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20231101.en_27013239_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Plains%20Station | Anna Plains Station | On 1 February 1978, Cyclone Vern made landfall near Anna Plains with winds of about , and caused flooding and minor damage in the region. |
20231101.en_27013239_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna%20Plains%20Station | Anna Plains Station | In 2010 the station was leased by the Anna Plains Cattle Company Pty Ltd. under the management of John Stoate. |
20231101.en_27013240_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunier | Brunier | Charles Brunier (1901–2007), French murderer and veteran of both World Wars who claimed to have been the inspiration for the book Papillon |
20231101.en_27013240_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunier | Brunier | Serge Brunier (born 1958), photographer, reporter and writer who has specialised in popular depictions of astronomical subjects |
20231101.en_27013255_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | Strings of Autumn is an international music festival which takes place every year between September and November in Prague, Czech Republic. The festival features a mix of jazz, classical music, experimental music, and world music. Its program is divided into three distinct categories, each with a particular musical focus: Inspiration, Crossover, and Luminaries. Strings of Autumn has been running since 1996. |
20231101.en_27013255_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | Strings of Autumn was founded by Marek Vrabec in 1996 at the instigation of President Vaclav Havel, who hoped to start up a regular program of concerts at Prague Castle. These concerts often took place in parts of the castle previously inaccessible to the public. The first year featured mostly Czech artists, but in 1997 the festival showcased its first international artists, among them Jan Garbarek and the Hilliard Ensemble, who were making their first appearance in the Czech Republic. As the festival gained stature, it was able to attract an increasing number of high profile artists, including Michael Nyman, Magdalena Kozena and Oleg Maisenberg. |
20231101.en_27013255_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | In 2004 a new president, Vaclav Klaus, was sworn in. The change of president led to a change in cultural policy at the castle, and the new administration announced it would no longer support Strings of Autumn. This was a major blow for the festival, which had by that point become a popular and established annual event. Klaus' decision received vigorous criticism, and a music magazine, Harmonie, nominated the castle administration for an 'anti-award,' suggesting that they had "decided to cancel one of the most interesting projects – in terms of artistic programming and performance – that exist in this country." |
20231101.en_27013255_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | A lack of financial support or venues presented a substantial threat to the festival, but eventually new sponsors were found, and the festival took place again in 2004 in a reduced form, featuring performances by the Kronos Quartet and the Uri Caine ensemble. |
20231101.en_27013255_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | Strings of Autumn subsequently established partnerships with new venues in Prague, including the Rudolfinum, the Estates Theatre, the Municipal House, and Prague Crossroads. With the continued backing of the City of Prague and of private sponsors, the festival returned in 2005 with a program of ten concerts, including the return of Michael Nyman and the Czech debut of Gary Burton. In the years that followed, the festival continued to stage performances from international artists who had never played in the country before. Artists who have performed at Strings since 2005 include Brad Mehldau, Cassandra Wilson, Bobby McFerrin and Ute Lemper. |
20231101.en_27013255_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague%20Sounds | Prague Sounds | In 2010, the 15th anniversary of the festival, Strings of Autumn held a donors' gala evening at Municipal House in Prague, an unusual event for a Czech non-profit cultural organisation. Bobby McFerrin performed at the gala, which was attended by public figures including Vaclav Havel and the Czech Prime Minister, Jan Fischer. |
20231101.en_27013347_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | Alan Jones Racing was a motorsport team contesting the Australian Touring Car Championship. At the end of 1997 Alan Jones sold his share of the team to Jim and Ross Stone who renamed it Stone Brothers Racing. |
20231101.en_27013347_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | At the 1995 Sandown 500 it was revealed that Alan Jones had concluded a deal with Dick Johnson Racing engineers Jim and Ross Stone to form a new team, with backing controversially from Glenn Seton Racing sponsor Philip Morris, for whom Jones drove. |
20231101.en_27013347_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | Named Alan Jones Racing, the team built two Ford EF Falcons to debut at Round 1 of the 1996 championship, #201 for Paul Romano and #301 for Jones, with Andrew Miedecke and Allan Grice joining the team for the endurance races. |
20231101.en_27013347_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | From January 1996 the Federal Government had outlawed the sponsorship of sporting events by tobacco companies. Thus Philip Morris could still sponsor a team but not directly market any of its products, resulting in the team being branded as Pack Leader Racing. After some teething problems with brakes in the opening rounds, the team began to move up the field with Jones leading during the early stages of the Bathurst 1000 before the car caught fire on lap 25. |
20231101.en_27013347_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | For two races in New Zealand at the end 1996 the team had local sponsorship with #6 driven by Paul Radisich and #9 by Jones. |
20231101.en_27013347_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | Having lost the Philip Morris sponsorship, in 1997 the team ran #9 for Jones with sponsorship from Komatsu and Pirtek, and a customer car for Mark Larkham as #10 with Mitre 10 sponsorship. Both cars upgraded to Ford EL Falcon specifications. Larkham was involved in a high speed start line crash with former team driver Paul Romano at round 2 at Phillip Island which saw a new car completed for the next round. Jones won a heat at the final round at Oran Park. |
20231101.en_27013347_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | For the endurance races Jason Bright drove with Jones with the pair joined by Scott Pruett at the Bathurst 1000. Andrew Miedecke rejoined the team to partner Larkham, finishing 3rd at Bathurst. |
20231101.en_27013347_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Jones%20Racing | Alan Jones Racing | At the end of 1997 Alan Jones sold his share of the team to Jim and Ross Stone who renamed it Stone Brothers Racing. |
20231101.en_27013373_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirigalpotta | Kirigalpotta | Kirigalpotta is the 2nd tallest mountain in Sri Lanka at above mean sea level, and is also the highest mountain in the country whose summit is accessible to the general public (the highest point, Pidurutalagala, is occupied by a military base and off-limits to the public). The peak is situated near the city of Nuwara Eliya, within the Nuwara Eliya District. Only one hiking trail provides access to the mountain's summit via the Horton Plains National Park, although the trail is not very popular. |
20231101.en_27013379_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20index | Criticality index | Criticality index is mainly used in risk analysis. The Criticality Index of an activity (task) can be expressed as a ratio (between 0 and 1) but is more often expressed as a percentage. During a (e.g. Monte Carlo) simulation tasks can join or leave the critical path for any given iteration. The Criticality Index expresses how often a particular task was on the Critical Path during the analysis. Tasks with a high Criticality Index are more likely to cause delay to the project as they are more likely to be on the Critical Path. |
20231101.en_27013379_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20index | Criticality index | If a task does not exist for some iterations (e.g. it is probabilistic) then it is marked as not being critical. For example, a task that existed for 50% of the iterations and was critical 50% of the time it existed would have a Criticality Index of 25%. |
20231101.en_27013379_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20index | Criticality index | The Criticality Index allows you to identify tasks that are likely to cause delays to the project. By monitoring tasks with a high Criticality |
20231101.en_27013379_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20index | Criticality index | Index a project is less likely to be late. If a task has a 100% Criticality Index it means that during the analysis no matter how the task durations varied, the critical path always included the task. The task is therefore likely to be key in completing the project on time. Conversely tasks with a low or zero Criticality Index are much less likely to cause a delay in the project finish date. |
20231101.en_27013379_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticality%20index | Criticality index | Just because a task is on the Critical Path all of the time, does not always mean that the task is going to be significant to the project completion date. For example, a task that is only 1 day long is unlikely to affect the project finish but it can still have a 100% Criticality Index. To avoid this problem one must also measure the correlation between the duration of a task and the duration of the project. Spearman's Rank correlation or Pearson's Product Moment can be used to measure the correlation. |
20231101.en_27013381_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20angulifasciella | Ectoedemia angulifasciella | Ectoedemia angulifasciella is a moth of the family Nepticulidae. It is found in most of Europe, except the Mediterranean Islands. |
20231101.en_27013381_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20angulifasciella | Ectoedemia angulifasciella | The wingspan is 5–6 mm. Adults are on wing in July. The head is pale ochreous and the antennal eyecaps ochreous-white. The forewings are black with a somewhat bent sometimes interrupted shining silvery fascia in middle. The outer half of cilia beyond a black line are white. Hind wings are grey. |
20231101.en_27013381_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoedemia%20angulifasciella | Ectoedemia angulifasciella | The larvae feed on Filipendula vulgaris, Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina, Rosa sempervirens, Sanguisorba minor and Sanguisorba officinalis. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a strongly contorted, intestine-like corridor with brown and coiled frass. The last part of the corridor often follows the leaf margin for some distance. At the end, the corridor widens into an elongate blotch. Pupation takes place outside of the mine. |
20231101.en_27013412_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caripito | Caripito | Caripito is a city in the state of Monagas, Venezuela. It has around 50,000 inhabitants. It is the third largest city in the state, after Maturín and Punta de Mata. |
20231101.en_27013412_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caripito | Caripito | Caripito is first recorded as a mission town, but the existence of this first settlement was short as it was destroyed by a major fire on 17 March 1783. Caripito has been known by a number of names, including La Palencia, San Juan, Caripe Horno, and finally Caripito, as a diminutive of the nearby Caripe. The town achieved political and territorial recognition when the Colón municipality was created in 1896. In 1910, the first school in Caripito was established. In 1924 the Standard Oil Company began oil exploration activities in the area and Caripito experienced a slight repopulation. When oil exploitation began in 1928 Caripito received an important boost to its urban development from the arrival of migrant labor, particularly from the Caribbean islands. In 1929, the Standard Oil Company began to build a storage yard and deep-water pier on the San Juan River and on October 15, 1930, the first tanker left the port with 20 thousand barrels of oil bound for Trinidad. |
20231101.en_27013412_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caripito | Caripito | The establishment of the Harbor Master's Office, independent from that of Güiria, as well as the development of modern health services, hotels, power plants, transport links, military garrison, schools, an airport, and other civic amenities accelerated the development of the city, drawing migrant families from the states of Sucre and Nueva Esparta as well as the United States and the Caribbean. In 1931 the Standard Oil Company opened a local oil refinery with an initial capacity of 26 thousand barrels per day, the second of its kind after the San Lorenzo refinery built in the State of Zulia in 1917. In 1935 a Caripito terminal was opened on the San Juan River where Pan Am seaplanes could arrive from Central America and the Caribbean. In 1936 Caripito International Airport was selected by Amelia Earhart as the second stop on her trip around the world, spending the night at the Standard Oil Company facilities. The event was widely publicized in the world press and the company provided logistical support to continue the flight through South America. |
20231101.en_27013412_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caripito | Caripito | In 1938, the Creole Petroleum Corporation increased the capacity of Caripito to 70 thousand barrels per day, making it the most important refinery in Venezuela until the expansion of the Amuay and Cardón refineries was completed in the mid-1950s. Caripito became the capital of the under a decree of January 19, 1940, signed by Governor José María Isava on January 30. Between 1941 and 1961 the population of Caripito doubled as a result of intense economic activity, but by the mid-1970s a third of the population had emigrated due to decline in oil production. In 1976, Creole's assets were nationalized and were managed by Lagoven, later by Corpoven and now by PDVSA in association with Repsol. After closing the refinery in 1976 and the oil terminal in 2002, attempts have been made to boost agricultural activity to take advantage of the fertile land. |
20231101.en_27013412_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caripito | Caripito | Monumento al Nazareno (Monument to the Nazarene): Built in 2005. It is an image of the Nazarene, 20 meters high. |
20231101.en_27013415_0 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Blade materials are materials used to make the blade of a knife or other simple edged hand tool or weapon, such as a hatchet or sword. |
20231101.en_27013415_1 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Blades can be made from a variety of materials. The most common being carbon steel, stainless steel, tool steel and alloy steel. Other less common materials in blades include: cobalt and titanium alloys, ceramics, obsidian, and plastic. |
20231101.en_27013415_2 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The hardness of steel is usually stated as a number on the Rockwell C scale (HRC). The Rockwell scale is a hardness scale based on the resistance to indentation a material has. This differs from other scales such as the Mohs scale (scratch resistance testing), which is used in mineralogy. As hardness increases, the blade becomes more capable of taking and holding an edge, but is more difficult to sharpen and increasingly more brittle (commonly called less "tough"). Laminating harder steel between softer steel is an expensive process, though it gives the benefits of both "hard" and "soft" steels, to some extent (see Damascus steel). |
20231101.en_27013415_3 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 5160, a spring steel. Popular steel for forging swords and large knives, with high toughness and good wear resistance. Popular sword manufacturers that use 5160 spring steel include Hanwei and Generation 2. 5160 spring steel is mainly used on Medieval type swords. |
20231101.en_27013415_4 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 6150, a chromium-vanadium alloy. Similar to 4140, 6150 is a tough steel with high impact resistance. It can be hardened to the mid-50s on the HRC scale. While a common material for swords or hatchets, it is less than ideal for most knives because of its limited attainable hardness. It tolerates less than ideal temperature control in forging and heat-treating (As does 5160). While it does not hold an edge as well as 1095, it is tough and easy to sharpen. |
20231101.en_27013415_5 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The following are tool steels, which are alloy steels commonly used to produce hardened cutting tools: |
20231101.en_27013415_6 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | A2, a steel that trades wear resistance for toughness. It is used in custom made fighting knives by makers such as Phill Hartsfield, Rob Criswell, Mike Snody and John Fitzen (Razor Edge US) and one of the latest to standardize his camp/survival knives in A2 tool steel is Aaron Gough from Gough custom, Canada. A2 was the standard baseline steel used by Bark River Custom Knives. A2 is used as the standard tool steel for the Black Wolf Knives range of Hunting Knives by Marc Godwin, Japan |
20231101.en_27013415_7 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | A6, this grade of tool steel air-hardens at a relatively low temperature (approximately the same temperature as oil-hardening grades) and is dimensionally stable. Therefore, it is commonly used for dies, forming tools, and gauges that do not require extreme wear resistance but do need high stability. |
20231101.en_27013415_8 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | A7 Tool Steel is an A7 type air-hardening tool steel that exhibits exceptional wear resistance. The high carbon and vanadium contents result in numerous, hard vanadium carbide particles in the steel. These carbides exhibit a hardness that is equivalent to approximately 80 to 85 Rockwell C. Resists wear from sliding contact with other steels as well as from contact with dry and wet slurries of hard abrasive particles such as sand, shot blast media, and ceramics.It is Carbon 0.55% Manganese 0.30% Silicon 0.30% Chromium 5.00% Molybdenum 1.25% Vanadium 1.25% |
20231101.en_27013415_9 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | A10, this grade contains a uniform distribution of graphite particles to increase machinability and provide self-lubricating properties. It is commonly used for gauges, arbours, shears, and punches. |
20231101.en_27013415_10 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | D2 is a high carbon, high chromium die steel and is the highest carbon alloy tool and die steel typically used in knife making. With a chrome content of 12.00%, some call it a "semi-stainless", because of the lack of free Chromium in solution, even though it is defined by ASM and ANSI as stainless which contains at least 11.5% by weight of chromium. It deserves the informal myth: "D2 knives hold an edge forever, and are impossible to sharpen." While not as tough as premium carbon steel, it is much tougher than premium stainless steel. D2 knife blades were popularized by Jimmy Lile, and later by Bob Dozier. ( AISI D2 / BOHLER K110 / ISO X153CrMoV12 / W. 1,2379 / GB-CINA Cr12MoV / JIS G4404 / SKD11 ) |
20231101.en_27013415_11 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | O1, a popular forging steel. Good wear resistance and excellent edge retention. Very tough, but not as much as 5160. It is most commonly used by Randall Knives, Mad Dog Knives, and many other custom knife makers. |
20231101.en_27013415_12 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | M2, is slightly tougher than D-2. As high-speed tool steel, it is capable of keeping a tempered edge at high temperatures generated in various machining processes. However, it is not used as widely in factory production knives, as CPM M4 has become more popular. Custom knife makers still use it for knives intended for fine cutting with very thin edges. |
20231101.en_27013415_13 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | SAF 2507 is a Sandvik trademarked steel containing 25% chromium, 7% nickel, 4% molybdenum and other alloying elements such as nitrogen and manganese. |
20231101.en_27013415_14 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | S1, a medium carbon shock-resistant steel tool steel which combines moderate hardness with good impact toughness. Carbon content .40 - .55%. |
20231101.en_27013415_15 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | W2, tool steel that holds its edge quite well but is not very tough. Has a carbon content of 1.5. Most readily available W2 has a carbon content of no more than 1-1.1%. It can be left at high hardness levels (it can attain a quenched hardness of 67 Rc) and still be quite tough especially in larger knives with thicker spines as the core of the thick portion of the blade does not attain full hardness because of the shallow hardening nature of the steel. Bill Moran considered it to be almost as tough as 5160, but it was unavailable for a period of time. W2 is one of the carbon steels that can produce a nice Hamon in heat treating. |
20231101.en_27013415_16 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | SK3, SK4, SK5 - Japanese carbon steels. SK stands for "Steel Kougu" meaning "Steel Tool". The lower number indicates fewer impurities. |
20231101.en_27013415_17 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Crucible Industries produces Crucible Particle Metallurgy (CPM) tool steels using a powder metal forge process. |
20231101.en_27013415_18 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 1V, a proprietary steel, very high toughness, several times higher than A2 with same level of wear resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_19 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 3V, a proprietary steel, very high toughness, less than CPM 1V, but more than A2, and high wear resistance, better than CPM 1V. Used by several custom knives makers and factories, including Jerry Hossom, Mike Stewart [Bark River], Reese Weiland, Nathan Carothers, and Dan Keffeler. Makes good choice for swords and large knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_20 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 4V, a proprietary steel, high-impact toughness and a very good wear resistance. Gaining popularity in Bladesports Competition Cutting knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_21 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 9V, a modification of CPM 10V with lower carbon and vanadium to improve toughness and heat check resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_22 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 10V (AISI A11), highly wear-resistant tool steel, toughness comparable with D2 tool steel. Currently used by a few custom knife makers. Phil Wilson pioneered the use of CPM 10V and numerous other CPM steels in sporting knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_23 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 15V, a proprietary steel, extremely high wear-resistant tool steel, thanks to 14.5% Vanadium content. Found only in custom knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_24 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM CRU-WEAR, a proprietary steel designed as a CPM upgrade to conventional Cru-Wear and D2 steels, it offers better wear resistance, toughness, and hardness than ingot made Cru-Wear. |
20231101.en_27013415_25 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S7, a shock-resistant medium carbon tool steel, with outstanding impact toughness and high strength, along with medium wear resistance. It has maximum shock resistance and high compression strength, which gives it good deformation resistance in use while retaining good toughness. |
20231101.en_27013415_26 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Chrome steel is one of a class of non-stainless steels which are used for applications such as bearings, tools and drills. |
20231101.en_27013415_27 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | AISI 52100, ball-bearing steel. In terms of wear resistance, a little better than that of the O1 steel, however, 52100 is also tougher. It has very fine carbides, which translates into high edge stability. Repeated heat forging and heat cycling results in a very fine grain structure. Used by many custom makers, Swamp Rat knives use 52100 steel under the name SR101. Also referred to as 100 Cr 6/102 Cr6 as per ISO nomenclature and conforms to BS grade En31. |
20231101.en_27013415_28 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Steels that did not fit into the stainless category because they may not have enough of a certain element, such as chromium. |
20231101.en_27013415_29 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Stainless steel is a popular class of material for knife blades because it resists corrosion and is easy to maintain. However, it is not impervious to corrosion or rust. In order for a steel to be considered stainless it must have a Chromium content of at least 10.5%. |
20231101.en_27013415_30 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | These two steels are practically identical in composition. They were introduced into custom knives by Bob Loveless . |
20231101.en_27013415_31 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 154CM is produced by Crucible Industries. It is used extensively by Benchmade Knife Company and many others. |
20231101.en_27013415_32 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM 154 is identical to 154CM in composition, however it is produced by Crucible using CPM Process, bringing all the benefits of Particle Metallurgy technology. |
20231101.en_27013415_33 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Because the 300 series is non-hardenable (non-Martensitic), they are primarily used in entry-level dive knives and used as the outer layers in a San Mai blade. |
20231101.en_27013415_34 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 303 SE is an austenitic chromium-nickel steel to which selenium has been added to improve machinability and non-galling characteristics. |
20231101.en_27013415_35 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 316L is a low carbon austenitic chromium-nickel steel with superior corrosion and heat resisting qualities. |
20231101.en_27013415_36 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The 400 series remains one of the most popular choices for knife makers because it is easy to sharpen and it is resistant to corrosion. |
20231101.en_27013415_37 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 410 is a hardenable, straight-chromium stainless steel which combines superior wear resistance with excellent corrosion resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_38 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 420 has more carbon than 410, but less than 440. As such, it is softer than 440, but has a higher toughness. |
20231101.en_27013415_39 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 420 series contain several types with various carbon content between 0.15% and 0.40% this steel grade is widely used to make high-end razor blades, surgical scalpels, etc. It obtains about 57 HRC after suitable heat treatment. |
20231101.en_27013415_40 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 420HC (420C) is a higher carbon content 420 stainless steel. The HC stands for "high carbon" and it can be brought to a higher hardness than regular 420 and should not be mistaken for it. Buck Knives, Gerber Knives and Leatherman use 420HC extensively. |
20231101.en_27013415_41 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 420A (420J1) and 420B (420J2) are economical, highly corrosion-resistant stainless steel grades. Knife manufacturers use this material in budget knives, also in diving knives due to its high resistance to corrosion. |
20231101.en_27013415_42 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 440 series has three types: 440A, 440B, and 440C. 440A is a relatively low-cost, highly corrosion-resistant stainless steel. In China, Ahonest ChangJiang Stainless Steel developed 7Cr17MoV, a modified 440A, by adding more Vanadium. |
20231101.en_27013415_43 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 440C is also highly corrosion-resistant but is capable of having a very high hardness. The hardenability of 440C is due to it having the highest carbon content in the 440 group. Because of this, 440C is one of the most common stainless alloys used for knife making. The once ubiquitous American Buck Model 110 Folding Hunter was made of 440C before 1981. Böhler n695 is equivalent to 440C. Knife blades specified as being "440" can typically be assumed to be the lower-hardness 440A grade. |
20231101.en_27013415_44 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | The AUS stainless steel series is produced by Aichi Steel Corporation of Japan. They differ from the AISI 4xx series because they have vanadium added to them. Vanadium improves the wear resistance, toughness, and ease of sharpening. In the alloy name the appended 'A' indicates the alloy has been annealed. |
20231101.en_27013415_45 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | AUS-6 (6A) is comparable to 440A with a carbon content close to 0.65%. It is low-cost steel, with slightly higher wear resistance compared to 420J. |
20231101.en_27013415_46 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | AUS-8 (8A) is comparable to 440B with a carbon content close to 0.75%. [is often used] instead of 440C. SOG knives uses AUS-8 extensively. |
20231101.en_27013415_47 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | AUS-10 (10A) is comparable to 440C with a carbon content close to 1.10%. It is slightly tougher than 440C. |
20231101.en_27013415_48 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S30V, on the lower end of the SxxV steels, it has a carbon content of 1.45%. However, S30V is still considered to be a superior choice for knife making. CPM S30V is used in a wide range of commercial knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_49 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S35VN is a martensitic stainless steel designed to offer improved toughness over CPM S30V. It is also easier to machine and polish than CPM S30V. It is used in many high-end kitchen knives. |
20231101.en_27013415_50 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S60V (formerly CPM T440V) (discontinued), very rich in vanadium. CPM S60V has a carbon content of 2.15%. It was uncommon steel, but both Spyderco and Kershaw Knives offered knives of this steel, Boker still offers folders made from CPM S60V. |
20231101.en_27013415_51 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S90V (formerly CPM T420V) has less chromium than S60V, but has almost twice as much vanadium. S90V's carbon content is also higher, around 2.30%. |
20231101.en_27013415_52 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S110V has higher corrosion resistance than S90V and marginally better wear resistance. The additional corrosion resistance while retaining all the benefits of S90V makes this steel extremely desired for kitchen cutlery. |
20231101.en_27013415_53 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM S125V, online information is not available as of August 2014, contact Crucible Industries sales for information. It contains 3.25% carbon, 14% chromium and 12% vanadium, as well as other elements in alloy. Exceptionally high wear resistance, making it difficult to process and machine for knife-makers. At first, only used in custom knives, it has been utilized by larger manufacturers more recently in very limited quantities. |
20231101.en_27013415_54 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CPM Magnacut is a new, well balanced stainless steel, with impact toughness and edge holding comparable to CPM 4V. Developed by Larrin Thomas and Crucible Industries specifically for the knife industry. |
20231101.en_27013415_55 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Japanese stainless advanced alloy steels, manufactured by Takefu Special Steels. As all Steel manufacturers have their secret undisclosed elements in their alloys, the main parts are mostly known to public, and when there was a demand for High-end Cutlery in the kitchen Takefu was one of the first with a so-called Alloy Steel that required little to no maintenance for daily home cook users as well as the professional kitchen. Even today it remains one of the most looked for Steels worldwide. |
20231101.en_27013415_56 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | VG-10(B/W), Takefu special steels, their most well known and stable VG alloy steel. Improved composition to VG-1 but also contains cobalt, vanadium and tungsten. Very fine carbide and structure due to extended R&D, and therefore one of the steels which has the well-established and longest period of trial and error in history and became one of the best highly advanced stable ESR alloys in the world. Very popular around the world, can tempered to extreme hardness while remaining a very high toughness. Very good wear resistance and extreme rust resistance while fairly able to be resharpened. |
20231101.en_27013415_57 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Due to extreme demand 10 years ago and Chinese counterfeits the steel has been excluded for Japanese market only and no longer can be exported from outside Japan. Chinese counterfeiting of steels where not even close of resembling the original steel and quality and therefore the decision was purely made for retaining the high quality of VG steels and makes the steel exclusively available for Japanese blacksmiths and manufacturers only making it nowadays a rare and exclusive high-end steel. Although old retailers outside Japan may have had a large quantity from the early days, it is officially no longer available outside Japan and only the finished products can be exported from Japan. |
20231101.en_27013415_58 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Takefu special steels is one of the few who combines 2 of the VG Steels into one making it officially one of the rare officially stated Damascus Steels. Since forging this steel into successful kitchen cutlery is very complex, the yield rate is extremely low and to find such products is thus extremely Rare and very expensive but ensures you have a very high-quality high-end product. |
20231101.en_27013415_59 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | San-mai, a composite steel used to make high-end knives. The core is VG-1 and the outside layers are 420j for good rust resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_60 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Due to small vanadium content and several undisclosed changes VG-10 has a finer grain content compared to VG-1. Cobalt and nickel improve toughness. Overall, it has way better edge stability compared to VG-1. VG-10 is widely used in Japanese kitchen knives, several manufacturers have used it in various folders and fixed blade knives, but no longer use it, including Spyderco, Cold Steel and Fallkniven. |
20231101.en_27013415_61 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CTS-BD1, high-carbon chromium steel that provides stainless properties with high hardness and excellent wear resistance. |
20231101.en_27013415_62 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CTS-204P, offers superior edge retention and surface finish, an ability to be machined to a fine edge, and consistent heat-treatability from lot to lot. |
20231101.en_27013415_63 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CTS-40C(CP), a powder metallurgy, high-carbon chromium stainless steel designed to provide stainless properties with maximum hardness. |
20231101.en_27013415_64 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CTS-TMT, a hardenable martensitic stainless steel that combines improved corrosion resistance over Type 410 stainless with hardness up to 53 HRC and improved formability over 17Cr-4Ni. |
20231101.en_27013415_65 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | CTS-XHP, a powder metallurgy, air-hardening, high carbon, high chromium, corrosion-resistant alloy. It can be considered either a high hardness 440C stainless steel or a corrosion-resistant D2 tool steel. |
20231101.en_27013415_66 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | Chinese and American stainless steels; the manufacturers are unknown with the exception of 14-4CrMo which is manufactured by Latrobe Specialty Metals. |
20231101.en_27013415_67 | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20blade%20materials | List of blade materials | 14-4CrMo, manufactured by Latrobe Specialty Metals. A wear-resistant, martensitic stainless tool steel that exhibits better corrosion resistance than 440C stainless steel. |
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