Professor Byers, about those $247 millions; you forgot to mention that Brazil was also slapped with retaliatory trade sanctions, but for $2.1 BILLION (yes, that much!) for its low interest loans "ProEX" program.

Canada/BBD was just tired of losing all those Regional Jets sales due to (below market) low interest loans provided by the Brazilian "ProEx" program (WTO had not issued its $2.1 Billion ruling yet).

So Canada decided to have its own loan program for the Air Wisconsin sale pitch. We LITERALY copied word for word the Brazilian ProEX financing offer and used EXACTLY the same ProEx  interest rate / conditions.

Guess what: BBD got the sale! (And yes, ironically, Canada got a $247 M sanction for this "copy" - but that was offset big time with the $2.1 Billions that slapped the Brazilians for ProEx!!! ).

So no, Canadian exporters NEVER "paid a hefty fine" as you say...  (FWIW, both countries buried the hatchet afterward).