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https://openalex.org/W307362582 | Seeing Through the Fog: The Evolution of Problem Framing in United States Army Decision-Making Doctrine | [
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"display_name": "Matthew Smith",
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C66938386"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W307362582 | Abstract : This investigation looks at the evolution of problem framing in U.S. Army decision-making doctrine, and its applicability to the planner at the operational level of war. It contends that operational environments have shaped U.S. Army's decision-making doctrine. Specifically, this investigation looks at the development, and eventual codification, of problem framing in U.S. Army decision-making doctrine from the 1930s to the present. The U.S. Army decision-making doctrine has adapted and evolved over time to help planners address complexities in operational environments. Further, doctrine's adaptations and evolutions have influenced how operational planners have framed problems in their respective environments. For the purpose of this inquiry, four doctrinal periods comprise this evolution: the Interwar Period (1930s-40s), the Containment Period (1950s-60s), the AirLand Battle Period (1970s-1980s), and the Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF)/Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) Period (2008-present day). In addition to challenges posed by the environment, planners may face cognitive challenges that hinder effective problem framing: planning in complexity, the trappings of categorical thought, and overcoming constructed biases. Hence, this investigation illuminates how contemporary U.S. Army decision-making doctrine may assist planners navigating through complex problems. Concerning the continued development of planners as problem framers, three recommendations arose from this investigation. The Army should consider: merging of the army design methodology and military decision-making process into a single process, re-titling of Step 1 (Receipt of Mission) of the military decision-making process, and increasing the feedback mechanics of exercises conducted at the Command and General Staff College. These recommendations foster the cultivation of critical and creative thinking -- qualities necessary for proficient problem framing. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W348004720 | Fratricide, Technology and Joint Doctrine | [
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"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Bennie Sanchez",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5004473295"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W348004720 | Abstract : Fratricide is not a new phenomenon in warfare; it is an unfortunate and tragic occurrence for which the armed forces continue to seek a solution. From World War I through the Vietnam War, what has been generally accepted by many scholars and historians is that two percent of all combat casualties resulted from fratricide. Recent combat operations by U.S. forces such as Operation Desert Storm, Operation Enduring Freedom, and Operation Iraqi Freedom have had fratricide rates that are considerably higher than those recorded in earlier conflicts. This is despite the fact that there have been significant technological advances in hardware and weapons systems since World War II. The Department of Defense has spent countless dollars on technology in an effort to develop a system that will eliminate or significantly reduce fratricide, but technology alone is not the answer. Doctrine or the basic fundamentals of how U.S. forces are employed in combat is a critical component in reducing fratricide. More specifically, Joint Doctrine is how U.S. forces will conduct operations to accomplish their mission objectives. Current Joint doctrine does not specifically address fratricide prevention at a level or degree that provides operators with useable tools to ensure that fratricide prevention occurs at all levels of warfare. Using the principles of Operational Risk Management and incorporating them with methods within Joint doctrine the U.S. military can improve the tools and products available to operators. U.S. military doctrine must be continually evaluated and allowed to evolve if it is to be relevant in today's fast-paced combat environment. The best way to reduce fratricide is through the synergistic effects of technology and doctrine. (22 refs.) | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2589798496 | Selected Foreign Counterparts of U.S. Army Ground Combat Systems: and Implications for Combat Operations and Modernization | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2589798496 | Abstract : Many nations maintain armies whose ultimate responsibility is to defeat other nations combat formations on the battlefield. In order to accomplish this, nations indigenously develop, maintain, and improve a variety of ground combat systems or purchase them from other nations. Ground combat system development and improvement is informed by existing and emerging technologies and budgetary factors as well as observations from current land conflicts. As this process is also intended to address potential future battlefield threats, beliefs as to what the future combat operational environment will look like, as well as what future technologies might be available for military use, also influence a nations developmental efforts. The U.S. Armys current fleet of main battle tanks (MBTs), tracked infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), tracked self-propelled (SP) artillery, and multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS), which constitutes the nucleus of the Armys armored ground forces, were developed in the 1970s and fielded in the 1980s to counter the Soviet Unions and Warsaw Pacts numerically superior ground forces. The combat performance of these vehicles against Iraqi forces during Operation Desert Storm in 1991 reaffirmed for many the role these systems would play in future Army ground operations. U.S. Army leadership notes for the first time since World War I, that the Army does not have a new ground combat vehicle under development and at current funding levels, the Bradley and Abrams will remain in the inventory for 50 to 70 more years. Regarding armored vehicle development, the Army suggests our enemies, and even our friends and allies, have not remained static and, in fact, even our allies are modernizing to such an extent that they have outpaced us in some areas. This comment raises the possibility that in the not-too-distant future, foreign armored vehicle design and capabilities could surpass existing U.S. systems. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W936430084 | The Pivot Toward Asia: A Balanced Approach | [
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"display_name": "Phillip S. Walker",
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"display_name": "China",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C191935318"
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"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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"display_name": "National security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528167355"
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W936430084 | Abstract : The announcement of the U.S. strategic rebalancing toward Asia from the Middle East creates the potential for significant miscalculation. Faced with a new operational environment and different threats than those of the past decade, the Department of Defense (DOD) must develop a defense strategy capable of maintaining long-term security and stability in the Asia-Pacific while protecting U.S. interests in the region. This transition, compounded by the impact of sequestration and the national debt crisis, makes developing an efficient and effective defense strategy a significant undertaking. This thesis contends that a future defense strategy must combine Joint-AirSea Operations (J-ASO) and Security Cooperation (SC) to provide a balanced approach for protecting US national security interests in Asia. Joint-AirSea Operations require additional constructs for air-sea integrated operations, beyond the current air-sea battle concept in development by DOD. For this reason, this study applies Joint AirSea Operations as the broader term encompassing AirSea Battle. The methodology consists of two case studies, each examining six factors: the threat, the type of conflict, the scale, the cost, the overall effectiveness of the operation, and the overall efficiency of the operation. This research paper examines two historical case studies of past U.S. military conflicts. The first study examines the Pacific Theater in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, and the 1991 Gulf War. The second case study examines the War in Afghanistan, the Iraq War, and Plan Colombia. The historical context from these conflicts provides the framework with which to evaluate why J-ASO and SC provide the balanced defense strategy required in the Asia-Pacific. By developing J-ASO, the DOD advances the integration of the air and maritime components similar to the post-Vietnam integration of the air and land components. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1504676780 | To TPFDD or Not to TPFDD: Is the TPFDD Outdated for Expeditionary US Military Operations? | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1504676780 | Abstract : Commanders routinely undervalue logistics, despite the fact that logistics is arguably nine-tenths of the formula for winning. For the United States, this reality has significant consequences since every war beginning with the Spanish-American War in 1898 to the latest Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) conflict has relied on moving U.S. forces over extended distances. Indeed, despite the importance of logistics in an expeditionary age, the U.S. military has not settled on a standard deployment practice to move its forces. In the early 1990s, the United States adopted Time-Phased Force Deployment Data (TPFDD) as the method to plan out and execute large-scale deployments. First tested in Operation Desert Storm, the TPFDD remained the principle vehicle through the 1990s to schedule movement of forces. However, a decade later, the TPFDD was abandoned in favor of a Request for Forces (RFF) procedure in the latest OIF contingency in an attempt to build force packages more expeditiously as the campaign unfolded. This monograph provides an in-depth historical comparison of the TPFDD and RFF processes to determine which process best prepares the nation to move its forces to meet future threats on distant battlefields. A comparison of TPFDD and RFF using FM 3-0's strategic responsiveness criteria shows many similarities and only a few subtle differences between the two deployment practices. Similarly, the criterion of time necessary to move the forces only minimally differentiates the two practices. In total, both deployment practices have advantages and disadvantages that suggest no clear conclusions on the best deployment model. Yet since both deployment practices are far from perfect, the Department of Defense is spurring a new initiative known as adaptive planning to mitigate the commonly experienced problems of deployment. Adaptive planning seeks to use new tools, educated people, and responsive products to effectively simplify the deployment process. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1513816815 | The Individual Ready Reserve: Reforming the Army's Hidden Legions | [
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"Iraq"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1513816815 | REDUCTIONS OF THE end strength of Army's active component may or may not be advisable. In wake of latest strategic guidance from Defense Department, Sustaining Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century Defense (January 2012), looming reductions of American ground forces have been much discussed. Whatever merits of a smaller ground force from a defense or budgetary perspective, a smaller ground force is clearly inevitable, and priority of defense community is to develop plans to execute America's military strategy in light of this new reality. An agile expeditionary capability and ability to increase size of American ground forces in event of a sustained commitment are keys to success with a smaller standing Army and Marine Corps. With Marine Corps and elements of Army focused on first point, it is this second point--ensuring upward scalability of American ground forces--that requires further thought. To begin, we must recognize inevitability of a future conflict requiring a large ground force. Given division of roles and responsibilities between services, this observation primarily applies to Army. The future need for a large land army is a question of when, not a question of if. We can decide as a matter of policy that we do not wish to engage in soldier-intensive counterinsurgency warfare, but this does not mean that we will always have luxury of choosing when to participate in a future war. We may be drawn into a conflict, and successfully resolving that conflict may well require significant ground forces. Despite best efforts of State Department, all agree that future conflict is inevitable, and it will likely not come about at a time of our choosing. In Army we like to speak of our nonnegotiable contract with America to fight and win our nation's wars. We also like to say the enemy has a vote, and this applies to both where and when these wars take place. We can expect enemy to attack us not in areas where we already exercise dominance, but where we are least prepared or willing to wage sustained war: on land. [ILLUSTRATION OMITTED] As retired Major General Robert Scales wrote in 5 January 2012 edition of Washington Post, Here's what lessons of past 70 years really teach us: We cannot pick our enemies; our enemies will pick us. They will, as they always have in past, cede to us dominance in air, on sea, and in space because they do not have ability to fight us there. Our enemies have observed us closely in Iraq and Afghanistan, and they have learned lessons taught by Mao Tse-tung, Ho Chi Minh, and Saddam Hussein: America's greatest vulnerability is dead Americans. So our future enemy will seek to fight us on ground, where we have traditionally been poorly prepared. His objective will be to win by not losing, to kill as an end rather than as a means to an end. (1) None of this is to call into question decision of National Command Authority to reduce active component force structure at this time. Maintaining a large standing army in times of peace may be undesirable for many reasons, notably cost, but need to economize today must not prevent us from beginning to lay a cost-effective foundation for success in a future war. A key to success lies in realization that a reduction in Army active component end-strength translates to an inevitable increase in size of Army's Individual Ready Reserve (IRR). As a general matter, active component reductions lead to a cascade of talent into Ready Reserve. While size of Ready Reserve should balloon in short term to reflect coming draw-down of active component, its size will eventually stabilize as a proportion of total size of active component and Selected Reserve (SELRES). While Ready Reserve does not completely mitigate risks of a smaller active force, if properly managed it can be a crucial force multiplier, giving National Command Authority increased flexibility in responding to an uncertain world. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W267839780 | France and the Rif War: Lessons from a Forgotten Counterinsurgency War (Northern Morocco - April 1925 - May 1927) | [
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"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W267839780 | Abstract : The Rif War (Northern Morocco 1925-1927) experience is relevant to fuel the debate on contemporary counter insurgency, especially because of the numerous and obvious analogies between the Rif and the Afghan theater of operations. The Rif War was neither a small war among others, nor a WWI type battle; it was one of the first examples of modern irregular and asymmetric warfare. The French Army had to synthesize its colonial warfare and its conventional operational art to defeat the Riffans. Experts in guerilla tactics and able to leverage modern weapons and propaganda, Abd EI Krim's partisans were both the followers of the Berber warriors and the forerunners of the modern revolutionary fighters. Therefore, the Rif War unquestionably provides useful insights for contemporary warfighters, especially with regard to the simultaneous conduct of military and political operations. | [] |
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https://openalex.org/W1520630641 | Las operaciones militares en el País Vasco: escuela de la Luftwaffe | [
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] | [
"Morocco"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1520630641 | From July 1936 to March 1937, Franco's troops fought in the Spanish Civil War according to the traditional strategy of the Spanish Army in Morocco. In spite of its failure, due to the bad weather, its lack of experience and its bad coordination, the Italian offensive in Guadalajara had been the only battle planned with modern criteria. In the Biscay campaign, started by General Mola on March 31 1937, the Basque troops adopted a strategy based on the difficult terrain. In order to win this battle, it was impossible to use old military tactics. Because of that, Mola used combined operations of artillery and air force. Franco's Army learnt modern military strategies, fighting against an enemy geographically isolated, with little artillery and no air support and with a blockade of the coast. Therefore, the Luftwaffe, which had been founded two years before, developed new systems of air raids. All armies would use these techniques during the Second World War. | [
{
"display_name": "DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306401280",
"type": "repository"
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|
https://openalex.org/W2089829820 | ‘How The Mouse Got His Roar’: The Shift to an ‘Offensive–Defensive’ Military Strategy in Israel in 1953 and its Implications | [
{
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"country": "Israel",
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"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W574148396",
"https://openalex.org/W602531798",
"https://openalex.org/W653017976",
"https://openalex.org/W1501907747",
"https://openalex.org/W1974638294",
"https://openalex.org/W1990199072",
"https://openalex.org/W1992717285",
"https://openalex.org/W1998123598",
"https://openalex.org/W2017981833",
"https://openalex.org/W2051273524",
"https://openalex.org/W2082360017",
"https://openalex.org/W2138994589",
"https://openalex.org/W2497186425",
"https://openalex.org/W2544826291",
"https://openalex.org/W2992764574"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2089829820 | In 1953 Israel abandoned the ‘defensive–offensive’ military strategy that it had adopted four years earlier, in the wake of the First Arab–Israeli War, in favor of an ‘offensive–defensive’ military strategy that, to a large extent, persists until this day. This paper, which employs previously untapped Israeli official documents, personal interviews, memoirs, biographies, and secondary sources, casts new light on this critical juncture in the history of Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict. The paper challenges existing works by showing when and how Israel's ‘offensive–defensive’ military strategy was adopted. More specifically, the authors argue that it was the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), especially its planning bodies - and not the Prime Minister and Defense Minister, David Ben Gurion, or the IDF's Chief of Staff, Lieutenant General Moshe Dayan - that initiated this change, and that the new strategy met no objection when it was discussed and approved by the Israeli government. The authors also inquire about the possible implications of this change for Israel and the Arab–Israeli conflict, and ask how this case informs general debates regarding the origins of military strategies. | [
{
"display_name": "International History Review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S120387555",
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|
https://openalex.org/W273115000 | Lessons from Israeli Battlefield Air Interdiction During the Battle for Golan, October 1973 | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Thomas D Entwistle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5046261898"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W273115000 | Abstract : This study establishes lessons, and draws conclusions from Israeli Air Force air-to-surface operations during the battle for Golan in October, 1973. The Israeli air mission and principal operational factors are identified and described. A historical analysis then considers how the principal factors influenced Israeli fighter operations, and determines what results were achieved. The study shows that Israeli air-to-surface operations during the battle were equivalent to current US Air Force doctrine for Battlefield Air Interdiction. Enemy ground forces and their objectives, Israeli assets, threats to fighter operations, and environmental conditions are described and analyzed to establish how they influenced operations. The results of operations are then measured against the doctrinal goals of Battlefield Air Interdiction to determine Israeli success. Keywords: AirLand battle, Battlefield Air Interdiction, Offensive air support, Yom Kippur War, Middle East War, Israeli Air Force. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1545947292 | Arab-Israeli War October 1973: Lessons Learned, Lessons Forgotten | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "S. Baxter",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5090088090"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C5021368"
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1545947292 | Abstract : The Arab-Israeli War in October 1973 holds many operational lessons for U.S. forces. The October War (called the 'Yom Kippur War' by the Israelis and the 'Ramadan War' by the Arabs) began on 6 October 1973. It lasted for some 18 days and was marked by violent tank battles, air warfare, skirmishes at sea and heavy artillery attacks. Infantry forces on both sides played a major role. Nearly 13,000 soldiers, sailors and airmen died during the conflict, the most recent of the major Arab-Israeli wars. Coming just six years after the 'Six Day War' in 1967 each side was affected by that brief encounter. The Israeli conduct in 1973 was largely based on successes in 1967. Badly mistaken in that they failed to account for Arabian changes in operations and tactics, the IDF was very nearly beaten in the first forty-eight hours of battle. operational lessons can be taken from this simple premise: Never assume that any future opponent has accepted the status quo imposed upon him on the basis of past operational victories. Discussion here focuses on those combat lessons learned as well as mistakes made in the Israeli Intelligence estimates of the prewar environment. It is also submitted that there exists a disconnect between the Israeli National Strategy for it's armed forces and the employment of it's military might. The United States must also guard against this disconnect given the massive military draw-down without lessening military commitments around the world. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1834676187 | The American Airlift to Israel in 1973: Political and Military Implications | [
{
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"display_name": "Roger W Hansen",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5025997002"
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] | [
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1834676187 | Abstract : The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 provides an excellent case study for the use of airlift resources during a modern day battle. The two sides in conflict, the Arabs and the Israelis, were supplied with sophisticated weapons that would increase the rate of attrition and operational tempo. This excessive rate of loss caused the Israelis concern about supplies of equipment and ammunition needed to provide for a counter offensive. The Israelis would need the help of their friend the United States. The U. S. had the capacity to deliver much needed supplies but the new Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, did not want to disrupt detente with the Soviets. Secretary of Defense James Schlesinger wanted to be sure the U.S. could play an 'honest broker' role in the peace settlement after the war ended. The Defense and State Departments were pursuing their own course of action but the combination was causing a delay in the start of the airlift. This paper will look at the effects of airlift and its ability to play a deterrent role in conflicts. The decision making process in the United States was hindered but a timely decision needed to be made. This paper will evaluate the decision process and the airlift resources available. A brief comparison of airlift with sealift will be made. The American airlift will be compared with the future will be discussed in light of the lessons learned during the American airlift to Israel in 1973. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1938851280 | Flexible Air Strategy and the 1973 October War | [
{
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"display_name": "John Joseph Haller",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5066566984"
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] | [
{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C195244886"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
"display_name": "Quantum mechanics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C62520636"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W2942865095",
"https://openalex.org/W2956751022"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1938851280 | Abstract : The key to winning the next war lies in the flexibility of air power. A critical analysis of the 1973 Arab-Israeli War using Professor William P. Snyder's model for war planning demonstrates how flexible air power clearly influenced the outcome of the war for Israel. In order to be successful on the battlefield in the future, U.S. military leaders and strategists must be flexible in planning and building air power doctrine, strategy and tactics. The U.S. Air Force cannot win a war on its own, but all must understand that it is the flexibility of the air arm that makes victory possible in the air-land battle concept. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W293579022 | Avoiding the Seam: An Analytical Framework for Deep Attack | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Kevin Fowler",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064202415"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730"
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C144133560"
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{
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C162324750"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C121332964"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C120665830"
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W293579022 | Abstract : This study analyzes Army-Air Force cooperation during the previous twenty-five years in an effort to derive an analytical framework that the two services can use as the basis for future cooperative efforts. The conclusion is that such a framework can be derived from previous agreements and should be used to improve interservice cooperation. The focus is on deep operations because of the potential for the two services to create a seam during deep attack in which neither service can target enemy installations or forces effectively. The study begins with five proposed characteristics of an analytical framework: (1) Standardize terms. (2) Achieve full potential of combined effects. (3) Provide mutual protection. (4) Mitigate the possibility of fratricide. (5) Eliminate the creation of seams. It then tests this proposed analytical framework using two historical case studies. The first case examines the evolution of AirLand Battle doctrine and the relatively effective interservice dialogue that occurred through the 1980s. The study next considers the operations of the Israeli Defense Force in the Bekaa Valley to determine if this experience modifies the framework. After synthesizing the results from the historical cases, the analyst proposes how the analytical framework might be used to enhance Army-Air Force cooperation on deep attack. The final chapter analyzes the framework's implications for the current doctrine of the US Army and the Air Force. The study concludes by examining several problems that result from the contradictory nature of today's doctrine. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W2078953750 | The making of strategy: rulers, states, and war | [] | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2078953750 | Introduction: on strategy Williamson Murray and Mark Grimsley 1. Athenian strategy in the Peloponnesian War Donald Kagan 2. The strategy of a warrior state: Rome and the wars against Carthage, 264-201 BC Alvin H. Bernstein 3. Chinese strategy from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries Arthur Waldron 4. The making of strategy in Habsburg Spain: Philip II's 'bid for mastery', 1556-1598 Geoffrey Parker 5. The origins of a global strategy: England to 1713 William S. Maltby 6. A quest for glory: the formation of strategy under Louis XIV, 1661-1715 John A. Lynn 7. To the edge of greatness: the United States, 1783-1865 Peter Maslowski 8. Strategic uncertainties of a nation state: Prussia-Germany, 1871-1918 Holger H. Herwig 9. The weary titan: strategy and policy in Great Britain, 1890-1918 John Gooch 10. The strategy of the decisive weight: Italy, 1882-1992 Brian R. Sullivan 11. The road to ideological war: Germany, 1918-1945 Wilhelm Deist 12. The collapse of empire: British strategy, 1919-1945 Williamson Murray 13. The strategy of innocence? The United States, 1920-1945 Eliot A. Cohen 14. The illusion of security: France, 1919-1940 Robert A. Doughty 15. Strategy for class war: the Soviet Union, 1917-1941 Earl F. Ziemke 16. The evolution of Israeli strategy: the psychology of insecurity and the quest for absolute security Michael I. Handel 17. Strategy in the Nuclear Age: the United States, 1945-1991 Colin S. Gray Conclusion: continuity and revolution in the making of strategy MacGregor Knox. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2993300757 | IN UNCLE SAM'S BACKYARD: China's Military Influence in Latin America | [
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"display_name": "Loro Horta",
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2993300757 | WHEN ANALYZING CHINA'S RELATIONS with Latin America, most observers tend to give marginal attention to the military and defense dimensions of the relationship and focus primarily on economic matters. A survey of official and academic publications on China's involvement with Latin America shows the minimal attention given to the military aspect of the phenomenon. (1) Many have pointed to China's limited arms sales to Latin America as a clear indicator of China's insignificant military position in the region. But weapons trade is not the only avenue available for establishing military influence abroad. Military and defense education, official visits by military officers and defense officials at various levels, participation in joint exercises, UN missions, air shows, and the provision of both non-military and military services are ways the Chinese are increasingly building a presence in Latin America. China's defense ties with Latin America have until recently been sporadic, involving little more than a few widely spaced official visits and even fewer hardware sales. However, since 2000, China has engaged in a patient, comprehensive diplomacy strategy toward Latin America. The PLA's new charm offensive is slowly but steadily winning a foothold. Initiatives beyond arms sales are incrementally allowing the PLA to create a foundation for long-term military cooperation in the not so distant future. There are significant political, economic, and military dimensions to most weapons trade. By that, I mean that major arms sales tend to follow or run in parallel with close and favorable political and economic relations. For instance, major recipients of U.S. arms, such as Israel, are allies of Washington that enjoy a close, privileged relationship. The same applies to NATO members and U.S. allies in Asia and the Middle East. Arms sales take place in a larger political and diplomatic setting. A direct link exists between major arms transferences and the nature of political and economic relations. Using this line of reasoning, we can conclude that China's arms sales to Latin America are likely to increase as China's political and economic relations with Latin America progress. Beijing's rising economic and political influence in Latin America may pave the way for major Chinese arms sales and a further expansion of its military influence. China's sophisticated new defense diplomacy is a major force driving this process. China's Military Diplomacy Defense-related and military education is an increasingly important, albeit unnoticed, instrument in Chinese defense policy. Training of Latin American military officers in the People's Liberation Army (PLA) academies has certainly been on the rise. Not so long ago, few officers from Latin America attended Chinese military academies. However, in the past several years, over 100 officers representing the three services of 12 Latin American countries graduated from PLA academies. China trains officers at all levels of command and in all services. For instance, at the People's Liberation Army Navy (PLAN) Command Staff College, junior and senior officers from Latin America attend different levels of education in the same year, allowing the Chinese military to become acquainted with officers from different generations and from all services. (2) Most significant perhaps is China's training of the upper echelons of Latin America's military at Beijing's elite national defense university, PLANDU. Each year Spanish-speaking senior officers from all services attend a four-and-one-half month-long course on grand strategy. By inviting these officers, the PLA is ensuring that attendees are those who will be in positions of power, which will allow closer relations with China and enhance influence and prestige with the Latin American military. (3) Surprisingly, officers from countries hostile to the United States such as Cuba or Venezuela no longer frequent these courses, while countries with traditionally close relations with the United States such as Colombia, Chile, and Argentina do. … | [
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https://openalex.org/W3121637227 | What Good Is Military Strategy? An Analysis of Strategy and Effectiveness in the First Arab-Israeli War | [
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"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W1971822562",
"https://openalex.org/W2012953967",
"https://openalex.org/W2038236987",
"https://openalex.org/W2068814042",
"https://openalex.org/W2069895821",
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"https://openalex.org/W2618856403",
"https://openalex.org/W2784008322",
"https://openalex.org/W4253677972"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3121637227 | What good is military strategy? According to the scholarship on military effectiveness, the answer is “not much”—strategy does not significantly affect the performance of armies in combat. Strategic theory scholarship disagrees and describes four specific mechanisms linking strategy to military effectiveness: Exploiting weaknesses in the adversary’s strategy; causing psychological dislocation in the enemy commanders; creating a favorable center of gravity and pattern of war; and focusing resources and controlling violence in service of political goals. This essay uses a case study from the southern front of the First Arab-Israeli War to explore how strategy affects military performance. We find that Israeli General Yigal Allon’s military strategy significantly increased the combat efficiency and battlefield performance of the Israeli Defense Force, consistent with the mechanisms suggested by strategic theory. These findings suggest that military strategy is indeed an important determinant of military effectiveness. | [
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https://openalex.org/W2749188279 | A Unified Competitive Palestinian Strategy | [
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] | [
"Israel"
] | [
"https://openalex.org/W617871538",
"https://openalex.org/W2013681984",
"https://openalex.org/W2079509876"
] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2749188279 | Palestinians need a strategy that will lift them out of their seemingly unending dilemma of prolonged Israeli settler-colonial occupation. Palestinian strategy needs to be re-positioned, to be part of a published strategic vision for a lasting solution that needs a national consensus on the requirements.The Palestinian struggle to achieve a viable independent state can be attained by engaging in a contest of credibility generating a long term sustainable advantage responding to the opportunities and threats, to achieve our objectives through capturing international political signals; or as Edward Said described it “Capturing the Imagination of the world”.The purpose of strategy is to gain some form of advantage; to maintain or protect assets or interests. Strategy is about gaining or maintaining an advantage or denying an advantage to the Israeli Occupation.To set a strategy, one usually employs past experience tactics whereby future probabilities, gains and losses are approximated in a given situation (game theory). A strategy is not routinely changeable or is quickly reversible. Nevertheless, a strategy must not stand still in the face major international events. On the contrary, a solid strategy must be capable of responding to changing events[1] in a manner whereby tactical threats could be turned into gains or opportunities. It is also necessary that a strategy ought to be, when formulated, based upon the strengths whist remaining mindful of weaknesses in order for it to deal with arising threats or challenges.For over two decades, since the signing of the Oslo Accords between the Palestinian Liberation Organization and Israel, the Israeli military occupation, land confiscation and destruction, expansion of settlements, denial of Palestinian right to self-determination and control over natural resources remain in place.Israel continues with its settler-colonial project undeterred by the Palestinian resistance or the condemnation of most countries in the world. That has undermined the so-called “Peace process” and its ultimate objective of a two-state solution, leaving the Palestinians with a prospect of prolonged occupation, which leaves them helpless and hopeless. | [
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https://openalex.org/W1484351240 | Battlefield Air Interdiction In The 1973 Middle East War And Its Significance To NATO Air Operations | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1484351240 | Abstract : This study is an historical analysis of battlefield air interdiction during the 1973 Middle East War. Its purpose is to draw conclusions, based on the historical findings, about the best way to employ BAI in the airland battle. Although conclusions come from a Middle East War over ten years ago, they are examined in terms of the NATO environment. The tactical and technological developments of Arab and Israeli air forces during the years 1967-1973 are examined in order to explain how both sides arrived at the doctrine they employed in the 1973 War. The Arabs established an intensive air defense network to deny the Israelis their strongest and most flexible weapons system. The Israelis believed that Air Force would destroy Arab ground forces as it did in 1967. The confrontation of both doctrines had significant implications for the ground forces parti cularly the relative value assigned close air support and battlefield air interdiction. The study concludes that close air support is not the best use of air assets in a high density air defense environment. Battlefield air interdiction is more effective to the operational ground commander. Localized control of air defense systems is needed to allow the use of air to ground assets. The final conclusion is the suppression of enemy air defense systems is a joint service responsibility. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W241352226 | Israeli Strategy after Desert Storm: Lessons of the Second Gulf War | [
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"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W241352226 | ISRAELI STRATEGY AFTER DESERT STORM: Lessons of the Second Gulf War by Aharon Levran. 166 pages. Frank Cass and Co., Portland, OR. 1997. $47.50. In his book Israeli Strategy After Desert Storm, author Aharon Levran examines the changes Israel discovered it needed in its defense strategy during Operation Desert Storm. The book's unifying theme is Israel's need to rethink its deterrence strategy based on three key challenges: the increased surface-to-surface missile (SSM) threat, the potential of information technology and precision weapons and the need for accurate and timely intelligence on a potential threat. Levran identifies the SSM threat (especially missiles armed with chemical or biological systems) as both a psychological weapon and one that reduces Israel's strategic depth. For Israel to regain the initiative over potential enemies, it must either extend its offensive capability to eliminate such threats or develop the necessary active defense, including theater-missile defense, measures to defeat such threats. While the former option is still viable, it is increasingly constrained by world political opinion and the need to expand an exponential amount of resources to keep up with the ever-increasing SSM ranges. The latter option also faces many technical difficulties and requires Israel, with the United States, to invest a significant proportion of its declining defense budget to develop an SSM defense system capable of meeting its operational needs. The success of the allied air campaign using a combination of advanced information technology and precision targeting during Desert Storm is further validation of Israel's investment in technology to overcome its inherent manpower and resource constraints. But the success of such weaponry also creates greater awareness and desire in Israel's potential enemies to also acquire such technologies. Hence, Israel's challenge to maintain qualitative military superiority has become more acute. This invites a larger question. Can the strategy of the continuous introduction of more advanced weaponry into the region ever promote peace and allow the development of a military balance acceptable to all, or does it merely enmesh the potential adversaries in a vicious circle of arms escalation? Although Israel has a well-established intelligence service and modem imagery technologies, it faces the challenge of accurately assessing its potential threat's intention. … | [
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|
https://openalex.org/W2624394004 | The Search for Suitable Strategy: Threat-Based and Capabilities-Based Strategies in a Complex World | [
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
},
{
"display_name": "Programming language",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199360897"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W2624394004 | Abstract : Since the end of the Cold War, capabilities-based military strategies have become increasingly common. The complex nature of the international environment has driven many militaries to focus on a set of capabilities to deal with a multitude of ill-defined threats rather than using a traditional threat-based military strategy. This leads to the inevitable question: Which form of strategy is better? While theory suggests that threat-based strategies are the more complete model, both can be ill-suited to the problem at hand if based on incorrect assumptions. Historical case studies of the Franco-Prussian War, the United States in the interwar years, and Israel in the 1973 Arab-Israeli War show that the true path to suitable strategy is a measure of forethought and theoretical planning exercises to shape habits of thought and identify risks or shortcomings inherent in a chosen strategy, whether threat-based or capabilities-based. | [
{
"display_name": "U.S. Army Command and General Staff College",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306533988",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W333421368 | Meeting Future Army Reconnaissance and Security Requirements | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "David Sanders",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5077189716"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Adversary",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41065033"
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{
"display_name": "Battle",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778627824"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
},
{
"display_name": "Combat readiness",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2775923906"
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{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "National security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C528167355"
},
{
"display_name": "Information Operations",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C121858775"
},
{
"display_name": "Military tactics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C190989730"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Geography",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C205649164"
},
{
"display_name": "Archaeology",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C166957645"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W333421368 | Abstract : This paper explores how the Army of 2020 should organize and equip itself to execute reconnaissance and security (R&S) operations against hybrid threats. The paper begins with a historical review of the enduring requirement for dedicated reconnaissance and security capabilities, and when the lack of focus on reconnaissance made the difference in battle or had strategic implications. These historic examples include the battle of Gettysburg, in which General Robert E. Lee's misuse of his cavalry and General George Meade's doctrinal use of his cavalry had strategic implications for both sides. Additional historical examples include the Vietnam War and the conflict between Israel and Hezbollah in 2006. The paper then describes future hybrid threats and enemy capabilities, and how the enemy will fight. There are gaps in the U.S. Army's ability to conduct R&S operations against a hybrid threat. The U.S. Army lacks properly organized, equipped, and dedicated organizations to meet R&S requirements in the future. To fix its R&S gaps, the Army should focus its efforts and resources on its building block for combat operations, the Brigade Combat Team (BCT), by reorganizing, manning, and equipping the Reconnaissance, Surveillance and Target Acquisition Squadrons within the BCT. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W3185121067 | 국가안보전략차원 대북 억제의 발전방향에 관한 연구 | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "양준혁",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5050794530"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Deterrence theory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C60643870"
},
{
"display_name": "Diplomacy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C557252395"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer security",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C38652104"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Computer science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C41008148"
},
{
"display_name": "Politics",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W3185121067 | Although the ROK has been trying to deter North Korea’s military provocations, ROK’s deterrence strategy hasn’t been effective because of it’s focus on military means. From a different viewpoint, the purpose of this thesis is to suggest directions for the development of deterrence strategy against North Korea’s military provocations as a national security strategy based on the analysis of the changes in the recent strategy.
This thesis presents an operational definition of ‘Adaptive deterrence’ and analysis framework, which arrange pre-planned Diplomacy, Intelligence, Military, and Economy’s measures for deterrence according to the type and intensity of each threat through the analysis of the changes in the recent strategy. Also, it presents implications throughout the case study of Israel and Poland, which are similar to ROK security environment Furthermore, based on the analysis framework of adaptive deterrence, it evaluates the ROK’ past deterrence strategy against North Korea’s military provocations.
As a result of the study, it proposes several directions for the development of the ROK’s deterrence strategy. First, the ROK must consider distinct characteristics of North Korea such as inheritance of the regime and Kim Jung-un era’s character. Second, the ROK has to intensify it’s Diplomacy, Intelligence, and Economy’s deterrence measures in parallel with military ones. Third, various Diplomacy, Intelligence, Military, and Economy’s deterrence measures have to be integrated with a focus on it’s effect Finally, it emphasizes strategic communications and intelligence operation to receive support from the people in order to increase the likelihood of putting it into practice.
A new and comprehensive approach to deterrence against North Korea such as adaptive deterrence is highly significant in developing a deterrence strategy of the ROK. | [
{
"display_name": "군사논단",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4306493989",
"type": "journal"
}
] |
|
https://openalex.org/W223148725 | Hybrid Warfare: A Military Revolution or Revolution in Military Affairs? | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Thomas Bjerregaard",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5022666544"
}
] | [
{
"display_name": "Revolution in Military Affairs",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C189326492"
},
{
"display_name": "Doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2776211767"
},
{
"display_name": "Argument (complex analysis)",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C98184364"
},
{
"display_name": "Military doctrine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2778007780"
},
{
"display_name": "Modern warfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781023928"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
},
{
"display_name": "Information warfare",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2781349506"
},
{
"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
},
{
"display_name": "Military science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C451841"
},
{
"display_name": "Engineering",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C127413603"
},
{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Operations research",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C42475967"
},
{
"display_name": "Medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C71924100"
},
{
"display_name": "Internal medicine",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C126322002"
}
] | [
"Israel"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W223148725 | Abstract : In the last decade, a new term, hybrid warfare, has been surfacing amongst scholars of warfare. The latest Swedish Military Strategic Doctrine also uses the term. Proponents of hybrid warfare use the term to describe the area in which regular warfare and irregular warfare intersect and blend to create a new form of warfare. This thesis uses the Williamson Murray and McGregor Knox definitions of Military Revolution (MR) and Revolution in Military Affairs (RMA) to determine whether hybrid warfare falls under MR or RMA. As necessary, insights from other sources will further help define Murray and Knox's concepts of MR and RMA. Section 2 of the thesis, a literature review, presents the views of some of the most prominent writers on hybrid warfare, namely, Frank G. Hoffman, Thomas M. Huber, David Kilcullen, Bill Nemeth, John J. McCuen, and Nathan Freier. Chapter 3 is an indepth look at the definitions of hybrid warfare, MR, and RMA. Chapter 4 is a case study of the 2006 Hezbollah war with Israel, and how that war supports whether hybrid warfare falls under MR or RMA. Chapter 5 presents conclusions and recommendations. The purpose of this thesis is not to settle an argument about the validity of the concept of hybrid warfare, nor to verify whether there are grounds for using the term hybrid warfare in Swedish Military Strategic Doctrine. The thesis simply tries to analyze a concept brought forward in recent theoretical military discourse. | [] |
|
https://openalex.org/W1603418627 | Book Review: British Counterinsurgency in the Post-Imperial Era | [
{
"affiliations": [],
"display_name": "Raffi Gregorian",
"id": "https://openalex.org/A5064754128"
}
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{
"display_name": "Victory",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2779220109"
},
{
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"id": "https://openalex.org/C94625758"
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{
"display_name": "Insurgency",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C510578393"
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"display_name": "Law",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C199539241"
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{
"display_name": "Political science",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C17744445"
},
{
"display_name": "Rebuttal",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C2777310092"
},
{
"display_name": "Spanish Civil War",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C81631423"
},
{
"display_name": "Military strategy",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C118813454"
},
{
"display_name": "Sovereignty",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C186229450"
},
{
"display_name": "History",
"id": "https://openalex.org/C95457728"
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] | [
"Oman"
] | [] | https://api.openalex.org/works?filter=cites:W1603418627 | Reviewed by: British Counterinsurgency in the Post-Imperial Era Raffi Gregorian British Counterinsurgency in the Post-Imperial Era, by Thomas R. Mockaitis. London: Macmillan, 1995. xvi, 165 p. $69.95/Cloth. In Mockaitis’ previous work, British Counterinsurgency, 1919–1960 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), the author laid out the origins, evolution, and codification of British counterinsurgency doctrine and elucidated three basic principles of the British approach: minimum force, civil-military cooperation, and tactical flexibility. He argued that these principles, when applied with the appropriate mix of “hearts and minds” activities and conducted within the framework of a workable political solution, produced counterinsurgency successes for the British. It was not until the Malayan Emergency of 1948–1960 that all three principles were properly applied in combination. The principles, which until that time had been transmitted through word of mouth based on regimental experience, were then finally set down in a written counterinsurgency doctrine. In his sequel to that volume, British Counterinsurgency in the Post-Imperial Era, Mockaitis attempts in part to disprove critics of British success in Malaya who have argued that it was due mostly to unique and favorable circumstances. To them, victory was a foregone conclusion based on British sovereign authority in Malaya, lack of external support for the insurgents, and the fact that an overwhelming majority of the guerrillas were ethnic Chinese, which made isolation of the insurgents from their support groups immensely easier. In his rebuttal, Mockaitis has provided a chapter each on the four main counterinsurgency campaigns fought by the British in the post-imperial era: Konfrontasi between Malaysia and Indonesia (1962–1966); the struggle against Arab Marxists in South Arabia (1963–1967) and in the Dhofar region of Oman (1965–1975); and the continuing struggle in Northern Ireland (1969-present). He concludes the study with a chapter on the development of counterinsurgency doctrine in the British Army and a final chapter on the relevance of the British experience to second-generation peacekeeping and “operations other than war,” a term adopted from the US military. The four campaigns were not simply chosen for heuristic purposes, as they are the four largest campaigns in the post-1960 period. Thus the [End Page 192] record is somewhat mixed: Malaysia and Oman were decided successes, whereas South Arabia and Aden were complete failures. In Northern Ireland, the British Army initially tried to apply doctrine from the Malayan Emergency, only to find it politically and practically inappropriate in a largely urban environment that is part of the United Kingdom. By abiding by the three principals and having the ability and time to adapt, the security forces in Ulster have managed to maintain “an acceptable level of violence.” The author is right to point out that the chief failure of Britain in both South Arabia and Northern Ireland was largely in the political sphere, not in the military. In Aden the costs were too high and the British left. In Ulster, the price of leaving is too high, but in the absence of a political solution, the security forces can only mitigate, not eliminate the violence. The case study chapters are concise and useful reading, focusing for the most part on the counterinsurgency principles and techniques which appeared in each campaign. Although a reader with no contextual knowledge may be at a disadvantage, there is enough background provided to support the author’s analysis and convince the reader. The case studies do suffer from a lack of primary source research, especially when compared to Mockaitis’ extensive archival research in his first book. The author rightly points out, however, that while the relevant documents are not yet open, many of the key officials who were involved in the operations are still alive. They may not survive long enough to be consulted in conjunction with the relevant documents; hence the author’s use of interviews. But due to the sensitive nature of some of the information and the penalties of the Official Secrets Act, the interviews were not for attribution. Indeed, I could find no citations of any interviews in the book; the reader is left to guess at the extent to which the interviews provided data. The author presents interesting... | [
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"display_name": "SAIS review",
"id": "https://openalex.org/S4210192536",
"type": "journal"
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] |
Subsets and Splits