Introduction {#sec1-0300060518764933}
============

The prevalence of spinal tuberculosis has been rising in African and Asian countries during the last decade because of the increasing number of patients with acquired immunodeficiency and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.^[@bibr1-0300060518764933]^ Musculoskeletal tuberculosis accounts for approximately 10% of all types of extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and nearly half of these patients have spinal tuberculosis.^[@bibr2-0300060518764933],[@bibr3-0300060518764933]^ The main treatment for spinal tuberculosis is chemotherapy consisting of isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. However, surgical treatment is still necessary for patients with spinal cord injury and spinal instability due to tuberculosis lesions.^[@bibr4-0300060518764933]^ Both anterior and posterior approaches have been applied for the treatment of lumbosacral spinal tuberculosis, and satisfactory results have been reported by various authors.^[@bibr5-0300060518764933]^ However, there is no consensus on the optimal approach. The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of debridement and bone fusion by anterior or posterior procedures in the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis in adults and provide reference data for future clinical procedures.

Materials and methods {#sec2-0300060518764933}
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Patient inclusion {#sec3-0300060518764933}
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All procedures in the current study were approved by the ethics committee of Xian Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University. All participating patients provided verbal informed consent. The clinical data of patients with a definitive diagnosis of lumbosacral tuberculosis treated by radical debridement and a strut grafting technique were retrospectively reviewed, and those who were treated with an anterior or posterior approach were included in the current study. Whether the anterior or posterior approach was applied was decided by comprehensive analysis of the position and extension of the foci, which were evaluated by anteroposterior and lateral radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The surgical approach was primarily designed and recommended by the chief spine surgeon and approved by the patient after he or she had been provided with all information about the advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches.

Treatment strategy {#sec4-0300060518764933}
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Only oral anti-tuberculosis drugs were administered in patients with no bacterial-induced spinal instability. The indications for surgical treatment were exacerbated collapse of a vertebral body, gradual worsening of pain, and radiculopathy.

Upon establishment of the clinical diagnosis in patients requiring surgery, treatment was begun with anti-tuberculosis drugs (isoniazid, 5 mg/kg; rifampicin, 10 mg/kg; ethambutol, 15 mg/kg; and pyrazinamide, 25 mg/kg) for 2 to 4 weeks prior to the operation. The surgery was carried out when the white blood cell count was normal or nearly normal, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein were stable and started to decline, and the overall condition of the patient was adequate for surgery under general anesthesia.^[@bibr6-0300060518764933]^ The patients were treated with either anterior debridement and autologous bone grafting with instrumentation or posterior instrumentation with anterior debridement and autologous bone grafting in a titanium cage.

Operative procedure {#sec5-0300060518764933}
-------------------

The anterior approach was performed with the patient in the lateral decubitus position, with the more severely involved side upward. An oblique hypogastric incision was made according to the segment containing the lesion. After routine retroperitoneal exposure, distractor screws on the normal vertebrae adjacent to the lesion were used to stabilize the spine and partly correct the lordosis deformity during decompression and focal debridement. The tuberculous focus, including any prevertebral or paravertebral abscesses, collapsed intervertebral discs, or other necrotic tissues were completely removed through the healthy bleeding bone for spinal cord decompression. A suitable titanium mesh filled with autologous bone was selected and inserted into the bone to stabilize the vertebral height and locking nail--plate system ([Figure 1](#fig1-0300060518764933){ref-type="fig"}).

![Preoperative computed tomography and postoperative radiographic images of a patient who underwent anterior debridement, intervertebral fusion, and internal fixation for the treatment of lumbosacral tuberculosis.](10.1177_0300060518764933-fig1){#fig1-0300060518764933}

The posterior approach was performed as follows. After induction of general anesthesia, the patients were placed in the prone position. A mid-spinal incision was made and the bilateral facet joints and outer parts of the lamina were exposed. Shorter segmental fixation was preferred in the lumbosacral junction (at least one above and one below the lesion). Transpedicular screws were also placed in the affected vertebrae if the upper part of the vertebrae was not destroyed by infection. Transpedicular screws could be implanted in the ilium when the first sacral vertebra was severely damaged. After screw placement, a temporary 20- to 30-degree pre-bent rod was placed on the opposite side to avoid unexpected movements of the spine during debridement. After excision of the necrotic disc and collapsed vertebrae, saline irrigation and a flush tube were used to clean the paravertebral or psoas abscess. The patient's position was changed by controlling the position of the operating table to allow removal of latent pus if necessary while flushing the abscess. Suitable autogenous struts or allogenic bone was inserted into the prepared bone trough through the same incision to reconstruct the vertebrae. The kyphosis was rectified by compression and stretching of the internal fixation instrument ([Figure 2](#fig2-0300060518764933){ref-type="fig"}). Autologous or allograft bone particles were implanted in the lateral facet joints of diseased vertebrae and between the transverse processes. Streptomycin (1.0 g) and isoniazid (0.2 g) were administered locally, and a drainage tube was placed before the incisions were sutured. The biopsy specimens were sent for pathological examination.

![Computed tomography and radiographic images of lumbosacral tuberculosis before and after posterior surgery.](10.1177_0300060518764933-fig2){#fig2-0300060518764933}

The drainage tube was removed when the drainage flow was \<50 mL per 24 hours, and the patients were allowed to ambulate with protection of waist support at 1 week after removal of the drainage tube. All patients were treated with the above-mentioned antituberculous chemotherapy regimen for 12 to 18 months postoperatively. The braces were continually used for 6 to 8 months postoperatively. All patients were examined clinically and radiologically at 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery and then once a year. Radiographs, blood tests, the ESR, and hepatic function were examined.

Statistical analysis {#sec6-0300060518764933}
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Using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 19.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA), the lordotic angle, Oswestry disability index (ODI), and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were analyzed by paired t-tests preoperatively, postoperatively, and during the follow-up within groups and by independent-sample t-tests between groups. Differences were considered significant at P \< 0.05.

Results {#sec7-0300060518764933}
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General patient Information {#sec8-0300060518764933}
---------------------------

From July 2010 to July 2014, 115 patients with lumbar lumbosacral tuberculosis underwent surgical treatment in our department (anterior debridement and autologous bone grafting with instrumentation, n = 50; posterior instrumentation with anterior debridement and autologous bone grafting in a titanium cage, n = 65). There were no significant differences in the sex ratio or age between the two groups ([Table 1](#table1-0300060518764933){ref-type="table"}). The mean operation time was 236.7 minutes for the anterior approach and 82.5 minutes for the posterior approach, and the difference was significant (P = 0.05). The mean intraoperative hemorrhage was 505.0 mL for the anterior approach and 399.3 mL for the posterior approach, and the difference was significant (P = 0.04) ([Table 1](#table1-0300060518764933){ref-type="table"}).

###### 

Demographic characteristics of patients and surgical procedures

![](10.1177_0300060518764933-table1)

                                              Anterior approach   Posterior approach   P
  ------------------------------------------- ------------------- -------------------- ------
  Female/male                                 20/30               23/42                0.70
  Age, years                                  45.7 ± 8.4          47.2 ± 7.61          0.96
  Levels of lumbosacral tuberculosis lesion                                            
   L3--L4                                     14                  16                   0.87
   L4--L5                                     19                  24                   
   L5--S1                                     17                  25                   
  Operation time, minutes                     236.70 ± 36.4       182.47 ± 29.6        0.05
  Intraoperative hemorrhage, mL               505.0 ± 112.4       399.31 ± 82.0        0.04

Data are presented as number of patients or mean ± standard deviation.

Treatment results {#sec9-0300060518764933}
-----------------

The mean follow-up was 41.5 months (range, 24--64 months). The surgical incisions in both groups healed without chronic infection, fistula formation, or recurrence. No complications related to instrumentation occurred. Two patients developed pneumonia. These symptoms disappeared after 1 week of anti-inflammatory and symptomatic supportive treatment. All patients experienced pain relief. No graft fracture, sliding, or resorption was observed. All patients experienced significant improvement in their constitutional symptoms and back pain after surgery. The white blood cell count and ESR had normalized in all patients by 3 months after surgery. Radiographs and/or computed tomography scans showed that all patients achieved bone fusion. The average fusion time was 6.9 months (range, 5--10 months).

The average VAS pain score was 6.9 (range, 5--8) preoperatively and decreased by 5.4 points at the last follow-up ([Table 2](#table2-0300060518764933){ref-type="table"}); there were no significant differences in the alleviation of pain at each time point between the two groups. Similarly, the ODI scores were not significantly different between the two groups at each time point. The lumbosacral lordotic angle was more significantly corrected by the posterior than anterior approach. The preoperative lumbosacral lordotic angle was 18.0 ± 8.8 and 19.4 ± 6.6 degrees in the anterior and posterior approach groups, respectively, which was not significantly different, and the postoperative angle was 27.1 ± 4.9 and 28.8 ± 7.0 degrees, respectively, with a significant difference (P \< 0.05). At the last follow-up, the lordotic angle was 22.0 ± 3.8 and 27.2 ± 5.1 degrees in the anterior and posterior approach groups, respectively, which was also significantly different (P \< 0.05).

###### 

Changes in ODI and VAS scores and lordotic angle preoperatively, postoperatively, and at the last follow-up

![](10.1177_0300060518764933-table2)

                       Anteriorapproach   Posteriorapproach   P
  -------------------- ------------------ ------------------- ------
  ODI                                                         
   Preoperatively      51.4 ± 10.9        49.2 ± 11.8         0.16
   Before discharge    31.3 ± 6.0         28.5 ± 5.6          0.23
   At last follow-up   1.5 ± 0.4          1.6 ± 0.5           0.35
  VAS                                                         
   Preoperatively      6.8 ± 1.0          6.4 ± 1.4           0.06
   At last follow-up   0.8 ± 0.1          0.6 ± 0.1           0.18
  Lordotic angle                                              
   Preoperatively      18.0 ± 8.8         19.4 ± 6.6          0.52
   Before discharge    27.1 ± 4.9         28.8 ± 7.0          0.00
   At last follow-up   22.0 ± 3.8         27.2 ± 5.1          0.04

Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

ODI, Oswestry Disability Index; VAS, visual analog scale.

The neurologic deficits in all patients were improved at the follow-up examinations. Before the surgery, 4, 21, 42, and 48 patients had an American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) spinal cord impairment scale grade of B, C, D, and E; these numbers of patients improved to 1, 13, 27, and 74 after the surgery and to 0, 5, 9, and 101 at the last follow-up ([Table 3](#table3-0300060518764933){ref-type="table"}). There were no significant differences in the ASIA grades at each time point between the two groups.

###### 

Changes in the ASIA spinal cord injury scale

![](10.1177_0300060518764933-table3)

                       B   C    D    E
  -------------------- --- ---- ---- ----
  Anterior approach                  
   Preoperatively      2   8    19   21
   Before discharge    1   3    11   35
   At last follow-up   0   2    4    44
  Posterior approach                 
   Preoperatively      2   13   23   27
   Before discharge    0   10   16   39
   At last follow-up   0   3    5    57

ASIA, American Spinal Injury Association.

Discussion {#sec10-0300060518764933}
==========

The spine is a common site for extrapulmonary tuberculosis, and spinal tuberculosis is still the most important cause of paraplegia in developing countries. Early intervention is vital in the treatment of spinal tuberculosis. Although antituberculosis chemotherapy effectively inactivates tuberculosis, vertebral collapse may continue. Surgical treatment is a necessity for patients with vertebral collapse and those who cannot tolerate long-term immobilization.^[@bibr7-0300060518764933]^ The main goals of surgical treatment involve removal of the focus, complete decompression of nerves, correction of the spinal deformity, and reconstruction of spinal stability.^[@bibr8-0300060518764933]^

Various surgical methods have been applied to treat lumbosacral tuberculosis. Because the inflammation is usually located in the anterior aspect, the anterior approach allows the surgeon to directly remove the infected focus and facilitates vertebral reconstruction. However, this approach may lead to inadequate kyphosis correction and loss of correction during follow-up. It has also been reported that the anterior approach may lead to injury of the peritoneum and a high rate of vascular complications.^[@bibr9-0300060518764933][@bibr10-0300060518764933]--[@bibr11-0300060518764933]^ In the current study, patients treated with the anterior approach had a longer operation time, more intraoperative hemorrhage, and greater loss of the correction angle at the 2-year follow-up.

Since the application of posterior spinal instrumentation systems, a single posterior approach can now be used to finish debridement, bone grafting, and instrumentation. The posterior approach creates enough operating space through resection of one side of the lamina, facet joint, diaphysis, and pedicle, allowing operation on the vertebral body at a 270-degree angle under direct visualization of the outside of the dura mater for complete removal of the focal tuberculous lesion without injuring the spinal cord.^[@bibr12-0300060518764933][@bibr13-0300060518764933]--[@bibr14-0300060518764933]^ Although several reports have compared the curative effect of anterior and posterior approaches to treat spinal tuberculosis, their results have been largely inconclusive, and few have focused on tuberculosis of the lumbosacral region.^[@bibr15-0300060518764933],[@bibr16-0300060518764933]^ The results of the current retrospective study indicate that for patients with tuberculosis of the lumbosacral region, the posterior approach requires a shorter operation time, induces less intraoperative hemorrhage, and allows for more gain and correction of the lordotic angle compared with the anterior approach. Additionally, the VAS, ODI, and ASIA scores were not significantly different between the two groups, indicating that the posterior approach may be a safer and more efficient treatment technique for lumbosacral tuberculosis. However, it is also possible that the results of this study were affected by the different patient inclusion criteria and operational technique of the surgeon. Although these factors may have introduced bias to the results of the current study, its retrospective nature makes it impossible to eliminate such bias. However, this study still suggests that the posterior approach is often more advantageous than the anterior approach.

Conclusion {#sec11-0300060518764933}
==========

When both approaches can be carried out for a patient with lumbosacral tuberculosis, the posterior approach should be favored over the anterior approach.

We thank Professor Wei Tian for his assistance with the study design and drafting of the manuscript.

Author contributions {#sec12-0300060518764933}
====================

Bolong Zheng was responsible for patient selection and recruitment and drafting of the manuscript, Dingjun Hao was responsible for carrying out the surgical procedures, Hua Guo was responsible for the statistical analysis and drafting of the manuscript, and Baorong He was responsible for the study design, team building, and revising of the manuscript.

Declaration of conflicting interest {#sec13-0300060518764933}
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The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding {#sec14-0300060518764933}
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This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
