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A number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butterflies tend to be large, such as those from the swallowtail Parnassius family, with a habitat that ranges to 1,800 m (5,906 ft). Twelve species of beetles have habitats up to the snow line; the most beautiful and formerly collected for its colours but now protected is the Rosalia alpina. Spiders, such as the large wolf spider, live above the snow line and can be seen as high as 400 m (1,312 ft). Scorpions can be found in the Italian Alps.

question: How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat?, answer: 120 million years | question: What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt?, answer: Blue moths | question: The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much?, answer: 1,800 m (5,906 ft) | question: What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected?, answer: Rosalia alpina

A number of studies have reported associations between pathogen load in an area and human behavior. Higher pathogen load is associated with decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area. This may be due high pathogen load favoring avoidance of other groups, which may reduce pathogen transmission, or a high pathogen load preventing the creation of large settlements and armies that enforce a common culture. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more restricted sexual behavior, which may reduce pathogen transmission. It also associated with higher preferences for health and attractiveness in mates. Higher fertility rates and shorter or less parental care per child is another association that may be a compensation for the higher mortality rate. There is also an association with polygyny which may be due to higher pathogen load, making selecting males with a high genetic resistance increasingly important. Higher pathogen load is also associated with more collectivism and less individualism, which may limit contacts with outside groups and infections. There are alternative explanations for at least some of the associations although some of these explanations may in turn ultimately be due to pathogen load. Thus, polygny may also be due to a lower male:female ratio in these areas but this may ultimately be due to male infants having increased mortality from infectious diseases. Another example is that poor socioeconomic factors may ultimately in part be due to high pathogen load preventing economic development.

question: What have a number of studies found a correlation between?, answer: pathogen load in an area and human behavior | question: What is higher pathogen load associated with?, answer: decreased size of ethnic and religious groups in an area | question: What does avoidance of other groups reduce?, answer: pathogen transmission | question: What does more restricted sexual behavior result in?, answer: Higher pathogen load | question: What may poor socioeconomic factors ultimately in part be due to?, answer: high pathogen load preventing economic development.

A number of technologies allow asphalt/bitumen to be mixed at much lower temperatures. These involve mixing with petroleum solvents to form "cutbacks" with reduced melting point, or mixtures with water to turn the asphalt/bitumen into an emulsion. Asphalt emulsions contain up to 70% asphalt/bitumen and typically less than 1.5% chemical additives. There are two main types of emulsions with different affinity for aggregates, cationic and anionic. Asphalt emulsions are used in a wide variety of applications. Chipseal involves spraying the road surface with asphalt emulsion followed by a layer of crushed rock, gravel or crushed slag. Slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Cold-mixed asphalt can also be made from asphalt emulsion to create pavements similar to hot-mixed asphalt, several inches in depth and asphalt emulsions are also blended into recycled hot-mix asphalt to create low-cost pavements.

question: What does mixing bitumen with water create?, answer: emulsion | question: What percentage of bitumen is found in bitumen/water emulsions?, answer: 70% | question: What are the two types of bitumen emulsions?, answer: cationic and anionic | question: What are some bitumen emulsions blended with to make a low-cost product?, answer: recycled | question: What kind of asphalt pavements an cold-mix asphalt resemble?, answer: hot-mixed

A number of the city's downtown employers are relatively new, as there has been a marked trend of companies moving from satellite suburbs around Metropolitan Detroit into the downtown core.[citation needed] Compuware completed its world headquarters in downtown in 2003. OnStar, Blue Cross Blue Shield, and HP Enterprise Services are located at the Renaissance Center. PricewaterhouseCoopers Plaza offices are adjacent to Ford Field, and Ernst & Young completed its office building at One Kennedy Square in 2006. Perhaps most prominently, in 2010, Quicken Loans, one of the largest mortgage lenders, relocated its world headquarters and 4,000 employees to downtown Detroit, consolidating its suburban offices. In July 2012, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office opened its Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office in the Rivertown/Warehouse District as its first location outside Washington, D.C.'s metropolitan area.

question: What Tech company is based in Detroit?, answer: Compuware | question: What insurance company is located in downtown Detroit?, answer: Blue Cross Blue Shield | question: Which company moved it's world headquarters to Detroit in 2010?, answer: Quicken Loans | question: What is the name Of the U.S. Patent office in Detroit?, answer: Elijah J. McCoy Satellite Office

A number of theories have been proposed regarding Avicenna's madhab (school of thought within Islamic jurisprudence). Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī (d. 1169) considered Avicenna to be a follower of the Brethren of Purity. On the other hand, Dimitri Gutas along with Aisha Khan and Jules J. Janssens demonstrated that Avicenna was a Sunni Hanafi. However, the 14th cenutry Shia faqih Nurullah Shushtari according to Seyyed Hossein Nasr, maintained that he was most likely a Twelver Shia. Conversely, Sharaf Khorasani, citing a rejection of an invitation of the Sunni Governor Sultan Mahmoud Ghazanavi by Avicenna to his court, believes that Avicenna was an Ismaili. Similar disagreements exist on the background of Avicenna's family, whereas some writers considered them Sunni, some more recent writers contested that they were Shia.

question: What secret society was Avicenna considered to be a follower of?, answer: the Brethren of Purity | question: Who thought that Avicenna was a Brethren of Purity follower?, answer: Medieval historian Ẓahīr al-dīn al-Bayhaqī | question: What Islamic denomination was Avicenna thought to be a member of?, answer: Sunni | question: Who thought Avicenna was a Shia?, answer: Nurullah Shushtari | question: What was the name of one man who thought Avicenna was Sunni?, answer: Jules J. Janssens

A number of universities in London are outside the University of London system, including Brunel University, City University London, Imperial College London, Kingston University, London Metropolitan University, Middlesex University, University of East London, University of West London and University of Westminster, (with over 34,000 students, the largest unitary university in London), London South Bank University, Middlesex University, University of the Arts London (the largest university of art, design, fashion, communication and the performing arts in Europe), University of East London, the University of West London and the University of Westminster. In addition there are three international universities in London – Regent's University London, Richmond, The American International University in London and Schiller International University.

question: What is the student population of University of Westminster?, answer: 34,000 | question: How many international universities operate in London?, answer: three | question: In what suburb is the American International University in London located?, answer: Richmond | question: What is Europe's largest university for degrees in communication and performing arts?, answer: University of the Arts London

A number of vessels visiting the islands were attacked and their crews killed. In 1834, Captain DonSette and his crew were killed. Similarly, in 1845 the schooner Naiad punished a native for stealing with such violence that the natives attacked the ship. Later that year a whaler's boat crew were killed. In 1852 the San Francisco-based ships Glencoe and Sea Nymph were attacked and everyone aboard except for one crew member were killed. The violence was usually attributed as a response to the ill treatment of the natives in response to petty theft, which was a common practice. In 1857, two missionaries successfully settled on Ebon, living among the natives through at least 1870.:3

question: Who was the leader of the group attacked by the people of the Marshall Islands in 1834?, answer: Captain DonSette | question: What vessel was attacked in 1845?, answer: Naiad | question: What ships were attacked in 1852?, answer: Glencoe and Sea Nymph | question: In what year did missionaries arrive to live in the Marshall Islands?, answer: 1857 | question: On what island did the Missionaries live with citizens of the Marshall Islands?, answer: Ebon | question: Who was the captain of the crew killed in 1834?, answer: Captain DonSette | question: In what year was the ship Naiad attacked by natives?, answer: 1845 | question: What type of ship was the Naiad?, answer: schooner | question: Out of what city was the Sea Nymph sailing?, answer: San Francisco | question: Where did missionaries live as of 1857?, answer: Ebon

A number of world-leading education institutions are based in London. In the 2014/15 QS World University Rankings, Imperial College London is ranked joint 2nd in the world (alongside The University of Cambridge), University College London (UCL) is ranked 5th, and King's College London (KCL) is ranked 16th. The London School of Economics has been described as the world's leading social science institution for both teaching and research. The London Business School is considered one of the world's leading business schools and in 2015 its MBA programme was ranked second best in the world by the Financial Times.

question: In terms of teaching and research, what is the world's foremost institute of social science?, answer: London School of Economics | question: Where is University College London, or UCL, ranked among the world's best colleges and universities?, answer: 5th | question: The Financial Times rated what school's MBA program 2nd-best in the world in 2015?, answer: The London Business School | question: What school in London shares the rank of 2nd best in the world with the famous University of Cambridge in the 2014-2015 World University Rankings?, answer: Imperial College London

A number of writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Mohamed Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972. The script was developed by the Somali linguist Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p, v and z. Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing Somali include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing. Indigenous writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya, Borama and Kaddare scripts, which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid, Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare, respectively.

question: What is the most frequently used writing script for the Somali language?, answer: the Somali alphabet | question: Who introduced the Somali alphabet?, answer: Mohamed Siad Barre | question: In what month and year was the Somali alphabet introduced?, answer: October 1972 | question: Who created the Somali alphabet?, answer: Shire Jama Ahmed | question: Who invented the Osmanya script?, answer: Osman Yusuf Kenadid

A pair of overlapping political perspectives arising toward the end of the 20th century are republicanism (or neo- or civic-republicanism) and the capability approach. The resurgent republican movement aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty, namely "liberty as non-domination." Unlike liberals who understand liberty as "non-interference," "non-domination" entails individuals not being subject to the arbitrary will of anyother person. To a liberal, a slave who is not interfered with may be free, yet to a republican the mere status as a slave, regardless of how that slave is treated, is objectionable. Prominent republicans include historian Quentin Skinner, jurist Cass Sunstein, and political philosopher Philip Pettit. The capability approach, pioneered by economists Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen and further developed by legal scholar Martha Nussbaum, understands freedom under allied lines: the real-world ability to act. Both the capability approach and republicanism treat choice as something which must be resourced. In other words, it is not enough to be legally able to do something, but to have the real option of doing it.

question: When did republicanism and the capability approach arise?, answer: the end of the 20th century | question: What aims to provide an alternate definition of liberty from Isaiah Berlin's positive and negative forms of liberty?, answer: The resurgent republican movement | question: Mahbub ul Haq and Amartya Sen pioneered what approach?, answer: The capability approach

A party may claim that a treaty should be terminated, even absent an express provision, if there has been a fundamental change in circumstances. Such a change is sufficient if unforeseen, if it undermined the “essential basis” of consent by a party, if it radically transforms the extent of obligations between the parties, and if the obligations are still to be performed. A party cannot base this claim on change brought about by its own breach of the treaty. This claim also cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew political boundaries.[citation needed]

question: What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination?, answer: a fundamental change in circumstances | question: A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what?, answer: its own breach of the treaty | question: The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what?, answer: political boundaries | question: The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty?, answer: the extent of obligations | question: In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty?, answer: unforeseen

A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under that state's domestic law. States are reluctant to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states, and so a "manifest violation" is required such that it would be "objectively evident to any State dealing with the matter". A strong presumption exists internationally that a head of state has acted within his proper authority. It seems that no treaty has ever actually been invalidated on this provision.[citation needed]

question: A party's consent to a treaty is invalid if it had been given by an agent or body without power to do so under what?, answer: that state's domestic law | question: For what does a strong presumption exist internationally that a head of state has acted within in entering into a treaty?, answer: his proper authority | question: What is required to invalidate a party's consent due to a reluctance to inquire into the internal affairs and processes of other states?, answer: a "manifest violation" | question: A manifest violation is required to invalidate a party's consent to a treaty due to a reluctance internationally to inquire into what aspects of other states?, answer: the internal affairs and processes | question: What might a party's consent to a treaty be considered if it has been given by an agent without the power under the state's domestic law to do so?, answer: invalid

A party's floor leader, in conjunction with other party leaders, plays an influential role in the formulation of party policy and programs. He is instrumental in guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party. He is instrumental in devising and implementing his party's strategy on the floor with respect to promoting or opposing legislation. He is kept constantly informed as to the status of legislative business and as to the sentiment of his party respecting particular legislation under consideration. Such information is derived in part from the floor leader's contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization.

question: Who plays an influential role in the formation of party policy?, answer: A party's floor leader | question: How are floor leaders kept informed of legislative status?, answer: contacts with his party's members serving on House committees, and with the members of the party's whip organization | question: In what role are the floor leader's instrumental for legislation?, answer: guiding legislation favored by his party through the House, or in resisting those programs of the other party that are considered undesirable by his own party

A patent is a form of right granted by the government to an inventor, giving the owner the right to exclude others from making, using, selling, offering to sell, and importing an invention for a limited period of time, in exchange for the public disclosure of the invention. An invention is a solution to a specific technological problem, which may be a product or a process and generally has to fulfil three main requirements: it has to be new, not obvious and there needs to be an industrial applicability.:17

question: Who grants a patent?, answer: the government | question: Who is a patent granted to?, answer: an inventor | question: How many requirements does an invention need to fulfill for a patent?, answer: three | question: An invention is a solution to what type of problem?, answer: technological | question: What is a patent offered in exchange for?, answer: public disclosure of the invention

A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to have been responsible for at least some of the household shrines (lararia) and their deities. Household cults had state counterparts. In Vergil's Aeneid, Aeneas brought the Trojan cult of the lares and penates from Troy, along with the Palladium which was later installed in the temple of Vesta.

question: Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult?, answer: wife | question: Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome?, answer: pater familias | question: Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome?, answer: Aeneas | question: From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult?, answer: Troy | question: What was put in the temple of Vesta?, answer: Palladium

A peninsula between the Gulf of Mexico, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Straits of Florida, it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles (2,170 km), and is the only state that borders both the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south. The American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park.

question: What is the longest Contiguous Coastline in the US, answer: it has the longest coastline in the contiguous United States, approximately 1,350 miles | question: What level is most of the land in florida, answer: Much of the state is at or near sea level | question: What is the florida climate, answer: The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south | question: Some animals and reptiles native to Florida, answer: American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee | question: Name a National Park in Florida, answer: Everglades National Park

A perceived turning point was when Blair controversially allied himself with US President George W. Bush in supporting the Iraq War, which caused him to lose much of his political support. The UN Secretary-General, among many, considered the war illegal. The Iraq War was deeply unpopular in most western countries, with Western governments divided in their support and under pressure from worldwide popular protests. The decisions that led up to the Iraq war and its subsequent conduct are currently the subject of Sir John Chilcot's Iraq Inquiry.

question: Who did Tony Blair side with?, answer: President George W. Bush | question: Why did Blair side with Bush?, answer: the Iraq War | question: Who has an active Iraq War inquiry?, answer: Sir John Chilcot | question: Was the idea of the Iraq War popular or unpopular in Western countries?, answer: deeply unpopular

A period of division for the Liberals followed, with former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock for supremacy. The Australian economy was facing the early 1990s recession. Unemployment reached 11.4% in 1992. Under Dr John Hewson, in November 1991, the opposition launched the 650-page Fightback! policy document − a radical collection of "dry", economic liberal measures including the introduction of a Goods and Services Tax (GST), various changes to Medicare including the abolition of bulk billing for non-concession holders, the introduction of a nine-month limit on unemployment benefits, various changes to industrial relations including the abolition of awards, a $13 billion personal income tax cut directed at middle and upper income earners, $10 billion in government spending cuts, the abolition of state payroll taxes and the privatisation of a large number of government owned enterprises − representing the start of a very different future direction to the keynesian economic conservatism practiced by previous Liberal/National Coalition governments. The 15 percent GST was the centerpiece of the policy document. Through 1992, Labor Prime Minister Paul Keating mounted a campaign against the Fightback package, and particularly against the GST, which he described as an attack on the working class in that it shifted the tax burden from direct taxation of the wealthy to indirect taxation as a broad-based consumption tax. Pressure group activity and public opinion was relentless, which led Hewson to exempt food from the proposed GST − leading to questions surrounding the complexity of what food was and wasn't to be exempt from the GST. Hewson's difficulty in explaining this to the electorate was exemplified in the infamous birthday cake interview, considered by some as a turning point in the election campaign. Keating won a record fifth consecutive Labor term at the 1993 election. A number of the proposals were later adopted in to law in some form, to a small extent during the Keating Labor government, and to a larger extent during the Howard Liberal government (most famously the GST), while unemployment benefits and bulk billing were re-targeted for a time by the Abbott Liberal government.

question: Which two title holders fought for political power in the early 1990s?, answer: former Treasurer John Howard competing with former Foreign Minister Andrew Peacock | question: What was the Australian unemployment rate in 1992?, answer: 11.4% | question: What discussion proved an example of the difficulty of explaining what foods were and were not included in the Goods and Services Tax?, answer: the infamous birthday cake interview

A person can be exposed to uranium (or its radioactive daughters, such as radon) by inhaling dust in air or by ingesting contaminated water and food. The amount of uranium in air is usually very small; however, people who work in factories that process phosphate fertilizers, live near government facilities that made or tested nuclear weapons, live or work near a modern battlefield where depleted uranium weapons have been used, or live or work near a coal-fired power plant, facilities that mine or process uranium ore, or enrich uranium for reactor fuel, may have increased exposure to uranium. Houses or structures that are over uranium deposits (either natural or man-made slag deposits) may have an increased incidence of exposure to radon gas. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the permissible exposure limit for uranium exposure in the workplace as 0.25 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 0.2 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 0.6 mg/m3. At levels of 10 mg/m3, uranium is immediately dangerous to life and health.

question: What is OSHA?, answer: Occupational Safety and Health Administration | question: What is the OSHA uranium exposure limit for an 8-hour workday?, answer: 0.25 mg/m3 | question: What does REL stand for?, answer: recommended exposure limit | question: What is the NIOSH uranium exposure standard over an 8-hour workday?, answer: 0.2 mg/m3 | question: At what level of exposure does uranium become imminently dangerous to health?, answer: 10 mg/m3

A person from Ann Arbor is called an "Ann Arborite", and many long-time residents call themselves "townies". The city itself is often called "A²" ("A-squared") or "A2" ("A two") or "AA", "The Deuce" (mainly by Chicagoans), and "Tree Town". With tongue-in-cheek reference to the city's liberal political leanings, some occasionally refer to Ann Arbor as "The People's Republic of Ann Arbor" or "25 square miles surrounded by reality", the latter phrase being adapted from Wisconsin Governor Lee Dreyfus's description of Madison, Wisconsin. In A Prairie Home Companion broadcast from Ann Arbor, Garrison Keillor described Ann Arbor as "a city where people discuss socialism, but only in the fanciest restaurants." Ann Arbor sometimes appears on citation indexes as an author, instead of a location, often with the academic degree MI, a misunderstanding of the abbreviation for Michigan. Ann Arbor has become increasingly gentrified in recent years.

question: What is a person from Ann Arbor called?, answer: Ann Arborite | question: In recent years what has Ann Arbor become?, answer: gentrified | question: Which city is referred to as the "People's Republic of Ann Arbor"?, answer: Ann Arbor

A person may display either relative weakness or relative strength in terms of both exploration and commitments. When assigned categories, four possible permutations result: identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, and identity achievement. Diffusion is when a person lacks both exploration in life and interest in committing even to those unchosen roles that he or she occupies. Foreclosure is when a person has not chosen extensively in the past, but seems willing to commit to some relevant values, goals, or roles in the future. Moratorium is when a person displays a kind of flightiness, ready to make choices but unable to commit to them. Finally, achievement is when a person makes identity choices and commits to them.

question: What may a person display in terms of both exploration and commitments?, answer: relative weakness or relative strength | question: What is the permutation when a person lacks exploration and commitment?, answer: identity diffusion | question: What is the permutation when a person has not chosen goals in the past but is willing to in the future?, answer: identity foreclosure | question: What is the permutation when a person is ready to make commitments but unable to commit?, answer: identity moratorium | question: What is the permutation when a person commits to identity choices?, answer: identity achievement

A person's self-report is the most reliable measure of pain, with health care professionals tending to underestimate severity. A definition of pain widely employed in nursing, emphasizing its subjective nature and the importance of believing patient reports, was introduced by Margo McCaffery in 1968: "Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does". To assess intensity, the patient may be asked to locate their pain on a scale of 0 to 10, with 0 being no pain at all, and 10 the worst pain they have ever felt. Quality can be established by having the patient complete the McGill Pain Questionnaire indicating which words best describe their pain.

question: What is the most reliable measure of pain?, answer: person's self-report | question: What do health-care professionals tend to underestimate?, answer: severity | question: What did Margo McCaffery introduce in 1968?, answer: definition of pain | question: What scale might a patient be asked to locate their pain on?, answer: 0 to 10 | question: What are patients asked to use the McGill Pain Questionnaire to indicate?, answer: which words best describe their pain

A physical USB device may consist of several logical sub-devices that are referred to as device functions. A single device may provide several functions, for example, a webcam (video device function) with a built-in microphone (audio device function). This kind of device is called a composite device. An alternative to this is compound device, in which the host assigns each logical device a distinctive address and all logical devices connect to a built-in hub that connects to the physical USB cable.

question: What are logical sub-devices referred to as?, answer: device functions | question: A single device can provide an audio device function such as?, answer: built-in microphone | question: A single device can provide a video device function such as?, answer: a webcam

A plethora of anti-aircraft gun systems of smaller calibre were available to the German Wehrmacht combined forces, and among them the 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system was one of the most often-seen weapons, seeing service on both land and sea. The similar Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems of the American forces were also quite capable, although they receive little attention. Their needs could cogently be met with smaller-calibre ordnance beyond using the usual singly-mounted M2 .50 caliber machine gun atop a tank's turret, as four of the ground-used "heavy barrel" (M2HB) guns were mounted together on the American Maxson firm's M45 Quadmount weapons system (as a direct answer to the Flakvierling),which were often mounted on the back of a half-track to form the Half Track, M16 GMC, Anti-Aircraft. Although of less power than Germany's 20 mm systems, the typical 4 or 5 combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread many kilometers apart from each other, rapidly attaching and detaching to larger ground combat units to provide welcome defence from enemy aircraft.

question: What was one of the most often seen weapons that was used both on land and sea?, answer: 1940-origin Flakvierling quadruple-20 mm-gun antiaircraft weapon system | question: What weapons system did American troops use but received minute attention?, answer: Allied smaller-calibre air-defence weapons systems | question: How many of the M2HB guns were mounted together on the M45 Quadmount weapons system?, answer: four | question: This system was a direct answer to what?, answer: the Flakvierling | question: The combat batteries of an Army AAA battalion were often spread how far apart from each other?, answer: many kilometers

A police force is a constituted body of persons empowered by the state to enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder. Their powers include the legitimized use of force. The term is most commonly associated with police services of a sovereign state that are authorized to exercise the police power of that state within a defined legal or territorial area of responsibility. Police forces are often defined as being separate from military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors; however, gendarmerie are military units charged with civil policing.

question: What does the state want a police force to do?, answer: enforce the law, protect property, and limit civil disorder | question: What are gendarmerie?, answer: military units charged with civil policing | question: What are police usually separate from?, answer: military or other organizations involved in the defense of the state against foreign aggressors

A political party is typically led by a party leader (the most powerful member and spokesperson representing the party), a party secretary (who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings), party treasurer (who is responsible for membership dues) and party chair (who forms strategies for recruiting and retaining party members, and also chairs party meetings). Most of the above positions are also members of the party executive, the leading organization which sets policy for the entire party at the national level. The structure is far more decentralized in the United States because of the separation of powers, federalism and the multiplicity of economic interests and religious sects. Even state parties are decentralized as county and other local committees are largely independent of state central committees. The national party leader in the U.S. will be the president, if the party holds that office, or a prominent member of Congress in opposition (although a big-state governor may aspire to that role). Officially, each party has a chairman for its national committee who is a prominent spokesman, organizer and fund-raiser, but without the status of prominent elected office holders.

question: Do political parties have a Party leader?, answer: A political party is typically led by a party leader | question: Who maintains the daily work and records of party meetings?, answer: party secretary | question: Who is responsible for the membership fees and expenses?, answer: party treasurer | question: Who is responsible for recruiting and maintaining party members?, answer: party chair

A popular trend in this era was remixing dance music hits into adult contemporary ballads, especially in the US, (for example, the "Candlelight Mix" versions of "Heaven" by DJ Sammy, "Listen To Your Heart" by D.H.T., and "Everytime We Touch" by Cascada). Adult contemporary has long characterized itself as family-friendly, but edited versions of "Perfect" by P!nk and "Forget You" by Cee Lo Green showed up in the format in 2011.

question: What was the name of DJ Sammy's mix of "Heaven"?, answer: the "Candlelight Mix" | question: Who recorded the song "Listen To Your Heart"?, answer: D.H.T. | question: Who is known for the song "Everytime We Touch"?, answer: Cascada | question: What artist performed the song "Forget You"?, answer: Cee Lo Green | question: What version of P!nk's "Perfect" appeared on adult contemporary radio in 2011?, answer: edited

A potential important influence on adolescence is change of the family dynamic, specifically divorce. With the divorce rate up to about 50%, divorce is common and adds to the already great amount of change in adolescence. Custody disputes soon after a divorce often reflect a playing out of control battles and ambivalence between parents. Divorce usually results in less contact between the adolescent and their noncustodial parent. In extreme cases of instability and abuse in homes, divorce can have a positive effect on families due to less conflict in the home. However, most research suggests a negative effect on adolescence as well as later development. A recent study found that, compared with peers who grow up in stable post-divorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence, make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Another recent study put forth a new theory entitled the adolescent epistemological trauma theory, which posited that traumatic life events such as parental divorce during the formative period of late adolescence portend lifelong effects on adult conflict behavior that can be mitigated by effective behavioral assessment and training. A parental divorce during childhood or adolescence continues to have a negative effect when a person is in his or her twenties and early thirties. These negative effects include romantic relationships and conflict style, meaning as adults, they are more likely to use the styles of avoidance and competing in conflict management.

question: What is the current divorce rate?, answer: about 50% | question: Does divorce usually result in more or less contact with the noncustodial parent?, answer: less | question: What new theory states that traumatic events during adolescence have lifelong effects?, answer: epistemological trauma theory | question: Does a parental divorce during childhood or adulthood have a positive or negative effect on a person during early adulthood?, answer: negative

A pre-war plan laid out by the late Marshal Niel called for a strong French offensive from Thionville towards Trier and into the Prussian Rhineland. This plan was discarded in favour of a defensive plan by Generals Charles Frossard and Bartélemy Lebrun, which called for the Army of the Rhine to remain in a defensive posture near the German border and repel any Prussian offensive. As Austria along with Bavaria, Württemberg and Baden were expected to join in a revenge war against Prussia, I Corps would invade the Bavarian Palatinate and proceed to "free" the South German states in concert with Austro-Hungarian forces. VI Corps would reinforce either army as needed.

question: Pre-war, who planned for a strong French offensive?, answer: Marshal Niel | question: From Thionville towards Trier, what was the final destination of the offensive?, answer: the Prussian Rhineland | question: Niel's plan was cast aside in favour of a plan by General Frossard and what other general??, answer: Bartélemy Lebrun | question: The new plan called for which army to remain in a defensive grouping at the German border?, answer: Army of the Rhine

A predator's effect on its prey species is hard to see in the short-term. However, if observed over a longer period of time, it is seen that the population of a predator will correlationally rise and fall with the population of its prey in a cycle similar to the boom and bust cycle of economics. If a predator overhunts its prey, the prey population will lower to numbers that are too scarce for the predators to find. This will cause the predator population to dip, decreasing the predation pressure on the prey population. The decrease in predators will allow the small number of prey left to slowly increase their population to somewhere around their previous abundance, which will allow the predator population to increase in response to the greater availability of resources. If a predator hunts its prey species to numbers too low to sustain the population in the short term, they can cause not only the extinction or extirpation of the prey but also the extinction of their own species, a phenomenon known as coextinction. This is a risk that wildlife conservationists encounter when introducing predators to prey that have not coevolved with the same or similar predators. This possibility depends largely on how well and how fast the prey species is able to adapt to the introduced predator. One way that this risk can be avoided is if the predator finds an alternative prey species or if an alternative prey species is introduced (something that ecologists and environmentalists try to avoid whenever possible). An alternative prey species would help to lift some of the predation pressure from the initial prey species, giving the population a chance to recover, however it does not guarantee that the initial prey species will be able to recover as the initial prey population may have been hunted to below sustainable numbers or to complete extinction.

question: When a predator hunts too much of its prey, causing both populations to dissappear, the phenomenon is called what?, answer: coextinction | question: Are predator's effects on prey easiest to see in the short-term or long-term?, answer: longer period of time | question: The rise and fall of predator and prey populations are similar to what, in the US economy?, answer: boom and bust cycle of economics

A primary purpose of testing is to detect software failures so that defects may be discovered and corrected. Testing cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions but can only establish that it does not function properly under specific conditions. The scope of software testing often includes examination of code as well as execution of that code in various environments and conditions as well as examining the aspects of code: does it do what it is supposed to do and do what it needs to do. In the current culture of software development, a testing organization may be separate from the development team. There are various roles for testing team members. Information derived from software testing may be used to correct the process by which software is developed.

question: What is the primamry reason for testing software?, answer: to detect software failures | question: What can testing software not fully completely establish?, answer: cannot establish that a product functions properly under all conditions | question: What does the scope of testing the software also look at?, answer: examination of code as well as execution of that code | question: Which two teams would you normally separate when writing and testing software?, answer: testing organization may be separate from the development team

A process of standardisation started in the Middle Ages, especially under the influence of the Burgundian Ducal Court in Dijon (Brussels after 1477). The dialects of Flanders and Brabant were the most influential around this time. The process of standardisation became much stronger at the start of the 16th century, mainly based on the urban dialect of Antwerp. In 1585 Antwerp fell to the Spanish army: many fled to the Northern Netherlands, where the Dutch Republic declared its independence from Spain. They particularly influenced the urban dialects of the province of Holland. In 1637, a further important step was made towards a unified language, when the Statenvertaling, the first major Bible translation into Dutch, was created that people from all over the new republic could understand. It used elements from various, even Dutch Low Saxon, dialects but was predominantly based on the urban dialects of Holland of post 16th century.

question: What court in Dijon prior to 1477 had a hand in standardizing Dutch?, answer: Burgundian Ducal Court | question: Which two Dutch dialects had the greatest influence in the Middle Ages?, answer: Flanders and Brabant | question: Which century marked great progress in Dutch standardization brought on by Antwerp?, answer: 16th | question: What year did the Spanish conquer Antwerp?, answer: 1585 | question: What was the first Dutch Bible translation called?, answer: Statenvertaling

A professional wrestling match can end in a draw. A draw occurs if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified (as via countout or if the referee loses complete control of the match and both opponents attack each other with no regard to being in a match, like Brock Lesnar vs. Undertaker at Unforgiven in 2002), neither opponent is able to answer a ten-count, or both opponents simultaneously win the match. The latter can occur if, for example, one opponent's shoulders touch the mat while maintaining a submission hold against another opponent. If the opponent in the hold begins to tap out at the same time a referee counts to three for pinning the opponent delivering the hold, both opponents have legally achieved scoring conditions simultaneously. Traditionally, a championship may not change hands in the event of a draw (though it may become vacant), though some promotions such as TNA have endorsed rules where the champion may lose a title by disqualification. A variant of the draw is the time-limit draw, where the match does not have a winner by a specified time period (a one-hour draw, which was once common, is known in wrestling circles as a "Broadway").

question: What is one way a match can end?, answer: in a draw | question: What is one reason a draw can result?, answer: if both opponents are simultaneously disqualified | question: What usually happens regarding a championship during a draw?, answer: may not change hands in the event of a draw | question: What is another name for a one hour draw?, answer: "Broadway"

A project that is proceeding is the creation of The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries in the medieval triforium of the abbey. The aim is to create a new display area for the abbey's treasures in the galleries high up around the abbey's nave. To this end a new Gothic access tower with lift has been designed by the abbey architect and Surveyor of the Fabric, Ptolemy Dean. It is planned that the new galleries will open in 2018.

question: What will be created in the medieval triforium?, answer: The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Galleries | question: What has been designed to help with the gallery?, answer: Gothic access tower with lift | question: When will the new galleries open?, answer: 2018

A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).

question: Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?, answer: A psychological identity | question: What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?, answer: ethnic identity | question: What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?, answer: identity | question: A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?, answer: one's self-construal

A pub /pʌb/, or public house is, despite its name, a private house, but is called a public house because it is licensed to sell alcohol to the general public. It is a drinking establishment in Britain, Ireland, New Zealand, Australia, Canada, Denmark and New England. In many places, especially in villages, a pub can be the focal point of the community. The writings of Samuel Pepys describe the pub as the heart of England.

question: What is a pub licensed to sell?, answer: it is licensed to sell alcohol | question: In many villages what establishment could be called the focal point of the community?, answer: the pub | question: What is the term 'pub' short for?, answer: public house | question: Where in the United States are pubs located?, answer: New England | question: What continental European country has pubs?, answer: Denmark | question: Other than the United States, where in North America are pubs located?, answer: Canada | question: Who said that pubs are the heart of England?, answer: Samuel Pepys

A public genome sequencing effort of cotton was initiated in 2007 by a consortium of public researchers. They agreed on a strategy to sequence the genome of cultivated, tetraploid cotton. "Tetraploid" means that cultivated cotton actually has two separate genomes within its nucleus, referred to as the A and D genomes. The sequencing consortium first agreed to sequence the D-genome relative of cultivated cotton (G. raimondii, a wild Central American cotton species) because of its small size and limited number of repetitive elements. It is nearly one-third the number of bases of tetraploid cotton (AD), and each chromosome is only present once.[clarification needed] The A genome of G. arboreum would be sequenced next. Its genome is roughly twice the size of G. raimondii's. Part of the difference in size between the two genomes is the amplification of retrotransposons (GORGE). Once both diploid genomes are assembled, then research could begin sequencing the actual genomes of cultivated cotton varieties. This strategy is out of necessity; if one were to sequence the tetraploid genome without model diploid genomes, the euchromatic DNA sequences of the AD genomes would co-assemble and the repetitive elements of AD genomes would assembly independently into A and D sequences respectively. Then there would be no way to untangle the mess of AD sequences without comparing them to their diploid counterparts.

question: What is the final sequencing goal of sequencing diploid cotton genomes first ?, answer: tetraploid cotton | question: What type of cotton has two separate genomes within its nucleus?, answer: Tetraploid | question: When did a group of researchers decide to sequence the genomic structure of tetraploid cotton?, answer: 2007 | question: What type of genome must be sequenced first to prevent confusion before the tetraploid form?, answer: diploid | question: In order to understand the tetraploid forms, what must be used as a comparison in cotton gene sequencing?, answer: diploid counterparts

A questionnaire called the teen timetable has been used to measure the age at which individuals believe adolescents should be able to engage in behaviors associated with autonomy. This questionnaire has been used to gauge differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy, finding, for instance, that White parents and adolescents tend to expect autonomy earlier than those of Asian descent. It is, therefore, clear that cultural differences exist in perceptions of adolescent autonomy, and such differences have implications for the lifestyles and development of adolescents. In sub-Saharan African youth, the notions of individuality and freedom may not be useful in understanding adolescent development. Rather, African notions of childhood and adolescent development are relational and interdependent.

question: What questionaire has been used to measure the age in which adolescents should be able to engage in autonomous behaviors?, answer: teen timetable | question: Do White or Asian parents tend to expect autonomy earlier than the other?, answer: White | question: What has the teen timetable questionnaire been used to guage?, answer: differences in cultural perceptions of adolescent autonomy

A railway electrification system supplies electric power to railway trains and trams without an on-board prime mover or local fuel supply. Electrification has many advantages but requires significant capital expenditure. Selection of an electrification system is based on economics of energy supply, maintenance, and capital cost compared to the revenue obtained for freight and passenger traffic. Different systems are used for urban and intercity areas; some electric locomotives can switch to different supply voltages to allow flexibility in operation.

question: What is of the factors the capital cost of electrification system depends on?, answer: maintenance | question: How do some locomotives function in order to be more flexible in operation?, answer: can switch to different supply voltages | question: What are two types of revenue obtained through railway transportation?, answer: freight and passenger traffic | question: What is the main disadvantage of railway electrification?, answer: significant capital expenditure

A recent addition to the exhibition is the late 13th-century Westminster Retable, England's oldest altarpiece, which was most probably designed for the high altar of the abbey. Although it has been damaged in past centuries, the panel has been expertly cleaned and conserved.

question: What was recently added to the museum exhibit?, answer: 13th-century Westminster Retable | question: What is the Westminster Retable?, answer: England's oldest altarpiece | question: What was the altarpiece designed for?, answer: high altar of the abbey | question: What was damaged but cleaned and then conserved?, answer: altarpiece

A red dye called Kermes was made beginning in the Neolithic Period by drying and then crushing the bodies of the females of a tiny scale insect in the genus Kermes, primarily Kermes vermilio. The insects live on the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees near the Mediterranean region. Jars of kermes have been found in a Neolithic cave-burial at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône. Kermes from oak trees was later used by Romans, who imported it from Spain. A different variety of dye was made from Porphyrophora hamelii (Armenian cochineal) scale insects that lived on the roots and stems of certain herbs. It was mentioned in texts as early as the 8th century BC, and it was used by the ancient Assyrians and Persians.

question: During what period did people use Kermes vermilio to make red dye?, answer: Neolithic Period | question: What does Kermes vermilio eat to survive?, answer: the sap of certain trees, especially Kermes oak trees | question: From where did Romans acquire Kermes?, answer: Spain | question: What kind of bural was at Adaoutse, Bouches-du-Rhône?, answer: Neolithic cave-burial | question: What was the earliest known writing about dye from Aermenian cochineal?, answer: 8th century BC

A referee may stop the match when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match. This may be decided if the wrestler cannot continue the match due to an injury. At the Great American Bash in 2008, Chris Jericho was declared the winner of a match against Shawn Michaels when Michaels could not defend himself due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision. At NXT TakeOver: Rival in 2015, the referee stopped the match when Sami Zayn could not defend himself due to an injury sustained against Kevin Owens for the NXT Championship.

question: In what case can a referee choose to end the match?, answer: when they or official ring physician decides that a wrestler cannot safely continue the match | question: What is one reason that a wrestler may not be able to continue?, answer: an injury | question: Why couldn't Shawn Michaels defend himself?, answer: due to excessive blood loss and impaired vision | question: Where did Chris Jericho win in 2008?, answer: Great American Bash

A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as ISO 11172-5, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee in order to produce bit compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994. It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994, finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998. The reference software in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard. Working in non-real time on a number of operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real time implementation of MPEG Audio encoders were available for the purpose of digital broadcasting (radio DAB, television DVB) towards consumer receivers and set top boxes.

question: Who developed the reference simulation software?, answer: the ISO MPEG Audio committee | question: Which language was the reference simulation software written in?, answer: C | question: When was the reference software approved?, answer: March 1994 | question: When did the reference software become an international standard?, answer: 1998 | question: What could the reference software demonstrate?, answer: real time hardware decoding

A referendum was held in neighboring Djibouti (then known as French Somaliland) in 1958, on the eve of Somalia's independence in 1960, to decide whether or not to join the Somali Republic or to remain with France. The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans. There was also widespread vote rigging, with the French expelling thousands of Somalis before the referendum reached the polls. The majority of those who voted no were Somalis who were strongly in favour of joining a united Somalia, as had been proposed by Mahmoud Harbi, Vice President of the Government Council. Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later. Djibouti finally gained its independence from France in 1977, and Hassan Gouled Aptidon, a Somali who had campaigned for a yes vote in the referendum of 1958, eventually wound up as Djibouti's first president (1977–1991).

question: What was Djibouti called in 1958?, answer: French Somaliland | question: In what year did Somalia become independent?, answer: 1960 | question: What was Mahmoud Harbi's title?, answer: Vice President of the Government Council | question: When did Djibouti achieve independence?, answer: 1977 | question: Who was the first president of Djibouti?, answer: Hassan Gouled Aptidon

A related phenomenon called "abmigration" involves birds from one region joining similar birds from a different breeding region in the common winter grounds and then migrating back along with the new population. This is especially common in some waterfowl, which shift from one flyway to another.

question: What is it called when birds from one region join birds from a different region?, answer: abmigration | question: What kind of bird is most likely to abmigrate?, answer: waterfowl | question: Who do abmigrating birds return with?, answer: the new population

A residential elevator is often permitted to be of lower cost and complexity than full commercial elevators. They may have unique design characteristics suited for home furnishings, such as hinged wooden shaft-access doors rather than the typical metal sliding doors of commercial elevators. Construction may be less robust than in commercial designs with shorter maintenance periods, but safety systems such as locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones must still be present in the event of malfunction.

question: What type of elevators are generally less costly than full commercial elevators?, answer: residential | question: What type of doors do commercial elevators use?, answer: metal sliding | question: What safety mechanisms are still required, despite lower design costs?, answer: locks on shaft access doors, fall arrestors, and emergency phones | question: What type of elevator has a hinged wooden shaft-access door?, answer: residential

A resin used for making non-wrinkle shirts releases formaldehyde, which could cause contact dermatitis for some people; no disclosure requirements exist, and in 2008 the U.S. Government Accountability Office tested formaldehyde in clothing and found that generally the highest levels were in non-wrinkle shirts and pants. In 1999, a study of the effect of washing on the formaldehyde levels found that after 6 months after washing, 7 of 27 shirts had levels in excess of 75 ppm, which is a safe limit for direct skin exposure.

question: What releases formaldehyde?, answer: A resin | question: What can cause contact dermatitis for some people?, answer: formaldehyde | question: What government office found high levels of formaldehyde in non-wrinkle clothing in 2008?, answer: Accountability | question: How many ppm is a safe limit for direct skin exposure to formaldehyde?, answer: 75 | question: How many months of washing did a 1999 study look at?, answer: 6

A revolution in 1332 resulted in a broad-based city government with participation of the guilds, and Strasbourg declared itself a free republic. The deadly bubonic plague of 1348 was followed on 14 February 1349 by one of the first and worst pogroms in pre-modern history: over a thousand Jews were publicly burnt to death, with the remainder of the Jewish population being expelled from the city. Until the end of the 18th century, Jews were forbidden to remain in town after 10 pm. The time to leave the city was signalled by a municipal herald blowing the Grüselhorn (see below, Museums, Musée historique);. A special tax, the Pflastergeld (pavement money), was furthermore to be paid for any horse that a Jew would ride or bring into the city while allowed to.

question: In what year did Strasbourg declare itself a free republic?, answer: 1332 | question: What year was the deadly bubonic plague in Strasbourg?, answer: 1348 | question: How many Jews were burned to death in 1349?, answer: over a thousand | question: What time were the Jews forbidden to be in town after?, answer: 10 pm | question: What did the Jews need to pay to ride a horse into town?, answer: special tax

A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license, so long as they are not a local, state, or federal employee in the performance of official duties. The Secretary may also provide reasonable and necessary costs incurred for the care of fish, wildlife, and forest service or plant pending the violation caused by the criminal. If the balance ever exceeds $500,000 the Secretary of the Treasury is required to deposit an amount equal to the excess into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund.

question: Is the public given incentive to report Endangered Species Act violations?, answer: A reward will be paid to any person who furnishes information which leads to an arrest, conviction, or revocation of a license | question: Given that a violator caused wildlife harm, who may provide financial assistance for the care of the harmed wildlife?, answer: The Secretary | question: Costs over what balance lead to the Secretary of the Treasury depositing money into the cooperative endangered species conservation fund?, answer: $500,000

A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America."

question: What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?, answer: route through Beringia | question: What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?, answer: similarities in ages and geographical distributions | question: What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?, answer: the mtDNA phylogeny | question: When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?, answer: 2012 | question: Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?, answer: an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America

A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet bandwidth availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to 320 kbit/s are widespread.

question: What sampling rate is used for CD audio?, answer: 44.1 kHz | question: What is the main source used for creating MP3 files?, answer: CD audio | question: Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates?, answer: the Internet | question: The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio?, answer: 11:1 | question: As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread?, answer: 320 kbit/s

A samurai could divorce his wife for a variety of reasons with approval from a superior, but divorce was, while not entirely nonexistent, a rare event. A wife's failure to produce a son was cause for divorce, but adoption of a male heir was considered an acceptable alternative to divorce. A samurai could divorce for personal reasons, even if he simply did not like his wife, but this was generally avoided as it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage. A woman could also arrange a divorce, although it would generally take the form of the samurai divorcing her. After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money, which often prevented divorces.

question: How common was divorce for samurai?, answer: rare | question: What could samurai do instead of divorce if their wife couldn't produce a son?, answer: adoption of a male heir | question: Why did samurai avoid divorcing for reasons of dislike?, answer: it would embarrass the person who had arranged the marriage | question: What financial concern prevented divorce?, answer: After a divorce samurai had to return the betrothal money

A samurai could take concubines but their backgrounds were checked by higher-ranked samurai. In many cases, taking a concubine was akin to a marriage. Kidnapping a concubine, although common in fiction, would have been shameful, if not criminal. If the concubine was a commoner, a messenger was sent with betrothal money or a note for exemption of tax to ask for her parents' acceptance. Even though the woman would not be a legal wife, a situation normally considered a demotion, many wealthy merchants believed that being the concubine of a samurai was superior to being the legal wife of a commoner. When a merchant's daughter married a samurai, her family's money erased the samurai's debts, and the samurai's social status improved the standing of the merchant family. If a samurai's commoner concubine gave birth to a son, the son could inherit his father's social status.

question: How did the samurai treat concubines?, answer: akin to a marriage | question: How did the samurai view kidnapping concubines?, answer: shameful, if not criminal | question: Who thought being a concubine was better than being a wife?, answer: many wealthy merchants | question: Why did merchants prefer that their daughters not marry samurai?, answer: her family's money erased the samurai's debts | question: What happened if a commoner concubine had a son?, answer: the son could inherit his father's social status

A satellite ground station with a 7.6-metre (25 ft) satellite dish installed in 1989 at The Briars is the only international connection providing satellite links through Intelsat 707 to Ascension island and the United Kingdom. Since all international telephone and internet communications are relying on this single satellite link both internet and telephone service are subject to sun outages.

question: How big is the satellite dish at the satellite ground station in feet?, answer: 25 | question: When was the satellite dish installed?, answer: 1989 | question: Where was the satellite dish installed?, answer: The Briars | question: Both telephone and internet services are subject to what?, answer: sun outages

A scientific study in the journal, Biological Conservation, states that trophy hunting is of "major importance to conservation in Africa by creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas, including areas which may be unsuitable for alternative wildlife-based land uses such as photographic ecotourism." However, another study states that less than 3% of a trophy hunters' expenditures reach the local level, meaning that the economic incentive and benefit is "minimal, particularly when we consider the vast areas of land that hunting concessions occupy."

question: What Continent did the biological Conservation state trophy hunting is of major importance to the conservation of?, answer: Africa | question: What does hunting create economic incentives for?, answer: conservation | question: What did another study show that less than 3% of reached the local level?, answer: expenditures | question: What type of studies does the Biological Conservation journal publish?, answer: scientific | question: Why is trophy hunting important to conservation in Africa?, answer: creating economic incentives for conservation over vast areas | question: Trophy hunting can include areas which would likely be unsuitable for what other types of ecotourism?, answer: photographic | question: How much of a trophy hunters' expenditures actually reach the local level, according to another study?, answer: less than 3% | question: What thus is the level of economic incentive and benefit?, answer: minimal | question: What is of major importance in Africa?, answer: trophy hunting | question: What does trophy hunting create in Africa?, answer: economic incentives for conservation | question: How much of trophy hunters expenditures actually reach the local level?, answer: less than 3%

A second New Haven gastronomical claim to fame is Louis' Lunch, which is located in a small brick building on Crown Street and has been serving fast food since 1895. Though fiercely debated, the restaurant's founder Louis Lassen is credited by the Library of Congress with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich. Louis' Lunch broils hamburgers, steak sandwiches and hot dogs vertically in original antique 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons, patented by local resident Luigi Pieragostini in 1939, that hold the meat in place while it cooks.

question: What landmark New Haven fast food establishment is located on Crown Street?, answer: Louis' Lunch | question: In what year did Louis' Lunch begin serving fast food in New Haven?, answer: 1895 | question: Who is the founder of Louis' Lunch in New Haven?, answer: Louis Lassen | question: What body of the federal government credits New Haven resident Louis Lassen with inventing the hamburger and steak sandwich?, answer: Library of Congress | question: Which New Haven resident patented a cast iron stove using grid irons in 1939?, answer: Luigi Pieragostini | question: Louis' Lunch is popular for serving what?, answer: the hamburger | question: What specifically how does Louis' Lunch cooks its' food?, answer: 1898 cast iron stoves using gridirons | question: When was Louis's Lunch found?, answer: 1895

A second biotechnology district is being planned for the median strip on Frontage Road, on land cleared for the never-built Route 34 extension. As of late 2009, a Pfizer drug-testing clinic, a medical laboratory building serving Yale – New Haven Hospital, and a mixed-use structure containing parking, housing and office space, have been constructed on this corridor. A former SNET telephone building at 300 George Street is being converted into lab space, and has been so far quite successful in attracting biotechnology and medical firms.

question: On the median strip of what road is New Haven planning to create a secondary biotechnology district?, answer: Frontage | question: What was originally slated to be built at the site of the proposed area for the secondary biotechnology district?, answer: Route 34 extension | question: What major pharmaceutical company is currently operating a drug clinic in New Haven within the new biotechnology corridor?, answer: Pfizer | question: What is the former SNET building in New Haven currently being converted for in the effort of attracting new medical or biotechnology firms?, answer: lab space | question: Where will the second planned biotechnology district located?, answer: Frontage Road | question: What was the former name of the place now serving as a biotech building on 300 George Street?, answer: SNET telephone building | question: When was the opening of first building in the second biotech district?, answer: late 2009

A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popular in Italy until the Napoleonic regimes brought the new archaeological classicism, which was embraced as a political statement by young, progressive, urban Italians with republican leanings.[according to whom?]

question: When was the second wave of neoclassical architecture?, answer: Napoleonic Empire | question: What term is used to express the first wave of neoclassicism in France?, answer: Louis XVI style | question: What is the second wave of neoclassicism in France called?, answer: "Directoire" or Empire | question: Up until Napoleaoic regimes, what style remained popular in Italy?, answer: The Rococo style

A second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:

question: Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?, answer: Alfred Thayer Mahan | question: What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?, answer: the naval vulnerability of the trade routes | question: When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?, answer: 1902

A section of East 58th Street 40°45′40.3″N 73°57′56.9″W / 40.761194°N 73.965806°W / 40.761194; -73.965806 between Lexington and Second Avenues is known as Designers' Way and features a number of high end interior design and decoration establishments, including

question: What is the section of East 58th Street between Lexington and Second Avenues known as?, answer: Designers' Way | question: Which section of Eat 58th Street features high end interior design and decoration establishments?, answer: Designers' Way | question: Designers' Way occurs on East 58th Street between Lexington and which other Avenue?, answer: Second

A sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in a single item, but effect never precedes cause. A sequence of events can be presented in text, tables, charts, or timelines. The description of the items or events may include a timestamp. A sequence of events that includes the time along with place or location information to describe a sequential path may be referred to as a world line.

question: What may the description of events include?, answer: a timestamp | question: What never precedes cause because of causality?, answer: effect | question: A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what?, answer: a world line | question: In what ways can a sequence of events be presented?, answer: in text, tables, charts, or timelines | question: What is another way of phrasing "time order"?, answer: chronological order

A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, and found that injections of pancreatic extract reversed the symptoms produced by pancreas removal. Soon, the extract was demonstrated to work in people, but development of insulin therapy as a routine medical procedure was delayed by difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity. The researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the company's experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced. Under pressure from Toronto University and a potential patent challenge by academic scientists who had independently developed a similar purification method, an agreement was reached for non-exclusive production of insulin by multiple companies. Prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months.

question: What is diabetes caused from?, answer: absence of a substance normally produced by the pancreas | question: Why was insulin therapy delayed?, answer: difficulties in producing the material in sufficient quantity and with reproducible purity | question: How can diabetes be induced in dogs?, answer: surgical removal of the pancreas | question: Before insulin, what was the life expectancy of diabetics?, answer: only a few months | question: Who discovered that pancreatic extract reversed symptoms of pancreas removal?, answer: Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best | question: Diabetes is caused by the removal of what organ?, answer: pancreas | question: Left untreated, how long were diabetic patients were expected to live?, answer: a few months | question: What could be adjusted in a sample of pancreatic extract to produce purer insulin?, answer: pH | question: To purify insulin, Banting and Best sought the assistance of what company?, answer: Eli Lilly and Co. | question: Minkowski and von Mering did surgical tests on what animal?, answer: dogs

A series of international crises strained the League to its limits, the earliest being the invasion of Manchuria by Japan and the Abyssinian crisis of 1935/36 in which Italy invaded Abyssinia, one of the only free African nations at that time. The League tried to enforce economic sanctions upon Italy, but to no avail. The incident highlighted French and British weakness, exemplified by their reluctance to alienate Italy and lose her as their ally. The limited actions taken by the Western powers pushed Mussolini's Italy towards alliance with Hitler's Germany anyway. The Abyssinian war showed Hitler how weak the League was and encouraged the remilitarization of the Rhineland in flagrant disregard of the Treaty of Versailles. This was the first in a series of provocative acts culminating in the invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the beginning of the Second World War.

question: Who was first to invade Manchuria?, answer: Japan | question: What is the Abyssinian crisis?, answer: Italy invaded Abyssinia | question: What is Abyssinia?, answer: one of the only free African nations at that time | question: When did the Abyssinian crisis occur?, answer: 1935/36 | question: Who did The League try to force economic sanctions on?, answer: Italy

A series of low-lying annexes (largely hidden) flank both ends. Also in the square are the glass-faced Planalto Palace housing the presidential offices, and the Palace of the Supreme Court. Farther east, on a triangle of land jutting into the lake, is the Palace of the Dawn (Palácio da Alvorada; the presidential residence). Between the federal and civic buildings on the Monumental Axis is the city's cathedral, considered by many to be Niemeyer's finest achievement (see photographs of the interior). The parabolically shaped structure is characterized by its 16 gracefully curving supports, which join in a circle 115 feet (35 meters) above the floor of the nave; stretched between the supports are translucent walls of tinted glass. The nave is entered via a subterranean passage rather than conventional doorways. Other notable buildings are Buriti Palace, Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and several foreign embassies that creatively embody features of their national architecture. The Brazilian landscape architect Roberto Burle Marx designed landmark modernist gardens for some of the principal buildings.

question: What is in the Planalto Palace?, answer: presidential offices | question: Where does Brazil's president live, in Portuguese?, answer: Palácio da Alvorada | question: What does 'Palácio da Alvorada' mean?, answer: Palace of the Dawn | question: Who designed gardens for some of Brasilia's major buildings?, answer: Roberto Burle Marx | question: What style of gardens did Marx design?, answer: modernist

A series of new editors-in-chief oversaw the company during another slow time for the industry. Once again, Marvel attempted to diversify, and with the updating of the Comics Code achieved moderate to strong success with titles themed to horror (The Tomb of Dracula), martial arts, (Shang-Chi: Master of Kung Fu), sword-and-sorcery (Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja), satire (Howard the Duck) and science fiction (2001: A Space Odyssey, "Killraven" in Amazing Adventures, Battlestar Galactica, Star Trek, and, late in the decade, the long-running Star Wars series). Some of these were published in larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint. Marvel was able to capitalize on its successful superhero comics of the previous decade by acquiring a new newsstand distributor and greatly expanding its comics line. Marvel pulled ahead of rival DC Comics in 1972, during a time when the price and format of the standard newsstand comic were in flux. Goodman increased the price and size of Marvel's November 1971 cover-dated comics from 15 cents for 36 pages total to 25 cents for 52 pages. DC followed suit, but Marvel the following month dropped its comics to 20 cents for 36 pages, offering a lower-priced product with a higher distributor discount.

question: What situation allowed Marvel to expand into more adult-themed genre stories?, answer: the updating of the Comics Code | question: What were two of Marvel's comic heroes in fantasy, swords and magic settings?, answer: Conan the Barbarian, Red Sonja | question: What waterfowl character had his own satire series of comic books?, answer: Howard the Duck | question: In what year did Marvel's sales overtake rival DC?, answer: 1972 | question: How were some of Marvel's genre titles published in the 1970s?, answer: larger-format black and white magazines, under its Curtis Magazines imprint

A series of swift Prussian and German victories in eastern France, culminating in the Siege of Metz and the Battle of Sedan, saw the army of the Second Empire decisively defeated (Napoleon III had been captured at Sedan on 2 September). A Government of National Defence declared the Third Republic in Paris on 4 September and continued the war and for another five months, the German forces fought and defeated new French armies in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871 and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the capital and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871.

question: A series of Prussian and German victories took place in what part of France?, answer: eastern France | question: What seige did these victories lead to?, answer: Siege of Metz | question: What battle was a result of the Prussian and German victories in eastern France?, answer: Battle of Sedan | question: Which army definitively defeated Napolean III?, answer: the army of the Second Empire | question: On what date did the Government of National Defence declare the the Third Republic in Paris?, answer: 4 September

A servo system differs from some stepper motor applications in that the position feedback is continuous while the motor is running; a stepper system relies on the motor not to "miss steps" for short term accuracy, although a stepper system may include a "home" switch or other element to provide long-term stability of control. For instance, when a typical dot matrix computer printer starts up, its controller makes the print head stepper motor drive to its left-hand limit, where a position sensor defines home position and stops stepping. As long as power is on, a bidirectional counter in the printer's microprocessor keeps track of print-head position.

question: How do servo motors differ from stepper motors?, answer: position feedback is continuous | question: How does a stepper system achieve stability?, answer: a "home" switch | question: What makes a printer home switch work?, answer: position sensor | question: What kind of counter keeps track of a print head's position?, answer: bidirectional | question: A stepper system's motor is relied on to not do what?, answer: miss steps

A servomotor is a motor, very often sold as a complete module, which is used within a position-control or speed-control feedback control system mainly control valves, such as motor-operated control valves. Servomotors are used in applications such as machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems. Motors intended for use in a servomechanism must have well-documented characteristics for speed, torque, and power. The speed vs. torque curve is quite important and is high ratio for a servo motor. Dynamic response characteristics such as winding inductance and rotor inertia are also important; these factors limit the overall performance of the servomechanism loop. Large, powerful, but slow-responding servo loops may use conventional AC or DC motors and drive systems with position or speed feedback on the motor. As dynamic response requirements increase, more specialized motor designs such as coreless motors are used. AC motors' superior power density and acceleration characteristics compared to that of DC motors tends to favor PM synchronous, BLDC, induction, and SRM drive applications.

question: What may servo motors be used for?, answer: machine tools, pen plotters, and other process systems | question: What must be well understood when applying a servo motor for use?, answer: speed, torque, and power | question: What factors limit performance of servo motors?, answer: winding inductance and rotor inertia | question: Large, slow servos can use what types of motors?, answer: conventional AC or DC motors | question: When might coreless motors be used in servo applications?, answer: As dynamic response requirements increase

A shipbuilding boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during World War I, making Seattle somewhat of a company town; the subsequent retrenchment led to the Seattle General Strike of 1919, the first general strike in the country. A 1912 city development plan by Virgil Bogue went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the Maritime Strike of 1934 cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the Port of Los Angeles.

question: When was ship building the economic master in Seattle?, answer: World War I | question: What city profited by Seattle's Maritime Strike?, answer: Port of Los Angeles. | question: What was the first general labor strike in the 20th century?, answer: Seattle General Strike | question: When did the General Strike happen in Seattle?, answer: 1919 | question: What major strike in 1934 damaged Seattle's maritime economy?, answer: Maritime Strike

A significant and far-reaching shift in human subsistence and lifestyle was to be brought about in areas where crop farming and cultivation were first developed: the previous reliance on an essentially nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique or pastoral transhumance was at first supplemented, and then increasingly replaced by, a reliance upon the foods produced from cultivated lands. These developments are also believed to have greatly encouraged the growth of settlements, since it may be supposed that the increased need to spend more time and labor in tending crop fields required more localized dwellings. This trend would continue into the Bronze Age, eventually giving rise to permanently settled farming towns, and later cities and states whose larger populations could be sustained by the increased productivity from cultivated lands.

question: What trend led to a major shift in the livelihoods of early cultures?, answer: crop farming and cultivation | question: What behavior did humans rely on to survive before agriculture?, answer: nomadic hunter-gatherer subsistence technique | question: What era saw an increase in permanently settled farming towns?, answer: the Bronze Age

A significant modification of Cubism between 1914 and 1916 was signaled by a shift towards a strong emphasis on large overlapping geometric planes and flat surface activity. This grouping of styles of painting and sculpture, especially significant between 1917 and 1920, was practiced by several artists; particularly those under contract with the art dealer and collector Léonce Rosenberg. The tightening of the compositions, the clarity and sense of order reflected in these works, led to its being referred to by the critic Maurice Raynal (fr) as 'crystal' Cubism. Considerations manifested by Cubists prior to the outset of World War I—such as the fourth dimension, dynamism of modern life, the occult, and Henri Bergson's concept of duration—had now been vacated, replaced by a purely formal frame of reference.

question: What did the critic Maurice Raynal begin to refer to Cubism in around 1917-1920?, answer: 'crystal' Cubism | question: Who's concept of duration was left behind for a for more concrete frame's of references?, answer: Henri Bergson's | question: What was the first time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?, answer: 1914 and 1916 | question: What was the second time period that a significant change began to happen in Cubism?, answer: between 1917 and 1920

A significant portion of historical writing ranks as literature, particularly the genre known as creative nonfiction, as can a great deal of journalism, such as literary journalism. However, these areas have become extremely large, and often have a primarily utilitarian purpose: to record data or convey immediate information. As a result, the writing in these fields often lacks a literary quality, although it often(and in its better moments)has that quality. Major "literary" historians include Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius, all of whom count as canonical literary figures.

question: What is literary historical writing sometimes called?, answer: creative nonfiction | question: Reporting that attempts a creative or literary bent is sometimes called what?, answer: literary journalism | question: What is the main function of journalism or historical documentation?, answer: to record data or convey immediate information | question: Who are some classic historians regarded as literary historians?, answer: Herodotus, Thucydides and Procopius

A similar fate befell the Curonians who lived in the area around the Curonian Lagoon. While many fled from the Red Army during the evacuation of East Prussia, Curonians that remained behind were subsequently expelled by the Soviet Union. Only 219 lived along the Curonian Spit in 1955. Many had German names such as Fritz or Hans, a cause for anti-German discrimination. The Soviet authorities considered the Curonians fascists. Because of this discrimination, many immigrated to West Germany in 1958, where the majority of Curonians now live.

question: What happened to the Curonians who lived in the area in East Prussia?, answer: expelled by the Soviet Union | question: What did the Russians consider Curonians?, answer: fascists | question: Where did most of the Curonians flee to in 1958?, answer: West Germany

A similar situation occurs with waders (called shorebirds in North America). Many species, such as dunlin Calidris alpina and western sandpiper Calidris mauri, undertake long movements from their Arctic breeding grounds to warmer locations in the same hemisphere, but others such as semipalmated sandpiper C. pusilla travel longer distances to the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere.

question: What are waders called in North America?, answer: shorebirds | question: Where do dunlin Calidris alpina migrate to?, answer: warmer locations in the same hemisphere | question: Where do semiplamated sandpiper C. pusilla migrate to?, answer: the tropics in the Southern Hemisphere | question: Where do western sandpiper Calidris migrate from?, answer: Arctic breeding grounds

A similar story is mentioned by Plutarch. He writes that the Cretan seer Epimenides purified Athens after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae, and that the seer's expertise in sacrifices and reform of funeral practices were of great help to Solon in his reform of the Athenian state. The story indicates that Epimenides was probably heir to the shamanic religions of Asia, and proves, together with the Homeric hymn, that Crete had a resisting religion up to historical times. It seems that these rituals were dormant in Greece, and they were reinforced when the Greeks migrated to Anatolia.

question: Who is the Cretan seer that purified Athen after the pollution brought by the Alcmeonidae?, answer: Epimenides | question: Who told the story of the Cretan seer Epimenides?, answer: Plutarch | question: What group was probably heir to the shemanic religions of Asia?, answer: Epimenides

A similar struggle began in India when the Government of India Act 1919 failed to satisfy demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the Ghadar Conspiracy ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the Rowlatt Acts. This led to tension, particularly in the Punjab region, where repressive measures culminated in the Amritsar Massacre. In Britain public opinion was divided over the morality of the event, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The subsequent Non-Co-Operation movement was called off in March 1922 following the Chauri Chaura incident, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years.

question: When was the Government of India Act passed?, answer: 1919 | question: What event stoked fears of communist plots in India?, answer: the Ghadar Conspiracy | question: In what region was the Amritsar Massacre?, answer: Punjab | question: The Chauri Chaura incident led to the end of what movement?, answer: Non-Co-Operation

A situated perspective on emotion, developed by Paul E. Griffiths and Andrea Scarantino , emphasizes the importance of external factors in the development and communication of emotion, drawing upon the situationism approach in psychology. This theory is markedly different from both cognitivist and neo-Jamesian theories of emotion, both of which see emotion as a purely internal process, with the environment only acting as a stimulus to the emotion. In contrast, a situationist perspective on emotion views emotion as the product of an organism investigating its environment, and observing the responses of other organisms. Emotion stimulates the evolution of social relationships, acting as a signal to mediate the behavior of other organisms. In some contexts, the expression of emotion (both voluntary and involuntary) could be seen as strategic moves in the transactions between different organisms. The situated perspective on emotion states that conceptual thought is not an inherent part of emotion, since emotion is an action-oriented form of skillful engagement with the world. Griffiths and Scarantino suggested that this perspective on emotion could be helpful in understanding phobias, as well as the emotions of infants and animals.

question: Who developed a situated perspective on emotion along with Andrea Scarantino?, answer: Paul E. Griffiths | question: What factors did the situated perspective believe to be most important?, answer: external | question: The situated perspective was influenced by what school of thought?, answer: situationism | question: Along with infant and animal emotion, what did Scarantino and Griffiths believe the situated perspective could help to explain?, answer: phobias

A small, landlocked kingdom, Swaziland is bordered in the North, West and South by the Republic of South Africa and by Mozambique in the East. Swaziland has a land area of 17,364 km2. Swaziland has four separate geographical regions. These run from North to South and are determined by altitude. Swaziland is located at approximately 26°30'S, 31°30'E. Swaziland has a wide variety of landscapes, from the mountains along the Mozambican border to savannas in the east and rain forest in the northwest. Several rivers flow through the country, such as the Great Usutu River.

question: What nation is to the east of Swaziland?, answer: Mozambique | question: How large in square kilometers is Swaziland?, answer: 17,364 km2 | question: What nation is on the north, east, and western borders of Swaziland?, answer: Republic of South Africa | question: How many geographical regions are within Swaziland?, answer: four | question: In which region is there rain forest in Swaziland?, answer: the northwest

A sociological comparative study by the Pew Research Center found that Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in statistics for getting no further than high school graduation, belief in God, importance of religion in one's life, frequency of religious attendance, frequency of prayers, frequency of Bible reading outside of religious services, belief their prayers are answered, belief that their religion can only be interpreted one way, belief that theirs is the only one true faith leading to eternal life, opposition to abortion, and opposition to homosexuality. In the study, Jehovah's Witnesses ranked lowest in statistics for having earned a graduate degree and interest in politics.

question: Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States ranked highest in people whose education extended no further than what?, answer: high school graduation | question: Compared to other religions, Jehovah's Witnesses have the highest frequency of doing what with the Bible outside of religious services?, answer: reading | question: What religion ranks highest in frequency of religious attendance?, answer: Jehovah's Witnesses | question: Statistically, what is a Jehovah's Witnesses likely not to care about at all?, answer: politics | question: What do few Jehovah's Witnesses earn?, answer: a graduate degree

A sound generated on any instrument produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously. A listener hears numerous frequencies at once. The vibration with the lowest frequency is called the fundamental frequency; the other frequencies are overtones. Harmonics are an important class of overtones with frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. Whether or not the higher frequencies are integer multiples, they are collectively called the partials, referring to the different parts that make up the total spectrum.

question: This produces many modes of vibration that occur simultaneously?, answer: sound generated | question: A listener can hear how many frequencies at once?, answer: numerous | question: Harmonics are an important class of what?, answer: overtones | question: Integer multiples are collectively called?, answer: the partials

A special case is that of El Colegio Nacional, created during the district's governmental period of Miguel Alemán Valdés to have, in Mexico, an institution similar to the College of France. The select and privileged group of Mexican scientists and artists belonging to this institution—membership is for life—include, among many, Mario Lavista, Ruy Pérez Tamayo, José Emilio Pacheco, Marcos Moshinsky (d.2009), Guillermo Soberón Acevedo. Members are obligated to publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events such as concerts and recitals.

question: Who created El Colegio Nacional?, answer: Miguel Alemán Valdés | question: Where do the superior artists and scientists of Mexico City have the option to attend?, answer: El Colegio Nacional | question: What must members of El Colegio Nacional do?, answer: publicly disclose their works through conferences and public events | question: What is El Colegio Nacional modeled after?, answer: College of France

A species can be listed in two ways. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) or NOAA Fisheries (also called the National Marine Fisheries Service) can directly list a species through its candidate assessment program, or an individual or organizational petition may request that the FWS or NMFS list a species. A "species" under the act can be a true taxonomic species, a subspecies, or in the case of vertebrates, a "distinct population segment." The procedures are the same for both types except with the person/organization petition, there is a 90-day screening period.

question: How many different ways can a species be added to the endangered list?, answer: two ways | question: What federal program is used to list a species?, answer: candidate assessment program | question: How long is the screening period of an individual's or organization's petition to add a species to the list, answer: 90-day screening period | question: In the case of vertebrates, what is the most lenient interpretation of "species"?, answer: a "distinct population segment."

A squab is the name given to the young of domestic pigeons that are destined for the table. Like other domesticated pigeons, birds used for this purpose are descended from the rock pigeon (Columba livia). Special utility breeds with desirable characteristics are used. Two eggs are laid and incubated for about 17 days. When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop. Squabs grow rapidly, but are slow to fledge and are ready to leave the nest at 26 to 30 days weighing about 500 g (18 oz). By this time, the adult pigeons will have laid and be incubating another pair of eggs and a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months.

question: What is the gourmet title given to pigeons ?, answer: A squab | question: From what variety of pigeon does the squab decen?, answer: rock pigeon (Columba livia) | question: Are squabs treated differently from other piegons by humans aside from consumption?, answer: When they hatch, the squabs are fed by both parents on "pigeon's milk", a thick secretion high in protein produced by the crop | question: How often are pigeons able to breed for the consumption process ?, answer: a prolific pair should produce two squabs every four weeks during a breeding season lasting several months

A standard adult football match consists of two periods of 45 minutes each, known as halves. Each half runs continuously, meaning that the clock is not stopped when the ball is out of play. There is usually a 15-minute half-time break between halves. The end of the match is known as full-time. The referee is the official timekeeper for the match, and may make an allowance for time lost through substitutions, injured players requiring attention, or other stoppages. This added time is called additional time in FIFA documents, but is most commonly referred to as stoppage time or injury time, while loss time can also be used as a synonym. The duration of stoppage time is at the sole discretion of the referee. The referee alone signals the end of the match. In matches where a fourth official is appointed, toward the end of the half the referee signals how many minutes of stoppage time he intends to add. The fourth official then informs the players and spectators by holding up a board showing this number. The signalled stoppage time may be further extended by the referee. Added time was introduced because of an incident which happened in 1891 during a match between Stoke and Aston Villa. Trailing 1–0 and with just two minutes remaining, Stoke were awarded a penalty. Villa's goalkeeper kicked the ball out of the ground, and by the time the ball had been recovered, the 90 minutes had elapsed and the game was over. The same law also states that the duration of either half is extended until the penalty kick to be taken or retaken is completed, thus no game shall end with a penalty to be taken.

question: How many periods are in a standard football match?, answer: two | question: How long are each period in a standard football match?, answer: 45 | question: What are the periods in a football match called?, answer: halves | question: Who gets to decide how long stoppage time can go on for?, answer: referee | question: In what year did an incident help introduce added time?, answer: 1891

A standard dialect (also known as a standardized dialect or "standard language") is a dialect that is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include government recognition or designation; presentation as being the "correct" form of a language in schools; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a correct spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature that employs that dialect (prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.). There may be multiple standard dialects associated with a single language. For example, Standard American English, Standard British English, Standard Canadian English, Standard Indian English, Standard Australian English, and Standard Philippine English may all be said to be standard dialects of the English language.

question: What is another term for a standard or standardized dialect?, answer: standard language | question: The support of what groups results in a dialect being standardized?, answer: institutions | question: Along with grammars and dictionaries, what publications help a dialect to become standardized?, answer: textbooks | question: Standard Philippine English is a standard dialect of of what language?, answer: English | question: Recognition from what body may help a dialect to become standardized?, answer: government

A staple for consumers in the city is the omnipresent "mercado". Every major neighborhood in the city has its own borough-regulated market, often more than one. These are large well-established facilities offering most basic products, such as fresh produce and meat/poultry, dry goods, tortillerías, and many other services such as locksmiths, herbal medicine, hardware goods, sewing implements; and a multitude of stands offering freshly made, home-style cooking and drinks in the tradition of aguas frescas and atole.

question: What are the markets called that are located and run by the boroughs?, answer: mercado | question: What are some of the traditional drinks of Mexico City?, answer: aguas frescas and atole | question: What is the centerpiece of Mexico City's markets, answer: mercado | question: The author uses which adjective to describe the mercados?, answer: omnipresent

A state's consent may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion, which formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent. Consent will not be invalidated if the misunderstanding was due to the state's own conduct, or if the truth should have been evident.

question: What on behalf of a state cannot invalidate that state's consent to a treaty?, answer: own conduct | question: Consent to a treaty will not be invalidated if what should have been evident?, answer: the truth | question: What may be invalidated if there was an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation at the time of conclusion of a treaty?, answer: A state's consent | question: An erroneous understanding of a fact or situation may only invalidate a state's consent to a treaty if what is also true about the erroneous understanding?, answer: formed the "essential basis" of the state's consent | question: What, if it formed the "essential basis" of a state's consent to a treaty, may invalidate that consent?, answer: an erroneous understanding of a fact or situation

A striking technical innovation of the Komnenian period was the production of very precious, miniature mosaic icons. In these icons the small tesserae (with sides of 1 mm or less) were set on wax or resin on a wooden panel. These products of extraordinary craftmanship were intended for private devotion. The Louvre Transfiguration is a very fine example from the late 12th century. The miniature mosaic of Christ in the Museo Nazionale at Florence illustrates the more gentle, humanistic conception of Christ which appeared in the 12th century.

question: How big were the tesserae in the Komnenian period miniature mosaic icons?, answer: 1 mm or less | question: What were the tesserae usually set in for miniature mosaic icons?, answer: wax or resin | question: The more humanistic conception of Christ appeared when?, answer: in the 12th century | question: What was the intended purpose of the miniature mosaic icons?, answer: private devotion

A strong and prominent a cappella tradition was begun in the midwest part of the United States in 1911 by F. Melius Christiansen, a music faculty member at St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota. The St. Olaf College Choir was established as an outgrowth of the local St. John's Lutheran Church, where Christiansen was organist and the choir was composed, at least partially, of students from the nearby St. Olaf campus. The success of the ensemble was emulated by other regional conductors, and a rich tradition of a cappella choral music was born in the region at colleges like Concordia College (Moorhead, Minnesota), Augustana College (Rock Island, Illinois), Wartburg College (Waverly, Iowa), Luther College (Decorah, Iowa), Gustavus Adolphus College (St. Peter, Minnesota), Augustana College (Sioux Falls, South Dakota), and Augsburg College (Minneapolis, Minnesota). The choirs typically range from 40 to 80 singers and are recognized for their efforts to perfect blend, intonation, phrasing and pitch in a large choral setting.

question: When did a cappella begin to take hold in the United States?, answer: 1911 | question: What was the name of the choir F. Mellus Christiansen used?, answer: The St. Olaf College Choir | question: Who did the St. Olaf Choir influence?, answer: other regional conductors | question: How many singers are typically in the choirs?, answer: 40 to 80

A strong consistent theme in his family-friendly work is a childlike, even naïve, sense of wonder and faith, as attested by works such as Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG. According to Warren Buckland, these themes are portrayed through the use of low height camera tracking shots, which have become one of Spielberg's directing trademarks. In the cases when his films include children (E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park, etc.), this type of shot is more apparent, but it is also used in films like Munich, Saving Private Ryan, The Terminal, Minority Report, and Amistad. If one views each of his films, one will see this shot utilized by the director, notably the water scenes in Jaws are filmed from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming. Another child oriented theme in Spielberg's films is that of loss of innocence and coming-of-age. In Empire of the Sun, Jim, a well-groomed and spoiled English youth, loses his innocence as he suffers through World War II China. Similarly, in Catch Me If You Can, Frank naively and foolishly believes that he can reclaim his shattered family if he accumulates enough money to support them.

question: Which Spielberg films are examples of a childlike sense of wonder?, answer: Close Encounters of the Third Kind, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Hook, A.I. Artificial Intelligence and The BFG | question: What camera style does Spielberg often use?, answer: low height camera tracking shots | question: What are some Spielberg films that included kids?, answer: E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Empire of the Sun, Jurassic Park | question: How were the water scenes in Jaws filmed?, answer: from the low-angle perspective of someone swimming | question: Who is naive in 'Catch Me if You Can'?, answer: Frank

A struggle for succession in the mid-twelfth century gave the Fujiwara an opportunity to regain their former power. Fujiwara no Yorinaga sided with the retired emperor in a violent battle in 1156 against the heir apparent, who was supported by the Taira and Minamoto (Hōgen Rebellion). In the end, the Fujiwara were destroyed, the old system of government supplanted, and the insei system left powerless as bushi took control of court affairs, marking a turning point in Japanese history. In 1159, the Taira and Minamoto clashed (Heiji Rebellion), and a twenty-year period of Taira ascendancy began.

question: What member of the Fujiwara attempted to rebel in the mid-twelfth century?, answer: Fujiwara no Yorinaga | question: What battle resulted in the destruction of the Fujiwara?, answer: Hōgen Rebellion | question: What clans fought during the Heiji Rebellion?, answer: Taira and Minamoto | question: In what year did the Heiji Rebellion occur?, answer: 1159 | question: After the Heiji Rebellion, what clan grew in power?, answer: Taira

A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 census recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population. Of the non-citizen residents, 48,560 were EU or European Free Trade Association nationals and 17,426 were Cypriots with privileged status. The majority come from Eastern European countries: Albania (56%), Bulgaria (5%) and Romania (3%), while migrants from the former Soviet Union (Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, etc.) comprise 10% of the total. Some of the immigrants from Albania are from the Greek minority in Albania centred on the region of Northern Epirus. In addition the total Albanian national population which includes temporary migrants and undocumented persons is around 600,000.

question: In 2001, how many Greek residents were not citizens?, answer: 762,191 | question: In 2001, what was the population percentage of resident non-citizens?, answer: 7% | question: From where did most non-citizen residents come?, answer: Eastern European countries | question: What is the total Albanian population in Greece?, answer: 600,000

A study in 2007 by Mark Long, an economics professor at the University of Washington, demonstrated that the alternatives of affirmative action proved ineffective in restoring minority enrollment in public flagship universities in California, Texas, and Washington. More specifically, apparent rebounds of minority enrollment can be explained by increasing minority enrollment in high schools of those states, and the beneficiaries of class-based (not race) affirmative action would be white students. At the same time, affirmative action itself is both morally and materially costly: 52 percent of white populace (compared to 14 percent of black) thought it should be abolished, implying white distaste of using racial identity, and full-file review is expected to cost the universities an additional $1.5 million to $2 million per year, excluding possible cost of litigation.

question: What area of study did professor Mark Long have a degree in?, answer: economics | question: In which year did Long publish his study?, answer: 2007 | question: How were rebounds of minority enrollment explained in Long's report?, answer: increasing minority enrollment in high schools | question: Who would supposedly be the beneficiaries of a class-based style affirmative action?, answer: white students | question: What percentage of the black population thought affirmative action should be abolished?, answer: 14

A study of haplotypes of the Y-chromosome, published in 2000, addressed the paternal origins of Ashkenazi Jews. Hammer et al. found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common among Middle Eastern peoples, but uncommon in the general European population. This suggested that the male ancestors of the Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to the Middle East. The proportion of male genetic admixture in Ashkenazi Jews amounts to less than 0.5% per generation over an estimated 80 generations, with "relatively minor contribution of European Y chromosomes to the Ashkenazim," and a total admixture estimate "very similar to Motulsky's average estimate of 12.5%." This supported the finding that "Diaspora Jews from Europe, Northwest Africa, and the Near East resemble each other more closely than they resemble their non-Jewish neighbors." "Past research found that 50–80 percent of DNA from the Ashkenazi Y chromosome, which is used to trace the male lineage, originated in the Near East," Richards said.

question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are also common with what other people?, answer: Middle Eastern peoples | question: It was found that the Y-chromosome of Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews contained mutations that are uncommon with what other people?, answer: uncommon in the general European population | question: The findings related to the Y-chromosomes suggest that males ancestors of Ashkenazi Jews could be traced mostly to where?, answer: the Middle East

A study published in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013 revealed the finding that the flavour of beer alone could provoke dopamine activity in the brain of the male participants, who wanted to drink more as a result. The 49 men in the study were subject to positron emission tomography scans, while a computer-controlled device sprayed minute amounts of beer, water and a sports drink onto their tongues. Compared with the taste of the sports drink, the taste of beer significantly increased the participants desire to drink. Test results indicated that the flavour of the beer triggered a dopamine release, even though alcohol content in the spray was insufficient for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.

question: What hormone can be triggered by the flavor of beer alone in males?, answer: dopamine | question: What year did the Neuropsychopharmacology journal publist a study about the effect on the brain of beers flavor?, answer: 2013 | question: What taste could significantly impact a man's desire to drink?, answer: beer | question: How many men were studied for tests on the flavor of beer in the Neuropsychopharmacology journal in 2013?, answer: 49

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor distinguished by a rotor spinning with coils passing magnets at the same rate as the AC and resulting magnetic field which drives it. Another way of saying this is that it has zero slip under usual operating conditions. Contrast this with an induction motor, which must slip to produce torque. One type of synchronous motor is like an induction motor except the rotor is excited by a DC field. Slip rings and brushes are used to conduct current to the rotor. The rotor poles connect to each other and move at the same speed hence the name synchronous motor. Another type, for low load torque, has flats ground onto a conventional squirrel-cage rotor to create discrete poles. Yet another, such as made by Hammond for its pre-World War II clocks, and in the older Hammond organs, has no rotor windings and discrete poles. It is not self-starting. The clock requires manual starting by a small knob on the back, while the older Hammond organs had an auxiliary starting motor connected by a spring-loaded manually operated switch.

question: How much slip does a synchronous motor have?, answer: zero | question: How does an induction motor produce torque?, answer: slip | question: Whithout rotor windings, how must a Hammond clock be started?, answer: manually | question: How can a synchronous motor be made more like an induction motor?, answer: DC field | question: How is current brought to the rotor in a synchronous motor?, answer: Slip rings and brushes

A team led by Enrico Fermi in 1934 observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons produces the emission of beta rays (electrons or positrons from the elements produced; see beta particle). The fission products were at first mistaken for new elements of atomic numbers 93 and 94, which the Dean of the Faculty of Rome, Orso Mario Corbino, christened ausonium and hesperium, respectively. The experiments leading to the discovery of uranium's ability to fission (break apart) into lighter elements and release binding energy were conducted by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann in Hahn's laboratory in Berlin. Lise Meitner and her nephew, the physicist Otto Robert Frisch, published the physical explanation in February 1939 and named the process "nuclear fission". Soon after, Fermi hypothesized that the fission of uranium might release enough neutrons to sustain a fission reaction. Confirmation of this hypothesis came in 1939, and later work found that on average about 2.5 neutrons are released by each fission of the rare uranium isotope uranium-235. Further work found that the far more common uranium-238 isotope can be transmuted into plutonium, which, like uranium-235, is also fissile by thermal neutrons. These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power.

question: When was it observed that bombarding uranium with neutrons results in beta ray emission?, answer: 1934 | question: Who led the team that discovered that bombarding uranium with neutrons created beta ray emissions?, answer: Enrico Fermi | question: What was the name given by Corbino to the incorrectly designated atomic number 94?, answer: hesperium | question: What was the job title of Orso Mario Corbino?, answer: Dean of the Faculty of Rome | question: Who was the aunt of Otto Robert Frisch?, answer: Lise Meitner

A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.

question: Who gave students a test to determine their preferences?, answer: Music Professor Jonathan Berger | question: Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality?, answer: Stanford University | question: Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend?, answer: risen each year | question: What kind of sound did students seem to prefer?, answer: sizzle

A text is self-referential when it speaks about itself and makes reference to itself. According to Stefan Wild, the Quran demonstrates this metatextuality by explaining, classifying, interpreting and justifying the words to be transmitted. Self-referentiality is evident in those passages where the Quran refers to itself as revelation (tanzil), remembrance (dhikr), news (naba'), criterion (furqan) in a self-designating manner (explicitly asserting its Divinity, "And this is a blessed Remembrance that We have sent down; so are you now denying it?"), or in the frequent appearance of the "Say" tags, when Muhammad is commanded to speak (e.g., "Say: 'God's guidance is the true guidance' ", "Say: 'Would you then dispute with us concerning God?' "). According to Wild the Quran is highly self-referential. The feature is more evident in early Meccan suras.

question: What metatextual character does Stefan Wild focus on in his discussion of the Quran?, answer: Self-referentiality | question: What quality does the Quran claim in the different ways in which it refers to itself?, answer: Divinity | question: Which term that the Quran uses for itself means "news"?, answer: naba' | question: The Quran is more self-referential in which of its suras?, answer: early Meccan suras

A third concern with the Kinsey scale is that it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale, making one a tradeoff of the other. Research in the 1970s on masculinity and femininity found that concepts of masculinity and femininity are more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum, with each end representing opposite extremes. When compared on the same scale, they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa. However, if they are considered as separate dimensions one can be simultaneously very masculine and very feminine. Similarly, considering heterosexuality and homosexuality on separate scales would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. When they are measured independently, the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual as determined using the Kinsey Scale.

question: What was a concern of the Kinsey scale?, answer: it inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality | question: How are masculinity and femininity more appropriately measured?, answer: as independent concepts on a separate scale | question: What happens if the concepts are measured on the same scale?, answer: they act as tradeoffs such, whereby to be more feminine one had to be less masculine and vice versa | question: What is the advantage of measuring these elements separately?, answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined, rather than the balance between heterosexual and homosexual | question: What is considered to be a problem with the Kinsey scale?, answer: inappropriately measures heterosexuality and homosexuality on the same scale | question: What did the research performed in the 1970s show about masculinity and feminity?, answer: more appropriately measured as independent concepts on a separate scale rather than as a single continuum | question: What would be possible if homesexuality and heterosexuality where measured on different scales?, answer: would allow one to be both very heterosexual and very homosexual or not very much of either. | question: What is another benefit of measuring sexuality on two scaless verses just the Kinsey scale?, answer: the degree of heterosexual and homosexual can be independently determined,