your feelings. It is the end for the ass and the peace party. When a man rode on the road, he was called a brute, and when he carried the man in, he is called a fool. Cheers and other women liberty is progressing all over, on must not go back, but be ready to defend the cause for which your fathers used and did. Cheers. Mr. J. S. Mui M. P., who supported the resolution, on this was received with loud cheers from all who could hear the announcement of his stand. The honorable member, who seemed to be paying attention to the spectacle of the meeting, said that the gathering was a great success; this building is a competent guarantee that the cause of reform will suffer nothing by your having determined to hold your meeting here instead of repeating the action to hold it in the parliament. Do not wait to talk to you of reform, you do not need to be stimulated by me on this subject. This meeting is a significant step in any one who supposes that you do not sit, discuss the storm. Hear, hear. You have been very much attached for not doing such meetings, on the ground that they are inconsistent with discussion. But such is not the only use of public meetings. One of the objects of such gathering is demonstration. Dear Sir, I want to make a display of your efforts, and I tell you that the people are allowed to use it. As regards the parks, your chairman, who is a lawyer, does not doubt our right to use it. I am not a lawyer and know nothing about the matter. But you should it right to assert your claim, and only to withdraw under protest. Your protest has been made, and you have, I think, wisely determined not to renew it. You have been promised a fair opportunity of navigating the question settled by judicial decision, and you have wisely resolved that, until that decision is given, the question shall remain here. It is. The Government, without abandoning what they thought were their legal rights, might have permitted the people. For one meeting when permission was asked; and thus it would have been a wise policy and a gracious act to have granted it. Tremendous cheers. But it was refused. At this point, the crowd in front of the platform became, from the inevitable effect of pressure, so tumultuous and noisy that it was impossible for the honorable gentleman to proceed so as to make himself and even to the end. Most who were nearest to him, and accordingly he made no attempt to complete his remarks. The Chairman then put the resolution, and it was carried with great enthusiasm. Dr. Bradlaugh proposed the next resolution, viz: That a petition signed by the Chairman, on behalf of this meeting, be presented to the House of Commons, praying for the appointment of a committee to inquire into the conduct of Sir Richard Mayne, and the police under his orders, to forcibly presenting the working classes from meeting in Hyde Park on Monday, the 2nd of July, and likewise in their conduct in ejecting persons from the Park, and otherwise maltreating them on the same day and the two following days." Mr. Henry Vincent, in seconding the resolution, said there never was a time when it was more important that the people should publicly express their opinion. Whatever The Times or the Alandara might say, the people of this country were determined to have reform. Cheer. The working classes were not, as they have been termed, disinclined or arrogant. They were loyal to the law and loyal to the crown, but at the same time loyal to that liberty in which they claimed to participate. Cheers. They were indignant against those who had dared to turn loose on them an armed force, and to insult them by quartering troops in various parts of the metropolis. Hear, hear, that demonstration was a proof that there was wanted neither police nor military to keep order. Laity to the crown, however, did not mean loyalty to Lord Derby. In conclusion, the speaker declared that, having lately visited several parts of England, he had found every where a strong determination to put down the Tories and bring the Liberal government back to power, and recommended more who were assembled to show themselves peaceable, orderly, and magnanimous. Mr. T. A. Taylor, M.D., in supporting the resolution, said prudent men of business were in the habit of taking stock of their profits. Let them then take stock as regarded the business of the last fortnight, in that short period they had taught the people that the people really cared for reform, and were earnestly bent on maintaining the right of the public interest. The people saw that unless they had power of meeting they had no chance of coming reform, and they opposed the movement. When the people assembled round Hyde Park they had no intention of meeting in the people's parlance when the people assembled round Hyde Park they had no intention of meeting in the people's parlance. Action of the owner; but all manner of the story in which it was related that when some people of old assembled around the altar, the altar fell down. Later, the fort were the same as they were last year in June. The resolution was then put and carried. Clement Dick moved to follow the resolution: "That it is the imperative duty of this meeting, and of the entire population of the country who value their rights and liberties, to maintain support of the Federal League in their great battle for their ultimate freedom, and for the relief of these so brutally beaten by the police in Hyde Park." Mr. Bjaner seconded the resolution, which was then put and carried. On the motion of Mr. T. Brook, seconded by Mr. J. T. Taylor, a vote of thanks was given to the Chairman. The Chairman, acknowledging the vote, observed that not all the police and all the military could have restored order and peace; the credit of that belonged to the people themselves and he trusted that those were assembled would disperse quietly, and go home peaceably. (Clerks) The meeting then commenced dispersing, and though this was, of course, a work of considerable difficulty and duration, the gathering was cleared in an orderly and creditable manner. The procession having been reformed, started on their route to their respective homes. In the hands playing at the head, the band played at the head, had done on their arrival. A Jeffersonian view of Freedom Lincoln. The LaCjoese, Wisconsin, Democrat, which now supports President Johnson and his policy, not long ago contained the following, editorial: The Assassin at Lincoln. We did thank God for calling Lincoln home. If Lincoln is in Lincoln, as a Nationalist say, he is better off than he was in Washington, beset by thieves, abolitionists, army contractors, office-seekers, and gaping his enemies to his enemy's jokes. As a friend of Lincoln, we think God for calling such a great and good man home before he should become the President, the James, the Thadstone, the James, the Thadstone, and other great men of the God and morality party. We thank God for calling Lincoln into the presence and company of Democrats as he is in Heaven. The poor President suffered enough from being with abolitionists on earth, and we thank God for calling him beyond their reach or influence here or at the capital. Whatever is right, God who rules us all, wanted Lincoln removed; he made Booth his seat; no one but God is to blame for Lincoln's death. God is never to blame; we, who are Christians, should thank him for everything; we do so thank him; he who Do not thank God for no Christian; those who assail us are no Christians. We believe the country is better off now than when Lincoln was alive. We believe more in the esteem of the people than in the humblest of traitors and thieves, as a rule. We believe Lincoln was a mere man of destiny in the hands of traitors and thieves, as a rule. vy c believe tbat God saw h j wad not useful, ven it uruauicuul, sad removed bim make room or a bstier uiau. V e Oclirvo that Johnsou ia a better u,a 1 .hau Lincoln it be bad not been, eurely the ita. ltcpuoiioau ptrtv wouij not bave gone jut ol tne Luiou iur is caudidaUi lor tho vice reidency, when tbey bad 00 many &ood, j'Uie, honorable HiaKeuicu in the 1 Till. We believe ihe country wou.J he b turofl .0-day, it every republican, and A'kjii 'on .raitor, meuiller, eycopuaut, auologisi, trait jt or tool ol traitors, Were la the OoboUI of Abraham. We believe, turtber, that the Abditim j oarly id going 10 ibe devil, iitcraiiy, and we oaie uot now 4 nek. I And we Alii lurtner believe th.it " Brick " i Pouioroy has moie Hue Iricntls loj tbecoun ' cy itiau Lincoln ever Lad that wo 00 not ' aie the Buap ot a huf.r lor ibe good or ill puiiju 01 aii the Aojiuion eiiitt.rs in thJ au - that We ahall ttlll thla piper jut aa e ecu hi, aud do W hat uone ut our a.-railmlo Jaie d, tell the truth witoout ltar or lavor. ' Brick " Poiueroy, wbo wrote the above, naa not changed his politics, yet be supports he Piuladttfki Uonveniiuri as heartily ad my Southern trait ir. -- - Napolkon Gnavtisg tuk Prcssian File. The price of a dispatch by the Atlantic Telegraph is well spent when it buys the pleasure of reading the following: "London, August 14. The Prussian government has informed the Emperor of France that his demands for the extension of the frontier of his empire to the banks of the river Rhine cannot be complied with, and that the Prussian territory there situated will never be ceded to France. There never was a grand impertinence more grandly put down. German unity already feels the rising impulses of national life. The French Emperor had committed a great and seemingly irretrievable blunder. The invasion of Mexico in the alleged interest of the Latin civilization as against the teutonic ought to have taught him, by its signal failure, that it was his greatest way to mind his own affairs and not aspire to the supremacy of the world. Those who, for any reason, wished him well, were in hopes he would accept the lesson of experience so cheaply bought, for its value. When, on the culmination of the struggle in Germany, he was so coolly snubbed for his attempted interference in the matter of Venice, there was again an opportunity, and a warning, for him to pause and consider before rushing to his ruin. But it appears as if Napoleon's ideas had themselves become Bourbonized, so as neither to learn anything nor forget any thing. He seems incapable of changing the notions which he Wrought out in his retirement, to meet changes in the condition of the world which his plans had never recognized as possible. The overthrow of the slaveholder's rebellion, without his daring to interfere to make it available for his objects, has given the aspect of the enemy in Europe to the American doctrine and policy of national independence and responsibility, and made all his outcries about the preservation of the balance of power sound, in the ears of the neutral nations, like idle terrors. He has now made his demand at the most insupportable time, and under the most vexatious circumstances, when Prussia is fully occupied in effecting German unity; when she is also flushed with her marvellous victories, and when the emperor had already become hateful for his ill-advised interference in the case of Venetia. But he has made his demand, and he has got his answer; and now he has nothing left but to take one of two courses: he must either acquiesce in the current refusal, and win universal contempt instead of winning transcendental glory, and in that condition pass the stage into the obscurity from which he rose; or he must dash himself to pieces in the attempt to break up the German empire after its unity has become an accomplished fact. Evening Post. Let a man live as long as he will, the first thirty years of his life will always seem the longest, and the daily routine of after years passes like the round of a clock, while the hands on the outside and the movements within mark the passing of time to others, all the weights have run down and the penalty stood still.
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[0431] Systemic administration can also be by transmucosal or transdermal means. For transmucosal or transdermal administration, penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the art, and include, for example, for transmucosal administration, detergents, bile salts, and fusidic acid derivatives. Transmucosal administration can be accomplished through the use of nasal sprays or suppositories. For transdermal administration, the active compounds are formulated into ointments, salves, gels, or creams as generally known in the art.
[0432] The compounds can also be prepared in the form of suppositories (e.g., with conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter and other glycerides) or retention enemas for rectal delivery.
[0433] In one embodiment, the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art. The materials can also be obtained commercially from Alza Corporation and Nova Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Liposomal suspensions (including liposomes targeted to infected cells with monoclonal antibodies to viral antigens) can also be used as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These can be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811.
[0434] It is advantageous to formulate oral or parenteral compositions in dosage unit form for ease of administration and uniformity of dosage. Dosage unit form as used herein refers to physically discrete units suited as unitary dosages for the subject to be treated; each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active compound calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect in association with the required pharmaceutical carrier.
[0435] Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimental animals, e.g., for determining the LD50 (the dose lethal to 50% of the population) and the ED50 (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of the population). The dose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeutic index and it can be expressed as the ratio LD50/ED50. Compounds which exhibit high therapeutic indices are preferred. While compounds that exhibit toxic side effects may be used, care should be taken to design a delivery system that targets such compounds to the site of affected tissue in order to minimize potential damage to uninfected cells and, thereby, reduce side effects.
[0436] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED50 with little or no toxicity. The dosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose may be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC50 (i.e., the concentration of the test compound which achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma may be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography.
[0437] As defined herein, a therapeutically effective amount of protein or polypeptide (i.e., an effective dosage) ranges from about 0.001 to 30 mg/kg body weight, preferably about 0.01 to 25 mg/kg body weight, more preferably about 0.1 to 20 mg/kg body weight, and even more preferably about 1 to 10 mg/kg, 2 to 9 mg/kg, 3 to 8 mg/kg, 4 to 7 mg/kg, or 5 to 6 mg/kg body weight. The protein or polypeptide can be administered one time per week for between about 1 to 10 weeks, preferably between 2 to 8 weeks, more preferably between about 3 to 7 weeks, and even more preferably for about 4, 5, or 6 weeks. The skilled artisan will appreciate that certain factors may influence the dosage and timing required to effectively treat a subject, including but not limited to the severity of the disease or disorder, previous treatments, the general health and/or age of the subject, and other diseases present. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of a protein, polypeptide, or antibody can include a single treatment or, preferably, can include a series of treatments.
[0438] For antibodies, the preferred dosage is 0.1 mg/kg of body weight (generally 10 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg). If the antibody is to act in the brain, a dosage of 50 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg is usually appropriate. Generally, partially human antibodies and fully human antibodies have a longer half-life within the human body than other antibodies. Accordingly, lower dosages and less frequent administration is often possible. Modifications such as lipidation can be used to stabilize antibodies and to enhance uptake and tissue penetration (e.g., into the brain). A method for lipidation of antibodies is described by Cruikshank et al. ((1997) J. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retrovirology 14:193).
[0439] The present invention encompasses agents which modulate expression or activity. An agent may, for example, be a small molecule. For example, such small molecules include, but are not limited to, peptides, peptidomimetics (e.g., peptoids), amino acids, amino acid analogs, polynucleotides, polynucleotide analogs, nucleotides, nucleotide analogs, organic or inorganic compounds (i.e.,. including heteroorganic and organometallic compounds) having a molecular weight less than about 10,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 5,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 1,000 grams per mole, organic or inorganic compounds having a molecular weight less than about 500 grams per mole, and salts, esters, and other pharmaceutically acceptable forms of such compounds.
[0440] Exemplary doses include milligram or microgram amounts of the small molecule per kilogram of subject or sample weight (e.g., about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 500 milligrams per kilogram, about 100 micrograms per kilogram to about 5 milligrams per kilogram, or about 1 microgram per kilogram to about 50 micrograms per kilogram. It is furthermore understood that appropriate doses of a small molecule depend upon the potency of the small molecule with respect to the expression or activity to be modulated. When one or more of these small molecules is to be administered to an animal (e.g., a human) in order to modulate expression or activity of a polypeptide or nucleic acid of the invention, a physician, veterinarian, or researcher may, for example, prescribe a relatively low dose at first, subsequently increasing the dose until an appropriate response is obtained. In addition, it is understood that the specific dose level for any particular animal subject will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, gender, and diet of the subject, the time of administration, the route of administration, the rate of excretion, any drug combination, and the degree of expression or activity to be modulated.
[0441] An antibody (or fragment thereof) may be conjugated to a therapeutic moiety such as a cytotoxin, a therapeutic agent or a radioactive ion. A cytotoxin or cytotoxic agent includes any agent that is detrimental to cells. Examples include taxol, cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin, etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin, actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, puromycin, maytansinoids, e.g., maytansinol (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,208,020), CC-1065 (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,475,092, 5,585,499, 5,846,545) and analogs or homologs thereof. Therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, antimetabolites (e.g., methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, 5-fluorouracil decarbazine), alkylating agents (e.g., mechlorethamine, thioepa chlorambucil, CC-1065, melphalan, carmustine (BSNU) and lomustine (CCNU), cyclothosphamide, busulfan, dibromomannitol, streptozotocin, mitomycin C, and cis-dichlorodiamine platinum (II) (DDP) cisplatin), anthracyclines (e.g., daunorubicin (formerly daunomycin) and doxorubicin), antibiotics (e.g., dactinomycin (formerly actinomycin), bleomycin, mithramycin, and anthramycin (AMC)), and anti-mitotic agents (e.g., vincristine, vinblastine, taxol and maytansinoids). Radioactive ions include, but are not limited to iodine, yttrium and praseodymium.
[0442] The conjugates of the invention can be used for modifying a given biological response, the drug moiety is not to be construed as limited to classical chemical therapeutic agents. For example, the drug moiety may be a protein or polypeptide possessing a desired biological activity. Such proteins may include, for example, a toxin such as abrin, ricin A, pseudomonas exotoxin, or diphtheria toxin; a protein such as tumor necrosis factor, α-interferon, β-interferon, nerve growth factor, platelet derived growth factor, tissue plasminogen activator; or, biological response modifiers such as, for example, lymphokines, interleukin-1 (“IL-1”), interleukin-2 (“IL-2”), interleukin-6 (“IL-6”), granulocyte macrophase colony stimulating factor (“GM-CSF”), granulocyte colony stimulating factor (“G-CSF”), or other growth factors. Alternatively, an antibody can be conjugated to a second antibody to form an antibody heteroconjugate as described by Segal in U.S. Pat. No. 4,676,980.
[0443] The nucleic acid molecules of the invention can be inserted into vectors and used as gene therapy vectors. Gene therapy vectors can be delivered to a subject by, for example, intravenous injection, local administration (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,328,470) or by stereotactic injection (see e.g., Chen et al. (1994) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3054-3057). The pharmaceutical preparation of the gene therapy vector can include the gene therapy vector in an acceptable diluent, or can comprise a slow release matrix in which the gene delivery vehicle is imbedded. Alternatively, where the complete gene delivery vector can be produced intact from recombinant cells, e.g., retroviral vectors, the pharmaceutical preparation can include one or more cells which produce the gene delivery system.
[0444] The pharmaceutical compositions can be included in a container, pack, or dispenser together with instructions for administration.
[0445] Methods of Treatment
[0446] The present invention provides for both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treating a subject at risk of (or susceptible to) a disorder or having a disorder associated with aberrant or unwanted 18080 expression or activity. As used herein, the term “treatment” is defined as the application or administration of a therapeutic agent to a patient, or application or administration of a therapeutic agent to an isolated tissue or cell line from a patient, who has a disease, a symptom of disease or a predisposition toward a disease, with the purpose to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve or affect the disease, the symptoms of disease or the predisposition toward disease. A therapeutic agent includes, but is not limited to, small molecules, peptides, antibodies, ribozymes and antisense oligonucleotides.
[0447] With regards to both prophylactic and therapeutic methods of treatment, such treatments may be specifically tailored or modified, based on knowledge obtained from the field of pharmacogenomics. “Pharmacogenomics”, as used herein, refers to the application of genomics technologies such as gene sequencing, statistical genetics, and gene expression analysis to drugs in clinical development and on the market. More specifically, the term refers the study of how a patient's genes determine his or her response to a drug (e.g., a patient's “drug response phenotype”, or “drug response genotype”.) Thus, another aspect of the invention provides methods for tailoring an individual's prophylactic or therapeutic treatment with either the 18080 molecules of the present invention or 18080 modulators according to that individual's drug response genotype. Pharmacogenomics allows a clinician or physician to target prophylactic or therapeutic treatments to patients who will most benefit from the treatment and to avoid treatment of patients who will experience toxic drug-related side effects.
[0448] In one aspect, the invention provides a method for preventing in a subject, a disease or condition associated with an aberrant or unwanted 18080 expression or activity, by administering to the subject a 18080 or an agent which modulates 18080 expression or at least one 18080 activity. Subjects at risk for a disease which is caused or contributed to by aberrant or unwanted 18080 expression or activity can be identified by, for example, any or a combination of diagnostic or prognostic assays as described herein. Administration of a prophylactic agent can occur prior to the manifestation of symptoms characteristic of the 18080 aberrance, such that a disease or disorder is prevented or, alternatively, delayed in its progression. Depending on the type of 18080 aberrance, for example, a 18080, 18080 agonist or 18080 antagonist agent can be used for treating the subject. The appropriate agent can be determined based on screening assays described herein.
[0449] It is possible that some 18080 disorders can be caused, at least in part, by an abnormal level of gene product, or by the presence of a gene product exhibiting abnormal activity. As such, the reduction in the level and/or activity of such gene products would bring about the amelioration of disorder symptoms.
[0450] As discussed, successful treatment of 18080 disorders can be brought about by techniques that serve to inhibit the expression or activity of target gene products. For example, compounds, e.g., an agent identified using an assays described above, that proves to exhibit negative modulatory activity, can be used in accordance with the invention to prevent and/or ameliorate symptoms of 18080 disorders. Such molecules can include, but are not limited to peptides, phosphopeptides, small organic or inorganic molecules, or antibodies (including, for example, polyclonal, monoclonal, humanized, anti-idiotypic, chimeric or single chain antibodies, and Fab, F(ab′)₂ and Fab expression library fragments, scFV molecules, and epitope-binding fragments thereof).
[0451] Further, antisense and ribozyme molecules that inhibit expression of the target gene can also be used in accordance with the invention to reduce the level of target gene expression, thus effectively reducing the level of target gene activity. Still further, triple helix molecules can be utilized in reducing the level of target gene activity. Antisense, ribozyme and triple helix molecules are discussed above.
[0452] It is possible that the use of antisense, ribozyme, and/or triple helix molecules to reduce or inhibit mutant gene expression can also reduce or inhibit the transcription (triple helix) and/or translation (antisense, ribozyme) of mRNA produced by normal target gene alleles, such that the concentration of normal target gene product present can be lower than is necessary for a normal phenotype. In such cases, nucleic acid molecules that encode and express target gene polypeptides exhibiting normal target gene activity can be introduced into cells via gene therapy method. Alternatively, in instances in that the target gene encodes an extracellular protein, it can be preferable to co-administer normal target gene protein into the cell or tissue in order to maintain the requisite level of cellular or tissue target gene activity.
[0453] Another method by which nucleic acid molecules may be utilized in treating or preventing a disease characterized by 18080 expression is through the use of aptamer molecules specific for 18080 protein. Aptamers are nucleic acid molecules having a tertiary structure which permits them to specifically bind to protein ligands (see, e.g., Osborne, et al. (1997) Curr. Opin. Chem Biol. 1: 5-9; and Patel, D. J. (1997) Curr Opin Chem Biol 1:32-46). Since nucleic acid molecules may in many cases be more conveniently introduced into target cells than therapeutic protein molecules may be, aptamers offer a method by which 18080 protein activity may be specifically decreased without the introduction of drugs or other molecules which may have pluripotent effects.
[0454] Antibodies can be generated that are both specific for target gene product and that reduce target gene product activity. Such antibodies may, therefore, by administered in instances whereby negative modulatory techniques are appropriate for the treatment of 18080 disorders. For a description of antibodies, see the Antibody section above.
[0455] In circumstances wherein injection of an animal or a human subject with a 18080 protein or epitope for stimulating antibody production is harmful to the subject, it is possible to generate an immune response against 18080 through the use of anti-idiotypic antibodies (see, for example, Herlyn, D. (1999) Ann Med 31:66-78; and Bhattacharya-Chatterjee, M., and Foon, K. A. (1998) Cancer Treat Res. 94:51-68). If an anti-idiotypic antibody is introduced into a mammal or human subject, it should stimulate the production of anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies, which should be specific to the 18080 protein. Vaccines directed to a disease characterized by 18080 expression may also be generated in this fashion.
[0456] In instances where the target antigen is intracellular and whole antibodies are used, internalizing antibodies may be preferred. Lipofectin or liposomes can be used to deliver the antibody or a fragment of the Fab region that binds to the target antigen into cells. Where fragments of the antibody are used, the smallest inhibitory fragment that binds to the target antigen is preferred. For example, peptides having an amino acid sequence corresponding to the Fv region of the antibody can be used. Alternatively, single chain neutralizing antibodies that bind to intracellular target antigens can also be administered. Such single chain antibodies can be administered, for example, by expressing nucleotide sequences encoding single-chain antibodies within the target cell population (see e.g., Marasco et al. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7889-7893).
[0457] The identified compounds that inhibit target gene expression, synthesis and/or activity can be administered to a patient at therapeutically effective doses to prevent, treat or ameliorate 18080 disorders. A therapeutically effective dose refers to that amount of the compound sufficient to result in amelioration of symptoms of the disorders. Toxicity and therapeutic efficacy of such compounds can be determined by standard pharmaceutical procedures as described above.
[0458] The data obtained from the cell culture assays and animal studies can be used in formulating a range of dosage for use in humans. The dosage of such compounds lies preferably within a range of circulating concentrations that include the ED₅₀ with little or no toxicity. The dosage can vary within this range depending upon the dosage form employed and the route of administration utilized. For any compound used in the method of the invention, the therapeutically effective dose can be estimated initially from cell culture assays. A dose can be formulated in animal models to achieve a circulating plasma concentration range that includes the IC₅₀ (i.e., the concentration of the test compound that achieves a half-maximal inhibition of symptoms) as determined in cell culture. Such information can be used to more accurately determine useful doses in humans. Levels in plasma can be measured, for example, by high performance liquid chromatography. Another example of determination of effective dose for an individual is the ability to directly assay levels of “free” and “bound” compound in the serum of the test subject. Such assays may utilize antibody mimics and/or “biosensors” that have been created through molecular imprinting techniques. The compound which is able to modulate 18080 activity is used as a template, or “imprinting molecule”, to spatially organize polymerizable monomers prior to their polymerization with catalytic reagents. The subsequent removal of the imprinted molecule leaves a polymer matrix that contains a repeated “negative image” of the compound and is able to selectively rebind the molecule under biological assay conditions. A detailed review of this technique can be seen in Ansell, R. J. et al (1996) Current Opinion in Biotechnology 7:89-94 and in Shea, K. J. (1994) Trends in Polymer Science 2:166-173. Such “imprinted” affinity matrixes are amenable to ligand-binding assays, whereby the immobilized monoclonal antibody component is replaced by an appropriately imprinted matrix. An example of the use of such matrixes in this way can be seen in Vlatakis, G. et al (1993) Nature 361:645-647. Through the use of isotope-labeling, the “free” concentration of compound which modulates the expression or activity of 18080 can be readily monitored and used in calculations of IC₅₀.
[0459] Such “imprinted” affinity matrixes can also be designed to include fluorescent groups whose photon-emitting properties measurably change upon local and selective binding of target compound. These changes can be readily assayed in real time using appropriate fiberoptic devices, in turn allowing the dose in a test subject to be quickly optimized based on its individual IC₅₀. An rudimentary example of such a “biosensor” is discussed in Kriz, D. et al (1995) Analytical Chemistry 67:2142-2144.
[0460] Another aspect of the invention pertains to methods of modulating 18080 expression or activity for therapeutic purposes. Accordingly, in an exemplary embodiment, the modulatory method of the invention involves contacting a cell with a 18080 or agent that modulates one or more of the activities of 18080 protein activity associated with the cell. An agent that modulates 18080 protein activity can be an agent as described herein, such as a nucleic acid or a protein, a naturally-occurring target molecule of a 18080 protein (e.g., a 18080 substrate or receptor), a 18080 antibody, a 18080 agonist or antagonist, a peptidomimetic of a 18080 agonist or antagonist, or other small molecule.
[0461] In one embodiment, the agent stimulates one or 18080 activities. Examples of such stimulatory agents include active 18080 protein and a nucleic acid molecule encoding 18080. In another embodiment, the agent inhibits one or more 18080 activities. Examples of such inhibitory agents include antisense 18080 nucleic acid molecules, anti-18080 antibodies, and 18080 inhibitors. These modulatory methods can be performed in vitro (e.g., by culturing the cell with the agent) or, alternatively, in vivo (e.g., by administering the agent to a subject). As such, the present invention provides methods of treating an individual afflicted with a disease or disorder characterized by aberrant or unwanted expression or activity of a 18080 protein or nucleic acid molecule. In one embodiment, the method involves administering an agent (e.g., an agent identified by a screening assay described herein), or combination of agents that modulates (e.g., up regulates or down regulates) 18080 expression or activity. In another embodiment, the method involves administering a 18080 protein or nucleic acid molecule as therapy to compensate for reduced, aberrant, or unwanted 18080 expression or activity.
[0462] Stimulation of 18080 activity is desirable in situations in which 18080 is abnormally downregulated and/or in which increased 18080 activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. For example, stimulation of 18080 activity is desirable in situations in which a 18080 is downregulated and/or in which increased 18080 activity is likely to have a beneficial effect. Likewise, inhibition of 18080 activity is desirable in situations in which 18080 is abnormally upregulated and/or in which decreased 18080 activity is likely to have a beneficial effect.
[0463] Pharmacogenomics
[0464] The 18080 molecules of the present invention, as well as agents, or modulators which have a stimulatory or inhibitory effect on 18080 activity (e.g., 18080 gene expression) as identified by a screening assay described herein can be administered to individuals to treat (prophylactically or therapeutically) 18080 associated disorders (e.g., blood cell- (e.g., erythroid-) associated disorders) associated with aberrant or unwanted 18080 activity. In conjunction with such treatment, pharmacogenomics (i.e., the study of the relationship between an individual's genotype and that individual's response to a foreign compound or drug) may be considered. Differences in metabolism of therapeutics can lead to severe toxicity or therapeutic failure by altering the relation between dose and blood concentration of the pharmacologically active drug. Thus, a physician or clinician may consider applying knowledge obtained in relevant pharmacogenomics studies in determining whether to administer a 18080 molecule or 18080 modulator as well as tailoring the dosage and/or therapeutic regimen of treatment with a 18080 molecule or 18080 modulator.
[0465] Pharmacogenomics deals with clinically significant hereditary variations in the response to drugs due to altered drug disposition and abnormal action in affected persons. See, for example, Eichelbaum, M. et al. (1996) Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 23:983-985 and Linder, M. W. et al. (1997) Clin. Chem. 43:254-266. In general, two types of pharmacogenetic conditions can be differentiated. Genetic conditions transmitted as a single factor altering the way drugs act on the body (altered drug action) or genetic conditions transmitted as single factors altering the way the body acts on drugs (altered drug metabolism). These pharmacogenetic conditions can occur either as rare genetic defects or as naturally-occurring polymorphisms. For example, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (G6PD) is a common inherited enzymopathy in which the main clinical complication is haemolysis after ingestion of oxidant drugs (anti-malarials, sulfonamides, analgesics, nitrofurans) and consumption of fava beans.
[0466] One pharmacogenomics approach to identifying genes that predict drug response, known as “a genome-wide association”, relies primarily on a high-resolution map of the human genome consisting of already known gene-related markers (e.g., a “bi-allelic” gene marker map which consists of 60,000-100,000 polymorphic or variable sites on the human genome, each of which has two variants.) Such a high-resolution genetic map can be compared to a map of the genome of each of a statistically significant number of patients taking part in a Phase II/III drug trial to identify markers associated with a particular observed drug response or side effect. Alternatively, such a high resolution map can be generated from a combination of some ten-million known single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the human genome. As used herein, a “SNP” is a common alteration that occurs in a single nucleotide base in a stretch of DNA. For example, a SNP may occur once per every 1000 bases of DNA. A SNP may be involved in a disease process, however, the vast majority may not be disease-associated. Given a genetic map based on the occurrence of such SNPs, individuals can be grouped into genetic categories depending on a particular pattern of SNPs in their individual genome. In such a manner, treatment regimens can be tailored to groups of genetically similar individuals, taking into account traits that may be common among such genetically similar individuals.
[0467] Alternatively, a method termed the “candidate gene approach,” can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. According to this method, if a gene that encodes a drug's target is known (e.g., a 18080 protein of the present invention), all common variants of that gene can be fairly easily identified in the population and it can be determined if having one version of the gene versus another is associated with a particular drug response.
[0468] Alternatively, a method termed the “gene expression profiling,” can be utilized to identify genes that predict drug response. For example, the gene expression of an animal dosed with a drug (e.g., a 18080 molecule or 18080 modulator of the present invention) can give an indication whether gene pathways related to toxicity have been turned on.
[0469] Information generated from more than one of the above pharmacogenomics approaches can be used to determine appropriate dosage and treatment regimens for prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an individual. This knowledge, when applied to dosing or drug selection, can avoid adverse reactions or therapeutic failure and thus enhance therapeutic or prophylactic efficiency when treating a subject with a 18080 molecule or 18080 modulator, such as a modulator identified by one of the exemplary screening assays described herein.
[0470] The present invention further provides methods for identifying new agents, or combinations, that are based on identifying agents that modulate the activity of one or more of the gene products encoded by one or more of the 18080 genes of the present invention, wherein these products may be associated with resistance of the cells to a therapeutic agent. Specifically, the activity of the proteins encoded by the 18080 genes of the present invention can be used as a basis for identifying agents for overcoming agent resistance. By blocking the activity of one or more of the resistance proteins, target cells, e.g., human cells, will become sensitive to treatment with an agent that the unmodified target cells were resistant to.
[0471] Monitoring the influence of agents (e.g., drugs) on the expression or activity of a 18080 protein can be applied in clinical trials. For example, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay as described herein to increase 18080 gene expression, protein levels, or upregulate 18080 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting decreased 18080 gene expression, protein levels, or downregulated 18080 activity. Alternatively, the effectiveness of an agent determined by a screening assay to decrease 18080 gene expression, protein levels, or downregulate 18080 activity, can be monitored in clinical trials of subjects exhibiting increased 18080 gene expression, protein levels, or upregulated 18080 activity. In such clinical trials, the expression or activity of a 18080 gene, and preferably, other genes that have been implicated in, for example, a 18080-associated disorder can be used as a “read out” or markers of the phenotype of a particular cell.
[0472] 18080 Informatics
[0473] The sequence of a 18080 molecule is provided in a variety of media to facilitate use thereof. A sequence can be provided as a manufacture, other than an isolated nucleic acid or amino acid molecule, which contains a 18080. Such a manufacture can provide a nucleotide or amino acid sequence, e.g., an open reading frame, in a form which allows examination of the manufacture using means not directly applicable to examining the nucleotide or amino acid sequences, or a subset thereof, as they exists in nature or in purified form. The sequence information can include, but is not limited to, 18080 full-length nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences, partial nucleotide and/or amino acid sequences, polymorphic sequences including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), epitope sequence, and the like. In a preferred embodiment, the manufacture is a machine-readable medium, e.g., a magnetic, optical, chemical or mechanical information storage device.
[0474] As used herein, “machine-readable media” refers to any medium that can be read and accessed directly by a machine, e.g., a digital computer or analogue computer. Non-limiting examples of a computer include a desktop PC, laptop, mainframe, server (e.g., a web server, network server, or server farm), handheld digital assistant, pager, mobile telephone, and the like. The computer can be stand-alone or connected to a communications network, e.g., a local area network (such as a VPN or intranet), a wide area network (e.g., an Extranet or the Internet), or a telephone network (e.g., a wireless, DSL, or ISDN network). Machine-readable media include, but are not limited to: magnetic storage media, such as floppy discs, hard disc storage medium, and magnetic tape; optical storage media such as CD-ROM; electrical storage media such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory, and the like; and hybrids of these categories such as magnetic/optical storage media.
[0475] A variety of data storage structures are available to a skilled artisan for creating a machine-readable medium having recorded thereon a nucleotide or amino acid sequence of the present invention. The choice of the data storage structure will generally be based on the means chosen to access the stored information. In addition, a variety of data processor programs and formats can be used to store the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention on computer readable medium. The sequence information can be represented in a word processing text file, formatted in commercially-available software such as WordPerfect and Microsoft Word, or represented in the form of an ASCII file, stored in a database application, such as DB2, Sybase, Oracle, or the like. The skilled artisan can readily adapt any number of data processor structuring formats (e.g., text file or database) in order to obtain computer readable medium having recorded thereon the nucleotide sequence information of the present invention.
[0476] In a preferred embodiment, the sequence information is stored in a relational database (such as Sybase or Oracle). The database can have a first table for storing sequence (nucleic acid and/or amino acid sequence) information. The sequence information can be stored in one field (e.g., a first column) of a table row and an identifier for the sequence can be store in another field (e.g., a second column) of the table row. The database can have a second table, e.g., storing annotations. The second table can have a field for the sequence identifier, a field for a descriptor or annotation text (e.g., the descriptor can refer to a functionality of the sequence, a field for the initial position in the sequence to which the annotation refers, and a field for the ultimate position in the sequence to which the annotation refers. Non-limiting examples for annotation to nucleic acid sequences include polymorphisms (e.g., SNP's) translational regulatory sites and splice junctions. Non-limiting examples for annotations to amino acid sequence include polypeptide domains, e.g., a domain described herein; active sites and other functional amino acids; and modification sites.
[0477] By providing the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of the invention in computer readable form, the skilled artisan can routinely access the sequence information for a variety of purposes. For example, one skilled in the art can use the nucleotide or amino acid sequences of the invention in computer readable form to compare a target sequence or target structural motif with the sequence information stored within the data storage means. A search is used to identify fragments or regions of the sequences of the invention which match a particular target sequence or target motif. The search can be a BLAST search or other routine sequence comparison, e.g., a search described herein.
[0478] Thus, in one aspect, the invention features a method of analyzing 18080, e.g., analyzing structure, function, or relatedness to one or more other nucleic acid or amino acid sequences. The method includes: providing a 18080 nucleic acid or amino acid sequence; comparing the 18080 sequence with a second sequence, e.g., one or more preferably a plurality of sequences from a collection of sequences, e.g., a nucleic acid or protein sequence database to thereby analyze 18080. The method can be performed in a machine, e.g., a computer, or manually by a skilled artisan.
[0479] The method can include evaluating the sequence identity between a 18080 sequence and a database sequence. The method can be performed by accessing the database at a second site, e.g., over the Internet.
[0480] As used herein, a “target sequence” can be any DNA or amino acid sequence of six or more nucleotides or two or more amino acids. A skilled artisan can readily recognize that the longer a target sequence is, the less likely a target sequence will be present as a random occurrence in the database. Typical sequence lengths of a target sequence are from about 10 to 100 amino acids or from about 30 to 300 nucleotide residues. However, it is well recognized that commercially important fragments, such as sequence fragments involved in gene expression and protein processing, may be of shorter length.
[0481] Computer software is publicly available which allows a skilled artisan to access sequence information provided in a computer readable medium for analysis and comparison to other sequences. A variety of known algorithms are disclosed publicly and a variety of commercially available software for conducting search means are and can be used in the computer-based systems of the present invention. Examples of such software include, but are not limited to, MacPattern (EMBL), BLASTN and BLASTX (NCBI).
[0482] Thus, the invention features a method of making a computer readable record of a sequence of a 18080 sequence which includes recording the sequence on a computer readable matrix. In a preferred embodiment the record includes one or more of the following: identification of an ORF; identification of a domain, region, or site; identification of the start of transcription; identification of the transcription terminator; the full length amino acid sequence of the protein, or a mature form thereof; the 5′ end of the translated region.
[0483] In another aspect, the invention features, a method of analyzing a sequence. The method includes: providing a 18080 sequence, or record, in machine-readable form; comparing a second sequence to the 18080 sequence; thereby analyzing a sequence. Comparison can include comparing to sequences for sequence identity or determining if one sequence is included within the other, e.g., determining if the 18080 sequence includes a sequence being compared. In a preferred embodiment the 18080 or second sequence is stored on a first computer, e.g., at a first site and the comparison is performed, read, or recorded on a second computer, e.g., at a second site. E.g., the 18080 or second sequence can be stored in a public or proprietary database in one computer, and the results of the comparison performed, read, or recorded on a second computer. In a preferred embodiment the record includes one or more of the following: identification of an ORF; identification of a domain, region, or site; identification of the start of transcription; identification of the transcription terminator; the full length amino acid sequence of the protein, or a mature form thereof; the 5′ end of the translated region.
[0484] In another aspect, the invention provides a machine-readable medium for holding instructions for performing a method for determining whether a subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder, wherein the method comprises the steps of determining 18080 sequence information associated with the subject and based on the 18080 sequence information, determining whether the subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder and/or recommending a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease condition.
[0485] The invention further provides in an electronic system and/or in a network, a method for determining whether a subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a disease associated with a 18080 wherein the method comprises the steps of determining 18080 sequence information associated with the subject, and based on the 18080 sequence information, determining whether the subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder, and/or recommending a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease condition. In a preferred embodiment, the method further includes the step of receiving information, e.g., phenotypic or genotypic information, associated with the subject and/or acquiring from a network phenotypic information associated with the subject. The information can be stored in a database, e.g., a relational database. In another embodiment, the method further includes accessing the database, e.g., for records relating to other subjects, comparing the 18080 sequence of the subject to the 18080 sequences in the database to thereby determine whether the subject as a 18080-associated disease or disorder, or a pre-disposition for such.
[0486] The present invention also provides in a network, a method for determining whether a subject has a 18080 associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder associated with 18080, said method comprising the steps of receiving 18080 sequence information from the subject and/or information related thereto, receiving phenotypic information associated with the subject, acquiring information from the network corresponding to 18080 and/or corresponding to a 18080-associated disease or disorder (e.g., blood cell- (e.g., erythroid-) associated disorders), and based on one or more of the phenotypic information, the 18080 information (e.g., sequence information and/or information related thereto), and the acquired information, determining whether the subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder. The method may further comprise the step of recommending a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease condition.
[0487] The present invention also provides a method for determining whether a subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder, said method comprising the steps of receiving information related to 18080 (e.g., sequence information and/or information related thereto), receiving phenotypic information associated with the subject, acquiring information from the network related to 18080 and/or related to a 18080-associated disease or disorder, and based on one or more of the phenotypic information, the 18080 information, and the acquired information, determining whether the subject has a 18080-associated disease or disorder or a pre-disposition to a 18080-associated disease or disorder. The method may further comprise the step of recommending a particular treatment for the disease, disorder or pre-disease condition.
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LIVING UP TO A GILDED REP. Tin?" struggle to live Up i" tii< gilded repu? tation of some purple uhcostot Is u greater curse than tin Pnync-Aitlrlt.ii luv. " Billy Campbell observed to mil aftei glum um ;it the society \ jae. I nodded encouragingly, ami In i.'oiitlmted, '"Ottly tin bhtve deserve tin y.uoi in these days of tin- commercialized Jos* ? .lumes. Und Idu? blood must hitch up with blue bl.I. or Hock alone. And, honestly, I reckon the women .ire worse than tin inch when it conies fo secur? ing a coiner on the dissolute ancestry a* handed out by Korinun 13111 ami his Illiterate follqwers. "Ah. woman! Semper tyrnnnls! Coat "i arma et lar distant grand-paters I eauo. All of which I copi>etl out of the dictionary annex while waiting at M.dinks Theatrical Until for it remittance from a wayward ami absent minded manager ol a repertoire eomi uh>. "It was while in this "forced retirement that l conned tin- directory of words and garnered much of heraldry and those ami on- terms and phrases that all devotees to an empurpled an? cestry wot well of. "I pursued this uiittsuui path to win the at fections of her of the old china, chalr-bclongcd-tb my-grent-grandina, this-pluttcr-was-broUght-ovor in-the-Moyllower disposition: although l knew that tu?> generations of honesl liyery-s'tnble keep? ers, ur om- generation of fifty i'vci cent pure minded plumber, outweighed all the paste crown jewels of the <?hl World. When a man's in love In- plays ;is many pari.- as ah actor in a Block company. How- und why I I'll by the wayside docs not belong to this prelude, Friend; bid we will overtake the answer gradually now that the orchestra has received (In- flash and the curtain is rising op Act I. I was young and new to the theater business when I became marooned. McGurk's, an orphan so far as funds were concerned, was found. Scouring to sail under false colors, I held Mae a boil in my destination, once in a hundred had asked me for money and discovered I had none. He tossed his frontlet in high and in a hand-embroidened brocade informed me that I would have me arrested if I attempted to leave without paying my little bill. I would be fed and warmed so long as I remained. Of course, he knew I would have money come along in the time and lit the meanwhile each corroding hour was adding to my indebtedness. At times I tried in figure up, and hung me, sir if I could see how I ever was to escape McGurk's hit ins. It was like trying to square up with one of those innocent money-to-salaried-people individuals; or the frog that climbs a foot up the well each night and slips back two feet each morning, with a draw on Sunday. "Hill to stop copying Thackeray's stuff. Each dungeon in these sanitary days has its ray, and I found two beams of sunlight at Mac's, I can tell them now by Mem'ry's lamps—romantic Bessemer and young Billings. The youth was callow and washed out and gave one the impression he was perpetually fading away. I should not have noticed him had he not thrown himself athwart my Path and begged the privilege of worshiping my art. He said he had discovered I was an actor. Pruned of all egotism, I can tonight look back and see that he ranked with Columbus. Madam Curie, Dr. Cook and other great discoverers. But I was easy for me to believe him in those halcyon days, and Billy Campbells, purveyors of the Ancestors, by HUGH PENDEXTER. Illustrated by Altert Mack Sterling. I graciously permitted him to come to my room and force cigars upon me while I improvised green-room talk. "Well, well; some men in captivity tame flies, carve baskets out of peach stones, or scratch their memories by pie-pint. I talked with Bijkins, for instance, I wouldn't borrow from him. I was hopelessly on the rocks; or rather eight hundred inlks at sea in a leaking bout with no one on the ocean, but to have taken his money would have been to remove a blue ribbon from a frail lamb's back. Fortunately, Mac told no one of my dilemma and Bilks morbidly believed I was writing a play, or rehearsing to drive Irving from Shakespearean roles and the title. "It was after Bilks and I were sworn friends and my little bill had leaped like a chamois on my hat, from total to total for the seventh page that I became acquainted with myself, my master's daughter. She had just returned from a fishing school and my master quickly put her to work helping her out. I first supposed that the far-offish, dreamy expression of my eyes resulted from continual speculation whether boarder was about to choose pie, or pudding. One I dared to seek her society, I observed her abstraction had nothing to do with the table, and in looking over one's head, she was seeking, with the inner gaze, to sweep the fasted shores of Europe. "It was all slightly humorous, once you got a bird's-eye view of it. Bilks' hug was the stage, because in and his father played a very handsome English business. Bessie's mania was blue blood, I saw the old man had made a mint of money since having Bills Island. While I, the third juvenile in the piece, had thoughts only for the maid, because I was broke and her father's slave, you see we were all consistent. "I must confess I made but very little impression on the fair creature at first. In fact, I don't think she knew I was living until I discovered her secret, it seems Bessie was a bright-eyed, joyous minx until a palm reader, one of those occult females who tell your future for four bits and keep mum about your past for five bones told her she descended from the old stock and obviously was linked to lords and the Marquis of Queensbury rules, also to peradventurers and marry-eome-ups. She also told her she was to wed a nobleman. From that hour Bessie peddled the prunes with a conch-und-six air. And it was this dreaming of the Belle of Bath, of my lady's routs. And My Best Pictorial Smile and the same of His Grace's visit to Nunbridge that gave the large bide eyes the expression of an unsuccessful lottery ticket. But once I learned her strong suit I Caused her orbs to center at In a bit, I became a Heraldry sleuth. There was no use season on the dictionary and I memorize very rapidly. At the end of twenty-four hours, I had done the Ella act across the river of Time. leaping nimbly from argent to a bend gules, thence to escallops of the field, until I landed in the original lap of the peerage. On the morrow I sat Bened my best pictorial smile and allowed to Bess, careless like, that I was the only American edition of the Old World. Nothing bragging, or showy, mind you: but just like that. I just yawned, careless-like, and let "to that I was getting wet and weary of being The Campbell. That's all; Just like that. Then I tackled the toast. Pearl: I heard how I buried me with a new glance, and regardless of her father's mental anguish, slipped into four extra prunes. Then she began pumping inc. "Well, Bessie was foolish, but honestly I was all over her love with her. As I began to reconstruct my last I became intensely interested in the subject. The blush of joy that mantled her cheeks when I kept seven trifling ancestors in the air at once urged me to higher and purer heights. At the end of my first exchange of confidences she was in pity for those unfortunate Scotchmen who have only the earth and the libraries therein. Shi.-aid it was delightfully sweet to find some bone long, meaning pie; I told her I knew Yum Sip Lee, best of the III Sine Tong, but she explained she meant J was of the lieat inonde. Me to the rear of the word-book that night and before morning I had memorized all the pop-corn talk from abas to creme-de la creme, with a wing shot at noted names in fiction, although the last never happened to me any. My master was peeved at our parlor seances, but Bessie had an imperial manner that always sent the old man staggering to the ropes and I recked him not. "On the second morning, while several boarders battled for the odd fried cake, Bessie abandoned the helping hand act and seated herself between me and Bilks and pleaded, 'Do tell me again how you lost the King's Oaks Manor house in Queen Mary's time.' "Friend, in the cold gray dawn of the morrow, I did not try to sort out and classify a large bad falsehoods told the night before and seek to recall to whom you had handed which? And to add to my confusion, Bilks' eyes nearly fell into his plate, which the old man confided to his coffee-cup, his all as to the ultimate future of an A.P.V. But Bessie ran the roost, and realizing all were cyl big in curiously. I squared my shoulders and grabbing a point dexter as a lit preserver, I leaped into a deep pool of argents and jugs and sables and verts, and when I emerged I had the Campbell coat of arms clinched between my teeth and the old man had tied a stitched hand. It was the first young Bilks had known to my royal blood and henceforth he trotted a dead heat with Bessie in both credulity and content. "For the next few days I played one night and I was trying to get a new play, Aglncourt, Kontenoy and Bannockburn. At the end of the week, Bessie had eyes only for me and was taking the count so fast that I could swear I was using an adding." Machinery. And as I ways at the outskirts of our wooing stood I like. In the night I found his cigars on my dresser, each meal he vied with Bessie in begging me to recount the brave old jousting and hawking days. The rest of the table were vexed over my.
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TlMUqW-J'. S. Wirirartun 21, & Mar. 2. Mluia-J'. Chivm S -. Nugent 13, ti. Banplon— Joo. Smith 2i . Deanait 37, »ygf. Barcombs— Bumey 10; Bjttsn 13, e. Baikiiiff— Q. luraer 3. Hill Mar. 2. Butivr—NocHa 10, 3(. Barton— Oct 17. BtUB—Gm. Sharp S, 17, Bu}M« 24. Cor. Shop Mar. 2, vfn. Bad«i*th~J. M. FUyer 3. Bethantat— Barton3.Fi«M<niIO,Bowd«al7. BOtefdoa— Hsnih 3, 10. BiUM^y— WObod 3, Jaokion 10. BirmiDchuD (FredericL St.)^R. Adamx 1 BamsrJ Har. 2. BlBcLbuiii (leliiiijton) — ritanrtoi'Bn 3, fl.i 10, G. Chuadlsr 17. JlinuUiffe 24 >t tygi of 21, 28. Bhrnalan—JuB, btaith 3, U. Lowin 17; Jo*-, Smith B, e., S^ Mar. 2. Boflle Street— Hylaiid 3. 10, 17. Bolney— Miller S, 21, Knight 17. Bolton— Newman 3, 8.O. Spencer I0,8tand- Bottleaford— D. Collioi 21. BoumsiqoiiUi (Falmcnton Bd., Boauimbe) — 3. Littleton duiinE muoth- StabuuDS^MilchelTS, Parltar 17. Bradford (Wilta)— Hobbin* 10, C. Young 24 & a. of 2e. Brentwood— Dye 25, «. BriiM (IS, North tiL)— W. SmaU 17. Biings<r— Gmderhani 21 BurEsag Hill -Page ID, Enill 24 & e. of 27 ; , '^^Dia 6, AahdowQ 13, 20, ef^. ButniiKm —Nugent 3. Biinihiy —King 10. Bury- Hacking 10. Cambridge (Hope)— Coughtrey 10, War- burton 24. CUUtbory- Frarton 3, Whatford 10, J. ' CUtw* 17, Mitohel! 24. CaiBrieawortb— Wtitwotth 10, Hickingl7. Charfwood— FanioombA 21. Chaltenham (ProvidtoUie)- Jos. Smith 17, BobbiDt 24. Cheltenh&m(R»haboUi)— Hopkins 10, 17, 24. Cherry Lane -Wadaworth 17. CLert«ey-W. Collins 17, Chiddingly (Benoetl'a Boom) — Coiniurd 6, Funnell 12, evge. ChippenhaDi— Kobbina 17, Jus. Smith 24. "■-- -lay— MoKee 3, ABhwortH 10, Hart 17. noeater — Oowley 3. Barnard 10, 31. ChcV— Bobbins 3, Ford 24. Claytan West -Aultlo 3. Coalville-OMaatt 6, a. Colarufl— Russell 3, Ooppioo (Coaeley)— £Bebl« 3 & «,of 4, Ful- raiit21. Crawley— rarrii 3. Cricklade— CoUu 24. Crowboro' (Gethsemanoj-WbatEjrd 3, Al- lard 10. Bradihairl7, PiflM 94. Oroydon (ProvldsDiM)— Uatton 3, lu, Hvra- tnglon 17, 24. Pnnoa Mn. 2. Dallington— Wliita 3, 1'arkor 10, 3(, Milter 17, & Uar. 2. Dane Hill — SaltmarJh during mnnth. Datcbwonb -Wakeley 11, at 8.30; Dauatsey— Millard 3, a., Russ«U 10. Derby (B, Stai^ope St.)— Deoiiett a, e. Desfurd- Peirett 26, e. D«Ti«M (Old Bapt»t)-Vuder 17, 21. Devices (Salem)-MDwer 3,SttoiiB 10. C. YovlBg Mar. 2. Dewsbniy (Boothnwd Lane)— W»l«hav IT. DorkiBg (Fublio HalI)-BursBs 'i, Sousa 10, Deuiham 17. Barriofer Mar. :!. I Downlum— Dfo 3 k u. of 1, JaeltMm 17, Barrlnger 21. I IKiwotOn— Nonia Z, Bund 1 7, Dudley— Wright VI, 3ti, ivg.t. DuBmOW — Dya 8, a. East Gnudtead- Woraley 10, 17. East Hnathley— Pratt 3, 17, Oorntbra 10, HyUnd24. Pratt Mar, 2, EastMeon-Bames 17. East Peckham— Svannell 3. 17, Buysas 10, S.Koovil21. Earla' Barton— Saving 10. Edanbridge— Parrig 10. Edmonton- ElvenS.MssonlOjG.Tornot IT, Nugont 21. Elaworth- 'Wilsan 17. Batcbdoi 24. Ety {Zion} -Due 3, k Msr. 2. Enfocd-D. Collins 3. Fairford— Cowley 10, 17- Faringdon— Ford ;i. Famham (100 East Street)— GriHn 3, IT, Mitcheuall 2j; Orithn Mar. 2. FlimwaU—BotleD 21 k Uw. 2. Flitwiok (Meeting House)— Dii 3, Wikon 10, BTgS. Folkestone (Kinn, end of Michael Street) — Kawd<m 3, Haynea 10. House Mar. 2. Fornat liiil (ZioQ. Malham itd.) — Prinue S, ' " " 7, BaQaham 21. Cowley Mar. 3, Fore. Forest Side ('Farnden'a iloom)— Norri Fram&eld— Field S, Funnell 10, 17, 24 : Comford 14, e. Frant'Mockford 5, Koill 12, W. Snuth 26. Frittanden— Butler 3 fee. of 6, Cramlingfty — West 17, E. Adams 21. Gudqiau'ili aster — I''i'a/ey 21. Goring Heath- Lawrence 3. THB aOB»!L STAMDABp.— 188i. Goodihfvbld— p^tkinz 3, |[.e>loB V}, 0. ChuiSla2i. .;■--■ 10 P«rE& 2*. Gl. ¥iIbraIiam-Dwe 17. Crave— Tomlit 3, I7-, CuHM (ipetball-AMd W.jfiu(ler ir, ly. Conins 14; ToTqW )3, Ashdosi^ 27, aTgs. HuJcniW— Comjbrd 24 ; ^sbLdown 13, u. Hankerton—LavTence 10. Hiritay Eow— Kameombe 3 Hulingden— Harlict 3, Wlittaker 17, ffidaworth 24. Bwting* (Iabeni*4e]— Botha V, 17. K. UtdetOD Mar. 2, fla>kbiirat-Froi*]7, Potten M, &Mar, ^. HavdiKk— J.8. WarburtDnS.SUndoven 17, Newun 24.. H»pM-Jact«m 'U- HiTRud'g Heatb (Jirch) -Kaiglit 3, 10, 31 & eT|e. nt 5 19, at 6.30., Comfocd 17. Eni^Har. 2. Hebdeo Bridce — HeatoD 3, Austin 24. H«i£cld-MUe> &, 12. l9, lia, evga. Henley-on-Tbamca— Barnard 3.. He;bridge—Dys 1, 8, 2B, «T^, & 9Iar 2, Hsyvooj (Jir^)— :Sflwpian IP, J. S. W"- hirton 17. fli;hi>..rth— Ohappcll 111, Biis^^ll 17- HilnBrtop— I>,VB 14. r. HitmarUm— Mniar-a :<, ,><|' ^ >'. ^"°' S>"'l)> KiBdii,y_Harl a, W,;Xm 10. Hollinwood— Whittaker 3, Newioau IL HoriBj (Lm St.)-«. Uvtirtw 3. S9tt«i> ti. 10, Pnatnn 17, 24; Haiiae 20. PraatoD Mar. 2, ir|>. Honied Kevaea— Wotabj 3. HuDeofew-Matoh 17. ) Lord'a daja 14, e i P«E< Xetteriag^ Keeblo 19. UkiStreet-PrMtll, a. I^tenliMth (Baptut]~Hr. Sollia ha> eepled th« inaBimaii* call of the Choieh >u lupply for ail months vith B vie Ikaffttonte. I4nfcp0tt— C. Toupg 3. LcedB— Sea)»n It. Lei(«gW (AUred St.)— Carr Lord's days and ThuT). eVBB. Leigbton— Mitchupall 10. £ Mar. 2. litUmii baptist)— D);e 6, e. Little lAQ^on-T'&nsseT 'tl- Uttle Hc*wood -Saving 24, a. Liwrpik)! (Shaw St.}— Peazev 3, 10. Kceblf Mar. 2 & e, of 3. Lowdham— Fraser 11. I.iidgetih«ll-Mowerl7,24. D.CoUinaMat.2 l-uWarworth— Forrest lO.Feazey 17; Cart5,c Mudenhead— Collis 3, 17, Orifiln 24. Maidelono— Fuondl 3. Wakcicj 10, Tavur- ner 17, Eow 21; Knill 3. AehdofflJ I^, f OHM 20, Mockluid 20, «vhs> IfwrahaU 3, JO, . . Mar. 2. (Uinifn (Zofu:, Great Alia St.)— Aahdown Lard's days and Thius, erg*. Ltrndop (peujah, 70, flamf^. Jipa^., near Edsewarc Road)— Muons during 1909th. Umiatt (Seboboth, &i4iu Pquso ^t, r Regent Circus)— C. Adain ■" '■ ' and Wed. evgs. London (Pa«kb^m, £4.) — Plumtnci 10, 17, 24 and Ted. erga. London (A. P. A., Hotnioy Sise)— A«h- domi 15, B, MaliOeBbury — Dye 10, Ptioce 21. UazLoincford — Stioiig 24. Mtrebfield— Ford Mar. 2. Mavfield— Page 3, 17, DjD 24 i e. of 21. Mclksham^Stroiig 3, ford IJ. Lawienu* Mar, 2. Milton— Jnu. Smith 10, Waller 21, Noeiiingwoith — Darn 10. Nethtravon - Mower 10, D. CuJlina 17. Kewbury — MiUard 10. Newick— Busaay 3. Pratt 10. Newport, PignBll -Saying 17- "infield- Cor. Sharp 3, 17, & Mar. 2. orwith ( Pro vid lino*)— Gooderhtm 3, lU, 17 & Tiura,- BT(B.. OdliiaiB-IleuooU fll A: e. ol' 12, (JjiflneH 2-1 ,^- e, ^.f L'l.. . ,.th If, MoK«( „ 1^ .Snribiirj- W, .■^mall:;.. iifoM(itlU-r[rii.)— ,)no, Smil,ti3,ii.,Tu»ti-. 10. f.M,Hi.^<: Waller Jlar. 2. ' PatHonrft— B. U. Turner 24. Pembertnn— J. S. Warbnrton 10, Schofield 17, King 21. Pendiebiiry — McKoe IT. 34, sTgn. Pelerborw' {Salom)- Wilsoii 3, 34; Tryon S, e. Wilmn Mar, 2. Pat iforth —While 94. PlDmBl«ad (Tabamacle) — Bradshaw 10, Waller 17 & e. of 19; Kiinns a. Prince 12, avga. sn'sey— Millard 24. KedraU (SbaWs Corner)- Denriiam 3, ID. Red Hill (Htatitln Ro«d)_Miner 10. Ric^mund (Bn^aboUi}— Hill 10 &: etzi. of 7, ?1. Dix 21. Ringmer-Field 10, MitcheU 17, Ptatt ai Eipe- B, of e. 11, t Knllright— Barnard 17. Rotherfield (Providence) — Tavernor 3,Knill 10, Dye 17, Bradsbttw 2'4. Buncom— Wadsworth 3. BjB— Tavemar 10, 24. Sandy Lido— D.€ollinB 10. Sheepfihed— B, Adtuusa; Perrett 12, Corr IT THB QOSPBL SIAHDAItD. — 1884. Sheeraou — fiowden ID, MitclieDBll I7> Shorehfttn— Birnea 10, Houbo IT, Page 24. ' 8iddftl— Austin 10, Helton 17- Bksynae SUl—nul 3, BuUer 10, S, KeevJl 17. Hitcball Hu. 2. Slenford (FiaTidence]— West 3, Hftrlick 17, 24 ft e. of 20, SmallBeld— fi, Litflefoo 3, Botten 10, Prerton 17, 24, 4 Mm. 2. Smart's Hill— Barnos 3. Soulbborough— BradshBT 1, W. Smith 8, Newton 16, BoWen 22, Fonncl! 39, evgs. i Southill— E. Fox 24, SouthmiuBtGr — J. Cbivcn 10, Hineoo 24, Southport (Temparanco Hall) — B, C. Turmar 3, Slwdoven 10, S. G, Spenoer 17, Whit- takoT 24. HcKee Mar. 2. St Helens'— StandevenThura ev(t«, at7. Stamford— Wilaon 10, & e. of 12, Hajnoa ! 17, Flitton 24. Feaiey Mar. 2 4 o. of 4. ■ Stoka Golding^r. M. Player 24. Slone— I'arker 3, Field 17, Butler 24, Stooj Xoappa— H. Young 10. 17. Slotfold (Hope)— Hdqbo 3, West 24. Stotfold (Rohoboth)— Mitchenall 3. Strattoa — Chappell 10, Jdo. Smith 17|LcwiB 24 : Bve Ifi, e. Buuell Mbt. 2. Studlay— Eu»m1124; Dto 13, e. ButtonVallenee— Mitohelll 0,Whatfo[dl7,2*. Swindon (Rehoboth)— Prnwett 3, Ford 10, Chappell 17, W. Small 24. Telbii^— Hopkins 8; Dye 11,0. ThomhillEdge— B.CTumBT I0,WalBbair24. Thunderaloy— WoraeU 10, G. Tumer 24. Tieehunt— Smith 6, Knill U, Page 17, Dye 22, evKS. Tonbridpi (2ion) — Penfold 3, 10 17, Hoiua24. Tring (Weal End)— Boirlaa 10. Trowbridg^Mortimer 17 1 e. of 19. Tyldedey— MoKea 6, e. TJotfieia (Schoolroom)— Pratt 17, o. Uffington— I«wreiice 3 & e. of 6. Uppinghnn— Keeble Bowles II, e. Welwyn— Kn ill 3, 1 7.Barringer lO.MorriB 2 4. Wesloniag— Dii 3, Wilaon 10^ moms. & alia. ■Wilfslon—Keeble 10, J. M. Hayer 17 ; Carr 19, e. WimbUdon— Barrinaer 3, Picknell 10, Tfor- lis 17, Bond 24. Uower Mar, 2. Wioeanton— H. Yonog 3, C, Young 10. WinuhmoreHUl—UMoaS, I7i F,HaiahaU G, Manns 20, ergs, Windsor rZion)— Plummer 3, O, Turner 10, Parris 17, lEll 24; Tomb* 12, Muniu 27. eves, Winflow-Saving 24, e, Witham— Hanson 3, 10. 17 & Wed. evga, Woking— Waller 3 ; Prince 6, Mookford 14, Pophwn 21, eygi,. WolTerhaniptoB — Wright during moulli. Worthing— White 10. WoottoQ Bassett-D. Lewis 3, W. Small 10, Lawrence 17, MiUvd Mar, 2. YeoTil (Tabernacle) -C, Young 17, H. 24. lo Sthict Burial MiNSTEiia.— The Committee of tbe" G. 8," Socialies, at their meeting on Jan. 2ath, piEBed the fullowieg BesoIutioiL : " That the Secretary bo raquetlod to call attention, through the 'G. 8.,' to the desirability of all Siriot Baptist nunistera, whoae names appear on the Supply lAst ot this magazine, contributiag to the Aid Society's fonds. This is not deaircd so much for pecuniary support aa that the tainiatera namrt should be unmistakably identified irith the Society. If thoae who cannot afford much, would aub- scribe la. per year, the amount cauld be acknowledged in the ' O. S.,' and atsi in the An- nual Beport, if deaired, with only the Sobacribers' Initials, or in any other w«y tboy might choose ; the object being that the names should bo in the Society's books and thss entitle the subscriber (subject to rules) to leoeive relief, should oircunulaQoea render it requinte, without the Committee's being plaoed in Che poaition of havia^ to mae any question as to Uieir aWlity to meat particular oaaaa," "Gospel ^antiard" Aid and Poor Ebmbp Sociktiks. — Remittanoeacan be forwarded bither to the SKcretacy, Mr. Gray, 30, Alfred Place, Bedford Squaje.W.C, or to 18, BouveriQ Stiset, E.C. In the event of errors or omtimons (allowing time) in BokaovledgmenL, will inends pleaae write. "Gospel Stanuahu" An Society. — Subaoriptiona for 1883: Mr, Hemington, 21a.; Mr, J. Griffin, 10a. 6d.; Mr. J. Beiinett, 2I«,; Mra. BirtwiatJe, 16i,; Mr. G. Nicklin, 21b.; Mr, G Covell, 2l8.; Mr. J. Evans. 2ls.; Mr. W. P. Dolby. lOs. 6d.; Mr. E. Pioknell, 10s,; Mr. J. Hatton, 2l8.; Mr, Wadey, lOs. 6d.; Mr. J. Wilton, 40s.; Mra. Wilton, 20b.; Mr. D, KcTilt, 10s.; Mr. R. Sbitliogfurd, 21s.; ditto, sab of Mr. Page's sermon to Jan,, d3s. 6d.; Mr. O. Eirby, lOs. 6d.; Mr. 8. Hand, 21a.; Mr. Bead, lOs, Cd.; Mr. D. Cbad- wick, 4Vs, (put to 1881, in error, in Jan,) ; Mr. Willia, 218.; Miss Brown, 21s. DoaatJons: Mi. Winckloa, lOs.; Mr. S. Band, 428. Subscriptiona for 1881; ), U. H., 23s 6d,; H, A. N., 2l9.; Mr.T.Prilchird, 2l8.; Mr. T.R. Neve, 21s; Miss A. Morgan, 2Is.; Hrs.Mug^cridgc, 21a.; H. G., 21a.; MiB>^ Fount; r, 10s. 6d.; Mr, C. Adams, lUs. 6d,; Mr, Hatton, 21a. Ihmationa: Mr J. LiltletuD, 2s, Sd.; Mr, S. Harrington, oa.; Mr. A.,firuamMd,108.Cd.; A I'oor Sinner, SOs. DEB dOSPBti STAHDABD. — 1884. V Poor Relief Socieit.— SabscriptioM for 188S : Mr, J. Wmokl™, SlS.; Mr. W. Apple- Kite, 42b.: Mr. E. Porter, e3a.; Mr. O. Hulerigg. 42a.; Mr. Oopcutt, per Mr. Okdiby, 401.; Mrs. BirtwiBtle. !«■.; Mm. BniDden, per ditto, lOn.; Mrs. Walker, 2\s.; Mr. O. CovbU, 21«.; Mr. A. L. Palmer, SlB,; Mr, J, EvuM, 21b.; Mr. T. B. Wakeloy, Sla.; Mr. V. P, Dolby, lOa. 6d.; Mr. E. Pictnell, 21b.; Mr. J. Hatlon, 318,; Mr. T. Barnard, 21fl.; Mrs. Clappen, per ditto, 21s.; Mr. U. Hand, Zla,; Mjr, Wade, 21b. DoDBtionB; £. J., IDs.; Mrs. HemiogtoD, pni&tB On Bale of ■' Friendly Companioii," 139. 9d.; Mr. 8. Hand, 40b. Subscripliona for 1884: Mrs. Barker, 31b.; Mr, W. Gardiner, 21a.; Mrs. Yeo, per ^tto, 21s,; H. A. N.,21«,; Mr. T. Prftchard, 21s.; Mrs, T. Neve, 429.; Mr. F. T. Comerford, 42a.: Misa A. Hor^n, 42a.; Mr. J. Wilton, 40b.; Mis. Willon, 20g,; Friend ia America, per Mr. Gadsby, 60a.; J., 21e.; Mr. G, Abbott, 21a.; Mr. A, Sayer, 21b.; Mr. J, Ditfih- Eeld, 21b.; Mr. G. Arthnn, 21a.; Mrs. M. Paera, 21a.: Mr. C. D. Hall, 21b.; H. S., 2l8,; Mra.PaiD, 21e.; Hiaa feDaar, lOa. 6d.; Mni.E.MitGhell,perMr,Yeo,91s.; HT.H«ttoa,21a. DimBtianB: Mr. A. Bioonfield. lOa. 6d.; LitOe Halp, 4tM.; Mra. PaTton, Is, 7d.; a Poor Wo»n., 21b.; Mr, J. Pack. 9b.; Mr, J. Randall, aOs,; J. D., 2b,; Mr, S. AlleD, IB*.; Mr. S. Harrington, Sb.; A fag frieada to C- J-, fiSs.. it address is, 2, Camber Villa, Waterloo Sheeplbed, Betiiesda Chapel- — BaptSstry and New School Room. — The Meads beg gratefully to acknowledge the receipt of tile fnllowing sums towards the coat of the ibo»e: Maasra. A. J, Jacquea, :£.^ 5s.; E. Watts, £6; T. Clarke. £6; W. Grimson, 40s.; E. Fox, Mb,;T. a. Bray, 65».; Mllex, 27; 6d,; Cole. aOi.; Smith, 2is.; Frackktoo, 20s.; SteveiiB, 20B.;ElveD, IDs.; Hopwell, lOa.; H. D.. at.;.J. Bourn, dt.; Hoeree, Sb.; Wellwiaber 2a,; through Mr. Gadaby, 60e.; Ibrongh Mr. Perrett, Mia.P,, 20b,; and Messrs. Orton, 20a,; Morgan, 409.; Dodaon, 20a.; Dietaon, 2Da,; Hall, lOa.; Wohater, lOs.; W. Squire, lOa,; S. Squire, 10s.; a Friend, 10s,; PafEbrd, 5a,-, Barrow, 5b,; Ship,' Sa,; Brran, Ga,; Adam, 5a.; Baker, Sb,; Brown, 5s.; Middleton, 2g. 6d.; through Mr. Warbulton, 'Boar's lale (Hope), 74a. 6d.; through Mr. D. Haak, JLeJ#««ter, 3oa. 6d, Tha building is finished. The cost Iv* been £236 IBs. Bd.,theaumBr«isBd, £143 Its. Id., cxmaiBting of £48 la., through kindness of distant friends, and £95 14a, Id,, by the mem- bera and oongregation, leaving a debt of £32 Is. Td, This people, few and poor, feeliof the heavy reeponsibility of debt, and their inability to do more at pcesent, earaestly appeal for further help, and eflpecially to those friends whoha»o overlooked their appeal, ToTQTiay.^-A small church of trntb haa been formed here, md it ifc believed the Lord haa many precious souls in this town. The place of meeting is Out of the way, and lie no trance to it oflenaiTe, and many vLsitors, who love the truth, leave the town without find- ing it out. It aeema desirable to build a small ehapdin a ooirvenient place ; but the peopl ■e poor, and thitrefore dcaira to see the Lord's name in iniluenoingi any that hare t^ . i_,i. :.!. i..._j_ »— .T--t pmpose, will be tbankfuUy received and atknowledgad by Joa. H. Tabor, I, Lucius SIreet. Torquay. Blnoham ChapeL-^^ceivod towards tlie purDhase of tUa diapet: W. little, 2|.; Mr. Cope, 1b, The expense! connected with the transfening of tliia neat little chapel and puUIng it in trust have been considerably more than waa anlicipatad, Accrington, Xbenezer Particular Baptist Chapel, ICarket Flaoe,— l^ime of MTvicCB in futiire will be, morning, 10.30 ; afternoon, 3.30. Prayer meoting at 6 p,m, Wednesday pighla. prayer meetings, at 7.30. Sydney,. Kew South Wales,— Strict BaptUt Church, T9S, George Street' (near railway ataUon).— Afew frienda hare continued for the past fouryeaiBto meet together "to worship God ani^l" arery Sunday morning in an u^er room at the above addnsa, under the paatorate of Mr, Thomab WrrTs, ^ HOtne. — A quiet, comfortable home ia offered to a young lady, where sbe would have every facility for learning the millinery and dresamakiag, in good private class ln4e. Premium required, Addresa, H, Hardham, 29, Hampstead Road, Dorking. Hone. — ^ oonioitable home in the country ia offered for one or more children. Seven miles from Eastboume, Close to railway. AIM good schools, if required. Terms mode- rate. Good refeieocea. Address^ A, B,, 1. Station Boad. Hailaham. Hone. — Qood home ofbred at a fannhonBB for a child, Tenna very moderate. Addresi ^Wanted, ft P»d Cfeocrat Servaijt.f iAp|jy;to J. Fennar, Draper, 1, Bitchwigar Boad, ftaated, b;>l^, agtid 17, Sitiwtianin.shapw Wirahpn^o ta U gaatF^Up u»efaL Haar omue of tnttii prrfeoed. GW ieitrenc«, Ttims^gti. AMreet, E. Uutad, IS, Abiiiger Place, St. John's, LewcB,. Wanted, in a busineW houw, a good BetvMd Is attani to tSree cfaftdratk (youngart fire) «nd to loM iii houn and traedlework. Apply to Hn. J. A. Sibi^ Mdj;e StfMI, at. I yea, Huntiugdonahire. ' Wanted,' to reol or mrohase, iii Siuiex, Surreri of Ke«l, q wall-biiilt Cdttajje, with five bed-roanu, glroen, Oi'chard, anii a few acrsatif iqeaiEow taiy^, iw Si«h gro."n^ wiOi ftbuoflant supply of water, acd gobd dcMnaie. Koar a free graoe mioutri^ Addce*, H, AuB^WJOe Steroliant, iaiforl, Kent. WanM, br ^ iteady yout^, wed- 19, a MtnaUon u OHipentw, irksM be teuU ittpiv*« ia dw trade. Hoa»r net «o niKb ad oWmI a« ImfltoVniMt Ud hoaie. AdltnA, H. Newnap, 41.Br«ad Oreenv Wdlfagbowujlk ' Vailtsd, ^ tniatwocUiy<jouiig tn^r, Sii the kitoluii jardao. Uuit oodartiaii^ wall trees, and be a good nailer. ISa. per week. Addreaa, fi7 T. SaweU, &ard<ni Cottego, If(Ie*or(h H(iU8e,_Iate*orth, Middlesei. , WMted, • Situation in any capacity WTCod-faaring. maix. Amd 87. Married; no family. Undenitanda horaei. Address, W., 3, Feeder ftoad, Hanb Bridge, Bmtol. Wsnt^, a good, strong, beUtby General gorv^ two In family. Addresa, witH referencta, tm Hri, Gi Croydon. XWantedi ^ Apprentice a young lady, in (he eai loa bouse of buBiA*>s, witli tboae whow views a-. ddteaa, Mn. 8to;e., Weyboonie. Farnbam, Sijrrey. Wanted, Nurse Oirl, about 19, for child in arm, and to ■)•!«( wlfh otbere. A ra- M)Bo»blB,i tnntwortiy nrl *lio faas not been oot M6M ■otobieeud to. AM^wB., Miaa QloTBt'n High 3trMt. Otofim. ■ Wanted, a lerv good Plain Cook, aged 2!> to 30. Good cbaiacter. AMkm, Mre. M., 9, ftjlfthiitli'a Gardeiia, Acton, W. fantfd, a yoijng Lady for Showroom. PuitLing medium ctaas trade. Goodiale*- io stock -keeper, Ac. Apply, encloebg c»rl«, to F. Tf. BuOer, Draper, HVdnt Plaae, AUBgdOn. IB Hoiuemaid, i> a qmst f— ilj. So chitdi«D prtifetttd. Aged 'mak Cott»g». Baloofabi. ^^ n drapery, grocery, and ganeril buatatas. Apply Co Mr. fibad- Wfratedt Warehouaeman, in a grooery and proTbrion bultsea. Ooc aecnftomed to hoMe* «£d rfeliTet^ of goods. Apply to P. Hoadfey, Burgeai* HiB,' Soniet. Wanted, a situation m Under Houaevaid, or yauAB house tttipailaei .maid. Bight mootbe' ref^vnce, three years and a half preTioiu. Addio^ ft. EI1B9, AlUn^ltUD Sold, Bw^ Part, Hrigafe, Snirey. Wanted, a email bnainese, flrapeiy preferred, or wbera (bcM M a ^wdopfning fer olW; " O. 8." flfloe, 1 Wutted, by a reipeoUble pei»i, a ntoatioii ss WorkioK BnMekaapei, nadr " O. S." mimitry. Good cook and excellent manager. Address, wkfi ^kiBUti,«> 9.S., can efUr. smustry, (rood coos and excellent manager. Adi Aldridt% Bl^dea <R. 8. 0.>, ftwiaann. Wflfa. wanted, Dilution by a young &ian,Mfaitef. Handr with e«ipe&|er's toed*. * 32. Duke Street. Bloombary. h Terrace, HMBrttgoii; B^, Lopj^ S Wanted, for a fint-nte lodgUw-boosd, a C(M& Aiif SoTdSmaM. AM hrrttiAeritl ff competent. Strong aod wUling. Ooqwl ptifit^i^ A44NHt' £'■$•£{•. Tk« Ce&M, Oa&- terburv. ' ■ IBB GOBPBIi STAHDABD. — 1884. Tii A OovenieH Pnpilreqiired, at ftasfpT, toinBtructjnninrsirndCTMTen jem. Ttthi, incia^u Mudo, Frenuk, and kundieH, £3 tSe. per qamUr. AddKW, Mr*. HkWigl 98, floTtt VUlaa. Wfgt Srittbtmi. ■; ■ Ab lilirsery QOvenie«, or useful Cott^MtDlon, by« Tilling U^ who tiu bwfa Ml before. Oood igfet-erice. Apply to B , ore of TenV, BUtioBer. H%h Street. Cltphttef 8. VT. Oovom^M — ^ TOimg lady, aged 31, veiy Soai orchildraii, aeairex » re-oii^g«aieiit af Governess iu a Chmtitui fuiiily. . Acquiremeote i^ngliah, Muaic, and F^endi. dalarj, £18 pec annum. Obod references. Addieaa, Miss Haddoff, Silaoe, AmptbiB. To ba let, unfumiibed, three or four reOma (tbree aa Aat Oaor). WlDiia Wn.dil- tanc© of Gower Street. There are np ohildren or oAer ledgers. Andrew, W. D., Albert yjlla, 9, Elm fioad, near St. Paul's Road, Camden New ToSo, ' '' '; To bo Let —Two Rooma on. Second floor j alad nnoU lutc^eu if reqviHii. Shi miDUtea'. walk from Gowar Street Clu^l. Terms moderate ta suitable peraon. Ai^\j at 30, ilFreJ Place, Bedford Sqn»re._ -^. ffboit JitMBX,—^- A. Smith and'Son, St. Ivei, Hunla, reQuire ao affii^^t jBalea- wotDanloi: jaMiiietj, niantks, &c. Enclose carte, ataffng age, lie^it, aalary, gju] tt& •fir- ticntara of tiperienoe. ''',,• To KSilter T&ilOD. — Wanted, by a. iteady, reopeclaUe young '""'i ' aiWiitW >• Gaieral Cutter in a medium elaaa trade. Fourteen yeara e.'cpQrieTvie. uqoil n^naeea, Addreaa, C. J., 58, Bridge SIreet, New Swindoii, Wllfii. _' ' , _ _J TftfirOGera o&d Frkvliioa KerebuLt(-~WMit«3>aia-a<KUHUBKtM-44t<at^at. Drire and aalieit. A^d 26 Good referanoas. Addceai, E. Srovoini;, Shot^iaoi, To OrOCerB and Com Bealen-'-'I'i'e advenlger, a Ood-feams man felDgle), seeh a ritualitm *b warehoueeman, or to deliver soods will horse and cut. In either bridobi H^ good rofcttabb. Cmild takeapUoeitftnM. ITearaoc^aeaf trndipteArrad. JkdMaa, O. Bimlii,«8, ToA Street, WolverhampHm. ^__ GouMhwat, Kent. ___, To ireiSmilkCTB.— "Wanted, a frlrat Hand Medium to good-claw tradt.' Apply to Mr. Hoadley, BTirgSTHill, BuHsei. ' ■,-'": To Cabinet'irakeFB and CarpenterB,— Wanted, by a youth, a aitusfthm wiw b» wwild be able Id learn tbe trade, and live in thebouae. Subeea in thfttnd^ t^ajftx. Ce«d xeferenoea, Addieaa, J. Miller, Willingdug, Suiau- ,' To lBot)t and' Shoe HakerB. — Wanted imjuedirfrty, a good Qeneral Sand, iffeaM view* are In strict KcnDrdancP with truth. None others n^ed *ppl^. Addteaa,- fl(*«fift ffMbley, H^adoem. K«iM- ' ^ '''■., To Barents and Gnardiani.— Wanted, a steadj, well-educaled yOBth, ^olit If, t/i AppreclieB to the grocery and drapery tradea. Comfottahle home for iuitali)eyouth. Pr^ mtam^ i^gnired. Apply to E. Weatitti, Oiocef, fee,, Boft'drteld, TnnbWatB w^*.' "$0 PakeM,— Wanted, in a i;oiuitry trade, a truatworthy Mac. Mu^ be able fo nialu doo^, Dtb\Ud, and est. Place of iruti near. Permanent dtuatlon. Ooo^ refcr^niia re- quired. AddKBa. B. T: Youag, •VTelwyn, flerta. " ' ' ' To LsnioWJltll, ^ents, ^anosn, &a. — ^ ezparienood farmer ^anudyM^ for tan appointment as bteward or Farin Sailifl^ or buy portion of mpdnntiflity. wife haa been accustomed to the manageiaent of a large dairy. Apgly, in Srst inataniie, ta iSt, 6. Biupp. yigston. ^ ■ ■ ■ VfOJH B*iliff~ ■* middte-aged man, with lork eiperieece In farming, wlahea for BBgagemenl, near where the truth is preacheS. ^'^-''- ■-'- .»..m..i._ .i.... _:• (.""waTcw meni, near where the truth ia preachefl. Wile CBMbla of jakltig daiob irf fait^r loltry. Nine years' good reference. Addr^ei, S. fileeks, Neediag^cirUi, ft. tv^ Drapwy.-"WaDteJ, a jaoior (young lady} for tjie general drapery. Apply to 0. Qaw- per, 8,Taianm PaA Hoad, - ■ ' ■ '. IfTitfUWhBJii, thoronghlv eompMent to tAke tnanagftttaSftt: alto Ifariatjgdimiiijja nr Hotbea' Hdp. Ood-å persoaa preferred. Good wagea and cbmfbttaMef \icihi. AiMa,v.i.y.,'Q.\'-m^ ■■■-- ■'--' ';*; ^'-^ ' 0)kwrtf( ii^ant '— ^ Sl^^', 'fHiitWottS^f'g^'l r^^r^ti^'Hie iuMdIe't>^>ee4£rv, fhuDtlu country preferred. Apply, by letter or otherwise, to Mra.'BjWti, il.Tfniir- Ko«a,Xa»UbBi flif^ Bohd, liMriiktn, £aAt. i . i* . -<^ > Tiii ISB aOBFBXi aTAHDABD.— 1884. Ths " Ohriltian'a Honthly Reoord" for February contaim: God'e becnei and Mao's PsllBoies; a Sermon by Mr. Hemington. — MemoirB of Bygnne Ministerg: John Flavel,— -A Viiit to EnKland.— Sbort Account of John BerriiW.— '■ In eU their Affliction he vas Affliotcd,"— Letter, by J. Copcutt, E. HBlTur, i. W. Wrun, F. CdvoU, and M. A. Martham. — ChriatroaH with Sick Childron. — Nonoonforniists and their I'inoa in London. — Finger Marks,— Death of a Gianteaa,— Poetry : The Barren Fig Tree -, fxhottation for the "Record."— Paragraphs. 1 1 lustrations, &c —Price ONE PENNY. Londoa. : J Oadsbj, IS, Bouverie Street, Fleet Street, E.C. Hay be had by ordering of any Boolueller who receiveB pwcele from London. __^.^__ SW6et HeniOri^S. By Gbey Hazlekkiq. Paper cover, price 9d. A Word of Exhortation to th« Church of Christ. Being the SubaUnoe ot & Sennini by John Wakbuktoh, Bonthill, Price 3d. SalTation by Graoe. The Substance ot a Sermon by Wm. TiPTii-t, prcadied it Helnuley Blackmore, Yorkshire. Third Edition. Price Id. SUrery, Captivl^, Adoption, Redemption ; BiblieaUy, Orient»tly, and Per- Bonally Considered. Eieluding an Epitomo of my Autobiography, with BiUioal and Oriental lUuatrations. By Jouk GAnesY, Second Edition. Price &d. sCitohed; la. clotb, flnah, gilt edged and gilt lettered. Striet Comm onion Vindicated, '°<' ^^ ^'"^ ^' ChiUf a Qiwiplea were Baptized Confirmed. By J. C. Pbilfot. Price Id. A letter to the Provoit of Worcegter Colle^, Oxford. By j. c. PwiLroT. late Fellow of Worcester College, on resigning hia Fellowship, andaeoeding from the Cbuwh of England; in which the errors and carniptionB of the Ettablished Church, the prinoiple and priotice of the Univeisitiei, aa well as the congregations and preaching uf the Urthodox and Evongalioal Clergy, are freely cummentud on. 17th Edition. Price reduced to 2d> BeoeBsion from the Chnrch of Enffl&nd Defended. By J. c. PaiLPor. Cob- taining also Remarks on the Occasional Seriices of the Prayer Boolt. Sixth Edition. Price reduced to 2d. Hr. Tiptaft'l fifteen Reauni for Resigning his Liring in tie EaUhliahment. Towhicbsroadded,ThreeLettera from the Bishop of Salisbury to Mr. TiptiA, tlirealening him with t^^l proceedings ; with Mr. Tiptaft's Aoawera. Ninth Edition. Price Id. The Blind Oirre Friend, a Poem, by C. Spibe. Tiwether with Letters, &c. AIbO The Blind Girl. A Poem, by C, Spibe. Second Edition. Price fld., gilt edged. (A nice little present) An Addreifl, deliTered at (ha Annual Meeting of (he Trinitarian Bible Society, May Snd, 1876, exposing the Komaniat Corruptions of some of the Translatiuns of the Bible ia- sued by the British and Foreign Bible Society. By J. Ba.i-rEsani, Vicar of Simon's, Sheffleld. Price Id. The profits will be given to the Trinitarian Bible Society.. Portrait of the late W. Huntington, frein the Original Painting, now in the National Gallery. Size, SOin.by 24in. l>rice reduced to 6s.; originally published at 42s. Sent' post free, carefully wrapped on a roller. Harkli of the New Bir^L By Anne Dirnoir. Extracted from the " Christian'a Monthly Record," September, ISSO. Price 6d. per dozen. Published by special requeat. Portrait of the late W. Gad>by> from the Painting hy Benson, in Mr. tiadsbr'a possession at the time of his death, and now in the Gutporation Museum, Queen's Park, Manchester. The aize of the paper ia 22in. by 15in. Price 2a. Rd. Twelve SennOlU, all different. By thelate J^.C. FutLpoT, anjOthera. In paper Tne Pnblican'e Prayer. By w. Gadsby. Price id. Fragments of the Experience of the late John VKenzie, Minister of the Gospel, Preston, Lancashire. Selected from bis own Papers. 88 pages. Price redticed to Id. aewed; in cloth 8d. ; Sd. and 9d. post free. A Few Simple HintB, as a Means in the Hand of Qod for ImproTing and Con- tinning Bodily Health. By John Kay. Price 2d. The Sovereignty of Ood in Redemption. By an Old Saju>r. Price la. Sefttb: a Tilion. Sy Josn Maccowan. a New Edilion, with Prefsoe by Willtak Cowput. Frioa la. The Nature and Design of the If arriafe Union. By 'W. Oadsbi. Prioe 3d. The Glory of Gh>d'l Qraoe. Being the Subatanoe of Four Senaong. By W, Oaimbt. Prioe 4d. LONDON: J. GADSBY, 18, BOTJVBBIE STREET, FLEET STREET, E.G. Anv Bookadler can nponnw the abnve. THE QOSFEL STANDASD. — 1884 ix HT SALE IS NOW PBOCEEDING. LAST TEAR'S DBE3SE3. Cleaning out from 3i. fld. •= 12 yanls. Black T«l- yeteaa, li. 3|d, to 2a. 9d. Calico, 2a. lU. dozen. 20s. Parcels carriage paid. Pstienii of these and a large aaaortment besides sent post free. Please mention " GMpel Standard ' ' when ordering Patt«m8. R. AMEIT, 5 & 7 High Street, niimham. London B.w. Ladies Tisitillg Loadon can haTe then Dresges made in the best style, and on ■loderata terma, at Miss Crispin's, B, University Street, near Gower Street Chapel. School for Tonug Ladies, 28, Hova Villas. West Brighton.— Conducted by Sn. HiSDis'o. Near the aea. TemiB moderate. _ BamBgateT Cedar House School, Picton £aad (Laui< s').— PHncipals : Toe Hiuea C. Shahpe and "Webb. Course of insttuction incLudea the drdinaiy English sub- itcts, French, Elementary Latin, Mulic, Drawing, Paiuting, and Wax Flowers. Reference* Mndly permitted to Mr. Sharpe, Minister, Mount Zion Chapel. The year of study is diyi- Ai into throe Terms, —January, May, and Sepl'-mbflr. luring the past TWELVE TEARS thla Sooieiv ha= PAID u, its MamUiia for BENEFIT £14,738 I*. lOd. ao^ ^^ increased its INVESTED CAPITAL ftoro £3,500 to jeio,6oo. SURREY TABERNACLE BENEFIT SOCIETY. iNanTDTED 181S. Enkoubd 1S67. BENSFITS : £1 per Week in Sickneai ; £15 at a Member's Death, £7 10s. at tlie Death of a Member'! Wife. So entrance Pee, and, after the first year, the payment of HALP-A-CROWH per monlil enmres the ahoTC benefits. Christian yuun^ men, between the ages of 18 andaS.areinTited to examine the Rules of this Kenelit Society, which has now been established 3fi jem. Thii Society is not confined to Baptists, neither is it neceasary for applicants to be memben of cbnrchea, but all desirotis of joining must be beltcTcra in the fundamental doebrine* of tile Goq>el. Foima of application free (or with a copy of the Rules for five stampa), may he had of tho Secretary. _ ROBERT BANKS, Racquet Court, Eleel Street, _E,C. SURBET EI 70S.M ED BENEFIT SOCIETT ~ Enrolled onder Aot of Parliament, IS le 19 Vict., cap. S3. INVESTED CAPITAL, £3,000. ] SCALI I. SCA1,E II. ' SULE III. Honthly Sabamiptiotis { £0 1 S | £0 2 6 £0 3 7 Sick Pay, per week ' £0 10 0 | £1 D 0 £1 10 0 Nember'B Death I 7 10 0 13 0 0 22 0 0 Wife-aDerth I 3 15 0 | 7 10 0 | 11 10 0 Rules, price Sd. Forms of application sent upon receipt of a stamp for reply. WHJ.HM PiKB, Secretary, 160, Old Kent Road, London, 8.B. Pkoorfss to Jdne, 1883. WB8T LOHDON AND PROVINCIAL FESMANEITT BITILDINa SO^ CIETY. — Tb« Investment Share List is now closed. The other departments are in full iperation. The amount lent on mortgage last year waa £86,725. Total amount lent, E.516,9ftO. Interest paid on money lent to the Society, 4 per cent, ; 360 shares of the firit ■sue amouoting to £18,000 yieldiag 7} per cent, coaponnd interest, were paid during tlkfl laatyear. Bet^re Fund, £8212. Many of the advantages of the "Kelp Myself" Movement nay be realised by obtaining advances on Houses in this Society an the lowest terms of noDthly repayment eempatdble with safety. Houses may be purchased by or for Homb«n rr non-Hvmbers in any locality to be approved. With a tnfling addition to rents paid, aved or received, a large revetsionary ineome fix>m safe property may in a tev years be ecured and future advantages gained by prudent and persevering people thoroughly work- Qg Assyttean^thisKMnetv; the ben^ta maturing often in middlalifb, Ibrthe Hemben' wn enjoymeikt, and not deteited until afier death. — During the past 3S years many hnn- reds of tlie Hembera and other persons- have been raised from oomparatiTe indigence to PromeotuBM anrl Actuary's report upon application; if sent, enoleee stamp. Attendance lily, from 10 till 4, b^ 'eceive propbaola for moitgagea at the Offloea, 4S, Bedford Bow, ^C. J. HoLOOvna. Searetarr. X THE QOBFBL STAND ABD.— 1884. Portraits of Free Grace Hiiiiit«is, pnbUslied b; RVSSSLL & SOU'S, Photograpbcra to llie Queen, 199, Brampton Roii, S.W., and 29, UDion Band, TufiieU Park. Cabinet sue, U.; CartM, U.; poBt-faa. Means. B. D. AWirell, ForUmouth; Buwey, Brighton; S. Beimett, Hoaiettoa; Bisdbuiv. Camberwelli Coppaxd, Carpenter, Shouldera Street, W.i D.A.Doudney; J. Dawson, Camden Town; Dennett, BirminKliain ; Davia, CleikenweU;'W.n. Evans, EJli Fox, SteveoaRe ; J. Qodamark, CamberweU ; Hewitt and Harbour, Brwhlon ; Hammond, Qoaport; Hatton, Ssd Hill ; Hall, Clapham ; Lawwin, Brighton; Lee, Bow; Langford, Clapton; Row^onbridgo; BeynoLiB, laltDgtoiii Sinden, CityEoad; V. H, Saunders, Bristol; Tavener.Rye; Vh ugh an. Hackney; Winters, Walt- luunAbbej; Witteridge, Highbury ; Welland, Lewes ; Woods, ChichBatar ; Whittle, Wiit- boume, Witley; and tlie late Messrs, Slanchard, Donn, Dodge, Fletcher, Hallstt, Pert, S. and T. Faraocs, BuaseU, £. Vinsll, H. Walker, and T. Welland. Messes. Busaeil A Sons ioTite other mimatera to sit for their porlralts. Sittinga are tree and some copies preaeated. f iitrig im) ^km\im% mmi»^m'c, MR. T. A. ROGERS, R.D.S., SURGEON DENTIST, aS4, CALESONIAH SOAS, EINa'S CROSS, LONDOH- (A Tiw HinuTia' Wxli laon m Fiihcifu. RULirt-T BnnDis.} Tht TttkmimufaetvredksX.A^'B.oaxBa havt obtamtd Fiv» Fritt UtdaU : Parit, IM7; Vienna, 1873 ; CAilt, 1875; PAiladelp/aa, 1876; and Pari*. 1878, In consequence of tlie large reaourccs pnegeaaed by Mi. Bogen, he ii enabled to mannflaetun i ArtiScial Teeth at very low prices, and can guarantee the finest matnials and workmanahip. The Teeth are i^onatructed on the moat improved principles. wiHi every adrertised adrantafa 1^ suction with soft gums, or etharwite. no unughtly spring or virei, and loose teetli or anmips need not be extracted. The Teeth occupy but a small spaoe in the mouth, do not discolour, and aannot be aurpaaied for thmr natural appearance, durabtlityj and comfort; are perfont far aaticK and speakiDg, aid can be worn an the moat lender gums without pain. Deiectioniii rendered impoiiibU in eon- tegvenee of the natitral appearance of the Teeth and their clote adjuitmenf to the gum*. A Tooth complete, 3/6, S/., ft 7/. A Sat, 20/., 48/., ft 63/- Every Case Guaranteed. Stopping or Scaling from 2/6 Sepairs done while waiting. , TeMtimemal from llr. StMir, Willuhs, Atibury, Calne.—" Ur. T. A. BoKen.-Deat Sir.— It is four , taluD io Altiog the ill. sad th< accuracy with nblcb ther fit. uo alteration of any kind 'SLg Dasesaaiy. It do» the higbeit credll to the perfiict ikUt with which tbey wan applied. Wilh eompUDWUM and thanki, jouri T<iy faithfully, Juni ^TiLuiHe.— April Jflth." CONBXJLTATIONB B'BffiH;. Protpeelvi and Preit Opinions poll free. TeiHmoniaU from Minitfer* and othan. BeIUJCED FgEB FOa SeBTAKTS AMD THB WoHIIHO CtJMBfl. 16 000 BEDS SOLD IN FIVE Y£ASS BT THE LINCOLNSHIRE FEATHER BED C0UFAN7 (Regd.). KESTTCED FBICES: No. 1. Single Bed, Bolster, and PiUow, eft. Sin. by Stl. Sin., weighing 401b« SO/9 No. 2. Double Bed, Bolster, and Two Pillows, 6ft. eln. by 4ft. ein., weighing SOlba. 37/6 ' No. 3, Double Bed, Bolater, and Two Pillows, Sft. Bla. by tit. 6in., weighing SSlba, 4J/3 ' No. *. Eit. Dblo.-aized Bed, Bolster, & Two Pillows, 6ft, 6in. by 6ft., weighing BSIbs. 47/5 WABRANTKD HZW, SWJCBT. AND FIT FOB mMCDIATX DSK. Any Kzed Bed onl^ 9d. per lb., including Qrej Feathers, in ilrong Union (bordered) Ttokr' making, packing, wrapper, and oarriage paid to any station in the United Kingdom. I Bamplea ol Feathers and Ticks, Price Uats, TeatimoniaU, fte., post free. i 8DPEBI0B B£DS, of SPLENDID FEA.THEB3 and L1N£N TIi:E8,la.perlb. SamplesfrM. AU Ordera must be ttcoompaoied by Cheque or P 0.0. (whioh, to ensure aafe deliTSir of goods, may be post-datBd Ion days) payable at G.P.O. to the Manager, H.STEVENS, 178, STRAND, LONDON^ W.C., ' Where Bedscan be spod and obtained. Please mention " Goapel Standard," A liitral rtdvelien an three or more bedi. AgmUt wanted, [CAUTION — Tbe L. F. Bad Co. munn&Mtnre tbelr own (oodSi and bare n» eonnvMlOB wttb mar othw WttnU] eOSPEL STANDARD. FEBETTABT, 1884. llAit. T. 6i S Tim. i. 9] Bom. xi. 7i Act* viit. 27, B8| Ibti. xxnn. U. THE CHOSEN FAMILY OF GOD. A. MnCOM FSBAOKKD BT MB. FXUHT, AT HAMSLOn, JtTtT 29tH, 1888. " Tb tun not oboMD m«, but I 1ut« ohoMs fon, and ordaiiwd Tim, ittkb ye alioald ((B Mid bring forUt (rnlt. Mid that toot trnHibmldmiiaitiii tlikt irtatnemr ye ihaU uk of th* Vithw IB my Kkne, ha m>r gin it roDi"— Jm. KTi 16. Wbm ft M*— ing sqcI {ftVOOT il u for u» pooT oiuwr to be bU*- to nad Uie SoriptanB with in aDlightanM flya ind a oiniunBiMd Iwiit^ And be it known, my frimda, there ii no other way of rraiinfl tliin linljTInnlr Trith wafii€gn% of ipiritasl profit to onr ■ovls. It is not giTSD to aU theboilT' of mankind tbu to nad^ OAd'i hioiy troth. Tha Holy Oboat hgr fail umnt, the uostb Paid,- taUfl na in ^ain tema that it is tiie eUetion tJiat haUi ob* tamed tUBhiabprinlaga,and'iKit on* baaidea. AJKaUiaAdMit and the non-deot an Im by God to pariah in their ain. Tea; «h»fiariptBrea dedan that dl the non-alaet are bUndad. (8 Otvi iv. 8, 1.) This ia a moat solemn ^mssion ; bnt bear in mind it ia not an expresdon eomingonhr from my fBd>le lipi, bat il- ia'ftdeniiMiation from the maba of Ood i^punat all thoM wha- axe not Mved with an ereriaaKng aatvation m hii dear Son JeaWT' Ohztit. Well may we, thn, aa^ ^rteg mortab, aak ooraahaa Bome ekae, pointed qoMtiona •» ttf oorAitate hope and pnapaet. What do we know w^eriaaaMlally of the spiritw^ of Ood^r^ li^-Wotd? WlMt do we know'Of oandvas, w of that Ood irii*'* fU«aubeiiwf The pfaaaoea-of same of uin tins ohaptlto-' ■i^beipaaiBti»lmmifea:«"|toterioa of idigion; botititf- cafr4hing:to>haTCfeliBiRi intlM baad# and quite KBOtfaer tfain({. t»ihaire naoe in the baart. Pu%iiunow-a-dayi baa beeoma a*<' iiaiiaaiBj «i;«hHiri.»tiiB ft«t ^hwi^iT. .^.f if «■ « oloaktodv- ertwamany of theit tiOmMmUitkti wa tiierwinld dsBaiTatii*^ vaay eleet if it were pentiMe. There ate two kinds of reUswD-irtiioh we- may jsst ^akMri^i-'' aa'wapaaa ^oag thia>«TCiAig4,- One ii's natimd roligun; ilfe olfaaeiaqiritnd. Tba nalani man baa oady the foranll WU1»>^ a prnoB zemaina dead in ain and ia bUadad by the god of thia ' w«di to erciythiDg thnt ia hanenfy, he aan know nothing of Ootfa wBgion, irtddi ooawa down fcwn baamu. Bart saye, ' No. fi78. fl Si THE GOSPEL STAKDAfiD.— 16M. " Tme religion's more than notion ; SometEing most be known and felt." Tbid is the experienoe of all the liviiif; family ef God. Thoj know that a religion withoat feel^ will avail them nothing in a dying hour ; and I aesnre yon, mends, there is something ex- oeedin^y-gtesi in T«al ' fsligioa., 1^ oftetf IWrI] ^d that 80 and 80 is te)lgfdaaig meliCedj.Iititwhak. Af »tlatJ HibmiktlaiB were bo in the last oentnry who gave no proof that tbe life of God, waa in their sooIb; hBBoe,thM»eri6h^ iQ'.^heir sin. So it is sow. There is mnoh nois^ atm'nraw ftnlioi^ mere professors of religion. Many ate asking their fellow-eieatnreB if they have, given their heart to God; if they have closed in with Christ; and if they have embraced him eu their ^avioor; bat such ex- presaiona, I asstire' yon^ have no^foanflatioti in the Wotd of God. O no; poor pany maQ. can. d^^o^^gtov^&td^ giving hia heart. to God. All that the tia^nral main can do. if ^o siii against .and depart'from ^^. " .",,.:,,,, ,':,,,. ■ ■. ., This brings ne to notiea-tbe taToubMe portion of God's holy - Word which we have read as a text: "Ye have not chaseifiae, - bnt I have chosen yon, and- ordaixed you, that ye Bhrald go and bring forth Ernil, and. thAiyonr fioBtabo^d Femaia; tbut whiit' BOevei ye -shall ask of the fisther in my ti^amia ho may give it yon." In Aese words we have,'!, fiod's ohoideof his peoidfl. 2. Xhatthey bnngi«rth<fririit,'atidiwfcatit is. 1/ . - . . ■ 1. God'e ohoioeof hia pec^le. . Do^e-'not alBo^raad tiiat "all ' that the Fatiber givetb mei shall ieome to m^j and him-tbal : oometfa'touelirillio iio.tfiae«aattoOt.'.'? (Jnoi.vi.d7.) YmiBee, then, my frieids, it ib txA jtAitUbbt' ttenrill go to heaven vr vtie- -* thet Wftwill.nat; it'ie«hethen(iiidi«iill.''tHk*:ns thwe; whaaoe' bahatiiAhoeetini^iii'faia-'dear Boo, and'ordained ns to eHemal Ufa.:Tbeee aretealitiflB KhichioomeifaTOtblytotfaeiniBdoftiioae ' who know that tiioagk Qoi is A-.Qoi-^ mercy to;<bie oboMD ' pe^leheie ■GodioljBalKoe't**. 'fitoi.'Watta<aayi/f . .>t.. ,< ' , '".WHidiof. thtglorieaJpriifctMt.Bbins., j ': , ,j.- BiajnatifftofiliiBpa^pa." -.,.,: ,-.■,;. . ji-; One difl^BM beiwixt lAatioral mU^q 'and fpttJtaal ta> this. That whi(di is Bpirit«alhegui8in:.tlM.'BaiU»idi ivonble ;and sois row, wi^ prf^flr-aiid 8tq>idiaatiOn8 ; jirtule tbat.whicb is nalnral,' often: begins, in :tA«: heal <witt' frnoiciB^, land . is. very Bla^unt. to ' tlymatarattMt»an^Eaeliagt»:' BMtins9nn4''ti^**U*ni)b^headi<' te%iim w)HamiB.day-and in MtStiibotJvami.-. Weihave^-so TeoordediinifibiB'jBwk^Df kCMvOBt' fbrih iU ths durMtaavef ;. BalsanfliM BbuiMfu ,tefln^l«anu fioffi' solemn it is to Jbe WTOr^ : in matters of snob vast importance, and. to my that ira are<k9^ ' for the Idaagflom o< faeawB mbaa iWO' ius notl -Nowil inlLnot!tailc» 19 tow timfuiijLaatiiig whai-ym iluvrs- dofisiftft OoiKtnit do.lat Mtfadcyatniliall.^oaDty.ii^aiift hai'doBB fiary«i: ■Beartibiihind'^ mroinbtAoMrMligionBrbiit ■• were horn in tin Hal afaa{|dn .mimiqui^J '^Hidr^fDra'WB wen - wiUiont GodiAtid wttikmd hopA initltearorid.' HHB,iflit!be<awfal TOB 60SPBL 3T,Ain>Aia>.^1884. 6S-. vad solemn state of oil wanhind, as born into this fdn-djed world; and no ona has an; right to expect heaven }tereaftet as iong as he 01 she lemains in such aa avfal state of wiokedness and total darkness. While the sinner remains here, he is dead to Ood and himself too, as a sinaer in the sight of God. . Ask snoh a ona npon what grouad he hopes to go to heaven when he ^iee, and he will tell 7011 that he is not a great sinner, but is religiooal; inclined; he has given his heart (o the Lord; J»s made his peace with God, and closed in with Christ; he has acoepted God's offered mercy; for, says he, "God is meroifol." Here this poor natural religionist rests ; and an awfnl resting- pIaoe.it is. Sure £am that be ie as ignorwit of all real religion as a child jnst bi^nu, If, then, he dies where he is, he will find -that his nope is only the hope of the hypocrite, which shall. parish; and instead of Jiis finding God to be maroifol, as he eaid, he will find him to be a God of jnstice, One that will not by any means clear the guilty, le it not, then, an awfal thing to trifle with religion and with our Bonis? Sure I am, friends, that it is a mercy of mercies if God, the Holy Ghost, has opened oar poor, blind eyes to see the awfnlness of having a religion withont power. . 0, 1 am sneh an advocate for a feeling religion ihat I am qaite at a point that a religion without power is of no nse at all! We are oonvineed how helpless man is in bis natiual state to nuke cboioe of heaven or anything that is heavenly. If God did not make a oboios of nB, we never, should oboose him. Where doea be make obotce of bis dear people ? In the Person of his beloved Son, w whom he ia ever well-pleased. It is oar mercy that tiiere is such a blessed ^U^ediatoi to be found as. the Lord Jeens Obrietj uid without a knowledge o[ bim and bis blood and rigbteoasnevs, taught in oar sools by the invincible power of tbe Spirit of all truth, we, eb^neyepk^ow anything savinglyof that eternal and nnebangeatNle love of God which saves from bell and «0T6CB a multitade of sins. What, then, do.we ^ow.of the love and grace of God. tbat is set forth in his truth and is abundantly shed abroad by the Holy Gboat in the hearts of all .bis ^leot people? I mean that people whom <^od bath chosen and or- dained onto eternal life in Ub Son Jesna. Do we t^at are in tbJB obapel to-night know anything of .tbe power of redeemiiu; lore ? And may I ask what do wa know of our need of suoE dtriB* tavoQis 7 ■ for before we can saj what tbe grace of God has done for.ne, we mnet know wb'at it is to have a feljt need of diwte graoe in ouc hearts. No poor smner ever yet sang of tflr deenung loVe and aotereign grace, until he had a felt need of the flSiine in bis heart, pat then by tbe.powei of the Holy Ghost. If we are made to listen to what -the Holy Ghost says ia this Book of important tratbB, we shall find mndt that deniands oar. oloMBt attention. . Do we believe this Book ? If bo, we see that ^oA has diavn therein a. line .of .demarcation between those whom be has ehosen and oidaineid to ettoval life and thoea,vlusB, 86 THE OOSrBL STANDAKD. — 1B64. h« has not bo ohoeen. These two nations or aeeda he oallt tb» vbeat and' the tares, the sheep and the goatSi tht righteoos anf the wicked, the saved and the lost, the elect and the non-elect. Dbee not the qneetion come forcibl; to the mind: "To wfaiob of them do I helong?" Where, then, are we to-night? Are w« oC that righteona nation which keepeth the tmth and whom th» tmth has made free, or are we only of those who have a nam» to live while vet dead in sin? Pnt this question home to toot- wives; and do not be perenaded by an; hnman being that yon ue right if Ovd has not told ^on so. I fear there is now in on^ eborohes by fartoomnoh resting npon what man says. Friendst take nothing for granted whieh does not bear the genuine stamp of heaven npon it. Here I wonld solemnly inform yon that yoil^ will never find yonrselvea perfeotty. saved in the Lord Jesns C%rist, until yon feel yoare«lvea tobdly lost as to anything yov' oan do in matters of aalvation.
|
Ku80 correlates with neoadjuvant
chemotherapy resistance in human lung
adenocarcinoma, but reduces cisplatin/
pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549
cells Bin Shang, Yang Jia, Gang Chen* and Zhou Wang* Bin Shang, Yang Jia, Gang Chen* and Zhou Wang* Bin Shang, Yang Jia, Gang Chen* and Zhou Wang* © The Author(s). 2017 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0
International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to
the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver
(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. RESEARCH
Open Access
Ku80 correlates with neoadjuvant
chemotherapy resistance in human lung
adenocarcinoma, but reduces cisplatin/
pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549
cells
B
Sh
Y
J
G
Ch
*
d Zh
W
* RESEARCH
Open Access
Ku80 correlates with neoadjuvant
chemotherapy resistance in human lung
adenocarcinoma, but reduces cisplatin/
pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549
cells
*
* Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56
DOI 10.1186/s12931-017-0545-6 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56
DOI 10.1186/s12931-017-0545-6 Immunohistochemistry y
Tissues were fixed by 4% paraformaldehyde overnight,
embedded in paraffin and cut in 5 μm for experiments. Tissue
sections
were
deparaffinized,
hydrated,
and
heated in a steamer for antigen retrieval. The tissue sam-
ples were then incubated overnight with rabbit anti-
human Ku80 monoclonal antibody (Thermo Fisher Sci-
entific, Fremont, CA, USA) at 1:500 dilution, followed
by incubation with goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody
(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA). The sec-
tions were washed extensively and incubated with DAB
Quanto (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA)
for 5 min. The sections were stained, fixed, and visual-
ized. Each section was examined by two pathological ex-
perts independently who were blinded to the clinical
data. The
immunohistochemical
score
(IHS)
was
obtained by combination of proportion score (average
percentage of the five fields) with intensity score of the
stained tumor cells. Staining intensity was divided into 3
level: 0 (negative), 1 (weak staining), 2 (moderate stain-
ing) and 3 (strong staining). The proportion of the
tumor cells were as follow: 0 = 0 ~ 5%, 1 = 5 ~ 10%, 2 =
11 ~ 49% and 3 ≥50%. The final IHS ranged from 4 to 9
was considered positive staining [10]. gy
The heterodimeric Ku protein plays a significant role
in DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair, which con-
tains two subunits of 70 kDa (Ku70) and 80 kDa (Ku80
or Ku86). It has been reported that Ku proteins bind
free DNA termini of DNA protein kinase (DNA-PK)
and activate the latter [6–8]. Ku80 protects against
cisplatin-induced apoptosis for adenocarcinoma cells. Targeted knockdown of Ku80 enhances radiosensitivity
and chemosensitivity [1]. However, most of studies are
based on resection specimen after the operation. It
is unknown whether Ku80 is associated with chemo-
sensitivity for cisplatin combined with pemetrexed
before the neoadjuvant chemotherapy initiation in
lung adenocarcinoma. In this study, Ku80 protein abundance in tissue sam-
ples obtained through fiberoptic bronchoscopy examin-
ation from 110 patients with lung adenocarcinoma was
determined by immunohistochemistry. Based on the
expression levels of Ku80 by immunohistochemistry, we
divided patients into two groups (i.e., positive and nega-
tive). In these two groups of patients, we reevaluated
tumor regression status after 2 cycles of neoadjuvant
chemotherapy to determine tumor chemosensitivity to
these drugs. Abstract Background: Ku80 is a DNA repair protein which involves in cell apoptosis and chemoresistance. However, it is
unclear whether Ku80 correlates with the efficiency of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in human lung adenocarcinoma,
and modulates cisplatin/pemetrexed-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis in vitro. Methods: We recruited 110 patients with stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma, who received 2 cycles of neoadjuvant
chemotherapy, and their lungs were reevaluated by CT scan. Immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR was performed
to detect the expression level of Ku80. A549 cells were transfected by lentiviral vector containing shRNA and full
length cDNA to knockdown or upregulate Ku80 gene expression. CCK8 assay, flow cytometry and Western blot
were employed to determine the viability and apoptosis of A549 cells treated with cisplatin combined with
pemetrexed. Results: Ku80 expression was detected in 76 patients (69%). There were 38 patients who responded to
chemotherapy, where Ku80 was positively expressed in 7 cases (18.4%). Immunohistochemical score of Ku80
protein in the response group (2.079 ± 1.617) to chemotherapy was lower than that in the nonresponse group (5. 597 ± 2.114, P < 0.05). Tissue samples from the nonresponse group exhibited higher Ku80 mRNA levels compared to
the response group. Ku80 knockdown by shRNA augmented cisplatin/pemetrexed-induced decline in viability,
whereas Ku80 overexpression attenuated viability reduction induced by these drugs compared to control A549
cells. Both flow cytometry and Western blot analysis displayed that the apoptotic rate of Ku80 shRNA-transfected
A549 cells was significantly increased compared to control cells treated with cisplatin/pemetrexed, which was
lowered by Ku80 overexpression. Conclusion: Ku80 could predict the probability of resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in lung
adenocarcinoma, and reduced cisplatin and pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Keywords: Ku80, Lung adenocarcinoma, Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, Chemoresistance * Correspondence: [email protected]; [email protected]
Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to
Shandong University, 324 Jingwu Road, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China Page 2 of 10 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 2 of 10 Immunohistochemistry We also employed lung adenocarcinoma
A549 cells with manipulation of Ku80 gene expression
so as to determine its role in regulating the chemosensi-
tivity in terms of apoptosis in vitro. Patients Lung cancer patients consulted in the Department of
Thoracic Surgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shan-
dong University from September 2013 to September 2016
were examined by bronchoscopy. 110 patients with patho-
logical diagnosis as lung adenocarcinoma with clinical
classification stage IIIA were recruited for this study. No
patient received chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene-
targeted treatments. All patients and their relatives pro-
vided the written informed consent, and the research was
approved by the Ethical Committee of our institution. Tumor tissues were collected through bronchoscopic bi-
opsy. After immunohistochemistry, patients were divided
into two groups according to the Ku80 protein abundance
(high and low expression). Two groups received same
first-line neoadjuvant chemotherapy, with cisplatin 75 mg/
m2 combined with pemetrexed 500 mg/m2 adjusted in
terms of their creatinine clearance [9]. Methods
Patients g
Lung cancer is one of the top leading causes of death
among all malignant cancers worldwide, while lung
adenocarcinoma becoming most common histological
subtype of lung tumor [1]. When patients are diagnosed
as lung cancer, most of them has been at the middle-
late stage, according to the tumor-node-metastasis
(TNM) classification for non-small cell lung cancer
(NSCLC) of UICC in 2009 [2]. For the stage (N2) of
NSCLC patients, the prognosis of only curative resec-
tion remains unsatisfactory due to incomplete resection
[3]. Curative surgery could be effective until tumor re-
gresses apparently and ipsilateral mediastinal metastatic
lymph nodes disappear after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Therefore, the routine preoperative neoadjuvant radio-
therapy or chemotherapy has been widely accepted. Platinum combines pemetrexed as the first-line neoad-
juvant chemotherapeutic agents for lung adenocarcin-
oma [4]. However, when reevaluating the tumor status
through contrast Computed Tomography (CT) after
2 cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we find that
only a few patients can obtain ideal efficiency. Most pa-
tients develop chemoresistance, which leads to the poor
therapeutic effect [5]. Therefore, finding an indicator to
predict the resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy
would promote our understanding of individual treat-
ment strategy. Drug intervention Drug intervention
According to CCK8 analysis, A549 cells, A549 with
Ku80-silencing
cells
(A549kd),
A549
with
Ku80-
oversxpression cells (A549oe), and the negative control
(NCkd and NCoe) were treated with or without the
mixed drugs (0.9 μM), respectively. Therapeutic evaluation Chest CT scan was used to evaluate the response to
chemotherapy after 2 cycles of therapy protocol. The
result of therapy was classified by RECIST guideline
(Version1.1) [11]. Complete Response (CR) was defined
as all target lesions disappeared. The short axis of any
enlarged lymph nodes must have reduction to <10 mm. Partial Response (PR) was defined as the sum of lesions
diameters decreased at least 30 percentages. When ei-
ther of these criteria met, this patient was classified in
response group. Cell culture Lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was purchased
from Academia Sinica (Shanghai, China). Cells were
growing as a monolayer in cell culture flasks containing
Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium
enriched with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and antibi-
otics (1% penicillin/streptomycin) maintained in humidi-
fied incubators with 5% CO2 at 37 °C. Cells with
logarithmic growth phase were used for experiment. CCK-8 assay y
Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo) was used in determining
cell toxicity. Initially, A549, A549kd, A540oe cells and
their control groups were seeded in 96-well plates at the
concentration of 1 × 104 cells (three wells per group),
which was incubated in an incubator for 24 h. According
to the protocol of first-line neoadjuvant chemotherapy
(cisplatin 75 mg/m2 combined with pemetrexed 500 mg/
m2), we mixed the two drugs as the same proportion to
testify the drug efficiency in our in vitro cytotoxicity test. Mixed drugs at 0.125 μM -8 μM were added into a 96-
well plate with cells. After 24 h, 10 μl of CCK-8 solution
was added to each well for further incubation 2 h in 5%
CO2 at 37 °C. The optical density (OD) was measured by
a microplate reader at the 450 nm wavelengths. The cell
viability rate was calculated as follow: (the OD value of ex-
perimental groups-the OD value of blank groups)/ (the
OD value of controls- the OD value of blank groups). (F) 5′-ACGATTTGGTACAGATGGCACTc-3′, (R) 5′-
GCTCCTTGAAGACGCACAGTTT-3′. The β-actin pri-
mer sequences used were (F) 5′-TGGAGAAAATCTGG-
CACCAC-3′, (R) 5′-GGTCTCAAACATGATCTGG-3′.
The relative mRNA expression was normalized to ampli-
fication of β-actin gene. (F) 5′-ACGATTTGGTACAGATGGCACTc-3′, (R) 5′-
GCTCCTTGAAGACGCACAGTTT-3′. The β-actin pri-
mer sequences used were (F) 5′-TGGAGAAAATCTGG-
CACCAC-3′, (R) 5′-GGTCTCAAACATGATCTGG-3′. The relative mRNA expression was normalized to ampli-
fication of β-actin gene. mixed with 4x loading Buffer (Beyotime, China), which
was loaded into each lane of 10% poly-acrylamide gel
electrophoresis. Protein samples were transferred to
PVDF membranes after electrophoresis. Membranes
were blocked by incubation in TBS containing 0.1%
Tween-20, supplement with 5% skim milk. PVDF mem-
branes were then incubated overnight at 4 °C with
mouse anti-human Ku80 (1:1,000 dilution, monoclonal;
Abcam, Cambridge, UK), cleaved caspase 3 (1:1,000,
polyclonal; Cell Signaling Technology, Bedford, MA,
USA) or β-actin (1:10,000, monoclonal; Santa Cruz Bio-
technology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA) antibodies. The
membranes were then incubated with goat anti-mouse
secondary antibody conjugated with horseradish perox-
idase (HRP) (1:5000, Zhongshan Biotech, China) for 1 h
at room temperature after washing by TBST. Protein
bands were visualized using enhanced chemilumines-
cence (ECL) detection system LAS-4000 MINI System
(GE, USA), and densitometry of each band was analyzed
by the ImageJ software. Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR Total RNA was extracted by using Trizol reagent (Invi-
trogen, USA) from tumor samples, and was subjected to
reverse transcribed to cDNA according to manufacture’
instruction. M-MLV reverse transcriptase (Takara, Otsu,
Japan) was used for cDNA synthesis. Real-time PCR re-
action was proceeded using SyBR-Green in a LightCycler
® 480 Real-Time PCR system (Roche Diagnostics, Indian-
apolis, IN, USA). The primers sequences for Ku80 were Page 3 of 10 Page 3 of 10 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Transfection by lentivirus To knock down Ku80 expression, A549 cells were trans-
fected with lentiviral vector including specific shRNA
(specific
sequence
was:
5′-CTTTAACAACTTCCT-
GAAA-3′) and scrambled shRNA lentivirus (A549kd
and NCkd, respectively). Meanwhile, to upregulate Ku80
gene expression, A549 cells were infected with lentivi-
ruses contained full-length cDNA of Ku80 and the con-
trol lentiviral vector (A540oe and NCoe, respectively). The lentiviral vector green fluorescent protein (GFP)
expressed in all lentiviruses was used to evaluate the
transduction efficiency. All lentiviral vectors were pur-
chased from the Genechem (Shanghai, China). The
lentivirus transfection was performed in A549 cell line
with MOI of 20:1 according to the manufacture’s in-
struction supplemented with 6 μg/mL polybrene. After
24 h, replacing medium containing vector by complete
medium. Ku80 correlated with resistance to neoadjuvant
chemotherapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma chemotherapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma
One hundred ten patients of clinical classification were
stage IIIA and pathology diagnosed by bronchoscopy
examination (Fig. 1). All patients received neoadjuvant
chemotherapy based on cisplatin combined with peme-
trexed for 2 cycles. 38 patients obtained obviously
response to chemotherapy (Fig. 2), while the lesion or
metastatic lymph node of other 72 patients did not
decrease (Fig. 3) (Table 1). In the 38 cases of tumor tis-
sues from the patients with response to chemotherapy,
Ku80 was positive in 7 cases only (18.4%). Among 72 pa-
tients with no response to chemotherapy, Ku80 was
positive in 69 cases (95.8%), which were significantly
higher than Ku80 expressed in the response group. The
IHS
of
Ku80
expression
of
response
group
to Western blot Protein of cells was extracted with RIPA lysis buffer plus
phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride (PMSF) (Zhongshan Bio-
tech, China) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The protein concentration was measured by the Bio-Rad
protein assay reagent (Bio-Rad). 40 μg of protein were Based on the manufacturer’s instructions, an Annexin
V-PE/7AAD Apoptosis Detection Kit (BD Biosciences,
Woburn, MA, USA) was used to test apoptosis. The cell
apoptosis percentages were measured by a FACScan flow
cytometer (BD Biosciences, Woburn, MA, USA). Page 4 of 10 Page 4 of 10 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Statistical analysis chemotherapy was 2.079 ± 1.617, while IHS of nonre-
sponse group was 5.597 ± 2.114. The Ku80 expression in
the response group was particularly lower compared to
nonresponse group (P < 0.05, Fig. 4c). Subsequently, the
differences between the response group and nonresponse
group in the Ku80 mRNA level were observed. Compared
with the nonresponse group, the response group had sig-
nificantly lower level of Ku80 mRNA expression (p < 0.05,
Fig. 4d). The relative mRNA level was 3.612 ± 2.392 in the
response group and 7.981 ± 2.684 in the nonresponse
group, respectively. Altogether, Ku80 protein and mRNA
levels correlates with resistance to neoadjuvant chemo-
therapy in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. All date were analyzed by SPSS 19.0 computer software. The values are expressed as the means ± SD. Differences
between two groups were analyzed by Student’s test. The
relationship among the curative effect of neoadjuvant
chemotherapy and Ku80 expression was analyzed by
chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. P < 0.05 was defined as
statistically significant. Lentiviral-mediated transfection of Ku80 shRNA and full
length cDNA efficiently suppressed and upregulated Ku80
expression in A549 cells, respectively These results illustrate that
Ku80 cDNA and shRNA effectively manipulate the Ku80
gene expression in A549 cells. overexpress Ku80, respectively (Fig. 5a and b), then
treated cells with different concentration of mixed drugs. Ku80-silencing A549 cells were 2.2- fold sensitive to
mixed
drugs
(IC50
0.451
vs. 0.972)
compared
to
untransfected A549 cells, which Ku80-overexpression
A549 cells were 0.304- fold sensitive to mixed drugs
(IC50 3.192 vs. 0.972) than untransfected A549 cells (P
< 0.05, Fig. 5d) in terms of reduction of viability. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of Ku80
was obviously knocked down and upregulated by Ku80
shRNA and full length cDNA, respectively (Fig. 5b and c). No significant difference was observed in the level of
Ku80 expression among control lentiviral vector trans-
fected and untransfected cells. These results illustrate that
Ku80 cDNA and shRNA effectively manipulate the Ku80
gene expression in A549 cells. Lentiviral-mediated transfection of Ku80 shRNA and full
length cDNA efficiently suppressed and upregulated Ku80
expression in A549 cells, respectively Cells were transfected with lentiviruses including specific
shRNA (A549kd) and full length cDNA to manipulate
Ku80 expression (A549oe), and transfected with corre-
sponding nonsense sequence shRNA and empty vector as
negative controls (NCkd and NCoe). To evaluate transfec-
tion efficacies of viral vectors, phase contrast image of
fluorescence microscope was used. As shown in Fig. 5a,
after transfection, GFP expression of transfected cells con-
firmed over 80%, indicating a high transduction efficiency. Fig. 1 Endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUSTBNA). a The ultrasound image of lymph node biopsy. The needle (white slender arrow) was
carefully inserted through bronchial wall to the enlarged lymph node (white thick arrow), avoiding injuring blood vessel (black arrow). b The fine
needle (slender arrow) was inserted to enlarged lymph node (thick arrow). c and d are transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) Fig. 1 Endobronchial ultrasound-guided TBNA (EBUSTBNA). a The ultrasound image of lymph node biopsy. The needle (white slender arrow) was
carefully inserted through bronchial wall to the enlarged lymph node (white thick arrow), avoiding injuring blood vessel (black arrow). b The fine
needle (slender arrow) was inserted to enlarged lymph node (thick arrow). c and d are transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) Page 5 of 10 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Fig. 2 CT imaging before and after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma in the response group. a CT transverse lung window
imaging revealed the mass of left lung hilum (arrow). b In the mediastinum window, the mass showed heterogeneous enhancement, and the
lesion invades left pulmonary vein (arrow). c and d are follow-up CT imaging after 2 months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; the CT imaging
showing the mass disappeared Fig. 2 CT imaging before and after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma in the response group. a CT transverse lung window
imaging revealed the mass of left lung hilum (arrow). b In the mediastinum window, the mass showed heterogeneous enhancement, and the
lesion invades left pulmonary vein (arrow). c and d are follow-up CT imaging after 2 months of neoadjuvant chemotherapy; the CT imaging
showing the mass disappeared Western blot analysis showed that the expression of Ku80
was obviously knocked down and upregulated by Ku80
shRNA and full length cDNA, respectively (Fig. 5b and c). No significant difference was observed in the level of
Ku80 expression among control lentiviral vector trans-
fected and untransfected cells. p p
pemetrexed In contrast to the control group, the mixed drugs
reduced viability in A549 cells in a dose-dependent man-
ner (Fig. 5d). The IC50 value of mixed drugs against
A549 cells’ viability was 0.97 μM at 24 h. Hence, we
chose 0.9 μM of mixed drugs to conduct further experi-
ments to avoid the drug cytotoxicity. To confirm the
role of Ku80 to predict the resistance to cisplatin com-
bined with pemetrexed in adenocarcinoma, we used
lenti-shRNA
and
lenti-cDNA
to
knock
down
and Flow cytometry was used to identify whether Ku80
played a significant role in cell apoptosis caused by cis-
platin combined with pemetrexed. Date from flow
cytometry analysis displayed that A549 cells treated
by mixed drugs underwent apoptosis, which was aug-
mented in A549kd cells (58.9%). However, A549oe
cells apoptosis was reduced compared to NCoe and
normal A549 cells treated by the same drugs (18.7%) Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 6 of 10 Fig. 3 CT imaging before and after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma in the nonresponse group. a and b are the CT
imaging before the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma. a CT transverse lung window imaging revealed a nodule in the left
upper lobe (arrow). b In the mediastinum window imaging showed lobulated and heterogeneously enhanced nodule (thick arrow) and
metastasizes in tracheobronchial lymphnodes (slender arrow). c and d are follow-up CT imaging after 2 months neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The
lesion was smaller (thick arrow), but the metastasized lymphnodes did not regress obviously (slender arrow) Fig. 3 CT imaging before and after the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma in the nonresponse group. a and b are the CT
imaging before the neoadjuvant chemotherapy of lung adenocarcinoma. a CT transverse lung window imaging revealed a nodule in the left
upper lobe (arrow). b In the mediastinum window imaging showed lobulated and heterogeneously enhanced nodule (thick arrow) and
metastasizes in tracheobronchial lymphnodes (slender arrow). c and d are follow-up CT imaging after 2 months neoadjuvant chemotherapy. p p
pemetrexed The
lesion was smaller (thick arrow), but the metastasized lymphnodes did not regress obviously (slender arrow) Table 1 Ku80 expression of lung cancer detected by immunohistochemistry
Feature
patients (n = 110)
Ku80 protein level
p
positive (n = 76)
negative (n = 34)
Age at diagnosis
≤60
66 (60%)
50 (65.8%)
16 (47.1%)
0.09
> 60
44 (40%)
26 (34.2%)
18 (52.9%)
Gender
Male
32 (29.1%)
24 (31.6%)
8 (23.5%)
0.50
Female
78 (70.9%)
52 (68.4%)
26 (76.5%)
Smoking status
Never
71 (64.5%)
50 (65.8%)
21 (61.8%)
0.68
Former or current smokers
39 (35.4)
26 (34.2)
13 (38.2%)
Stage(T)
T1-2
58 (52.7%)
30 (39.5%)
28 (82.4%)
0.00
T3-4
52 (47.2%)
46 (60.5%)
6 (17.6%)
Lymph node metastasis
N0-1
47 (42.7%)
22 (28.9%)
25 (73.5%)
0.00
N2
63 (57.2%)
54 (71.1%)
9 (26.5%)
Response to chemotherapy
(+)
38 (34.5%)
7 (9.2%)
31 (91.2%)
0.00
(-)
72 (65.5%)
69 (90.8%)
3 (8.8%) Table 1 Ku80 expression of lung cancer detected by immunohistochemistry Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 7 of 10 Fig. 4 Ku80 protein and mRNA expression in lung cancer of the response and nonresponse groups. Ku80 protein expression in lung cancer of
the response (a) and nonresponse groups (b) obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. c Immunohistochemical scores of Ku80 were calculated in
response group (n = 38) and nonresponse group (n = 72). Ku80 expression level of the response group was reduced compared to the
nonresponse group (2.079 ± 1.617, 5.597 ± 2.114). d Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed Ku80 mRNA expression between response (3.612 ± 2.392)
and nonresponse (7.981 ± 2.684) groups. Data were shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 Fig. 4 Ku80 protein and mRNA expression in lung cancer of the response and nonresponse groups. Ku80 protein expression in lung cancer of
the response (a) and nonresponse groups (b) obtained by fiberoptic bronchoscopy. c Immunohistochemical scores of Ku80 were calculated in
response group (n = 38) and nonresponse group (n = 72). Ku80 expression level of the response group was reduced compared to the
nonresponse group (2.079 ± 1.617, 5.597 ± 2.114). d Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed Ku80 mRNA expression between response (3.612 ± 2.392)
and nonresponse (7.981 ± 2.684) groups. Data were shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 the first choice [3]. However, NSCLC cells developed re-
sistance to chemotherapy. p p
pemetrexed That is one of the main reasons
that the patients get poor outcomes (5-year over survival
< 10%) [13–15]. Furthermore, neoadjuvant chemotherapy
was usually in experimental phases, and only a few pa-
tients get ideal effects [5]. For most patients with lymph
node metastasis or with incompletely resection, chemo-
therapy is useless but increases the burden of patients. (P < 0.05, Fig. 6a and b). Furthermore, to confirm the
relationship between apoptosis and Ku80 expression
level, we detected the apoptosis associated protein
cleaved caspase-3 by Western blotting. As shown in
Fig. 6c and d, A549kd cells exhibited markedly higher
levels of cleaved caspase-3 when treated with the
mixed
drugs,
whereas
cleaved
caspase-3
level
of
A549oe cells revealed opposite changes. From the
above, these results demonstrate that Ku80 causes
lung
adenocarcinoma
cells
resistance
to
apoptosis
caused by cisplatin combined with pemetrexed. An increasing number of researches indicate that there
were lots of chemopredictive biomarkers such as DNA
repair genes like ERCC1, β-tubulins or topoisomerases
[16–18]. Ku80 as a key mediator of DNA DSB repair has
been reported that its expression level could predict the
prognosis and sensitivity to cisplatin [1, 19]. To deter-
mine this hypothesis in lung cancer, we used bronchos-
copy to collect tumor tissue or metastatic lymphatic
tissue
for
immunohistochemistry
to
measure
the Discussion Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has already been wildly ac-
cepted as a comprehensive therapeutic strategy, especially
for local advanced lung cancer [12]. When most patients
obtain accurate diagnosis, surgery may have not been as Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 8 of 10 Fig. 5 A549 cell transfection and cisplatin/pemetrexed treatment. a Normal A549 cell lines transfected by lentiviral vector. A549kd = A549 with
Ku80-silencing cells. NCkd = A549 cells transfected by nonsilencing shRNA control vector. A549oe = A549 with Ku80-oversxpression cells. NCoe =
A549 cells transfected by empty vector for over-expression. b The decreased and increased expression level of Ku80 in A549 cells transfected by
Ku80 shRNA and cDNA, respectively. c Relative protein level of Ku80 as shown in (b). d A549 cells and transfected cells were treated with mixture
of cisplatin and pemetrexed at concentration of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 μM for 24 h. Cell viability was performed using the CCK8 assay. Each
experiment was performed in duplicate or triplicate. Data were shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 Fig. 5 A549 cell transfection and cisplatin/pemetrexed treatment. a Normal A549 cell lines transfected by lentiviral vector. A549kd = A549 with
Ku80-silencing cells. NCkd = A549 cells transfected by nonsilencing shRNA control vector. A549oe = A549 with Ku80-oversxpression cells. NCoe =
A549 cells transfected by empty vector for over-expression. b The decreased and increased expression level of Ku80 in A549 cells transfected by
Ku80 shRNA and cDNA, respectively. c Relative protein level of Ku80 as shown in (b). d A549 cells and transfected cells were treated with mixture
of cisplatin and pemetrexed at concentration of 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 μM for 24 h. Cell viability was performed using the CCK8 assay. Each
experiment was performed in duplicate or triplicate. Data were shown as the mean ± SD. *p < 0.05 Ku80 in A549 cells promoted apoptosis induced by
cisplatin
combined
with
pemetrexed. In
contrast,
upregulated Ku80 expression caused resistance to cisplatin
combined with pemetrexed. It has been shown that Ku80
could upregulate metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9
expression through activating ERK/JNK pathway [25],
where MMPs correlate to angiogenesis, oncogenesis,
tumor invasion and metastasis [26]. Furthermore, cells
growth suppression and cycle arrest induced by Ku80
correlated to the p53 pathway [27]. Zun-yi Zhang et al. Discussion indicated a same conclusion that knocked down of Ku80
expression would enhance p53 and p21 expression, while
restoration of Ku80 expression would reduce the expres-
sion level of p53 and p21 in A549 cells [28]. All these
findings suggest that Ku80 might regulates MMPs, p53
and p21 as one of underlying mechanisms underlying the
resistance to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, oncogenesis,
tumorigenesis, metastasis and invasion in lung cancer,
which needs further investigation. expression level of Ku80. After 2 cycles of chemother-
apy,
38
patients
responded
effectively,
which
was
reflected by reduced lesion diameters at least 30 percent-
ages. In the response group, the numbers of Ku80-
positive patients were much less than that in the nonre-
sponse group. The IHS of Ku80 expression in the re-
sponse group to chemotherapy was lower compared to
the IHS in the nonresponse group. This clinical trial
demonstrated that the expression level of Ku80 could
predict the sensitivity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy
based on cisplatin combined with pemetrexed. Ku80 is involved in a mass of cellular process, including
maintaining telomere, gene transcription and apoptosis
resistance [6]. As an oncogene, Ku80 has been reported in
lots of cancers such as bladder cancer, breast cancer,
esophageal cancer and lung cancer [20–23]. These studies
indicate that the repair capacity of DNA DSB plays an im-
portant role in modulating chemoresistance [1, 24]. In our
study, we found that shRNA mediated knockdown of Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 9 of 10 Fig. 6 Ku80 overexpression caused the resistance to apoptosis induced by cisplatin/pemetrexed in A549 cells. a Flow cytometry apoptosis
detection. A549 cells were transfected with shRNA and full length of cDNA to up- and down-regulate Ku80 expression, respectively. Cells were
treated with 0.9 μM mixed drugs (cisplatin combined with pemetrexed) for 24 h. b Apoptosis rate was calculated in cells treated with the mixed
drugs. c A549 cells and transfected cells were treated with the same concentrations of mixed drugs for 24 h, followed by Western blot for the
detection of Ku80 and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. d Quantification of Ku80 and cleaved caspase-3 levels as shown in (c). Data represented
mean ± SD. Each experiment was performed in duplicate or triplicate. +: drug-treated groups; -: non-treated groups. *p < 0.05 Fig. 6 Ku80 overexpression caused the resistance to apoptosis induced by cisplatin/pemetrexed in A549 cells. a Flow cytometry apoptosis
detection. Ethics approval and consent to participate Ethics approval and consent to participate
All procedures performed in this study involving human subjects were
approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital
Affiliated to Shandong University. Ethical Review of Medical Research on
Human Being (No.2015-032). All patients and their relatives provided the
informed consent. pp
p
p
All procedures performed in this study involving human subjects were
approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Shandong Provincial Hospital
Affiliated to Shandong University. Ethical Review of Medical Research on
Human Being (No.2015-032). All patients and their relatives provided the
informed consent. 24. Siddik ZH. Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of
resistance. Oncogene. 2003;22(47):7265–79. 24. Siddik ZH. Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of
resistance. Oncogene. 2003;22(47):7265–79. 25. Wei S, et al. Hsa-miR-623 suppresses tumor progression in human lung
adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(9):e2388. 25. Wei S, et al. Hsa-miR-623 suppresses tumor progression in human lung
adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(9):e2388. 26. Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006;25(1):9–34. 26. Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006;25(1):9–34. Discussion Exp Mol Pathol. 2015;98(1):27–32. 16. Chen L, et al. ERCC1 and XRCC1 but not XPA single nucleotide
polymorphisms correlate with response to chemotherapy in endometrial
carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:7019–28. 17. McCarroll JA, et al. betaIII-tubulin: a novel mediator of chemoresistance and
metastases in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(4):2235–49. 18. Pommier Y, et al. Roles of eukaryotic topoisomerases in transcription,
replication and genomic stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016;17(11):703–21. 19. Stewart DJ. Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Crit Rev
Oncol Hematol. 2007;63(1):12–31. 20. Yang Q-S, et al. ShRNA-mediated Ku80 Gene Silencing Inhibits Cell
Proliferation and Sensitizes to γ-radiation and Mitomycin C-induced
Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines. Journal of
Radiation Research. 2008;49(4):399–407. 21. Wang HC, et al. Significant association of DNA repair gene Ku80 genotypes
with breast cancer susceptibility in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(12):5251–4. 22. Ye J, et al. Ku80 is differentially expressed in human lung carcinomas and
upregulated in response to irradiation in mice. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(12):987–94. 23. Xing J, et al. Prognostic significance of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated,
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, and Ku heterodimeric
regulatory complex 86-kD subunit expression in patients with nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2008;112(12):2756–64. 24. Siddik ZH. Cisplatin: mode of cytotoxic action and molecular basis of
resistance. Oncogene. 2003;22(47):7265–79. 25. Wei S, et al. Hsa-miR-623 suppresses tumor progression in human lung
adenocarcinoma. Cell Death Dis. 2016;7(9):e2388. 26. Deryugina EI, Quigley JP. Matrix metalloproteinases and tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2006;25(1):9–34. 27
Wei S et al Ku80 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular Competing interests 21. Wang HC, et al. Significant association of DNA repair gene Ku80 genotypes
with breast cancer susceptibility in Taiwan. Anticancer Res. 2009;29(12):5251–4. Received: 16 December 2016 Accepted: 6 April 2017 28. Zhang ZY, et al. By downregulating Ku80, hsa-miR-526b suppresses non-
small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(3):1462–77. 28. Zhang ZY, et al. By downregulating Ku80, hsa-miR-526b suppresses non-
small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(3):1462–77. Abbreviations A549kd: A549 with Ku80-silencing cells; A549oe: A549 with Ku80-
oversxpression cells; CR: Complete Response; CT: Computed Tomography;
DSBs: Double-strand breaks; ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence; FBS: Fetal
bovine serum; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; MMPs: Metalloproteinases;
NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; OD: Optical density;
PMSF: Phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride; PR: Partial Response; RPMI: Roswell Park
Memorial Institute A549kd: A549 with Ku80-silencing cells; A549oe: A549 with Ku80-
oversxpression cells; CR: Complete Response; CT: Computed Tomography;
DSBs: Double-strand breaks; ECL: Enhanced chemiluminescence; FBS: Fetal
bovine serum; HRP: Horseradish peroxidase; MMPs: Metalloproteinases;
NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer; OD: Optical density; 11. Eisenhauer EA, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours:
revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228–47. 12. Chuang JC, Liang Y, Wakelee HA. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(1):31–44. 12. Chuang JC, Liang Y, Wakelee HA. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(1):31–44. PMSF: Phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride; PR: Partial Response; RPMI: Roswell Park
Memorial Institute PMSF: Phenylmethysulfonyl fluoride; PR: Partial Response; RPMI: Roswell Park
Memorial Institute 13. Strand TE, et al. Survival after resection for primary lung cancer: a
population based study of 3211 resected patients. Thorax. 2006;61(8):710–5. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article. 17. McCarroll JA, et al. betaIII-tubulin: a novel mediator of chemoresistance and
metastases in pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6(4):2235–49. Conclusion 4. Azzoli CG, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice
Guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6251–66. Our clinical study indicates that the chemoresistance to
cisplatin combined with pemetrexed in patients with lung
adenocarcinoma correlated with increased expression of
Ku80 gene and protein. Overexpression of Ku80 attenu-
ates,
whereas
Ku80
knockdown
augments
cisplatin/
pemetrexed-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. Therefore,
Ku80 levels could be a potential biomarker to predict the
sensitivity of neoadjuvant chemotherapy or a therapeutic
target via modulating apoptosis in lung adenocarcinoma. Acknowledgements 14. Yoshino I, et al. Surgical outcome of stage IIIA- cN2/pN2 non-small-cell lung
cancer patients in Japanese lung cancer registry study in 2004. J Thorac
Oncol. 2012;7(5):850–5. g
We acknowledge the Central Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Hospital for
facility support. We acknowledge the Central Laboratory of Shandong Provincial Hospital for
facility support. 15. Stojsic J, et al. Prolonged survival after neoadjuvant chemotherapy related
with specific molecular alterations in the patients with nonsmall-cell lung
carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol. 2015;98(1):27–32. Consent for publication p
All patients and their relatives gave written informed consent and the
research was approved by the Ethical Committee of our institution. p
All patients and their relatives gave written informed consent and the
research was approved by the Ethical Committee of our institution. All patients and their relatives gave written informed consent and the
research was approved by the Ethical Committee of our institution. 22. Ye J, et al. Ku80 is differentially expressed in human lung carcinomas and
upregulated in response to irradiation in mice. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(12):987–94. 22. Ye J, et al. Ku80 is differentially expressed in human lung carcinomas and
upregulated in response to irradiation in mice. DNA Cell Biol. 2011;30(12):987–94. 23. Xing J, et al. Prognostic significance of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated,
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, and Ku heterodimeric
regulatory complex 86-kD subunit expression in patients with nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2008;112(12):2756–64. 23. Xing J, et al. Prognostic significance of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated,
DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, and Ku heterodimeric
regulatory complex 86-kD subunit expression in patients with nonsmall
cell lung cancer. Cancer. 2008;112(12):2756–64. Funding Funding
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of
China (NO: 81302021). 16. Chen L, et al. ERCC1 and XRCC1 but not XPA single nucleotide
polymorphisms correlate with response to chemotherapy in endometrial
carcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:7019–28. Authors’ contributions 18. Pommier Y, et al. Roles of eukaryotic topoisomerases in transcription,
replication and genomic stability. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2016;17(11):703–21. BS conducted the cellular experiments, attended in the section of clinical
trial, and drafted the manuscript. YJ performed the statistical analysis. GC and
ZW participated in the design of the study and carried out the clinical trial. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. 19. Stewart DJ. Mechanisms of resistance to cisplatin and carboplatin. Crit Rev
Oncol Hematol. 2007;63(1):12–31. 20. Yang Q-S, et al. ShRNA-mediated Ku80 Gene Silencing Inhibits Cell
Proliferation and Sensitizes to γ-radiation and Mitomycin C-induced
Apoptosis in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Lines. Journal of
Radiation Research. 2008;49(4):399–407. Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Publisher’s Note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in
published maps and institutional affiliations. 27. Wei S, et al. Ku80 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular
carcinoma by inducing S-phase arrest through a p53-dependent pathway. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(3):538–47. 27. Wei S, et al. Ku80 functions as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular
carcinoma by inducing S-phase arrest through a p53-dependent pathway. Carcinogenesis. 2012;33(3):538–47. Received: 16 December 2016 Accepted: 6 April 2017 Received: 16 December 2016 Accepted: 6 April 2017 Discussion A549 cells were transfected with shRNA and full length of cDNA to up- and down-regulate Ku80 expression, respectively. Cells were
treated with 0.9 μM mixed drugs (cisplatin combined with pemetrexed) for 24 h. b Apoptosis rate was calculated in cells treated with the mixed
drugs. c A549 cells and transfected cells were treated with the same concentrations of mixed drugs for 24 h, followed by Western blot for the
detection of Ku80 and cleaved caspase-3 protein levels. d Quantification of Ku80 and cleaved caspase-3 levels as shown in (c). Data represented
mean ± SD. Each experiment was performed in duplicate or triplicate. +: drug-treated groups; -: non-treated groups. *p < 0.05 Shang et al. Respiratory Research (2017) 18:56 Page 10 of 10 Page 10 of 10 Page 10 of 10 4. Azzoli CG, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice
Guideline update on chemotherapy for stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6251–66. 5. Breathnach OS, et al. Twenty-two years of phase III trials for patients with
advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: sobering results. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(6):1734–42. 6. Gullo C, et al. The biology of Ku and its potential oncogenic role in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006;1765(2):223–34. 7. Koike M, Koike A. Accumulation of Ku80 proteins at DNA double-strand
breaks in living cells. Exp Cell Res. 2008;314(5):1061–70. 8. Fattah F, et al. Ku regulates the non-homologous end joining pathway
choice of DNA double-strand break repair in human somatic cells. PLoS
Genet. 2010;6(2):e1000855. 9. Ettinger DS, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer,
Version 4.2016. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2016;14(3):255–64. 10. Sun Z, et al. PTEN gene is infrequently hypermethylated in human
esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol. 2015;36(8):5849–57. 11. Eisenhauer EA, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours:
revised RECIST guideline (version 1.1). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45(2):228–47. 12. Chuang JC, Liang Y, Wakelee HA. Neoadjuvant and Adjuvant Therapy for
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2017;31(1):31–44. 13. Strand TE, et al. Survival after resection for primary lung cancer: a
population based study of 3211 resected patients. Thorax. 2006;61(8):710–5. 14. Yoshino I, et al. Surgical outcome of stage IIIA- cN2/pN2 non-small-cell lung
cancer patients in Japanese lung cancer registry study in 2004. J Thorac
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J Clin Oncol. 2009;27(36):6251–66. References 1. Ma Q, et al. Ku80 is highly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and
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And let them not donbs, bit that the child (s bajtized, * lam an [wfficiently baptx d. aud ought nn: to be baptrzed agame. But yet nenertheliſſe, rf the childe which after this ſort baptized doc afterward line, is expedient that it be byoupht into the Church, tothe in- cent that if the Preeft or Miniſtcy of the ſame Pariſh did Pelfe baptize that child, the Congregation may be cer- li bed of the true forme of Baptiſme by hm priuati ly be- fore vſed. Or if the child were baptized by any other laws full, Minaſter that th'n the Mmiſter of the Pariſh where the chil was borne or chriſtened, fpall ex nne and ty whether the childe be lawfully baptized or no. In which caſe, if they that bring any childe to the Churchdoe enſwere, that the ſame chile i already baptrzed, then ſhall the Mini ſler examine them fur- cher, ſaying, | By whom was the child baptized ? Who was preſent when the child was baptized? Aud becauſe ſome things eſlentiall to this Sacra» get, may happen to be omitted through feare er haſte , in ſuch times of extremi tie: therefore I de- | mand further of you, With whac matter was the child baptized? With what wor ds was the child baptized ? Whether thinke ye tho child to bee lawfully and perfectly baptized? 6 Ard if the Miniſter ſhall find by the anſweres of ſuch as bi tag the child, that all things were done 4 they anght to be, then ſhall be not Chriſten the child againe , but ſhall recere him as one of the floeke of the true Chriſtian people, ſaying thus, Certiſie you: that in this caſe all is well done, and according to due order,concerning the bap- tizing of this child, which being borne in originall ſinne, and in the wrath of God, is now by the lauer of Regeneration in Baptiſme, receiued into the number of the children of God, and heires of euer laſting life. For eur Lord Ieſus Chriſt doth not de- ny his grace and mercy to ſuch infants, but moſt lo- uingly doth call them vnto him, as the holy Goſpel _ doth witnelk to our dirrk. ro. AT 2 certaine time they brought children vnto BZ. ChriRt,that he ſhould touch them: and his diſ. ciples rebuked thoſe that brought them. But when leſus hw itihe was difpleaſed, and ſaid vato them, Suffer lit le children to come vnte mee , and forbid then not, for to fach be longeth the kingdome of God. Verely I lay vnto you Whoſoeuer doeth not xeceiue the kingdome of God as a little child, hee ſhall not enter therin, Aud when he had taken them 4 his armes, hee pat his hands vpon tnem: and vd them. After the Goſpel u read, the Minſter ſhall make th her tation pom the words of the Goſpel, FE ends, you heare in this Gaſpel the worde of „ur Sauiour Chriſt, that hee commaunded the Bildren to be brought vnto him, how hee blamed thofe that would haue kept them from him, how he exhorted all men to follow thcir imnocency, Ye per- celue how by his outward geſture and deed he de- clared his good wil toward them: for he embraced them in his armes, hee laid his hands vpon them, and bleſſed them. Dovbt ye not therefore, but car- neſtly beleeue, that he hath likewi ſe fauourably re- ceiued this preſent infant, that hee hath embraced him with the armes of his mercy+that he hat i giuen vnto him the bleſsing of eternall life , and made htm partaker of his euerlaſting kingdome,Where- forewee being thus perſwaded of the good will of our heauenly father , declared by his S une leſus Chriſt toward this infant, let vs faithfully and de- ueutly giue thankes vnto him, and ay the prayer which the Lord himſelſe taught, and in declaration of our faith, ler vs recite the Articles contained in our Creed Here the Miniſter with the Godfathers aud God- mot her ſhall ſay. Our Father which art in heauen, vc. Them ſhall the Prie ſt demand the uame of the child, which being by the Godfathers and Godmethers P. «nounced,the Minifter ſhall ſay. Doeft thou in the name of this childe forſake the deuill and all his works, the vaine pompe and = ry of the world, with all the couetous deſires of the fame, the carnall deſires of the fleſh, and not to fol- low and be led by them? An I forfake them all. Minifler, Doeft thou in the name of this child profeſſe this faith, to beleeue in God the Father Almighty, ma- ker of heanen and earth? Aud in leſus Chriſt his only begotten ſon our Lord? And that he was con- ceiued by the holy Gboſt, borne of the virgin Mary, that he ſuſſced vnder Pontius Pilate, was crucified dead and buried, that he went downe into hell,aund alſo did tiſe againe the third day, that he aſcended into heauen · & ſitteth at che ri ght hand of God the Father Almightie, and from thence hee ſhall come to S. Pauli the ſame ) is i the Avticles of the Prinate Raptiſtne. 24 eee py, v 42 r The order of Confirmation, or laying on of hands vpon children baptized. and able to render an account of their faith according tothe Catechiſme following. | LA 4 5 | — ̃ —V᷑— ̃ 78. the eſto of 61 good that none her eaſt ev. ſhall be confirmed,but ſuch as can ſay in ther mother tongue the Lords prayer, and the tem Commandemems, and 0an alſo anſwere to ſuch queſtions againe at the end of the world, to iudge the quicke and the dead. And doe you in his name belecue in the holy Ghoſt, the holy Catholike Church, the Communicnof Saints, the remiſston of ſus; reſur- rection, and euerlaſting life after death. a Anſwere, ä All this I ſtedfaſtly belecue. Let vs pray. Lmighty & euerlaſting God, heauenly Father; wee gine thee humble thankes, for that thou haſt vouchſafed to call vs to the knowledge of thy grace and faith in thee: increaſe this knowledge, and confirme this faith in vs euermore. Giue thy holy Spirit to this Infant, that hee being borne a. gaine, and being made heire of cuerlafting ſaluati- en, through eur Lord leſus Chriſt, may continue thy ſeruant , and attatne thy promiſe, through the ? ſame our Lord leſus Chriſt thy Sonne, who liueth 6 ; A » | and reigneth with thee iu the vnity of the ſame ho- ly Spirit euer laſtingly. Amen. Then ſhall the Mini fler make thii exho» tation 10 the Godfather s and Goomothers, UP Po much as this child hath promiſed by yon to i forſake the deuill and all his workes, to belcene 7 in God, and to ſerue him: you muſt remember that it is your part and dutie, to ſee that this infant be \ ; taught ſo ſoone as he (hall be able to learne,what a : ſolemne vow,promiſe,and profeſsion he hath made. ; by you. And that hee may know theſe things the bettcr,ye ſhall call vpon him ts heare Sermons,and chiefly you (hall prouide that hee may learne the Creed, the Lords Prayer, and the ten Commande- ments in the Exgliſh tongue, & all other things that a Chtiſtian man ought to knew and beleeue to his ſoules health, and that this child may be vertuouſly brought vp; to leade a godly and a Chriſtian life, remembring alway, that Baptiſme doeth repreſent vnto vs our profefsion,wliich is to follow the exam- ple of our Sauiour Chrift , and be made like vuto þ; him , that as hee died and raſe againe fer vs: ſo 6 ſhosld wee which are baptized, die from ſinne, and ö rife againe vnto tighteouſneſſe, continually morti- fying all our euill and corrupt affections, and daily 1 in all vertue, and gedlinefſe of liuing. And ſo forth, as in publike Baptiſme g But if they which bring the infants to the Church doe make ſuch vuctrtaine anſweres to the Prieffs queſtions as that it camot appeare that the childe wai baplizid with water, In the Name of the Fa- ther, and of the Sonne, and of the holy Ghoſt, (which are efſentiall parts of Baptiſme) then lot the Prieft baptke it in forme aboue written , eou- cerning Pablike Baptiſme , ſauing that at the dip- piug of the child in the Font, he ſhall uſe ibu forme of words. 25 thou be not already baptized, N. Ibaptize | thee in the Name of the Father , and of the Sanne, and of the holy Ghoſt. Amen, 4 ? \ Iz Wa = F 7. FR br DDr | | of thiz ſhort Catecbiſme,us the Biſhop ( or ſuch as be ſhall appoint) ſhall: by kis diſrenon appoſe them in. Aud 1b —— rage bee ab ſer nad fariners confiderations, - = * Firth, _ ————____ — —— \ TheCarethiſne, f Bat when children come to the yeres of diſt»ttion, and hne r what their Ovdftrhers ind n for them in Baptiſme, they may then rhemſe/nes with they one mouth =_ with rhely owne conſent, open!y before the Church, ratte and confrme the ſame: and alſo promiſe that 6 the grace of Cod, they will enermore endeauorr themſelnes faithfully to ob ſ erue and letpe ſuch i owe month and confe(fron baue aſſented vnto. fo has Confirmation & miniſtred vnio ———_ ns perry fand and defence agar! all tempi ain: to e, ad the afſanl's of the world and . the dewill, it is mf meet to beramiſtred when children come to that age, that partly by the $«iltze of the owne fleſh, parth by the uu of thewor Id and ht dewall , they begm to be in binds of fine. hings , aa they by iber them that be baptxed, that by impofition of hands and danger to fall mio ſundry Thu dh, for that it s agreeable with the vſage of the Chuych in times paſt, werk it was ordained that Tan firmazion ſhould be mnafts ed to them that were of perſtct age, thas they being mfirufted in Chrifts rehyion l 30/7. their owne faith, ans promiſe to be bedient vnto the will of God, : 12 ago pr. Ay halt thinke that on; ord ſhall come to child1en by deſi rring of their Confire mation he ſhall know the trueth. that 11 10 certaine by Gods word, that children being baptized, haut al things neceſſary for therr ſaluation, and be vudorheed ſaued. JA Catechiſme, that is to ſay, An inſtruction to be learned of euery childe, before hee be brought to be confir- med by the Biſhop. | On:ſtion. Hat is your name? Anſwer e. N ors M. Arion. W —_ you this Name? el Auſwere. u Godfathers and Godmo- thers in my bapti ſme, wherein I was made a mem- ber of Chriſt, the childe of God, and an inheritour of the kingdomeof heauen. ue lion. What did yo Godfathers and Godmothers then for yon? Kr Anſwere, 1 They did promiſe and vo‘ three things in my name. Fitſt, that I ſhould forſake the deuill and all his workes, the pompes and vanities of this wicked world, and all the finfull laſts of the fleſh, Second- ly, that I ſhonld beleeue all the Articles of the Chriſtian faith. And thirdly, that I ſhould kee Gods holy will and Commandements, and walke in the ſame all the dayes of my life. Dueſtion. Doeft thou not thinke that thou art bound to be- | to doe as they have promiſed fot thee ? An Anſwere. Yes verely and by Gods helpe ſol will, And I heartily thanke our heauenly Father, that hee hath called me to this ftate of ſaluation through leſus Chriſt eur Sauiour. And I pray God te gine me his race, that l may continue in the ſame vnto my iues end. ueflion. Rehearſe the Articles of thy beliefe. Anſwere 1 Belecue in God the Father Almightie, maker of heauen and earth. And ĩu Ieſus Chriſt his only Sonne our Lord: which was'concetued by the holy Ghoſt, borne of the Virgin Marie, ſuffered vnder Pontius Pilate, was crucfied dead and buried, hee deſeended inte hell, the third day hee roſe again from the dead: he aſcended into heauen, and fitteth at the right hand of God the Father Almightie, from thence he ſhal come te indge both the quicke and the dead. I beleeue in the holy Ghoſt, the holy Catholike Charch, the Communion of Saints, the 1 of fines, the reſurtecti on of the body, and the life euerlaſtivg, Amen. Queffion, What doeſt thou cluefly leatns in thefe Articles of thy belicfe? Anſwere. | Firſt, I learne to beleene in God the Father, who hath made me and all the world. 3 Secondly, in God the Sonne, who'hath redeemed me and all wankind, | u Thirdly, in God the holy Ghoſt , who ſanctiſieth me and all the elect people of God. en |. Von ſaid, that your Godfathers and Sodmothers did promiſe for yon, that yon ſhould keepe Gods. Commandements. Tell me bow many chere he. Anſwere, Tenne. r Nini ter. Which bee they ? nere. T ſame which God fpake in the xx. Chaytet 1 of Exodus ſaying, I am the Lord thy God, which haue brought thee out of the land of Egypt: ou tof the houſe of honda x. Thou ſhalt haue note other gods but · me. 2, Thou ſhalt not make to thy ſelſe any grauen Image, nor the likenes of any thing that is tn bea · nen abone, or in the earth beneath, or in the water vndet y earth, Thou ſhalt not bow downe to then nor worſhip them fox I the Lord thy God am a iea- lons God, and viſit the ſinnes of the fathers vpoh the children, vnto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me, and ſhew mercy vnto thou» ſands in them that loue me, and keepe my Com - mandements. wig . Thou ſhalt not take the Name of the Card thy God in vaine,for the Lord will not hold him guilt᷑ lefſe that taketh his Name in value. 4 Remember that thou keepe holy the Sabbath day. Sixe dayes ſhalt thou labour and dee all chat thou haſt to doe: but the ſeuentn day is the Sabbath of the Lord thy God. in it thou ſhalt doe no manner of work, thou & thy ſon, and thy daugliter, thy man- ſeruant, & thy maidſeruantʒthy — the ſtran- ger that is within thy gates ? for in ſixe dayes the ord made heaten and c arth, the ſea and all that in them is, and reſted the ſeuenth day, Wherefore the Lord bleſſed the ſeuenth day, aud hallowed it. s Honour - Aru thy father aud ty mather, that thy yes may fe leng in the land which the Lord thy God giueth theme. Thou ſhalt doe no murther. 2 Thou ſhalt not commit adultery. & Thou ſhalt net ſteale. Thau ſhalt not beare falſe witueſſe againſt thy veighbour. e eee x» Thou ſhalt not coutt thy neighbours honſe, "ou ſhalt not couet thy neighhonrs wife, nar his Jeraant, nor bis maid, got his oxc nor his aſſe, nur ary thing that is his y. 1 k 1 S 0 What doeſt thon chiefly learne by theſe Com- mandements? f | - Anſwcre, | I learne two things ; My duety towards Godzand The Catechiſme. my ducty towards my neighbour, Due en. Wat is thy duety towards God ? - 5 Aaſrere. My duety towards God is to beleeue i a him, to | Feare him, and te loue him with all my heart with all my minde, with all my ſuule, and with all my ſtrength, to worthip him, to giue him thankes,to put my whole truſt in him ta call vpon him, to honour Sis holy Name, aud js Word, and to ſerue htm truely all the dayes of my liſe. 0 ion.. - What is thy . 5 thy neigbbour? Auſwere. + . My duety towards my neighbour is to lene him as my ſelfe, and to doe to all men; as I would they ald dec to me. To loue; honour and ſaccour my father and mother. To honour and ubey the King and his Miniſters. To ſubmit my ſelfe to all my tnours, teachers, ſpirituall 1 and ma- pn order my ſelſe lowly and reuerently to all my betters, To hurt ns body by word or deed. To be true and iuſt in all my dealing. To beare no malice nor hatred in my heart. Fo keepe my hands from picking and ſrepiing and my tongue from e- vill ſpeaking: lying · an Mandering. Tokeepe my body in temperance, ſoberueſſe, and chaſtity, Not to .couet nor defire othex mens goods, but to learne and labour tzacly to get mine owne liuing, and to doe my duety in that ſtate of liſe vnto the which it ſhall pleaſe God to call me. My good child know this; that thou art not able to doe theſe things of thy (elfe, nor to walke in the Commandements of God. and to ſetue hun, vat out his ſpeciall grace, which thou muſt learne at all times to call for by diligent prayer, Let mee heare therefore if thou canſt ſay the Lords prayer, An] were. vr Father whici art in heauen , hallowed be \_J thy Name. Thy kingdome come. Thy will be done in earth as it is in heauen, Gtae vs this day our daily bread. And forgiue ys our treſpaſſes, as wee forgiue them that tre ſpaſſe againſt vs. And lead vs net into temptations but deliuer vs from eulll Amen. | Qu ſtion. 32 Bp What defireſt thou of God in this prayer: | ____ Anſwere i I defire my Lord Cad dur heauenly Father, vy is the giner of all goodneſſe, to ſend his grace vnto me. and vnto all le, that we may worſhip him, ſerue him, and obey Rias we ought to doe. And I ray vnto God, that he will ſend vs all things that e needfull both for our ſoules and bodies, and. that he will be merciſull vnto vs > and forꝑiue vs aur ſinnes, and that it will pleaſe him to fro and defend vs in all dangers ghoſtly and bodily, aud that he will keepe vs from all fin and wickedneſle, and from our ghoſtly enemy, and from euer laſting death. And this I truſt hee will doe of his mercy and goedrefſe, threugl our Lord leſus Chriſt. And therefore I ſay, Amen. So he it. Q. eon. Ow mary Sacraments hath Chriſt ordained in his Church? | _ «Anſ were,. Two onely as generally neceſſary to ſalustiop, that 15 ta ſay, Baptiſme, & the Supper of the Lord, Queſtion. What meaneft thou dy this word Sacrament ? Auſwere, meane an outwarti and viſible figne of an in- ward, and ſpirituall grace, euen vnto vs ordained by Chriſt himſel fe, as a meanes whereby we receiue the ſame, and a pledge to aſſure vs there.. | © a48%ion, 4 How many parts de there in a Sacrament? 0 | Anſroere. a 1 Two, the outward viſible ſigne, and the inward ſpirituall grace. Gur ſton: What is the outward viſible Signe or forme iu Bapciline? wh $I 2 Axnſwere. Water wherein the perſon baptized-is dipped or ſprinkled with it: 74 the Name of the Father, and of the Sonne, aud of the holy GHH. FK 2% 5 ue ſt ion. {iS What is the ĩimrard and{piricuall.grace ? 1 4 At k. A death vnto ſinne, and anew birth vnto rightc» onſnefſe; For being by natuee borne in finne , and the childien of wrath, we are hereby made the chit» dren of grace. bu | * 1 . | Ou ſtim. {1 What is required ot perſons te be baptized ? | Anſwere.. Se Repentance, whereby they forſake ſinne: and Faithwhtiby they ſtedfaſtly beleeue the promilcs ef God made to them in the Sacrament, Jun, Qveſtonmn. | Why then are infancts baptized, when by tgaſon of their tender age they cannat pe forme them? | Anſwere, ' «15 Ves: they doe perfotme them by their Suretias who promiſe and vow them both in their naines ; which when they come to age, thenuclucs ate bound to per forme. | d ueſtion, | Why was the Sacrament of the Lords Supper ore dained ? An([were; For the continuall remembrarce of the Sacrifice of the death of Chriſt, and the benefits which wee receiue thereby. 24 4 1 5 . ' 'Dneſiinn. 7 2 Y | What is the outward part or ſigne of the Lords Sapper ? ' 4 >>; | Anſwere. 4 * Bread and wine; tvhich the Lord bath commane ded to be recclued, . , , - I | Nation · TIVES What is the inward part or thing ſignified? __ Anſwere, 32 The Body and Bleod of Chrift and indeed taken aud receiued of the faitlifull in the Lords Supper, Nb 2 9 Qian, Which are verely. is CHATS WE. wen; eo" - * -& a. Confirmation. uefion, leade a new life: haue a linely faith in Gods mercy) wyhat are tho {benefits whereof we are partakers through. Chriſt, with a thankefull remembrance of thereby? bis death and be in charity with all men. | Anſwere. So ſoone 4s the che [drew can. ſay in thrir mother The Rtrengthening aud refreſhing of our ſoules, tongue che Articles of the Farth, the Lo as prayers by the Body and Blood of Chrift,as our badies ate the ten Commandements : and alſo can anſweve Bs by the Bread and Wine, ſuch quefhons of thu ſhort (azechiſme as the Biſh Due ſtion. ( Or ſuch as he ſhall appoius ) ſhall by his diſcrerion What is required of them which come to the oppoſe them in: then ſhall they be brought te 2b Lords Supper ? "Biſhop by one that ſhall be hu Godfather, or G- Anſwere. mother, that cuery childe may haue a witneſſe of bu; To examine themſelues whether they repent them (Confirmation And the Biſhop (hall con re then truely of their former ſins, ſtedfaſtly purpefing to on thu wiſts 7 5 4 DN CCONFIRMATION, OR LATINO on of hands. Mini fler. ſtles) we haue laid our hands, te certifie them (by vr helpe is in the Name of the Lord, this ſigne) of thy fauour, and gracious goodnes to- Anſwere, ward them: let thy fatherly hand, we beſeech thee, Which hath made heauen and earth. euet be ouer them: let thy holy Spirit euer be with. 2 be Nob 3A ID: LR RR IEEE ND ? Minifler. them, and ſo lead them in the knowledge and obe BZleſſed be the Name of the Lord, dience of thy word, that in the end they may ob · «Anſ were, taine the euerlaſting life, tirough our Lord Ieſus Henceſorth werld wit out end. Cbriſt, who with thee and the holy Ghoſt liueth | Munſter. and reigneth one God, world without end. Amen, Lord heare our prayers, 9 Then the Biſhop Hall bleſſe the children”, ſaymg Anſ were, thus, | And let our cry come vuto thee, T He bleſsing of God Almighty, the Father, the J Let vs pray. Some, and the hely Ghoſt, be vpon you, and AAN and euerliuing God ho haſt vouch- lafed to regenerate theſe thy ſeruants by wa- ter and the holy Ghoſt , and haſt giuen vato them for giueneſſe of all their ſinnes: ſtrengthen them, we beſeech thee, O Lord , with the holy Ghoſt the Comforter, and daily increale in them thy mani - fold giſts of grace, the ſpirit of wiſedome & vndet- ſtanding,the ſpirit of counſel and ghoſtly ſtrength, the * of knowledge and true godlineſſe, and fulfill them (O Lord) with the ſpirit of thy holy ſeate Amen. Ten the Biſhop al lay hu hand vpen eacy childe 5 F ON OO | Þ ogy Lord, this childe with thy heauenly grace, that hee may continue thine for euer, and dayly increaſe in thy holy Spirit more and more,vutill he come to thine enerlaſtiug kingdom, Amen, 9 Then ſhall the Biſhop ſay. Let vs pray., Lmightyand euerlaſting God, which makeſt vs both to will and to doe thoſe things that be good & acceptable vnto thy Maieſty, we make our humble ſupplications vnto thee, for theſe children, vpon Whom (alter the example of thy holy Apo- r remaine with you for euer. Amen. "The Curatc of enery paviſh', e ſorne other at b appointzmaexs , ſhall diligently vpon Sundayes aud Heclidayes, halfe au how e before Euining prayer, o- ptwly in the Church, inſtruct and examme ſo many children of Bu Pariſh ſent onto him , as the tim will ſerue, ani as he hall thin be conutnieus, in ſore. part of thu (atechiſme, _ And all fat bers, mot hers, maſler sand dames, malt cauſe their children, ſeruaut amd prentiſes(which ha not learned their Catechiſine) to come to the Church æt the time appointed, aud obedit ut) to heave and be orie · rel by the curate, wall ſuch time as they haue Lear ned all that is bere appointed for them to learnt, And whenſocuer the Biſbop ſhall giue knowledge for chile dren io Le bought before lim to any connentent for their confirmation, then ſhal the Curate of eue Pariſh, either bring or ſend in writing the names of ak theſe childrEof bu Pariſh, which cau ſay the Ar- ticles of the Faith the Lords prayer, aud the ten Com- mandements, & alſo hom many of them can anſwere io the other queſtioms contained in thi Catechiſme. And there Mall none be admitted to the holy Cons · munian, until ſuch tume as he ears ſ the Catech;me aud be confs, med, , — W % * * %. ul} — * CTTHE FORME — > — Je” 2 rr == 1 OF:SOL 2 2» 8 WAY > Aus 8 At - \ » * a p * * % N 2 SY Tis YR EMNIZATION of Matrimonie. Lx, the Banes nf? be as ted three fenerall Sandes or Holy dayts, preſent, after the accuſtomed manner Aud if the perſons that ſhoald bee maryed dwel! m oiuers Par in the tune of Sermice, the prople being iſhes , the Banes muſt bee asked tn beth Pa- riſhes t aud the Carete of the one Pariſh ali net (olewmutre M 9 REY thrice hey Wt ns the (urate of the 2 Fes. * # the dq; appointed for ſol mat om of Matrimoxie, the per ſans to be mwried (hall Los of the che thetr Fund evtnighbow 1nd there the Pri fÞ: foul t. b. ul an: du del Dearely y Earely beloned friends, we are ga» 0 dbered together hexe in the ſight᷑ of SFM I God, aud in the face of his Con- DSS eeegatou, to icyne together this h nan and this woman in holy Ma- "FTA frumony , which is an honourable eftate,1 4ttiruced of God in Paradiſe in the time of mans innocency, ſignifying vnto vs the myſticall vnion that is betwixt Chriſt & bis Church: which holy. eſtate Chriſt adorned and beaatiſied with his preſence,and firſt miracle that he wrought in Cana of Galilee, and is commended ot S. Paul to be ho- nourable among all men, and therefore is net to be enterpriſed nor taken in hand vnaduiſedly,lightly, or wantonly, to ſatisſſe mens carnall luſtes and ap- petites , like braic beaſts that haue no vnderſtan- ding, but reuerently, di ſcreetly, aduiſedly, ſobetly, and in the ſeare of God,duely conſideting the cau- ſes for which Matrimonie was ordained, One was the procreation of children,to be brought vp in the feare and nurture of the Lord, and praiſe of God. Secondly , it was ordained for a remedy againſt n, and to auoide fornication, that ſach petſons as haue not the gift of continency, might marry, and keep themſe lues yndefiled meinbers of Chriſts bo- 227 Thirdly;for the mutuall ſociety, help, and com- ort that the one onght to haue of the other, both in proſperity and aduerſity: into the which holy eſtate theſe two per ſous preſcut come now to bee wy ned. Therefore if any man can ſhew any iuſt caule why they may not lawfully be ioyned toge- ther, let him now ſpeake, or els hereafter for euer beld His peace. | | EL. And alſo (peaking te the perſons that Mal bee . married, he ſhall ſay, Require and charge you;(as you will anſwere at r cen day o * when the ſecrets all Rrarts ſhall be diſclofed) that if either of you know any impediment why yee may not law- fully be t»yned together in Matrimony » that yee eonfelle it. Fot be ye wel aſſurt d that ſo many as be coupled together otherwile then Gods word doth 2 are not ĩoy ned together by God, neither is heir Matrimony law full. q At which day of nady1age, if un mas doe alledge aud declare any injpedimeent, why they may not bee _ eopled together in Matrimom by Gods Cam, or the Laws of thu Realuve, and will be bond, and f. diert ſuresies with hu #0 the parties, or elſe put in g cant ion io the fall value of ſtech _ 4s the per- ſexes to be maried do ſuftatn, to proxe hu allegation: then the ſolemmization muſt be deferred vnto ſuch time as the truth be tryed. If no inrpediment be al- ' beages then ſhall the Cxraze ſay onto the man. r Wilt thou haue this woman to thy wedded Neat to liue together after Gods ordinance, in the hotly fate of Matrimony ? Wilt thou loue her comfort her honohr, and * her, in fickeneffe and in health, andforiaking al ether, keepe thee onely to ber, ſv long as you both thall live ? 11 9b the man ſhall anſwert. 1 Ea To 4 Then Halt the Miifler ſay to the woman, * bandito line together after Gods ordinauce, in the holy eſt te of Matrimony 7: Wilt thou obey him and ſetue him, loue, honour, and keepe him in fickeneſle aud in health, and forfaking all other, keepe thee only vnto him ſo long as you botꝶ ihalt hue ? ; : 9 Hen the woman ſpall anſwers, | IXill. Mo —_— Wilt thou haue this man tothy wedded hu Of Marrimonie, 9 Then fhall be Miniſter ſar. Who giaeth this woman to be maried to this man 9 And the Mim fler receining the woman at Ber. f. thers or friends hand, cauſe the man 10 take : he woman by the right hand, and ſocither to give their tr0th to other, the man firfl ſaying. | I N.take thee N. to my wedded wi fe, to haue and to hold , from this day forward , for better , for worſe, fot richer, for peorer,in ſickneſſe, & in health, to luue, and to cheriſh, till acath vs depatt, accor- ding to Gods holy ordinance: aud thereto I plight thee my troth. rien ſhall they looſe their hands, and the woman taking agæine the man by the rtobs hand ſhal ſay. IN, take thee N to my wedded Kusband , to haue and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worſe, fot richer, for poarer in ſicknes, & in health» to loue,cheriſhzand to obey, till death vs depart, ac- cotding to Gods holy ordinance, and thereto I giue thee my troth. a rben ſhall they ag ain looſe their banar, and the man ſhall giue vi u the woman a Ring, laying the Jame vpon the Bookeywith the accuftorhed duet y 40 the Miſe: and Clerke. And the Miſter talung the Ring , ſhall deltaty it vnto the wan to p it von the feur th fin ger of the womans left hand, And the ran taught by the Minnfter, ſhall ſay. | Witi: this Ring I thee wed, with my body I thee worlhip, and with all my worldly goods I thee en- dow, In the Name of the Father, and of the Sonne and of the holy Ghoſt. Amen. — g Then the man leauung the Ring upon the fourth finger of the womans left band, the Minifier al ſay. | Let vs pray. Eteruall God x creatout and preſeruer of all mankind,giner of all ſpirituall grace, the Au- thor of euerlaſting life, ſend thy bleſsiog vpon theſo thy ſeruants this man and this woman, whom we bleſſe in thy Name, that as Iſaac and Rebecca liued faithfully together: ſo theſe perſons may ſurely per- forme aud keep the vow & couenant betwaxt them made, (whereof this Ring giuen and receined;is a token and pledge)ard mayeuer remaine in perfect lone and peace together, and liue according to thy Lawes,through leſus Chrift our Lord. Amen. 9 Then ſhall the Prieft ioyne tbeir right hands 26. geiher,and fay, - ; Thoſe whom God hath toyned together, let no man put aſunder. 8 Then ſhall the Mini ſſer ſpea ke vnto the people, Oraſmuch as N. and N. haue contented together in holy wedlocke, and haue witneſſed the ſame before God and this company, and haue thereto gi- ven & pledged their troth either to otlier, and haue declared the ſame by giving and receitinyg of a ring, and by ioyning of hans, I ptenounce that they be man and wile together. Iu the Name of the Father, and of the 7 + 75 __ . E Thin the Minifley ſhall adde this b ng. Jod the Father, God the Sonne, Ged the holy Ghoſt, bleſſ, preſerue and keepe you, the Lord merel fully with his fauour looke vpon you, & ſo fill you with all ſpirituall benediction and grace, that you may fo haz cogether in this hte,y in the-werld ti: come yon may ſaue liſe euerlaſting. Amen, 4 Then the Minifler or Clerkes gorug to the Lords Tabl:, ſhall ſay br fing the Pjatrne following. + "Beans nes. Pal. v8. b | Leſſed are all they that teare the Lord: aud walke in his way es. | | For 3 TA a. 4: For thou ſhalt eate the labour of thy hands O well is thee, and happy ſhalt thon be. Thy wife thall be as the fruitfull vine: vpon the walles of thy houſe. ; Thy children like the Oliae branches: round a- bout thy table. Loe, thus ſhall the man bee bleſſed : that feareth the Lord, | The Lord from out of Sion ſhall fo bleſſe the: one thou ſhalt ſee leruſalem in proſperitie all thy iſe long, Yea, Gat thou ſhalt ſee thy childrens children: and peace vpon Iſtael. Glory be to the Father,and to the Son» &c. As it was it in the beginning, &c. Or thu Pſal me, Das mſcreatur, Pſal. 67. Od bee mercifull vnto vs, and bleſſe vs: and G ſhew vs the light of his countenance, and bee merciſull vnto vs. That thy way may bee knowne vpon the earth: thy ſauing health among all nations, Let the people praiſe thee , O God: yea) let all the people praiſe thee. O let the nations reioyce and be glad: for thou ſhalt judge the felke righteouſly, and gouerne the nations vpon the earth. Let the people praiſe thee, O God: let all the ple praiſe thee, : Then ſhall the earth bring foorth her increaſe: and God, euen our ewue God ſhall giue vs lus bleſsing. God (hall bleſſe vs: and all the ends of the world ſhall feare him. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, &c. As it was in the beginning. & c. 4 The Pſalme ended, and the man and the woman kneeling afore the Lords Table, the Prirft flanoing at the Table, aud turumy hu face towards tbem, ſhall ſay. Lord haue mercie vpon vs. Auſnere. Chriſt haue mercie vpon vs. iniſter. Lord haue mercy vpon vs. Our Father which art in heauen, And leade vs uot into temptation, Anſwere. But deliver vs frem enill, Amen, Miniſter « O Lord ſancthy ſeruant and thy handmaid, Anſwere, Which put their truſt in thee. Mini ßer. O Lord ſend them helpe from aboue. Auſuere. Aud cuermore defend them, Minſter, Be vnte them a towre of ſtrength, Auſwere. From the face ef their enemy. Mun aer. O Lord heare our prayer. Ayu ſwere. And let our cry come vnto thee, Mim fler. 03 of Abraham, Sod of Iſaac, God of lacob, blefle thefe thy ſeruants, and ſow the ſeed of 2 life in their minds, that whatſocuer M werd they ſhall profitably learne , they may jadced fulkil the ſame, Luokey Lordy mercifully = Of Marrimcnie, ſom, that ypon them from heauen, and bleſſe them. And as thou didft ſend thy bleſting vpen Abraham and Sara, to their great comfort: ſo vouchſafe to ſend thy bleſsing = theſe thy ſeruants » that they o- beying thy wil, and alway being inſafty vnder thy protection, may abide in thy loue vnte their liues end. through leſus Chriſt our Lord. Amen. g This prayer next following ſhal be onnitted where the woman u paſt childbirth, O Mercifull Lord and heauenly Father, by whoſe gracious giſt mankind is increaſed: wee be- ſeech thee , aſsiſt with thy bleſsing theſe two per- they may both be fruitfull in procreation of children, and alſs liuc togetherſo long in god- ly laue and honeſty , that they may ſee their chil» rens children vnto the third and fourth generati- on, vnto thy praiſe and honor, through Ieſus Chriſt our Lord. | OS which by thy mighty pewer haft made all things of neught; which alſo c after other things ſet in order) didft appoint, that out of man (created after thine owne image and ſimi litude) woman ſhould take her beginning ; and knitting them together, didſt teach, that it ſhould neuer bet᷑ lawfall to put alunder thoſe, whom thou by Ma- trimony hadſt made one ; O God, which haſt conſe- crated the ſtate of Matrimony to ſuch an excellent myſterie, that in it is fignified and repreſented the ſpirituall mariage and vnitie betwixt Chriſt and his Church : Loske merciſully vpon theſe thy ſer» uants, that both this man may loue his wifeaccor- ding to thy word (as Chriſt did loue his Spouſe the Church, who gaue himſelſe for it, loaivg and cheriſhing it euen as his owne fle(h ) and allo that this woman may bee louing and amiable vuto her husband as Rachel, wiſe as Rebekah, faithſull and obedient as Sarah,and in all quictnes,ſobriety and * a follower of holy and godly matrons ; O ord bleſſe them both, ind graunt them to inherite thine euetlaſting kingdome » through leſus Chriſt our Lord, Amen. 4 Then ſhall the Prieſi ſay, © A Lmightie God, which at the beginning did create our firſt parents Adam and Eue, and did ſanctiſie & ioyne them together in mariage, powre vpon you the riches of his grace, ſanctifie and bleſſe you, that yee may pleaſe him bath in body and ſoule, and liue together in holy loue ynts your liues end. Amen. Then ſhall begin the Communion. And aft er the Goſpel Mal be ſail a Sermon, where ordinarily (Jo oft as there u an) mariage) the office of a man and wift ſhall be dtelared,accordmy to holy Scyip- tur e. Or if there be no Ser mou, the Mnaſler ſhalt reade thu t has ; llo wet h. Ll vee which bee married, or which intend to take che holy eſtate of Matrimony vpon you, heare what holy Scripture dothſay / as touching the ducty of husbands toward their wiues, and wiucs toward their husbands. Saint Paul in his Epiſtle to the Epheſians , the fift chapter, doth giue this commardemn<nt to all mar ried men: Yee husbands, loue your wives, euen as Chi iſt loned the Church, and hath g iuen himſelſe for it, to ſanctitte it, purging it in the fountaine ot water, tirough y word that he might make it vnto himſelſe a glortons Congtregation, not hauing ſput or wrinckle, or any ſuch thing , but that it ould be holy and blameleſſe. So men are bound to loge their owne wines, as their owne bodies. He that lo- ueth his owne wife, loueth himſelſe. For neuer did any mau hate his ewne fleſh, but nvuritherh and D Chetse — — — —— — a — — — ——ẽ ſ ̃ — — — cheriſheth it. enen as the Lord doeth the Congtega- tion: for we ate members of his body of his fleth, and of his bones. For this cauſe (hall a man leaue fatber and mother, and thall bee ioyned vnto his wi ſe, and they two ſhall be one fleſh, This myſtery is great, but I ſpeake of Chriſt,and of the Congre- — Neuertheleſſe, let euery one of you ſo leue is one wife, euen as himſelſe. Likewiſe the ſame S. Paul writing to the Coloſ- fians,ſpeaketh tluis to all men that be married, Yee men, loue your wiues and be not bitter vnto them. Heare alſo what S. Peter the Apoſtle of Chriſt, which was himſclfe a maried mamſaith vnto them that are married: Yee husbands, dwell with your wines according to knowledge , giuing honour to the wife as vnto the weaker veſlell, and as heires together of the grace of life, ſo that your prayers be not hindered, Hitherto ye haue heard the duety of the husband toward the wife: now likewiſe ye wiues, heare and learne your duties towards your husbands, euen as it is plainely ſet forth in holy Scripture. S. Paul(in the foreramed Epiſtle to the Eph2ſians) teacheth you thus: Yee women,ſubmit your ſelaes vuto your own hasbands.as vntoy Lord: for f huſ- band is j wiues head, euen asChriſt is y head of the Church, & he is alſo the Sauiour of y whole body. e 2. N 7 2. * ED 72 * p J 2 1 7 . 5 re oa a The viſitation of the ſicke. Therefore as the Church or Congregation 7s ſul» iect vnto Chriſt . ſo likewiſe let the wiues alſ.) be in ſubiection vnto their one husbands in all things. And again he ſaith, Let the wife reverence her huſ- band. And in his Epiſtle to the Coloſtians, S. Paul giueth you this ſhort leſſon : Ye wiues , ſubmit your ſelaes vnto your one hasbands,as it is conueuient in the Lord, S. Peter alſo dceth inſtruct you very godly , thus ſay ing · Let wiues be ſubiect to their own husbands, ſo that if any obey not the word, they may be won without i word, by the conuetſation of the wines, while they behold jour chaſteconuerſation coupled with feare: whoſe apparell let it not bee outward with brotdred haire, & trimming about with gold, either in putting on of gorgeous apparell : but let the hid man which is in the heart, be without all corruption, ſo that the ſpirit bee milde and quiets which is a precious thing in the ſight of God, For after this maner (inthe old time) did the holy wo- menwhich truſted in God, apparell themſclues,be- ing ſubie to their one husbands, as Sara obeyed Abraham, calling him Lord,whoſe daughters ye are made, doing well, and not being diſinayed with a- ny feare. | 9 The xew mar ied perſons (the ſame day of thew mariage) muſe vectiue the holy (ommunon. E The order of the viſitation of the ſicke. Ve Pricft entring into the ficke perſons houſe, [hat ſay. peace be to this houſe,and to all that dwell in it.
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Use subfigure environment of frontiers documentclass
I am trying to use the subfigure environment of the subcaption package in a paper for frontiers.
You may find the used template here.
The question of Problems with subcaption in frontiers documentclass already pointed out that the frontiers template is making things difficult...
Ultimately I want to use the phantomsubcaption to be able to reference subfigures in one big figure, but the compiler does not know the command.
Here is my MWE:
\documentclass[utf8]{frontiersSCNS}
\usepackage{url,hyperref,lineno,microtype,subcaption}
\usepackage[onehalfspacing]{setspace}
\def\firstAuthorLast{Sample {et~al.}} %use et al only if is more than 1 author
\begin{document}
Test
\begin{figure}
\begin{subfigure}{15cm}
\centering
\phantomsubcaption
\label{fig:subtest}
\includegraphics{logo1}
\end{subfigure}
\caption{Hello}
\label{fig:test}
\end{figure}
\end{document}
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Php in cmd unable to load ALL dinamic libraries
When i use php in cmd Windows console i got the following error:
C:\wamp64\bin\php\php5.6.25>php
PHP Warning: PHP Startup: Unable to load dynamic library 'c:/wamp/bin/php/php5.6.25/ext/php_bz2.dll' - No se puede encontrar el m¾dulo especificado.
in Unknown on line 0
[...]
And continues whit ALL the dll libraries. I Chek the rute and its ok. And when my wamp start a page whit php i dont get this error
For example i got the error when i type:
cd C:\wamp64\www\ServicioApp\scripts
php script_notificaciones.php
I run php --ini and search in the file, and i got:
extension_dir ="c:/wamp/bin/php/php5.6.25/ext/"
Is that space in php5. 6.25 actually there, or just a victim of copy/paste? If it is, you'll need to check your cli php.ini file for rogue spaces.
Victim of copy/paste. I Fix it in original post
My guess is that WAMP (its Apache config) looks for php.ini in different location than command line invoked script - run php --ini in console to find it. You will need to check and fix (or disable) extension paths there.
Search for line with extension_dir - it should point to ext folder with extensions (dlls). You may need to switch to backslashes there:
extension_dir = "c:\wamp\bin\php\php5.6.25\ext"
I run php --ini and checks the file appeards. And got the correct route. And still failed load ALL extensions
@Efeyabel And paths to these extesions are correct?
@Efeyabel Use backslashes and delete trailing slash
I edit to this: extension_dir ="c:\wamp\bin\php\php5.6.25\ext\" and still not work
I found the problem my rute was:
c:/wamp/bin/php/php5.6.25/ext/
And must be:
c:/wamp64/bin/php/php5.6.25/ext/
I miss the 64*
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import axios from 'axios';
import { BASE_URL as baseURL, REQUEST_TYPES } from './endpoints';
export default (method = REQUEST_TYPES.GET, url : string) : Promise<any> => axios({
method,
baseURL,
url,
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/json',
},
responseType: 'json',
})
.then(({ data: resp }) => resp)
.catch((error) => error);
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// Copyright (c) 2019 Keiwan Donyagard
//
// This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
// License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
// file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
using System;
using UnityEngine;
namespace Keiwando.NFSO {
public class NativeFileSOUnityEvent : MonoBehaviour {
public static event Action UnityReceivedControl;
private static NativeFileSOUnityEvent instance;
void Awake() {
if (instance == null) {
instance = this;
DontDestroyOnLoad(this.gameObject);
} else {
Destroy(this.gameObject);
}
}
private void Start() {
SendEvent();
}
private void OnApplicationFocus(bool focus) {
if (focus) {
SendEvent();
}
}
private void OnApplicationPause(bool pause) {
if (!pause) {
SendEvent();
}
}
private void SendEvent() {
if (UnityReceivedControl != null) {
UnityReceivedControl();
}
}
}
}
|
// Licensed to the .NET Foundation under one or more agreements.
// The .NET Foundation licenses this file to you under the Apache 2.0 License.
// See the LICENSE file in the project root for more information.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using Microsoft.Scripting;
using IronPython.Runtime.Exceptions;
namespace IronPython {
[CLSCompliant(false)]
public enum PythonDivisionOptions {
Old,
New,
Warn,
WarnAll
}
[Serializable, CLSCompliant(true)]
public sealed class PythonOptions : LanguageOptions {
private readonly ReadOnlyCollection<string>/*!*/ _arguments;
private readonly ReadOnlyCollection<string>/*!*/ _warningFilters;
private readonly bool _warnPy3k, _python30;
private readonly bool _bytesWarning;
private readonly bool _debug;
private readonly int _recursionLimit;
private readonly Severity _indentationInconsistencySeverity;
private readonly PythonDivisionOptions _division;
private readonly bool _stripDocStrings;
private readonly bool _optimize;
private readonly bool _inspect;
private readonly bool _noUserSite;
private readonly bool _noSite;
private readonly bool _ignoreEnvironment;
private readonly bool _verbose;
private readonly bool _frames, _fullFrames, _tracing;
private readonly Version _version;
private readonly Regex _noDebug;
private readonly int? _gcStress;
private bool _enableProfiler;
private readonly bool _lightweightScopes;
/// <summary>
/// Gets the collection of command line arguments.
/// </summary>
public ReadOnlyCollection<string>/*!*/ Arguments {
get { return _arguments; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Should we strip out all doc strings (the -O command line option).
/// </summary>
public bool Optimize {
get { return _optimize; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Should we strip out all doc strings (the -OO command line option).
/// </summary>
public bool StripDocStrings {
get { return _stripDocStrings; }
}
/// <summary>
/// List of -W (warning filter) options collected from the command line.
/// </summary>
public ReadOnlyCollection<string>/*!*/ WarningFilters {
get { return _warningFilters; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Enables warnings related to Python 3.0 features.
/// </summary>
public bool WarnPython30 {
get { return _warnPy3k; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Enables 3.0 features that are implemented in IronPython.
/// </summary>
public bool Python30 {
get {
return _python30;
}
}
public bool BytesWarning {
get { return _bytesWarning; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Enables debugging support. When enabled a .NET debugger can be attached
/// to the process to step through Python code.
/// </summary>
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get { return _debug; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Enables inspect mode. After running the main module the REPL will be started
/// within that modules context.
/// </summary>
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get { return _inspect; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Suppresses addition of the user site directory. This is ignored by IronPython
/// except for updating sys.flags.
/// </summary>
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get { return _noUserSite; }
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/// <summary>
/// Disables import site on startup.
/// </summary>
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get { return _noSite; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Ignore environment variables that configure the IronPython context.
/// </summary>
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get { return _ignoreEnvironment; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Enables the verbose option which traces import statements. This is ignored by IronPython
/// except for setting sys.flags.
/// </summary>
public bool Verbose {
get { return _verbose; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Sets the maximum recursion depth. Setting to Int32.MaxValue will disable recursion
/// enforcement.
/// </summary>
public int RecursionLimit {
get { return _recursionLimit; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Makes available sys._getframe. Local variables will not be available in frames unless the
/// function calls locals(), dir(), vars(), etc... For ensuring locals are always available use
/// the FullFrames option.
/// </summary>
public bool Frames {
get {
return _frames;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Makes available sys._getframe. All locals variables will live on the heap (for a considerable
/// performance cost) enabling introspection of all code.
/// </summary>
public bool FullFrames {
get {
return _fullFrames;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Tracing is always available. Without this option tracing is only enabled when sys.settrace
/// is called. This means code that was already running before sys.settrace will not be debuggable.
///
/// With this option pdb.set_trace and pdb.post_mortem will always work properly.
/// </summary>
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get {
return _tracing;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Severity of a warning that indentation is formatted inconsistently.
/// </summary>
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get { return _indentationInconsistencySeverity; }
}
/// <summary>
/// The division options (old, new, warn, warnall)
/// </summary>
[CLSCompliant(false)]
public PythonDivisionOptions DivisionOptions {
get { return _division; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Forces all code to be compiled in a mode in which the code can be reliably collected by the CLR.
/// </summary>
public bool LightweightScopes {
get {
return _lightweightScopes;
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Enable profiling code
/// </summary>
public bool EnableProfiler {
get { return _enableProfiler; }
set { _enableProfiler = value; }
}
public int? GCStress {
get { return _gcStress; }
}
/// <summary>
/// Returns a regular expression of Python files which should not be emitted in debug mode.
/// </summary>
public Regex NoDebug {
get {
return _noDebug;
}
}
public PythonOptions()
: this(null) {
}
/// <summary>
/// Gets the CPython version which IronPython will emulate. Currently limited
/// to either 2.6 or 3.0.
/// </summary>
public Version PythonVersion {
get {
return _version;
}
}
public PythonOptions(IDictionary<string, object> options)
: base(EnsureSearchPaths(options)) {
_arguments = GetStringCollectionOption(options, "Arguments") ?? EmptyStringCollection;
_warningFilters = GetStringCollectionOption(options, "WarningFilters", ';', ',') ?? EmptyStringCollection;
_warnPy3k = GetOption(options, "WarnPy3k", false);
_bytesWarning = GetOption(options, "BytesWarning", false);
_debug = GetOption(options, "Debug", false);
_inspect = GetOption(options, "Inspect", false);
_noUserSite = GetOption(options, "NoUserSite", false);
_noSite = GetOption(options, "NoSite", false);
_ignoreEnvironment = GetOption(options, "IgnoreEnvironment", false);
_verbose = GetOption(options, "Verbose", false);
_optimize = GetOption(options, "Optimize", false);
_stripDocStrings = GetOption(options, "StripDocStrings", false);
_division = GetOption(options, "DivisionOptions", PythonDivisionOptions.Old);
_recursionLimit = GetOption(options, "RecursionLimit", Int32.MaxValue);
_indentationInconsistencySeverity = GetOption(options, "IndentationInconsistencySeverity", Severity.Ignore);
_enableProfiler = GetOption(options, "EnableProfiler", false);
_lightweightScopes = GetOption(options, "LightweightScopes", false);
_fullFrames = GetOption(options, "FullFrames", false);
_frames = _fullFrames || GetOption(options, "Frames", true);
_gcStress = GetOption<int?>(options, "GCStress", null);
_tracing = GetOption(options, "Tracing", false);
_noDebug = GetOption(options, "NoDebug", (Regex)null);
object value;
if (options != null && options.TryGetValue("PythonVersion", out value)) {
if (value is Version) {
_version = (Version)value;
} else if (value is string) {
_version = new Version((string)value);
} else {
throw new ValueErrorException("Expected string or Version for PythonVersion");
}
if (_version != new Version(2, 7) && _version != new Version(3, 0)) {
throw new ValueErrorException("Expected Version to be 2.7 or 3.0");
}
} else {
_version = new Version(2, 7);
}
_python30 = _version == new Version(3, 0);
}
private static IDictionary<string, object> EnsureSearchPaths(IDictionary<string, object> options) {
if (options == null) {
return new Dictionary<string, object>() { { "SearchPaths", new[] { "." } } };
} else if (!options.ContainsKey("SearchPaths")) {
options["SearchPaths"] = new [] { "." };
}
return options;
}
}
}
|
" Are we not constantly told that the songs of a people reflect its character ; that a religion, in its idea of God, reflects its wor- shippers % What sort of character is reflected in the Psalms ? They come to us from a people like their neighbours, merciless and bloody, yet they are full of love and innocence and mercy. They come from a people whose deep sins and wrong-doing are recorded by their own writers ; yet the Psalms breathe the hunger and thirst of the soul after righteousness. They come from a race still in the rude childhood of the world ; yet they express the thoughts about God and duty, and about the purpose and reward of human life, whicii are those of the most refined, the gentlest, the most saintly, the most exalted whom the ages of the world have ever seen, down to its latest. " The question is asked in these days, Is God knowable ? The answer depends on a further question. Whether God can be known by man depends on whether we have the faculties for know- ing. ... Is there in human nature such a faculty, separate from the faculties by which we judge of the things of sense and the abstractions of the pure intellect, but yet a true and trustworthy faculty for knowing God — for kno^ring God, in some such way as we know the spirits and souls, half-disclosed half-concealed under the mask and garment of the flesh, among whom we have been brought up, among whom we live % Can we know Him in such a true sense as we know those whom we love and those whom we dislike ; those whom we venerate and trust, and those whom we fear and shrink from % The course of the world, its history, its literature, our everyday life, j^resuppose such knowledge of men and character ; they confirm its existence and general trustworthiness, by the infinitely varied and continuous evidence of results. The question whether there is such a faculty in the human soul for knowing its Maker and God — knowing him, though behind the veil ; knowing Him, though flesh and blood can never see Him ; knowing Him, though the questioning intellect loses itself in the thought of Him, — this cjuestion finds here its answer. In the Psalms is the evidence of that faculty, and that witli it man has not worked in vain. The Book of Psalms is like the fact of the production, by the existence and exercise of a faculty in man's nature, of vast results, such as a great literature, a great school of painting, a great body of music. If it is not a proof and example of this power of kno^ving, I cannot XV AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 395 imagine what a proof can be. The proof that the living God can be knovirn by man is that He can be loved and longed for with all the freedom and naturalness and hope of human affection. The answer whether God has given to man the faculty to know Him might be sought in vain in the Vedas or the Zendavesta. It is found in the Book of Psahns." One more point on which ]Mr. Ward especially insisted must be noted, which again seemed to anticipate the criticisms of such writers as Mr. Huxley and Mr. Spencer. Conscience being that faculty whereby direct religious hnowledge became possible, — a principle which gave the lie to the fundamental statement of the Agnostics that we have no faculty for knowing God, — and the testimony of the purified heart being one of the indispensable roads to the recognition of Christian truth, it was e"vident that Christianity must exhibit itself -in fact as the perfection of moral truth and of the natural law. Hence, distortions of Christian truth — Lutheran- ism, Calvinism, ]\Ianicheism — must be expelled with all their works. Christianity could not identify itself with what conscience condemns. It could not be at war with those very laws of morality of which it claimed to be the highest expression. If its conquest was due to its absolute sanctity, its supremacy must cease if it allied itself with immorality ; and so Mr. Ward urged, in the unmeasured language I have already cited, the bearing of these heresies on the moral law, and their disastrous effects on the Christian character. The purification of external Christianity, its constant cleansing and recleansing by the religious spirit, the subservience of all its rites and doctrines to the one great good, — personal holiness, — this is the lesson we learn in every page of the Ideal. Here again we find, as I have said, an anticipation of and an answer to the ol^jections of modern Agnostics. Mr. Huxley makes capital out of the excessive formalism and ritualism of the Jews. Mr. Cotter Morison insists on the unpredictable forces in the Christian spiritual life, which must lead, he says, to fatalism, and to the neglect of the struggle for personal sanctity. He accuses Christians of exclusive attention to ultimate salvation, and of disregard of daily duty on earth provided that this one object is ensured. Mr. Herbert Spencer and others dwell on the supposed immorality of many 396 THE OXFORD SCHOOL chap. Christian doctrines — as the Atonement, or original sin, or eternal punishment. Without supposing that these attacks were answered in detail by Mr. Ward, they were at least anticipated by him and to some extent guarded against.-' He pointed out that tliere was a purifying spirit ivithin the Church which was at work in ridding it of what was really open to attack on these points ; that where such attacks were not based on a misconception of facts, they were attacks on human perversions of Christianity, and not on its essential teaching and spirit. I have referred early in this chapter to the charge brought against the Oxford leaders that they were unacquainted with historical and biblical criticism, and even if the facts of the case have been somewhat overstated, there is undoubtedly some truth in the charge. The deficiency was partly due, as I have explained, to the fact that the Movement was a revolt against the exaggeration of the claims of those sciences among the Liberals Still, while this explanation is sufficient as far as it goes, and while on the whole it may liave done its work the more successfully from a disproportionate insistence on neglected truths and principles, the defect in question does, no doubt, limit its claim as a philosophy of religion. Critical and historical sciences have their place in the establishment of the facts of Christianity. We could ill afford to dispense with the labours of Bishop Lightfoot or Dr. Westcott. Weiss's Lehen Jem in Germany has been known to do a work for religion among critical minds which Newman's somewhat mystical philosophy of faith could not do by itself. Among Catholics the place of biblical criticism has certainly been ever recognised, even if it has not of late years been pursued by as many writers of genius as otiier departments can boast. The fatal error of assuming that Christianity could be conclusively established without reference to those phenomena in tlie human soul and in the history of the chosen people, which afford a presumption for, and explanation of, the alleged facts of Christian history, must not be allowed to lead, by reaction, to the neglect of the critical side. Mere presumptions, though they may lessen the improba- bility of miraculous facts, nay, may in some cases give them 1 In the Appendi.x I have collected several passages from the Ideal bearing on some of these questions. XV AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 397 antecedent probability, do not dispense with the necessity for a posteriori proof. And Newman, though allowing the force of Hume's argument against miracles to a greater extent than many would allow it, did not dwell on this particular aspect of religious philosophy. His sliarp distinction between the insight of the spiritual mind and a purely rationalistic view of religious evidences — between Faith and I'eason as he expressed it, — deeply as it cut, fully as it satisfied some men, had in other cases to pay the penalty of its incompleteness. This must not be left out of account in estimating the results of the Movement. Arthur Clough, J. A. Froude, ]\Iark Pattison, here are names which at once arise of men of mark and force whose faith was weakened and destroyed instead of being fortified by the Movement. Mr. Froude states the impression produced on him thus. Newman said, he tells us, that " historically the proofs [of Christianity] were insuilicient, or sufficient only to create a sense of probability. Christianity was apprehended by a faculty essentially diflerent. It was called faith. But what was faith, and on what did it rest ? Was it as if man- kind had been born with but four senses by which to form their notions of things external to them, and that a fifth — sight — was conferred on favoured individuals, which converted conjectures into certainty ? I could not tell. For myself this way of putting the matter gave me no new sense at all, and onl}' taught me to distrust my old ones." In the writings of J. A. Froude and of the poet Arthur Clough alike, the imaginative picture of all the consequences of the alternative views of life presented by the Oxford school appears most vividly. In Clough the moral effort to strike the balance and sum up the controversy seems to have been wanting. J. A. Froude's grasp of the views in question is equally remarkable, but his interpretation of their significance is somewhat different from Clough's. In that vivid l)Ook, the Nemesis of Faith, we have them sketched with wonderful force and life. Let me rapidly glance at some of their chief features, and note their similarity to the ideas which possessed Mr. "Ward, and yet the wide difference in the conclusions of the two men. Here is, in the first place, Froude's account of the Anglican Church of 1831— the " Our Church" of Mr. Ward's 398 THE OXFORD SCHOOL chap. invectives, with its " moderate " and " venerable " dignitaries and ecclesiastics : — " A foolish Church, chattering, parrot-like, old notes, of which it had forgot the meaning ; a clergy who not only thought not at all, but whose heavy ignorance, from long unreality, clung about them like a garment, and who mistook their fool's cap and bells for a crown of wisdom, and the music of the spheres ; selfishness alike recognised practically as the rule of conduct, and faith in God, in man, in virtue, exchanged for faith in the belly, in fortunes, carriages, lazy sofas, and cushioned pews; Bentham politics, and Paley religion ; all the thought deserving to be called thought, the flowing tide of Germany, and the philosophy of Hume and Gibbon ; all the spiritual feeling, the light-froth of the Wesleyans and Evangelicals ; and the only real stern life to be found anj'where, in a strong resolved and haughty democratic independence, heaving and rolling under- neath the chaff-spread surface. How was it like to fare with the clergy gentlemen, and the Church turned respectable in the struggle, with enemies like these ? Erastianism, pluralities, prebendal stalls, and pony- gigging parsons, — what work were they like to make against the proud, rugged, intellectual republicanism, with a fire sword between its lips, bidding cant and lies be still, and philosoph}', with Niebuhr criticism for a reaping sickle, mowing down their darling story-books ? High time it was to move indeed. High time for the Church warriors to look about them, to burnish up their armour, to seize what ground was yet remaining, what time to train for the battle." Here too is Mr. Fronde's account of the weapons with which the Apostles of the Slovement girded themselves, — of the elements of that Catholic sanctity which they held up in contrast to the common-sense working Protestantism of England, and to the spirit of this world which practically possessed the Anglican Church. ]\Ir. " The question -svith the Tract writers was, whether with the help of the old framework they could unprotestantise its working character, and reinspire it with so much of the old life as should enable it to do the same work in England which the Koman Church produced abroad- XV AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 399 to make England cease to produce great men — as we count greatness — and for poetry, courage, daring, enterprise, resolution, and broad honest understanding, substitute devotion, endurance, humility, self- denial, sanctity, and faith. Long sighted men saw now that Chris- tianity itself had to fight for its life, and that, unless it was very soon to die in England, as it had died in German]^ and France, something else than the broad solid English sense must be inoculated into the hearts of us. We were all liberalising as we were going on, making too much of this world and losing our hold upon the next ; forgetting, as we all did, that the next was the only real world, and this but a thorny road to it, to be trod with bleeding feet, and broken spirits. It was high time." And again he continues : — " To wean the Church from its Erastianism into militancy, where it might at least command respect for its sincerity. Slowly then to draw the people out of the whirl of business to thought upon themselves — from self-assertion, from the clamouring for their rights and the craving for independence, to alms-giving, to endurance of wrong, to the confessional — from doing to praying — from early hours in the office, or in the field, to matins and daily service ; this was the purpose of the Tract Movement. God knows, if Christianity be true, a purpose needful enough to get fulfilled. For surely it is madness, if the world be the awful place the Bible says it is, the Devil's kingdom — the battle-field between good and evil spirits for the eternal happiness or eternal perdition of human souls — to go out, as we all do, clergy and all of us — to eat, and drink, and labour, and enjoy our labour's fruit, and find our home and happiness here." Such are the words of the hero of Mr. Froude's novel, Markham Sutherland, who passes for a time under the influence of the Newmanite teaching. 400 THE OXFORD SCHOOL literal Christianity of the Gospels which the ilovement had forced on his attention, with all its consequences. " For me," he writes, " the World was neither so high nor so low as the Church would have it ; chequered over with its wild lio-ht shadows, I could love it and all the children of it more dearly perhaps because it was not all light. ' These many men so beautiful,' they should be neither God's children nor the Devil's children, but the children of men." It is at this point that Sutherland is spoken of as " working round to a stronger and more real grasp of life." The melancholy history which follows of his crime, of his feverish repentance and accept- ance of Catholicism as an anaesthetic, of the consequent re- action and final despair, of the miserable death after which, as his biographer says, " no living being was left behind him on earth who would not mourn over the day which brought life to Markham Sutherland," — of all this I will not speak, as Mr. Fronde plainly implies tliat it was the result of special circum- stances and of an unhinged mind. Up to the point of which I have spoken, however, the history is obviously intended as both typical and as the history of a reasonable mind. Let it be noted, then, that the two central problems of religious life with which Mr. Froude deals — in one case in his own person, in the other in that of his hero — are closely connected, and at least bring out the coherency and force of the religious philosophy of the Oxford school. The first problem is that of historical and critical evidence. It is the problem which is now being constantly iirged upon orthodox believers. A novel which has been widely read, and is undoubtedly representative of a very active school of thought, has painted graphically the decay of orthodox faith on this one. ground. Eobert Elsmere lost his belief simply because it seemed to him that modern criticism invalidated the testimony for the miraculous element in the Christian history. Let it be noted well then that the Oxford school saw fifty years ago that advancing science would urge this line of argument. It is fifty years since Xewmau proclaimed to his disciples that the historical e^-idence pure and simple for Christianity — isolated and viewed simply as e\adence a posteriori for a miraculous fact — was insufficient. That proclamation as we have here seen, saved for Ward orthodox belief, and destroyed AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 401 belief in Froude. Whence this difference of effect ? It is 1 found in the second problem, the second crucial struggle h Mr. Froude describes in the person of his hero. Let me try and explain this. Newman had maintained, 'e have seen, that to those who recognise the God of 3tianity, to those who trust the reality of their com- Lon with Him in prayer, who see His hand in the nes of the history of the chosen people, and in the rthliness of Christian doctrine and Christian life, there s a strong presumption for the facts of Christianity which lies the deficiency of the historical evidence. This pre- Dtion did not indeed, even ou Newman's principles, dis- e with the necessity of a j)oster%ori proof for a complete ry of belief; but it so transformed and deepened the nds of belief as to require for its destruction far more nt evidence discrediting revelation than the chameleon- critical school had brought or was likely to bring. He itained that new explanations or modifications here and e of the current orthodox language was the probable solu- of difficulties raised by new discoveries, which hasty and mperate intellectualists, with the sanguiueness of specialists er than the caution of philosophers, urged and would urge 'atal to belief in a miraculous Christianity. Again, the jry of Christianity disclosed possibilities of a renewal of human soul, and revealed divine forces for effecting that wal, and those forces had in fact been absolutely bound vith belief in a miraculous history. Vivid belief in that jry had been the life of the Church. The supposition m advanced in our days) that Christianity can do its V as well without this belief, was purely speculative and arranted, and contrary to all analogy. Christianity without sis in fact was like fihal affection without the existence of ;her or mother.^ The life of the Christian character has I trust in facts. This being so, if we recognise an over-ruling Providence he history of the Church, we have in that recognition trong presumption that the vital facts of Christianity true. The vivid recognition of this presumption by realisation of Christian sanctity, of the Christian ^ See Apologia, p. 49. 2 D 402 THE OXFORD SCHOOL chap. spirit, and of the hand of Providence in the history of his Church, and of the difference in kind between the personal trust in a still living and Divine Christ and the mere devotion to an idea — both in itself and in its effects — such personal api^rehensions as these help to form that spirit of Faith which Newman urged as necessary in supplementing the historical evidences ; and it was this spirit which Mr. Froude declared himself unable to understand. Here we must leave Mr. Froude himself and go to the hero of his novel, who gives us more materials for judgment. Markham Sutherland goes so far with Mr. Froude, but - in his case we have the key to the effect pro- duced on him by Newman's philosophy of Faith. Wliy did that philosophy lead Mr. Ward out of that sceptical frame of mind into which it plunged ]\Iarkham Sutherland % The reply has only to be briefly indicated ; the materials for it have been given already. To Mr. Ward the difficulties of tlie historical proof were already a reality. He saw the impossibility of viewing the miraculous events of the Christian history as something apart from its internal credentials — as facts to be established by the cold dry light of a posteriori proof The presumptions of the case, in this view, were all against the truth of such a history. What was miraculous, as at least unusual, was improbable. The superficial points of resemblance between Christianity and other religions seemed the most significant points. They were at all events the most obvious and easily ascertainable points, if Christianity were approached from without instead of from within. If supposed miracles in other rehgious systems were mythical, so, probably, were the Christian miracles. If otlier mythologies were traceable to ascertainable sources of error in human nature, why should not the Christian theology be equally so traceable ? Such were the presumptions, such the guiding spirit of inquiry, to one who approached the matter purely as an external event, without personal relation to himself, and affording no special or unusual internal evidence. On the other hand, on Newman's principles Ward found the presumptions reversed. Commence by the realisation of the depths of the human soul, of its relations with God, of the probability that God would grant a revelation, of the points of XV AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 403 contrast between the Christian revelation and other rehgions, and facts assunae a different colour. If Christianity in its true exhibition is unlilcc religious fanaticism, and is unique among religions, the antecedent improbability of its miracles to a gTcat extent ceases. An event solitary in human history for its greatness and significance may well bring marvels in its train. The enquirer proceeds, then, in comparing it with other rehgions, to note differences rather than similarities. Again, the actual experiences of a practical Christian increase his perception of God's presence with mankind, and lead thi Christian to add the weight of vivid belief in the Providential course of the great events in history, to those a i^osteriori proofs which, taken alone, left the matter undetermined. Thus Newman's philosophy aclded much to Ward's Christianity, while it took away nothing. And — which is here in point — the additions depended on deeper and more expHcit realisation of the spiritual nature of man in his existing condition, of his relations with God, and of the internal marks which the Christian message bears of its own divinity. And an integral element of each of these three, in our fallen state, is the conception of sin. Without that conception Theism and Christianity alike assume an entirely new character in their relations to mankind, and are only apprehended | imperfectly and externally. The sense of the need of a remedial religion for fallen man, the prayer to God for help in the struggle against sinful nature, the actual consciousness of the contrast between the ideal standard which our better nature reverences and the evil inclinations and acts of the lower nature — these are elementary facts in that internal and personal view of Christianity to which Newman appealed. And they all involve the sense of sin. Sutherland, as we have seen, denied the reality of sin altogether ; and in doing so he destroyed that fabric of in- ternal evidence for which Newman contended. The destruc- tion, then, of the purely external proof of Christianity was to him the destruction of all proof But it deserves consideration whether the elimination of sin from the realities of the human soul does not, in practice, leave the Theism which may remain a comparatively meaningless formula — parallel rather to Deism or even to Pantheism than to the Theism of a religious Unitarian. 404 THE OXFORD SCHOOL chap. For myself I confess this seems to be the case, and the grounds on which Sutherland rejected Newman's philosophy of faith seem to involve tlie loss of all idea of the soul's personal relations with God. 1 am not denying that many might reject that philosophy and yet preserve the conception of those relations untouched. Dr. Martineau, for example, would un- doubtedly deny that jSTewman's principles give sufficient grounds for a belief in the miracles of Christianity. All I contend for is that in the history of Sutherland it is the denial of those relations — the loss of all sense of what is the first reality of spiritual consciousness in communion with the supreme power, the sense of sin, — which led to the rejection of ISTewman's principles. His rejection of sin led, further, to the rejection of Catholicism, not, as he professed, because the sense of sin leads directly to Catholicism as an antesthetic, but mainly in virtue of those elements in Catholicism which it shares with all true Theism, but which it presents so much more fully and vividly, in all their consequences. Tractarianism forced on Sutherland's attention the dilemma which a less definite and active system might have left him to recognise or not as he pleased. It was a choice between active recognition of the reality of the spiritual life and its rejection. Confession, self-examination, and the detailed re- ligious practices of the party pressed the dilemma on his attention ; and when he looked back at the principles of faith itself, he found again that Xewman held up the moral proof, based on the spiritual life, as all-important. Had these ele- ments been less forcibly insisted on, it is conceivable that there would have been no open apostacy ; but none the less, if the inability to believe fully in the reality of sin was already there, Newman's teaching was rather the occasion than the cause of the avowed scepticism which ensued. A temporary withdrawal of the pressure of asceticism, and a more prominent insistence on a jwsteriori and historical Christian evidences might have calmed Sutherland's mind for a time: but such treatment would not have touched the root of his disease ; and unless a more radical change had been effected by other agencies, the scepticism must have ultimately asserted itself An additional circumstance, which would seem to favour this view, lies in the fact that Newman's writings have often XV AND MODERN RELIGIOUS THOUGHT 405 been known to help in their struggle against unbelief those who do not recognise that their full development is to be found only in the Church. Such thinkers — to whom prayer and sin were already realities — even when they have found him in part unconvincing, have not found him sceptical in tendency. To pursue this further, however, or again to con- sider how far other cases — such as those of C'lough and Pattison' — can be explained on the same lines as that of Markham Sutherland, would cairy me beyond my present limits. With these suggestions, then, I bring to a close my study of certain phases of the Oxford Movement. I have not attempted to estimate the extent or degree of its consequences. It is possible that these are hardly capable of being ascertained fully even now. I have spoken only of the direction of its influence on the points I have referred to. That its effect on religious thought must ultimately prove to have been considerable will hardly be doubted by those who attribute to the Oxford writers qualities which few have denied them — deep and single- minded earnestness and rare intellectual gifts — and who bear in mind that these qualities were kindled and concentrated in their action, by a crisis of spiritual animation without parallel in our own century and country. ISToTB. — I should remark, for the benefit of Catholic readers, that while I have throughout the foregoing chapter implied that all that was best and truest in the Tractarian teaching finds its natural outcome and fullest expression in the Church, and while in some instances Tractarian doctrine was identical with Catholic doctrine and is spoken of as Catholic, I have not attempted the task of examining what modifications in detail or in expression would be necessary to bring the-writings of the Oxford school into complete accord with the teaching of the Catholic schools. Such a task, however interesting in itself, would have been outside the scope of my book. APPENDIX A The following sermon, written by Mr. Ward in December 1837, while he was still to some extent " Arnoldian," illustrates certain features in his attitude on religious subjects described in Chapter IV. It will be noticed that he rejects the doctrine of the "real presence" in it — a doctrine which a few months later he accepted with the rest of the Anglo-Catholic theology. God is a Spirit : and they that luorship Him must imrship Him in spirit and in truth. — St. John iv. 24. No man hath seen God at any time ; the only begotten Son, which is in the hosom of the Father, He hath declared Him. — St. John i. 1 8. God is a Spirit, as our Lord says : now what is a Spirit ? we can- not tell, the wisest of us any more than the most ignorant ; only as we get wiser we see more and more that we cannot tell. All that we know is that it is not a body — not anything which may be discerned by our senses. So then we cannot have any idea of a Spirit, and so of what God is. We know that He made us, that He preserves and watches over us, that He loves us ; we know again, or we may know if we will read the Bible, that our first duty of all is to love Him ; that our love even of our families, our wives, our children, should be far less than our love of Him : much more our love of the business and pleasure of this world. We may know that to promote His glory should be the one chief object we have in view in all our thoughts, words, and actions. " Whether we eat or drink, or whatever we do, we are to do all to the glory of God." We may know that industry, honesty, contentment, chastity, are only acceptable to God at all, so far as they arise from thoughts of Him ; that in proportion as they are caused by a regard to our interest in this life, to our health, for instance, or to getting and laying by money, or to being liked by our neighljours, that in pro- portion say as these and the like are principal causes of our good actions, they lose their value in the sight of God altogether. " Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul and with all thy mind," says our Lord. " This is the first and greatest commandment ; and the second is like unto it, thou shalt 4o8 APPENDIX A love thy neighbour as tliyself." i Observe again in the Lord's prayer the very first petition, before we ask anything for ourselves _ or others, is "Hallowed be thy name": but there is no use in saying more about this ; we cannot look carefully at any part of the Bible without seeing this great truth clearly expressed. And yet how hard a task it is so to love Him, so continually to keep Him in our thoughts, to be so careful and jealous of His honour, when, as we have seen, we can have no idea whatever of Him as He is. So hard a task that many, it is to be feared, at different times have been led to paint Him to themselves in the form and image of an earthly king sitting in the heavens with a crown and sceptre, and thence looking down upon and ruling the earth. But the second com- mandment forbade the Jews from making any graven image of Him ; and the spirit of that commandment must ever remain to restrain us from daring to think of Him under any image which He has not allowed ; so that if no more were to be said than we have said, it must follow that we, poor weak creatures of sense as we are, ever carried away by the things around us from bearing in mind what is out of our sight, must try, as best we might, to have a con- tinual fear and love of Him whose very existence we must believe by faitli, and could not by any allowed means bring home to our imaginations. APPENDIX A 409 in subjection to His mother and His reputed father, and, as it seems, occupied with His trade of a carpenter ; that after that time He preached for three years a new revelation from God, and closed at length a life of continual grief and suffering by a painful and despised death. It is surely an awful thought ; well is it, as has been truly said, when we first bring it home to us, if it do not haunt us in our very dreams. Now the chief privilege which flows to us from this stupendous act of mercy is of course that by His death and resurrection He has reconciled us to God, and made us the heirs of everlasting life ; that whereas ever since Adam's fall sinful man had been in a state of enmity against God, He bare our sins on His own body on the tree, that we being by nature born in wrath, might become, to use the expression of the collect for Christmas Day, which is repeated in to-day's service — God's children by adoption and grace. But this benefit being singled out from the rest for special observance at Eastertide, it may be more fitting at present to turn our thoughts to some of the many other blessings which follow in its train. And now we have the point to which I wished to bring what I said at first : " No man hath seen God at any time," it is most true, "but the only begotten Son hath declared Him." We may then think worthily of God by thinking of Jesus Christ ; we may without idolatry worship God in the form of His only begotten Son. Now all that I have been saying about His coming to us and dwelling upon earth is probably quite familiar to us all ; and so indeed it would seem, for if we heard of it for the first time, what words could express the eager anxiety with which we should press on to know all that was to be known as to the doings upon earth of this great and wonderful being ! Whereas, alas ! how few of us there are — I mean even among those who are in the habit of reading the Bible — who at all see how great their privilege is in being allowed to read it ! how many who open it wearily as an appointed task, and are glad when they come to the end of their appointed chapter, that they may close it again ! " Blessed are your eyes," says our Lord, "for they see, and your ears, for they hear; for I say unto you that many prophets and wise men have desired to see those things which ye see and have not seen them ; and to hear those things which ye hear and have not heard them." Those things which we may, any of us, read any day in the New Testa- ment, are [those for which] holy and wise men of old would gladly have resigned all other earthly blessings if they might have known them ; but they might not. We know them ; and I ask, can we even for a moment conceive the state of mind which would hold that knowledge more precious than all earthly things, than all happiness, than increase of riches, than unfailing health 1 and if we cannot conceive it, are we not self-condemned ? I said that we know 410 APPENDIX A these things ; but do we know them ? or rather, although the words are so familiar to us, have we any of us ever heartily conceived the thing expressed by the words % have we ever fixed in our minds the great events I have run through, as things which as really and cer- tainly happened upon this earth as anything that we see around us every day ? and yet which far more nearly concern us than any- thing that we see around us ?. It must very much concern us, then, to find out the cause why we so little understand what we all so fully believe ; or rather, that our belief extends only to the words and not to the idea signified. Now though there are other things which partly account for this, one great cause seems certainly to be that one most important part of Scripture we do not read in such a manner as to draw from it the very chief benefit it was intended to give us : I mean the four Gospels. They contain an account of the life of our Lord chiefly from the time when, being thirty years old, He began His ministry. They do not contain a regular life, that is, a detail in order of time of His actions, but rather what would be called now anecdotes ; that is, they give us perhaps some one story or some one speech of His at length, and then pass over some considerable time in silence, and then give a long account of some other story or speech, or give a short story in order to introduce some one of His speeches, or string together a set of short sayings of His all together, and so on. The one thing clearly in view is to give a just and full idea of our Saviour's character, and this kind of writing, if we would but make use of it, is singularly fitted for that end. But so it is, we have read the words so often, as is natural, and have generally taken so little pains to enter into their meaning, which has been chiefly our own fault in days of old, that we are as it were punished for it by the much greater difficulty we have in entering fully into what we read than what we otherwise might have felt : " the words fall on our ear like an old familiar sound, producing no impression and awakening no idea." Now I would say, are we reading some story about our Lord ? let us try and paint to ourselves His very form, and manner, and action : are we reading some speech of His 1 let us look carefully on what occasion it was delivered, and imagine to ourselves as best we can the scene at the time, let us try and think of His very expression of countenance and voice and gesture. This is a great advantage of pictures representing scenes of the New Testament, if any of us have means of seeing such : they help us so very much in forming clear ideas of the stories in the Gospels : at all events we ought as much as we can to fancy to ourselves a picture of every scene we there read of. Let us take, for instance, the story which so naturally occurs to us at the present time ; the shepherds comin"- in to worship the infant Jesus. Let us think first of the mann-er itself with the brute cattle about it, and in one corner of it the child APPENDIX A 411 with His mother; let us think of that mother's countenance as knowing and keeping to herself the great secret of the manner of that child's birth ; and then let us think of the body of shepherds rushing in and bowing down to the Babe in the cradle as the ])romised deliverer of their nation, and straightway going out and filling the ears of every one with the -wonders they had seen and heard. But it will generally be far more useful to dwell on scenes where our Lord Himself is the principal personage ; as a definite idea of Him as He was is the great tiling to be aimed at. " After these things Jesus went over the Sea of Galilee, which is the Sea of Tiberias ; and a great multitude followed Him because they saw His miracles which He did on them that were diseased ; and Jesus went up into a mountain, and there He sat with His disciples." "Now suppose," says this writer, "this passage to be read to his children by the master of a family, how many would hear it without interest and without receiving any clear ideas from it. But suppose he could show to his children the real scene men- tioned ; and taking his family to some hill from whence they could behold the whole country of Galilee, actually see what this describes. ' Do you observe,' he might say, ' that wide sea which fills the whole extent of the valley beneath us % that is the Sea of Tiberias, called also the Sea of Galilee : all this country round it is Galilee, those distant mountains are in Galilee, and that beautiful wood is a Galilean forest : but look ! do you see that small boat coming round ? it is slowly making its way across the water ; we may almost hear the plashing of the oars. It contains the Saviour and some of His disciples. They are steering towards Tiberias — they approach the shore — they stop at the landing and the Saviour followed by His disciples walks out upon the shore.' Suppose now this party of observers to remain a little longer at their post, and see in a short time that some sick person is brought to the Saviour to be healed : another and another comes, a crowd gradually collects around Him : He retreats slowly up the rising ground, and after a little time is seen to take His place upon an elevated spot where He can overlook and address the throng which has collected around Him." Now I am far from saying it \vill be easy for any of us to set about reading the four Gospels in this manner ; no bad habit whatever is easy to get rid of, and this inveterate habit of reading the mere words of the stories without taking in their full meaning is not more easy to get rid of than any other habit ; but surely it is worth while taking some little pains to acquire what will be found so very important a help towards that real and hearty faith in Jesus Christ which can alone support us in this weary and sinful life, against all the besetting temptations of the world, the flesh, and the devil. 412 APPENDIX A The portions of Scripture selected for the Gospels of the dif- ferent Sundays and Holydays in the year, will many of them, I think, be found a very useful selection for those who wish to begin this habit. It will be best, I should think, to take some one of the shorter stories of our Lord contained in them as a beginning, and read it over and over carefully with this view, till we should be able ourselves to tell the same story in different words, and to stand any cross question- ing as to the circumstances attending them. Or again we might take the account of our Lord's raising Lazarus in John xi., which is too long to be selected as the Gospel for any day, but is one of the most affecting of all the scenes in our Lord's life ; and is more- over one which I think will be found more easy to conceive dis- tinctly than many others are. And then, when we have conceived distinctly this or any other story, let us call to mind that He of whom he has been reading is no other than Almighty God, surrounded by His sinful creatures whom He has come from Heaven to redeem. This will not, I suppose, be done without a degree of attention which at first will be rather jiainful, and at first, moreover, will only be imperfectly done : but then, like everj'thing else, it will very much improve by practice : it will become far more easy, and also we shall do it better, till at last we may hope it will be- come our only natural way of reading the four Gospels. And it will help us, I think, if from the time we begin this practice we never allow ourselves to read that part of the Bilile in any other way : we shall still have the other parts of New Testament, and also the long speeches of our Lord, as, e.g., the Sermon on the Mount in St. Matthew, and our Lord's discourse to his disciples after the last supper in St. John ; but we shall find great help in never suffering ourselves to read about any action of our Lord's without trying to fix in our minds a picture, as it were, of what is described.
|
#include "ratiotest.hpp"
double step(double x, double p, double l, double u, double t) {
if (p < -t && l > -std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()) {
return (l - x) / p;
} else if (p > t && u < std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()) {
return (u - x) / p;
} else {
return std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
}
}
RatiotestResult ratiotest_textbook(const Vector& x, const Vector& p,
const Vector& rowact, const Vector& rowmove,
Instance& instance, const double alphastart,
const double t) {
RatiotestResult result;
result.limitingconstraint = -1;
result.alpha = alphastart;
// check ratio towards variable bounds
for (HighsInt j = 0; j < p.num_nz; j++) {
HighsInt i = p.index[j];
double alpha_i =
step(x.value[i], p.value[i], instance.var_lo[i], instance.var_up[i], t);
if (alpha_i < result.alpha) {
result.alpha = alpha_i;
result.limitingconstraint = instance.num_con + i;
result.nowactiveatlower = p.value[i] < 0;
}
}
// check ratio towards constraint bounds
for (HighsInt j = 0; j < rowmove.num_nz; j++) {
HighsInt i = rowmove.index[j];
double alpha_i = step(rowact.value[i], rowmove.value[i], instance.con_lo[i],
instance.con_up[i], t);
if (alpha_i < result.alpha) {
result.alpha = alpha_i;
result.limitingconstraint = i;
result.nowactiveatlower = rowmove.value[i] < 0;
}
}
return result;
}
RatiotestResult ratiotest_twopass(const Vector& x, const Vector& p,
const Vector& rowact, const Vector& rowmove,
Instance& instance, Instance& relaxed,
const double alphastart, const double t) {
RatiotestResult res1 =
ratiotest_textbook(x, p, rowact, rowmove, relaxed, alphastart, t);
if (res1.limitingconstraint == -1) {
return res1;
}
RatiotestResult result = res1;
double max_pivot = 0;
if (res1.limitingconstraint != -1) {
if ((int)result.limitingconstraint < instance.num_con) {
max_pivot = rowmove.value[result.limitingconstraint];
} else {
max_pivot = p.value[result.limitingconstraint - instance.num_con];
}
}
for (HighsInt i = 0; i < instance.num_con; i++) {
double step_i = step(rowact.value[i], rowmove.value[i], instance.con_lo[i],
instance.con_up[i], t);
if (fabs(rowmove.value[i]) >= fabs(max_pivot) && step_i <= res1.alpha) {
max_pivot = rowmove.value[i];
result.limitingconstraint = i;
result.alpha = step_i;
result.nowactiveatlower = rowmove.value[i] < 0;
}
}
for (HighsInt i = 0; i < instance.num_var; i++) {
double step_i =
step(x.value[i], p.value[i], instance.var_lo[i], instance.var_up[i], t);
if (fabs(p.value[i]) >= fabs(max_pivot) && step_i <= res1.alpha) {
max_pivot = p.value[i];
result.limitingconstraint = instance.num_con + i;
result.alpha = step_i;
result.nowactiveatlower = p.value[i] < 0;
}
}
result.alpha = fmax(result.alpha, 0.0);
return result;
}
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He did not wait in vain. After the martyrdom of Stephen, a number of believers from Jerusalem, from among the Qreek-speaking Jews (the Hel- lenists), fleeing from the persecution which ra^ed in Palestine, had emigrated to Antioch, the capital of Syria. In their missionary zeul they had overstepped the limit which had been hitherto observed by the preachers of the gospol,and addressed themselves to the Greek population.* It was the first time that Christian effort made way for itself among Gen- tiles properly so called. Divine grace accompanied the decisive step. A numerous and lively church, in which a majority of Greek converts were associated with Christians of Jewish origin, arose in the capital of Syria. In the account given of the founding of this important church by the author of the Acts (xi. 20-24), there is a charm, a fascination, a freshness, which are to be found only in pictures drawn from nature. The apostles and the church of Jerusalem, taken by surprise, sent Barna- bas to the spot to examine more closely this unprecedented movement, and give needed direction. Then Barnabas, remembering Saul, whom he had previously introduced to the apostles at Jerusalem, went in search of him to Tarsus, and brought him to this field of action, worthy as it was of such a laborer. Between the church of Antioch and Paul the apostle there was formed from that hour a close union, the magnificent fruit of which was the evangelization of the world. After laboring together for. a whole year at Antioch, Barnabas and Saul were sent to Jerusalem to carry aid to the poor believers of that city. This journey, which coincided with the death of the last representative of the national sovereignty of Israel, Herod Agrippa (Acts xii.), certainly took place in the year 44 ; for this is the date assigned by the detailed account of Josephus to the death of this sovereign. It was also about this time, under Claudius, that the great famine took place with which this journey was connected, according to the Acts. Thus we have here one of the surest dates in the life of St. Paul. No doubt this journey to Jerusalem is not mentioned in the first chapter of Galatians among the sojourns made by the apostle in the capital which took place shortly after his conversion, and to explain this Omission some have tnought it necessary to suppose that Bar- nabas arrived alone at Jerusalem, while Paul stayed by the way. The text of the Acts is not favorable to this explanation (Acts xi. 30, xii. 25). The reason of PauFs silence about this journey is simpler, for the context of Gal. i., rightly understood, does not at all demand, ns has been imagined, the enumeration of all the apostle^s journeys to Jerusalem in those early times. It was enough for his purpose to remind his readers that his Jirat meeting with the apostles had not taken place till long after he had begun his preaching of the gospel. And this object was fully gained by stating the date of his Jirst stay at Jerusalem subsequent to his conversion. And if he also mentions a later journey (chap, ii.)* the fact does not show that it was the second journey absolutely speaking. He speaks of this new jour- ney (the third in reality), only because it had an altogether peculiar im- portance in the question which formed the object of his letter to the churches of Galatia. 1 The nH:e!ved resdtnjg^ : to the JTdUnUts^ absolntclr fkloifif^ii the meaning of the jtaprage (Acts xl. 30). It hM already been corrected in our tranBlaii*ii8 in the English Grecians^ phoald be Oreek») ; the reading should bo : fo the Ilellenes, Accoruin^ to iliu olue«t mannscripts (sinaiticut*, Alexandrinvs^ etc.), and accord inj; to the context, which imperatiyely demands the mention of a fact of a wholly new character. r. 16 INTBODUCTION. [chap. I. n. The second part of the apostle^s career includes his three great missionary journeys, with the visits to Jerusalem which separate them. With these juurneys there is connected the composition of Paul's most important let- ters. The fourteen years embraced in this period must, from what has been said above, be reckoned from the year 44 (the date of Herod Agrippa's death) or a little later. Thus the end of the national royal house of Israel coincided with the beginning of the mission to the Gentiles. Theocratic particularism beheld the advent of Christian universalism. PauPs three missionary journeys have their common point of departure in Antioch. This capital of Syria was the cradle of the mission to the Gentiles, as Jerusalem had been that of the mission to Israel. After each of his journeys Paul takes cares to clasp by a journey to Jerusalem the bond which should unite those two works among Gentiles and Jews. So decplv did he himself feel the necessity of binding the churches w^hich ho founcLed in Gentile lands to the primitive apostolic church, that he went the length of saying : ** lest by any means I had run, or should run, in vaW (Gal. ii. 2). The first journey was made with Barnabas. It did not embrace any very considerable geographical space ; it extended only to the island of Cyprus, and the provinces of Asia Minor situated to the north of that island. The chief importance of tliis journey lies in the missionary principle which it inaugurates in the history of the world. It is to be observed that it is from this time Saul begins to bear the name of Paul (Acts xiii. 0). It has been supposed that this change was a mark of respect paid to the procon- sul Sergius Paulus, converted in Cyprus, the first-fruits of the mission to the Gentiles. But Paul had nothing of the courtier about him. Others have found in the name an allusion to the spirit of humility — either to his small stature, or to the last place occupied by him among the apostles (?rat)Aoc, in the sense of the Latin paulus, paululus, the little). This is in- fenious, but far-fetched. The true explanation is probably the following : ews travelling in a foreign country liked to assume a Greek or Roman name, and readily chose the one whose sound came nearest to their He- brew name. A Jesus became a Jason, a Joseph a Hegesippun, a Dosthai a Dositheusy an Eliakim an Alkimos. So, no doubt, Saul became Paul. Two questions arise in connection with those churches of southern Asia Minor founded in the course of the first journey. Are we; with some writers (Niemeyer, Thiersch, Hausrath, Renan in Saint Paul, pp. 51 and 52), to regard these churches as the same which Paul afterward designates by the name of churches of Galatia, and to which he wrote the Epistle to the Qalatians (Gal. i. 2 ; 1 Cor. xvi. 2) ? It is certain that the southern districts of Asia Minor, Lycaonia, Pisidia, etc., which were the principal theatre of this first journey, belonged at that time, administratively speak- ing (with the exception of Pamphylia), to the Roman province of Galatia. This name, which had originally designated the northern countries of Asia Minor, separated from the Black Sea by the narrow province of Paphla- gonia, had been extended by the Romans a short time previously to the districts situated more to the south, and consequently to the territories vis- ited by Paul and Barnabas. And as it cannot be denied that Paul some- times uses ofiicial names, he might have done so also in the passages re- ferred to. This question has some importance, first with a view to deter- mining the date of the Epistle to the Galatians, and then in relation to other' questions depending on it. According to our view, the opinion which has just been mentioned falls to the ground before insurmountable difilculties. 1. The name Galatia is nowhere applied in Acts ziiL and xiv. to the the- CHAP. I.] THE APOSTLE ST. PAUL. 17 atre of the Arst mission. It does not appear till later, in the account of the second mission, and only after Luke has spoken of the visit made bj Paul and Silas to the churches founded on occasion of the first (xvi. 5). When Luke names Phrygia and Qalatia in ver. 6, it is unquestionable that he is referring to different provinces from those in which lay the churches founded during the first journey, and which are mentioned vv. 1-5. 2. In 1 Peter i. 1, Galatia is placed between Pontus and Cappadocia, a fact which forbids us to apply the term to regions which are altogether southern. 3. But the most decisive reason is this : Paul reminds the Galatians (iv. 18) that it was sickness which forced him to stay among them, and which' thus led to the founding of their churches. How is it possible to apply this description to Paulas first mission, which was expressly undertaken with the view of evangelizing the countries of Asia, whither he repaired with Barnabas ? From all this it follows that Paul and Luke used the term Galatia in its original and popular > sense ; that the apostle did not visit the country thus designated till the beginning of his second journey, and that, conse- quently, the Epistle to the Galatians was not written, as Hausrath thinks, in the course of the second journey, but during the third, since this £pistle assumes that ttpo sojourns in Galatia had taken place previously to its composition.* A second much more important question arises when we inquire what exactly was the theoretic teaching and the missionary practice of Paul at this period. Since Riickert^s time, many theologians, Reuss, Sabaticr, Hausrath, Kl5pper, etc., think that Paul had not yet risen to the idea of the abrogation of the law by the gospel.* Hausrath even alleges that the object which Paul and Barnabas naa in Asia Minor was not at all to con- vert the Gentiles — were there not enough of them, says he, in Syria and Oilicia ? — but that their simple object was to announce the advent of the Messiah to the Jewuh communities which had spread to the interior. He holds that it was the unexpected opposition which their preaching met with on the part of the Jews, which led the two missionaries to address them- selves to the Gentiles, and to suppress in their interest the rite of circum- cision. To prove this view of the apostle^s teaching in those earliest times, there are alleged : (1) the fact of the circumcision of Timothy at this very date (Acts xvi. 3) ; (2) these words in Gal. v. 11 : ** If I y^ preach circum- cision, why do I yet suffer persecution ? Then is the offence of the cross ceased ;*' (3) the words, 2 Cor. v. 16 : ** Yea, though we have known Christ after the flesh, we know Him in that manner ru) more.'*'* * Let us first examine the view of Hausrath. Acts xiii. 1 et seq.V Why all this, if there had not been the consciousness that they were doing a work exceptionally important and in certain re- 1 **The inscriptions.** Mye Rrnsn himi>eir, "proTe that the old names remained " (p. sn). t *<Ye know how on account of rickness I preached the gospel nnto yon at ifU/Int** (vporrpov, the flfst of two times)/ > RcQss, Hiti. de la theoi. ehrit. I. S45 et seq. ; 8«bati«T. VApdtrt Pavh PP- 8-6. Renan in Saint Patfl, p. 7*2. ray^ : " Panl. who in the earliest part qfkie preaehing^ as it seems, preached dreamcieion, now declared it nsdess. * Comp. efpcclally KlOppor, JkuwwejfU Sendeehrelben an die Oemeinde tu KJorinih^ pp. 886- S87. 18 INTRODUCTION. [CHAP. I. * spects new ? And instead of being a step in advance, this work ivould be in reality, on the view before us^ a retrograde step as compared with what had already taken place at Antioch itself 1 The study of the general course of the history of the Acts, and of the progress which it is meant to prove, forces us to the conclusion that things had come to a decisive mo- ment. The church undertook for the first time, and with a full conscious- ness of the gravity of its procedure, the conquest of the Gentile world. The question, what at that time was the apostle's view in legard to the abrogation of the law, presents two aspects, which it is important to study separately. What did he think of subjecting the Gentiles to the institu- tions of the law ? and did he still hold its validity for believing Jews ? According to Gal. i. 16, he knew positively from the first day that if God had revealed HU Son to him in so extraordinary a way, it was ** that he might proclaim Him among the Oentiles.^* This conviction did not follow his conversion ; it accompanied it. Why should the Lord have called a new apostle, in a way so direct and independent of the Twelve, if it had not been with a view to a new work destined to complete theirs ? It is with a deliberate purpose that Paul, in the words quoted, does not say ilie Christ, but His Son. This latter expression is tacitly contrasted with the name Son of David, which designates the Messiah only in His paiticular rcr lation to the Jewish people. Now it cannot be admitted that Paul, knowing his mission to be des- tined to the Gentiles, would have commenced it with the idea of subject- ing them to the discipline of the law, and that it was not till later that he modified this point of view. According to Gal. i. 1 and 11-19, the gospel which he now preaches was taught him by the revelation of Jesus Christ, and without human interposition. And when did this revelation take place ? Ver. 15 tells us clearly : *' when it pleased God to reveal His Son to him," that is to say, at the time of his conversion. His mode of preaching the gospel therefore dates from that point, and we cannot hold, without con- tradicting his own testimony, that any essential modification took place in the contents of his preaching between the days following his conversion and the time when he wrote the Epistle to the Galatians. Such a suppo- sition, especially when an Epistle is in question in which he directly opposes the subjection of the Gentiles to circumcision, would imply a reticence unworthy of his character. He must have said : It is true, indeed, that at the first I did not think and preach on this point as I do now ; but I afterward changed my view. Facts on all sides confirm the declaration of the apostle. How, if during the first period of his apostle- ship he had circumcised the Gentile converts, could he have taken Titus undrcumcised to Jerusalem ? How could the emissaries who had come from that city to Antioch have found a whole multitude of believers on whom they sought to impose circumcision ? How would the Christians of Cilicia, who undoubtedly owed their entrance into the church to PauPs labors dur- ing his stay at Tarsus, have still needed to be reassured by the apostles in opposition to those who wished to subject them to circumcision (Acts xv. 23, 24) ? Peter in the house of Cornelius does not think of imposing this rite (Acts x. and xi.) ; and Paul, we are to suppose, was less advanced than his colleague, and still less so than the evangelists who founded the church of Antioch ! It is more difficult to ascertain precisely what Paul thought at the be- ginning of his apostleship as to the abolition or maintenance of the Mosaic law for believing Jews. Rationally speaking, it is far from probable that so sequacious a thinker as St. Paul, after the cnishing experience which he had just had of the powerlessness of the law either to justify or sanctify man, was not led to the conviction of the uselessness of legal ordinances for the salvation not only of Gentiles, but of Jews. This logical conclusion is confirmed by an express declaration of the apostle. In the Epistle to the CHAP. I.] THE APOSTLE ST. PAUL. 19 Galatians, ii. 18-20, there are found the words : '' I through the law am dead to the law, that I may live unto God ; I am crucified with Christ." If it was throfigh the law that he died to the law, this inner crisis cannot have taken place till the close of his life under the law. It was therefore in the very hour when the law finished its ofi^ce as a schoolmaster to bring him to Christ, that this law lost its religious value for his conscience, and that, freed from its yoke, he began to live really unto Qod in the faith of Christ crucified. This saying, the utterance of his inmost consciousness, supposes no interval between the time of his personal breaking with the law (a death) and the beginning of his new life. His inward emancipation was therefore one of the elements of his conversion. ' It seems to bo thought that the idea of the abrogation of the law was, at the time of SauPs con- version, a quite unheard-of notion. But what then had been the cause of Stephen^s death ? He had been heard to say ^^ that Jesus of Nazareth would destroy this temple and change the institutions which Moses had delivered " (Acts vi. 13, 14). Among the accusers of Stephen who re- peated such sayings, Saul himself was one. Stephen, the Hellenist, had thus reached before Paul's conversion the idea of the abolition of the law which very naturally connected itself with the fact of the destruction of the temple, announced, as was notorious, by Jesus. Many prophetic sayings must have lon^ before prepared thoughtful minds for this result.^ Certam of the Lord^s declarations also implied it more or less directly.' And now by a divine irony Saul the executioner was called to assert and realize the programme traced by his victim I The gradual manner in which the Twelve had insensibly passed from the bondage of the law to the personal school of Christ, had not prepared them so completely for such a revolution. And now is the time for indicating the true difference which separated them from Paul, one of the most difii- '^ cult of questions. They could not fail to expect as well as Stephen and Paul, in virtue of the declarations already quoted, the abrogation of the in- stitutions of the law. But they had not perceived in the cross, as Paul did (Gal. ii. 19, 20), the principle of this emancipation. They expected some external event which would be the signal of this abolition, as well as of the passage from the present to the future economy ; the glorious appearing of Christ, for example, which would be as it were the miraculous counterpait of the Sinaitic promulgation of the law. From this point of view it is easy to explain their expectant attitude as they considered the progress of Paur's work. On the other hand, we can understand why he, notwithstanding his already formed personal conviction, did not feel himself called to insist on the practical application of the truth which he had come to possess in 80 extraordinary a way. The Twelve were the recognized and titled heads of the church so long as this remained almost wholly the Jewish-Christian church founded by them. Paul understood the duty of accommodating his step to theirs. So he did at Jerusalem, in the great council of which we are about to speak, when he accepted the compromise which guarded the liberty of the Gentiles, but supported the observances of the law for Christians who had come from Juaaism. The circumcision of Timothy in PauPs second journey, far from betray- I The mmc result id reached by analysing the paaaage Phil. iii. 4-8. • Jer. xxzi. 81 ct seq. ; Mai. i. 11, etc. * Mark ii. 18, vii. 15, 16, xiU. 1, S, etc 20 INTRODUpTION. LCHA.P. I. ing any hesitation ia his mind on this point, is wholly in favor of our view. Indeed, Paul did not decide on this step, because he still regarded circum- cision as obligatory on believing Jews. The point in question was not Timothy's salvation, but the influence which this young Christian might exercise on the Jews who surrounded him : *^ Paul took and circumcised him," says the narrative, ^^ because of the Jew% who were in those regions.^^ If this act had been dictated by a strictly religious scruple, Paul must have carried it out much earlier, at the time of Timothy's baptism. The latter, indeed, was already a Christian when Paul arrived at Lystra the second time and circumcised him. ('* There was there a disciple,^ ^ we read in Acts xvi. 1.) At the beginning of the second journey, Timothy was therefore a believer and a member of the church, though not circumcised. This fact is decisive. It was precisely because the legal observance had become in Paul's estimation a matter religiously indifferent, that he could act in this respect with entire liberty, and put himself, if he thought good, ^* un- der the law with tho^e who were under the law, that he might gain the more.*' * Such was the course he followed on this occasion. The words, Gal. v. 11 : ^' It I yet preach circumcision, why do I yet suffer persecution ?" on which Reuss mainly supports his view, do not warrant the conclusion drawn from them by means of a false interpretation. Paul is supposed to be alluding to a calumnious imputation made by his adver- saries, who, it is said, led the Galatians to believe that previously, and else- where than among them, Paul had been quite ready to impose circumcision on his Gentile converts. Paul, according to the view in question, is reply- ing to this charge, that if to the present hour he yet upheld circumcision, as he had really done in the earliest days after his conversion, the Jews would not continue to persecute him as they were still doing. But the reasoning of Paul, thus understood, would assume a fact notoriously false, namely, that he had only begun to be persecuted by the Jews after he had ceased to make the obligatoriness of circumcision one of the elements of his preaching of the gospel. Now it is beyond dispute that persecution broke out against Paul immediately after his conversion, and even at Da- mascus. It was the same at Jerusalem soon after. ^ It is therefore absolutely impossible that Paul could have thought for a single instant of explaining the persecutions to which he was subjected by the Jews, by the fact that he had ceased at a given point of his ministry to preach circumcision, till then imposed by him. Besides, if Paul had really been accused in Galatia of having acted and taught there differently from what he had done pre- viously and everyhere else, he could not have confined himself to replying thus in passing, and by a simple allusion thrown in at the end of his letter, to so serious a charge. He must have explained himself on this main point in the beginning in chap. i. and ii., where he treats of all the questions relating to his person and apostleship. We therefore ret^ard the proposed interpretation as inadmissible. The change of which the apostle speaks is not one which had taken place in his system of preaching ; it is a change which he might freely introduce into it now if he wished, and one by which he would immediately cause the persecution to which he was subjected to cease. *' If I would consent to join to my preaching of the gospel that of circumcision, for which I was fanatically zealous during the time of my Pharisaism, the persecution with which the Jews assail me would instantly cease. Thereby the offence of the cross would no longer exist in their minds. Transformed into an auxil- iary of Judaism, the cross itself would be tolerated and even applauded by my adversaries." What does this signify ? The apostle means, that if he 1 1 Cor. ix. 19-28.— Th<* sitnatlon was evidently quite different when it was attempted to conHraln him to circnmciso Titna at Jcniealem. Here the qnestion of prin^ple was at stake. Ip this i>oeition there could be no qaestion of concession. % Acts ix. ^-M. CHAP, I.] THE APOSTLE ST. PAUL, 21 consented to impose circumciaion on those of the Gentiles -whom be con- verted by the preacliing of the cross, the Jews would immediately applaud his mission. For his conquests in Gentile lands would thus become the conquests of Judaism itself. In fact, it would please the Jews mightily to see multitudes of heathen entering the church on condition that all those new entrants by baptism became at the same time members of the Israel- itish people by circumcision. On this understanding it would be the Jewish people who would really profit by Paul's mission ; it would become nothing more than the conquest of the world by Israel and for Israel. The words of Paul which we are explaining are set in their true light by others which we read in the following chapter (Gal. vi. 12) : ** As many as desire to make a fair show in the flesh, they constrain you to be circumcised, only that they may not be persecuted for the cross of Christ. '' Certain preachers therefore, PauPs rivals in Galatia, were using exactly the cow- ardly expedient which Paul here rejects, in order to escape persecution from the Jews. To the preaching of the cross to the Gentiles they added the obli^toriness of circumcision, and the Jews easily tolerated the former in consideration of the advantage which they derived from the latter. This anti-Christian estimate was probably that of those intriguers at Jerusalem whom Paul calls, Gal. n.^ false brethren unateares hrought in, Christianity, with its power of expansion, became in their eyes an excellent instrument for the propagation of Judaism. So we find still at the present day many liberalized Jews applauding the work of the Christian church in the heathen world. They consider Christianity to be the providential means for piopa- fating Irsaeljtish monotheism, as paving the way for the moral reign of udaism throughout the whole world. And they wait with folded arms till we shall have put the world under their feet. The difference between them and St. PauPs adversaries is merely that the latter allowed themselves to act so because of the theocratic promises, while modern Jews do so in name of the certain triumph to be achieved by their purely rational religion. As to the passage 2 Cor. v. 16, we have already seen that the phrase : knowing Ohrut no more after the fienh^ does not at all refer to a new view posterior to his conversion, but desciibes the transfoimation which had passed over his conception of the Messiah in that very hour. We are now at the important event of the cotimnl of Jerusalem, which stands between the first and second journey. Subsequently to their mission to Cyprus and Asia Minor, which probably lasted some years, Paul and Barnabas returned to Antioch, and there re- sumed their evangelical work. But this peaceful activity was suddenly dis- turbed by the arrival of certain persons from Jerusalem. These declared to the believing Gentiles that salvation would not be assured to them in Christ unless they became members of the Israelitish people by circumci- sion. To understand so strange an allegation, w^e must transport ourselves to the time when it was given forth. To whom had the Messianic promises been addressed ? To the Jewish people, and to them alone. Therefore the members of this people alone had the right to appropriate them ; and if the Gentiles wished to share them, the only way open to them was to be- come Jews. The reasoning seemed faultless. On the other hand, Paul understood well that it cut short the evangelization of the Gentile world, which would never be made Christian if in order to become so it was first necessary to be incorporated with the Jewish nation. But more than all else, the argument appeared to him to be radically vicious, because the patriarchal promises, though addressed to the Jews, had a much wider range, and really concerned the whole world. Baur asserted that those who maintained the particularistic doctrine at 22 INTRODUCTION. [CHAP. I. ADtioch represented the opinion of the Twelve, and Renan has made him- self the champion of this view in France. Baur acknowledges that the narrative of the Acts excludes, it is true, such a supposition. For this book expressly ascribes the lofty pretensions in question to a retrograde party, composed of former Pharisees (Acts xv. 1-5), and puts into the mouth of the apostles the positive disavowal of such conduct. But the German critic boldly solves this difficulty, by saj^ing that the author of the Acts has, as a result of reflection, falsified the history with the view of dis- guising the conflict which existed between Paul and the Twelve, and of making the later church believe that these personages had lived on the best understanding. What reason can Baur allege in support of this severe judgment passed on the author of the Acts ? He nests it on the account of the same event given by Paul himself in the beginning of Gal. ii., and seeks to prove that this account is incompatible with that given in the Acts. As the question is of capital importance in relation to the begin- nings of Christianity, and even for the solution of certain critical ques- tions relative to the Epistle to the Komans, we must study it here more closely. We begin with the account of Paul in Galatians ; we shall after- ward compare it with that of the Acts. According to the former (Gal. ii), in consequence of the dispute which arose at Antioch, Paul, acting under guidance from on high, determined to go and have the question oS the circumcision of the Gentiles decided at Jerusalem by the apostles (ver. 1). ** A proof," observes Reuss, *' that Paul was not afraid of being contradicted by the heads of the mother church." * This observation seems to us to proceed on a sounder psychol- ogy than that of Renan, who asserts, on the contrary, that at Antioch ** there was a distrust of the mother church." It was in the same spirit of confidence that Paul resolved to take with him to Jerusalem a young Gen- tile convert named Titus. The presence of this uncircumcised member in the church assemblies was meant to assert triumphantly the principle of liberty. This bold step would have been imprudence itself, if, as Renan asserts, the church of Jerusalem had been ^^ hesitating, or favorable to the most retrograde party." Paul afterward (ver. 2) speaks of a conference which he had with the persons of most repute in the apostolic church — these were, as we learn from the sequel, Peter and John the apostles, and James the Lord^s brother, the head of the council of elders at Jerusalem ; Paul explained to them in detail (aveHi/ijjv) the gospel as ho preached it among the Gentiles, free from the enforcement of circumcision and legal ceremonies generally. He completes the account, ver. 6, by subjoining that his three interlocutors found nothing to add to his mode of teaching (ovdev irpocavidrvro). In Greek, the relation between this term added and that which precedes {explained) is obvious at a glance. PauPs teaching appeared to them per- fectly sufficient. Paul interrupts himself at ver. 3, to mention in passing a corroborative and significant fact. The faUe hrethren brought in, main- tained that Titus should not be admitted to the church without being cir- cumcised. In other circumstances, Paul, in accordance with his principle of absolute liberty in regard to external rites (1 Cor. ix. 20), might have yielded to such a demand. But in this case he refused ; for the question of principle being involved, it was impossible for him to give way. Titus was admitted as an uncircumcised member. True, Renan draws from the same text an entirely opposite conclusion. According to him, Paul yielded for the time, and Titus underwent circumcision. This interpretation, which was Tertullian^s, is founded on a reading which has no authorities on its side except the most insufficient ;' as little can it be maintained in > ffUe. de la Thiol, chrit. II. p. 310. * The omission of ov6e, ver. 5, in the Cantabriffiensity two Codd. of the old Latin translation^ and in eomc Fathers, exclnsively Greco-Latin anthorities. CHAP. I.] THE APOSTLE ST. PAUL. 23 view of the context. As to the apostles, they must necessarily have sup- ported PauPs refusal, otherwise a rupture would have been inevitable. But not only were the bonds between them not broken ; they were, on the contrary, stren^hened. Paul's apostolic call, with a viow to the Gentiles, was expressly recognized by those three men, the reputed heads of the church (vv. 7-9) ; Peter in his turn was unanimously recognized as called of God to direct the evangelization of the Jews. Then the five representa- tives of the whole church gave one another the hand of feUowMp, thus to seal the unity of the work amid the diversity of domains. Would this mutual recognition and this ceremony of association have been possible be- tween Paul and the Twelve, if the latter had really maintained the doctrine of the subjection of the Gentiles to circumcision ? St. Paul in the Epistle to the Galatians (i. 8) makes this declaration : '* Though we or an angel from heaven preach any other gospel unto you than that which "we have preached unto you, let him be accursed !'' Now the contents of this preaching of the gospel by Paul are also found thus stated in the Epistle (vv. 2-4) : ** Behold, I say unto you, that if ye be circumcised, Christ shall profit you nothing.'' And he would have recognized, he, Paul, as coming from God equally with hi:) own, the apostleship of Peter, and the teaching of Peter (ii. 7, 8), of Peter preaching circumcision ! The result flowing from Paul's narrative is not doubtful. The liberty of the Gentiles in respe'ct of circunicision was expressly recognized at Jerusalem by the apostles and the church. The narrow Judaizers alone persisted in their obstinacy, and formed a minority ever more and more hostile to this apos- tolic course. It is less easy to know from Paul's account what was agreed on in regard to converts from among' the Jews. The apostle's entire silence on this point leads us to suppose that the question was not once raised. Paul was too prudent to demand a premature solution on so delicate a point. His silence indicates that the old practice, according to which Jewish-Chris- tians continued to observe the law, was tacitly maintained. We pass now to the account given in Acts. Luke does not speak of the revelation which determined Paul to submit the question to the jurisdiction of the apostles. Natural as it is for Paul to mention this biographical de- tail, the explanation of its omission in a history of a more general character is equally easy. Acts presents the picture of a plenary assembly of the church before which the question was discussed, especially by Peter and James. This account differs from that of Galatians, in which we read only of a private conference. Reuss does not think that this difference can be explained. But a private talk between the leaders of two negotiating parties does not exclude a public meeting in which all interested take part. After men- tioning the exposition which he gave of his teaching, without saying exactly to whom, ver. 2, Paul adds an explanatory remark in the words : '' and that privaUly to them which were of reputation." * By this remark it would seem that he desires tacitly to contrast the private conversation which he relates with some other and more general assembly which the reader might have in his mind while perusing his narrative. The conclu- sion was therefore prepared in the private conversation, and then solemnly confirmed in the plenary council. Luke's narrative is the complement of Paul's. The interest of Paul, in his attitude to the Galatians, was to prove the recognition of his gospel and apostleship by the very apostles who were being opposed to him ; hence the mention of the private conference. Luke, wishing to preserve the deeply interesting and precious document which emanated from the council of Jerusalem, required above all to nar- rate the latter. 1 Ac Ib here taken in tbe same exegetical senBe as Rom. ill. 82 (to wit). This is also Banr's andeiatauding. 24 INTRODUCTION'. [CHAP. I. According to Luke, the speeches of Peter and James conclude alike for the emancipation of the Gentiles. This is perfectly in keeping with the attitude ascribed to them by St. Paul : ** they added nothing to my commu- nication/' James speaks of it in the Acts, at the close of his speech, as a matter of course, and about which there is no need of discussion, that as to the Christians of Jewish origin, the obligation to live confoimably to the observances of the law remains as before. Now we have just seen that this is exactly what follows from PauFs silence on this aspect of the question. Finally, in its letter to Gentile believers, the council asks them to abstain from three things, meats offered to idols, animals that have been strangled, and impurity (vv. 28, 29). Is not this demand in contradiction to the words of Paul : they added nothing to me f No, for the apostolical letter in the Acts immediately adds : *' From which things if ye keep yourselves, ye shM do well,'*'* The phrase used would have been very different if it had been meant to express a condition of salvation added to Paul's teaching. The measure which is here called for is so on the ground of the interests of the church. In fact, this was the price paid for union between the two parties of which Christendom was composed. Without the two former conditions, the life of Gentile believers continued, in the view of Jewish Christians, to be polluted with idolatry, and penetrated through and through with malign, and even diabolical influences.^ As to the third demand, it figures here because impurity was generally considered among the Gentiles to be as indifferent, morally speaking, and consequently as allowable, as eating and drinking (I Cor. vi. 12-14). And we can the better understand why licentiousness is specially mentioned in this passage, when we remember that the most shameless impurities hnd in a manner their obligatory and re- ligious part in idolatrous worships.*. As to the delicate question whether this compromise should be merely temporary, or if it had a permanent value in the view of the church of Je- rusalem, no one even thought of suggesting the alternative. They moved as the occasion demanded. Every one thought that he had fulfilled his task by responding to the necessities of the present situation. The really important fact was, that the emancipation of the Gentiles from legal obser- vances was irrevocably recognized and proclaimed by the Jewish-Christian church. Paul might assuredly congratulate himself on such a result. For though Jewish believers remained still tacitly subject to the Mosaic ritual, no positive decision had been passed on the subject, and the apostle was too far-seeing not to understand what must eventually follow the liberty granted to the Gentiles. Once tlr^so were set free from the Mosaic disci- pline, it was thereby established that the Messianic salvation was not bound up with the institutions of the law. Entrance into the church was independent of incorporation with Israel. All that Paul desired was im- plicitly contained in this fact. Levitical ritual thus descended to the rank of a simple national custom. By remaining faithful to it, believing Jews kept up their union with the rest of the elect people, an indispensable con- dition of the mission to Israel, till the day when God, by a striking dispen- sation, should Himself put an end to the present order of things. Paul » According to certain JewiA theories reproeented by the CUmentine EomVies (vlil. IB), animal food renders man o/io^iairof ioomfnenifal\t\\e table companion of demons as well as paj^anism and Its diabolical feasts. Blood in particular, aa the vehicle of souls, mast be care- fnlly avoided. 3 All that has been said with the view of identifying these three demands laid down at Jem- ralem with the no-called Noaehian commandments, as well as the conclusions drawn there* from— for example, the assimilation of the new converts to the former Gentile proselytes (see Keuss especially— has not the slitrhtest foundation in the text. One is forced, besides, by this parallel to give a distorted meaning to the woird iropvcio, vndUutity, as if in this decree it de- noted marziMges within certain degrees of relationship which were forbidden by the law^ and allowed in heathendom. Bnt there is nothing here to warrant ns in giving to this word so frequently used a different meaning from that which it has throughout the whole of the New Testament. CHAP. I.] THE APOSTLE ST. PAUL. 25 was too prudent not to content himself with such a result, the consequences •of which the future could not fail to develop. The conclusion to which we are thus brought, on this important and difficult question, is in its general features at one with that which has been recently stated by three men of undoubted scientific eminence, Weiz- sficker, Harnack, and even Keim. The first, in his admirable treatise on the church of Corinth,' thus expresses himself on the question : ^^ The apostles remained Jews, and confined themselves to the mission among the Jews. But they granted to Gentile Christianity so thorough a recognition, that we must conclude that their religious life had its centre no longer in the law, but in their faith as such. ... In fact, Paul never reckoned thd Twelve among his adversaries. He always distinguished them expressly from these, both before the conflict, by choosing them as arbiters, and after it" (Gal. ii.). Harnack, the man of our day who perhaps best knows the second century, thus expressed himself recently : ^^ The apocalyptic writings are the last strongholds within which a once powerful party still intrenches itself, whose watchword was : either Jewish- Christian or Gentile-Christian (the Tilbingen school). The influence of Jewish-Christianity on the catholic church in the course of formation, must henceforth be estimated at an almost inappreciable quantity.*' ' Keim, in a recent work,' demonstra^s the general harmony of the narratives given by Paul and Luke, except on one pomt (the conditions imposed on Gentile- Christians in the Acts, which he holds to be a gloss added to the original account) ; and he appreciates almost exactly as we do the mutual attitude of Paul and the Twelve. Impartial science thus returns to the verdict of old Irenseus : *' The apostles granted us liberty, us Gentiles, referring us to the guidance of the Holy Spirit ; but they themselves conformed piously to the institutions of the law established by Moses.'' * The exposition of Renan, given under Baur's influence, is a mere fancy picture. Returning to Antioch, Paul and Barnabas took with them Silas, one of the eminent men belonging to the church of Jerusalem, who was charged with delivering the reply of the council to the churches of Syria and Cilicia.* Soon afterward Paul set out with Silas on his second missionary journey^ after separating from Barnabas on account of Mark, the cousin of the latter (Col. iv. 10.) The texts give no ground for supposing that this rupture took place on account of any difference of view regarding the law, as some critics of a fixed idea have recently alleged. Barnabas and Paul had gone hand in hand in the conferences at Jerusalem, and the sequel will prove that this harmony continued after their separation. Paul and Silas together crossed the interior of Asia Minor, visiting the churches founded in the course of the first journey. Paul's destination now was probably Ephesus, the religious and intellectual centre of the most culti- vated part of Asia. But God had decided otherwise. The country whose hour had struck was Greecf^, not Asia Minor ; Paul understood this later. The two heralds of the gospel were arrested for some time, by an illness of St. Paul, in the regions of Galatia. This country, watered by the river Halys, was inhabited by the descendants of a party of Celts who had passed into Asia after the inroad of the Gauls into Italy and Greece, about 280 b.c. This illness led to the founding of the churches of Galatia (Gal. iv. 14). When they resumed their journey the two missionaries were > Jahrb.fSr deutacfu Th£ologi£, 1876. * Thieol, lAUraturzeUung (review of the publication of tho Asoeneion of Iaaiah,b7 Dillmann), 18T7. * Au8 dem UrchrUtenihwn. I. pp. 64-88. * Adv. Hwr. iii. 12. 15: GerUunu gulden (apostoll) tibere <igere permUiebant^ ooncedenU* not gpiritui aancto ; . . . ipH religiose agebant circa dispositionem legis qucs est secundum Mosem. * The argameDta of M. Renan {Saint Paul, p. 92) ai^inst tho flathenticlty of this, the oldest docoment of the church, are too easily ref atea to require that we ^oald examine Uicm in this sketch. 26 INTRODUCTION. [CHAP. I. arrested in the work of preaching by some inward hindrance, which pre- vented them from working anywhere. They thus found themselves led without premeditation to Troas, on the Egean Sea. There the mystery was cleared up. Paul learned from a vision that he was to cross the sea, and, beginning with Macedonia, enter on the evangelization of Europe. He took this decisive step in company with Silas, young Timothy, whom he had associated with him in Lycaonia, and, finally, the physician Luke, who seems to have been at Troas at that very time. This is at least the most natural explanation of the form we which here meets us in the nar- rative of the Acts (xvi. 10). The same form ceases, then reappears later as the author of the narrative is separated from the apostle, or takes his place again in his company (xx. 5, xxi. 1 et seq.. xxviii. 1 et seq.). Renan concludes from the passage, xvi. 10, without the least foundation, that Luke was of Macedonian extraction. We believe rather (comp. p. 15) that he was a native of Antioch. Such also is the tradition found in the Cfementine Recognitions and in Eusebius.
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package com.gersion.pictureshow.model.bean;
import java.util.List;
/**
* @作者 Gersy
* @版本
* @包名 com.gersion.pictureshow.model.bean
* @待完成
* @创建时间 2016/11/25
* @功能描述 TODO
* @更新人 $
* @更新时间 $
* @更新版本 $
*/
public class RandomBean {
public String reason;
public int error_code;
public List<ResultBean> result;
public class ResultBean {
public String content;
public String hashId;
public String unixtime;
public String url;
}
}
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import { Model } from 'mongoose';
import { Inject, Injectable } from '@nestjs/common';
import { User } from './interfaces/user.interface';
import { CreateUserDto } from './dto/create-user.dto';
import { UpdateUserDto } from './dto/update-user.dto';
@Injectable()
export class UsersService {
constructor(
@Inject('USER_MODEL')
private userModel: Model<User>,
) {}
async create(createUserDto: CreateUserDto): Promise<User> {
const createUser = new this.userModel(createUserDto);
return createUser.save();
}
async findAll(): Promise<User[]> {
return this.userModel.find().exec();
}
findOne(id: number) {
return `This action returns a #${id} user`;
}
update(id: number, updateUserDto: UpdateUserDto) {
return `This action updates a #${id} user`;
}
remove(id: number) {
return `This action removes a #${id} user`;
}
}
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/**
* Copyright (C) 2008 Rafael Farias Silva <[email protected]>
*
* Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
* you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
* You may obtain a copy of the License at
*
* http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
*
* Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
* distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
* WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
* See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
* limitations under the License.
*/
package br.com.jsigner.diagram.elements.method;
import static org.junit.Assert.assertTrue;
import java.lang.reflect.Method;
import org.junit.Test;
import br.com.jsigner.interpreter.MethodVisitor;
import br.com.jsigner.modsl.interpreter.ModslMethodVisitor;
public class MethodTest {
@Test
public void methodTest() {
Method[] declaredMethods = this.getClass().getDeclaredMethods();
ModslMethodVisitor visitor = new ModslMethodVisitor();
for (Method method : declaredMethods) {
br.com.jsigner.diagram.elements.method.Method m = new br.com.jsigner.diagram.elements.method.Method(
method);
visitor.visit(m);
}
String code = visitor.getResult();
assertTrue(code.contains("- privateStringMethod():String"));
assertTrue(code.contains("# protectedVoidMethod():void;"));
assertTrue(code
.contains("+ publicFinalStringMethod(String, MethodVisitor):String;"));
assertTrue(code.contains("# static protectedStaticIntMethod():int;"));
}
@SuppressWarnings("unused")
private String privateStringMethod() {
return null;
}
protected void protectedVoidMethod() {
}
public final String publicFinalStringMethod(String mimi, MethodVisitor m) {
return null;
}
protected static int protectedStaticIntMethod() {
return 0;
}
public abstract static class AbstractTestClass {
public abstract MethodTest publicAbstractMethodBuilderTestMethod();
}
}
|
package com.yeungeek.monkeyandroid.injection.component;
import com.yeungeek.monkeyandroid.ui.base.view.BaseToolbarFragment;
/**
* Created by yeungeek on 2016/1/18.
*/
public interface ReposComponent {
void inject(BaseToolbarFragment baseToolbarFragment);
}
|
How far this claim for science is true is discussed elsewhere. Meanwhile, in the mysterious realm of religion are such verifications possible ? Can its truths be translated into concrete form at will ? Can they be put to the test of actual experiment, and survive the test? Dare the Christian believer take up Huxley's words, as well as Paul's, and say that he believes in justification, not merely by faith, but by verification ? Do we reach in the spiritual realm, in a word, the height of that great certainty which enables the soul to say, not merely * I believe,' but — a more triumphant assertion yet — ' I know ' ? It is true beyond all possibility of serious denial that the seal of a genuine verification can be put, and is daily put, on the doctrines of Christianity. Under certain conditions they are countersigned, both by ohe 90 The Unrealized Logic of Religion personal consciousness of the believer, and by the visible ~ facts of the world. Verification for a chemist consists in putting together the elements of a given formula so that they produce, and always produce, a result which can be predicted. Let the process be translated into spiritual terms. Let us imagine that into the soul of a thief the great forces of religion are, somehow, introduced. Something will instantly and inevitably follow. He will steal no more ! The thievish fingers will forget their evil art. Let us suppose that a fallen woman from the street comes under the forces of religion, and is converted. In the defiled soul of that woman a strange white flame of chastity will instantly begin to glow. Vice will become hateful, purity imperative. The harlot of yesterday will become to-day, if not a saint, yet a soul under the law of saintly forces. Let the missionary go with his New Testament to some cluster of savage tribes set on a reef-girdled island in the Pacific. ' The lesson of the missionary/ says Darwin, ' is the enchanter's wand.' It is always the enchanter's wand ! It will not only create civilized habits, call a written language into existence, make commerce possible. It will slay lust and cruelty; it will make the savage gentle, the cannibal humane. The proof of this is written in history and on every page of the actual world. These experiments, of course, cannot be tried at will, for merely dialectical purposes, or at the bidding of a The Logic of Verification 91 scientific curiosity. You cannot catch your thief and inject Christian principles into him, with a hypodermic syringe, as you inject drugs. You cannot inoculate your harlot at will, and with a lancet. Christianity can only be applied under its own conditions and laws, and these conditions are personal to the subject. They are conditions, not of scientific curiosity in the operator, but of moral surrender and trust in the personal soul to which Christianity makes its appeal. Huxley's famous proposal to apply a prayer-test to a given ward in a great hospital showed, on his part, a complete ignorance of the real nature of prayer, and of the spiritual laws which govern it. It can be no complaint against religion that it must be tested under its own conditions. That is true of every verification of science. Each phenomenon has its own laws, and must be dealt with in harmony with those laws. But when the conditions of religion are satisfied, that certain results follow, follow inevitably and instantly, is beyond challenge. History may be put into the witness-box to prove it; the visible facts of the world attest it. But let us go a step farther. It may be claimed that, with uncounted multitudes of men and women to-day, religion stands, as a personal experience, in the category of verified truths. They do not simply be- lieve, they know. They know by the surest evidence on which truth can be built — the certitudes of con- sciousness. 92 The Unrealized Logic of Religion Millions of living men and women, for example, have undergone the process called conversion. They can recall the moment when, the place where, they yielded themselves to Christ. They hold still in vivid memory the phenomena and emotions which followed : the sudden rush of joy; the thrill of spirit touching spirit; the changed perspective of life; the sense of new relationships awakened; the empire of new motives suddenly established. And the essential identity of this great experience in myriads of lives, under the widest possible diversities of temperament, of education, and of environment, is a scientific phe- nomenon of the most impressive sort. The experience is as old as authentic history, and yet as new as the last sunrise, or as the dews lying on to-day's flowers. It is not confined to poets and mystics, to monks and dreamers; the witnesses run through all ranks of life, all diversities of character, and all generations of time. They range from John and Paul, from Augustine and a Kempis, to Pascal and Luther, to Gordon and Havelock. How do exactly the same phenomena emerge under conditions so un- like; in scholar and peasant, in little children and in learned men, in Augustine in the fifth century, and in John Smith in the twentieth century ? To many, it is true, religion does not report itself in any sudden rush of deep emotion, at some clearly dated moment, of the character described. But they know as a present fact, a fact verified from moment to The Logic of Verification 93 moment in their consciousness, that religion is true ; that, being accepted, it produces certain results in character and life. For them religion is not a theology, a history, a ritual, a hymnology. It is not even a scheme of ethics. It is a life, with all the forces, the self-conscious energies, and the quick susceptibilities of life. It is a living relationship to a personal God ; and the relationship is as vivid and definite as any tie that links one human being to another. And all this knowledge, it is to be noted, stands on a foundation of evidence at least as sure as our know- ledge of the external world itself. Our knowledge of the existence of the world of colour and form is only an act of faith in the veracity of the reports brought by the senses. It is but the translation into perception — wrought we cannot tell how — of certain nerve-vibra- tions. And does the great spiritual nature within us, which stands related to the spiritual order, possess nothing linking it to that order which corresponds to the senses by which we are linked to the material world? Shall we trust the touch of our fingers, the sight of our eyes, the hearing of our ears, and not trust the deepest consciousness of our higher nature — the answer of conscience, the flame of spiritual gladness, the glow of spiritual love ? To deny that spiritual experience is as real as physical experience is to slander the noblest faculties of our nature. It is to say that one half of our nature tells the truth, and the other half utters lies. The 94 The Unrealized Logic of Religion proposition that facts in the spiritual region are less real than facts in the physical realm contradicts all philosophy. And these subjective experiences, it is to be noted, are attested by external results. The inner experience has its reflex in the outer life. It registers itself in gentle tempers, in noble motives, in lives visibly lived under the empire of great forces. It may be objected that this verification is private, subjective; good, no doubt, for the soul to which it comes, but without authority for any one else ; whereas the verifications of science are universal. They are stamped with no personal signature, and wear and carry no marks of private ownership. But all knowledge runs back into privacy. We 1 know ' in the scientific sense only what we have trans- lated into the categories of our own mind. And the knowledge of God, sweet, and subtle, and sacred beyond all others, must have round it the shelter of a special privacy. Keligion being in its final analysis a personal relation betwixt the personal soul and the personal God and Saviour, its verification must in the nature of things be personal. To make this position clearer, let it be remembered, for a moment, what 'knowledge,' in the scientific mean- ing of the word, is. In the philosophical sense it is, and must be, an absolutely personal and untransferable thing. It rests on experience, it is limited to ex- perience. We can, in the scientific sense, know nothing The Logic of Verification 95 of which we have not had direct and individual ex- perience, and which we have not translated into terms of consciousness. And experience for any one is a tiny and limited area, covering only a limited range of facts. But who in practical life limits knowledge to the tests and demands of philosophy? 'We all/ says Illingworth, 'deal habitually with two kinds of knowledge, that which we verify for ourselves, and of whose truth we are personally certain, and that which we have never verified, and of which, therefore, at the very utmost, we can never be more than morally certain.' l But who pretends to rediscover, personally, all science ; to verify all geography ; to reject from the category of historical knowledge everything that did not begin with his own personal existence, and is not capable of being verified within that existence ? We practically, and in every realm, accept the col- lective experience of the race — or even the experience of a tiny cluster of individuals — as a sufficient equivalent for our own personal experience, and unhesitatingly describe what we thus learn as 'knowledge/ We claim to ' know ' there is a place called Tibet, even if our feet have never trodden its frosty plateau. We know it as certainly, if not as scientifically, as the men who have waded in its icy streams and felt the blowing of its bitter winds. Even a scientist does not pretend to knowledge at first hand outside his own section of study. He accepts nine-tenths of what he calls his 1 Reason and Revelation, p. 77. 96 The Unrealized Logic of Religion science on hearsay. If he is a geologist, he takes his astronomy on trust. If he is an astronomer; he accepts his chemistry on authority. And knowledge which rests on tho collective ex- perience of the race, or of one section of the race, if it does not satisfy the philosophical definition of know- ledge, and gives us only 'moral certainty/ is yet sufficient for all the purposes of life. A king will reward a soldier, a jury will hang a criminal, a banker will cash a cheque, on very much less than first hand and direct knowledge. And in this large and popular, though untechnical, sense, religion stands in the category of verified certainties. It is attested by the general experience of mankind. The other and rarer form of knowledge — knowledge whose witness lies in the secret and innermost chamber of the personal consciousness — the knowledge which is final and absolute for its subject, is possessed as to religion by myriads, and it is absurd to say that their experience is not valid for any one but themselves. It constitutes a weight of evidence which, for the rest of mankind, amounts to moral certainty. Let any one reflect on the cumulative force of evidence called into existence by all these separate and isolated verifica- tions. It is a mass of evidence as weighty as anything known to science. For consider the witnesses, their number, their character ; how they fill the centuries, how they crowd every realm, how they constitute one great unbroken The Logic of Verification 97 and many-centuried tradition. Here is a vast unceasing procession of men and women, born under every sky, belonging to every race and age, of all degrees of civiliza- tion, all varieties of social rank. It is a procession of witnesses continually renewed. In character — taken as a whole, and allowing for cases of imperfect develop- ment— they form the very salt of the race. Purity, truth, honour, integrity, humanity, all reach their highest level in them. The chain of witnesses stretches from the martyrs of the first Christian century to the last forgiven sinner of to-day. The Christian tradition is a thing which countless currents from countless sources, from countless ages, have imperceptibly gone to form ; ' brooks ' — to quote Illingworth — ' flowing into streams, streams swelling into rivers, rivers meeting in oceans, till the earth has become full of the knowledge of the Lord as the waters cover the sea.' In her Glimpses of Tennyson, just published, Miss Agnes Grace Weld tells how the great poet, as he walked side by side with her on the high, wind- swept hills about his house, said : — God is with us now on this down as we two are walking together, just as truly as Christ was with the two disciples on the way to Emmaus; we cannot see Him, but He, the Father, and the Saviour, and the Spirit, are nearer perhaps now than then, to those that are not afraid to believe the words of the Apostles about the actual and the real presence of God and His Christ with all who yearn for it. I should be sorely afraid to live my life without God's presence, but to feel He is by my side just now as much as you are, that is the very joy of my heart. H 98 The Unrealized Logic of Religion This is an experience repeated in myriads of human souls. Will any one say that this vast company of earth's very noblest and best, stretching through all the centuries and found under all skies, represents one huge conspiracy of falsehood ? Are all these witnesses dishonest or deceived ? If any physical phenomena were attested by such a body of witnesses, living or dead — a chain of witnesses perpetually renewed — doubt in regard to them would be insanity. God Himself makes this appeal to human con- sciousness. 'Ye are My witnesses/ He says. And the personal experience of the uncounted multitudes of Christ's followers in every age is, in each unit of the great host, a direct verification of the reality of religion. And these constantly reverberated and reduplicated verifications entitle us to claim that religion, as surely as science, stands in the category of things verified. It may be asked why this experience is not universal; and the answer is clear. The experience is not cheap, easy, independent of moral character; won without effort, and kept without care. God can only reveal Himself under the laws of personality, and these are fixed. They require attention, sympathy, moral harmony. A person who is hoV cannot reveal himself to the unholy, for his character to them is a thing unintelligible, or even hateful. All knowledge has behind it personal conditions. All knowledge, indeed — even knowledge of secular The Logic of Verification 99 things — runs back to a moral root. It represents, in the last analysis, attention ; and attention means desire, desire crystallized into will and sustained with effort. And personal knowledge depends absolutely on con- ditions of harmony betwixt the person knowing and the person known. c Blessed,' says the Divine Word, ' are the pure in heart, for they shall see God/ ' He that loveth not knoweth not God, for God is love.' Nothing in philosophy is more profound than those words. Verification, we repeat, must always be personal. It must lie deep in the secrets of the spiritual nature ; and such a verification of religion lies within every man's reach. 'If any man will do His will/ says Christ, 'he shall know/ And the presumptions in favour of Christianity are so mighty, so sacred, are of so tender and moving a character, that this mood of 'willingness' — of eager and solemn consent to do God's will as soon as that will is known, and step by step as it is known — is a moral obligation on every man. It is sufficient to put us on trial. There is no force of evidence on the side of unbelief that entitles any man to hold himself discharged from the duty of reverent and eager search after Christ. The mere possibility that He exists, that His gospel is true, that He has suffered for us, that He has redeemed us by His blood, and touches us with tender and nail- torn hands — all this lifts the whole question of religion out of the realm of what may be called debating-society ioo The Unrealized Logic of Religion logic, and translates it into moral terms. It clothes the bare possibility that religion is true, or may be true, with authority for the conscience, with subduing sweetness for the heart. It becomes, even at this stage, that ' categorical imperative ' of which Kant had a vision so clear. And truth, no matter how beclouded by doubt, becomes at the touch of the loyal and assenting will translucent. The effort to obey scatters the shadows. It brings an instant verification. Obedience is the true and final solvent of doubt. CHAPTER IV The Logic of the Sunset Spirits are not finely touched, But to fine issues. Shakespeare. Nature is visible thought. Heine. IN his Life Darwin tells us how, after wandering in the shadowy and leafy depths of a Brazilian forest, he wrote in his diary, ' It is not possible to give an adequate idea of the higher feelings of wonder, admiration, and devotion which fill and elevate the mind/ He recalls that passage late in life, and says with a certain accent of regret, ' JSTow the grandest scenes would not cause any such convictions and feelings to arise in my mind.' That decay of the higher susceptibilities in his case illustrates, of course, the law that the unused faculty dies. But Darwin himself can be quoted in proof of the fact that nature in one of her many forms of beauty —the beauty of a vast tropical forest— has power to strike in the human soul the chords of a feeling which is deeper than admiration, loftier than wonder ; a mood 102 The Unrealized Logic of Religion of ' devotion ' ; the sense of a Presence behind nature, and speaking through nature, to which the soul turns with an impulse of worship. But that experience is repeated in human life constantly; it is reflected on every page of litera- ture. The experience, it is true, does not come at will ; it is not possible in every mood. The capacity for it may be slain. But whoever has watched closely the emotions aroused in his own mind by any of the higher manifestations of natural beauty must have found that in them, and through them, ran a certain deep note of religious feeling. Almost every form of natural beauty will at some time or other produce this effect. The silent multitude of the stars at night; the glow of the sunrise and of the sunset ; the vastness of a mountain crowned with the pure whiteness of snow; the fret of sea waves seen against the curving edge of the horizon ; beauty of blossoming fruit-tree filled with the scents of spring and the hum of bees ; beauty of sound, from the lark's keen trill high in the sky, to the undertone of the sea at night time ; beauty of colour, from the deep blue of the arched sky to the purple that lies in the cup of a violet; beauty of form, from the trembling grace of the blue-bell to the stern majesty of a peak in the Himalayas ; — all have power, in some of our moods at least, to touch the human spirit to fine issues. Literature has for the intellect the functions of the spectrum analysis. It reveals imperishable elements The Logic of the Sunset 103 that lie hidden in the general human mind. And literature everywhere, in prose and poetry alike, makes visible this strange power concealed in the higher forms of natural beauty ; the power to speak to the human spirit and to awaken in it emotions through which runs a sense of religion. Illingworth fills whole pages in his Divine Immanence with extracts from poets of every land and every tongue to show that in this way matter becomes to us the channel of religious forces. Wordsworth speaks for the whole choir of poets when in the well-known lines on Tintern Abbey he tells how, looking on a sunset, he has felt — A presence that disturbs me with a joy Of elevated thoughts, a sense sublime Of something far more deeply interfused, Whose dwelling is the light of setting suns And the round ocean and the living air, And the blue sky and in the mind of man. Cowper, in his more restrained fashion, repeats the thought in such lines as — Nature employed in her allotted space Is handmaid to the purposes of Grace. Pope again, infinitely less spiritual than Cowper, yet has the same conception — Nature affords at least a glimmering light, The lines, tho' touched but faintly, are drawn right. Examples may be gathered from every page of literature and from every class of mind. Burns, 104 The Unrealized Logic of Religion trudging behind his plough in a Scottish field, sees a daisy in the track of the keen ploughshare, and from that ' wee, modest, crimson-tipped flower/ somehow an influence thrills his conscience, and he sees in it a dim suggestion of some penalty, driven of inexorable law, waiting himself. William Cullen Bryant sees darkly painted on the crimson sky with wide-stretched wings, the figure of a water-fowl. He asks — Whither, midst falling dew, While glow the heavens with the last steps of day, Far, through their rosy depths, dost thou pursue Thy solitary way? Then, as he muses, faith in God's providence for him- self awakens — There is a power, whose care Teaches thy way along that pathless coast— The desert, the illimitable air — Lone wandering, but not lost. He who, from zone to zone, Guides through the boundless sky thy certain flight, In the long way that I must tread alone, Will lead my steps aright. But these, it may be said, are poets, with the un- chartered imagination natural to poets. But the same effect, as we have seen in Darwin's case, is produced, by the same cause, in the mind of a scientist. Who does not remember how Linnaeus knelt and adored amid the blossoming gorse outside London ? Who does not remember Kepler's cry as he spelt out the The Logic of the Sunset 105 wonders of the stars, '0 God, I am thinking Thy thoughts after Thee ! ' ? How deep a chord of religious emotion may be struck by the humblest form of vegetable life is illus- trated in the familiar story of Mungo Park. Plun- dered, beaten, stripped by a band of savages, five hundred miles from the nearest human help, he tells how he flung himself down under the blazing African sun to die. As he lay despairing, a tiny bead of moss caught his eye. It was no bigger than the tip of his finger; and yet as he looked at the exquisite shaping of its roots, leaves, and capsule, he asked him- self whether the Mind which planned and sheltered, and brought to such a perfection of beauty that tiny bead of moss could forget him. The tiny speck of vegetable life had for him the office of a prophet, it spoke to him with a prophet's lips. 'I started up,' he said, 'and, disregarding both hunger and fatigue, travelled forward/ That impulse of faith was not in the moss, but it streamed through it into that fainting human spirit. Wordsworth was a poet ; but multitudes who have no poetic gift have shared the experience he describes, when he declares that in him 'the meanest flower that blows' could awaken thoughts 'too deep for tears.' Now here is an effect which must have some cause corresponding to it in nature. Are these emotions accidents or illusions ? That is incredible. They form 106 The Unrealized Logic of Religion part of universal human experience ; they are common to men of every temperament and every land. The atoms and ether waves that science discovers behind colour are real; the sensations which race from them along the nerves are real; the perceptions which mysteriously emerge from these nerve-waves in the consciousness, they, too, are real. And the effect on the spirit, which is the last link in this chain of effects, is surely as real as all the rest. Illingworth, indeed, says that the emotional effect is even more ' real,' in the only intel- ligible sense of the word, than the mechanical causes which produce it, since it more profoundly touches our personality. But, it may be argued, these spiritual emotions aroused by natural beauty are nothing better than tricks of the imagination, and need not be taken seriously. Poets feel them, and artists. The reason knows nothing of them. But this, again, is unscien- tific. These emotions are the legitimate answer of our personality to the touch of some external cause. We cannot logically say that one part of our per- sonality is to be taken seriously, and the other to be ignored; that the answer one part gives to an external appeal is veracious, but the response of the other is an illusion. The emotions are as much a part of our personality as the reason ; and, in its order, the answer of the imagination is as valid as that of reason. Nor can these impressions produced in our spiritual The Logic of the Sunset 107 nature by physical beauty be dismissed as being in themselves material. The effect lies in the spirit. The mind in us uses matter ; the brain cannot think with- out the help of the blood that nourishes it, and the blood is made up of oxygen and nitrogen, of phosphorus and carbon. But the mind itself does not consist of chemical elements ; nor have these chemical elements the sensibilities of mind. These spiritual impressions produced on us by forms of physical beauty must be taken seriously ; and they are part of a great fact, true in every field of the universe, the fact of the relation betwixt matter and spirit. According to one reading of the universe, it is, to quote a well-known scientist, ■ a chain of law whose beginning and ending are unknown, and on which mind and matter are strung like beads ' ; but not even the authority of a great name can make that statement credible. The very sense attached to the term ' law ' in it is unscientific. Natural law, in the accurate meaning of the word, is nothing more than a certain observed sequence of phenomena. And spirit and matter are not twin, unconscious beads strung upon some iron thread of law. Spirit is a free force, and matter everywhere is its servant and minister. It is not merely that matter is interfused with mind; nor that matter, as science analyses it, and tracks it down to its starting-point, melts evermore into terms of mind ; becoming, that is, nothing but a 108 The Unrealized Logic of Religion disguise of force. To the man in the street the state- ment that colour is not in the sunset or the flower, but in his own brain ; that time and space are categories of his own mind, will seem unintelligible or even absurd. They may be metaphysically true ; but he will think they are hardly less absurd on that account. And yet matter, as our wiser science now teaches, is but the raw material that mind uses to produce all those phenomena in the consciousness we describe as form, colour, &c. Matter is everywhere the tool and servant of mind. It exists for the sake of mind. Its laws or relations, as we have seen, can only be described in terms of mind. And the effect of physical beauty on the deeper emotions of our personality is the most significant part of the service matter renders to mind. It shows that to us, under certain conditions, and in certain moods, matter has a religious office. It becomes the vehicle of religious forces. For let the effect of a landscape, or a sunset, or the sound of the lark's voice falling out of the sky, or the deep monotone of the sea heard through the darkness — the voice of ' mighty waters rolling ever- more'— be analysed. Amongst the effects are some clearly and definitely religious. Perhaps what has been called ' the sacrament of the sunset ' — the colours that flame, and then grow pale and die in the western sky as the sun sinks — can best be analysed, since the spectacle is so constantly recurrent and on a scale so large. The Logic of the Sunset 109 What is the exact emotional effect produced by a 3unset ? The most easily recognized is, no doubt, the pathetic reminder it gives of our own mortality; the sense of transitory things. The little perishing life under the great arch of the sky, how brief it seems ! How swiftly comes the end of it all ! The ending day tells us, in nature's mighty yet fading hieroglyphics, of other endings. Sunt lachrymae rerum. This is how "Wordsworth interprets the sunset — The clouds that gather round the setting sun Do take a sober colouring from the eye That hath kept watch o'er man's mortality. Another race hath been, and other palms are won. But if the mood kindled by the sunset-skies be analysed, deeper elements will be found in it, some pensive, some peaceful, some strangely ennobling. There are in it sometimes forces that rebuke. Vile things in us are taught shame ; petty and fermenting quarrels are hushed. Life seems set against a new and loftier background. Sometimes, as we look, a sense of kinship with other orders, and even a sense of perma- nency in ourselves beneath nature's changes, dimly stirs. Something of the peace of the great skies falls upon us. And, deepest of all, there is a sense of the power and greatness of the Infinite Creator and Lord of all worlds, whose thoughts, in terms of beauty, we see. All this goes to prove that there is in matter no The Unrealized Logic of Religion a religious office. The ether waves, the atoms which constitute matter, become the vehicle of forces which are non-material. 'The sea/ says the 'Auto- crat of the Breakfast-table/ 'belongs to eternity, and of that it sings/ 'The starry heaven/ says Burke, 'never fails to excite an idea of grandeur, and this cannot be owing to anything in the stars themselves/ Every one remembers Keats's famous line, ' A thing of beauty is a joy for ever/ but we forget how he goes on to say that physical beauty itself is An endless fountain of immortal drmk Pouring unto us from the heaven's brink. Now there is certainly no religious element in the mere structure of nature; in ether waves and atoms, in hydrogen and carbon and phosphorus. And yet it is also certain — a fact attested, as we have seen, by all literature and all human experience — that there is a religious service wrought into the very structure of the physical universe. And it follows from this that there is Something behind the veil of the material universe seeking religious ends, and appealing to us through matter for religious ends. That mind should use matter to carry to other minds messages of which matter itself knows nothing is a fact proved by universal experience. What do the leaden types on which Hamlet is printed know of the meaning of the great drama? But Shake- speare's genius uses those bits of metal still to thrill The Logic of the Sunset in our minds with all the splendours of his creative imagination. What do the air waves of which the ' Hallelujah Chorus ' is composed know of the exulta- tion, the fervours of worship and adoration they convey to us? It is the soul of Handel behind these air waves that speaks to our souls through them. A cluster of wind-blown flags at the mast-head of the Victory on the great day of Trafalgar kindled the seamen of a whole fleet with a new daring. They still are a force stirring in the blood of the English-speaking race everywhere. But what did the flags know of the message they carried ? There must be mind at both ends of such a message. The mind of Nelson is still in the syllables of the historic signal, the mind of Handel in the great chorus. And there is Mind speaking to our minds through all these natural phenomena of which we have spoken — the glow of the sunset, the song of the bird, the mighty concave of the sky, the dim shapes of far-off mountains, the figure of the water-fowl outlined against the purple sky. To deny this is to say that in the signal at Trafalgar there was nothing but the woven cotton and the crude colours of the flags ; that in the ' Hallelujah Chorus' there is nothing but certain vibrations of air. ' If a poet/ says Sir Oliver Lodge, ' witnessing the cloud-glories of a sunset, for instance, or the profusion of beauty with which snow-mountains seem to fling themselves to the heavens, in districts unpeopled and ii2 The Unrealized Logic of Religion in epochs long before human consciousness awoke upon the earth; if such a seer feels the revelation weigh upon his spirit with an almost sickening pressure, and is constrained to ascribe this wealth and pro- digality of beauty to the joy of the Eternal Being in His own existence — to an anticipation, as it were, of the developments which lie before the universe in which He is at work, and which He is slowly guiding towards an unimaginable perfection, — it behoves the man of science to put his hand upon his mouth, lest, in his efforts to be true in the absence of knowledge, he find himself uttering, in his ignorance, words of lamentable folly or blasphemy.' * We must, then, on scientific grounds, and as a scientific fact, accept the religious office hidden in matter. God sets on the frontiers of the morning and the night the great signal of sunrise and of sunset. Over the dust of city streets and the clamour of city crowds burn the great fires of the dying sun. It is God's signal to us set in His heavens. He makes the rolling of the earth sunward a message. 'The sky/ says KuskiD, 'is the part of nature in which God has done more for the sake of pleasing man, more for the sole and evident purpose of touching him, than any other of His works/ And at how many points, by how many signals and voices, God in these accents speaks to us ! Oliver Wendell Holmes picks up a shell on the seashore, and in his poem of 'The Chambered 1 Hibbert Journal. The Logic of the Sunset 113 Nautilus/ he tells how the tiny shell became a parable and a message to him — Thanks for the heavenly message brought by thee, Child of the wandering sea, Cast from her lap forlorn! From thy dead lips a clearer note is born Than ever Triton blew from wreathed hom! While on mine ear it rings, Through the deep caves of thought I hear a voice that sings — 'Build thee more stately mansions, 0 my soull As the swift seasons roll ! Leave thy low- vaulted past! Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast, Till thou at length art free, Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea!' Shelley hears the lark singing at heaven's gate- Singing hymns unbidden Till the world is wrought To sympathy with hopes and fears it heeded not. 'Of all God's gifts to the sight of man/ says Ruskin, 'colour is the holiest, most divine, and most solemn ' ; and he repeats that lesson a hundred times over in his pages. And these exquisite cadences of colour, that touch the spirit so finely, and to an issue so fine, do they represent merely forces in matter, or a Spirit behind matter, and which speaks through it to our spirits ? ' There is religion,' says Ruskin, ' in every- thing around us, a calm and holy religion in the unbreath- ing things of nature. ... It is a meek and blessed influence, stealing in, as it were, unawares upon the X ii4 The Unrealized Logic of Religion heart ; it is fresh from the hands of its author, glowing from the immediate presence of the great Spirit which pervades and quickens it ; it is written on the arched sky, it looks out from every star, it is on the sailing cloud and in the invisible wind; it is among the hills and valleys of the earth, where the shrubless mountain- top pierces the thin atmosphere of eternal winter, or where the mighty forest fluctuates before the strong wind, with its dark waves of green foliage; it is spread out, like a legible language, upon the broad face of the unsleeping ocean. It is the poetry of nature! It is this which uplifts the spirit within us, until it is strong enough to overlook the shadows of our place of probation; which breaks, link after link, the chain that binds us to materiality, and which opens to our imagination a world of spiritual beauty and holiness/ God, in a word, surrounds us with beauty, from the star-filled heavens above our heads to the flower- sprinkled grass under our feet ; from the eastern skies where in glory the day is born, to the western horizon where in splendid but fading tints it dies. And this ministry of beauty has spiritual ends. And these ends are part of the original purpose of material beauty; for that cannot be in the conclusion which was not already in the premisses. And this higher office of natural beauty is missed by us only when by mere disuse we have killed the sensibilities to which it appeals. The Logic of the Sunset 115 Now if there are religions forces streaming upon us through material things, there must be some great Mind behind the veil of matter, seeking religious ends in us, and using the very molecules and vibrations of the material universe to serve those ends. The witness of God and religion, in brief, is wrought into the very structure of the physical universe, and the witness of our own involuntary response to physical beauty attests it. BOOK III IN PHILOSOPHY CHAPTER 1 The Logic of Proportion 1 The utmost for the highest.' — The motto of Watts, the painter. IF the essential elements of beauty are analysed it will be found that a certain law of proportion, a definite harmony of scale, runs through them and links them together. Failure at this point is the defeat of beauty. Nor is it merely art that demands propor- tion ; in every realm known to the human mind it is a postulate of the healthy intellect. The preface must bear some true ratio to the book, the prelude to the song, the pedestal to the statue. If a sculptor were to construct a pedestal a hundred feet high, and perch on it a statue of a dozen inches, his work would cover him with ridicule. That perfection of any sort — of form, or of character — lies in a certain balance and symmetry of proportion is a law which runs through all realms. And the law applies to life and character. The intellectual is higher than the physical ; the moral than the intellectual ; and any nature that touches these three realms, to be perfect, must be highest in the realm that is loftiest. He must be higher in intellectual 120 The Unrealized Logic of Religion than in material terms, and higher in moral than even in intellectual qualities. A human body with the limbs of Hercules, the grace of Antinous, but with the brain of a flea and with a non-existent conscience, would be a jest. A perfect body linked to a perfect intellect, but without any touch of moral qualities, would be a devil. A British private, to a critic who complained that Wellington was a very little man, replied, trium- phantly, that 'he was biggest at the top'; and any nature in the degree in which it is perfect must obey this law of proportion. The motto of Watts, the ■ great English artist, 'The utmost for the highest,' was simply the law of artistic proportion expressed in terms of conduct. So certain is this rule that it might be described as an imperative demand of the healthy reason. Give an astronomer the curve of a planet's track through space, and he will construct the full orbit. Give a mathematician the first term of a geometrical progression, and he will draw out the whole series. So in a perfect nature, if we know what is in lower terms, we can affirm, with absolute confidence, what it must be in higher things. Now, all this applies to God ; it is the law of His character and works. What He is in His lowest works tells, with a certainty as absolute as anything known to mathematical science, what He must be in higher things. The ellipse must fulfil the prophecy of the curve. The first term of the progression, unless The Logic of Proportion 121 mathematical science itself is false, is the index of later and higher terms. Now, God's lower works lie near us, in the realm of our senses. The material universe is the expression of what He is in material terms; and we are learning, with the help of science, to spell out the great alphabet of its wonders. When God thinks in terms of matter, He thinks in planets. The Milky Way itself is but one of His thoughts. Sir Oliver Lodge, in rebuking the purely materialistic reading of the universe, makes a daring use of the analogy suggested by the changes in the grey matter of our own brain which attend each process of thought. Perhaps, he suggests, the whole mighty rush of the countless hosts of stars is but the expression, in material terms, of thought in the divine Mind! Certainly if we want to know in what mighty circles God's thoughts run, with space as their field, and matter as their instrument, we must take the wheeling stars for our guide. And day by day, with deeper and more adoring accents, we are learning to cry, ' Great and marvellous are Thy works, Lord God Almighty/ How David sang of God's glory, as re- vealed in the stars on which his eyes looked, we know ; but in what new rapture of adoration would he have struck the keynote of his psalm had he been told that all the stars human eyes can see are but a handful compared with the unseen armies of the sky that lie beyond all seeing! And there are wonders in their 122 The Unrealized Logic of Religion flaming depths, in the presence of which thought and imagination seem to droop rebuked, or even afraid.
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import 'dart:io';
import 'package:image_picker/image_picker.dart';
import 'package:flutter/material.dart';
class CameraComponent extends StatefulWidget {
const CameraComponent({ Key key }) : super(key: key);
@override
_CameraComponentState createState() => _CameraComponentState();
}
class _CameraComponentState extends State<CameraComponent> {
File _image;
final picker = ImagePicker();
Future<void>_showChoiceDialog(BuildContext context){
_openCamera(BuildContext context)async{
final pickedFile = await picker.getImage(source: ImageSource.camera);
setState(() {
if (pickedFile != null) {
_image = File(pickedFile.path);
} else {
print('No image selected.');
}
});
Navigator.of(context).pop();
}
_openGallary(BuildContext context)async{
final pickedFile = await picker.getImage(source: ImageSource.gallery);
setState(() {
if (pickedFile != null) {
_image = File(pickedFile.path);
} else {
print('No image selected.');
}
});
Navigator.of(context).pop();
}
_openVideo()async{
}
_openRecord()async{
}
return showDialog(context: context,builder: (BuildContext context){
return AlertDialog(
backgroundColor: Colors.grey[900],
elevation: 1,
title: Text("Evidence Choice",
style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),),
content: SingleChildScrollView(
child: Row(
children: [
Column(
children: [
GestureDetector(
child: Icon(Icons.camera_outlined,color: Colors.white),
onTap: (){
_openCamera(context);
},
),
Text("pictures", style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),)
],
),
Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.only(right:8.0)),
Column(
children: [
GestureDetector(
child: Icon(Icons.image,color: Colors.white),
onTap: (){
_openGallary(context);
},
),
Text("Gallary", style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),)
],
),
Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.only(right:8.0)),
Column(
children: [
GestureDetector(
child: Icon(Icons.video_call,color: Colors.white),
onTap: (){
//_openVideo();
},
),
Text("Video", style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),)
],
),
Padding(padding: EdgeInsets.only(right:8.0)),
Column(
children: [
GestureDetector(
child: Icon(Icons.mic, color: Colors.white),
onTap: (){
//_openRecord();
},
),
Text("Record", style: TextStyle(color: Colors.white),)
],
),
],
),
),
);
});
}
Widget _decideImageView(){
if (_image==null){
return Text("No Image Selected");
}
else{
return Image.file(_image, width: 100, height:400);
}
}
@override
Widget build(BuildContext context) {
return Container(
child:Center(
child: Column(
mainAxisAlignment: MainAxisAlignment.spaceAround,
children: [
_decideImageView(),
RaisedButton(
onPressed: ()=>{
_showChoiceDialog(context),
},
child: Text("Select Image"),)
],
),
) ,
);
}
}
|
Storing Local Data on Android Phone and then uploading with Google Spreadsheets
I am developing an android application for rural villages where 3g access is not always present. The application will be based out of a Google Spreadsheet. It should be such that if there is no internet access, new data entered will be stored on a local file and when there is internet connection, it will automatically sync with the online file. What is the method to properly proceed with this? Can i store a local excel file or something similar and then sync that file with the online google spreadsheets? Are they even compatible?
Sorry for the many questions but any help will be great!
The usual way to store structured data on Android is to use an sqlite database. Save your data , then just copy it to the Google spreadsheet using the API. If you want to get fancy, you can write a sync adapter and let the OS schedule it for you. Not sure how well that is going to work if connections are unreliable though.
MyTracks is an open source that does something similar, you can use it as a reference: http://code.google.com/p/mytracks/
So, I also want an identical copy of the information to be located in the sqlite database. I guess I would just use manual syncing for that purpose. Thanks!
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In exemplary embodiments, a fourth upper insulation layer 190 covering the first signal wirings 185 is formed on the third upper insulation layer 170. A third contact 187 may extend through the fourth and third upper insulation layers 190 and 170 to be electrically connected to the common wiring 175. In exemplary embodiments, the third contact 187 is disposed on remaining common wirings 175 (e.g., the common wirings 175 d, 175 e and 175 f) except for the some of the common wirings 175 on which the second contact 180 is disposed.
In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wirings 195 (e.g., 195 d, 195 e and 195 f) electrically connected to the common wirings 175 are disposed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190.
In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wirings 195 are selectively connected to some of the gate lines 145 via the remaining common wirings 175. The second signal wirings 195 may be electrically connected to remaining gate lines 145 except for the gate lines 145 a, 145 b and 145 c electrically connected to the first signal wirings 185.
In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wirings 195 d, 195 e and 195 f are electrically connected selectively to the gate lines 145 (e.g., 145 d, 145 e and 145 f) at upper levels. For example, the second signal wirings 195 may be electrically connected to the SSL and remaining word lines except for the word lines electrically connected to the first signal wirings 185.
In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wiring 195 extends in a direction substantially the same as that of the first signal wiring 185. The second signal wiring 195 extends in a direction different from that of the bit line 172 and/or the common wiring 175.
In exemplary embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, the second signal wiring 195 extends in the second direction, and crosses over the common wiring 175.
In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wiring 195 is disposed on the second region II and the third region III. In exemplary embodiments, the second signal wiring 195 is selectively disposed on the second region II and the third region III, and does not extend to the first region I.
In exemplary embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 1A, the second signal wirings 195 and the first signal wirings 185 are arranged in a plane view to be sequentially connected from the uppermost gate line 145 f to the lowermost gate line 145 a.
The second, third and fourth upper insulation layers 160, 170 and 190 may include a silicon oxide-based material substantially the same as or similar to that of the first upper insulation layer 130. The first to third contacts 165, 180 and 187, the bit line contact 162, the common wiring 175, the bit line 172, and the first and second signal wirings 185 and 195 may include a metal such as, for example, tungsten, copper, etc.
According to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, as described above, wirings connected to the gate lines 145 from a peripheral circuit region are dispersed at different levels using the common wirings 175.
In a comparative example, if the wirings are all arranged at the same level (e.g., on the first upper insulation layer 130 or on the second upper insulation layer 160), a density of the wirings may be excessively increased. As a result, cross-talk between the wirings may occur. Further, a width of each wiring may be reduced to accommodate the wirings in a limited area of the peripheral circuit region. However, as the stacked number of the gate lines 145 increases, the width of the wirings may not be sufficiently reduced due to a resolution limit of a patterning process. Additionally, resistance of the wirings may be increased when the width of the wiring is excessively reduced.
However, according to exemplary embodiments of the present inventive concept, the wirings may be arranged three-dimensionally using the common wirings 175 merging a plurality of the gate lines 145 at the same level. As a result, an increased area for accommodating the wirings is provided. Therefore, the stacked number of the gate lines 145 may be increased without increasing the resistance of the wirings. This configuration prevents or reduces cross-talk from occurring between the wirings.
FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 illustrate that the signal wirings 185 and 195 are distributed throughout two levels. However, exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept are not limited thereto. For example, according to exemplary embodiments, the signal wirings 185 and 195 may be distributed throughout three or more levels. This configuration may be implemented when the gate lines 145 are stacked at increased levels. In an exemplary embodiment, the signal wirings may be dispersed in a single level.
FIGS. 4 to 34 are cross-sectional views and top plan views illustrating a method of manufacturing a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. For example, FIGS. 4 to 34 illustrate a method of manufacturing the vertical memory device illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept.
More specifically, FIGS. 6, 15, 21, 23A, 23B, 26, 29 and 32 are top plan views illustrating the method of manufacturing a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. FIGS. 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, 19, 24, 27, 30 and 33 are cross-sectional views taken along line I-I′ indicated in the top plan views. FIGS. 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 25 28, 31 and 34 are cross-sectional views taken along line II-II′ indicated in the top plan views.
For convenience of explanation, an illustration of insulation structures is omitted in some of the top plan views.
Referring to FIG. 4, in exemplary embodiments, insulating interlayers 102 (e.g., 102 a through 102 g) and sacrificial layers 104 (e.g., 104 a through 104 f) are formed alternately and repeatedly on the substrate 100 to form a mold structure.
The substrate 100 may include a semiconductor material such as, for example, silicon and/or germanium. In exemplary embodiments, the substrate 100 may include the first region 1, the second region II and the third region III. As described above, the first region I, the second region II and the third region III may correspond to a cell region, an extension region and a peripheral circuit region, respectively, of the vertical memory device.
The insulating interlayer 102 may be formed of an oxide-based material such as, for example, silicon dioxide, silicon oxycarbide and/or silicon oxyfluoride. The sacrificial layer 104 may be formed of a material that has an etching selectivity with respect to the insulating interlayer 102 and that may be efficiently removed by a wet etching process. For example, the sacrificial layer 104 may be formed of a nitride-based material such as, for example, silicon nitride and/or silicon boronitride.
The insulating interlayer 102 and the sacrificial layer 104 may be formed by at least one of, for example, a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process, a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, a high density plasma chemical vapor deposition (HDP-CVD) process, an atomic layer deposition (ALD) process, or a sputtering process.
In an exemplary embodiment, a lowermost insulating interlayer 102 a may be formed by a thermal oxidation process or a radical oxidation process on a top surface of the substrate 100. In an exemplary embodiment, an uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g may have a relatively large thickness in consideration of a formation of a pad 126 (see FIG. 13).
The sacrificial layers 104 may be removed in a subsequent process to provide spaces for a GSL, a word line and an SSL. Thus, the number of the insulating interlayers 102 and the sacrificial layers 104 may be determined in consideration of the number of the GSL, the word line and the SSL. FIG. 4 illustrates that the sacrificial layers 104 and the insulating interlayers 102 are formed at 6 levels and 7 levels, respectively. However, exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept are not limited thereto. For example, according to exemplary embodiments, the number of the insulating interlayers 102 and the sacrificial layers 104 may be increased depending on a degree of integration of the vertical memory device.
Referring to FIG. 5, in exemplary embodiments, a lateral portion of the mold structure is partially etched. The lateral portion of the mold structure may be partially etched in, for example, a stepwise manner to form a stepped mold structure.
A photoresist pattern covering the first region I and partially covering the second region II may be formed on the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g. Peripheral portions of the insulating interlayers 102 g to 102 a and the sacrificial layers 104 f to 104 a may be removed using the photoresist pattern as an etching mask. A peripheral portion of the photoresist pattern may be partially removed to reduce a width of the photoresist pattern. Peripheral portions of insulating interlayers 102 g and 102 b, and the sacrificial layers 104 f and 104 b may be etched using the photoresist pattern again as an etching mask. Etching processes may be repeated in a similar manner as described above to obtain the stepped mold structure illustrated in FIG. 5.
Subsequently, a mold protection layer 110 covering a lateral portion or step portions of the stepped mold structure may be formed on the substrate 100. For example, an insulation layer covering the stepped mold structure may be formed on the substrate 100 using, for example, silicon oxide by a CVD process or a spin coating process. An upper portion of the insulation layer may be planarized until the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g is exposed to form the mold protection layer 110. The planarization process may include, for example, a chemical mechanical polish (CMP) process and/or an etch-back process.
Referring to FIGS. 6 to 8, in exemplary embodiments, channel holes 115 are formed through the stepped mold structure.
For example, a hard mask may be formed on the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g and the mold protection layer 110. The insulating interlayers 102 and the sacrificial layers 104 of the stepped mold structure may be partially etched by performing, for example, a dry etching process. The hard mask may be used as an etching mask to form the channel hole 115. The channel hole 125 extends in the first direction from the top surface of the substrate 100. The top surface of the substrate 100 is partially exposed by the channel hole 115. The hard mask may be formed of for example, silicon-based or carbon-based spin-on hardmask (SOH) materials, and/or a photoresist material.
As illustrated in FIG. 6, in exemplary embodiments, a plurality of the channel holes 115 is formed in the second direction to form a channel hole row. A plurality of the channel hole rows may be formed in the third direction. The channel holes 115 included in the different channel hole rows may be arranged in a zigzag configuration along the second direction and/or the third direction. The channel holes 115 may be formed in the first region I.
The hard mask may be removed by, for example, an ashing process and/or a strip process after the formation of the channel holes 115.
Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10, in exemplary embodiments, the semiconductor pattern 117 is formed at a lower portion of the channel hole 115.
For example, the semiconductor pattern 117 may be formed by a selective epitaxial growth (SEG) process using the top surface of the substrate 100 exposed through the channel hole 115 as a seed. In exemplary embodiments, an amorphous silicon layer filling the lower portion of the channel hole 115 may be formed, and a laser epitaxial growth (LEG) process or a solid phase epitaxi (SPE) process may be performed thereon to form the semiconductor pattern 117.
In exemplary embodiments, a top surface of the semiconductor pattern 117 is positioned between the sacrificial layers 104 a and 104 b at two lower levels.
Referring to FIGS. 11 and 12, in exemplary embodiments, the vertical channel structure including the dielectric layer structure 120, the channel 122 and the filling insulation pattern 124 is formed in the channel hole 115.
In exemplary embodiments, a dielectric layer may be formed along sidewalls of the channel holes 115, and top surfaces of the semiconductor pattern 117 and the mold protection layer 110. Upper and lower portions of the dielectric layer may be removed by an etch-back process to form the dielectric layer structure 120 on the sidewall of the channel hole 115.
In exemplary embodiments, a channel layer and a filling insulation layer filling remaining portions of the channel holes 115 are sequentially formed on the mold protection layer 110, and upper portions of the channel layer and the filling insulation layer may be planarized by, for example, a CMP process until the mold protection layer 110 and/or the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g are exposed. Accordingly, the channel 122 and the filling insulation pattern 124 filling the channel hole 115 are formed on the semiconductor pattern 117.
In exemplary embodiments, the dielectric layer is formed by sequentially forming a blocking layer, a charge storage layer and a tunnel insulation layer. The blocking layer may be formed of, for example, silicon oxide or a metal oxide. The charge storage layer may be formed of a nitride such as, for example, silicon nitride or a metal oxide. The tunnel insulation layer may be formed of an oxide such as, for example, silicon oxide. For example, the dielectric layer may be formed as an oxide-nitride-oxide (ONO) layered structure. The blocking layer, the charge storage layer and the tunnel insulation layer may be formed by, for example, a CVD process, a PECVD process, an ALD process, etc.
The channel layer may be formed of polysilicon or amorphous silicon. In exemplary embodiments, the polysilicon or amorphous silicon is doped with impurities. In an exemplary embodiment, a heat treatment or a laser beam irradiation is further performed on the channel layer. In this case, the channel layer may be transformed to include single crystalline silicon. The filling insulation layer may be formed of, for example, silicon oxide or silicon nitride. The channel layer and the filling insulation layer may be formed by, for example, a CVD process, a PECVD process, an ALD process, a PVD process, a sputtering process, etc.
The dielectric layer structure 120 may have, for example, a straw shape or a cylindrical shell shape surrounding an outer sidewall of the channel 122. The channel 122 may have, for example, a substantially cup shape. The filling insulation pattern 124 may have, for example, a pillar shape inserted in the channel 122. In exemplary embodiments, the formation of the filling insulation layer may be omitted, and the channel 122 may have a pillar shape filling the channel hole 115.
Referring to FIGS. 13 and 14, in exemplary embodiments, the pad 126 capping an upper portion of the channel hole 115 is formed.
For example, upper portions of the dielectric layer structure 120, the channel 122 and the filling insulation pattern 124 may be partially removed by, for example, an etch-back process to form a recess. In exemplary embodiments, a pad layer is formed on the dielectric layer structure 120, the channel 122, the filling insulation pattern 124, the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g, and the mold protection layer 110 to sufficiently fill the recess. For example, the pad layer may fill the recess in a sufficient manner such that when the pad 126 is formed, an upper surface of the pad 126 is substantially coplanar with an upper surface of the layer in which it is formed (e.g., the insulating interlayer 102 g in FIGS. 13 and 14). An upper portion of the pad layer may be planarized by, for example, a CMP process until the mold protection layer 130 and/or the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g are exposed to form the pad 126 from a remaining portion of the pad layer.
The pad layer may be formed using, for example, polysilicon. In exemplary embodiments, the polysilicon is doped with n-type impurities by, for example, a sputtering process or an ALD process. In an exemplary embodiment, a preliminary pad layer including amorphous silicon is formed, and a crystallization process is performed thereon to form the pad layer.
According to the arrangement of the channel hole row, a plurality of the pads 126 may define a pad row in the uppermost insulating interlayer 102 g, and a plurality of the pad rows may be formed along the third direction. A channel row ma be defined under the pad row, and a plurality of the channel rows may be arranged along the third direction.
In exemplary embodiments, the first upper insulation layer 130 is formed on the uppermost insulating interlayer 102, the pads 126 and the mold protection layer 110. The first upper insulation layer 130 may be formed of, for example, silicon oxide by a CVD process, a spin coating process, etc.
Referring to FIGS. 15 and 16, in exemplary embodiments, an opening 135 cutting the stepped mold structure is formed.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, a hard mask partially exposing the first upper insulation layer 130 between some of the channel rows neighboring in the third direction is formed. The first upper insulation layer 130, the mold protection layer 110, the insulating interlayers 102, and the sacrificial layers 104 may he partially etched by, for example, a dry etching process using the hard mask as an etching mask to form the opening 135. The hard mask may be formed using, for example, a photoresist material or an SOH material. The hard mask may be removed by, for example, an ashing process and/or a strip process after the formation of the opening 135.
The opening 135 extends in the second direction, and a plurality of the openings 135 may be formed along the third direction. The predetermined number of the channel rows may be arranged between the openings 135 neighboring in the third direction. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 15, in exemplary embodiments, four channel rows are included between the neighboring openings 135. However, exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept are not limited thereto. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the number of the channel rows between the openings 135 may be properly adjusted in consideration of a circuit design or a degree of integration of the vertical memory device.
As illustrated in FIG. 16, in exemplary embodiments, after the formation of the opening 135, the insulating interlayers 102 and the sacrificial layers 104 are changed into insulating interlayer patterns 106 (e.g., 106 a through 106 g) and sacrificial patterns 108 (e.g., 108 a through 108 f). The insulating interlayer pattern 106 and the sacrificial pattern 108 at each level may have, for example, a plate shape extending in the second direction. The top surface of the substrate 100, and sidewalls of the insulating interlayer patterns 106 and the sacrificial patterns 108 are exposed through the opening 135.
Referring to FIGS. 17 and 18, in exemplary embodiments, the sacrificial patterns 108 exposed by the opening 135 are removed. In exemplary embodiments, the sacrificial patterns 108 may be removed by a wet etching process using, for example, phosphoric acid that has an etching selectivity for silicon nitride as an etchant solution.
A gap 140 is defined by a space from which the sacrificial pattern 108 is removed between the insulating interlayer patterns 106 neighboring in the first direction. A sidewall of the vertical channel structure (e.g., a sidewall of the dielectric layer structure 120) may be partially exposed by the gap 140. In exemplary embodiments, a sidewall of the semiconductor pattern 117 is exposed by a lowermost gap 140.
Referring to FIGS. 19 and 20, in exemplary embodiments, the interface layer 143 and a gate line 145 (e.g., 145 a through 145 f) are formed in each gap 140.
In exemplary embodiments, the interface layer 143 is formed on surfaces of the insulating interlayer patterns 106 and the mold protection layer 110 defining the gap 140, and the outer sidewall of the dielectric layer structure 120. A lowermost interface layer 143 may be in contact with the sidewall of the semiconductor pattern 117.
In exemplary embodiments, the interface layer 143 is formed on the sidewalls of the insulating interlayer pattern 106 exposed by the opening 135.
The interface layer 143 may be formed of a metal oxide and/or a metal nitride by, for example, an ALD process, a sputtering process, etc.
In exemplary embodiments, a gate electrode layer sufficiently filling the gaps 140 and at least partially filling the opening 135 is formed on the interface layer 143. The gate electrode layer may also be formed on a top surface of the first upper insulation layer 130.
The gate electrode layer may be fanned using a metal or a metal nitride. For example, the gate electrode layer may be formed of a metal such as tungsten, aluminum, copper, titanium or tantalum, or a nitride of the metal. In an exemplary embodiment, the gate electrode layer may be formed as a multi-layered structure including a barrier layer formed of a metal nitride, and a metal layer. The gate electrode layer may be formed by, for example, a CVD process, a PECVD process, an ALD process, a PVD process, a sputtering process, etc.
In exemplary embodiments, the gate electrode layer is partially removed to form the gate line 155 in the gap 140 at each level.
An upper portion of the gate electrode layer may be planarized by, for example, a CMP process until the first upper insulation layer 130 is exposed. Portions of the gate electrode layer formed in the opening 135 and on the top surface of the substrate 100 may he additionally etched to obtain the gate lines 145.
The gate lines 145 may include the GSL (e.g., the gate line 145 a), the word lines (e.g., the gate lines 145 b through 145 e), and the SSL (e.g., the gate line 145 f) sequentially stacked from the top surface of the substrate 100 and spaced apart from one another in the first direction. The number of the levels at which the GSL, the word lines and the SSL are formed may be increased in exemplary embodiments in consideration of a circuit design and a capacity of the vertical memory device.
A gate line stack structure may be defined by the gate lines 145, the insulating interlayer patterns 106, and the channel rows included in the gate lines 145 and the insulating interlayer patterns 106. A plurality of the gate line stack structures may be arranged along the third direction, and may he spaced apart from one another by the openings 135.
Referring to FIGS. 21 and 22, in exemplary embodiments, an ion-implantation process is performed to form the impurity region 103 at an upper portion of the substrate 100 exposed through the opening 135. The impurity region 103 extends in the second direction at the upper portion of the substrate 100.
In exemplary embodiments, the insulation pattern 150 and the conductive line 155 filling the opening 135 are formed on the impurity region 103.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, an insulation layer including silicon oxide is formed along the top surface of the first upper insulation layer 130, and the sidewalls and the bottoms of the openings 135. Portions of the insulation layer formed on the top surface of the first upper insulation layer 130 and the bottoms of the opening 135 are removed by, for example, a CMP process and/or an etch-back process to form the insulation pattern 150. A conductive layer filling a remaining portion of the opening 135 is formed on the first upper insulation layer 130, and an upper portion of the conductive layer is planarized by a CMP process to form the conductive line 155. The conductive layer may be formed of, for example, a metal, a metal silicide and/or doped polysilicon by a sputtering process or an ALD process.
In exemplary embodiments, the conductive line 155 and the insulation pattern 150 extend through the first upper insulation layer 130 and the gate line stack structures, and extend in the second direction in the opening 135. In exemplary embodiments, the conductive line 155 serves as a CSL of the vertical memory device, and is insulated from the gate lines 145 by the insulation pattern 150.
Referring to FIGS. 23A, 23B, 24 and 25, in exemplary embodiments, the second upper insulation layer 160 covering the conductive line 155 and the insulation pattern 150 is formed on the first upper insulation layer 130. The bit line contact 162 is formed through the second upper insulation layer 160 and the first upper insulation layer 130 on the first region I to be electrically connected to the pad 126. A first contact 165 (e.g., 165 a through 165 f) is formed through the second upper insulation layer 160, the first upper insulation layer 130, and the mold protection layer 110 on the second region II to be electrically connected to the gate line 165 at each level.
As illustrated in FIG. 23A, the first contacts 165 may be formed in a zigzag configuration along the second direction in a plane view. Accordingly, a distance between the neighboring first contacts 165 may be increased so that a process margin for forming the first contacts 165 is additionally obtained.
In exemplary embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 23B, the first contacts 166 are arranged in a substantially straight line along the second direction in a plane view.
Hereinafter, subsequent processes and elements will be described with reference to the structure illustrated in FIG. 23A.
In exemplary embodiments, the first contact 165 f electrically connected to, for example, the SSL 145 f, extends through the second upper insulation layer 160, the first upper insulation layer 130, and the uppermost insulating interlayer pattern 106 g. The first contacts 165 may also extend through the interface layer 143 at each level.
In exemplary embodiments, contact holes for forming the bit line contact 162 and the first contacts 165 are formed concurrently by, for example, substantially the same photo-lithography process. A first conductive layer sufficiently filling the contact holes may be formed, and an upper portion of the first conductive layer may be planarized by, for example, a CMP process until the second upper insulation layer 160 is exposed to form the bit line contact 162 and the first contacts 165 concurrently.
As illustrated in FIGS. 23A and 23B, in exemplary embodiments, one first contact 165 is formed per the gate line 145 at each level in the gate line stack structure.
Referring to FIGS. 26 to 28, in exemplary embodiments, a bit line 172 and a common wiring 175 are formed on the second insulating interlayer 160.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, a second conductive layer is formed on the second insulating interlayer 160. The second conductive layer may be linearly etched along the third direction to form the bit lines 172 and the common wirings 175 (e.g., 175 a through 175 f).
In exemplary embodiments, the bit line 172 extends in the third direction on the first region I, and is electrically connected to a plurality of the hit line contacts 162. A plurality of the bit lines 172 may be formed along the second direction on the first region I.
In exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 175 extends in the third direction, and is electrically connected to the first contacts 165, which may be formed on the gate lines 145 located at the same level and included in the different gate line stack structures. A plurality of the common wirings 175 may be formed along the second direction on the second region II.
In exemplary embodiments, the common wirings 175 are sequentially arranged along the second direction from the common wiring 175 f connected to the SSL 145 f to the common wiring 175 a connected to the GSL 145 a.
Referring to FIGS. 29 to 31, in exemplary embodiments, the third upper insulation layer 170 covering the bit line 172 and the common wirings 175 is formed on the second upper insulation layer 160. Second contacts 180 are formed through the third upper insulation layer 170 to be in contact with some common wirings 175 (e.g., 175 a, 175 b and 175 c) of the common wirings 175. First signal wirings 185 (e.g., 185 a, 185 b and 185 e) are formed on the third upper insulation layer 170 to be electrically connected to the some common wirings 175 (e.g., 175 a, 175 b and 175 c) via the second contacts 180.
In exemplary embodiments, one second contact 180 is formed per each of the some common wirings (e.g., 175 a, 175 b and 175 c). A third conductive layer may be formed on the third upper insulation layer 170 and the second contacts 180. The third conductive layer may be etched along the second direction to form the first signal wiring 185 electrically connected to each second contact 180.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, the first signal wirings 185 are electrically connected to some of the gate lines 145 included in the gate line stack structure via the common wirings 175. For example, the first signal wirings 185 may be electrically connected to the GSL 145 a and some word lines 145 b and 145 c.
Referring to FIGS. 32 to 34, in exemplary embodiments, a fourth upper insulation layer 190 covering the first signal wirings 185 is formed on the third upper insulation layer 170. Third contacts 187 are formed through the fourth upper insulation layer 190 and the third upper insulation layer 170 to be disposed on remaining common wirings 175 (e.g., 175 d, 175 e and 175 f) except for the some common wirings (e.g., 175 a, 175 b and 175 c) that contact the second contacts 180. Second signal wirings 195 (e.g., 195 d, 195 e and 195 f) electrically connected to the remaining common wirings 175 via the third contacts 187 are formed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190.
In exemplary embodiments, one third contact 187 is formed per each of the remaining common wirings 175 d, 175 e and 175 f A fourth conductive layer may be formed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190 and the third contacts 187. The fourth conductive layer may be patterned along the second direction to form the second signal wiring 195 electrically connected to each third contact 187.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, the second signal wirings 195 are electrically connected to remaining gate lines 145 included in the gate line stack structure except for the gate lines 145 connected to the first signal wirings 185 via the common wirings 175. For example, the second signal wirings 195 may be electrically connected to the SSL 145 f and upper word lines 145 e and 145 d.
The second to fourth upper insulation layers 160, 170 and 190 may be formed of a silicon oxide-based material substantially the same as or similar to that of the first upper insulation layer 130 by, for example, a CVD process or a spin coating process. The first to fourth conductive layers may be formed of a metal such as, for example, tungsten or copper by a sputtering process, an ALD process, etc.
According to exemplary embodiments as described above, the signal wirings 185 and 195 may be divided and formed at different levels utilizing the common wiring 175. Thus, a patterning margin for forming the signal wirings 185 and 195 may he obtained, and the vertical memory device including the increased number of the gate lines may he formed.
FIG. 35 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. FIG. 35 illustrates an upper portion of the vertical memory device including a wiring structure according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. For convenience of explanation, a further description of elements and/or configurations substantially the same as or similar to those illustrated with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 may be omitted herein.
Referring to FIG. 35, as also described with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3, in exemplary embodiments, the wiring structure includes first to third contacts 165, 180 and 187, a common wiring 175, a first signal wiring 185, and a second signal wiring 195. The common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 may be located at different levels. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 are disposed on a second upper insulation layer 160, a third upper insulation layer 170, and a fourth upper insulation layer 190, respectively.
In exemplary embodiments, a bit line 173 is located at a different level from that of the common wiring 175. In exemplary embodiments, the bit line 173 is located at a higher level than that of the common wiring 175 and at a lower level than that of the second signal wiring 195.
In an exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 35, the bit line 173 may he located at the same level as that of the first signal wiring 185. For example, in an exemplary embodiment, the bit line 173 is disposed on the third upper insulation layer 170, and is covered by the fourth upper insulation layer 190. In this case, a bit line contact 163 may extend through the third to first upper insulation layers 170, 160 and 130 to he in contact with a pad 126.
In exemplary embodiments, after forming the common wirings 175 and the third upper insulation layer 170, the bit line contact 163 and the second contact 180 may be formed by substantially the same photo-lithography process and deposition process. Subsequently, the bit line 173 and the first signal wiring 185 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by substantially the same patterning process.
FIG. 36 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. FIG. 36 illustrates an upper portion of the vertical memory device including a wiring structure according to an exemplary embodiment. For convenience of explanation, a further description of elements and/or configurations substantially the same as or similar to those illustrated with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 may be omitted herein.
Referring to FIG. 36, as also described with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3, in exemplary embodiments, the wiring structure includes first to third contacts 165, 180 and 187, a common wiring 175, a first signal wiring 185, and a second signal wiring 195. The common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 may be located at different levels. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 are disposed on a second upper insulation layer 160, a third upper insulation layer 170, and a fourth upper insulation layer 190, respectively.
In exemplary embodiments, a bit line 174 is located at a different level from that of the common wiring 175. In exemplary embodiments, the bit line 174 is located at a higher level than those of the common wiring 175 and the first signal wiring 185.
In an exemplary embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 36, the bit line 174 is located at the same level as that of the second signal wiring 195. For example, the bit line 174 may be disposed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190. In this case, a bit line contact 164 may extend through the fourth to first upper insulation layers 190, 170, 160 and 130 to be in contact with a pad 126.
In exemplary embodiments, after forming the first signal wirings 185 and the fourth upper insulation layer 190, the bit line contact 164 and the third contact 187 may be formed by substantially the same photo-lithography process and deposition process. Subsequently, the bit line 174 and the second signal wiring 195 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by substantially the same patterning process.
FIG. 37 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. FIG. 37 illustrates an upper portion of the vertical memory device including a wiring structure. For convenience of explanation, a further description of elements and/or configurations substantially the same as or similar to those illustrated with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 may be omitted herein.
Referring to FIG. 37, as also described with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3, in exemplary embodiments, a bit line contact 162 extends through a second upper insulation layer 160 and a first upper insulation layer 130 to be disposed on a pad 126. A bit line 172 is disposed on the second upper insulation layer 160 to be electrically connected to the pad 126 via the bit line contact 162.
In exemplary embodiments, the wiring structure includes first contacts 265 (e.g., 265 a through 265 f), second contacts 280, third contacts 287, common wirings 275 (e.g., 275 a through 275 f), a first signal wiring 285, and a second signal wiring 295. The first and second signal wiring 285 and 295 are electrically connected to the common wirings 275 via the second and third contacts 280 and 287, respectively. The common wiring 275, the first signal wiring 285, and the second signal wiring 295 may be located at different levels. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 275 and the first signal wiring 285 are disposed on a third upper insulation layer 170 and a fourth upper insulation layer 190, respectively. In exemplary embodiments, a fifth upper insulation layer 200 is further formed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190, and the second signal wiring 295 is disposed on the fifth upper insulation layer 200.
In exemplary embodiments, after forming the bit line 172, the third upper insulation layer 170 covering the bit line 172 is formed. Subsequently, the first contacts 265 may be formed through the third to first upper insulation layers 170, 160 and 130 and a mold protection layer 110, and the common wirings 275 electrically connected to the first contacts 265 may be formed on the third upper insulation layer 170. The second and third contacts 280 and 287, and the first and second signal wirings 285 and 295 may be formed by build-up processes substantially the same as or similar to those illustrated with reference to FIGS. 29 to 34,
Accordingly, in exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 275, the first signal wiring 285, and the second signal wiring 295 are located at higher levels than that of the bit line 172.
As described with reference to FIGS. 35 to 37, in exemplary embodiments, a location/level of the bit line may be properly adjusted in consideration of patterning convenience and operational reliability of the vertical memory device. In exemplary embodiments, the bit line is formed at a higher level than that of the second signal wiring 195.
FIGS. 38 to 40 are a top plan view and cross-sectional views illustrating a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept. More specifically, FIG. 38 is a top plan view illustrating the vertical memory device. FIGS. 39 and 40 are cross-sectional views taken along line II-II′ of FIG. 38.
Referring to FIGS. 38 and 39, in exemplary embodiments, a wiring structure substantially the same as or similar to that illustrated with reference to FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3 is disposed on a second region II and a third region III of the vertical memory device.
In exemplary embodiments, the wiring structure includes first contacts 165 (e.g., 165 a through 1650 connected to respective gate lines 145 (e.g., 145 a through 145 f), second and third contacts 180 and 187, common wirings 175 (e.g., 175 a through 175 f), first signal wirings 185 (e.g., 185 a, 185 b and 185 c), and second signal wirings 195 (e.g., 195 d, 195 e and 195 f). The common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 may be located at different levels. For example, in exemplary embodiments, the common wiring 175, the first signal wiring 185, and the second signal wiring 195 are disposed on a second upper insulation layer 160, a third upper insulation layer 170, and a fourth upper insulation layer 190, respectively.
In exemplary embodiments, bit lines are distributed at different levels. In exemplary embodiments, the bit lines include, for example, a first bit line 172 a and a second bit line 172 b. The second bit line 172 b is located at a higher level than that of the first bit line 172 a.
In exemplary embodiments, the first hit line 172 a is located at the same level as that of the common wiring 175. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 39, the first bit line 172 a is disposed on the second upper insulation layer 160.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, a first bit line contact 162 a may be formed together with the first contacts 165. The first bit line contact 162 a may be formed through the second and first upper insulation layers 160 and 130 to be in contact with a pad 126. Subsequently, the first bit line 172 a and the common wiring 175 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by the same etching process.
In exemplary embodiments, the second bit line 172 b is located at substantially the same level as that of the first signal wiring 185. In this case, as illustrated in FIG. 39, the second bit line 172 b is disposed on the third upper insulation layer 170.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, a second bit line contact 162 bmay be formed together with the second contacts 180. The second bit line contact 162 b may be formed through the third to first upper insulation layers 170, 160 and 130 to be in contact with the pad 126. Subsequently, the second bit line 172 b and the first signal wiring 185 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by the same etching process.
In exemplary embodiments, as illustrated in FIG. 38, the first bit line 172 a and the second bit line 172 b are alternately arranged along the second direction. Accordingly, the bit lines may be disposed at different levels alternately along the second direction.
Referring to FIG. 40, in exemplary embodiments, a first bit line 173 a and a second bit line 173 b are disposed on the third upper insulation layer 170 and the fourth upper insulation layer 190, respectively. In this case, the first bit line 173 a and the second bit line 173 b are located at substantially the same levels as those of the first signal wiring 185 and the second signal wiring 195, respectively.
For example, in exemplary embodiments, a first bit line contact 163 a may be formed together with the second contacts 180. The first bit line contact 163 a may be formed through the third to first upper insulation layers 170, 160 and 130 to be in contact with the pad 126. The first bit line 173 a and the first signal wiring 185 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by the same etching process.
Subsequently, a second bit line contact 163 b may be formed together with the third contacts 187. The second bit line contact 163 b may be formed through the fourth to first upper insulation layers 190, 170, 160 and 130 to be in contact with the pad 126. The second bit line 173 b and the second signal wiring 195 may be formed from the same conductive layer and by the same etching process.
According to exemplary embodiments as described above, the bit lines are also distributed at different levels while forming the signal wirings connected to the gate lines 145 at different levels. Thus, a space and a patterning margin for forming the bit lines on the first region I may be additionally Obtained.
FIG. 41 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a peripheral circuit region of a vertical memory device according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept.
Referring to FIG. 41, in exemplary embodiments, first to third peripheral circuit contacts 350, 380 and 387, and first to third peripheral circuit wirings 375, 385 and 395 are formed on a peripheral circuit region (e.g., on the third region III).
For example, in exemplary embodiments, the first peripheral circuit contact 350 extends through the second upper insulation layer 160, the first upper insulation layer 130, and the mold protection layer 110 to be electrically connected to a second impurity region 103a. The second impurity region 103 a may be formed, for example, at an upper portion of the substrate 100 of the third region III, and may define a transistor together with a peripheral circuit gate structure.
In exemplary embodiments, the first peripheral circuit wiring 375 is disposed on the second upper insulation layer 160, and is electrically connected to the first peripheral circuit contact 350. In exemplary embodiments, the first peripheral circuit wiring 375 is located at substantially the same level as that of the common wiring 175 illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3. In an exemplary embodiment, the first peripheral circuit wiring 375 may he diverged from the common wiring 175.
In exemplary embodiments, the second peripheral circuit contact 380 is disposed on the first peripheral circuit wiring 375 in the third upper insulation layer 170. The second peripheral circuit wiring 385 may he disposed on the third upper insulation layer 170, and may he electrically connected to the second peripheral circuit contact 380. In exemplary embodiments, the second peripheral circuit wiring 385 is located at substantially the same level as that of the first signal wiring 185 illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3. In an exemplary embodiment, the second peripheral circuit wiring 385 may be diverged from the first signal wiring 185.
In exemplary embodiments, the third peripheral circuit contact 387 is disposed on the second peripheral circuit wiring 385 in the fourth upper insulation layer 190. The third peripheral circuit wiring 395 may be disposed on the fourth upper insulation layer 190, and may be electrically connected to the third peripheral circuit contact 387. In exemplary embodiments, the third peripheral circuit wiring 395 is located at substantially the same level as that of the second signal wiring 195 illustrated in FIGS. 1A, 1B, 2 and 3. In an exemplary embodiment, the third peripheral circuit wiring 395 may be diverged from the second signal wiring 195.
According to exemplary embodiments as described above, the peripheral circuit wirings connected to the signal wirings may also be distributed at different levels while forming the signal wirings at different levels. Thus, the peripheral circuit wirings may be three-dimensionally arranged in a limited area of the peripheral circuit region. As a result, according to exemplary embodiments of the inventive concept, an entire wiring density of the vertical memory device may be improved.
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<?php
namespace App\Http\Controllers;
use App\Models\JenisBarang;
use Illuminate\Http\Request;
class JenisBarangController extends Controller
{
/**
* Display a listing of the resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function index()
{
$jenisBarang = JenisBarang::paginate(3);
return view('barang.jenis.index', compact('jenisBarang'));
}
public function cari(Request $request){
$search = $request->get('search');
$jenisBarang = JenisBarang::where('nama_jenis','like',"%".$search."%")->paginate(3);
return view('barang.jenis.index',compact('jenisBarang'));
}
/**
* Show the form for creating a new resource.
*
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function create()
{
return view('barang.jenis.create');
}
/**
* Store a newly created resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function store(Request $request)
{
$request->validate([
'nama_jenis' => 'required',
]);
JenisBarang::create($request->all());
return redirect('/jenis')->with('success', 'Data Jenis Barang Berhasil Ditambahkan!');
}
/**
* Display the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Models\JenisBarang $jenisBarang
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function show(JenisBarang $jenisBarang)
{
//
}
/**
* Show the form for editing the specified resource.
*
* @param \App\Models\JenisBarang $jenisBarang
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function edit(JenisBarang $jenisBarang)
{
return view('barang.jenis.edit', compact('jenisBarang'));
}
/**
* Update the specified resource in storage.
*
* @param \Illuminate\Http\Request $request
* @param \App\Models\JenisBarang $jenisBarang
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function update(Request $request, JenisBarang $jenisBarang)
{
$request->validate([
'nama_jenis' => 'required'
]);
JenisBarang::where('id_jenis', $jenisBarang->id_jenis)
->update([
'nama_jenis' => $request->nama_jenis
]);
return redirect('/jenis')->with('success', 'Data Jenis Barang Berhasil Diubah');
}
/**
* Remove the specified resource from storage.
*
* @param \App\Models\JenisBarang $jenisBarang
* @return \Illuminate\Http\Response
*/
public function destroy(JenisBarang $jenisBarang)
{
JenisBarang::destroy($jenisBarang->id_jenis);
return redirect('/jenis')->with('success','Data Jenis Barang Berhasil Dihapus!!');
}
}
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// Workshop 10 - Multi-Threading
// SecureData.cpp
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <string>
#include <thread>
#include "SecureData.h"
namespace w10 {
void converter(char* t, char key, int n, const Cryptor& c) {
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++)
t[i] = c(t[i], key);
}
SecureData::SecureData(const char* file, char key) {
// open text file
std::fstream input(file, std::ios::in);
if (!input)
throw std::string("\n***Failed to open file ") +
std::string(file) + std::string(" ***\n");
// copy from file into memory
nbytes = 0;
input >> std::noskipws;
while (input.good()) {
char c;
input >> c;
nbytes++;
}
nbytes--;
input.clear();
input.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
text = new char[nbytes + 1];
int i = 0;
while (input.good())
input >> text[i++];
text[--i] = '\0';
std::cout << "\n" << nbytes << " bytes copied from text "
<< file << " into memory (null byte added)\n";
encoded = false;
// encode using key
code(key);
std::cout << "Data encrypted in memory\n";
}
SecureData::~SecureData() {
delete[] text;
}
void SecureData::display(std::ostream& os) const {
if (text && !encoded)
os << text << std::endl;
else if (encoded)
throw std::string("\n***Data is encoded***\n");
else
throw std::string("\n***No data stored***\n");
}
void SecureData::code(char key) {
const int THREADS = 3;
int portion = nbytes / THREADS;
std::thread threadz[THREADS];
Cryptor cryptors[THREADS];
for (int x = 0; x < THREADS; x++) {
threadz[x] = std::thread(std::bind(converter, text + x * portion, key, x + 1 < THREADS ? portion : (nbytes - x * portion), cryptors[x]));
}
for (int x = 0; x < THREADS; x++) {
threadz[x].join();
}
encoded = !encoded;
}
void SecureData::backup(const char* file) {
if (!text)
throw std::string("\n***No data stored***\n");
else if (!encoded)
throw std::string("\n***Data is not encoded***\n");
else {
// open binary file
std::fstream os(file, std::ios::out);
// write binary file here
if (os.is_open()) {
for (int i = 0; i < nbytes; i++) {
os << text[i];
}
}
}
}
void SecureData::restore(const char* file, char key) {
// open binary file
std::fstream ins(file, std::ios::in);
// allocate memory here
ins >> std::noskipws;
nbytes = -1;
char x;
while (ins.good()) {
ins >> x;
nbytes++;
}
text = new char[nbytes + 1];
// read binary file here
ins.clear();
ins.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
nbytes = -1;
while (ins.good()) {
ins >> text[nbytes++];
text[nbytes + 1] = '\0';
}
std::cout << "\n" << nbytes + 1 << " bytes copied from binary file "
<< file << " into memory (null byte included)\n";
encoded = true;
// decode using key
code(key);
std::cout << "Data decrypted in memory\n\n";
}
std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const SecureData& sd) {
sd.display(os);
return os;
}
}
|
using Microsoft.Experimental.Azure.CommonTestUtilities;
using Microsoft.Experimental.Azure.JavaPlatform;
using Microsoft.Experimental.Azure.ZooKeeper;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
namespace Microsoft.Experimental.Azure.Storm.Tests
{
[TestClass]
public class StormEndToEndTests
{
[TestMethod]
[Ignore]
public void RunStormClusterTest()
{
var tempDirectory = @"C:\StormTestOutput";
if (Directory.Exists(tempDirectory))
{
Directory.Delete(tempDirectory, recursive: true);
}
var zooKeeperDirectory = Path.Combine(tempDirectory, "ZooKeeper");
var stormDirectory = Path.Combine(tempDirectory, "Storm");
var testJarDirectory = Path.Combine(tempDirectory, "testjar");
var killer = new ProcessKiller();
var stormRunner = SetupStorm(stormDirectory);
var testJar = CompileTestJar(testJarDirectory, stormDirectory);
var zooKeeperTask = RunZooKeeper(zooKeeperDirectory, killer);
var stormNimbusTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => stormRunner.RunNimbus(false, killer));
var stormSupervisorTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => stormRunner.RunSupervisor(false, killer));
ConditionAwaiter.WaitForLogSnippet(Path.Combine(stormDirectory, "logs", "Storm.log"), "Starting Nimbus server");
var testOutputFilePath = Path.Combine(testJarDirectory, "Output.txt");
var testJarTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => stormRunner.RunJar("SimpleTopology", testJar,
arguments: new[] { testOutputFilePath },
runContinuous: false,
monitor: killer));
var stormUITask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => stormRunner.RunUI(false, killer));
try
{
ConditionAwaiter.WaitForLogSnippet(testOutputFilePath, "test!!!");
}
finally
{
killer.KillAll();
Task.WaitAll(zooKeeperTask, stormNimbusTask, stormSupervisorTask, testJarTask, stormUITask);
}
}
private static string CompileTestJar(string testJarDirectory, string stormDirectory)
{
return TestJavaRunner.CompileJarFromResource(
testClass: typeof(StormEndToEndTests),
targetDirectory: testJarDirectory,
javaResourceName: "SimpleTopology.java",
libDirectory: Path.Combine(stormDirectory, "lib"),
targetJarName: "TestJar.jar");
}
private static StormRunner SetupStorm(string stormDirectory)
{
var stormConfig = new StormConfig(
nimbusHost: "localhost",
zooKeeperServers: new[] { "localhost" },
stormLocalDirectory: Path.Combine(stormDirectory, "storm-local"));
var stormRunner = new StormRunner(
resourceFileDirectory: ResourcePaths.StormResourcesPath,
stormHomeDirectory: stormDirectory,
javaHome: TestJavaRunner.JavaHome,
logsDirectory: Path.Combine(stormDirectory, "logs"),
config: stormConfig);
stormRunner.Setup();
return stormRunner;
}
private static Task RunZooKeeper(string zooKeeperDirectory, ProcessMonitor monitor)
{
var zooKeeperRunner = new ZooKeeperNodeRunner(
resourceFileDirectory: ResourcePaths.ZooKeeperResourcesPath,
config: new ZooKeeperConfig(Path.Combine(zooKeeperDirectory, "data")),
configsDirectory: Path.Combine(zooKeeperDirectory, "conf"),
logsDirectory: Path.Combine(zooKeeperDirectory, "log"),
jarsDirectory: Path.Combine(zooKeeperDirectory, "lib"),
javaHome: TestJavaRunner.JavaHome);
zooKeeperRunner.Setup();
var zooKeeperTask = Task.Factory.StartNew(() => zooKeeperRunner.Run(false, monitor));
return zooKeeperTask;
}
}
}
|
module HAD.Y2014.M03.D06.Exercise where
-- | takeStrictlyLessThan take elements of a list whils their sum is
-- _strictly_ less than a given number
--
-- Point-free: I didnt' try without parameter, you can easily "hide" the 2nd
-- parameter (ie. takeStrictlyLessThan x = …)
-- Level: MEDIUM
--
-- Examples:
-- >>> takeStrictlyLessThan (10::Int) [1..]
-- [1,2,3]
--
-- >>> takeStrictlyLessThan (3::Integer) $ repeat 1
-- [1,1]
--
-- >>> takeStrictlyLessThan (42::Int) $ []
-- []
--
-- takeStrictlyLessThan :: Choose your poison
takeStrictlyLessThan = undefined
|
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