As for military cases military law is separate from civilian law.  IIRC all branches of the military are regulated under the US Code of Military Justice (not entirely certain about CG).  As for on board a NOAA ship there shouldn't be any "special ability" as it is covered under federal law and prosecuted by any US attorney admitted to the federal bar.  Even foreigners can be prosecuted under federal law if the crime occurred on a US flagged ship (which I believe all NOAA ships are) as crimes that occur on a ship are governed by the law of the flag country.