As of 2010, 151 people have been nominated to the U.S. Supreme Court. Twenty-nine nominees (including one nominated for promotion) have been unsuccessful on at least the first try.   

John Q. Adams nominated John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1828. The Senate postponed the vote on his confirmation, by a vote of 23–17, on February 12, 1829. The Senate did not explicitly vote to "postpone indefinitely", but the resolution did have that effect.

The last three to be rejected by the Senate were nominated by Republican Presidents and rejected by Democratic Senates.

There are many other of the 29 who didn't make it for political reasons.   The Senate does not have to 'Consent'.