# TurkishMMLU

This repository contains configuration files for LM Evaluation Harness for Few-Shot and Chain-of-Thought experiments for TurkishMMLU. Using these configurations with LM Evaluation Harness, the results of this study are obtained.

TurkishMMLU is a multiple-choice Question-Answering dataset created for the Turkish Natural Language Processing (NLP) community based on Turkish Highschool Curricula across nine subjects. This comprehensive study is conducted to provide Question-Answering benchmark for Turkish language. The questions of the dataset are written by curriculum experts, suitable for the high-school curricula in Turkey, covering subjects ranging from natural sciences and math questions to more culturally representative topics such as Turkish Literature and the history of the Turkish Republic.

To access this dataset please send an email to:
arda.yueksel@tum.de or akoksal@cis.lmu.de.

## Abstract

Multiple choice question answering tasks evaluate the reasoning, comprehension, and mathematical abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). While existing benchmarks employ automatic translation for multilingual evaluation, this approach is error-prone and potentially introduces culturally biased questions, especially in social sciences. We introduce the first multitask, multiple-choice Turkish QA benchmark, TurkishMMLU, to evaluate LLMs' understanding of the Turkish language. TurkishMMLU includes over 10,000 questions, covering 9 different subjects from Turkish high-school education curricula. These questions are written by curriculum experts, suitable for the high-school curricula in Turkey, covering subjects ranging from natural sciences and math questions to more culturally representative topics such as Turkish Literature and the history of the Turkish Republic. We evaluate over 20 LLMs, including multilingual open-source (e.g., Gemma, Llama, MT5), closed-source (GPT 4o, Claude, Gemini), and Turkish-adapted (e.g., Trendyol) models. We provide an extensive evaluation, including zero-shot and few-shot evaluation of LLMs, chain-of-thought reasoning, and question difficulty analysis along with model performance. We provide an in-depth analysis of the Turkish capabilities and limitations of current LLMs to provide insights for future LLMs for the Turkish language. We publicly release our code for the dataset and evaluation.

## Dataset

Dataset is divided into four categories Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Language, and Social Sciences and Humanities with a total of nine subjects in Turkish highschool education. It is available in multiple choice for LLM evaluation. The questions also contain difficulty indicator referred as Correctness ratio.

## Evaluation

5-Shot evaluation results from the paper includes open and closed source SOTA LLM with different architectures. For this study, multilingual and Turkish adapted models are tested.

The evaluation results of this study are obtained using the provided configurations with LM Evaluation Harness.

| Model               | Source | Average | Natural Sciences | Math | Turkish L & L | Social Sciences and Humanities |
| ------------------- | ------ | ------- | ---------------- | ---- | ------------- | ------------------------------ |
| GPT 4o              | Closed | 83.1    | 75.3             | 59.0 | 82.0          | 95.3                           |
| Claude-3 Opus       | Closed | 79.1    | 71.7             | 59.0 | 77.0          | 90.3                           |
| GPT 4-turbo         | Closed | 75.7    | 70.3             | 57.0 | 67.0          | 86.5                           |
| Llama-3 70B-IT      | Closed | 67.3    | 56.7             | 42.0 | 57.0          | 84.3                           |
| Claude-3 Sonnet     | Closed | 67.3    | 67.3             | 44.0 | 58.0          | 75.5                           |
| Llama-3 70B         | Open   | 66.1    | 56.0             | 37.0 | 57.0          | 83.3                           |
| Claude-3 Haiku      | Closed | 65.4    | 57.0             | 40.0 | 61.0          | 79.3                           |
| Gemini 1.0-pro      | Closed | 63.2    | 52.7             | 29.0 | 63.0          | 79.8                           |
| C4AI Command-r+     | Open   | 60.6    | 50.0             | 26.0 | 57.0          | 78.0                           |
| Aya-23 35B          | Open   | 55.6    | 43.3             | 31.0 | 49.0          | 72.5                           |
| C4AI Command-r      | Open   | 54.9    | 44.7             | 29.0 | 49.0          | 70.5                           |
| Mixtral 8x22B       | Open   | 54.8    | 45.3             | 27.0 | 49.0          | 70.3                           |
| GPT 3.5-turbo       | Closed | 51.0    | 42.7             | 39.0 | 35.0          | 61.8                           |
| Llama-3 8B-IT       | Open   | 46.4    | 36.7             | 29.0 | 39.0          | 60.0                           |
| Llama-3 8B          | Open   | 46.2    | 37.3             | 30.0 | 33.0          | 60.3                           |
| Mixtral 8x7B-IT     | Open   | 45.2    | 41.3             | 28.0 | 39.0          | 54.0                           |
| Aya-23 8B           | Open   | 45.0    | 39.0             | 23.0 | 31.0          | 58.5                           |
| Gemma 7B            | Open   | 43.6    | 34.3             | 22.0 | 47.0          | 55.0                           |
| Aya-101             | Open   | 40.7    | 31.3             | 24.0 | 38.0          | 55.0                           |
| Trendyol-LLM 7B-C-D | Open   | 34.1    | 30.3             | 22.0 | 28.0          | 41.5                           |
| mT0-xxl             | Open   | 33.9    | 29.3             | 28.0 | 21.0          | 42.0                           |
| Mistral 7B-IT       | Open   | 32.0    | 34.3             | 26.0 | 38.0          | 30.3                           |
| Llama-2 7B          | Open   | 22.3    | 25.3             | 20.0 | 20.0          | 19.8                           |
| mT5-xxl             | Open   | 18.1    | 19.3             | 24.0 | 14.0          | 16.8                           |

## Citation

```
@misc{yüksel2024turkishmmlumeasuringmassivemultitask,
title={TurkishMMLU: Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding in Turkish},
author={Arda Yüksel and Abdullatif Köksal and Lütfi Kerem Şenel and Anna Korhonen and Hinrich Schütze},
year={2024},
eprint={2407.12402},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2407.12402},
}
```

### Groups and Tasks

#### Groups

- `turkishmmlu`: 'All 9 Subjects of Turkish MMLU namely:
  Biology, Chemistry, Physics, Geography, Philosophy, History, Religion and Ethics, Turkish Language and Literature, and Mathematics

#### Tasks

The following tasks evaluate subjects in the TurkishMMLU dataset

- `turkishmmlu_{subject}`

The following task evaluate subjects in the TurkishMMLU dataset in Chain-of-Thought (COT)

- `turkishmmlu_cot_{subject}`

### Checklist

For adding novel benchmarks/datasets to the library:

- [x] Is the task an existing benchmark in the literature?
  - [x] Have you referenced the original paper that introduced the task?
  - [x] If yes, does the original paper provide a reference implementation? If so, have you checked against the reference implementation and documented how to run such a test?

If other tasks on this dataset are already supported:

- [ ] Is the "Main" variant of this task clearly denoted?
- [ ] Have you provided a short sentence in a README on what each new variant adds / evaluates?
- [ ] Have you noted which, if any, published evaluation setups are matched by this variant?