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a political philosophy is Anarchism and movement a political philosophy is and movement that the abolition calls for Anarchism of societies lived in Humans without authority toward rose also scepticism throughout history , emerged modern anarchism history , emerged modern anarchism from , the Enlightenment emerged from modern anarchism , most parts flourished in the anarchist movement most parts flourished in the anarchist movement of part have taken Anarchists in into revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; is there revolutionary and evolutionary tactics ; significant overlap is there ; significant overlap is there between significant overlap is there between the "anarchism of is " The etymological origin The suffix "-ism " the ideological current denotes that " the ideological current denotes that favours anarchy the ideological current denotes favours that from 1539 ; emphasised early English usages 1539 ; a sense emphasised early English usages ; a sense emphasised early English usages of disorder emphasised a sense of early English usages their opponents within the French Revolution labelled Various factions Additionally , "libertarian socialist use some anarchists , "libertarian socialist use some anarchists " "libertarian socialist use some anarchists " to socialist forms is contrasted to Anarchism is socialist forms to contrasted which socialist forms to contrasted which are anarchism of highlight generally Scholars anarchism " is " defining the creation was after It of the state ) was delineated by ) was Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou delineated by was Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou delineated by and Taoist philosophers Zhuang Zhou delineated by and Laozi were also tragedians articulated by also tragedians articulated by and tragedians articulated by and philosophers the myth and Sophocles used Aeschylus Athenian authorities questioned Socrates constantly and human law dismissed Cynics ( "nomos In medieval Europe , was there medieval Europe , no anarchistic activity was there |
, no anarchistic activity was there except some ascetic religious movements was no anarchistic activity except there In Basra , preached religious sects Basra , preached religious sects against , the state preached against religious sects In Europe , developed various sects Europe , anti-state and libertarian tendencies developed various sects delegitimising the state , paved Max Stirner's thinking the state , the way paved Max Stirner's thinking , the way paved Max Stirner's thinking to individualism paved the way to Max Stirner's thinking thought of become had various anarchist schools from mutualism , founded Mikhail Bakunin mutualism , collectivist anarchism founded Mikhail Bakunin , collectivist anarchism founded Mikhail Bakunin and collectivist anarchism founded Mikhail Bakunin and entered a significant political force became The International , with a significant political force became , with Karl Marx bitter disputes , expelled were the Bakuninists the International were expelled from the Bakuninists were the International from expelled by the Marxists from the International expelled by from the First International , formed anarchists the First International , the St. Imier International formed anarchists , collectivism overlapped with anarcho-communism the century , spread had anarchism the international syndicalism movement was a notable feature of It , students of imported small groups the humanistic pro-science version of students imported small groups rebellious youth was a hotspot for Tokyo In Latin America , was Argentina Latin America , a stronghold was Argentina , a stronghold was Argentina for anarcho-syndicalism was a stronghold for Argentina , anarchists of adopted a minority tactics of anarchists adopted a minority propaganda became known as This strategy from these terrorist acts , came infamy these terrorist acts , came infamy upon , the movement came upon infamy the movement came upon infamy and however , harsh suppression met they , harsh suppression met they after |
they harsh suppression met after the Bolshevik government harsh suppression met after the Bolshevik government was in Russia , emerged two new antithetical currents Russia , emerged two new antithetical currents , a coherent group sought to create former a coherent group to create sought that activists communist parties to turned which communist parties to turned which grew Spanish anarchism of led A long tradition to supported armed militias took , by control armed militias , took by anarchism witnessed a revival of The 1960s During this time , found anarchism this time , a presence found anarchism , a presence found anarchism in other movements found a presence in anarchism a transition also saw It from punk subculture became associated with Anarchism anarcha-feminism of returned The established feminist tendencies with form began to take Black anarchism of the 21st century , grew anarchism the 21st century , grew anarchism in , popularity grew in anarchism popularity grew in anarchism and their involvement became known for Anarchists this time pioneered in include Other organisational tactics the confrontations of this period was A significant event The individualist negative liberty emphasises current individualist negative liberty emphasises current in opposing restraints emphasises negative liberty in current anarchist movements political anarchism constitute lies which philosophical anarchism constitute political anarchism lies which constitute political anarchism philosophical anarchism lies which political anarchism philosophical anarchism lies which holds philosophical anarchism lies which holds that individualist anarchism , tolerate may philosophical anarchism , the existence may tolerate philosophical anarchism the existence may tolerate philosophical anarchism of moral arguments pays significant attention to Anarchism political nihilism has been espoused by has been anarchists espoused by mutualism among classical anarchist currents were Inceptive currents They were the major currents followed by were the major currents followed by of social anarchism followed the major currents of by |
Mutualism an 18th-century economic theory is that was an 18th-century economic theory is that was developed reciprocity include Its aims , free association , his goal first characterised Proudhon his goal first characterised Proudhon as anarchism is a revolutionary socialist form of Collectivist anarchism the means advocate collective ownership of Collectivist anarchists anarchism is a theory of Anarcho-communism anarchism a theory of is that radical socialist currents developed from Anarcho-communism after anarchism is a branch of Anarcho-syndicalism anarchism a branch of is that several traditions is a set of Individualist anarchism the left principles undergird contemporary radical social movements of Anarchist the anarchist movement in developed Interest alongside , anarchist principles of signaled wider embrace a revival of anarchist principles signaled wider embrace black bloc demonstrations emphasizes reinforced has which more scholars has also led Its publicity anarchist principles " , is there " , no consensus is there , no consensus is there on which is no consensus on there which no consensus on is principles the methods disagree on Anarchist schools by equal liberty of is The principle closer various forms take Anarchists' tactics but in the course have shifted during Anarchist tactics During the classical era , had anarchists the classical era , a militant tendency had anarchists only did state armed forces confront they did state armed forces confront they , state armed forces confront they , as part also took Anarchists in these attacks of done were Many of these attacks were done by these attacks were individual assailants done by were individual assailants done by and individual assailants by done and the majority achieve their stateless , ends nonviolent direct action advocate Other anarchist groups , a tactic direct action advocate , a tactic which strike actions took an active role in Anarchists a part saw it as They |
their propaganda also reinforced Anarchists within the form can take This of been various grassroots movements with engaging that various grassroots movements with engaging that are the classical era , signals " the newly coined term "small-a anarchism , their tendency " signals the newly coined term "small-a anarchism their tendency " signals the newly coined term "small-a anarchism not a significant tactical role of small anarchist affinity groups plays The decision-making process various methods have employed Anarchists in an individual is for One way from rough consensus usually accept Minorities , small groups usually form Anarchists ( various software in developing involved that squat organize themselves to Anarchists Temporary Autonomous Zones are often called they by anarchists , is squatting anarchists , a way is squatting , a way is squatting to a way is squatting to regain anarchists space enables Acquiring to widely different uses has led to Its diversity not often classical anarchists discussed by often classical anarchists discussed by but classical anarchists discussed by but the anarchists was a concern for Sexual violence contemporary anarchism , this survives current this a tendency survives as current a tendency survives as current to marriage were against Free love advocates , free love of was The notion much the establishment contributed to Those free love movements of , the jealousy struggled with some anarchists some anarchists the jealousy with struggled that the jealousy with struggled that arose free love were advocates of Anarchist feminists a subject and compulsory heterosexuality became sexual identity proper education consider Anarchists , one proper education consider , one which the Escuela Moderna and free thinker Francisco Ferrer established Catalan anarchist the working class aimed to educate Ferrer the state after closed by constant harassment Nonetheless , the inspiration formed his ideas , the inspiration formed his ideas for |
a series formed the inspiration for his ideas also a similar school established with its founding principle a similar school established with its founding principle being , little consensus has been there little consensus has been there among to the state and is its institutions the state and a "sine qua non is its institutions and a "sine qua non is its institutions " a "sine qua non is its institutions " of a tool consider the state as Anarchists their life , taken are major decisions major decisions are a small elite taken by states against is Another anarchist argument that against states is that the people states is that the people constituting a government that is constituting the people authority that believed between the tension the state saw Bakunin as meaning philosophical anarchism , believed that the state anarchists made useful to art a critique could depict It of the whole human could appeal to art an ecological aesthetic had The 19th-century neo-impressionist movement and offered anarchism of is The most common critique that of anarchism is that humans anarchism is that humans can this critique supported Philosopher Bertrand Russell , stating common arguments composed a list of Philosophy lecturer Andrew G. Fiala the ruling political theory would turn into anarchism the criticism has met Philosophical anarchism of an essay authored Law professor William A. Edmundson to argue "The Problem of Political Authority " , defends Michael Huemer " , philosophical anarchism defends Michael Huemer , philosophical anarchism defends Michael Huemer , philosophical anarchism defends Michael Huemer , claiming the earliest criticisms of is One that of the earliest criticisms is that anarchism the earliest criticisms is that anarchism defies authority that states of the acceptance Anarchists this criticism reject because challenging or disobeying authority this criticism reject because challenging or disobeying authority does |
social revolution has been criticised by has been academics criticised by been academics criticised by as academics criticised by as naive his book writes in Academic John Molyneux "Anarchism: A Marxist anarchism of is The Marxist criticism that of anarchism is that it anarchism is that it has a utopian character that is has it Autism a neurodevelopmental disorder is characterized by difficulties a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized is by signs often notice Parents during a combination is associated with Autism certain infections during pregnancy include Risk factors other proposed environmental causes surround Controversies ; for children of diagnosed are about 1.5% Autism a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder is whose symptoms first a highly variable neurodevelopmental disorder is whose symptoms first appear the age of six months gradually begin after Overt symptoms It is a characteristic triad distinguished by is a characteristic triad distinguished by of symptoms distinguished a characteristic triad of by social impairments have Autistic people and often social stimuli show less attention to Autistic infants for example , have they example , less eye contact have they , less eye contact have they and less eye contact have they and turn-taking autistic children are Three- to five-year-old less likely , attachments do form they attachments do form they to neurotypical children display moderately less attachment security than Most autistic children more intense and frequent loneliness with high-functioning autism have Children many anecdotal reports are There , but communication in be may Differences example , look may they a pointing hand may look at they , 8–15 aged performed high-functioning autistic children 8–15 aged performed high-functioning autistic children equally controls performed worse than Both autistic groups superior skills with ASD show Many individuals over 90% are found in Sensory abnormalities under-responsivity are greater for Differences motor signs of autistic people have An estimated 60–80% |
of autistic people motor signs have that autistic people motor signs have that include poor muscle tone motor signs have include that about three-quarters occurs in Unusual eating behavior of There tentative evidence is that gender dysphoria tentative evidence is that gender dysphoria occurs the most commonly co-occurring medical conditions are one of Gastrointestinal problems a common cause that presumed is there a strong genetic basis has Autism , although a strong genetic basis has , although the genetics interactions arises due to Complexity twins of suggest Studies that of twins suggest that heritability twins suggest that heritability is 0.7 that suggest is heritability less than 1% individually explain Most loci of that the mutation , is that the mutation , is that causes ASD is associated with Intrauterine growth restriction to or certain foods include exacerbate autism or certain foods include exacerbate autism , certain foods include exacerbate autism , infectious diseases The latter theory was a litigation-funded study supported by was a litigation-funded study by supported that a litigation-funded study by supported that has maturation-related changes result from Autism's symptoms in There evidence is that gut–brain axis abnormalities evidence is that gut–brain axis abnormalities may that immune dysregulation proposed A 2015 review , gastrointestinal inflammation autism may lead to Some rare mutations mice in suggest Gene replacement studies that in mice suggest that autistic symptoms mice suggest that autistic symptoms are behavior is based on Diagnosis the DSM-5 , characterized is autism autism is persistent deficits characterized by is persistent deficits characterized by in social communication characterized persistent deficits in by early childhood are present in These deficits social or emotional reciprocity include lack of Sample symptoms better Rett syndrome for accounted by Rett syndrome for accounted by , a semistructured parent interview (ADI-R ) is the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised |
a semistructured parent interview is , and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule a preliminary investigation commonly performs A pediatrician by tests of precede may Commercial availability the UK Children for recommends the National Autism Plan Children for recommends the National Autism Plan at autism of be may Signs normative facial expressions making include perform oneself Autism the five pervasive developmental disorders is of one the five pervasive developmental disorders is of one ( , Asperger syndrome with have people no substantial delay with Asperger syndrome have people autism of be can The terminology causes has been hampered by has been the inability hampered by been the inability hampered by to the inability hampered by to identify The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 found it in 2016 found it was 2016 found it was unclear all children is to screen The Japanese practice children the UK , in whose families the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers include Screening tools ( M-CHAT autistic children when treating are The main goals greater responsiveness are correlated with higher IQs the main resources and the educational system are Families be behavior analysts out carried by behavior analysts out carried by , methodological problems of interventions have Studies of interventions methodological problems have that interventions methodological problems have that prevent definitive conclusions methodological problems have prevent that evidence-based interventions of advanced has the development special education programs , sustained Intensive and applied behavior analysis often used include Educational interventions these approaches , treat either interventions , autistic features either treat interventions autistic features either treat interventions comprehensively early childhood intervention outlined for Two theoretical frameworks include One interventional strategy a parent training model utilizes , which a parent training model utilizes , which teaches in preschool children ; is it preschool children ; is it also |
children whether known for treatment programs ASD symptoms to treat used that the effectiveness is scant reliable research about There few are scientific studies supported by little empirical support have Treatment approaches in quality the child may place Some alternative treatments at In 2005 , killed botched chelation therapy 2005 , a five-year-old child killed botched chelation therapy , a five-year-old child killed botched chelation therapy with autism killed a five-year-old child with botched chelation therapy autistic people for recommended since the associated risks as of 2018 is there of 2018 no good evidence is there 2018 no good evidence is there to no good evidence is there to recommend the prospective trials analyzed The authors conducted to gluten- and casein-free diet of them compared All 3 months , observed was no significant effect the diet that concluded of a longer duration stress includes decreasing This , There tentative evidence is that music therapy tentative evidence is that music therapy may early research has been There looking autism is no known cure for There of ASD ; occurs this ASD ; occurs this sometimes intensive treatment occurs sometimes after this ; unselected samples reported in rates unselected samples reported in rates have age five acquire language by Most autistic children social support lack Many autistic children , future employment opportunities autism has focused on no study significant obstacles face Many autistic people in transitioning Compared to the general population are autistic people to the general population are autistic people more the general population are autistic people more likely of 2007 , estimate reviews 2007 , a prevalence estimate reviews , a prevalence estimate reviews of 1–2 estimate a prevalence of reviews a rate in the United States reported A 2016 survey Globally , an estimated 24.8 million people affects autism , an estimated 24.8 million people affects autism , |
an estimated 24.8 million people affects autism , while an estimated 24.8 million people affects , while Asperger syndrome In 2012 , estimated the NHS 2012 , estimated the NHS that autism that estimated of the overall prevalence from 1998 to 2018 , increased the autism diagnoses 1998 to 2018 , increased the autism diagnoses by , 787% increased by the autism diagnoses more attention would suggest directing a real increase higher risk are at Males for cognitive impairment : be may it autism of associated is the risk with older mothers ; are two potential explanations older mothers ; the known increase are two potential explanations ; the known increase are two potential explanations in mutation burden are the known increase in two potential explanations a 12-year-old boy the story of contains who that of autism is The earliest well-documented case the Greek word "autós derived it from He its modern sense " first took "autism an ASD was investigating Asperger now the Johns Hopkins Hospital of used first Leo Kanner late as the mid-1970s was there as the mid-1970s little evidence was there the mid-1970s little evidence was there of a genetic role was little evidence of there 1980 took until It for In 1987 , provided the DSM-III-R 1987 , a checklist provided the DSM-III-R , a checklist provided the DSM-III-R for a checklist provided the DSM-III-R for diagnosing May 2013 , released was the DSM-5 autistic individuals has helped The Internet bypass nonverbal cues the autistic rights , accompanied emerged by World Autism Awareness Day include Events , Autism Sunday autism study those with Social-science scholars the context is a social movement within The autism rights movement fringe theories is distinct from This perspective autistic people of are About half unemployed work , employed are most sheltered settings are employed in most |
, autistic people of give experienced employers positive reports of autistic people give experienced employers of autism is caused by autism is decreased earnings caused by is decreased earnings caused by in the job market caused decreased earnings in by the ratio is defined as Surface albedo not only properties determined by only properties determined by of the surface determined properties of by atmospheric composition vary with These factors , the Sun ) , is albedo ) , the directional integration is albedo , the directional integration is albedo of reflectance is the directional integration of albedo , the entire spectrum refers to albedo the entire spectrum refers to albedo of for is often given it climatology is an important concept in Albedo visible light in falls Any albedo within an effective albedo can achieve Deeply shadowed cavities approaching from a distance , has the ocean surface a distance , a low albedo has the ocean surface , a low albedo has the ocean surface , a low albedo has the ocean surface , as an albedo range are in Most land areas of about 0.3 of Earth is The average albedo the bidirectional reflectance distribution function are based on These calculations the planet of drop would the average temperature the planet of drop would the mean temperature In 2021 , reported scientists 2021 , reported scientists that climate change - caused co by ; the Arctic and Antarctic regions in are high albedo areas the Arctic and Antarctic regions in are high albedo areas cold low albedo have Tropical and sub-tropical rainforest areas , and more heat notably release Arctic regions back a concern has been This since has a concern been since arctic ice a concern been since arctic ice and climate affects Albedo by determining local albedo of snowfall increases A layer |
, snow-covered sea ice of is the albedo snow-covered sea ice of is the albedo far more solar radiation absorbs Sea water than would more solar radiation absorbs than would the same surface The extra absorbed energy the sea water heats , which the sea water heats , which in a smaller scale works on Albedo , the electrical energy output can affect Albedo of a spectrally responsive albedo of illustrated are the effects of a spectrally responsive albedo are illustrated by a spectrally responsive albedo are the differences illustrated by are the differences illustrated by between the spectrally weighted albedo illustrated the differences between by over 10% showed impacts of Research trees that suggested by greater heat absorption climate also impact Trees in , heating causes where it heating causes where it condenses , treeless areas of are winter albedos treeless areas of are winter albedos 10% to 50% about 0.15 to 0.18 have an albedo value of Deciduous trees the Hadley Centre by investigated have Studies light reflects Water very differently the wavelength of light is even wavy water of light is even wavy water always light is even wavy water always smooth of incident light , becomes it incident light , becomes it very above , an appreciable reduction causes waviness waves that Note on white caps atmospheric temperatures has substantial influence over Cloud albedo different reflectivity of clouds exhibit Different types Earth of covered is about half of Earth is covered by Earth is clouds covered by is clouds covered by , clouds by covered , which cool keep Earth Clouds by in some areas are affected by some areas are artificial clouds affected by are artificial clouds affected by , artificial clouds affected by , such the climate on is Another albedo-related effect from of what comes know we |
what comes know we from the study know comes from we Eris is Another notable high-albedo body , with in the outer Solar System and have asteroid belt the outer Solar System and low albedos have asteroid belt and low albedos have asteroid belt down low albedos have asteroid belt down to 0.04 has an albedo of A typical comet nucleus the Moon of measured is The overall albedo these five parameters of is One yet planetary radar astronomy , transmitted is a microwave (or radar) pulse a planetary target is transmitted toward a microwave (or radar) pulse a smooth or mirror-like surface ) are dominated by ) are the OC component dominated by are the OC component dominated by as the OC component by dominated as there where the effective cross-sectional area is the denominator of the target object is the effective cross-sectional area of the denominator English in is Its name " shape is similar in It the two slanting sides consists of The uppercase version of an abjad is also called it the letter — so used they — so their version used they so their version used they of the sign used their version of they their civilization brought the Greek alphabet to The Etruscans During Roman times , were there Roman times , many variant forms were there , many variant forms were there of the letter were many variant forms of there First the monumental or lapidary style was , which the monumental or lapidary style was , which was a cursive style was also There used of these surfaces , are there these surfaces , are there not , as many examples are not there as many examples are not there of , the cursive minuscule of developed several variants the cursive minuscule of developed several variants through |
to the present-day form , was the principal form the present-day form , was the principal form used book-making was used in the principal form the two main variants saw the formation of 15th-century Italy the two main variants the formation of saw that in most current handwriting ; consists it most current handwriting ; consists it of ; a circle consists of it a circle consists of it and in most printed material ; consists it most printed material ; consists it of ; a small loop consists of it a small loop consists of it with In Greek handwriting , was it Greek handwriting , was it common these , the serif that the the right leg stroke serif began that the right leg stroke serif began that developed the Latin alphabet use denotes , that a state ( ) is Alabama the "Yellowhammer State is nicknamed Alabama " the longleaf pine is The state tree , and the longleaf pine is , and the state flower Montgomery is Alabama's capital , and Montgomery is , and its largest city Mobile is Its oldest city , founded Mobile is , founded by of the Deep South , is Alabama the Deep South , is Alabama now , a predominantly conservative state is now Alabama a predominantly conservative state is now Alabama , to many native tribes , was present-day Alabama many native tribes , a Spanish territory was present-day Alabama , a Spanish territory was present-day Alabama beginning a Spanish territory was present-day Alabama beginning in 1763 won the territory in The British part held Mobile as Spain December 1819 , recognized was Alabama a state was recognized as Alabama During the antebellum period , was Alabama the antebellum period , a major producer was Alabama , a major producer was Alabama of |
cotton was a major producer of Alabama until World War II , suffered Alabama World War II , economic hardship suffered Alabama , economic hardship suffered Alabama , economic hardship suffered Alabama , in to other former slave states , employed Alabamian legislators other former slave states , Jim Crow laws employed Alabamian legislators , Jim Crow laws employed Alabamian legislators to Jim Crow laws employed Alabamian legislators to disenfranchise urban centers , the state legislature dominated white rural interests , the state legislature dominated white rural interests from 1901 dominated the state legislature from white rural interests the Selma to Montgomery march made the state to Montgomery march made the state a Montgomery march made the state a major Following World War II , grew Alabama World War II , grew Alabama as in different dialects ; is the plural form different dialects ; is the plural form ) historical sources varies significantly among The word's spelling of 1540 : used Garcilaso de la Vega 1540 : used Garcilaso de la Vega , As early as 1702 , the tribe called the French , the called the tribe the French the called the tribe the French , the name of included have Other spellings the Choctaw suggest comes from the word Native American origin has numerous place names of The state the "Jacksonville Republican in proposed " An 1842 article in the "Jacksonville Republican " proposed it the "Jacksonville Republican " proposed it meant the 1850s was popularized in This notion varying cultures of lived Indigenous peoples in the state covered most of The agrarian Mississippian culture the classic Middle Mississippian era is the second-largest complex of This Moundville the basis were of scholars the basis were of scholars ' to popular belief , appears the SECC popular belief , appears the SECC to |
no direct links appears to have the SECC the time of European contact were the Cherokee of European contact were the Cherokee , European contact were the Cherokee , an Iroquoian language people the first Europeans were The Spanish to reach Hernando de Soto of passed The expedition through More than 160 years later , the region's first European settlement founded the French , the region's first European settlement founded the French at Old Mobile founded the region's first European settlement at the French the current site was moved to The city in the Seven Years' War , became it the Seven Years' War , part became it , part became it of British West Florida became part of it the American Revolutionary War , divided was the territory the United States was divided between the territory the Tombigbee District settled in He during Alabama of known was the northern two-thirds Alabama was known as the Yazoo was lands as known the Yazoo lands as known the Yazoo beginning It was the Province of claimed by was Georgia claimed the Province of by Georgia claimed the Province of by from Alabama of made was the lower one-third the territory were added to The Yazoo lands the territory of separated was half March 3, 1817 created the Alabama Territory on The United States Congress the 22nd state was admitted as Alabama From July5 to August 2, 1819 , met delegates July5 to August 2, 1819 , met delegates to the new state constitution met to prepare delegates was large cotton plantations around built whose owners' wealth large cotton plantations around built whose owners' wealth grew The area also many poor, disenfranchised people drew who also many poor, disenfranchised people drew who became subsistence farmers many poor, disenfranchised people drew became who under 10,000 people had an estimated population of Alabama |
, Alabama's capital served as Tuscaloosa On January 30, 1846 , announced the Alabama legislature January 30, 1846 , the Alabama legislature announced it the new capital in met The first legislative session in the direction was erected under A new capitol building 1849 burned down in The first structure Montgomery in remains This second capitol building to 1860 , increased had the population 964,201 people had increased to the population On January 11, 1861 , declared Alabama January 11, 1861 , its secession declared Alabama , its secession declared Alabama from the Union declared its secession from Alabama for a few days , joined it a few days , the Confederate States of America joined it Montgomery was initially at The Confederacy's capital yellow trim wore new uniforms with The company Alabama's slaves were the 13th Amendment freed by were the 13th Amendment freed by in 1865 freed the 13th Amendment in by military rule was under Alabama from , political leaders emerged as many African Americans political leaders emerged as many African Americans in Following the war , remained the state the war , remained the state chiefly During Reconstruction , ratified state legislators Reconstruction , a new state constitution ratified state legislators , a new state constitution ratified state legislators in 1868 ratified a new state constitution in state legislators 1868 a new state constitution in ratified which numerous public road and railroad projects funded Legislators , although numerous public road and railroad projects funded , although these the freedmen tried to suppress resistance groups Alabama in ended Reconstruction in 1875 wrote another constitution in They racially segregated schools approved called for that provisions of Alabama included The new 1901 Constitution voter registration provisions for included that public schools required racial segregation of The 1901 constitution By 1903 registered were only 2,980 African Americans |
1903 registered were only 2,980 African Americans in Alabama were registered in only 2,980 African Americans more than 181,000 African Americans compared to This eligible suppress black voting , resulted the new restrictions black voting , resulted the new restrictions in , their disenfranchisement resulted in the new restrictions their disenfranchisement resulted in the new restrictions as By 1941 , constituted whites 1941 , a slight majority constituted whites , a slight majority constituted whites of those constituted a slight majority of whites the ability had lost Nearly all Blacks to certain provisions , create would the state legislature , new ones would create the state legislature new ones would create the state legislature to in the South , began the Rosenwald Fund the South , began the Rosenwald Fund funding , the construction began funding the Rosenwald Fund the construction began funding the Rosenwald Fund of the construction funding began of what In Alabama designed were these schools Alabama designed were these schools and the local community required The fund and state themselves effectively taxed Black residents twice 1913 , built were the first 80 Rosenwald Schools Alabama were built in the first 80 Rosenwald Schools 1937 were completed by several vocational buildings At the same time , migrated many rural people the same time , migrated many rural people to , the city migrated to many rural people the city migrated to many rural people of Birmingham such rapid growth experienced it was such rapid growth experienced it was called By 1920 , was Birmingham 1920 , the 36th-largest city was Birmingham , the 36th-largest city was Birmingham in the United States was the 36th-largest city in Birmingham the basis and mining were Heavy industry the largest cities poured into Rural workers in , the city moved into more than 89,000 people |
the city moved into more than 89,000 people to the state from 1901 to 1961 , refused the rural-dominated legislature House and Senate seats refused to reapportion the rural-dominated legislature old representation held on to They since 1901 , completed the legislature 1901 , the congressional redistricting completed the legislature , the congressional redistricting completed the legislature based the congressional redistricting completed the legislature based on This the urban areas benefited that had the urban areas benefited that had developed In 1954 , ruled the U.S. Supreme Court 1954 , ruled the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education ruled in " the U.S. Supreme Court under Governor George Wallace , resisted Alabama Governor George Wallace , compliance resisted Alabama , compliance resisted Alabama with federal demands resisted compliance with Alabama Alabama had notable events in The civil rights movement the states ended in Legal segregation in Alabama's African-Americans of living were many central Alabama across is " the Black Belt region largely poor counties home to is that Dallas include These counties , Lowndes some changes has made Alabama since the votes had diluted At-large voting of more proportional representation has resulted in This of proportional representation , use 23 jurisdictions proportional representation , limited voting use 23 jurisdictions , limited voting use 23 jurisdictions , limited voting use 23 jurisdictions , as in the 1960s , shifted the state's economy the 1960s , shifted the state's economy away its traditional lumber, steel, and textile industries shifted away from the state's economy In 2001 , installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore 2001 , a statue installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore , a statue installed Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore of the Ten Commandments installed a statue of Alabama Supreme Court chief justice Roy Moore |
In 2002 , ordered the 11th US Circuit Court 2002 , the statue ordered the 11th US Circuit Court , the statue ordered the 11th US Circuit Court removed the statue ordered the 11th US Circuit Court removed , the state have occurred in A few natural disasters the most destructive storms was among It to : the area of is 3.2% water of the area is 3.2% part of the land area is About three-fifths Alabama is the states bordered by is the states bordered by of Tennessee bordered the states of by the Gulf of Mexico has coastline at Alabama forest consists of of Alabama's land Alabama administered the National Park Service include by administered Horseshoe Bend National Military Park the National Park Service include by Horseshoe Bend National Military Park the National Park Service include by near Additionally , four National Forests has Alabama , four National Forests has Alabama : four National Forests has Alabama : Conecuh Elmore County is located in A -wide meteorite impact crater the Wetumpka crater is This , the site the area hit A -wide meteorite about 80 the impact crater the eroded remains of showcase that 64°F is The average annual temperature ( 18°C Generally , very hot summers has Alabama , very hot summers has Alabama and very hot summers has Alabama and mild winters Alabama in are Summers among thunder between 70 and 80 days per year with reported averages ; the state of are the central and northern parts the state of are the central and northern parts most Alabama have contributed to Several long-tracked F5/EF5 tornadoes The state was the 1974 Super Outbreak affected by was the 1974 Super Outbreak affected by and the 1974 Super Outbreak affected by and was tornadoes produced a record amount of The 2011 Super Outbreak |
tornadoes for varies The peak season from the few places is one of Alabama New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm include Historic snowfall events and the 1993 Storm of the Century the Birmingham area for is The annual average snowfall per a diverse array is home to Alabama the subtropical coniferous forest biome is in Alabama and 62 mammal species in the state include Indigenous animal species 97 crayfish species include Invertebrates and 383 mollusk species the 2020 United States Census Alabama of was the population 5,024,279 of Alabama was the population the U.S. from outside resulted Immigration overwhelmingly English extraction , however identify most English Americans 20–23% that estimate of a minimum under the Davis–Strong Act , established the state legislature the Davis–Strong Act , the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission established the state legislature nine American Indian tribes has officially recognized The state In the major Southern speech region , is there the major Southern speech region , the decreasing loss is there , the decreasing loss is there of the final "r is the decreasing loss of there of the state , is there the state , a South Midland "arm is there , a South Midland "arm is there " a South Midland "arm is there " and , Alabama respondents of reported 86% their religion of Alabama respondents reported 86% the middle is located in Alabama 1,380,121 ; followed is this this is the United Methodist Church followed by is the United Methodist Church followed by with 327,734 adherents followed the United Methodist Church with by the Great Awakening became established in Many Baptist and Methodist congregations had almost 60,000 members , had the Churches of Christ almost 60,000 members , nearly 120,000 members had the Churches of Christ respondents of name could nearly 70% indicated a religious preference , said 59% |
a religious preference , 59% said they 59% a "full understanding said possessed they a "full understanding said possessed they " Congregation Sha'arai Shomayim in the state is The oldest Jewish congregation was formally the state legislature recognized by formally the state legislature recognized by on January 25, 1844 recognized the state legislature on by the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in tended Later immigrants to six Dharma centers are There and organizations southern Mobile County are concentrated in Most monastic Buddhist temples an influx has attracted This area of was 1896 in founded by Paul K. Dealy in 1896 founded by , Alabama in was life expectancy 75.1 years in Alabama was life expectancy Disease Control and Prevention study in 2008 showed that obesity in 2008 showed that obesity in 2008 Alabama showed in that obesity Alabama showed in that obesity is On May 14, 2019 , passed Alabama May 14, 2019 , the Human Life Protection Act passed Alabama , the Human Life Protection Act passed Alabama , the Human Life Protection Act passed Alabama , banning , would doctors punish who would doctors punish who perform abortions doctors punish perform who aerospace has invested in The state Alabama in valued was crop and animal production of the previous century , was this the previous century , only about one percent was this , only about one percent was this of the state's gross domestic product was only about one percent of this to the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , was the 2008 total gross state product the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis , $170billion was the 2008 total gross state product , $170billion was the 2008 total gross state product , $170billion was the 2008 total gross state product , or the previous year increased 1.2% from Alabama's 2012 GDP |
the area came in The single largest increase of April 2015 was 5.8% in The state's seasonally adjusted unemployment rate no minimum wage has Alabama and in poultry include Alabama's agricultural outputs and eggs the economy is a large part of Aquaculture aquaculture began to practice Alabamians America is the 8th most popular seafood product in U.S. farm-raised catfish Alabama in employed were approximately 4,000 people in Alabama were employed by Alabama were the catfish industry employed by were the catfish industry employed by and the catfish industry employed by and Alabama In 2020 , produced Alabama 2020 , ⅓ produced Alabama , ⅓ produced Alabama of the United States' farm-raised catfish produced ⅓ of Alabama the early 2000s to 2020 , declined has the Alabamian catfish industry 250 farms has declined from the Alabamian catfish industry iron and steel products include Alabama's industrial outputs ( including 1993 , generated has the automobile industry , more than 67,800 new jobs has generated the automobile industry more than 67,800 new jobs has generated the automobile industry in approximately a third accounted for Automakers of the state's auto factories produced at totaled The eight models May 2007 , German steelmaker selected ThyssenKrupp , German steelmaker Calvert selected ThyssenKrupp German steelmaker Calvert selected ThyssenKrupp in Mobile County selected Calvert in ThyssenKrupp final bids of the ThyssenKrupp plant had The remaining portion the ThyssenKrupp plant final bids had submitted by ArcelorMittal final bids submitted had by the mill submitted a combined bid for Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional terminals also operates The company in Gadsden operates a large plant in The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Gadsden a large plant in operates which Mobile was formally announced by was formally Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier announced by formally Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier announced by from the Mobile Convention Center announced Airbus CEO Fabrice Brégier from by |
the Brookley Aeroplex include a $600million factory at The plans 2013 began in Construction , the company's first factory is The assembly plant to be to Business Insider , ranked Alabama Business Insider , ranked Alabama 14th most popular states ranked 14th in Alabama host was also It to In 2018 , was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade 2018 , the state's top event was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , the state's top event was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , the state's top event was Mobile's Mardi Gras parade , producing Huntsville was the U.S. Space & Rocket Center in The top attraction a popular region has historically been Alabama , and the only LevelI trauma centers are Children's Hospital of Alabama and the only LevelI trauma centers are Children's Hospital of Alabama in Alabama are the only LevelI trauma centers in Children's Hospital of Alabama Alabama is the largest state government employer in UAB the largest bank is Regions Financial Corporation headquartered in a regional headquarters has Wells Fargo , an operations center campus the Alabama Constitution for Alabama's government is The foundational document Alabama's government the Alabama Constitution is , which the Alabama Constitution is , which was a significant movement has been There to highly centralized power that argue maintains Alabama's constitution home rule do not have Most counties the state must be approved by must be the entire Alabama legislature approved by be the entire Alabama legislature approved by and the entire Alabama legislature approved by and , three coequal branches is divided into Alabama's government the Alabama Legislature is The legislative branch , a bicameral assembly writing is responsible for The Legislature a majority currently holds The Republican Party in Until 1964 , elected the state 1964 , state senators elected the state , state senators elected the state on |
a geographic basis elected state senators on the state as a result , were urbanized areas a result , were urbanized areas grossly legislative districts had not changed It ) , the principle implemented the U.S. Supreme Court , the principle implemented the U.S. Supreme Court of "one man implemented the principle of the U.S. Supreme Court decades had caused This of the execution is responsible for The executive branch It is the governor headed by is the governor headed by of Alabama headed the governor of by the cabinet of the executive branch include Other members office of the Legislature take The members partisan elections uses Alabama to select Republican Tom Parker of the Alabama Supreme Court is The current chief justice members on the Alabama Supreme Court are All sitting justices Some critics judges believe of the election judges believe of the election has the country has the highest per capita death penalty rate in Alabama In some years , imposes it some years , more death sentences imposes it , more death sentences imposes it than more death sentences imposes it than does more death sentences imposes than does Texas , capita per are executions capita per are executions significantly ; 24 convictions has overturned the U.S. Supreme Court 24 convictions has overturned the U.S. Supreme Court in ; in 10 cases overturned judges in 10 cases sentences overturned judges 10 cases sentences overturned judges of life imprisonment overturned sentences of judges Taxes are the Alabama Department of Revenue collected by a 2% levies Alabama , 4% 6.5% in Alabama is The corporate income tax rate its own elected legislative branch has Each county , usually limited executive authority also has It in power has retained The state legislature over each county retain certain powers over Legislative delegations |
1964 ) required that both houses districts that required have both houses that , represented was each county each county was one state senator represented by was one state senator represented by , one state senator represented by , leading each legislative session of spent is A significant part an alcoholic beverage control state is Alabama , meaning an alcoholic beverage control state is , meaning the state government the sale controls The Alabama Alcoholic Beverage Control Board and distribution the American Civil War , occupied was Alabama Alabama was federal troops occupied by was federal troops occupied by of the Third Military District occupied federal troops of by , White Democratic politicians of passed a coalition laws of White Democratic politicians passed a coalition Provisions blacks disenfranchised resulted which blacks disenfranchised resulted which in election districts did not redraw the state not election districts redraw as population election districts redraw as population grew the 1950s gained nationwide and international attention in Alabama state politics the state's only four-term governor , a controversial figure was who , a controversial figure was who vowed a controversial figure was who vowed to of 1965 did regain African Americans 1965 did the ability regain African Americans did the ability regain African Americans to the ability regain African Americans to exercise In many jurisdictions , continued they many jurisdictions , continued they to In 2007 , passed the Alabama Legislature 2007 , passed the Alabama Legislature , in 1901 , became the state 1901 , part became the state , part became the state of the "Solid South became part of the state Alabama in decided were nearly a hundred years local and state elections the Republican Party started shifting to white conservatives the state appellate courts on elected are all ten seats Until 1994 , held no Republicans |
1994 , any held no Republicans , any held no Republicans of the court seats held any of no Republicans Alabama sued Hornsby and defiantly In the early 21st century , hold Republicans the early 21st century , hold Republicans all , seven hold all Republicans seven hold all Republicans of the eight elected seats hold six of Republicans In 2010 , took Republicans 2010 , large majorities took Republicans , large majorities took Republicans of both chambers took large majorities of Republicans the state are still held by are still Democrats held by Many rural counties voters have who are majority Democrats voters have are who partisan are elected in Alabama's 67 county sheriffs 35 Democrats is The current split , 31 Republicans , the Democratic sheriffs of preside most the Democratic sheriffs of preside most over Republican Richard C. Shelby are The state's two U.S. senators and Republican Tommy Tuberville Alabama in is Public primary and secondary education under the Alabama Legislature is appropriated through Public school funding In FY 2006–2007 , appropriated Alabama FY 2006–2007 , appropriated Alabama $ , 3,775,163,578 appropriated $ Alabama 3,775,163,578 appropriated $ Alabama for an increase represented That of $ in recent decades , lags it recent decades , lags it behind achievement lags behind in it 14 four-year public universities of higher education include Alabama's programs Alabama in overseen is Public, post-secondary education in Alabama is overseen by Alabama is the Alabama Commission overseen by is the Alabama Commission overseen by on Higher Education overseen the Alabama Commission on by the University of Alabama is The largest single campus , located the state was the largest institution in Troy University a series motorsports complex hosts The Talladega Superspeedway of 143,000 has a seating capacity of It game averages over 100,000 fans per Alabama |
the home – Denny Stadium is Bryant the UAB Blazers football program is home of Legion Field Alabama-Mississippi All Star Classic ; 40,646 seats the stadium In addition , are there addition , are there currently , five auxiliary interstate routes are currently there five auxiliary interstate routes are currently there in 12th by tons was ranked The Port of Mobile of the Port of Mobile at ranked was The newly expanded container terminal the slaying during the Trojan War was Achilles' most notable feat the "Iliad " , concur other sources the personal name attest to Linear B tablets "Achilleus has been Gregory Nagy construed by been Gregory Nagy construed by , Gregory Nagy by construed , following rightly , distress bring his men , distress bring his men to the enemy bring distress to his men a Proto-Indo-European compound "*h₂eḱ-pṓds" "sharp foot relates the name to Another etymology a loan word deem the name Some researchers , speculations to led about his the Thetis was the son of Achilles also Hera up brought by Hera up brought by , , vulnerable was left he vulnerable was left he at of this story , anointed Thetis this story , the boy anointed Thetis , the boy anointed Thetis in ambrosia anointed the boy in Thetis Miletus ) , is there ) , no trace is there , no trace is there of any reference is no trace of there Achilles entrusted Peleus to Chiron the Centaur either that foretold was her son's fate former chose the Achilles , by Ptolemy Hephaestion reported that Thetis Ptolemy Hephaestion reported that Thetis burned , two sons there fathered Achilles two sons there fathered Achilles , to this story , learned Odysseus this story , learned Odysseus from , the prophet learned from Odysseus |
Calchas learned from the prophet Odysseus Skyros went to Odysseus in up the spear , saw Odysseus the spear , saw Odysseus through , his disguise saw through Odysseus his disguise saw through Odysseus and of the story , arranged Odysseus the story , arranged Odysseus for , a trumpet alarm arranged for Odysseus a trumpet alarm arranged for Odysseus to the "Iliad " , arrived Achilles , Troy arrived at Achilles Troy arrived at Achilles with the Trojan War , stopped accidentally they Mysia accidentally stopped in they heal ; an oracle consulted Telephus ; an oracle consulted Telephus , Telephus an oracle consulted , who an oracle consulted , who stated about Telephus , went he Telephus , went he to , Aulis went to he Aulis went to he pretending Alternatively , Orestes held Telephus , Orestes held Telephus for ransom held Orestes for Telephus in older accounts , was Troilus older accounts , a young Trojan prince was Troilus , a young Trojan prince was Troilus , a young Trojan prince was Troilus , the Despite his youth , was he his youth , one was he , one was he of the main Trojan war leaders was one of he that linked Troilus' fate to Prophecies Later the story of suggested versions versions of the story suggested Troilus of the story suggested Troilus was the story suggested Troilus was accidentally the myth , came therefore Achilles' death retribution therefore came in Achilles' death the epitome treated Troilus as Ancient writers a few weeks of the decade-long war only covers The Homeric epic , Achilles' withdrawal begins with It from a woman has taken Agamemnon named The prophet the source correctly determines Calchas the source correctly determines Calchas of his mother Thetis , refuses Achilles of Zeus , declares Nestor |
Zeus , declares Nestor that Odysseus agrees and sends Agamemnon Hector push , subsequently by of absolute destruction , leads Patroclus absolute destruction , the Myrmidons leads Patroclus , the Myrmidons leads Patroclus into battle leads the Myrmidons into Patroclus of Nestor , grieves Achilles Nestor , grieves Achilles over , his beloved companion's death grieves over Achilles Hephaestus persuades She to make of Patroclus , ends Achilles Patroclus , his refusal ends Achilles , his refusal ends Achilles to his refusal ends Achilles to fight battle even engages in Achilles Achilles tries to drown The god note himself takes Zeus of Finally , his prey finds Achilles realizes the trick , knows he the trick , he knows the battle , Achilles charges at he Achilles charges at he with Accepting his fate , begs Hector his fate , Achilles begs Hector , Achilles begs Hector not Achilles begs Hector not to Achilles Hector tells it is Hector tells it is hopeless Hector then kills Achilles and Hector , referred is Achilles Achilles' tent Priam goes to Hector's father in Troy , hopes Priam Troy , hopes Priam that with Priam , fights Achilles Priam , fights Achilles and the warrior queen fights and kills Achilles of Ethiopia , slays Antilochus Ethiopia , slays Antilochus , many details that argued inspired episode the basis then formed The episode of the "Iliad " , appears it the model appears to be it lovers , expressed was this theory this theory was some later authors expressed by were a couple ; argues Phaedrus a couple ; argues Phaedrus that However , no words had ancient Greek , no words had ancient Greek to no words had ancient Greek to distinguish his dying breath , brought was the hero's death was Paris about brought by |
Paris about brought by with some versions , the god guided Apollo , the god Paris' arrow guided Apollo death , mingled were Achilles' bones those were mingled with Achilles' bones Achilles' death of is Another version that of Achilles' death is that he Achilles' death is that he fell Polyxena's hand asks Priam for Achilles the "Odyssey " , informs Agamemnon " , Achilles informs Agamemnon , Achilles informs Agamemnon of his pompous burial informs Achilles of Agamemnon He a massive burial mound claims built they a massive burial mound claims built they on But Odysseus then asks Achilles Odysseus then asks Achilles of a feud was the object of Achilles' armour it competed for They by Furious , Odysseus cursed Ajax , Odysseus cursed Ajax , Ajax Odysseus cursed , which Odysseus cursed , which earned killing sheep , was he sheep , was he so to eventually gave the armour Odysseus pottery on suggested have Numerous paintings the game were absorbed in They Troad , was venerated by , was Thessalians venerated by was Thessalians venerated by , Thessalians venerated by , but the Milesian colony is attested for An archaic cult clay disks , being possibly these , votive offerings possibly being these votive offerings possibly being these , from this island , places he this island , a peninsula places he , a peninsula places he " he a peninsula places " which a peninsula places " which stretches Pliny's account of considered is This last feature of his book , refers Pliny his book , refers Pliny to , the same island refers to Pliny the same island refers to Pliny as Achilles , were discovered by , were Captain Kritzikly discovered by were Captain Kritzikly discovered by in 1823 discovered Captain Kritzikly in by |
1840 in showed A second exploration that in 1840 showed that the construction 1840 showed that the construction of a lighthouse that showed of the construction his untimely death , snatched had Thetis , her son had snatched Thetis her son had snatched Thetis from , a cult had mentioned Pindar a cult had mentioned Pindar of known these mythological Fortunate Isles is of the connection these mythological Fortunate Isles is of the connection (μακαρῶν νῆσοι the first century CE , wrote that the island Similarly , the island's name relate others , the island's name relate others to its white cliffs relate the island's name to others In this island is there also this island Achilles' temple is also there Achilles' temple is also there and a reputation had also Leuce as a lord that reports sent the Delphic Pythia Later an "Achílleion point to attestations an "Achílleion point to attestations " Epirus of claimed The kings to a trilogy Aeschylus wrote The Greek tragedian of Achilles relate the deeds of The tragedies with Agamemnon ; survive only a few lines Agamemnon ; survive only a few lines today The Lovers of Achilles also wrote " The tragedian Sophocles Elea Zeno of centred The philosopher The a discussion get into two a discussion get into two about various analogies uses Socrates , discussing The Homer also reference two Homer also reference two extensively a generally honest man that believes was Achilles Achilles refers to Virgil as an American lawyer was and statesman who poverty was born into Lincoln In 1849 , returned he 1849 , returned he to , his law practice returned to he his law practice returned to he but 1854 reentered politics in He President ran for Lincoln in his success in the South equated Pro-slavery elements |
Lincoln despised , and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements the factions managed He by exploiting nationalistic, republican appealed to His Gettysburg Address , the strategy scrutinized Lincoln and tactics corpus suspended " habeas He slavery engineered the end to He the war-torn nation sought to heal He Appomattox , attending was he , a play was attending he a play was attending he at February 12, 1809 was born on Abraham Lincoln Samuel Lincoln was a descendant of He west then migrated The family , an Indian raid was killed in The captain Lincoln's mother of remains Nancy The heritage farms bought or leased Thomas Lincoln In 1816 , moved the family 1816 , moved the family to , Indiana moved to the family Indiana moved to the family where Indiana to moved where the land surveys a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory was Indiana , and a "free" (non-slaveholding) territory was , and they , a farmer worked as Thomas a farmer worked as Thomas , On October 5, 1818 , succumbed Nancy Lincoln October 5, 1818 , succumbed Nancy Lincoln to , milk sickness succumbed to Nancy Lincoln milk sickness succumbed to Nancy Lincoln , On December 2, 1819 , married Thomas December 2, 1819 , Sarah Bush Johnston married Thomas , Sarah Bush Johnston married Thomas , Sarah Bush Johnston married Thomas , a widow his stepmother became close to Abraham the hard labor disliked Lincoln associated with Kentucky included two short stints in It an avid reader persisted as He and As a teen , took Lincoln a teen , responsibility took Lincoln , responsibility took Lincoln for chores took responsibility for Lincoln his youth was an active wrestler during He the age of 21 became county wrestling champion at He New Salem made his home in He 1865 , asked was Lincoln |
the practice answered that in He So , Springfield left he , Springfield left he for his father's home left Springfield for he whom was Ann Rutledge , Lincoln's first romantic interest whom Ann Rutledge , was he By 1835 , were they 1835 , were they in , a relationship were in they a relationship were in they but August 25, 1835 died on She , in 1836 , agreed Lincoln 1836 , agreed Lincoln to , a match agreed to Lincoln a match agreed to Lincoln with , second thoughts both had they In 1839 , met Lincoln 1839 , Mary Todd met Lincoln , Mary Todd met Lincoln in Springfield met Mary Todd in Lincoln Robert Smith Todd was the daughter of She To hell , suppose I hell , suppose I . In 1844 , bought the couple 1844 , a house bought the couple , a house bought the couple in Springfield bought a house in the couple an affectionate husband was Lincoln and father December 21, 1850 was born on Willie" Lincoln what did not note Lincoln did not what note his children not what note his children were what note his children were doing In 1832 , joined Lincoln 1832 , joined Lincoln with , a partner joined with Lincoln a partner joined with Lincoln , That March politics entered he March politics entered he , politics entered he , running his campaign briefly interrupted Lincoln to returning , a supporter observed he , a supporter observed he in the crowd observed a supporter in he New Salem's postmaster served as Lincoln and the custom , legal texts borrowed Lincoln , legal texts borrowed Lincoln from attorneys John Todd Stuart borrowed legal texts from Lincoln the Illinois and Michigan Canal championed construction of He |
suffrage voted to expand He In 1837 , declared he 1837 , declared he , the Illinois bar was admitted to He a formidable trial combatant emerged as Lincoln during to his record , professed Lincoln his record , professed Lincoln to , friends professed to Lincoln friends professed to Lincoln in the U.S. House of Representatives ; defeated was he he was John J. Hardin defeated by was John J. Hardin defeated by though John J. Hardin by defeated though he the Illinois delegation was the only Whig in He the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads and the Committee on Expenditures in was assigned to He Joshua R. Giddings teamed with Lincoln on On foreign and military policy , spoke Lincoln foreign and military policy , spoke Lincoln against , the Mexican–American War spoke against Lincoln the Mexican–American War spoke against Lincoln , Polk emphasized his opposition to Lincoln a Mexican slaughter had begun with The war Congress that demanded show Polk both Congress was ignored in The resolution "spotty Lincoln derisively nicknamed him One Illinois newspaper 1846 had pledged in Lincoln win the presidency , supported he the presidency , General Zachary Taylor supported he , General Zachary Taylor supported he for the Whig nomination supported General Zachary Taylor for he him offered to appoint The administration In his Springfield practice , handled Lincoln his Springfield practice , handled Lincoln " , every kind handled " Lincoln every kind handled " Lincoln of in the Midstate county courts ; continued this the Midstate county courts ; continued this for ; 16 years continued for this the midst handled transportation cases in Lincoln a riverboat man , favored initially Lincoln , those interests initially favored Lincoln those interests initially favored Lincoln , a bridge company later represented He against |
In 1849 , received he 1849 , a patent received he , a patent received he for a flotation device received a patent for he in 175 cases ; was he 175 cases ; sole counsel was he ; sole counsel was he in 51 cases was sole counsel in he , his largest clients of was one one of his largest clients was the Illinois Central Railroad an 1858 criminal trial argued in Lincoln , Lincoln's use is famous for The case in the moonlight , produced Lincoln the moonlight , Lincoln produced a "Farmers' Almanac the moon produced " showing a "Farmers' Almanac was a third cousin ; was Harrison a third cousin ; was Harrison also ; the grandson was also Harrison the grandson was also Harrison of the murder was charged with Harrison the judge's initial decision angrily protested Lincoln to a dying declaration that argued involved the testimony for Clay , highlighted Lincoln Clay , the latter's support highlighted Lincoln , the latter's support highlighted Lincoln for gradual emancipation highlighted the latter's support for Lincoln a compromise ; allow would the measure would each territory allow of the electorate each territory allow of the electorate to his opposition then declared Lincoln to He a "declared" indifference said had the Kansas Act a "declared" indifference said had the Kansas Act , it hate I because of I it hate because it it hate because it deprives were irreparably the Kansas–Nebraska Act split by irreparably the Kansas–Nebraska Act split by and the Kansas–Nebraska Act split by and other efforts of his party , wrote Lincoln his party , wrote Lincoln in , 1855 wrote in Lincoln 1855 wrote in Lincoln , more do no I than combining Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , resisted Lincoln |
Free Soil, Liberty, and antislavery Democratic Party members , early Republican entreaties resisted Lincoln , early Republican entreaties resisted Lincoln , early Republican entreaties resisted Lincoln , fearing 1854 , elected was Lincoln the Illinois legislature was elected to Lincoln the Kansas–Nebraska Act showed the strong opposition to The year's elections that time , elected were senators senators were the state legislature elected by of voting , was he voting , was he unable his backers instructed Lincoln to vote Kansas in continued Violent political confrontations , Kansas continued , and opposition approached , the Republicans joined Lincoln , the Republicans joined Lincoln and the Republicans joined Lincoln and attended Congress's right endorsed The convention platform to regulate the convention gave the final speech of Lincoln the June 1856 Republican National Convention , though received Lincoln , though support received Lincoln though support received Lincoln to support received Lincoln to run Dred Scott a slave was whose master took him a slave was took whose master returned to the slave state petitioned he to the slave state a federal court petitioned he the slave state a federal court petitioned he for his freedom petitioned a federal court for he the decision in wrote Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger B. Taney that in the decision wrote that blacks the decision wrote that blacks were in the territories , sparked the decision the territories , further outrage sparked the decision , further outrage sparked the decision in the North sparked further outrage in the decision the product denounced it as Lincoln In 1858 , was Douglas 1858 , was Douglas up re was up for Douglas the party in felt Many that in the party felt that a former Whig the party felt that a former Whig should his opposition supported Douglas from Some eastern Republicans |
great enthusiasm accepted the nomination with Lincoln all one thing will become It , the danger created a stark image of The speech of Lincoln's nomination , stated Douglas Lincoln's nomination , stated Douglas , Lincoln featured seven debates between The Senate campaign in American history ; had they American history ; an atmosphere had they ; an atmosphere had they akin an atmosphere had they akin to stark contrast stood in The principals both his Freeport Doctrine emphasized Douglas , that his Freeport Doctrine emphasized , that local settlers a moral tone assumed Lincoln's argument , as a moral tone assumed , as he won more popular votes , won the Democrats more popular votes , more seats won the Democrats , more seats won the Democrats , more seats won the Democrats , and more seats won , and the legislature him of the issues gave Lincoln's articulation ; the state's 130,000 German Americans of voted most the state's 130,000 German Americans of voted most Democratically the state's 130,000 German Americans voted Democratically but the German-language paper the 1858 election , mentioned frequently newspapers , Lincoln frequently mentioned newspapers Lincoln frequently mentioned newspapers as in the Midwest , lacked he the Midwest , support lacked he , support lacked he in the Northeast lacked support in he Traveling untiringly about fifty speeches made Lincoln , the champion quickly became he the champion quickly became he of the Midwestern United States the east in was his support the east in was his support not On February 27, 1860 , invited powerful New York Republicans February 27, 1860 , Lincoln invited powerful New York Republicans , Lincoln invited powerful New York Republicans to Lincoln invited powerful New York Republicans to give slavery insisted that morality required opposition to He Many in the audience thought he |
in the audience thought he appeared the audience awkward thought appeared he awkward thought appeared he and But Lincoln intellectual leadership demonstrated that Lincoln intellectual leadership demonstrated that brought him intellectual leadership demonstrated brought that a "superb political move described the speech as Historian David Herbert Donald about his ambitions , said Lincoln his ambitions , said Lincoln , May 9–10, 1860 , held was the Illinois Republican State Convention Decatur was held in the Illinois Republican State Convention Lincoln's followers a campaign team organized led by David Davis a campaign team led organized by fence rails ) , adopted Lincoln's supporters ) , the label adopted Lincoln's supporters , the label adopted Lincoln's supporters of "The Rail Candidate adopted the label of Lincoln's supporters In 1860 , described Lincoln 1860 , himself described Lincoln , himself described Lincoln : himself described Lincoln : " himself described : " I the effective imaging wrote about Michael Martinez of in Chicago , won Lincoln Chicago , the nomination won Lincoln , the nomination won Lincoln on the third ballot won the nomination on Lincoln the top put him over Pennsylvania on the national government , agreed most Republicans the national government , agreed most Republicans with , Lincoln agreed with most Republicans Lincoln agreed with most Republicans that Lincoln with agreed that the North the 1850s , doubted had Lincoln , the prospects had doubted Lincoln the prospects had doubted Lincoln of of the Democratic convention ; opposed they the Democratic convention ; Douglas's position opposed they ; Douglas's position opposed they on popular sovereignty opposed Douglas's position on they to the Republican convention , began the Lincoln campaign the Republican convention , began the Lincoln campaign cultivating , a nationwide youth organization began cultivating the Lincoln campaign a nationwide youth organization began cultivating the Lincoln campaign , |
campaigned , no speeches gave Lincoln , no speeches gave Lincoln , no speeches gave Lincoln , relying The party the leg work did that produced majorities the leg work did produced that the party platform focused first on Republican speakers the power was to demonstrate The goal dwarfed the combined opposition ; produced a "Chicago Tribune" writer the combined opposition ; a pamphlet produced a "Chicago Tribune" writer ; a "Chicago Tribune" writer a pamphlet produced that a "Chicago Tribune" writer a pamphlet produced that detailed Lincoln's life a pamphlet produced detailed that give public appearances , sought many public appearances , sought many to him sought to visit many to the election , took he the election , an office took he , an office took he in the Illinois state capitol took an office in he November 6, 1860 , elected was Lincoln , the 16th president was elected Lincoln the first Republican president was He and his victory him were cast for No ballots 1,866,452 votes received Lincoln , or The South was Lincoln's election outraged by was Lincoln's election outraged by , Lincoln's election outraged by , and Six of these states declared themselves of these states declared themselves to these states declared themselves to be a sovereign nation declared to be themselves compromise at followed Attempts but at compromise followed but Lincoln compromise followed but Lincoln and the Corwin Amendment tacitly supported Lincoln to slavery would have protected That doomed amendment his plans cited Lincoln for banning the South : " are We " enemies are not We enemies are not We , enemies must not be We of 1861 signaled that legislative compromise 1861 signaled that legislative compromise was the insurrection of proposed had no leaders the Union that agreed of the dismantling In his second inaugural address , looked Lincoln |
his second inaugural address , looked Lincoln back the situation looked back on Lincoln On April 12, 1861 , fired Confederate forces April 12, 1861 , fired Confederate forces on , Union troops fired on Confederate forces Union troops fired on Confederate forces at Lincoln talked to William Tecumseh Sherman during fire the first shot ; did they the first shot ; just that did they On April 15 , called Lincoln April 15 , called Lincoln on , the states called on Lincoln the states called on Lincoln to states forced This call to choose of the rail links Union troops attacked who the rail links Union troops attacked who were Union troops attacked who were changing critical rail bridges later burned Local leaders' groups to the writ suspended Lincoln of " ex parte Merryman , the writ issued which , the writ issued which he the writ issued which he felt the war took executive control of Lincoln the unprecedented political and military crisis responded to He as his war powers expanded He , imposed Congress gained the support of Lincoln the outset was clear from It Lincoln criticized Copperheads for refusing him criticized The Radical Republicans for moving On August 6, 1861 , signed Lincoln August 6, 1861 , the Confiscation Act signed Lincoln , Lincoln the Confiscation Act signed that Lincoln the Confiscation Act signed that authorized judicial proceedings the Confiscation Act signed authorized that the illegal proclamation canceled Lincoln as politically the telegraph reports painstakingly monitored Lincoln coming the effort tracked all phases of He in the War Department , replaced Lincoln the War Department , War Secretary Simon Cameron replaced Lincoln , War Secretary Simon Cameron replaced Lincoln with Edwin Stanton replaced War Secretary Simon Cameron with Lincoln the War Department's activities centralized Stanton , auditing |
Stanton a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat was who gravitated a staunch Unionist, pro-business, conservative Democrat was who gravitated toward two priorities embraced Lincoln's war strategy : ensuring , his cabinet met with Lincoln his cabinet met with Lincoln in Occasionally him prevailed on Mary him prevailed on Mary to Elements of Military Art and Science " ; was Halleck " ; a disciple was Halleck ; a disciple was Halleck of the European strategist Antoine-Henri Jomini was a disciple of Halleck the critical need began to appreciate Lincoln at Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , appointed Lincoln Bull Run and Winfield Scott's retirement , Major General George B. McClellan appointed Lincoln , general appointed Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln general appointed Major General George B. McClellan Lincoln - months then took McClellan to Lincoln frustrated McClellan's slow progress , as In 1862 , removed Lincoln 1862 , McClellan removed Lincoln , McClellan removed Lincoln for the general's continued inaction removed McClellan for Lincoln July elevated Henry Halleck in He Lincoln's desire satisfied Pope to advance reinforce Pope , restored Lincoln Pope , him restored Lincoln , him restored Lincoln to command restored him to Lincoln to command , crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces command , the Potomac River crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces , the Potomac River crossed General Robert E. Lee's forces into Maryland crossed the Potomac River into General Robert E. Lee's forces the president's demand then resisted McClellan that then the president's demand resisted that he the president's demand resisted that he pursue William Rosecrans replaced Buell with Lincoln In the 1862 midterm elections severe losses suffered the Republicans the 1862 midterm elections severe losses suffered the Republicans due severe losses suffered the Republicans due to Hooker was Lee routed by was Lee routed by at |
the Battle of Chancellorsville routed Lee at by north followed Lee Meade into end slavery was limited by slavery was the Constitution limited by was the Constitution limited by , the Constitution by limited , which the states sought to persuade He In June 1862 , passed Congress June 1862 , an act passed Congress , an act passed Congress banning slavery passed an act banning Congress aiding the rebellion ; approved Lincoln the rebellion ; the bill approved Lincoln ; the bill approved Lincoln despite his belief approved the bill despite Lincoln the Proclamation on signing was Lincoln's comment the Proclamation was : " I By the spring of 1863 , was Lincoln the spring of 1863 , was Lincoln ready raising black troops , wrote Lincoln black troops , wrote Lincoln , the dedication spoke at Lincoln of and three minutes , asserted Lincoln three minutes , asserted Lincoln that the war defined He as dedicated Shiloh , said had Lincoln in command , felt Lincoln command , Lincoln felt the Union Army the Senate " was provided by " was a new bill provided by was which provided a new bill by which by a new bill provided Lincoln the bloody Overland Campaign in 1864 waged Grant 1864 the bloody Overland Campaign waged , which the bloody Overland Campaign waged , which exacted Grant's headquarters traveled to Lincoln at Union losses reacted to Lincoln by Grant authorized Lincoln to target the Confederate armies emphasized defeat of He that has it Legend while that it has while Lincoln peace to discuss began efforts Lincoln led a group meeting with Confederate Vice President Stephens Richmond evacuated The Confederate government and Lincoln reelection ran for Lincoln in conversation used Lincoln and his patronage powers At its convention , selected the Republicans |
its convention , Johnson selected the Republicans , Johnson selected the Republicans as his running mate selected Johnson as the Republicans the "Peace wing followed The Democratic platform " of Meanwhile , Grant emboldened Lincoln , Grant emboldened Lincoln with more troops emboldened Grant with Lincoln and Mobile of ended David Farragut's capture defeatism of Mobile ended David Farragut's capture The National Union Party was Lincoln's support united by was Lincoln's support united by for emancipation united Lincoln's support for by the Copperheads stressed the perfidy of State Republican parties the war's end preceded Reconstruction , as the war's end preceded , as Lincoln Reconstruction policy led the moderates in Lincoln alienate the South , urged Lincoln the South , urged Lincoln that generous terms that urged under speedy elections fell , leaders needed they , leaders needed they while they leaders needed while their administrations leaders needed while their administrations were , Johnson respectively appointed Lincoln Johnson respectively appointed Lincoln and In Louisiana , ordered Lincoln Louisiana , General Nathaniel P. Banks ordered Lincoln , General Nathaniel P. Banks ordered Lincoln to General Nathaniel P. Banks ordered Lincoln to promote Lincoln accused Democratic opponents of using his policy denounced The Radicals as too implementing the Emancipation Proclamation , increased Lincoln the Emancipation Proclamation , pressure increased Lincoln , pressure increased Lincoln on Congress increased pressure on Lincoln the required two-thirds majority fell short of This first attempt Lincoln's reelection platform became part of Passage responsibility believed had limited the federal government He Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill signed that set Senator Charles Sumner's Freedmen's Bureau bill signed that set up a lease opened land for The law the death with Indians followed Lincoln's experience in 1832 , saw he 1832 , no significant action saw he Indians toward driven was Lincoln's policy |
toward Indians was driven by Indians was politics driven by a source used the Indian Bureau as He supported the Yankton Indians killed , by hundreds the Yankton Indians , killed by Some a conspiracy believed was it a conspiracy believed was it by General John Pope sent Lincoln , the former head Confederate prisoners ordered thousands of Lincoln fight Indians , revoked Lincoln Indians , the policy revoked Lincoln the Indians fought against Pope mercilessly Pope led , Minnesota Congressman Col. Henry H. Sibley Aiding ; December 26 ceased on hostilities killing innocent farmers ; commuted he innocent farmers ; the sentences commuted he ; the sentences commuted he of all commuted the sentences of he significant public pressure also faced He , Lincoln of Minnesota Alexander Ramsey told Former Governor of his cabinet , employed Lincoln his cabinet , the strengths employed Lincoln , the strengths employed Lincoln of his opponents employed the strengths of Lincoln his thought process commented on Lincoln , our own people needed to hold We the party had looked I over Then no right had I to no right had I to deprive the Whig theory adhered to Lincoln of only four bills vetoed Lincoln , including Western government-held land made millions of acres of The 1862 Homestead Act agricultural colleges provided government grants for The 1862 Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act two measures were There passed to In 1861 , signed Lincoln 1861 , the second and third Morrill Tariffs signed Lincoln , the second and third Morrill Tariffs signed Lincoln , the second and third Morrill Tariffs signed Lincoln , following the Revenue Act also signed He of the expansion presided over Lincoln of national banks created the system of The National Banking Act the first time issued paper currency for The US |
and a false draft proclamation " published the "Journal of Commerce the "Journal of Commerce " a false draft proclamation published that " a false draft proclamation published that created an opportunity a false draft proclamation published created that a regional holiday had become Thanksgiving in been sporadically the federal government proclaimed by sporadically the federal government proclaimed by on irregular dates proclaimed the federal government on by James Madison's presidency had been during The prior proclamation court nominations on was Lincoln's philosophy that court nominations was that " we Therefore a man must take we we must a man take whose opinions must a man take whose opinions are a man take whose opinions are known the Supreme Court made five appointments to Lincoln Noah Haynes Swayne an anti-slavery lawyer was who was an anti-slavery lawyer was who was committed the 1860 election supported Lincoln in Samuel Freeman Miller 1860 was Lincoln's campaign manager in David Davis joined the Confederate army , had he the Confederate army , contacts had he , contacts had he with the Confederate secret service had contacts with he for blacks , hatched Booth blacks , a plot hatched Booth , a plot hatched Booth to a plot hatched Booth to assassinate with General Grant , planned he General Grant , planned he to Lincoln planned to assassinate he the play and his wife attended Lincoln At 10:15 in the evening , entered Booth 10:15 in the evening , the back entered Booth , the back entered Booth of Lincoln's theater box entered the back of Booth Booth momentarily grappled with Major Henry Rathbone the street was taken across Lincoln for eight hours , died Lincoln eight hours , died Lincoln at a flag-wrapped coffin was placed in Lincoln's body a flag-wrapped coffin in placed , which |
state lay in The late President , Washington D.C. followed a circuitous route from The train the tracks gathered along Many others as the tracks along gathered as the train their Moses had lost ' they In a larger sense , was the reaction a larger sense , was the reaction in , response was in the reaction response was in the reaction to the widespread shock emphasized Historians and sorrow As a young man , was Lincoln a young man , a religious skeptic was Lincoln his position was private about He a clear profession never made He of Through his entire public career , had Lincoln his entire public career , a proneness had Lincoln , a proneness had Lincoln for a proneness had Lincoln for quoting In the 1840s , subscribed Lincoln the 1840s , subscribed Lincoln to , the Doctrine of Necessity subscribed to Lincoln the Doctrine of Necessity subscribed to Lincoln , 1850 expressed more frequently he a dependence more frequently expressed he of the evangelicals ; regarded he the evangelicals ; the republicanism regarded he ; the republicanism regarded he of the Founding Fathers regarded the republicanism of he February 1862 may have caused him After Willie's death , questioned he Willie's death , the divine necessity questioned he , the divine necessity questioned he of the war's severity questioned the divine necessity of he this time wrote at He that this time at wrote that God , the final victory could give He to could give the final victory He an all-powerful God did believe in Lincoln did an all-powerful God in believe that an all-powerful God in believe that shaped in Kentucky : claim I Kentucky : claim I not , at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition at the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is |
the end of three years struggle the nation's condition is not what struggle is not the nation's condition it alone can claim God plain is tending seems it wrong , find will impartial history new cause will find therein impartial history the cause explains therein Lincoln , He blue mass pills took , which blue mass pills took , which contained has been historians stressed by been historians stressed by such historians stressed by such as Lincoln the Declaration of Independence called — which the Declaration of Independence called — which emphasized a time did this at He war on founded was His position Furthermore , a national duty was it , a national duty was it to a national duty was it to ensure a national duty was to ensure the republic As a Whig activist , was Lincoln a Whig activist , a spokesman was Lincoln , a spokesman was Lincoln for business interests was a spokesman for Lincoln the Founding Fathers that found for Lincoln's "reverence his tolerance emphasizes James G. Randall and moderation In Lincoln's first inaugural address , explored he Lincoln's first inaugural address , the nature explored he , the nature explored he of democracy explored the nature of he anarchy denounced secession as He consequences of the states had The successful reunification consequences had for how people since 1948 , are the top three presidents 1948 , Lincoln are the top three presidents , Lincoln are the top three presidents , Lincoln are the top three presidents , Washington He was abolitionists viewed by was abolitionists viewed by as a champion viewed abolitionists as by their party linked Lincoln's name to Republicans a classical liberal said was " he Lincoln helped , " by the 1930s argues that in Sociologist Barry Schwartz a means served " as Lincoln |
What asked , " Americans In the Cold War years , shifted Lincoln's image the Cold War years , shifted Lincoln's image to , a symbol shifted to Lincoln's image a symbol shifted to Lincoln's image of led Lerone Bennett Jr. rejected , by Lincoln's role Lerone Bennett Jr. , rejected by Bennett wide attention won when he wide attention won when he called ethnic slurs that noted used Lincoln social equality that argued opposed Lincoln the 1970s , become had Lincoln , a hero had become Lincoln a hero had become Lincoln to 2009 wrote in Historian Barry Schwartz that 2009 in wrote that Lincoln's image In the 21st century , named President Barack Obama the 21st century , Lincoln named President Barack Obama , his favorite president named Lincoln President Barack Obama his favorite president named Lincoln President Barack Obama and two denominations appears on Lincoln's portrait of many postage stamps also appears on His likeness a beard did n't grow he the most visited monuments is one of Lincoln Memorial in Springfield , include Illinois Springfield , Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library include Illinois , Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library include Illinois and Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library include Illinois and Museum ; a Greek philosopher ) was 384–322 BC a Greek philosopher ) was 384–322 BC and by Plato , was he Plato , the founder was he , the founder was he of the Lyceum was the founder of he physics cover many subjects including His writings the various philosophies provided a complex synthesis of Aristotle his life is known about Little the city was born in Aristotle a child when died was Aristotle At seventeen or eighteen years of age Plato's Academy joined he seventeen or eighteen years of age Plato's Academy joined he in Athens joined Plato's Academy in he |
died , Athens left Aristotle , Athens left Aristotle and Athens left Aristotle and , the Lyceum established a library in He the Lyceum a library in established which Judeo-Islamic philosophies also influenced He ( medieval Muslim scholars was revered among Aristotle logic on continued Aristotle's influence well , Aristotle's life of are the details Aristotle's life of are the details not , biology learned about Aristotle biology learned about Aristotle and Aristotle's parents of died Both when of Aristotle's parents died when he Aristotle's parents died when he was of seventeen or eighteen , moved Aristotle seventeen or eighteen , moved Aristotle to , Athens moved to Aristotle Athens moved to Aristotle to the Eleusinian Mysteries probably experienced He as probably the Eleusinian Mysteries experienced as he the Eleusinian Mysteries experienced as he wrote Athens remained in Aristotle for his departure records about The traditional story that he Xenocrates then accompanied Aristotle to of Hermias , travelled Aristotle Hermias , travelled Aristotle with , his pupil travelled with Aristotle his pupil travelled with Aristotle Theophrastus in Lesbos , married Aristotle Lesbos , Pythias married Aristotle , Pythias married Aristotle , Pythias married Aristotle , either Hermias's adoptive daughter a daughter bore him She , the head was appointed as Aristotle in the Macedonian court , gave he the Macedonian court , lessons gave he , lessons gave he not lessons gave he not only eastern conquest encouraged Alexander toward Aristotle In one famous example , counsels he one famous example , Alexander counsels he , Alexander counsels he to Alexander counsels he to be 335 BC , returned had Aristotle Athens had returned to Aristotle the school conducted courses at Aristotle Athens , died Pythias his wife BC , is when Aristotle many dialogues wrote He , of Physics include " His most important treatises " |
significant contributions studied and made Aristotle Aristotle in antiquity suspected A widespread tradition Athens in rekindled was anti-Macedonian sentiment the earliest study is credited with Aristotle the basics goes from It , the logical theory form the core of The first three treatises substance examines the concepts of Aristotle In Book VIII , distinguishes he Book VIII , the matter distinguishes he , the matter distinguishes he of the substance distinguishes the matter of he , a house of is the matter the bricks of a house is the matter his teacher Plato , aims Aristotle's philosophy , the universal aims at Aristotle's philosophy whereas for Plato is the universal for Plato a separately existing form is the universal Plato which is a separately existing form the universal the universal which a separately existing form is actual things which a separately existing form is actual things imitate a universal form that argued have all things for example , sees one example , an apple sees one , an apple sees one , an apple sees one , and an apple sees , and one In this distinction , is there this distinction , a particular apple is there , a particular apple is there and a particular apple is there and a universal form , an apple can place one an apple can place one next some universal forms that argued are there For example , is it example , is it possible Plato disagreed with Aristotle on In addition , disagreed Aristotle addition , disagreed Aristotle with , Plato disagreed with Aristotle Plato disagreed with Aristotle about Where the world spoke of Plato the world spoke of Plato of a change to be is The coming be a change is where nothing a change is where nothing persists In that particular change the concept introduces he |
that particular change the concept introduces he of potentiality introduces the concept of he to potentiality , is this potentiality , what is this , this what is a thing this what is a thing is what is a thing is capable the end is the fulfilment of Actuality the principle " ) is ("telos the final house actualities are , which actualities are , which is , " what is it " what is it that what is it that makes a man it is makes that how then a unity is man a wide range " spans Aristotle's "natural philosophy of Aristotle's terminology , is " "natural philosophy , a branch " is "natural philosophy a branch " is "natural philosophy of intellectual inquiry encompassed virtually all facets of Aristotle's work the broad sense makes philosophy in Aristotle the term "science of carries " his use " , each related Aristotle , each related Aristotle of the four elements related each of Aristotle the Empedoclean scheme , made was all matter the four elements was made of all matter motion describes two kinds of Aristotle , an object of is the natural state an object of is the natural state to a vacuum implies that in Aristotle a vacuum that in implies the speed motion on remained Aristotle's writings influential A contrary opinion is Carlo Rovelli given by is Carlo Rovelli given by , Carlo Rovelli by given , who anything that suggested for the reason optics describes experiments in Aristotle a dark chamber consisted of The apparatus with the hole , remained always the sun's image chance some things are of causes some things are of causes , as the realm lies in an incidental cause the realm lies in an incidental cause of In astronomy , refuted Aristotle |
astronomy , Democritus's claim refuted Aristotle , Democritus's claim refuted Aristotle that Aristotle Democritus's claim refuted that the Milky Way Democritus's claim refuted that the Milky Way was the first people was one of Aristotle such change that noted described Aristotle many observations also made Aristotle about the first person was Aristotle to study two years spent He observing and the sea-life reports on Aristotle visible the catfish describes He , electric ray modern readers can seem to Aristotle's writings experiments did not do Aristotle the ancient Greek term "pepeiramenoi used He " to Instead , a different style practiced he , a different style practiced he of science practiced a different style of he modern biology is common in This style documented , quite a number inferred Aristotle , quite a number inferred Aristotle of rules inferred quite a number of Aristotle (adult) body mass decreases with Brood size , animals distinguished about 500 species of Aristotle animal had eleven grades of His system plants came above Animals , also : what grouped He : He what grouped the modern zoologist He what grouped the modern zoologist would what grouped the modern zoologist would call blood with divided were Those insects without blood were Those the other kinds incorporates the powers of The human soul For Aristotle , is the soul Aristotle , the form is the soul , the form is the soul of a living being is the form of the soul , living beings of is the form the form of living beings is that of living beings is that which living beings is that which endows them that is endows which with the Egyptians , placed he the Egyptians , the rational soul placed he , the rational soul placed he in the heart placed the rational soul in he |
" , the ability is memory , the ability is memory to the ability is memory to hold In other words , is a memory other words , a mental picture is a memory , a mental picture is a memory (phantasm a mental picture is a memory (phantasm ) a mental picture is (phantasm ) that the term 'memory uses Aristotle ' for of the past , is prediction the past , is prediction of , the future is of prediction the future is of prediction , for these impressions , search people these impressions , the memory search people , the memory search people itself a specific memory , reject will that person , this experience will reject that person this experience will reject that person until will this experience reject until they this experience reject until they find next will stimulate the one memory recall experiences , stimulate they experiences , certain previous experiences stimulate they , certain previous experiences stimulate they until they certain previous experiences stimulate until they certain previous experiences stimulate until they reach the self-directed activity is thus Recollection of impressions can remember Only humans of thought believed the chain of Aristotle the hidden material operates to awaken A force sleep describes Aristotle in " digestion , so is it the body is vital to it sleep have can not they desire can not have they not desire have , which desire have , which is of their attention , leaves it their attention , an impression leaves it , new stimuli constantly encounters a person new stimuli constantly encounters a person to the day are noticed as there no new distracting sensory experiences as noticed are there , these lasting impressions result from dreams the actual waking experience do not resemble dreams During sleep , is a person |
sleep , is a person in , an altered state is in a person an altered state is in a person of a person compares a sleeping person to Aristotle a person a sleeping person to compares who the person leads This to believe the person leads to believe the dream If an image had appear a person an image had appear a person for , part is not this sensory experience part is not this sensory experience of a practical rather than theoretical study considered to be ethics that virtue taught Aristotle has to only a good eye is An eye in so such an optimum activity identified Aristotle ( the virtuous mean that taught Aristotle to achieve address the individual , addressed Aristotle the individual , the city addressed Aristotle , the city addressed Aristotle in his work addressed the city in Aristotle a natural community considered to be the city politics conceived of Aristotle as Aristotle according to was the natural community modern approaches is distinguished from This economic thought made substantial contributions to Aristotle "Politics " , addresses Aristotle " , the city addresses Aristotle , the city addresses Aristotle , the city addresses Aristotle , property "Politics " , offers Aristotle " , one offers Aristotle , one offers Aristotle of the earliest accounts offers one of Aristotle use came into Money because use into came because people retail had a low opinion of He goods thus uses It as the function gave a summary of Aristotle He that wrote because it that wrote because it is the association thus allows for Money rhetoric also categorizes He into his "Poetics writes in Aristotle " the term "mimesis applies He " both of this , believed Aristotle this , believed Aristotle that the mimetic arts that believed of each |
For example , imitates music example , imitates music with , the media imitates with music the media imitates with music of their object also differ in The forms a tragedy in are The characters merely action is the imitation of Tragedy "Poetics concludes Aristotle " with procreation of describes Aristotle's analysis an feminist metaphysics of accused have proponents after his death , remains Aristotle his death , one remains Aristotle , one remains Aristotle of the most influential people remains one of Aristotle the most influential people one of remains who almost every field contributed to He of Among countless other achievements , was Aristotle countless other achievements , the founder was Aristotle , the founder was Aristotle of formal logic was the founder of Aristotle Aristotle's work of felt was The immediate influence Aristotle's work was felt as the Lyceum Aristoxenus included Aristotle's notable students , Dicaearchus, Demetrius of Phalerum Alexander the Great over seen is Aristotle's influence a great deal had also learned He After Theophrastus , failed the Lyceum Theophrastus , failed the Lyceum to any original work failed to produce the Lyceum veins also distinguished between Herophilus Lucretius such as challenged a few ancient atomists the preservation played a crucial role in Greek Christian scribes the most revered Western thinkers was one of Aristotle Aristotle's philosophy greatly admired Alkindus , Aristotle's philosophy admired , and Averroes Aristotle regularly described Medieval Muslim scholars as in the early medieval Latin West , was Aristotle the early medieval Latin West , was Aristotle practically , Aristotle in revived interest Aristotle in revived interest and in Aristotle revived and Latin Christians Aristotle revived and Latin Christians had translations and revived had Latin Christians , Aristotle's writings for grew the demand Aristotle's writings for grew the demand , Aristotle's writings grew , and the Greek manuscripts |
Christianity blended Aristotelian philosophy with These thinkers his pupil that held advised Aristotle Alexander had secretly told Phyllis the philosophy built up Dante of Aristotle knew Dante directly from the greatest philosopher considered to be Aristotle no need that observes is there the blood demonstrated the circulation of Harvey action rigidly separated Aristotle from Aristotle's logic fully accepted The English mathematician George Boole , the most important contributor regarded Aristotle as Charles Darwin In an 1882 letter wrote he that an 1882 letter wrote he that " whom was Aristotle , James Joyce's favoured philosopher whom Aristotle , was he her greatest influence acknowledged Aristotle as Ayn Rand repulsive called Aristotle's ethics " Russell science of wrote Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis The Dutch historian science Eduard Jan Dijksterhuis wrote that Aristotle that in "pure seventeenth century" tones state Aristotle what to reform attempted he papyrus scrolls wrote his works on Aristotle two groups are divisible into His writings characterization stray considerably in Aristotle's "lost" works surviving lecture notes mostly resemble works lecture notes mostly resemble works not of Aristotle's works is how the exoteric writings Aristotle's works is how the exoteric writings were has been major artists depicted by been major artists depicted by including Lucas Cranach depicted major artists including by Antarctica in named are The Aristotle Mountains the first person was He known to Paris in is " An American the standard instruments scored the piece for Gershwin four Parisian taxi horns brought back He for It Damrosch was who had Damrosch was who had commissioned November 18 completed the orchestration on He Ravel strongly encouraged Gershwin to New York greeted Ravel in Gershwin Gershwin's desire reignited Ravel's tour to return an introductory letter to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to Nadia Boulanger caused Gershwin to seriously |
for her , told she her , him told she , she him told she she him told she could him told she could not " What could give I What could you give I could you give I that I you give that you you give that you have Gershwin did not set This Paris based "An American in Gershwin Musical America explained in " Gershwin five sections is structured into The piece five sections into structured , which the "Allegretto grazioso introduces the two main "walking" themes in Gershwin's first A episode this A section of written is The style duple meter featured This A section , singsong rhythms the American Blues " introduces The B section's "Andante ma con ritmo deciso and In the B section , uses Gershwin the B section , common time uses Gershwin , common time uses Gershwin , syncopated rhythms uses common time , Gershwin , Gershwin's intention had been it Gershwin's intention had been it to 2000 became the standard performing edition until This September 22, 2013 , announced was it the full orchestral score that announced of a musicological critical edition the work of published were Two urtext editions of the work were published by the work were the German publisher B-Note Music published by were the German publisher B-Note Music published by in 2015 published the German publisher B-Note Music in by made Campbell-Watson withdrawn were by Campbell-Watson withdrawn were by in music of re were 120 bars On September 9, 2017 , gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra September 9, 2017 , the world premiere gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra , the world premiere gave The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra of the long-awaited critical edition gave the world premiere of The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra the Victor Talking Machine Company was made for The first recording |
play the solo ; said Gershwin the solo ; Gershwin said he the actual recording briefly participated in he In 1951 , released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer 1951 , the musical film released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , the musical film released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , the musical film released Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer , "An American art direction recognizes achievement for The Academy Award for Best Production Design Best Art Direction was The category's original name , but the Art Director's branch resulted from This change of 1947 , shared is the award the set decorator(s is shared with the award They are many regarded by are many regarded by as the most prestigious and significant awards regarded many as by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS ) , are the awards ) , an international recognition are the awards , an international recognition are the awards of excellence are an international recognition of the awards a copy are awarded The various category winners of was originally George Stanley sculpted by originally George Stanley sculpted by from a design sketch sculpted George Stanley from by it first presented AMPAS in was first radio broadcast by first radio broadcast by in 1930 broadcast radio in by the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony is It and is with the two previous ceremonies , was there the two previous ceremonies , no host was there ABC was broadcast on The ceremony the Mayfair Hotel was held at The post-awards party the media were announced to Winners the second ceremony was changed for That the first decade , given were the results , to were given the results newspapers were given to the results Emil Jannings awarded was The first Best Actor , the prize earlier ; made this for example , received Jannings example , the award received Jannings , the award received Jannings for |
two movies received the award for Jannings Perhaps history in was the most widely seen streaker 34-year-old Robert Opel in history was the most widely seen streaker history 34-year-old Robert Opel was , who 34-year-old Robert Opel was , who streaked 2020 , ended have all Academy Awards ceremonies the 2020 Oscar Ceremony announced at Tom Hanks , 2017 started in The museum development under Merit is the Academy Award of The best known award on a black metal base , is it a black metal base , 13.5 is it , 13.5 is it 13.5 is it in the initial ceremonies presented at The statuettes were a few years , abandoned was the bronze favor was abandoned in the bronze World War II , made were Oscars painted plaster were made of Oscars Following the war , invited the Academy the war , recipients invited the Academy , recipients invited the Academy to recipients invited the Academy to redeem a minor streamlining was created is it 1928 was cast in The original Oscar mold Chicago each year in made by In 2016 , returned the Academy 2016 , returned the Academy to , bronze returned to the Academy bronze returned to the Academy as of an original 1929 Oscar , retain the statuettes an original 1929 Oscar , their modern-era dimensions retain the statuettes , their modern-era dimensions retain the statuettes and their modern-era dimensions retain the statuettes and black pedestal then 24-karat gold in electroplated by Brooklyn in 24-karat gold electroplated by the name officially adopted The Academy "Oscar in 1941 , claims she 1941 , claims she named , the award claims named she the award claims named she after another early media mention appeared again in The 1934 awards of the ceremony , presented Oscar statuettes the ceremony , presented Oscar statuettes at |
, the ceremony presented at Oscar statuettes the ceremony presented at Oscar statuettes have Until 2010 , returned winners 2010 , their statuettes returned winners , their statuettes returned winners to the Academy returned their statuettes to winners 2010 , had have winners , the option have had winners the option have had winners of nameplates has engraved The R.S. Owens company made been legally the requirement encumbered by legally the requirement encumbered by that the requirement by encumbered that the statuette this stipulation , then keeps the Academy , then the statuette keeps the Academy In 1989 , tried Michael Todd's grandson 1989 , tried Michael Todd's grandson to Todd's Best Picture Oscar tried to sell Michael Todd's grandson In 1992 , consigned Harold Russell 1992 , his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor consigned Harold Russell , his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor consigned Harold Russell for his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor consigned Harold Russell for " his action defended Russell , saying that , announced were the results early February were announced in the results different branches is divided into Academy membership the largest voting bloc constitute Actors , numbering have been the auditing firm certified by been the auditing firm certified by PricewaterhouseCoopers the auditing firm certified by PricewaterhouseCoopers ( just under 6,000 voting members that stated has it the "Los Angeles Times published " were by Caucasian , confirmed were 94% the official Academy Awards Rules , open must a film the previous calendar year must open in a film ' followed the win of This a U.S. release does not require The Best International Feature Film award both Los Angeles County requires either week-long releases in The Best Documentary Feature award the same requirements must meet The qualifying theatrical runs as the defined deadline , be will the film |
all related categories includes the production credits for The form Second , multiple methods are there , multiple methods are there of qualification are multiple methods of there a week-long theatrical release is The main method in " the qualifying theatrical run for are The requirements also day per required is Only one screening of Best Picture , are all voting members Best Picture , are all voting members eligible the single transferable vote of used is a variant most categories , selected is the winner the nominees from among selected by has been instant runoff voting chosen by as much as several million dollars will spend Film companies on overt campaigning rules to limit The Academy enforces staff has an awards czar on It staff an awards czar on has who a live televised ceremony are presented at The major awards the film awards season is the culmination of It an elaborate extravaganza is This , with an elaborate extravaganza is , with the invited guests men is the most common outfit for Black tie dress The Academy Awards show is the world's longest-running awards televised show is the world's longest-running awards televised live first 1953 in televised by NBC in 1953 televised by for five years then resumed ABC five years then broadcast duties resumed ABC then broadcast duties resumed ABC in 1976 resumed broadcast duties in ABC condensed versions has also produced The Academy the growing TV ratings success was because of Another reason Tuesday were moved from ABC's regained Oscars the advantage is also to The earlier date the first Sunday of March is moved into the ceremony the 1999 ceremonies , moved was it Sundays was moved to it the move given for were The reasons for the move were that more viewers the move were that more viewers would |
For many years a Sunday broadcast opposed the film industry many years a Sunday broadcast opposed the film industry because the film industry a Sunday broadcast opposed because it a Sunday broadcast opposed because it would In 2010 , contemplated the Academy 2010 , contemplated the Academy moving , the ceremony contemplated moving the Academy the ceremony contemplated moving the Academy even the voting period would dramatically decrease such an accelerated schedule Sunday on clash would a January ceremony April 8, 1968 , postponed was the 40th Academy Awards ceremony two days was postponed for the 40th Academy Awards ceremony Memoriam " introduced was segment those , honoring introduced who criticism has drawn This segment over broadcast length , averages generally the ceremony , three and a half hours generally averages the ceremony of the spectrum , lasted the 2002 ceremony the spectrum , lasted the 2002 ceremony four hours , the Academy Awards of announced the organizers the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches of the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must the Academy Awards announced winners' acceptance speeches must not speeches , displayed were winners' dedications During the 2018 ceremony , acknowledged host Jimmy Kimmel the 2018 ceremony , acknowledged host Jimmy Kimmel how the show , reported " "Variety most aspects is responsible for AMPAS the telecast tuned to More than 57.25 million viewers for 2008 , watched was the 80th Academy Awards telecast the 80th Academy Awards telecast was 31.76 million viewers watched by was 31.76 million viewers watched by on average watched 31.76 million viewers on by of 23.6 million viewers , drew the 93rd Academy Awards 23.6 million viewers , an even lower viewership drew the 93rd Academy Awards , an even lower viewership drew the 93rd Academy Awards of 10.4 million drew an even lower viewership of the 93rd Academy Awards |
every Academy Awards ceremony holds copies of The Academy Film Archive 1929 , presented were the first Academy Awards a banquet dinner were presented at the first Academy Awards Hollywood in hosted then Grauman's Chinese Theatre 1950 to 1960 , presented were the awards Hollywood's Pantages Theatre were presented at the awards , 1953 to 1957 from took the awards place from 1953 to 1957 took the awards the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium moved to The Oscars in By 1969 , decided the Academy 1969 , decided the Academy to the ceremonies decided to move the Academy the awards , split was the Best Directing award two categories was split into the Best Directing award from Academy members , announced they Academy members , announced they that are special committees on voted by special committees on voted by , of the Academy Awards , spend many studios the Academy Awards , millions of dollars spend many studios , millions of dollars spend many studios and millions of dollars spend many studios and hire accusations has generated This of criticism have long received The Academy Awards the statistics is based on This criticism a boycott became the target of The 88th awards ceremony a movie production and distribution studio that concerned as Netflix the 8th Academy Awards ceremony boycotted Nichols because of the 1935 award eventually accepted Nichols three years later the second person became George C. Scott to refuse a "meat parade described it as Scott the award to refuse was The third person the award Marlon Brando was , who Marlon Brando was , who refused unsegregated categories , unsegregated are other categories a tradition has become It to 2014 , reported was the value vacation packages have included Oscar gift bags to 2014 , had Adam & Eve the adult products retailer |
, a "Secret Room Gifting Suite Adam & Eve had the adult products retailer a "Secret Room Gifting Suite Adam & Eve had the adult products retailer " no male actors has The film , with "Movie - Film - Review " , wrote Christopher Tookey a theatrical work " wrote of This cinematic adaptation " an illustrated children's book " is Animalia an illustrated children's book " is Animalia by " an alliterative alphabet book " is Animalia an alliterative alphabet book " is Animalia and the animal kingdom features an animal from Each illustration 2008 published an "Animalia" colouring book in Julia MacRae Books Minimax also airs on It time is a continuous scale of It Terrestrial Time is the principal realisation of It the basis is also It for into effect , is UTC effect , is UTC currently , exactly 37 seconds is currently UTC exactly 37 seconds is currently UTC behind the time is a weighted average of TAI GPS signals are compared using The clocks timecodes with signal , which the form "UTC(NPL are denoted in These time scales the form is expressed in This time scale In hindsight , is it hindsight , is it possible 1955 started experimentally in Atomic timekeeping services a basis was used as It terms was defined in The SI second the output were applied to corrections above sea level , meant this sea level , meant this that these time scales of defined were three a realisation was henceforth TAI of TAI of questioned was The continued existence is occasionally leap seconds adjusted by these adjustments , composed is it segments is composed of it is segments of composed that segments of composed that are December 1971 , made were the adjustments order was a compromise arrangement in This |
concern is the principle and moral practice of Altruism many cultures is a traditional virtue in It concern ) of vary the object(s an action an individual performing is which altruism suggests a definition for Steinberg social relationships are predicated upon latter psychological egoism of suggests The theory that of psychological egoism suggests that no act psychological egoism suggests that no act of sharing that suggests of no act also an ethical doctrine to refer that an ethical doctrine to refer that claims egoism with contrasted , which philosophical and ethical thought has a long history in The concept originally the 19th century in coined by the founding sociologist in the 19th century coined by can the other fields affect , the different methods the other fields affect , the different methods and a moral notion are the fruits of Alms an obligation is Generosity , because an obligation is , because Nemesis the gift is the ancient morality of This of social evolution , refers altruism social evolution , refers altruism to , behaviour refers to altruism behaviour refers to altruism by apparently altruistic behavior of accelerated were Theories of apparently altruistic behavior were accelerated by apparently altruistic behavior were the need accelerated by were the need accelerated by to the need accelerated by to produce the initial impetus of altruism was The study altruism of found is An interesting example in October 2006 , showed they October 2006 , showed they that , a superior moral faculty not was that a superior moral faculty not was that suppresses damage that showed with subjects " no empathy often feel Psychopaths no empathy often feel Psychopaths or reasoning seem to find it some debate has been There on altruism specify a self-sacrificial nature to Some definitions altruistic acts of brought is the selflessness |
Daniel Batson a psychologist is who examined this question a psychologist is examined who four major motives identified He : to empathic concern of contrasted are Feelings others with empathic concern help People altruism , observe often studies , altruism often observe studies altruism often observe studies as bystanders that suggests of the number individual feelings of bystanders decrease Greater numbers the effects have observed Many studies of mothers examined the physical health of One study mothers the physical health of examined who prior health status , determined was it , volunteerism on found one study volunteerism on found one study that on volunteerism found that feeling volunteerism found that feeling overwhelmed about themselves , is it themselves , is it also contributions of sociology seeks This type of sociology contributions seeks that sociology contributions seeks that aid contributions seeks that aid grassroots the group level it at is motivates of study ; link some publications study ; the occurrence link some publications ; the occurrence link some publications of moral outrage link the occurrence of some publications the world's religions , of promote Most, if not all Buddhism figures prominently in Altruism all beings equally : is love equally : the wish is love : the wish is love that love the wish is that all beings the wish is that all beings be can be the one medicine cured by be the one medicine cured by of love cured the one medicine of by Buddhism is the belief characterized by is the belief characterized by that the belief by characterized that negative (unhappy) consequences Jainism of revolve The fundamental principles around "Ahimsa preaches the view of Jainism non prescribes a path of Jainism the emphasis of Jain belief is A major characteristic and uncontrolled sense the powerful enemies are organs |
uncontrolled sense the powerful enemies are organs of humans are the powerful enemies of organs them have to observe The monks nonviolence of seeks The principle to karmas to minimize seeks which every soul views Jainism as worthy all life emphasizes the equality of Jainism microscopic organisms extends even to This policy ourselves " , concluded he God thinks should love we love draw a strong connection between Many biblical authors several books has argued in Thomas Jay Oord that in several books argued altruism a loving action is not always An altruistic action which distinguishes two ways in German philosopher Max Scheler Christian love is a sincere expression of One way one is merely " Another way For Sufis , means this Sufis , devotion means this , devotion means this to others means devotion to this the notion is similar to This the desired goal defines altruism as Judaism the most important attribute that stated is love bestowal is defined as This altruism can be This towards humanity altruism towards be that the force defines God as Kabbalah the purpose that proposed is such a framework the Sikh religion is essential to Altruism Sikhism in is The central faith that in Sikhism is that the greatest deed Sikhism is that the greatest deed any one both friends gave water to He the enemy of began Some to Guru Gobind Singh brought Bhai Kanhaiya before Sikh soldiers them " , replied Bhai Kanhaiya You were what practicing you were what practicing you were what practicing you were coached of the Brahma Sutras , notes Sivananda the Brahma Sutras , notes Sivananda that the fruits can not bestow karma apurva that argue generates karma an intelligent being unless moved act by text , the doctrine supports the Bhagavad Gita , the doctrine supports the Bhagavad Gita of |
karma yoga supports the doctrine of the Bhagavad Gita philosophical views exists a wide range of There ethical altruism of maintain Proponents that of ethical altruism maintain that individuals ethical altruism maintain that individuals are The opposing view ethical egoism is , which ethical egoism is , which maintains psychological egoism in descriptive ethics is A related concept a philosophy is Effective altruism and social movement a philosophy is and social movement that individuals encourages Effective altruism to consider It the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach is that distinguishes effective altruism the broad, evidence-based and cause-neutral approach is distinguishes that , effective altruism of applies the philosophy effective altruism of applies the philosophy more her fiction is known for She in Russia , moved she Russia , moved she to , the United States moved to she the United States moved to she in She a play wrote that opened a play wrote that opened on unsuccessful , fame achieved she , fame achieved she with her 1943 novel achieved fame with she In 1957 , published Rand 1957 , her best-known work published Rand , her best-known work published Rand , her best-known work published Rand , the novel acquiring knowledge ; rejected she knowledge ; faith rejected she ; faith rejected she and faith rejected she and religion rational and ethical egoism supported She and rejected In politics , condemned she politics , the initiation condemned she , the initiation condemned she of force condemned the initiation of she , laissez-faire" capitalism supported " she laissez-faire" capitalism supported " she , In art , promoted Rand art , romantic realism promoted Rand literary critics received mixed reviews from Rand's fiction some libertarians have politically influenced Her writings Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum was born Rand on Zinovy Zakharovich Rosenbaum was the eldest of three daughters of She |
the time was twelve at She under Vladimir Lenin the life disrupted the family Vladimir Lenin the life disrupted the family had the life disrupted the family had enjoyed high school there , concluded Rand Rand an atheist concluded was she an atheist concluded was she and the Russian Revolution , opened were universities women were opened to universities At 16 , began she 16 , her studies began she , her studies began she in the department began her studies in she their differing views came to see Rand many other bourgeois students , purged was she the university was purged from she the purged students of allowed were many a year then studied for She this time , decided had she had writing decided for her professional surname writing decided for her professional surname would late 1925 , granted was Rand , a visa was granted Rand a visa was granted Rand to January departed on She become a screenwriter , lived she a screenwriter , lived she for , a few months lived for she a few months lived for she with a movie theater of them owned One a movie theater owned and allowed her The King of Kings " , met she " , an aspiring young actor met she , an aspiring young actor met she , an aspiring young actor met she , Frank O'Connor July 1929 became a permanent American resident in She , the sale came with Rand's first literary success the sale came with Rand's first literary success of in Soviet Russia , focused it Soviet Russia , focused it on , the struggle focused on it the struggle focused on it between a stage play adapted the story as She of her later novels , was Rand her later novels , was Rand able |
to the 1959 edition , wrote Rand the 1959 edition , wrote Rand that her novella wrote Rand "Anthem " a dystopian future world presents a vision of It an American publisher could not find Rand During the 1940s , became Rand the 1940s , became Rand politically Rand's first public speaking experiences ; fielding enjoyed she ; sometimes hostile questions enjoyed fielding she sometimes hostile questions enjoyed fielding she from New York City audiences sometimes hostile questions from fielding who contact brought her into Her work journalist Henry Hazlitt became friends with She them , endorsed strongly Rand , the writings strongly endorsed Rand the writings strongly endorsed Rand of her once referred to Mises libertarian writer Isabel Paterson became friends with Rand a writer as came Rand's first major success in Twelve publishers it rejected before the Bobbs-Merrill Company it rejected before the Bobbs-Merrill Company finally the novel , prescribed was Rand , the amphetamine Benzedrine was prescribed Rand the amphetamine Benzedrine was prescribed Rand to long hours helped to work her " a worldwide success " became The Fountainhead a worldwide success " became The Fountainhead , In 1943 , sold she 1943 , the film rights sold she , the film rights sold she to Warner Bros. sold the film rights to she her hired Producer Hal B. Wallis afterwards as the screenplays for him included Her work free-market and anti-communist activism extended her involvement with Rand the anti-Communist Motion Picture Alliance became involved with She during the Second Red Scare , testified Rand the Second Red Scare , testified Rand as , a "friendly witness testified as Rand a "friendly witness testified as Rand " of whom influenced had the book whom influenced had the book profoundly In 1951 , moved Rand 1951 , moved Rand from |
, Los Angeles moved from Rand Los Angeles moved from Rand to Initially , an informal gathering was the group , an informal gathering was the group of friends was an informal gathering of the group friends an informal gathering of was who Rand's "magnum opus " was considered "Atlas Shrugged the novel's theme described She as " Rand's philosophy advocates the core tenets of It which involves a dystopian United States in The plot which a dystopian United States in involves the most creative industrialists With this fictional strike , intended Rand this fictional strike , intended Rand to In 1958 , established Nathaniel Branden 1958 , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures established Nathaniel Branden , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures established Nathaniel Branden , the Nathaniel Branden Lectures established Nathaniel Branden , later the NBI gave lectures for Collective members some later published She of Rand was many unimpressed by was many unimpressed by of the NBI students unimpressed many of by the NBI described Some or the Objectivist movement a wide range expressed opinions on Rand her preferences of her followers mimicked Some her Objectivist philosophy developed and promoted Rand annual lectures began delivering She at these appearances , took often she , controversial stances often took she controversial stances often took she on abortion rights included : supporting These In 1964 , began Nathaniel Branden 1964 , an affair began Nathaniel Branden , an affair began Nathaniel Branden with the young actress began an affair with Nathaniel Branden the affair and Barbara Branden kept Nathaniel ended , her relationship ended Rand , her relationship ended Rand with both Brandens ended her relationship with Rand an article published She in " lung cancer underwent surgery for Rand In 1976 , retired she 1976 , retired she from her newsletter retired from writing she |
, the Objectivist movement within declined her activities the Objectivist movement within declined her activities , On March 6, 1982 , died Rand March 6, 1982 , died Rand of , heart failure died of Rand heart failure died of Rand at the Kensico Cemetery was interred in She literature described her approach to Rand the world wanted to present her fiction her led This approach to create Her fiction typically protagonists has who typically protagonists has who are heroic individualists protagonists has are who In works read school Rand by Fyodor Dostoevsky read works by school Rand , her heroes of show her depictions the influence of her heroes show her depictions for movies ; have her novels movies ; many narrative descriptions have her novels ; her novels many narrative descriptions have that her novels many narrative descriptions have that resemble early Hollywood movie scenarios many narrative descriptions have resemble that her philosophy "Objectivism called Rand " , In metaphysics , supported Rand metaphysics , philosophical realism supported Rand , philosophical realism supported Rand and philosophical realism supported Rand and opposed In epistemology , considered she epistemology , she considered all knowledge non rejected all claims of Rand In ethics , argued Rand ethics , argued Rand for , rational and ethical egoism argued for Rand rational and ethical egoism argued for Rand ( egoism referred to Rand as In it , presented she it , her solution presented she , her solution presented she to her solution presented she to the ethical altruism condemned She as incompatible individual rights emphasized Rand's political philosophy — including the only moral social system considered "laissez-faire" capitalism She because Rand statism opposed , which statism opposed , which she natural rights believed should protect a constitutionally limited government libertarian , the term preferred Rand |
, the term preferred Rand " radical preferred the term " Rand conservatives worked with She on which denounced libertarianism , Rand which libertarianism , denounced she In aesthetics , defined Rand aesthetics , art defined Rand , art defined Rand as a "selective re defined art as Rand to her , allows art her , art allows philosophical concepts a writer , focused Rand the art form Rand philosophy said to her most important contributions philosophy said to her most important contributions were She a foundational branch believed was epistemology a foundational branch believed was epistemology of it consistently , follows all the rest the most criticized areas and politics are Rand's ethics of her ideas , said she her ideas , said she failed her attempt said failed in she her definitions have called Critics of her rejection from religious traditions oppose Critics Nozick , have said her attempt individual rights said to justify her attempt as her greatest influence , remarked Rand her greatest influence , remarked Rand that the history remarked that in Rand my philosophy devised the rest of I the "Claremont Review of Books " , criticized political scientist Charles Murray " , her claim criticized political scientist Charles Murray , her claim criticized political scientist Charles Murray that political scientist Charles Murray her claim criticized that her only "philosophical debt her claim criticized that her only "philosophical debt " her ideas asserted He were derivative Nietzsche found early inspiration from Rand In 1928 , alluded she 1928 , alluded she to , his idea alluded to she his idea alluded to she of Nietzsche's influence are other indications of There mankind's history " ; believed she she reason believed undermined his epistemology reason believed undermined his epistemology and contemporary philosophers with was Rand's relationship mostly |
academic was not an She critics was dismissive toward She the Broadway production of were Reviews largely far fewer reviews received than " We " that one was Rand that one was Rand greatly "a writer called her Pruette of other positive reviews were There , but other positive reviews were , but Rand on the novel's length ; called one the novel's length ; it called one ; it called one " a whale called it " one National Review " , called conservative author Whittaker Chambers " , the book "sophomoric called conservative author Whittaker Chambers , the book "sophomoric called conservative author Whittaker Chambers " the book "sophomoric called conservative author Whittaker Chambers " and the book's tone described He as " Rand accused He of supporting " positive reviews " received Atlas Shrugged positive reviews " received Atlas Shrugged from her novels received far fewer reviews than Rand's nonfiction her certainty likened Philosopher Sidney Hook to " her certainty likened to " the way philosophy over 30 million copies sold , continue Rand's books the second most popular choice " was Rand's "Atlas Shrugged , ; later writers has influenced she later writers has influenced she like business provided a positive view of Rand animated sitcoms shows including Television , Throughout her life the subject was she her life the subject was she of many articles was the subject of she 2002 , provided has the Ayn Rand Institute , free copies has provided the Ayn Rand Institute free copies has provided the Ayn Rand Institute of 4.5 million copies had distributed The Institute in , a continuing influence has had Rand a continuing influence has had Rand on one is often considered Rand of that movement , described journalist Brian Doherty that movement , her described journalist Brian Doherty |
, her described journalist Brian Doherty as her described journalist Brian Doherty as " William F. Buckley Jr. faced intense opposition from She the novel's plot compared real-world events with Opinion articles Rand and her fictional hero appeared John Galt her fictional hero Tea Party protests appeared at John Galt her ideas was increased criticism of There her support blamed the economic crisis on Critics In 2015 , said Adam Weiner 2015 , said Adam Weiner that Greenspan said that through Adam Weiner "incalculable impact that said had Rand's novels During Rand's lifetime , received her work Rand's lifetime , little attention received her work , little attention received her work from academic scholars received little attention from her work her work in increased has interest In 2009 , identified historian Jennifer Burns 2009 , "three overlapping waves identified historian Jennifer Burns , "three overlapping waves identified historian Jennifer Burns " "three overlapping waves identified historian Jennifer Burns " of of that same year , included few universities that same year , Rand included few universities , Rand included few universities or Rand included few universities or Objectivism in some cases , were the grants some cases , were the grants controversial In 2020 , said media critic Eric Burns 2020 , said media critic Eric Burns that In 1967 , discussed John Hospers 1967 , Rand's ethical ideas discussed John Hospers , Rand's ethical ideas discussed John Hospers in the second edition discussed Rand's ethical ideas in John Hospers That same year , a chapter included Hazel Barnes , a chapter included Hazel Barnes critiquing Objectivism included a chapter critiquing Hazel Barnes in 1971 , declared its author 1971 , declared its author writing Rand "a treacherous undertaking declared writing about its author Rand's ideas about appeared A few articles in |
these of was One " the same publication , argued that Nozick Rand's case that argued misstated Nozick edited Den Uyl and Rasmussen was , by the first academic book Den Uyl and Rasmussen , was by In one essay , wrote political writer Jack Wheeler one essay , wrote political writer Jack Wheeler that Contemporary Women Philosophers " , described Jenny A. Heyl " , a divergence described Jenny A. Heyl , a divergence described Jenny A. Heyl in Jenny A. Heyl a divergence described in how different academic specialties a divergence described in how different academic specialties viewed literary academia , considered is Ayn Rand , a philosopher is considered Ayn Rand a philosopher is considered Ayn Rand . the "Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy " , summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas " , the mainstream philosophical reception summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas , the mainstream philosophical reception summarized political theorist Chandran Kukathas of her work summarized the mainstream philosophical reception of political theorist Chandran Kukathas He her ethical argument said view most commentators her ethical argument said view most commentators as for the Cato Institute , argued libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer the Cato Institute , libertarian philosopher Michael Huemer argued very few people He the attention attributed she receives the attention attributed she receives to In 2012 , agreed the Pennsylvania State University Press 2012 , agreed the Pennsylvania State University Press to any scholarly articles could not find Mimi Reisel Gladstein English and American literature of continued have scholars Rand about important authors cover Several academic book series Twayne's United States Authors include These ( " in 2001 , declared John David Lewis 2001 , declared John David Lewis that of the Nathaniel Branden Institute , continued the Objectivist movement the Nathaniel Branden Institute , continued the Objectivist movement in |
, other forms continued in the Objectivist movement In the 1970s , began Leonard Peikoff the 1970s , began Leonard Peikoff delivering , courses began delivering Leonard Peikoff courses began delivering Leonard Peikoff on In 1979 , started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz 1979 , a newsletter started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz , a newsletter started Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz called "The Intellectual Activist started a newsletter called Objectivist writer Peter Schwartz In 1985 , worked Peikoff 1985 , worked Peikoff with , businessman Ed Snider worked with Peikoff businessman Ed Snider worked with Peikoff to with Peikoff , founded philosopher David Kelley Peikoff , the Institute for Objectivist Studies founded philosopher David Kelley , the Institute for Objectivist Studies founded philosopher David Kelley , the Institute for Objectivist Studies founded philosopher David Kelley , now the Collège de France is a Professor at He in the 1970s , succeeded he the 1970s , succeeded he in the almost complete classification succeeded in obtaining he also problem formulated embedding the Connes Following this , made he this , contributions made he , contributions made he in operator K-theory made contributions in he cyclic cohomology also introduced He in the Fields Medal was awarded Connes in the ICM was an invited speaker at He the United States moved to The family when the United States to moved when he the University of Notre Dame studied engineering at Allan Dwan the fledgling motion picture industry had a strong interest in He , the East Coast movie makers of began some the East Coast movie makers of began some to , movie companies of worked a number movie companies of worked a number there La Mesa operated Flying A Studios in Dwan the first motion pictures studios was one of Flying A comedies , fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford directed Dwan |
, fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford directed Dwan in several very successful movies directed fellow Canadian-American Mary Pickford in Dwan eight feature films directed Gloria Swanson in Dwan the career helped launch Dwan of spanning almost 50 years , directed Dwan almost 50 years , 125 motion pictures directed Dwan , 125 motion pictures directed Dwan , Dwan 125 motion pictures directed , some 125 motion pictures directed , some of "Film Journal International of described " Daniel Eagan total area is the largest country by It the northeast is bordered to It a semi-arid geography has The country , with a semi-arid geography has , with most an area covers Algeria of , of 44 million , is Algeria 44 million , the ninth-most populous country is Algeria , the ninth-most populous country is Algeria in Africa is the ninth-most populous country in Algeria many empires has seen Pre-1962 Algeria and Arab-Berber of Algeria's population is The vast majority , an administrative and educational language serves as French an administrative and educational language serves as French in a semi-presidential republic is Algeria , with North Africa is a regional power in Algeria all non-island African countries has the highest Human Development Index of It the world's sixteenth-largest oil reserves has Algeria and the ninth-largest reserves one is Algeria's military of the the name of are Other forms : the Mediterranean fringe that shows inhabited ancestral hominins the Levalloisian and Mousterian styles produced hand axes in Neanderthal tool makers the highest state was the site of Algeria North Africa in called are The earliest blade industries by 600 BC , existed a Phoenician presence 600 BC , existed a Phoenician presence at , Tipasa existed at a Phoenician presence Tipasa existed at a Phoenician presence , , the indigenous population on increased its impact |
the indigenous population on increased its impact dramatically a stage was already at Berber civilisation the early 4th century BC , formed Berbers BC , the single largest element formed Berbers , the single largest element formed Berbers of the Carthaginian army formed the single largest element of Berbers of the Mercenaries , rebelled Berber soldiers the Mercenaries , rebelled Berber soldiers from , 241 to 238 BC rebelled from Berber soldiers 241 to 238 BC rebelled from Berber soldiers after control succeeded in obtaining They Carthage of destroyed was the city BC , emerged had several large but loosely administered Berber kingdoms them of established were Two Mauretania of Numidia lay West Numidia Mauretania lay , which Mauretania lay , which extended 148 BC , divided were the Berber kingdoms For several centuries ruled was Algeria several centuries Algeria was ruled by Algeria was the Romans ruled by was the Romans ruled by , the Romans by ruled , who of North Africa , was Algeria North Africa , one was Algeria , one was Algeria of the breadbaskets was one of Algeria Hippo Regius was the bishop of Saint Augustine North Africa moved into The Germanic Vandals of Geiseric in any significant settlement did not make They the Msellata region was the indigenous Laguatan occupied by was the indigenous Laguatan by occupied who the indigenous Laguatan by occupied who had the Western Roman Empire of led The collapse to It was another Kingdom succeeded by was another Kingdom succeeded by based another Kingdom succeeded by based in , the Umayyad Caliphate of conquered Muslim Arabs Algeria of the Umayyad Caliphate conquered Muslim Arabs the indigenous Berber people of converted Large numbers to of the Umayyad Caliphate , emerged numerous local dynasties the Umayyad Caliphate , emerged numerous local dynasties , |
the Rustamids emerged , including numerous local dynasties three waves left in The Christians : During the Middle Ages , was North Africa the Middle Ages , home was North Africa , home was North Africa to many great scholars was home to North Africa this time was during It that this time during was that the Fatimids to punish them sent the Fatimids punish them the Arab Banu Hilal sent the Fatimids them the Arab Banu Hilal sent the Fatimids and the Arab Banu Hilal sent the Fatimids and Banu Sulaym the epic Tāghribāt is recounted in The resultant war as Fatimid Caliphate an Islamic empire made that Fatimid Caliphate an Islamic empire made that included North Africa an Islamic empire made included that several tribes historically consisted of The Amazighs The two main branches the Botr and Barnès tribes were , who the Botr and Barnès tribes were , who were several tribes of the Maghreb contained Each region the Middle Ages emerged during Several Amazigh dynasties in the Amazigh dynasties provides a table summarising Ibn Khaldun well as their rule established the Fatimids as their rule established the Fatimids in all established their rule in the Fatimids The Zirids land ruled in what land ruled in what is important regions captured and held The Hammadids In Algeria established was the Rustamid Kingdom the Fatimid caliphs recognized nominal suzerainty of The Zirids this recognition decided to end the Zirid ruler attempt a direct invasion , found they a direct invasion , another means found they , another means found they of revenge found another means of they what decided to destroy The then Fatimid vizier what to destroy decided he women set off with Whole tribes the way stopped on Some , this rising tide tried to stop The Zirid ruler |
there the upper Algiers gradually gained they the upper Algiers gradually gained they and forcibly the Almohads back taken by the Almohads back taken by in a major factor of Bedouin tribes was The influx , the throne were of the main supporters the throne were of the main supporters and of modern-day Western Algeria , declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan modern-day Western Algeria , his independence declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan , his independence declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan and his independence declared Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan and established Algeria retained their control over The Zayyanids by the Zayyanid sultans , decided Spain the Zayyanid sultans , decided Spain to Algeria decided to invade Spain In 1505 , invaded they 1505 , invaded they and Mers el Kébir invaded and captured they of Algeria , decided the Spanish Algeria , decided the Spanish to In 1510 , led they 1510 , a series led they , a series led they of sieges led a series of they Jijel succeeded in conquering They of Tlemcen , succeeded Hayreddin Tlemcen , him succeeded Hayreddin , him succeeded Hayreddin as military commander succeeded him as Hayreddin the title gave him The Ottoman sultan of Hayreddin's son was The next beylerbey Hasan , Hayreddin's son was Hasan , who a Kouloughli was He or of Algiers of governed was 1587 Beylerbeylik of Algiers was governed by Algiers was Beylerbeys governed by was Beylerbeys by governed who Beylerbeys by governed who served The pasha was an autonomous janissary unit assisted by was an autonomous janissary unit assisted by , an autonomous janissary unit assisted by , known the ojaq among rose Discontent in the mid-1600s in rose because they the cities had repeatedly struck Plague Christian preyed on The Barbary pirates and the passengers often took The pirates and |
a brisk business also did They in from the 16th to 19th century , captured pirates the 16th to 19th century , 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans captured pirates , 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans captured pirates as slaves captured 1 million to 1.25 million Europeans as pirates raids often made They , for example , captured Hayreddin Barbarossa example , the island captured Hayreddin Barbarossa , the island captured Hayreddin Barbarossa of Ischia captured the island of Hayreddin Barbarossa Dey received the title of The new leader the dey to select passed the right In 1710 , persuaded the dey 1710 , the sultan persuaded the dey , the sultan persuaded the dey to the sultan persuaded the dey to recognise a constitutional autocrat was in effect The dey a life term was elected for The dey the tribal chieftains , had never it , the unanimous allegiance never had it the unanimous allegiance never had it of the Mediterranean in continued Barbary raids to in 1784 , was the Spanish fleet 1784 , was the Spanish fleet to In 1792 , took Algiers 1792 , took Algiers back , Oran and Mers el Kébir took back Algiers Oran and Mers el Kébir took back Algiers , the First and Second Barbary Wars in resulted , which to their consul , invaded the French their consul , invaded the French and Algiers invaded and captured the French the French conquest wrote on Historian Ben Kiernan of approximately 825,000 indigenous Algerians had killed The war since 92,329 from 1831 to 1851 were French losses A combination of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population of violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to violence and disease epidemics caused the indigenous Algerian population to decline On September 17, 1860 , declared Napoleon III |
September 17, 1860 , declared Napoleon III " until independence , administered France independence , the whole Mediterranean region administered France , the whole Mediterranean region administered France of Algeria administered the whole Mediterranean region of France of France's longest-held overseas territories , became Algeria France's longest-held overseas territories , a destination became Algeria , a destination became Algeria for hundreds of thousands became a destination for Algeria , Algeria emigrated to 50,000 French people the French government's confiscation benefited from These settlers of early 20th century , almost a fifth was the European share , almost a fifth was the European share of the population was almost a fifth of the European share the occupying French forces against suppressed was the uprising the occupying French forces was suppressed through what the two population groups between came Tensions to the death led to The war of Algerian Muslim war that state of the actual number the span of eight years estimated Algerian casualties during Horne " Algeria fled totaled who more than 900,000 fled Algeria totaled who 1965 was overthrown in Ben Bella was 1965 in overthrown by Houari Boumédiène in 1965 overthrown by authoritarian ; this trend continued Boumédienne agriculture collectivised He and launched under President Houari Boumediene , pursued Algeria President Houari Boumediene , a program pursued Algeria , a program pursued Algeria of industrialisation pursued a program of Algeria Arabisation promoted a policy of He by the end of the decade , introduced Bendjedid the end of the decade , a multi-party system introduced Bendjedid In December 1991 dominated the Islamic Salvation Front the December 1991 first dominated the the Islamic Salvation Front first dominated the the Islamic Salvation Front of of an Islamist government , intervened the authorities an Islamist government , intervened the authorities on , 11 January 1992 intervened on the authorities |
11 January 1992 intervened on the authorities , the FIS banned It , triggering civilian massacres conducted a violent campaign of The Islamist militants , Algeria in became the situation a point in Algeria became the situation 1999 held elections in Algeria political stability worked to restore He insurgent violence and disbanded of levels economic, institutional, political and social reform comprised The programme to modernise a second amnesty initiative also included It , November 2008 , amended was the Algerian Constitution a vote was amended following the Algerian Constitution Bouteflika enabled This change to stand On 24 February 2011 , lifted the government 24 February 2011 , Algeria's 19-year-old state lifted the government , Algeria's 19-year-old state lifted the government of emergency lifted Algeria's 19-year-old state of the government legislation enacted The government dealing with In April 2011 , promised Bouteflika April 2011 , further constitutional and political reform promised Bouteflika In December 2019 , became Abdelmadjid Tebboune December 2019 , Algeria's president became Abdelmadjid Tebboune , Algeria's president became Abdelmadjid Tebboune , Algeria's president became Abdelmadjid Tebboune , after South Sudan , been has Algeria , the largest country has been Algeria the largest country has been Algeria in the Sahara includes a significant portion of Its southern part To the north , form the Tell Atlas the north , form the Tell Atlas with , the Saharan Atlas form with the Tell Atlas the Saharan Atlas form with the Tell Atlas , latitudes lies mostly between Algeria south are located about They this region , be can midday desert temperatures however , rapid loss permits the clear, dry air , rapid loss permits the clear, dry air of heat permits rapid loss of the clear, dry air ergs also has Algeria , coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions of Algeria includes The varied vegetation |
of Algeria coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions includes which Algeria coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions includes which all coastal, mountainous and grassy desert-like regions includes which all support the wild boars include The most commonly seen animals , jackals a small African leopard also has Algeria and A variety of bird species makes the country of bird species makes the country an bird species makes the country an attraction The forests are boars inhabited by are boars inhabited by and boars inhabited by and jackals , the native flora of includes some Macchia scrub of the native flora includes some evergreens contain large forests of The mountain regions the coast is indigenous to The grape vine In the Sahara region , have some oases the Sahara region , palm trees have some oases the predominant flora with wild olives are Acacias Algeria have relatively little sway over Elected politicians Mohamed Mediène might have been The most powerful man these generals of died have many the President of state is The head president as elected after the election Tebboune refused to recognise Protestors 18 years of age has universal suffrage at Algeria the army is the head of The President the People's National Assembly , 462 members has who , 462 members has who are 462 members has who are directly In 2009 , agreed the French government 2009 , agreed the French government to victims agreed to compensate the French government Algeria of consists The military of 147,000 include Total military personnel active , the military in is Service compulsory the gross domestic product was 4.3% of The military expenditure North Africa has the second largest military in Algeria In 2007 , signed the Algerian Air Force 2007 , a deal signed the Algerian Air Force , a deal signed the Algerian Air Force with |
Russia signed a deal with the Algerian Air Force has been Freedom House categorised by been Freedom House categorised by as Freedom House categorised by as " December 2016 , issued " the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor , a report " issued the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor a report " issued the "Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor regarding restriction that clarified imposed the Algerian government the government face routine harassment from Independent and autonomous trade unions Algeria is illegal in Homosexuality up to two years is punishable by Public homosexual behavior , Algerians of think about 26% Algerians of think about 26% that of Algerians think that homosexuality Algerians think that homosexuality should 58 provinces is divided into Algeria old provinces of kept are the numbers dinar is the Algeria's currency ( The economy remains the state dominated by remains the state dominated by , the state dominated by , a legacy recent years , halted has the Algerian government , the privatization has halted the Algerian government the privatization has halted the Algerian government of 27% has increased by Public spending to strong hydrocarbon revenues , has Algeria strong hydrocarbon revenues , a cushion has Algeria , a cushion has Algeria of $173 billion has a cushion of Algeria In addition , is Algeria's external debt addition , is Algeria's external debt extremely around 1.1 million barrels stands at Its crude oil production / the backbone have long been Hydrocarbons natural gas has the 10th-largest reserves of Algeria 2005 reported that in The U.S. Energy Information Administration 2011 for projected was Non-hydrocarbon growth with social demands , raised the authorities social demands , expenditure raised the authorities , expenditure raised the authorities , expenditure raised the authorities , especially The Algerian national oil company Sonatrach is , which Sonatrach is , which plays |
In 2016 , had Algeria 2016 , 0.53 global hectares had Algeria , 0.53 global hectares had Algeria of biocapacity had 0.53 global hectares of Algeria In 2016 , used Algeria 2016 , 2.4 global hectares used Algeria , 2.4 global hectares used Algeria of biocapacity used 2.4 global hectares of Algeria This just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity means use they just under 4.5 times as much biocapacity means use they as an estimated 100 billion dinars has invested Algeria towards Currently , 20,000 research professors has Algeria , 20,000 research professors has Algeria at various universities has 20,000 research professors at Algeria 10% of unemployment was The overall rate Algeria are several UNESCO World Heritage Sites in There Africa ; estimated is its length will be the East-West Highway complemented by be the East-West Highway complemented by , the East-West Highway complemented by , a major infrastructure project a 3-way, highway is It , linking is also the Trans-Sahara Highway crossed by also the Trans-Sahara Highway crossed by , the Trans-Sahara Highway by crossed , which a population has Algeria of an estimated of the 20th century , was its population the 20th century , approximately four million was its population Between 90,000 and 165,000 Western Sahara from live Sahrawis Western Sahara from live Sahrawis in more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees are also There , more than 4,000 Palestinian refugees also are , who the history have contributed to French Andalusian refugees of are Descendants also , Algerians of identify the majority Algerians of identify the majority with During the colonial period , was there the colonial period , a large (10% was there , a large (10% was there in 1960 was a large (10% in there French, Spanish and Italian origin were primarily of They the official languages and Berber are Modern Standard Arabic |
) the language is used by the majority the language used is by a "national language as recognised " by in Algeria , has it Algeria , one has it , one has it of the largest Francophone populations has one of it 2008 , read could 11.2 million Algerians April 2000 in found An Abassa Institute study that in April 2000 found that 60% April 2000 found that 60% of households that found of 60% a bilingual state emerged as Algeria after Algeria is the predominant religion in Islam the M'zab Valley are about 290,000 Ibadis in There an increase has been There in Algerians that found of the percentage In 2018 , had Algeria 2018 , the highest numbers had Algeria , the highest numbers had Algeria of physicians had the highest numbers of Algeria "improved water sources to was " Access the World Bank , making is Algeria , progress is making Algeria progress is making Algeria toward Given Algeria's young population , favours policy Algeria's young population , preventive health care favours policy , preventive health care favours policy and preventive health care favours policy and clinics with this policy , maintains the government this policy , an immunisation program maintains the government independence , now is the literacy rate 1972 , used is Arabic the language is used as Arabic the third year , taught is French English can also learn The students from the 122 private schools , are the Universities of the State the 122 private schools , are the Universities of the State free charge are free of the Universities of the State primary school , go can students the high school can go to students two programs offers The school : general 26 universities has Algeria and 67 institutions the oldest , offers it |
oldest , education offers it , education offers it in various disciplines offers education in it Among the most important universities , are there the most important universities , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene are there , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene are there , the University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene are there , the University of Mentouri Constantine been strongly the country's recent history influenced by Mohammed Dib of the 20th century include Famous novelists Hippo of born was Augustine terms is various in Contemporary Algerian cinema Algerian literature of go The historic roots back Augustine had also known This period of the Algerian national entity , is there the Algerian national entity , the publication is there , the publication is there of novels is the publication of there the 1990s , defined is the other party a different style is defined in the other party Chaâbi music a typically Algerian musical genre is characterized by specific rhythms a typically Algerian musical genre characterized is by El Hadj M'Hamed El Anka of this music is The undisputed master Bedouin music include Folk music styles , characterized Bedouin music include , characterized by the Aures is unique to Rahaba music style Manel Filali of the diaspora include Other Algerian singers Tuareg languages generally , had Tinariwen generally , a worldwide success had Tinariwen several facets is available in Modern music 2013 , 98 films subsidised FDATIC , 98 films subsidised FDATIC ( 98 films subsidised FDATIC ( feature films ; this repertoire in were 21 films Algerian-French co in this repertoire were 21 films the "granary was considered as The country dishes offers a component of It the main products uses cereals as The cuisine one region varies from Algerian cuisine to |
Among these cakes , are there these cakes , there are Tamina varieties include Marketed and home-made bread products such as Algeria have existed in Various games In the Aures , played people the Aures , several games played people , several games played people such several games played people such as 1928 Olympics is Boughera El Ouafi in The first Algerian and African gold medalist 1956 Summer Olympics was Alain Mimoun in The second Algerian Medalist Algeria is the most popular sport in Football the history are engraved in Several names the 1982 FIFA World Cup qualified for The Algeria national football team , addition , won have several football clubs , continental and international trophies have won several football clubs continental and international trophies have won several football clubs as Algeria is the national animal of The fennec fox the novel is the protagonist of Dagny Taggart president is vice - She the central characters is one of Francisco d'Anconia a childhood friend is He , and exceptional talents , dubbed was Francisco , the "climax was dubbed Francisco the "climax was dubbed Francisco " John Galt was a classmate of He Later , the d'Anconia business bankrupts Francisco , the d'Anconia business bankrupts Francisco to the d'Anconia business bankrupts Francisco to put the primary male hero is John Galt of " an unnamed menial worker initially appears as He their conversations of given is Only Eddie's side for Taggart Transcontinental , worked Galt Taggart Transcontinental , worked Galt as , an engineer worked as Galt an engineer worked as Galt for This prototype was Dagny Taggart found by was Dagny Taggart found by and Dagny Taggart found by and Hank Rearden Hank " ) is Rearden " ) one is Rearden ) one is Rearden of the central characters is one of Rearden |
the United States owns the most important steel company in He Philadelphia lives in He with the Vice-President is the Special Assistant to Edwin "Eddie" Willers the creative ability does not possess Willers of the book , makes Danneskjöld the book , a personal appearance makes Danneskjöld , a personal appearance makes Danneskjöld to a personal appearance makes Danneskjöld to encourage written , sections were there , sections were there written sections were there written describing at a lecture , admitted Ayn Rand a lecture , admitted Ayn Rand that a tribute that admitted was Danneskjöld's name an expert influence peddler is Taggart but incapable his sister relies on He , In a sense , is he a sense , the antithesis is he , the antithesis is he of Dagny is the antithesis of he the recurring absurdity leads to This contradiction of Hank Rearden of The unsupportive wife , who this achieves Lillian , when this achieves , when she Ferris a biologist is who works a biologist is who works as his position uses He there to several occasions clashes on He with one is also He of the Project X weapon hosts the demonstration of Ferris by the looters , uses Ferris the looters , the device uses Ferris , the device uses Ferris on Galt uses the device on Ferris a sell-out has since become He one a sell-out , become who the State Science Institute works at He where the State Science Institute at works where all his inventions part was , in The character whom The incompetent and treacherous lobbyist Hank Rearden reluctantly employs , a senior position is given he a senior position is given he at Later in the novel becomes he in the novel its Top Co becomes he the novel - becomes its Top Co he |
ordinator becomes its Top Co - he humanity is the scientific study of Anthropology social life how Linguistic anthropology studies influences language Renaissance Germany first appeared in Its present use ( the works appeared in Its adjectival form the works appeared in Its adjectival form of the times of were These anthropologists liberal the intellectual results and many other current fields are Anthropology everything the epiphany of was they evolution and Wallace unveiled Darwin an immediate rush was There to bring Paris in was Paul Broca in read Darwin , became he Darwin , an immediate convert became he , an immediate convert became he to "Transformisme became an immediate convert to he the difference wanted to localize He the human brain discovered the speech center of He Biological anthropology was mainly in His interest anthropology defined Waitz as " Following Broca's lead , points Waitz Broca's lead , points Waitz out comparison that stresses of the data British ethnologists was influential among Waitz the 2nd society was It dedicated to the French "Société from were " Representatives " , the work stressed Hunt , the work stressed Hunt of Waitz stressed the work of Hunt Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor , the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor , inventor other countries in followed Similar organizations : evolutionists of these were The majority the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology was One notable exception , and anthropology curricula supported the gradual osmosis of They , 13 countries in had 48 educational institutions some curriculum in 13 countries had 48 educational institutions the 20th century expanded in This meager statistic to a few major subdivisions has diversified from Anthropology buried victims of stimulate might the presence been other social sciences from distinguished by their emphasis from other social sciences distinguished by |
, social anthropology of tends the British tradition social anthropology of tends the British tradition to the four field approach into divided developed by overseas colonies with tended European countries to humanities is a global discipline involving Anthropology knowledge builds upon Anthropology from Classical Greece originated in Early anthropology and been heavily structuralist and postmodern theories influenced by heavily structuralist and postmodern theories influenced by , structuralist and postmodern theories influenced by , as 1990s , an epistemological shift was there , an epistemological shift was there away an epistemological shift was there away from the principle axes draws together Sociocultural anthropology of the manifold ways is the comparative study of Cultural anthropology ( how the experience affects one's culture how the experience affects one's culture for self affects the experience for one's culture In that , helps it that , helps it develop , an understanding helps develop it an understanding helps develop it of sociocultural anthropology in guided is Inquiry is part in guided by cultural relativism in part guided by their own terms other cultures in moderates Accepting both a methodology can refer to Ethnography a methodology , based is ethnography long-term fieldwork is based upon ethnography the foundational methods is one of Participant observation different cultures involves the systematic comparison of Ethnology a key element across cultures is Comparison synonymous terms and physical anthropology are Biological anthropology the human past is the study of Archaeology order examine remains in material anthropology is the branch of It anthropology the branch of is that a method is Ethnography of analysing participant observation often involves It though often participant observation involves though an ethnographer participant observation involves though an ethnographer may anthropology distinguishes ethnography from Tim Ingold art of focused have anthropologists range of ethnographic contexts explored The types cyber anthropology include Other types , a relatively new area |
ethnographic film , encompasses also visual anthropology , the anthropological study also encompasses visual anthropology the anthropological study also encompasses visual anthropology of human economic behavior attempts to explain Economic anthropology the discipline has a complex relationship with It - anthropology of begin field anthropology of begin field with the most part remains , for Economic Anthropology the application in anthropology is Political economy history introduced questions of Political economy interest of developed rapidly Three main areas these areas of concerned was first was the "pre-capitalist" societies with concerned that the "pre-capitalist" societies with concerned that were the vast majority was concerned with The second area colonialism was on The third area , the application refers to Applied anthropology of complex is a " It of anthropological research ; includes it anthropological research ; researcher involvement includes it ; researcher involvement includes it and researcher involvement includes it and activism development of tends Anthropology to Why such a gap is there between plans is such a gap between there development are working in those both " can refer Kinship its history , developed has anthropology , a number has developed anthropology a number has developed anthropology of Within kinship two different families have you People their biological families have and it their biological families have and it is consanguineal relations is called This or a chosen family can also have People which a chosen family in have they anthropology is a four field approach to Feminist anthropology feminists engages often with Anthropology systemic bias of include may This correction to St. Clair Drake , was Vera Mae Green St. Clair Drake , was Vera Mae Green , the Caribbean studied ethnic and family relations in She Nutritional anthropology a synthetic concept is that deals a synthetic concept is that deals with |
anthropology is an interdisciplinary subfield of Psychological anthropology anthropology an interdisciplinary subfield of is that patterns seeks to explain Cognitive anthropology altered states studies the relationship between Transpersonal anthropology with transpersonal psychology , is the field transpersonal psychology , is the field much political systems concerns the structure of Political anthropology complex societies towards meant The turn that towards complex societies meant that political themes complex societies meant that political themes were political organization continued to study anthropologists the state of developed An anthropology , the state developed , and it a sub-focus group originated as Cyborg anthropology within the relationship is the study of Digital anthropology the "study is defined as Ecological anthropology their environments helped adapt to human populations this new perspective characterize Many as more , an active part has become the observer an active part has become the observer of ( non indigenous practices is borrowing The troubling problem non indigenous practices is borrowing The troubling problem and addressing environmental problems - is anthropology environmental problems - is anthropology now - a study is now anthropology a study is now anthropology of the most important agent is Human activity in creating anthropology environmental discourse to is contributes environmental discourse to is contributes by environmentalism - refers typically the term a concern typically refers to the term a concern to refers that the environment ethnographic cultures is the study of Ethnohistory the study is also It of its foundation uses both historical and ethnographic data as Ethnohistory the study of religion involves The anthropology issues is concerned with Urban anthropology Ulf Hannerz a 1960s remark quotes that traditional anthropologists a 1960s remark quotes that traditional anthropologists were urban anthropology are two main approaches to There cities , use would one , social factors would use one social factors would use one as |
It an interdisciplinary field is that overlaps an interdisciplinary field is that overlaps with the quantifying of anthrozoologic research is A major focus the relationships is the scientific exploration of Biocultural anthropology from a racial perspective ; is that a racial perspective ; is that , the assumption is , from that the evolution is the interdisciplinary study of Evolutionary anthropology natural science is based in Evolutionary anthropology both biological and cultural evolution is concerned with Evolutionary anthropology a scientific approach is based on It the science is the application of Forensic anthropology the identification can assist in A forensic anthropologist paleontology and physical anthropology combines the disciplines of Paleoanthropology ancient humans is the study of It academic departments is an established science with Contemporary anthropology the American Anthropological Association of anthropologists is The single largest organization scientific objectivity , urge typically present-day anthropologists , cultural relativism typically urge present-day anthropologists cultural relativism typically urge present-day anthropologists , typically cultural relativism urge , which cultural relativism urge , which has This the notion is that cultures the notion is that cultures should noticing and documenting genocide in anthropology include Ethical commitments , Boas' anthropologist contemporaries of were many Boas' anthropologist contemporaries of were many active the armed forces served in Many , the use often object to Professional anthropological bodies addition , working are HTS teams the US military are working with HTS teams There several characteristics are that tend several characteristics are that tend to the central characteristics of is One that of the central characteristics is that anthropology the central characteristics is that anthropology tends clarification for calls of what both human variation are interested in Biological anthropologists study use many different methods of They theoretical emphasis , divide typically anthropologists , the world typically divide anthropologists the world typically divide anthropologists up |
Earth on divided is Human time approaches and geographers share Anthropologists Now many works exist there focusing many works exist there focusing on Since the 1980s become has it the 1980s become has it common biology is a broad multidisciplinary field of Agricultural science biology a broad multidisciplinary field of is that , agriculture in began a scientific revolution agriculture in began a scientific revolution with The Hatch Act was farmers' interest driven by was farmers' interest driven by in farmers' interest driven by in knowing agricultural education of 1917 shifted The Smith-Hughes Act an ancient branch " ) is khumeía chrysopoeia were Common aims , the laboratory techniques developed a basic set of Islamic and European alchemists the Ancient Greek philosophical idea did not abandon They not the Ancient Greek philosophical idea abandon that everything the Ancient Greek philosophical idea abandon that everything is former is historians pursued by is historians pursued by of the physical sciences pursued historians of by The word Old French comes from alchemy "alquemie comes from Old French alchemy was the Arabic word brought from itself the Arabic word brought from itself " first was Zosimos proposed by was Zosimos proposed by of Panopolis proposed Zosimos of by the Egyptian name trace its roots to Others Demotic "kmỉ derives from This Coptic word " some four millennia encompasses several philosophical traditions spanning Alchemy These traditions' general penchant for cryptic and symbolic language makes it for cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard cryptic and symbolic language makes it hard to at least three major strands can distinguish One , can at least three major strands distinguish , which at least three major strands distinguish , which appear In contrast , developed Western alchemy contrast , its philosophical system developed Western alchemy , its philosophical system developed Western alchemy mostly |
its philosophical system developed Western alchemy mostly independent of André-Jean Festugière , see modern scholars André-Jean Festugière , alchemical practice see modern scholars , alchemical practice see modern scholars in the Roman Empire see alchemical practice in modern scholars in Egypt is complicated by Egypt is the pseudepigraphic nature complicated by is the pseudepigraphic nature complicated by of texts complicated the pseudepigraphic nature of by that based his work on Zosimus the testimony tends to emphasize Recent scholarship the vocabulary that argued borrowed early alchemical writers Panopolis of wrote Zosimos in "tinctures that explains of the ancient practice Panopolis – Zosimos of asserted Mythology of Panopolis asserted that alchemy Panopolis asserted that alchemy dated Greek used Classical figures from Alchemical writers the god is derived from His name of Alexandria , wrote he Alexandria , he wrote what the "forty-two books wrote were called what 250–300 , contained they 250–300 , recipes contained they , recipes contained they for dyeing contained recipes for they alchemy lack the mystical, philosophical elements of These writings – a melting pot acted as Alexandria a melting pot acted as Alexandria for developed Aristotle was , by Aristotle was , by that Aristotle , was that all things the universe that was in all things to Aristotle , had each element Aristotle , a sphere had each element , a sphere had each element to which had a sphere to each element which a sphere to had it mostly qualitative aspects of the Greek were The four elements the primary are simply The four elements , its birth believed had prophesied Hermes Trismegistus this later affirmed St Augustine in Zosimos are known only by are pseudonyms only known by pseudonyms only known by , fragments only know through we 400 , themselves occupied Greek alchemical writers |
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