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1,800
In the late differentiation phases of somatotroph cells, GHRH activates Gs alpha, cAMP, and the protein kinase A pathway through its cell membrane receptor GHRH-R (1,10,11).
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background
1,801
due to mitochondrial dysfunction caused by age-related mitochondrial DNA mutations, deletions 151 (10, 21) and damage (25, 59).
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background
1,802
…have considerably advanced our understanding of how selection by parasites in conjunction with sexual selection drives the polymorphism of the classical major histocompatibility complex class I and II genes (Landry et al. 2001; Langefors et al. 2001a; Reusch et al. 2001; Wegner et al. 2003a).
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background
1,803
The reflectance data were converted to pseudoabsorption using the Kubelka-Munk remission function.(72) The absorption onsets (Figure 4.
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method
1,804
Several gene duplications gained during further evolutionary steps increased the carbon flow through glycolysis [29], optimized the conversion between acetaldehyde and ethanol [4], and elevated the sugar uptake.
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background
1,805
Comparison of sperm retrieval rate according to testicular histology Five of the included studies made a comparison of sperm retrieval according to testicular histology (Okada et al., 2002; Tsujimura et al., 2002; Ramasamy et al., 2005; Colpi et al., 2009; Ghalayini et al., 2011).
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result
1,806
This finding agrees with recent investigations that suggest that only a limited number of The ISME Journal bacterial species can drive major changes in the gut microbiota and, thus, influence the metabolic profile (Marcobal et al., 2013).
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result
1,807
…(Polo-Parada et al., 2004, 2005), also caused transmission failures with high-, but not low-frequency stimulation, further supporting the importance of the MLCK–myosin II pathway in maintaining synaptic transmission with high, but physiological (Gorassini et al., 2000), stimulus frequencies.
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background
1,808
…Lagoon, Papua New Guinea, groups of the clown anemonefish, A. percula, are confined to sea anemones (Heteractis magnifica) that provide the fish with food, oviposition sites, and protection from predators (Mariscal 1970; Fautin 1992; Elliott et al. 1995; Elliott and Mariscal 2001; Buston 2003a).
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background
1,809
The key insight of the authors in [12] is that a memory access to a location which is private to a given thread can be successfully reordered with respect to a memory access to a location which is shared amongst multiple threads without violating SC; it is only for memory operations to shared data that ordering constraints need to be imposed.
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background
1,810
If the desired accuracy is , according to [6], the SPG algorithm needs O( √ 2D= ) iterations to converge.
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background
1,811
The coactivation of the transcription factors to promoter regions is carried out by PGC-1a, which is the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (380).
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background
1,812
The emerging data from clinical trials with GDC-0449 show both the benefits and possible pitfalls of a pure SMO antagonist; a clear tumor response in Hh driven tumors such as basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma [34,55,56], and the occurrence of a drug induced resistance caused by mutations in the Smo locus [34,55].
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method
1,813
Analyzing the nonlinear characteristics of LC can assist to understand the underlying mechanism of the flashover process [20].
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background
1,814
Often, multiple interventions are bundled by a single artifact, which is an “artificial thing” (Romme, 2003, p. 562) that serves as “a means to an end” (Holmström et al., 2009, p. 67).
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background
1,815
The list of extracted items was based on the guidance issued by Cochrane for data extraction [22] and critical appraisal for systematic reviews of prediction models (the CHARMS checklist [23]).
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method
1,816
CART, Random Forest and kNN parameters (min_samples_leaf ∈ [1, 10] for tree-based algorithms and k ∈ {1, 2, 5, 15, 30, 50} for kNN) were chosen in stratified 5-fold cross-validation.
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method
1,817
Our experiments demonstrate that the proposed framework better encapsulates semantic or category-level shape information while requiring less supervision or relatively inexpensive weak supervision compared to prior works [6, 49].
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result
1,818
This matrix transformed the global coordinate system into a local orthogonal coordinate system using a direct frame by frame method (Scurr et al., 2010), identifying the suprasternal notch as the origin and establishing the right and left nipple coordinates relative to the trunk (Scurr et al.,…
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method
1,819
To determine the pressure conditions at which this abrupt change of dVS/dP occurs, we adopted the same criteria as Murakami and Bass (2010, 2011).
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method
1,820
Mean sensitivity estimates (ap) for Group 11 (between .25 and .32) were similar to the mean sensitivity estimate of .20 found by Lie and Alsop (2009), who used a similar task and sample of participants.
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result
1,821
, Mg and Zn) are associated with lower concentrations of inflammatory markers that increased risk of MS.[2,36] The differences between our results and previous studies may be explained by differences in sample size, population group and the method of dietary assessment; or the definitions of MS may not be appropriate for an Iranian population; and self‐reported intake may be imprecise.
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result
1,822
studies have convincingly shown that MIF RNA and protein are present in most brain areas under non-pathological conditions also [33, 34], the absence of immunohistochemically detectable MIF expression was surprising.
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result
1,823
…both 3 and 5 directions were assembled using the programs phred (Ewing and Green 1998; Ewing et al. 1998), phrap (http://www.phrap.org) and Consed (Gordon et al. 1998), and were submitted to the GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast) and Rhizobase databases…
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method
1,824
We have proposed a method of friendship estimation by observing interaction among children via a robot (Kanda et al., 2004 c).
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method
1,825
The topographic trend in China was reversed from right tilt to left tilt, with the flow direction of the main river systems turned eastward to the sea (Clark et al. 2004; Zheng et al. 2013).
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background
1,826
Bacterial strains and growth conditions The genome sequences of B. pertussis TohamaI, Bordetella parapertussis 12822, Bordetella bronchesipteca RB50 [34] and Bordetella avium N197 [35] were used in the computational analyses.
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method
1,827
Nonbreeders are potentially costly competitors for reproduction, but they avoid becoming actual competitors for reproduction by modifying their growth and remaining small (Buston 2003b).
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background
1,828
The underlying mechanisms of the release of water molecules from macromolecular binding remain to be established as HA does not appear to be directly involved in this process (Sedin et al. 2000).
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background
1,829
Although many researchers [1-10] have proposed numerous algorithms in literature, it is still very difficult to solve it efficiently due to the appearance or motion changes of the object, such as pose, occlusion, or illumination.
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background
1,830
For the purpose of small-signal stability analysis, the DAE model (1) is linearized around a given system operating point [1].
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method
1,831
We used two luxAB reporter strains, strain FAM431, which contains the fulllength glnN promoter fused to luxAB, and FAM84, which only retains the NtcA-binding site in its promoter fused to luxAB (Aldehni & Forchhammer, 2006).
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method
1,832
This result is in apparent contradiction with a previous study showing that the dominant repression of MYB52 caused a severe reduction in SCW thickening in both interfascicular fibers and xylary fibers of the inflorescence stem (Zhong et al., 2008).
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result
1,833
Scores may become more reliable after daily repetition of the dot probe task for several weeks (Enock et al. 2014); this repetition is of course not feasible for most ABT studies, which typically take place in a single session and seek to measure pre-treatment bias.
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background
1,834
We compare the proposed CF3D with other correlation filter based RGB-D trackers, i.e., DS-KCF [9] and SAMF+Depth [48].
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method
1,835
Despite a study performed by Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) did not demonstrate superior activities by higher doses of CrEL-based paclitaxel [18], data from several other phase II studies in MBC suggest a dose-response relationship.
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result
1,836
dN and dS were calculated for the aligned regions using the codeml programme from the PAML package [56], with default settings for pairwise analyses and nine free parameters used to account for codon frequencies (F3X4; [57]).
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method
1,837
1B) and introduced a site-specific nick in the sense strand of the EGFPcC>G reporter by transfecting reporter cells with PX462 plasmids (Ran et al. 2013b) that coexpressed Cas9D10A and EGFP-specific sgRNA (sgEGFP).
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background
1,838
Indeed, our research confirms that talking to a close friend or family member, and maintaining contact with these social networks, are actions young people considered to prevent or apply in situations of depressive distress or similar states [13,28,29].
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background
1,839
These new scenarios require the use of different scales (nominal or ordinal, as opposed to ratio scales [12]), and as such will mean using different metrics on the databases.
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background
1,840
…(Mongera et al., 2013), Tg(crestin:creERT2);Tg(-3.5ubi:loxP-GFP-loxP-mCherry) (Mosimann et al., 2011; Kaufman et al., 2016), tfap2amob;foxd3mos (Wang et al., 2011) and Tg(sox17:creERT2;cmlc2: DsRed) [created using the sox17 promoter from Mizoguchi et…
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background
1,841
We tested model performance using the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) statistic, which gives a measure of ability to discriminate between observed presences and absences, and has been widely applied (Acevedo et al. 2010; Anderson and Raza 2010; Phillips et al. 2006; but see Lobo et al. 2008).
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method
1,842
determined using a simple ray-triangle intersection algorithm which calculates the distance that the ray has travelled before each triangle intersection [20, 21].
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method
1,843
Additional studies have implicated Rab5A and 5C in microneme protein trafficking and rhoptry biogenesis [22], and homologues of dynamin and sortilin have also been identified as critical for the trafficking of some proteins [23,24].
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background
1,844
These molecules may replace some expensive growth factors and are promising for standardization of ESC cultivation (Burton et al., 2010; Tsutsui et al., 2011; Valamehr et al., 2011).
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background
1,845
Comparison of overall sperm retrieval rate All seven included studies compared the overall SRR (Schlegel, 1999; Amer et al., 2000; Okada et al., 2002; Tsujimura et al., 2002; Ramasamy et al., 2005; Colpi et al., 2009; Ghalayini et al., 2011).
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background
1,846
We split the sample into two groups comparing those who displayed high levels of behavior problems as indexed by the Eyberg Problem or Intensity factor, using previously validated cut-off scores and mirroring the criteria applied during recruitment for the study (Burns and Patterson 2001; Dishion et al. 2008).
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method
1,847
The particles, or signals, are well known [2, 3, 6, 10, 12] in cellular automata (CAs) where iterated parallel processing of strings occurs.
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background
1,848
Serum CA125 is elevated in a proportion of patients with diverse malignancies, such as colon, breast, endometrial, lung, liver and pancreatic tumours (Tuxen et al, 1995).
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background
1,849
TK, (7, 8) using EcoRI (5′) and BamHI (3′) and then inserted into the GFP vector.
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method
1,850
There was no difference in results between the two treatment backgrounds, the presence of metformin did not affect the results, which is consistent with earlier studies of the SGLT2 inhibitors dapagliflozin [15,16] and canagliflozin [17,18].
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result
1,851
When MgTx was applied to the rare cells subsequently shown to express only TTX-sensitive Na current (A-type neurons) (Stansfeld and Wallis 1985; Schild and Kunze 1997; Li and Schild 2007b), there was no change in the duration of the action potential measured at 0 mV (0.74 0.09 vs. 0.76 0.1 ms, n 3,…
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background
1,852
These study areas have all been managed in the same way for multiple generations (from the onset of farming in the area) and are dominated by indigenous vegetation (Little et al. 2013), they have also only been utilized as livestock farms (the region is not suitable for crop agriculture).
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background
1,853
In both alignments, the most significant eigenposition is approximately invariant across the organisms and correlates with the average frequency of all nucleotides across the positions [34], with the correlation w0:995.
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background
1,854
Prenatal care utilization was classified as inadequate, intermediate, adequate, and adequate plus according to Kotelchuck’s Adequacy of Prenatal Care Utilization Index [34].
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method
1,855
[11], is a tree-building technique which could be ideally suited to the generation of information fusion rules among sensors.
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background
1,856
Member pairs were considered linked if one or both indicated a relationship, following established social network data management protocols [27].
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method
1,857
As suggested by several authors, the abnormal FRP can result from an initial fear-avoidance reaction to back pain triggering and over time evolve into an unintentional protection mechanism [28,32,53].
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background
1,858
…have been found that possess IQ motif/s: the IQD family that contains a IQ67 domain (Abel et al. 2005; Levy et al. 2005), the myosin family (Knight and Kendrick 1993; Reddy and Day 2001; Holweg and Nick 2004; Ojangu et al. 2007), the CaMbinding transcriptional activators (CAMTA) family…
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background
1,859
In this sense, our results agree with previous studies reporting decreased binding levels (Oviedo et al., 1993; Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1994; Romero et al., 1997b), receptor activation of GTP-binding proteins (Sim et al.
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result
1,860
standing for the mode coupling between two adjacent waveguides and κ κ κ = = + + n n n n in 2 2 1 2 1 2 standing for the mode coupling within the same waveguides, Eqs (17) and (18) can be written as
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background
1,861
California Sheephead and Kelp Bass density and size structure were extracted from data collected from 2007 through 2009 following a standardized comprehensive community monitoring survey protocol; for more details on the protocol see [13].
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method
1,862
METHODS: There were 4 distinct interventions used to plan and implement this conversion program: (1) literature review, (2) product selection, (3) policy and operational changes, and (4) staff training.
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method
1,863
These adaptations consisted of using an analytical approximation for the stress fiber remodeling algorithm to reduce computational costs (Ristori et al., 2015), and including both the loaded and unloaded configuration in the assessment of the degree of collagen contraction and strain-induced collagen degradation.
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method
1,864
Annual public expenditure on home-care services tripled from €102.3 million in 2001 (Timonen et al. 2006a) to €331 million in 2008 (PA Consulting 2009b).
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background
1,865
The items are internally consistent and reproducible and the questionnaire may therefore be considered to have at least as favourable levels of reliability as clinical scores used to assess outcomes (Koran 1975).
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result
1,866
3 Implementation 3.1 Data pre-processing Although the WHO database allows for the transmission and storage of large amounts of data for each individual case report, few case reports have even the majority of the fields filled in (Bate et al. 1998).
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method
1,867
some authors regard phenprocoumon as a valuable alternative for therapeutic OAC of patients expressing a CYP2C9 polymorphism [9].
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background
1,868
Similar results have been described by our group in human lymphocytes [32], and by other researchers in murine macrophages [65].
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result
1,869
First, by altering the immunophysiology of the host during infection, pathogens can modify host behavior.(12,13) Common
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background
1,870
Data on the occurrence of the principal mycotoxins on foods and beverages are increasing due to the availability and use of modern and sensitive LC–MS/MS and GC–MS/MS methodologies suitable for simultaneous determination of mycotoxins (Capriotti et al., 2012; Rodríguez-Carrasco et al., 2012).
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background
1,871
Two meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials indicated that consumption of unfiltered coffee increases serum lipid levels [77, 78].
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background
1,872
These strategies can hopefully lead to earlier diagnosis and earlier, less invasive interventions for OSSN, particularly in places such as East Africa where there is limited access to specialists.[8] Our review suggests a lack of utilization of topical chemotherapy to treat OSSN in Africa.
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background
1,873
The best μ solutions from the union of the μ parent solutions and the λ offspring are carried over into the new population P (t + 1) (Li et al., 2013).
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background
1,874
Yet, allowing for interruptions might decrease classification accuracy [24] as well as making results vulnerable to variation in wear time if analyzed with different epoch lengths [37].
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background
1,875
As mentioned in the Introduction, a functional specialisation within the hippocampus for episodic encoding and retrieval processes in healthy young subjects was initially proposed as part of the HIPER model, with the anterior part of the hippocampus being preferentially involved in encoding, and retrieval mainly depending on its posterior portion (Lepage et al., 1998).
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background
1,876
The 12-item Short-Form Survey (SF-12) was used to assess overall physical and mental well-being using the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scores [16].
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method
1,877
For instance, the relatively unconserved 13.4 kb region between the 2.3 kb 5 enhancer and Ptf1a coding region contains sufficient information to direct expression specifically to Ptf1a-positive cells in the pancreas, and this expression is synergistic with the 2.3 kb element (Masui et al., 2008).
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background
1,878
, 2010), identifying the suprasternal notch as the origin and establishing the right and left nipple coordinates relative to the trunk (Scurr et al., 2010).
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background
1,879
RNA and Protein Analysis Total RNAwas isolated from transduced (Ametrine) CD4 or CD8 T cells and used for cDNA synthesis as previously described (Johnston et al., 2009).
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background
1,880
For a close and equitable comparison with other systems based on the same biologically motivated model, we chose to do our experiments on the Caltech-101 database [7], which has become a de facto standard for evaluating algorithms for multiclass category-level recognition, though it lacks in several important sources of intra-class variability [8].
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method
1,881
We use the MPI based distributed Version (IntelCaffe) [1] of the popular open source framework Caffe [9] for our evaluation.
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method
1,882
These subjects have intact cognitive function and their gait is essentially ‘‘automatic’’ (Springer et al. 2006; Yogev et al. 2005), at least compared with the patient populations studied here.
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background
1,883
These results are consistent with other applications of AMOR and rhBMP-2 in repair of critical size defects [39, 43, 44, 47, 48].
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result
1,884
The diagrams illustrate typical cm, db and ssm configurations [19], where water molecules are depicted by dashed circles and amino acid residues are represented by solid circles (drawings adapted from Liu and Chan [31]).
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background
1,885
Only one published paper (Enock et al. 2014) has examined this question, and thatwas in the context of anABM training study.
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background
1,886
Lai and Massey [10] introduced a proposal for a new block encryption standard named IDEA which is based on ARX design with three different group operations modular addition, bitwise XOR and modular multiplication to achieve strong confusion and diffusion.
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background
1,887
Several biologically-inspired algorithms have been applied to the HPlattice optimization problem, including memetic algorithms [5,6], particle swarm optimization [7], a contact interactions method [8], an immune algorithm [9] and ant colony optimization [10].
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method
1,888
For each condition, the magnitude of luminance or chromatic increments was set by the adaptive QUEST algorithm (Watson & Pelli, 1983).
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method
1,889
As training data, we use the IWSLT07 Chinese– English data set (Fordyce, 2007), which contains 46,867 sentence pairs of training data, and 489 Chinese sentences with 6 English reference translations each as test data; all the sentences are taken from the traveling domain.
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method
1,890
While some studies demonstrated that lean mass exhibit a positive relationship with BMD (10, 11) another reported that lean mass does not have an impact on BMD (14).
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result
1,891
The observed pH-dependence of the reaction rate in solution is consistent with base catalysis and with the thiolate anion as the reactive species, as reported previously.(17,18)
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result
1,892
Global gene expression profiles of developing brain in embryos of diabetic mice has shown differential expression of several genes that control various functions such as metabolism, cellular physiological process, cell cycle progression and cell migration during brain development [7].
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background
1,893
In several elasticity-imaging techniques [3–5,11,12,24], the acoustic radiation force was considered to be a spatial impulse (delta function) generated precisely at the geometric focus.
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background
1,894
At 6 days after LCMV infection, virus-specific Tfh cells (CXCR5+ SLAMlo) and Th1 cells (CXCR5 SLAMhi) (Choi et al., 2013; Johnston et al., 2009) were isolated by flow cytometry and deep sequenced for differential representation of the shRNAs.
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background
1,895
So far, the Arianna database has been shown to provide accurate and reliable information on drug utilization [9–11].
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method
1,896
During compression, the AmB molecules change their orientation to vertical at a surface pressure of approximately 15 mN/m (Arczewska and Gagoś 2011; Gagoś and Arczewska 2010; Gruszecki et al. 2002).
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background
1,897
One interesting exception to this pattern has recently been reported by Hendriks et al. (2014), who observed a strong rate of definite references at a point in their stories at which they expected their second character to be maintained in focus (their “Maintain-2” condition; see also Contemori and…
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background
1,898
According to Hale et al. (2000), the presence of the LINE-1 element is part of the “taurine” haplotype of the GHR gene; no such sequence was found in Zebu cattle (Bos indicus).
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background
1,899
6(d)) may seem to contrast the decreased firing rates reported in previous modeling studies (Bojak and Liley, 2005; Hutt and Longtin, 2010; Steyn-Ross et al., 1999) and observed in experiments (Antkowiak, 1999).
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result