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Data science has long ceased to be an underdog in the world of modern technology. Today, more and more companies and enterprises of various specializations are turning to specialists who are able to work with large amounts of digital information. They are not confused by terabytes of unstructured data.
In recent years, the popularity of a service such as data science has grown significantly. Previously, no business could work without such a full-time employee as, for example, an accountant, and now business simply needs a data scientist. Who is this mysterious specialist with certification in the Data Scientist Course, what is included in their field of activity and what benefit can they bring to your company?
Any business needs data science consulting services, regardless of its field of activity. Now any task is carried out through a computer, that is, all information of a company is presented in digital format. Data scientists work with large amounts and streams of digital data (Big Data).
What do data scientists do?
Data scientists and consultants perform four tasks:
- storage of digital data;
- processing large amounts of information;
- data modeling;
- Big Data visualization.
Simply put, data scientists work on the digital chaos in an enterpriseâs database. They process information, optimize it, and also analyze it for further use. For example, sometimes it is necessary to perform repetitive functions. A specialist can make an artificial intelligence (AI) do it, not an employee. Another example: based on information about customers (viewed data, the number and time of visits to the site, etc.), AI can pick up personalized recommendations for them and customize ads to suit their interests. The challenge for data scientists is to create efficient algorithms that will trigger workflows using Big Data. If you happen to live in New York and aspire to become an expert in Data Science, check out this Data Science Course in New York.
Why do businesses need data science consultants?
By refusing to use the services of Big Data consulting companies, executives are smothering their own businesses. A company that is out of step with times and doesnât use innovative approaches is doomed to tail after all competitors.
Data scientists will help automate your routine workflows. Now they will be performed by a computer, not people, while employees will be able to do other things useful for the company. Using the algorithms developed by data scientists, artificial intelligence will receive, process and store the digital data. Thus, it will be possible to decrease the workloads and delegate some of the tasks to AI.
Consultants will teach you how to work with Big Data. Terabyte streams of information may be difficult to structure quickly, and it is simply impossible to work with unorganized digital data. Data science algorithms will speed up information processing by times. Moreover, with the help of data science tools, it will be possible to reveal the insights hidden in the data, which, without the use of these technologies, would have remained a dead weight.
With data science, your business will work more efficiently, while the processing of data with AI will ensure the growth of the customers base and increase the profitability of your business. |
National Gallery of Canada
Jan Van Der Straet (called Stradanus)
Hunting Scene, c. 1580-1596
Pen and brown ink with brown wash over black chalk,
heightened with white, on laid paper
Flemish by birth, Stradanus worked primarily in Florence. This drawing relates to the artistâs most ambitious print publication â a set of engravings illustrating various modes of hunting. This study portrays a hunt for skylarks in which falcons were used to frighten the birds into a trap of twigs coated in sticky lime. The drawings for this series are among the highest achievements of Renaissance draughtsmanship. |
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## utuKcia(ãĻãã¯ãˇãĸ)ãĢã¤ããĻ
utuKciaīŧãĻãã¯ãˇãĸīŧã¯ãåĨč¯įãĢããWEBããŧãąããŖãŗã°äŧį¤žãæ Ēåŧäŧį¤žAce Agentããããéåļãããšããŗãąãĸåį˛§åé貊ãˇã§ããã§ãã
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## 1æ3åŊšãŽããŧãĒãŗã°ããããããĸã(porenno)ã
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## ããŧãĒãŗã°ããã ããĸããŽå
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## čŖã¨čĄ¨ã§äŊŋãæšãéããžã
ããŧãĒãŗã°ããã ããĸã(porenno)ãåããĻäŊŋãæã¯ããããĢããã§ããããˇãŧããĢã¯čŖã¨čĄ¨ããããŽã§æ°ãäģããžãã
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## ããĄã¤ã¯æŽããã ããããĒãīŧæ´éĄåãåã
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į¤žäŧäēēįĩé¨ãŽæĩ
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## īŧã20äģŖãŽįˇæ§ãæ´žãŽæčĻīŧ
### â ãį¤žäŧäēēįĩé¨ãŽæĩ
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### â åš´ä¸ãčĻæãĒãŽã§âĻâĻ
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ŧãåããåãŖãĻãææå¯žčąĄãĢã¯ãĒããĨããããã§ãã
## īŧã40äģŖãŽįˇæ§ãæ´žãŽæčĻīŧ
### â ãã˛ãčŊãĄįãã大äēēãĒ4įˇæ§ãã¨äģãåãããâĒ
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### â åš´ä¸ã¨äģãåãã¤ãĄãŧã¸ã暧ããĒããŽã§âĻâĻ
ãģãčĨãããĒãčĻæãĒãŽã§ãįĨæ§ããã大äēēãĒäēēã¨äģãåãããããīŧ23æŗīŧäēēææ´žéŖãģäēēæį´šäģīŧäēåįŗģå°éčˇīŧ
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Skandakumara and Kataragama:
|Kushan period sculpture of Karttikeya. Sandstone, dated Samvat 11, (ca. 1-2nd c. AD) Mathura Museum, height 33". After Rosenfield, John M., 1967, The Dynastic Art of the Kushans, Berkeley, Los Angeles, University of California Press, fig. 49|
It is universally accepted in South India that Subrahmanya is nobody else than the North Indian god Karttikeya or Skandakumara who is well-known from the great Sanskrit epics as well as from Puranic texts. Karttikeya is the god of war. Therefore, he was the favoured god of a number of warlike kings and dynasties. In the first and second centuries A.D. his cult was practised in various parts of northern India. Skanda is depicted on a number of gold coins of the Kusana period. In the literary sources of northern India, he is closely associated with Siva. However, Skanda has not remained one of the truly popular gods of North India, but he is usually considered to be one of the inferior deities. In the famous Sanskrit play Mrcchkatika, Skanda is introduced as the patron of the thieves. In Bengal, Skanda is considered as the god of the thieves even today.
The very striking difference between the North Indian Skandakumara and the South Indian Subrahmanya makes it difficult to believe that these gods -- although identified in the course of time -- have been identical from the very beginning. Already scholars of the 19th century, e.g. Sir Monier-Williams, have expressed doubts. In his Der Jungere Hinduismus Jan Gonda also has expressed the opinion that the conception of Subrahmanya is not a South Indian development of North Indian Karttikeya but a South Indian god who has been identified with the North Indian god in the course of time.
For more information on the early history of South Indian Murugan, one would naturally look for evidence from the historical iconography. However, we have no images of the god Skandakumara from the earliest periods of South Indian art. Skanda is first found in the Somaskanda group together with his parents, Siva and Parvati. The absence of early Skanda images is striking because a number of early Pallava rulers formed their names by adding the names of god Skanda or Kumara, thus showing that they were worshipers of Skanka.
However, the comparison of the South Indian Subrahmanya or Murugan with the corresponding god of the Sinhala pantheon proves helpful to solve the riddle.
It was a wide-spread practice of the Buddhists to associate the cult of gods with Buddhism by way of legends. According to early popular beliefs, the Buddha himself had come to Sri Lanka and converted the ancient gods of this Island into Buddhist tutelary gods. In Mahavamsa 7.5 we find the tradition that the Buddha made Uppalavanna the patron god of the Island. "Uppalavanna" is a designation based on the colour of the body of this god, namely that of the blue water lily.
In modern, times, Uppalavanna or Upulvan is considered identical with Vishnu. This identification is, however, comparatively recent as it was shown by S. Paranavitana. In the earlier tradition, Upulvan and Vishnu were two different gods.
Upulvan belonged to a group of "four great gods", and each of these four gods was the patron of a certain part of the Island. We can trace these tutelary gods in many Sinhala inscriptions and literary works. While Upulvan was the first of these gods, the god of Kataragama was second in rank. Since the 14th century we can trace the identification of the god of Kataragama with the Indian god Skandakumara or Subrahmanya. Kataragama was the holiest place of worship of this god, and the name of this place has become the name of the god himself.
No other god -- perhaps with the only exception of Upulvan -- is mentioned as often as the god of Kataragama in Sinhala literary sources. His fame spread as far as to distant Thailand. The Pali chronicle Jinakalamali of Ratnapanna (15th century) from Siam mentions this god under the name of Khattagama. Robert Knox (17th century) gives an impression of the importance of the cult of Kataragama in his time when he writes that nobody -- not even the worst enemies of the Sinhala king -- would dare to help the Portuguese or the Dutch to capture this place of worship. We have to add the remarkable fact that Kataragama is the only god common to the religion of the Veddas and to that of the Sinhala people.
In the main temple of Kataragama, the god is not represented by an image, but by a yantra. His temples in Sri Lanka are market by red flags whereas those of Upulvan are market by blue flags.
As one should expect, there are many contradicting traditions concerning the history of the god of Kataragama. Many of these were collected and published in well-known monograph on Kataragama by Paul Wirz. There is also a number of Sinhala texts which contain similar material. Many of these traditions are easily recognized as taken over from India at a comparatively late period. Most probably, they were brought along with the large number of Brahmins that immigrated from India to southern Ceylon in the period from the 12th to the 15th century.
One of the two wives of the god is of North Indian origin, too, viz. Devasena, Devasena is nothing but a personification of the army of the gods led by Skanda. The cult of Devasena was brought to Ceylon as late as in the first half of the 17th century by a North Indian immigrant, Kalyanagiri.
The traditions concerning the other wife of Kataragama however, belong to the stock of indigenous traditions. According to these beliefs, the god visited Kataragama in order to marry a Vedda girl named Valli Amma. Both resided on the top of the hill of old Kataragama or Vedahiti Kanda. Later on they shifted to the present site of the Kataragama temple.
If we compare Kataragama in Sinhala religion with Subrahmanya in Tamil religion, we find some important differences. In Ceylon, Kataragama belongs to a group of four gods the foremost of which is Uppalavanna, whereas in South India, Subrahmanya is the second god and son of Siva and does not belong to a well defined group of four great gods.
This difference consists, however, only between modern Sinhala religion and modern Tamil religion. It did not exist in an earlier period as we can see from Old Tamil literature. In the earliest Tamil prose work, Tolkappiyam (Porulatikaram 5) a group of four gods is mentioned. These four gods preside over the four regions of the country. Mayon over the region of forests; Ceyon over the region of hills; Ventan over the townships, and Varunan over the sea-coast.
Varuna is the only one of these who has a Sanskrit name; in epic Sanskrit literature he is the god of the sea, whereas in Vedic literature, Varuna was the highest god. Ventan is identified as Indra by the commentators. The names of the first and of the second god, Mayon and Ceyon, have the meaning "a person of blue colour" and "a person of red colour." According to tradition, these are names of Visnu and Subrahmanya.
There is -- as we can see from the references given -- similarity of early Tamil religion with Sinhala religion in some important aspects. A group of four gods protects the different parts of the country. Mayon like Uppalavanna has the first and Ceyon like Kataragama has the second rank in this group. Mayon like Uppalavanna is characterized by blue colour. Ceyon like Kataragama by red colour. Ceyon as well as Kataragama is the god of the hills. There is conformity in many other ways too, e.g. the Valli-amma legend. Kataragama found his wife Valli from the jungle people of the Veddas, and similarly, Murugan or Ceyon married Valli from the jungle folk of South Indian hills
These common characteristics of Sinhala and early Tamil. religion seem to be earlier than the identification of Murugan and Kataragama with the North Indian Skandakumara.
One could object to this that the third and the fourth of the "four Great Gods" in Sinhala and in old Tamil tradition are not identical. But it can be shown that later cults have displaced the originals gods in both traditions. In Sinhala inscriptions, e.g. in the Lankatilaka inscription of Bhuvanaikabahu IV (1341-1358) the four gods are Upulvan, Kandakumara, Sumana and Vibhisana. In the Jinakalamali we find the following four gods: Sumana, Rama, Lakkhana, Khattagama. In this list, Upulvan was identified with Vibhisana is displaced by Laksmana. Later on, Laksmana was identified with Saman. In the later Kandyan period, we find Kataragama, Upulvan, Natha and Pattini as the guardian deities of the Island. Here, Natha is nobody else than the bodhisattva Avalokitesvara of Mahayana Buddhism, and Pattini is the heroine of the Tamil epic Cilappatikaram.
These facts establish a close relationship between the earliest traceable forms of the Sinhala and the South Indian system of gods. Murugan, Ceyon or Kataragama was one of the two main gods of this early religion. This god was identified with the North Indian Skandakumara only in the course of the spread of Sanskrit culture to South India and to Sri Lanka in the medieval period. The absence of early images of Murugan in South Indian is explained if we accept that in early times this god was represented by symbols or by yantras but not by images -- as he is even now in the main temple of Kataragama.
We have to ask now for the reasons leading to identification of this god with Skandakumara of North Indian tradition. I would like to suggest two main reasons: Firstly, important dynasties as the Kandamabas and the Pallavas in the South came from North India. Murugan, the youthful god of the South was especially suited for an identification with their dynastic god Skandakumara. Secondly, it was advisable for the protagonists of the new Brahmanical religion and the Siva cult to bring the important indigenous god Murugan into a close relationship with the highest god of the hinduized from of their religion, Siva. Here again it was easy to identify Murugan with Skanda, the son of Siva.
Whereas the cult of Ceyon or Murugan was fully integrated into Saivism in South India, the god of Kataragama has retained many archaic features and his old position by the side of Upulvan in Sinhala religion. This may be explained by the particular structure of Sinhala religion, where the cult of the gods was placed at a lower level vis-a-vis Buddhism. Therefore, the impetus for innovations and for Hinduization of these cults was much less than in Hindu South India.
This article first appeared in Proceedings of the Third International Conference Seminar, (Paris: International Association of Tamil Research, 1970), pp. 199-20. |
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OTTAWA â Promises of a spectacular display of the northern lights were dashed Thursday night when the solar storm predicted by scientists ended up being much weaker than anticipated.
Some predictions said observers would see the northern lights as far south as Colorado, but Twitter reports showed mostly disappointment, except in high northern latitudes.
âYes! Aurora in #Iceland tonight. Green curtains & arcs of shimmering light over the haunting mountains. Simply breathtakingâ tweeted (@)ActiveAstronomy.
Observers in Norway tweeted spectacular photos of green-glowing curtains over fiordlands.
But most weren't so lucky. From West Lancashire in England: "hate to admit defeat, but Iâm heading off to bed. Fingers crossed for everyone.â
Interest in the aurora was enough to crash the website of the British Geological Survey, which had touted the night as the best chance to see the aurora in Britain in years.
Heavy traffic also hindered the aurora forecast website at the University of Alaskaâs Geophysical Institute. The site did note that they were seeing a big show in Alaska.
The aurora excitement was generated by a huge solar flare earlier in the week that sent solar radiation headed straight for Earth.
The authoritative U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration predicted the radiation would reach Earthâs atmosphere at a speed of 700 kilometres per second. When it did strike on Thursday, however, the wave was travelling at a stately about 400 kilometres per second.
Earlier Thursday, observers were hoping for a big show.
âIt looks really, really good,â said Gary Boyle, president of the Ottawa chapter of the Royal Astronomical Society. âGet out and enjoy it. Itâs always a chance â itâs not etched in stone â but (theyâre) predicting 90 per cent, so itâs a pretty good chance.â
Solar eruptions produce radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum. Tuesdayâs solar eruption was classified as an âX-1â flare, Boyle said, which in turn generated an âS-2â level solar storm in Earthâs atmosphere.
The enormous sun spot that spawned it measures 200,000 kilometres across â big enough to swallow the Earth three times over.
The solar storm diverted some airline flights around the poles and a planned launch of a resupply ship for the International Space Station was scrapped Wednesday because of the risk the solar radiation poses to the unmanned rocketâs sensitive electronics.
Alas, Boyleâs ânot etched in stoneâ remark proved prescient.
âStorming reaching the G2 G3 levels appears unlikely tonight,â reported @ontariostargazing, an astro photographer from Kitchener-Waterloo.
For more information: www.spaceweather.com and www.noaa.com |
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ãæĨåēæã¯äēåãĢåēčãĢãįĸēčĒãã ããã
## 2īŧ夊įŠēãŽã¤ãŋãĒãĸãŗ ãĢãŧãĩãģã´ãĄãŦãĒãĸ
åžæŠīŧåã ã¤ãŋãĒãĸãŗãŽãåēã
ä¸éĸãŦãŠãšåŧĩããŽį´ æĩãĒãåēã
ãĒãŧããŧãã ãããŽéŖæãäŊŋãŖããæįãæŦåŊãĢããããã
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ãããĢãã¤ã¯ãĸãĻããĢæĨãã ãã§åš¸ããĒæ°æãĄãĢãĒããŽããâŧ
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## 3. ãĢãģããĒã¸ãŖãŗ
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čĒåŽ
ã§ãããĒãæãããŗãŧãšããã ãããŽã¯ããããããã
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## 4. įĨæĨŊå å˛įš å čŗ
åžæŠ5åã æįŗæįãŽãåēã
įĨæĨŊåãĢã¯į´ æĩãĒãåēããããããããžãããã
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ããĄããŽãåēãŽããããã¯
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## ãžã¨ã
įĨæĨŊåã§ãã¤ã¯ãĸãĻãåēæĨããŗãŧãšæįã4ã¤ãį´šäģããããžãããããããã ãŖãã§ãããã?
ãŗããįĻã§ããįĨããããæĨãŖãĻãŠãããĻãč¨ĒããĻããžããžãããããŖãããĒãį大ãĢãįĨããããããŽã§ãããã
įĨæĨŊåã¯į´ æĩãĒãåēãããŖãąãã§ãã
ãããĒãåēãŽãŗãŧãšæįããã¤ã¯ãĸãĻãã§ãããããĢãĒãŖããŽã¯ãããæåŗãŗããįĻãŽæŠæĩãããããžãããâŧ
æ¯éãįĨãäēãŽãˇãŧãŗããäēįŽãĢããããĻäŧēãŖãĻãŋãĻä¸ããã
ãåŽļæããåäēēãæäēēã ãã§ãåãã§ãããã¯ãã§ãã
ãčĒåŽ
ã§ãį´ æĩãĒč¨åŋĩæĨãĢããĻãã ããâŧ
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ĩåēĢįå¤ĒåįēãŽåŽåŽļãĢ帰įããžããã åįã¯ãåŽåŽļãŽããčŋããĢããčåžŗå¤ĒåãåģēįĢããæéŗŠå¯ēīŧãããããģã§ãīŧã§ãã ããŽä¸éåĄã¯ã1565åš´īŧ厤įēæīŧãĢåģēįĢãããããŽã§ãåŊãŽéčĻæå貥ãĢæåŽãããĻããžãã į°čã§ãŽį¨äēãæ¸ãžâĻ
åŧį¨ããšããã¯ããžãã
åŧį¨ãããĢã¯ãžããã°ã¤ãŗããĻãã ãã
åŧį¨ããšããã¯ã§ããžããã§ãããååēĻãčŠĻããã ãã
éåŽå
Ŧéč¨äēãŽããåŧį¨ã§ããžããã |
#### â ãåæãĢåŧãčŊã¨ããããŽãåĢã
ããŽæĨãįĒįĩã§ã¯ã2020åš´ãŽåŋé
äē éããžãããã¨éĄããįŗæŠč˛´æãåēæŧč
ããĄãäģåš´2020åš´ãĢčĩˇãããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨åŋé
ããĻãããã¨ãįē襨ããããããã§é°ģãæããããŽããããŖããˇãĨãŦãšåãĢããŖãĻįžéãäŊŋããĒããĒããŽã§ã¯ãĒãããã¨ããä¸åŽã ã
æ¨åš´ããŖã¨ã¯ãŦã¸ãããĢãŧããäŊãŖãã¨ããé°ģãįžéæ´žãĒãããčĒååŧãčŊã¨ãããäŋĄį¨ã§ããĒãããåæãĢåŧãčŊã¨ããããŽãåĢããĒãŠãŽįįąã§ãčĒãéčĄãč¨ĒããĻåŽļčŗãĒãŠãæ¯ãčžŧãŋįļããĻããã¨ããã
#### â ããŠãã ãæãããããŖãĻãŽãâĻâĻã
ããŽä¸ģåŧĩãĢäģãŽãšãŋã¸ãĒãĄãŗããŧã¯čĻįŦã
ãããĢé°ģãããĸããĒã§ãŠãã ãæãããããŖãĻãŽãâĻâĻãã¨ãå°į¨ãĸããĒãŽæŽåã§æŽéĢããĒãĸãĢãŋã¤ã ã§įĸēčĒã§ãããããĢãĒãŖãĻãããã¨ãįŦčĒãŽčĄ¨įžã§čĒãã¨ãįŗæŠããčĒåã§äŊŋãŖãã¯ãąã ããæãããã¯ãąãããĒããã¨æãããããŗããå
Ĩããã
ãããĢé°ģãŽä¸ģåŧĩã¯įļããã¯ãŦãĢæąēæ¸ãŽéãĢã1ä¸åã ãŖãã1ä¸åãŽéŗãéŗ´ãŖãĻãģãããã¨įēč¨ãéŖčĄæŠã§ã¯č¯ãå¸ãŽäēēãŽéãĢįšåĨãĒéŗãéŗ´ãã¨įĨãã¨ããããã1ä¸åã§ããŖãĻãģããã§ãīŧãã¨čŋ°ãšãã
#### â ãåæãĢã¯æããĻãĒãããã§ããããã
čĒååŧãčŊã¨ãããåæãĢåŧãčŊã¨ãããããæãããããĒãŠã¨čĄ¨įžããé°ģãäģåãŽããŧã¯ãĢ寞ãããããä¸ã§ã¯ãåæãĢã¯æããĻãĒããããŠãã ãæãããããŖãĻįŦããĒãŠįįŦãå¯ããããã
ä¸æšããã¯ãŦã¸ãããĢãŧãã¯æąēæ¸ãžã§æéãããããįžéæ¯æããŽãģããæŠãæ¸ããããŽéãæãŖãĻããŽãæãŖãĻãĒããã¯ãŖããããĒããããĢãŧãã¯ãããžãäŊŋããĒããããããããåŋããé ãĢåŧãčŊã¨ããããããããĒãŠãåŊŧãŽæčĻãĢå
ąæããäēēãŽå§ŋãįĸēčĒã§ããã
#### â į´2å˛ãã¯ãŦãĢãæãã
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# 2017åš´ ããŖãĒããŖæ´ģåå ąå
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2017åš´ãįããžããããŖãĒããŖãããããã¯ããã¨ããããŖãĒããŖååãæãĢåãŖãĻãã ããŖããããã§ã95ããã¸ã§ã¯ããĢįˇéĄ4700ä¸åãå¯äģãģåŠæãããã¨ãã§ããžããã
ãããããŽæ¸Šãããæ¯æ´ãããã¨ãããããžããã
į§ããĄã¯ãããããããį¤žäŧčĒ˛éĄãŽæ šæŦįãĒč§ŖæąēãĢåãįĩãå°ããĒčãŽæ šåŖäŊãæ¯æ´ãããã¨ãæļč˛ģį¨ãé¤ãåŖ˛ä¸ããŽå
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ãæĨæŦã¨ããåŊãåēæĨãæĨãã¨ããĻãåįĨãŽã¯ãã§ãã
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ããč¨ãããĻãŋãã¨å°ãã¯ãŖã¨ããĻããžããžãããã
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åäžãĢčãããæããŠãįããĻãããŽããâĻã
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čĒŋãšãĻãŋãã¨į°ĄåãĢåŊãåēæĨãæĨã¨ã¯č¨ãããæĄå¤éŖããæĨã§ããã
įĨãŖãĻããæ§ã§įĨããĒãããŖãč¨åŋĩæĨãĢã¤ããĻååŧˇããĻãŋãžãããã
## åģēåŊč¨åŋĩæĨãŖãĻīŧäŊīŧ
åģēåŊč¨åŋĩæĨã¯ãåŊãįãžããæĨããč¨åŋĩããč¨åŋĩæĨã§ãã
ãããžã§ã¯įãããåŊįļãŽæ§ãĢåããŖãĻããŖãããã¨æããžãã
ãã ãæŖįĸēãĢč¨ãã¨ãåģēåŊč¨åŋĩæĨãã¯įžå¨æĨæŦãĢåå¨ããĻããžããã
ããīŧããã§ããīŧãã¨ãŗãŖãããããæšããããããããžãããã
æŖįĸēãĢč¨ãã¨æĨæŦãĢãããĻįžå¨č¨åŋĩæĨã¨ããĻãããŽã¯ãåģēåŊč¨åŋĩãŽæĨãã§ãã
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åŊæ°ãŽįĨæĨã¨ããĻéŠį¨ãããäēãĢãĒããžããã
## įąæĨã¯īŧãã¤ãããããŽīŧ
ãããĒãåģēåŊč¨åŋĩæĨãããåģēåŊč¨åŋĩãŽæĨããå¤ãããã
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ãåäģŖ夊įã¨ãããįĨæĻ夊įãŽåŗäŊæĨãã¨ãããĻããããã
įĨæĻ夊įã¨ããã¨å¤äēč¨ãæĨæŦæ¸į´ãĢãããĻįģå ´ããæĨæŦįĨ芹ãŽįģå ´äēēįŠã§ãã
ãããææ˛ģãĢå
ĨãŖãĻããæ°ããæĻä¸ã§æįŽãį´ããã§ãããŽããåģēåŊč¨åŋĩæĨãã
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å
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ãããĢã¯ãžãåĨãŽæåŗåãããããžãã
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čŗæãããĄãã¨ããã¨ããŖãĻãå¤äēč¨ãæĨæŦæ¸į´ã¨ããŖãįĨ芹ãŽã芹ã
ãããæŖåŧãĒåģēåŊæĨã¨ããĻæąãŖãĻãããŽãīŧã¨ããæšã
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įĩåąã¯ãåģēåŊč¨åŋĩãŽæĨãã¨ããĻããæŋããĻ垊æ´ģããã¨ããįĩįˇ¯ããããžãã
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Identifying mobile scams during the Covid-19 pandemic
Throughout the Covid-19 pandemic, criminals have not been shy to leverage the fear and uncertainty surrounding the virus to devise new scams to defraud the public. While there have been reports of people of door-to-door scams, in most cases the means of approach is online. These attacks can be channelled through phishing emails or by hacking into laptops or PCs, but we have also increasingly seen mobile scams circulating via text messages and other popular mobile messaging services.
A recent widely spread hoax message, known as âMove your cucuâ, warns the receiver against accepting a video which will send a virus that formats your mobile phone. However in reality, there is has been no evidence of such a virus. Many of us have also received other text message scams from topics relating to broadband service, undelivered post or other fraudulent claims.
These type of hoax or scam messages share the same characteristics of typical phishing emails. Just because they are delivered directly to your phone or forwarded from a well meaning friend, does not mean that they are any more legitimate. Malware can invade your phone through numerous ways, including via downloaded apps, message attachments, internet content and by connecting your phone to another device. Ultimately, scammers are trying to entice you with these messages to download malicious content directly to your phone or to trick you into divulging personal information such as bank account details or passwords.
The outbreak of Covid-19 is seen as an opportune time for scammers to prey on peopleâs vulnerabilities and attempt to exploit feelings fears or anxiety in the population. Also, people now working from home and accessing systems and networks may be doing so from unsecure devices and without the usual precautions they would take while in the office. US authorities have reported a 400% increase in daily reports of scam attempts in the last four months.
So what should you do to avoid falling victim to the scammers?
Use your judgement; treat every text and message with caution and if you are anyway suspicious delete it. It is most likely a scam. Also you should notify your colleagues and your IT manager as it is always good for people to be forewarned on the scams that are circulating. However, donât forward the message itself on to others â the scam message often asks you to pass it on but this is just helping scammers to widen their reach and to increase scare mongering.
Mobile device management and protection
The coronavirus outbreak has the potential to be the catalyst for a huge change in remote working culture, both now and into the post-coronavirus future. Many companies will have had their eyes opened to the fact that it is possible to run a business with people working offsite. Some companies may utilise it more in the future to reduce their running costs and allow them to operate out of smaller premises.
Our advice for any business considering introducing remote working in the long term, is to invest in solutions and services to ensure that security isnât compromised as people work from home. To learn more about affordable remote working solutions - that are quick to implement and that can protect your network - check out Noviâs Mobile Device Management and End Point Protection services. |
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ããŽåēåã¯ã90æĨäģĨä¸æ´æ°ããĻããĒãããã°ãĢ襨į¤ēããĻããžãã
# ruby-1.9.1-p0 㧠termtter + Pit
Windowsã§twitteréãŗããã¨ãã¯Twitã¨ãTweenãĒãŠãäŊŋãŖãĻãããããŽã§ãããLinuxį¨ãĢtermtterãģãããĸããããĻãŋãžããã
$ ./configure --program-suffix=-1.9.1 --prefix=$HOME/local $ make $ make install
ãŋãããĢčĒåããĢãããĻããŧã ããŖãŦã¯ããĒãĢæžãčžŧãã ruby-1.9.1ããtermtterãåŠį¨ãããã¨ãĢã
(ãããąãŧã¸ããčŋŊå ããrubyã ãŖããããĻãã-1.9.1ãåãŖãĻãã¤ãŗãšããŧãĢã¨ãããã¨ãã¯rootã§ãããããĢããã°åæ§ãĢã§ããã¨æããžã)
% gem-1.9.1 source -a % gem-1.9.1 install termtter
ããã§termtterã¨ãããŗããŗãã$HOME/local/binãĢå
ĨãŖãĻãã¯ãã
termtterãŽREADMEæ°ã~/.termtter/configãĢ
config.user_name = 'USERNAME' config.password = 'PASSWORD'
ãĻãŧãļåã¨ããšã¯ãŧããæ¸ãããåžã¯ãããããĢtermtterã¨ãããŗããŗããåŠãã°ããããã§ããããããŽã§ããããããžããĄããĄãŽč¨åŽããĄã¤ãĢã¨ããĢããšã¯ãŧãã¨ãæ¸ãæŖãããããĒããŽã§pitãäŊŋããã¨ãĢããžãã
% gem-1.9.1 install pit
ããã§pitãŽã¤ãŗãšããŧãĢãã§ãããŽã§ä¸æēåOKã.termtter/configãĢã¯äģĨä¸ãŽãããĢč¨čŋ°ããžãã
require "rubygems" require "pit" pit = Pit.get("twitter", :require =>{ "username" => "id or email", "password" => "password" }) config.user_name = pit["username"] config.password = pit["password"]
ãããĻtermtterã¨ãããŗããŗããåŠãã¨į°åĸå¤æ°EDITORãĢč¨åŽãããã¨ããŖãŋ*1ã§
--- username: your id or email password: your password
ãĒãŠã¨čĄ¨į¤ēããããŽã§
--- username: hogelog password: himitsu
ãŽãããĢæ¸ãæããĻäŋåãįĩäēããĻãã ãããusernameã¨passwordãåãŖãĻãã°temttterãčĩˇåããĻãŋã¤ã ãŠã¤ãŗã襨į¤ēãããã¯ãã§ããæŦĄåããã¯pitã.pit/ããusernameã¨passwordãčĒãŋåēããĻããããŽã§å
Ĩåããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžããã
Happy temtter Life!
ã¨ãããããč¨äēã¯ããįĩļ寞ãŠãããĢããã¨æããã ããŠčĻããããĒããŖããŽã§æ¸ããã
*1:ãįĄããŖããã¨ãŠãŧåēããã |
### īŧĒīŧˇããĄã¤ããĢã¯ãŗãŗãŖãã¸ãŖãŦã¤ãĸåŖåīŧ
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Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ÉĄaĘs/; German: GauÃ, pronounced [ÉĄaĘs] ( listen); Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss) (30 April 1777 â 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician who contributed significantly to many fields, including number theory, algebra, statistics, analysis, differential geometry, geodesy, geophysics, mechanics, electrostatics, astronomy, matrix theory, and optics.
Sometimes referred to as the Princeps mathematicorum (Latin, "the Prince of Mathematicians" or "the foremost of mathematicians") and "greatest mathematician since antiquity", Gauss had an exceptional influence in many fields of mathematics and science and is ranked as one of history's most influential mathematicians. Carl Friedrich Gauss was born on 30 April 1777 in Brunswick (Braunschweig), in the Duchy of Brunswick-WolfenbÃŧttel (now part of Lower Saxony, Germany), as the son of poor working-class parents. His mother was illiterate and never recorded the date of his birth, remembering only that he had been born on a Wednesday, eight days before the Feast of the Ascension, which itself occurs 39 days after Easter. Gauss later solved this puzzle about his birthdate in the context of finding the date of Easter, deriving methods to compute the date in both past and future years. He was christened and confirmed in a church near the school he attended as a child. Gauss was a child prodigy. When he was eight, he figured out how to add up all the numbers from 1 to 100. There are also many other anecdotes about his precocity while a toddler, and he made his first ground-breaking mathematical discoveries while still a teenager. He completed Disquisitiones Arithmeticae, his magnum opus, in 1798 at the age of 21, though it was not published until 1801. This work was fundamental in consolidating number theory as a discipline and has shaped the field to the present day. Gauss's intellectual abilities attracted the attention of the Duke of Brunswick, who sent him to the Collegium Carolinum (now Braunschweig University of Technology), which he attended from 1792 to 1795, and to the University of GÃļttingen from 1795 to 1798. While at university, Gauss independently rediscovered several important theorems. His breakthrough occurred in 1796 when he showed that a regular polygon can be constructed by compass and straightedge if and only if the number of sides is the product of distinct Fermat primes and a power of 2. This was a major discovery in an important field of mathematics; construction problems had occupied mathematicians since the days of the Ancient Greeks, and the discovery ultimately led Gauss to choose mathematics instead of philology as a career. Gauss was so pleased by this result that he requested that a regular heptadecagon be inscribed on his tombstone. The stonemason declined, stating that the difficult construction would essentially look like a circle. The year 1796 was most productive for both Gauss and number theory. He discovered a construction of the heptadecagon on 30 March. He further advanced modular arithmetic, greatly simplifying manipulations in number theory. On 8 April he became the first to prove the quadratic reciprocity law. This remarkably general law allows mathematicians to determine the solvability of any quadratic equation in modular arithmetic. The prime number theorem, conjectured on 31 May, gives a good understanding of how the prime numbers are distributed among the integers. Gauss also discovered that every positive integer is representable as a sum of at most three triangular numbers on 10 July and then jotted down in his diary the note: "ÎÎĨÎĄÎÎÎ! num = Î + Î + Î". On October 1 he published a result on the number of solutions of polynomials with coefficients in finite fields, which 150 years later led to the Weil conjectures. |
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Lowell was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, of a family long influential in New England commerce, history, and culture. Her ancestors founded Lowell, Massachusetts; George Washington had appointed one a judge; others founded the Lowell textile mills. But the family lineage also included scholars and educators and the poet James Russell Lowell. Largely self-educated and more than slightly self-assured, she turned to writing poetry seriously in her thirties, publishing her first book in 1912. Inspired by H.D.'s poetry, she took up the imagist banner, editing anthologies and publishing related criticism. All this infuriated Ezra Pound, who thought he owned the movement, but in fact it was Lowell who opened and lengthened the imagist line and helped make it integral to modernist poetry.
Among the poems published here are a group of intensely lyrical love poems written to her longtime companion, Ada Dwyer Russell, but no brief selection can represent Lowell's full range. She excelled at free verse and in the use of traditional forms, in compressed imagistic poems and in longer historical and political narratives. Her massive Collected Poems, regrettably long out of print, includes experiments in numerous other styles as well. See instead the well-edited Selected Poems of Amy Lowell (2002). Lowellâs publications include a biography of John Keats and a series of experiments in "polyphonic prose" that embodied several features of poetic language. |
Facts About the Glory Lily
Known in Hindi as Kalihari, the glory lily (Gloriosa superba L.) is a vine that blossoms with exotic, patterned flowers. It thrives in U..S. Department of Agriculture Plant Hardiness Zones 8 through 9, though you can grow it in other zones if you bring the tuberous roots indoors during the winter. The glory lily's offbeat look makes it a graceful addition to a home or tropical garden, but you should consider all of its characteristics before planting it.
Glory lilies grow in many parts of tropical Africa and Asia, especially India. Though Ayurveda and Yunani medicine traditions say that glory lilies have medicinal value, all parts of these plants are toxic. This makes them dangerous plants to have in a house or garden with young children or pets. They are considered perennial herbs and climbing vines, with tendrils on the ends of the leaves that allow them to attach themselves to support structures as they climb.
Glory lilies climb for 5 feet or more, with leaves that are 4-to-5 inches long but less than an inch wide. The flowers are about half as long as the leaves. The flower petals, wavy on the edges, tend to start yellow near the vine, then become a flaming red closer to the outer edges.
Glory lilies appreciate fertile soil rich in humus. You can plant them in a sunny spot in February, giving them time to settle before their summer blooming period. Because their stems are fragile, it's smart to plant them in a site protected from strong winds and weather. During the growing season, glory lilies need regular watering so the soil doesn't dry out -- though you shouldn't let the soil become soggy because this can lead to root rot
Because glory lilies have tender, tuberous roots that can't always survive plunging winter temperatures, you should bring them inside for winter if you worry about even the occasional freezing night. To do this, you'll need to wait for a winter frost to kill the foliage, then loosen the soil around the roots and gently lift the plant from its position. The soil needs to be rinsed from the roots. Once the tuberous roots have had several days to dry in a ventilated area that is between 60 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit, away from direct sunlight, you can dust them with an insecticide-fungicide if you have pests in your garden. At this point, the roots are ready for winter storage, preferably in a bag with holes or in a pot or box covered with peat moss. After two months in storage between at a temperature between 40 and 50 degrees, you can replant them in an indoor environment to prepare them for spring growth again. |
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Influenza A virus has a wide host range, which facilitates rapid viral evolution and has produced a diverse pool of influenza viruses worldwide. Pigs can be infected with human, swine and avian origin influenza A viruses, and infection in swine typically causes respiratory disease characterized by fever, cough, nasal discharge, and fatigue. When pigs and people are in close contact, influenza A viruses can spread between the two species, which is one way new influenza pandemics can be generated. When a person becomes infected with a swine origin influenza A virus it is termed a variant virus infection and denoted with a "v" after the subtype (e.g. H3N2v). This transmission between species has happened periodically, but swine-to-human transmission has been documented most frequently at swine exhibitions during agricultural fairs.
Agricultural fairs are educational settings across North America where pigs are exhibited by youth learning about agriculture, animal husbandry, and food production. Agricultural fairs differ from commercial swine production facilities because they create lengthy periods of commingling multi-source pigs with millions of people. While exhibition pigs represent a very small part of the overall swine industry, they are the most common way for the public to interface with pigs and their pathogens.
In the past 5 years, cases of influenza A H1N1v, H1N2v, and H3N2v have all been associated with swine exhibitions. In 2012 there were a total of 309 cases of H3N2v identified in 12 states with the majority of the cases being swine exhibitors at agricultural fairs (Bliss, et al., 2016). Despite mitigation efforts, variant influenza virus infections continue to occur. Most recently, 18 people became ill during 2016 after attending fairs in Michigan and Ohio (Schicker, R.S., et al., 2016). Most healthy individuals recover from influenza infections with no difficulties; however, influenza complications are more likely for children younger than 5 years of age, people 65 years of age and older, pregnant women, and people with certain long-term health conditions (CDC, 2016).
In a 3-year survey of fairs in the Midwest United States, 23% of fairs had influenza-infected pigs (Killian, M.L., et al., 2012). Many fairs are weeklong events with animals on display for the duration of the fair, which gives ample time for the virus to spread among the pigs. Typically, less than 1.5% of pigs arrive at a fair with influenza, but these few infected pigs are able to spread the virus to nearly all the other pigs by the end of the fair (Bliss, et al., 2016; Killian, et al., 2012). One recommendation aimed at minimizing influenza transmission at fairs is to limit the time pigs are on the fairgrounds to 72 hours (Bowman et al., 2014). Additionally, public health officials recommended people wash their hands with soap and running water before and after exposure to animals. Eating and drinking should not occur in animal areas, and attendees should refrain from bringing pacifiers, sipping cups, or strollers into animal areas. A veterinarian should be contacted if pigs are suspected to be sick and people should avoid close contact with animals that look or act ill.
Since exhibitions allow for viral transmission, producers should take care to protect non-exhibition swine at home. As an example, exhibition pigs should be isolated from herd mates and observed for clinical signs of influenza for at least seven days after an exhibition to prevent transmission to pigs that did not attend the fair. Additionally, equipment, clothing, shoes, and vehicles/trailers should be cleaned and disinfected before and after exhibitions (Bowman et al., 2014).
Agricultural fairs are valuable settings for youth and the public to learn about agriculture and food production systems. The risk of catching influenza from pigs at a fair can be reduced by following good hygiene practices, avoiding noticeably sick animals, and reducing the time pigs are comingled together. Fairs are a celebration of culture and an anticipated socializing event in many communities, but it is important that people at risk for complications from influenza infection are aware of the possible health risks. |
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Toilet paper rolls are a great crafting material for both kids and adults. You can use them for many imaginative projects, from creating art and jewelry to making practical everyday items. Here are just a few ideas for crafting with toilet paper rolls:
1. Make an art sculpture by deconstructing and reconstructing the toilet paper rolls in interesting shapes and patterns. You can use glue, markers, and/or paint to decorate your sculpture.
2. Create a puppet theater by cutting out an arch shape from a large cardboard box and some windows and doors. Attach the toilet paper rolls to the front of the box to make puppet stick holders, and youâre all set for some fun puppet shows.
3. Craft a fantastic bird feeder by cutting a few slots in the rolls and filling them with birdseed. Thread a piece of twine through the center of the rolls and hang them from a tree or other support in your backyard.
4. Make jewelry by painting the rolls, decorating them with glitter, wrapping them in yarn and ribbon, and attaching them to keychains.
5. Repurpose the rolls into storage containers. Wrap the rolls in colorful paper or fabric and secure with glue. Then, you can use the containers to store jewelry, office supplies, keys, and much more.
No matter what you have in mind, there are plenty of ways to craft with toilet paper rolls. With a little creativity, you can make something amazing!
How do you reuse toilet paper rolls?
One of the most popular ways is to use them to store items. For example, you can use them to organize cords, makeup brushes, office supplies, craft supplies, and other small items. You can decorate and paint toilet paper rolls to match your dÊcor, or use them as is to add an extra touch to a room.
Additionally, you can cut and fold the rolls for easy storage, essentially making containers.
Using the cardboard from toilet paper rolls can also be used for a variety of arts and crafts projects. You can make dolls, animals, ornaments, and/or toys with toilet paper rolls. With a few simple decorations (e. g.
paint, paper, fabric, etc. ), you can create a beautiful piece of art. Toilet paper rolls can also be used as a starting point for garlands, birdhouses, or other unique decorations.
Ultimately, extending the life of an item by reusing it is one of the main tenets of sustainability. Whenever possible, it is important to look for ways to repurpose items instead of throwing them away.
Reusing toilet paper rolls is a great way to practice sustainability and ensure that resources are used as efficiently as possible.
What can I do with cardboard toilet paper?
Cardboard toilet paper rolls can be used in a variety of creative ways! If youâre feeling crafty, consider making some home decor pieces like wall hangings, vases, and photo frames. With a little paint and a creative touch, you can transform an ordinary cardboard toilet paper roll into a home decor piece that fits your taste and style.
You can also use cardboard toilet paper rolls for DIY projects like seed starters, small planters, and jewelry organizers. Other creative uses for cardboard toilet paper rolls include making a toy car track, a play kitchen, or even spending time with the kids by making a robot out of several cardboard tubes.
Lastly, cardboard toilet paper rolls can be used to store items like pens and pencils, craft supplies, and charging cables.
How do you make a flower out of toilet paper tubes?
Making a flower out of toilet paper tubes is a great way to reuse materials and make something beautiful! Here are the steps youâll need to take to create your flower:
1. Begin by collecting several empty toilet paper tubes. You can use colors to make the flower more interesting or use all the same colors.
2. Cut each tube into several petal shapes. You can use a ruler to draw a line and then cut the petal shapes. Make sure you have an even number of petals so your flower is symmetrical.
3. Take your petals and bend them slightly at the bottom to give them a slightly curved shape.
4. Take two petals and layer them together. Secure them together with a small piece of tape.
5. Repeat this for all the petals. You should end up with about 8 petals when all is said and done.
6. Now, youâre ready to start building your flower. Take two petals and layer them together. Secure them in the middle with a piece of tape.
7. Take two more petals and place them on either side of the first two. Secure these petals together with a piece of tape as well.
8. Continue repeating this pattern until all your petals are connected.
9. Finally, once all your petals are connected, take a piece of string or ribbon and wrap it around the center of the flower to secure it together.
And there you have it! Youâve just created a beautiful flower out of toilet paper tubes. Have fun creating your masterpiece!
How do you make Christmas rollers with toilet rolls?
Making Christmas rollers with toilet rolls is a fun and creative way to get into the Christmas spirit! Hereâs what youâll need: toilet rolls, colored paper, glue, scissors, and optional decorations (stickers, spray paint, ribbon, etc. ).
First, youâll need to cut the toilet rolls into 4-5 equal parts and make sure you have an even number. Then, glue these pieces together in a round shape to make the shape of your Christmas roller.
Next, cover the toilet roll with a colorful piece of paper. You can either glue the paper directly onto the roll, or you can use tape.
Once the paper is in place, you can start decorating! To give your rollers a festive look, you can add on ribbon, tinsel, twine, stickers, or paint. Itâs really up to you and how creative you want to get!.
You can also use the toilet rollers to make other crafts, like Christmas trees or snowmen. You can even use them as gift tags or hang them as ornaments.
No matter how you choose to use them, making Christmas rollers with toilet rolls is a great way to get into the holiday spirit and create something unique and fun!
How do you reuse cardboard tubes?
Cardboard tubes can be reused in a variety of creative ways. For example, they can be transformed into decorative storage containers by wrapping the tubes with fabric, paper, or ribbon, and adding handles or pompoms for embellishment.
They can also be used as craft supply holders by gluing together multiple tubes and placing them in a shoe organizer for easy access. Additionally, the tubes can be used to store kitchen items or arts and crafts supplies.
Furthermore, you can customize the tubes by painting them or decorating them with stickers and decoupage. Moreover, the tubes can be used to make decorative centerpieces, hanging planters, wall art, ornaments, puppets, vases, napkin rings, and many other things.
Overall, there are endless possibilities when it comes to reusing cardboard tubes for crafting and decorating purposes.
Do toilet paper rolls decompose?
Yes, toilet paper rolls do decompose over time. When a toilet paper roll, or any other paper product, is exposed to the elements, it will eventually start to decompose. Factors such as sunlight, water, and temperature all play a role in the rate of decomposition.
The outer layers of the toilet paper roll will start to break down first before hitting the inner layers. In addition, the adhesives and any other chemicals used in the production of the toilet paper roll will also affect the decomposition process.
To help speed up the decomposition process, you can break apart the toilet paper roll into smaller pieces. Additionally, placing the pieces in an area with a lot of light, moisture, and warmth will further help accelerate the process.
Does toilet paper go out of date?
No, toilet paper does not go out of date. A roll of toilet paper will last indefinitely as long as it is stored properly and kept out of gardens, sewers, and other dirt, and away from moisture. Toilet paper is made of paper, which doesnât contain any preservatives and is designed to break down over time, but it will not go bad or out of date like foods and other products.
Over time, the toilet paper may become unusable due to dust, moisture, and other environmental factors, but it will not spoil or go bad like food. The best way to keep it from going out of date is to store it in a cool and dry place and to keep it out of direct sunlight.
Do Indians use toilet paper?
Yes, Indians use toilet paper. Most households in India, especially in cities and urban areas, use toilet paper. Although it is not as common as other parts of the world, many people still prefer it as a way to maintain personal hygiene.
Apart from toilet paper, many Indians also use water to clean themselves. This is usually done with either a bidet attachment, a bucket and mug, or a nozzle, depending on the individualâs preference and the type of bathroom they have.
In some places, Indians also use disposable napkins to clean up after using the toilet.
How do you cut a paper towel roll in half?
If you need to cut a paper towel roll in half, the best way to do so is by unrolling the length of the roll and cutting it with a sharp knife. To ensure that the edges are even, you could use a ruler as a guide and make sure the knife stays level.
Use a gentle, sawing motion as you cut, and make sure to keep your fingers away from the cutting edge. Once the paper towel roll is cut in half, you can discard the jagged edges and keep the two halves for later use.
How do you cut paper in small pieces?
To cut paper into small pieces, youâll need a sharp pair of scissors and some technique. Start by using a ruler to measure and mark out the size you want to make the cut. Make sure you measure accurately so that your cut pieces are even.
Once you have done this, place the ruler along the line you have marked and fold the paper up to meet the ruler. Then, hold the paper in place with one hand, and use the other hand to hold the scissors.
Ensure that you are keeping the paper taut against the ruler with your free hand while you cut. Finally, cut along the ruler, with slow and steady even strokes, to create a precise and even cut.
How many trees are cut down for a roll of toilet paper?
The exact number of trees cut down for one roll of toilet paper is impossible to determine, as it depends on several factors, such as the type of toilet paper used, the type of trees used and the source of the trees.
According to estimates, approximately 12-15 trees are cut down to make one ton of toilet paper, which works out to be about one tree cut down for one roll of toilet paper. However, the amount of paper used varies from country to country, so the number of trees cut down may be higher in some countries than others.
Additionally, some types of toilet paper require more trees cut down than others, and some brands are more eco-friendly than others. For example, tree-free toilet paper made with bamboo or sugarcane pulp contains no trees in its production.
How do you do a tomboy stitch?
The tomboy stitch is a fun and creative knitting stitch thatâs perfect for creative hats and scarves. To do the tomboy stitch, youâll need two knitting needles, some yarn, and a pair of scissors. First, youâll want to cast on the number of stitches you need to make your project.
Then, youâll knit your first row using the knit stitch. Next, youâll purl the second row. To do the tomboy stitch, youâll need to knit one and purl one repeat on the third row, until you reach the final knit stitches.
Then, youâll do a knit two together to create a double decrease. Repeat this pattern across the entire row and youâll have a knitted tomboy stitch! When youâre finished with the pattern, youâll want to cast off the stitches and finish with a few loops on your needle to create a secure finish.
Finally, snip your yarn and pull the remaining stitch through the last loop to secure it and youâre finished! With a little practice, youâll be able to create beautiful projects with this creative tomboy stitch.
How do you do French knitting?
French knitting, also known as spool knitting, is a traditional craft that uses a spool (or bonnet) with four or more nails to create long lengths of knitted cord. To get started with French knitting you will need a spool, gimp (thread or yarn), scissors, and something to wrap the cord around, such as a pen, pencil, or crochet hook.
Start by tying a knot onto the end of the gimp and wrapping the gimp around the spool nails. Use your other hand to hold the gimp in place at the top of the spool. Begin to turn the spool in one direction (itâs usually easier to work in an anti-clockwise motion) â as you turn the spool the gimp will wrap around the spool nails, making a loop at the top of the spool.
If you turn the spool in the same direction enough times, the loops will start to slide down the nails, creating the knitted cord. To add more rows, repeat the wrapping process and keep turning the spool in the same direction.
As you get into a rhythm you can adjust the tension of the yarn to create a nice tight knit. When itâs time to finish your work, use the scissors to cut the gimp from the spool and tie a knot to secure the cord.
You now have an amazing piece of textured cord that can be used for a variety of craft and textile projects!.
How do you finger knit easily?
Finger knitting is an easy and fun way to create unique craft pieces. Itâs an inexpensive craft and all you need is yarn and your fingers. Here are some simple steps to help you finger knit:
1. Start by cutting a piece of yarn that is four times the length of the item you want to create. Chunky yarn works best for finger knitting, though you can use any kind of yarn including regular acrylic yarn if you prefer.
2. Cut a piece of yarn to use for tying off your project. This should be about three times the length of the item you are making.
3. Take two of your fingers and hold them together. Take the yarn and wrap it around your fingers until you have five loops. Itâs important to keep the same tension throughout.
4. Take the fifth loop and pull it over the fourth loop. Then take the fourth loop and pull it up and over the third loop. Continue this process until you have just one loop left on your fingers.
5. Take the end of the yarn and pass it through the last loop. Now you have one loop wrapped around your finger and an end of the yarn.
6. Grab the other end of your yarn and repeat steps 2-5. When you are finished, tie the two ends of the yarn together. Cut any extra yarn.
7. Now you can start finger knitting. Slide the loops off your fingers, gather them together, and slide one loop over the other, just like you did in step 4. Continue this process until you are done with your project.
If you want to embellish your project, you can add beads, ribbons, or buttons for a more personal touch. Finger knitting is an easy and creative way to make gifts, accessories, or home dÊcor. With just a little practice, youâll be able to create beautiful items in no time!.
Can you cut paper with miter saw?
Yes, you can cut paper with a miter saw. The miter saw is a great tool for making clean and accurate straight, angled, and compound cuts on a variety of materials, including paper. It is important to use a sharp blade when making cuts with the miter saw.
If you are using a 10â miter saw, look for a blade specifically designed for cutting paper, which typically has more teeth. When making your cuts, be sure to use adjustable clamps to secure the paper in place.
This will help prevent it from shifting and tearing when the blade passes through. Make sure you have adequate lighting, so you can see where youâre cutting. Also, keep your fingers and other body parts away from the blade during use.
Lastly, wear protective eyewear to protect your eyes from flying particles.
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"Secondary bacterial infections cause much of the sickness and about 25 percent of all deaths during the flu season, and 50 to 95 percent of deaths during pandemics of influenza," says Jonathan McCullers, an infectious disease specialist at St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and co-author of a study that suggests a new way of treating such conditions. "Eliminating these secondary infections could dramatically reduce the sickness and death rates among susceptible populations such as infants and the elderly."
McCullers and Vincent Fischetti, co-heads of the Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology at the Rockefeller University, provide evidence that the enzyme lysin can be tailored to kill specific secondary pathogens before they pounce on compromised immune systems. Fischetti notes that this technology could potentially be used to prevent pandemics during an avian or other flu outbreak by destroying secondary germs that might attack when the immune system is compromised. "If we can go in and, during a pandemic, treat individuals that are either susceptible to fluâthe elderly or young childrenâor basically everybody during that period of time and decolonize them," he says, "we have a better chance of saving a lot of lives."
The researchers used lysin, a protein antibody typically produced by a virus after it has infected and hijacked a host cell's machinery to replicate. Once several copies of the virus exist, it manufactures lysin, which punches holes in the cell wall allowing it to escape. "You can't use antibiotics to eliminate a carrier," or germs that lay dormant in the body, explains Fischetti, "otherwise you run into a lot more serious resistance problems."
After injecting colonies of S. pneumoniae into the noses of mice, the scientists infected some of them with an influenza virus and the others were given a harmless solution. Sixty-three percent of the influenza-infected mice developed the flu and then also contracted middle ear infections. Those mice that did not get infected with the flu also avoided the secondary bacterial illness, despite carrying the bacteria. The researchers repeated the experiment, but this time they nasally administered lysin to one of the groups after introducing the bacteria. The results, published in PLoS Pathogens: after fighting off the flu, 80 percent of the mice that did not receive lysin developed acute otitis. None of the mice given lysin were stricken with ear infections.
"In my mind, it's a no-brainer experiment," says Fischetti. "If the [S. pneumoniae] organisms are there, they have the potential of causing disease; if they're not there, they can't cause disease. Basically what we're doing is removing them very specifically, without disturbing the mucus membrane organisms."
Fischetti notes that his research team has developed lysin complexes that target bacteria, which cause illnesses such as strep throat, pneumonia and meningitis and are typically treated with increasingly ineffective antibiotics. In addition, he says that one lysin in his arsenal targets the bacterial agent anthrax, inhalation of which can lead to cold and flulike symptoms followed by shortness of breath, muscle aches and, in some cases, death. "We've shown in animal models that if you give an animal anthrax and then intravenous anthrax enzyme," Fischetti says, "you can cure 90 percent of the animals."
He expects to begin human lysin trials within three years and says the drug could be available as a nasal spray for public use in six or seven years. |
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Contrary to popular perception, strokes do not predominantly afflict men. Every year 425,000 women experience a stroke -- around 55,000 times more than men -- and The National Stroke Association reports that twice as many women die from stroke than breast cancer.
Women and stroke
The Hazel K. Goddess Fund for Stroke Research in Women has one clear mission: to eradicate the impact of stroke from women's lives.
The organization describes stroke as a "low profile killer" of women and focuses on female-centered stroke research exclusively. "Since the physiology of women's bodies is different from men's in many ways," the organization explains, "stroke preventions and treatments may affect women differently."
Many women are not aware of or concerned with the risks related to stroke. Around 40 percent of women surveyed claimed to be either merely somewhat or not at all concerned about having a stroke, according to the National Stroke Association.
Many stroke symptoms are common for both women and men. Nonetheless, women may experience these warning signs suddenly: chest pain, face and limb pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, general weakness, hiccups and nausea, reported the National Stroke Association.
Likewise, certain risk-factors are exclusive to women: birth control medication, pregnancy and Hormone Replacement Therapy for menopause relief. Other risk-factors include high triglyceride levels (blood fat) and excess abdominal fat.
After menopause, a women's risk of stroke escalates considerably, due to the disappearance of the natural cardiovascular protection from their hormones.
"During this time, blood pressure and cholesterol levels rise at a faster rate, increasing stroke risk," explained Jan Flewelling, a registered nurse and stroke outreach coordinator for the Methodist Neurological Institute.
Michael Smith, a medical doctor with Life Extension, noted that women with extra belly fat and high triglyceride levels are up to five times as likely to suffer stroke.
Atrial fibrillation strokes are twice as deadly as other strokes, says Mellanie True Hills, CEO of StopAfib.org. If women feel palpitations (similar to fish flopping in their chests), this could be a sign of atrial fibrillation, a major cause of strokes.
Hills says, "For women, doctors often think it's stress or panic attacks, and may not get their atrial fibrillation diagnosed promptly, putting women at great risk for stroke."
Zachariah P. Zachariah, president and director of the Fort Lauderdale Heart Institute, says people should learn the mnemonic F.A.S.T., which helps determine whether someone is experiencing a stroke.
First, check the woman's face, by asking her to smile and seeing if one side is lower than the other. Second, ask her to raise both of her arms and check if one arms sags lower than the other. Third, ask her to say something simple to see if her speech is slurred or strange. Fourth, document the time that you saw any of these symptoms.
Call 911 immediately if any of these symptoms are present. "Many times," Zachariah says, "the the difference between a full and partial recovery is minutes." |
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ããããã¨ããåąąéããã°ããé˛ãã¨ãåŊéãĢåēãã
ä¸įĸäŊãŽä¸åŋå°ãéãããããĢåĨĨãĢé˛ãã¨ãå°ããĒåąąéãŽéčŊãŽä¸ãĢãæ°į°ãŽæĄãčĻããĻããã
樚éŊĸīŧīŧīŧåš´ã樚éĢīŧīŧīŊãŽå ã
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ååãŽã˛ãããŽæĄã¨åæ§ãåäēēææãŽæĄã§ããã
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ããŽæĄãæåžãĢīŧæĨéãŽæŽåŊąãįĩããå¸°čˇ¯ãĢã¤ãã
ããŽæĨã¯æ šå°žããå§ãžãã大åŖéčŋãæĩéŖå¨čžēãčĩ°ãåããæįĩįãĢã¯ä¸å¤ŽéãŽæĩéŖããéˇééãä¸äŋĄčļéãįĩįąãéĸčļéãŽæ¸æģãéŋããĻåéĸæąéįĩįąã§å¸°ãŖãã
ããŽæĨã¯īŧæĨã§īŧīŧīŧīŊīŊãåēįēããīŧæĨéã§īŧīŧīŧīŧīŊīŊã¨ãããã¨ãã§ããĒãčˇéĸãčĩ°ãŖãĻããžãŖãã
æŦĄåã¯åēįēåãĢæŽåŊąãããč¨åįãŽå¤§æ¸ãŽæĄãį´šäģãã
## ã˛ãããŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧå˛éįæĩéŖå¸ä¸˛åä¸æ˛ĸīŧ
å˛éįæĩéŖå¸ä¸˛åä¸æ˛ĸ
ãŠãĄããĢããĻãä¸æč°ãĒååã§ããã
ããã¯ä¸åŽ
åŽļã¨ããåäēēãææããæĄã§ããã˛ãããã¨ã¯ä¸åŽ
åŽļãŽåąåˇã ãŖãã
ãæĨåããŽæåŗã ããã ã
čģãåããããããŠããããããĒããŽã§ãæŠããĻä¸ãã
åŽéãĢã¯é§čģå ´ãį¨æãããĻããã
ã¨ãĻã大äēãĢåŽãããĻããæ§åãäŧēããã
ãã˛ããããŽåãŽéããåčĨŋãĢéããã¨ããã§ã¨ãĻãæĨåŊãããããã
æĒãŽįˇãčæ¯ãĢæĩŽããŗä¸ããæĄã¯ã¨ãĻãįžããããããŖãąãīŧīŊīŧæĨé
ããŖãããã ã
č¨åããæĨãã¨č¨ãã¨ãã¨ãĻãæčŋããĻãã ããŖããīŧå¨ãããæ°´æ¸ãĢãããŖãããã¨ãŽãã¨īŧ
æ¨æĨã¯åčãŽäēēãæŽåŊąãĢæĨããããããã
čĻãįĨãããŽčĻįŠåŽĸãã¨ãĻãæããčŋããĻããããããŽäēēæãĢåŋåēææŋããã
## éč°ˇãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧå˛éįæĩéŖå¸åąąå˛Ąįēīŧ
éč°ˇãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
å˛éįæĩéŖå¸åąąå˛Ąįē
å˛ŠæãŽčž˛æéčŊéĸ¨æ¯ãįēããĒãããä¸æĻčĨŋãŽæšãĢåããã
ææēãĢã大æŖæãã¨ããã¨ãããããŖãĻãããŽéčŋãĢäŊæŦããŽæĄãããã¯ãã ãŖãããčĻåŊéããŽã¨ãããæĸããããããįĩåąããããĒããŖãããããããã¨ã
å°ããĢãŧããã¯ãããéč°ˇãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠãŽæŽåŊąãããã
ããã¯éčˇ¯æ˛ŋããĢããŖãĻãį°ĄåãĢãããŖãã
æŦĄåã¯ã˛ãããŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
## éŋåŧĨéå ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧå˛éįæĩéŖå¸å¯į°īŧ
éŋåŧĨéå ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
å˛éįæĩéŖå¸å¯į°
įĩåĄããå
ãĢé˛ãŋãéčŋãŽæĄīŧäģãĢãäŊæŦãããããã ãŖãīŧãæĸããĻæŠãã
ããŽæĄã¯éčˇ¯æ˛ŋããĢãããŽã§ãããããŖãã
ãéŋåŧĨéå ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠãã¨ããååã¯åŽãã§ã¯ãĒãããīŧ¨īŧ°ãĒãŠãčĻãéããããŽæ¨ãŽãã¨ã ããã¨æãã
æŦĄåã¯éč°ˇãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
## įĩåĄãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧå˛éįæĩéŖå¸å˛Šæįēīŧ
įĩåĄãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
å˛éįæĩéŖå¸å˛Šæįēå¯į°
å˛Šæįēå¯į°ãŽčž˛ææ¯čĻŗã¯ãįŦŦīŧåæĨæŦãŽããæ¯čĻŗãŗãŗããšããīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧåš´īŧãŽéčŊé¨éã§čž˛ææ°´įŖ大čŖčŗīŧæéĢčŗīŧãåčŗããã
ããŽãŋã¤ããĢã¯ãį°åãŽå¤æŽãã
ãããããĢåžæããįå°ãŽä¸ãĢãæãĒãããŽčž˛åŽļãåčĩãįšå¨ãã螲ææ¯čĻŗãéˇæãčĒãéĸ¨æ¯ã§ããã
ããŽå°åãĢã¯äŊæŦããŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠãįšå¨ããĻããããåŽéãĢã¯ãĒããĒãæĸããĢãããŖãã
ããŽä¸ã§ããŽåį°åˇįĩåĄã¯ãå¨čžēãĢéåŽŗįŠããĒããŽã§ãįšãĢįŽįĢã¤īŧæŦã ãŖãã
æŦĄåã¯éŋåŧĨéå ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
## ææäēåēĻæĄīŧå˛éį大éįēīŧ
å˛éį大éįēåæš
å˛éįãĢã¯ãåŊæåŽå¤Šįļč¨åŋĩįŠãŽæĄãīŧæŦãããããã¯å
¨åŊä¸å¤ãã
ãä¸å°å§ĢčĒéĄæĄããæ šå°žč°ˇãŽæˇĄåĸ¨æĄããĢįļããããŽč¨äēã§īŧæŦįļããĻį´šäģãããã¨ãĢãĒãã
æŽãä¸æŦã¯åŽŽæãŽãčĨéžæĄãããããčĻããæĄã§ããã
ã¤ããļã¯ãŠãŽå¤į¨Žã§ãä¸ã¤ãŽæ¨ãĢä¸éã¨å
ĢéãŽčąãå˛ãã
å
ĢéãŽčąã¯ãä¸åēĻããŧãã§ããåãŗéčąãããŽã§ãäēåēĻæĄã¨åãĨããããĻããã
ä¸čŦįãĢč¨ãäēåēĻå˛ãã¨ã¯į°ãĒãã
ãĒããäēåēĻå˛ããããŽã¯īŧæŦãŽæĄãĢæ°åã ãã§ããã
äģåš´ãīŧæŦãčŋŊå æåŽãĢãĒããããŽã¤ããŗãæēåãčĄãããĻããã
æŦĄåã¯įĩåĄãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
## æ šå°žč°ˇãŽæˇĄåĸ¨æĄīŧå˛éįæŦåˇŖå¸īŧ
å˛éįæŦåˇŖå¸æŋæ
ä¸æĨæģæĄã¨åąąéĢįĨäģŖæĄã¯äŊåēĻãčĻãĻããããããŽæĄã¯åããĻã§ããã
ããĄãããæ¯åš´įãŖãĻã¯ãããŽã ãããĒããĒãææãåãããäģåš´ããã¨ææ°čžŧãã§čĄãŖãããããŖãąãīŧæĨãģãŠé
ããŖãããã ã
åąąéĢįĨäģŖæĄãŽãæ¨åŽīŧīŧīŧīŧåš´ãĢã¯åã°ãĒãããæĨæŦæå¤ãĢčŋãæĄãĢã¯éããĒãã
äŊåēĻãæ¯æģãŽåąæŠãĢãããããããããŽéŊåēĻéĸäŋč
ãŽåĒåãĢããåįããã
įšãĢīŧīŧīŧīŧåš´ãŽæé¨įãĢããčĒŋæģã§ã¯ãīŧåš´äģĨå
ãĢæ¯æģã¨ããåąæŠįįļæŗã ãŖãã
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樚éĢīŧīŧīŧīŧīŊãįŽéãīŧīŧīŧīŊãæåŧĩãã¯æąčĨŋīŧīŧīŧīŧīŊãååīŧīŧīŧīŧīŊã¨ãããå ã
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## ä¸å°å§ĢčĒéĄæĄīŧå˛éįå˛éå¸īŧ
å˛éįå˛éå¸å¤§æ´ éĄæå¯ē
æŽåŊą īŧīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧ
å°į§īŧĒīŧŖīŧ´ã§ééããåå¤åąæšéĸãĢåããŖãĻããžããæĨæĨäēã§ä¸ããã
æ°ããåēæĨãæąæĩˇį°įļã§čĄãã°ãããŖããŽã ã
ä¸å°å§ĢčĒéĄæĄãĢįããé ãĢã¯ããĄãããŠãŠã¤ããĸãããŽæéãĢãĒãŖãã
č¤åéčļŗãŽæžåĢãč¤åčąæã¨ããäēēãĢãįžããå¨ããããįžč˛ã¨æčŊãĢæĩãžããīŧæãŽæãĢã¯åčŦ夊įãŽåã§į´ãåŧžããīŧīŧæãŽæãĢã¯ä¸äŊä¸å°ãŽäŊãžã§ããã ãããããäģĨéãä¸å°å§Ģã¨åŧã°ãããããĢãĒãŖãã
čąæã¯æŠåĨč¯éēģåãčĩˇãããåäšąãĢéĸä¸ããã¨ããĻãäšåˇãĢæĩįŊĒã¨ãĒããå§Ģã¯įļæ¯ãĢåŊãįãããããåąããéŖãéããããĄãããĄããããžããæŠããã
å§Ģã¯įžæŋãŽåŊ大æ´ãŽéãŽéĄæå¯ēã¸ãŽåčŠŖãæãįĢãŖãĻãã¯ãã°ãããŽå°ãč¨Ēãããã¨ããããéˇãæ
ãŽį˛ãã¨æãããŽåˇãčžŧãŋãŽãããĢåŠĻäēēį
ãĢãããŖãĻčĻããŋããĒããĒãæ˛ģããĒããŽã§å°ãæãĻãå§Ģã¯ãããŽå¯ēãŽčĻŗéŗæ§ãĢæããæąããä¸åŋãĢįĨãŖããããã¨ä¸æč°ãĒãã¨ãĢãį
æ°ã¯ããĄãžãĄåŋĢįããĻããžãŖããå§Ģã¯å¤§åą¤åãŗãåĸå
ãĢä¸æŦãŽæĄãæ¤ããĻãįåŋãčžŧããĻįĨãŖãããæĄãããåã¯į§ãĢäģŖããŖãĻããã¤ãžã§ãããŽčĻŗéŗæ§ããåŽãããĻãããããããĻããŽãå¨åžŗãįžããčąã§æĢæ°¸ãéŖžãŖãĻããããã
įžå¨ãŽæĄã¯æ¨šéŊĸīŧīŧīŧåš´ã¨č¨ãããĻãããŽã§ãäŊäģŖããã¨ãŽååĢã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒãã
## æĩååĻæ ĄãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧéˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸īŧ
æĩååĻæ Ąīŧæ§åąąæŦä¸åĻæ ĄīŧãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
éˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸įĢšäŊ
ããã¯æ įģãæ¯ãšãããŽããąå°ãĢãĒãŖãã
īŧīŧīŧīŧåš´åģēį¯ãŽæ Ąčã¯ãåŊįģé˛æåŊĸæå貥ãĢæåŽãããĻããã
åæ Ąã¯īŧīŧåš´ãĢįĩąåãŽããåģæ ĄããããĢīŧīŧīŧīŧåš´ãå°å
äŊæ°ããšããŧãã§äŊŋãŖãĻããæ ĄččãŽäŊč˛é¤¨ã大éĒã§ååŖããããäģåš´ååģēãããã
樚éŊĸã¯īŧīŧåš´į¨åēĻã¨čĨãããé常ãĢæ´ãŖãåŊĸãŽæĄã
æ¨é æ ĄčãĢãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠã¨ãããéˇæãčĒãéĸ¨æ¯ã§ããã
ããŽæ ĄåēãĢįĢã¤ã¨ãæã
ãŽæäģŖã¯äŊããįŊŽãåŋããĻæĨããŽã§ã¯ãĒããã¨æããã
æŦĄåã¯å˛éįãĢį§ģããä¸å°å§ĢčĒéĄæĄãŽãŠã¤ããĸãã
## ä¸įŠãŽæĄã¨įĢįŗå¯ēåãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧéˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸īŧ
éˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸äŧčąæ¨
â įĢįŗå¯ēåãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
éˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸įĢįŗ
ãããŽéĸįŊãã¨ããã¯ãįžčĄé¤¨ãŽåēã¨ããčŖå¤æãŽčŖæã¨ããŖãå ´æãĢå¤æ¨ãåå¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
ãã ãéŖ¯į°ãŽæĄã¯æŠå˛ããŽãããīŧæä¸æŦãčĻé ã§ããã
äģåã¯ä¸åŋé¨ã¯ãããéå¤ãåģģãŖãĻãŋãã
## ããã¨ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠīŧéˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸īŧ
ããã¨ãŽãˇããŦãļã¯ãŠ
éˇéįéŖ¯į°å¸æ¯čŗ
ãããã¨ãã¨ã¯ä¸æč°ãĒååã ããäžé¤åĄãŽãã¨ãããã
åå°ãŽäēēãå¤ãããč¨ãæ
ŖãããĻããååã ã¨æãã
åæ¨ã¨ãããŽã¯ãããŽååãĢãčļŖãããããŽã§ããã
éŖ¯į°å¨čžēãŽæĄã¯éčąãæŠããŽã§ããã§ãĢčĻé ã¯éããĻããã
ã¨ã¯č¨ããåéĸãŽéčˇ¯ãčļããĻäŧ¸ãŗãææ¯ãã¯ã¨ãĻãį´ æ´ãããã
æ¯čŗãŽäē¤åˇŽįšãåŗæãããåŗæšåãĢæããã¨æĄãŽä¸ãéãéãĢãĒããŽã ãããã
äšį¨čģãããŖã¨éãããã¨ãããããéããããŠããä¸åŽãĒãģãŠæãããįãéã ãŖãã
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ĨãčžŧãžãĒãæšãįĄéŖã
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æŦĄåã¯éŖ¯į°å¸éå¤ãŽæĄãīŧæŦ
## į įå¯ēãŽå°ä¸ģæĄīŧéˇéįéĢæŖŽįēīŧ
į įå¯ēãŽå°ä¸ģæĄ
éˇéįéĢæŖŽįē大åŗļåąą
æēé ŧæå
Ŧå¯é˛ãŽæĄãŽååĢã§ã樚éŊĸã¯īŧīŧīŧåš´ãģãŠã¨č¨ãããã
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äēŦéŊãĢå°ä¸ģįĨį¤žã¨ãããŽãããŖãĻããããĢå°ä¸ģæĄã¨ããæĄãããã¨č¨ãã
ããã¨äŊããŽéĸäŋããããŽããįĨããĒãã
éĢããããã樚åĸãįãã§ãé常ãĢčĻããããŽããæĄã§ããã |
# įĨæ¸å¸čĨŋåēãĢãããģãããéĨ
é ã§ãæåãĒããģãããå ããŠã¤ãã¤ãŗãģããã įĨåēåēããããĢããæ°ˇãéŖãšãĢčĄãŖãĻããžãã
å¤ãĢãĒãã¨éˇčãŽåãĒãŽã§ãããããæããĒãŖãĻããé ãĢčĄãŖãĻããžããã
## įĨæ¸å¸čĨŋåēãĢãããģãããéĨ
é ã§ãæåãĒããģãããå ããŠã¤ãã¤ãŗãģããã įĨåēåēããããĢããæ°ˇãéŖãšãĢčĄãŖãĻããžãã
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## įĨæ¸å¸čĨŋåēãĢãããģãããéĨ
é ã§ãæåãĒããģãããå ããŠã¤ãã¤ãŗãģããã įĨåēåēããããŽæ
å ąã¨ãĸã¯ãģãš
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At home, a horse is familiar with their surroundings, whether this is an outdoor arena or an indoor school. However, the atmosphere at shows, competitions and events are unfamiliar and this can cause horses to become spooky, distracted and over-excitable â even those that are normally placid. There are a number of things you can do to prepare your horse for show day, including using a non-heating fiber-based feeding plan to reduce the supply of quick-release energy.
Diet management and the horse feed which makes up a horseâs diet is key to success when competing. Forage is always an essential element of a horseâs diet as it helps to maintain digestive health. Ensuring it is clean and provides an appropriate level of nutrients to meet the horseâs requirements is also important. Just because you are increasing workload as you train for competitions, does not mean that you necessarily have to change diet. The following are all things you should check when assessing your horses ration:
Does the horse have enough âenergyâ for the work he is doing
Is the diet balanced
Is he holding his weight and condition
Are his coat and hooves in good condition
If youâre not happy with any of the above then contact a nutritionist for guidance.
Raising Fitness Levels
In some circumstances, it may be beneficial for riders to raise their own fitness levels as well as the fitness levels of the horse. An out-of-balance rider could inhibit the performance of a horse during the competition so it is important that riders are also working on their own stamina. During training, it is important to remember that a tired horse is more prone to injury, so ensuring that you build his workload up gradually will help to reduce the risk of problems.
Hydration is inextricably linked to performance and if you are staying away from home, getting your horse to drink can be a challenge. Adding cordial or food flavouring to water is one way of masking a change or you can take your own water to the event. Horses often prefer water from the tank in the field rather than that straight from the tap â even at home! Electrolytes should also be provided to replenish those lost during exercise. If your horse wonât drink them in the water, add them to wet, slushy feed to aid absorption.
The cool-down period after a competition is important as it allows the body temperature and respiration rate to return to normal â if this is taking longer than usual it may indicate a problem and you should seek veterinary help. The cool down is also when the body is clearing any waste from the body via the lymphatic system. Allowing 20 minutes for cooling down will help to ensure this process is effective.
After Competition Routine
A lot of riders like to give their horse a rest day after a competition. If you are using a high fibre diet then there is no need to alter the ration. Alfalfa is a great feed to use to provide the vitamins and minerals that are needed to repair and rebuild tissues as well as the essential amino acids that aid muscle development. |
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In the aftermath of World War II, socialism appeared to many as representing a powerful new direction that would set Europe on a course for prosperity. As the years passed and the European Union emerged as the key vehicle of economic success either socialist leaders lost their dreams or socialism, in the traditional sense, lost its direction. Over the past week-end, Jean-Luc Melenchon, announced the founding a new French socialist party which he hoped would unite those on the political left and become a force to combat the power of capitalism. Franceâs Socialist Party is torn with fractional disputes and fights are more concerned as to who is in charge rather than what the party represents in the modern world.
âThe France of rebellion and revolution has once again found a will, a flag, and a party,â announced Melenchon. âThere is a tremendous opportunity on the left to confront capitalism.â There is no doubt many Europeans have lost faith in traditional capitalism, but that does not necessarily translate into support of socialism unless leaders on the left have something to offer besides wanting power.
So far, as even Melenchon admits, his followers are disaffected members of the existing French Socialist Party. It will require new dreams and visions of the future for socialism to capture the adherence of most Europeans. Can the left furnish such a future? |
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Robert Bridges, ed. (18441930). The Spirit of Man: An Anthology. 1916.
From Pulvis et umbra
Robert Louis Stevenson (18501894)
POOR1 soul, here for so little, cast among so many hardships, filled with desires so incommensurate and so inconsistent, savagely surrounded, savagely descended, irremediably condemned to prey upon his fellow lives: who shd have blamed him had he been of a piece with his destiny and a being merely barbarous? And we look and behold him instead filled with imperfect virtues: sitting down, amidst his momentary life, to debate of Right and Wrong and the attributes of the Deity .. To touch the heart of his mystery, we find in him the thought of Duty; the thought of something owing to himself, to his neighbour, to his God: an ideal of decency, to which he would rise if it were possible; a limit of shame, below which, if it be possible, he will not stoop .. It matters not where we look, under what climate we observe him, in what stage of society, in what depth of ignorance, burthened with what erroneous morality; by camp-fires in Assiniboia, the snow powdering his shoulders, the wind plucking his blanket, as he sits, passing the ceremonial calumet and uttering his grave opinions like a Roman senator; in ships at sea, a man inured to hardships and vile pleasures; in the slums of cities, moving among indifferent millions to mechanical employments,.. a fool, a thief, the comrade of thieves, even here keeping the point of honour and the touch of pity, often repaying the worlds scorn with service, often standing firm upon a scruple, and at a certain cost rejecting riches:everywhere some virtue cherished or affected, everywhere some decency of thought and carriage, everywhere the ensign of mans ineffectual goodness:ah! if I could show you this! if I could show you these men and women, all the world over, in every stage of history, under every abuse of error, under every circumstance of failure, without hope, without help, without thanks, still obscurely fighting the lost fight of virtue, still clinging, in the brothel or on the scaffold, to some rag of honour, the poor jewel of their souls! They may seek to escape, and yet they cannot; it is not alone their privilege and glory, but their doom; they are condemned to some nobility; all their lives long, the desire of good is at their heels, the implacable hunter .. |
First Stars Fired Up 140 Million Years Later Than Previously Thought
It turns out that the "let there be light" moment in the early universe occurred much later than scientists previously thought, according to a newly published analysis of data collected from the European Space Agency's Planck telescope.
The time of the first stars, referred to by astronomers and cosmologists as the "reionization" epoch, is now thought to have occurred about 140 million years later than previously thought, or about 560 million years after the Big Bang, an event that formed our universe 13.8 billion years ago.
"This difference of 140 million years might not seem that significant in the context of the 13.8-billion-year history of the cosmos, but proportionately it's actually a very big change in our understanding of how certain key events progressed at the earliest epochs," said George Efstathiou, one of the leaders of the Planck Science Collaboration.
European Space Agency scientists sifted through four years of data collected by Planck, looking carefully at the Cosmic Microwave Background, or CMB, the faint afterglow of the Big Bang.
"Planck has measured this signal for the first time at high resolution over the entire sky, producing the unique maps released today," explains Jan Tauber, ESA's Planck project scientist.
New Scientist reports: "One of the major findings is that a period called the cosmic dark ages lasted longer than we thought. After the CMB was released, the universe was dominated by a fog of opaque hydrogen gas. It stayed dark for hundreds of millions of years until gravity clumped matter together into the first stars and galaxies, which produced enough radiation to ionise the hydrogen and make it transparent."
The Guardian quotes senior scientist Dr. Carlo Baccigalupi from the International School of Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, as saying that the findings could have consequences for the study of dark matter and dark energy.
According to the newspaper:
"The 'dark components' consist of invisible dark matter and dark energy, both of which are still unsolved mysteries whose natures are unknown.
"The scientists, who report their findings in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics, said more Planck data was still to be analysed, which should provide a clearer picture of the evidence."
Meanwhile, a team of scientists who last year announced evidence for gravitational waves in the early universe after collecting data from the BICEP2 experiment in Antarctica, have now withdrawn their claim, according to Nature, concluding that cosmic dust confounded their results. Doubts about the initial conclusion came soon after the March 2014 announcement. NPR's Geoff Brumfiel reported as early as June that the BICEP2 team thought they might be mistaken.
In withdrawing the findings, John Kovac, a principle investigator of BICEP2 at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Cambridge, Mass., said initially the team had "relied on models for Galactic dust emission that were available at the time.
"These seemed to indicate that the region of the sky chosen for our observations had dust polarisation much lower than the detected signal," Kovac said.
Copyright 2021 NPR. To see more, visit https://www.npr.org. |
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å¤ãĢãããžããããäģãŽã¨ããã¯ãčĻĒååŖĢã§į´æãããĻéã°ãããã¨ãããŽããĄã¤ãŗã§ãã
### éãŗãĢčĄãå ´åã¯ãĢãŧãĢæąēãã
1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄããããã¨ãĒãã¨äŋčˇč
ã¨ããĻã¯ä¸åŽãĒãã¨ãå¤ãã§ããããåŽå
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æéãåŽãããĒãŠãåŋé
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ã¨ã¯ããããã¤ãžã§ãåãŠããĢįããĻæŠããããĢãããããããį¨åēĻåãŠããäŋĄé ŧããĻéãåēããã¨ã大åã§ãã
éãŗãĢčĄãå ´åãĢã¯äēåãĢčĒåŽ
ã§ãŽãĢãŧãĢãæąēãããããŧãį´æãĢã¤ããĻãããŖããã¨įĸēčĒããã¨ãäŋčˇč
ã¯ããĄããåãŠããåŽåŋã§ãããã
## 1äēēã§å
ŦåãĢéãŗãĢčĄãå ´åãŽãĢãŧãĢãæĄäģļã¯īŧ
åšŗåįãĒåĻåš´ã¯åčŋ°ããžããããã2åš´įãĢãĒãŖãããåãŠãã ãã§éãŗãĢčĄãããããã¨åŽæãĢčããĻã¯ãããžãããåš´éŊĸã大ãããĒãŖãĻãããĢãŧãĢãåŽããĒããã°ãåąéēãĒãã¨ãĢåˇģãčžŧãžããå¯čŊæ§ãããããã§ãã
å°åĻįãåãŠãã ãã§å
ŦåãĢéãŗãĢčĄããããŠããå¤æãããĢã¯ããžãæĄäģļãæēãããĻããããįĸēčĒããžãããããããĻããĢãŧãĢãįĸēčĒãããããåŽããããŠããåãŠãã¨ãã芹ãåãŖãĻããæąēãããã¨ã大åã§ãã
### 1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄããæĄäģļ
1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄããæĄäģļãĢã¯ãæŦĄãŽãããĒããŽããããžãã
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Ŧåãžã§ãŽéãŽããįč§ŖããĻãã
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Ŧåã§éãļåéããã
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Ŧåãžã§ããŠãįããĒããã°ãéãŗãĢčĄããã¨ã¯č¨ąå¯ã§ããžããããžããæéãåŽããåąãĒãéãŗãããĒããĒãŠæäŊéãŽãããŧãį´æãį ´ãããã§ã¯ããįŽãéĸããĒããã¨å¤æããäģãæˇģãåŋ
čĻããããžãã
ããããŽæĄäģļãæēãããĻããĻãã1äēēã ãã§å
Ŧåã§éãļãŽã¯ãããããŽã¨ããĢåŠããĻãããäēēãããĒãã¨ããŖããã¨ãĢããĒããããĒãããåąéēã§ããå
Ŧåã§ä¸įˇãĢéãļåéããããã¨ããåŋ
é æĄäģļã ã¨ãããã§ãããã
### 1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄãã¨ããŽãĢãŧãĢ
æĄäģļã¨éč¤ããé¨åããããžããã1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄãã¨ããĢã¯ãæŦĄãŽãĢãŧãĢãåŽããããåãŠããĢããŖããã¨čŠąãããžãããã
ãģįĨããĒãå ´æãĢã¯čĄãããå
ŦåãŽãĒãã ãã§éãļãã¨
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ãģčĒčģĸčģã§čĄãå ´åã¯ããĢãĄãããããļããã¨
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ãģé˛į¯ããļãŧãčĻåŽãæē帯ãĒãŠãæãŖãĻãããã¨
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čēĢãŽåŽå
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ŦåãåŠį¨ãããŽã¯čĒåããĄã ãã§ã¯ãĒããã¨ãįč§Ŗããå¨ããŽčŋˇæãĢãĒããĒããããŽãĢãŧãĢããããŧãäŧãããããĢããĻãã ããã
## 1äēēã§åéãŽåŽļã¸éãŗãĢčĄãéãĢæŗ¨æããããã¨
夊åãæĒããããããã˛ãŧã ãããã¨ããŖãå ´åãĢã¯ãåéãŽåŽļã§éãļãã¨ããããããããžãããåéãŽåŽļãĢåãŠãã ãã§éãŗãĢčĄããããŽæĄäģļããåēæŦįãĢã¯å
Ŧåã¸čĄãå ´åã¨åãã§ãã
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čĻããããžãã
### ãããŧãåŽããããŽæå°ãčĄã
äŋčˇč
ãŽįŽãåąããĒãå ´æã§ããåãŠãããĢãŧãĢããããŧãåŽããããĢã¯æĨ常įãĒæå°ãåŋ
čĻã§ãã
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é´ãæãããæ¨æļããããåæãĢåˇčĩåēĢããããããĒé¨åąãŽããĸãéããĒããĒãŠã大äēēãĢã¨ãŖãĻã¯ãåŊããåããŽãã¨ããåãŠãã¯æããĒããã°ããããžãããåéãŽåŽļãĢčĄãåãĢæäŊéäŧããĻãããããããŧã¯ãæŦĄãŽéãã§ãã
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ãĢč¨ãã¤ããĢčĄããĒããã¨
### 大äēēãããĒãåŽļãĢæŧããããĒã
æčŋã¯ä¸ĄčĻĒã¨ããĢåããĢčĄãŖãĻããåŽļåēãå¤ããåãŠããéãļæé帯ãĢ大äēēãåŽļãĢããĒããã¨ããããžãã大äēēãããĒãåŽļã§åãŠãã ãã§éãã§ããžãã¨ãããŠããĢãčĩˇããŖãå ´åãĢ寞åĻã§ããã大ããĒåéĄãĢįēåąãããã¨ããããããããžããã
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åéãŽåŽļã§éãļã¨ããĢã¯ãåŋ
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ãããĒããŋã¤ããŗã°ã§åéãåŧãļãŽã¯įĻæĸã¨ãããĢãŧãĢãåžšåēããã¨ãä¸čĻãĒããŠããĢãé˛ããžãã
### čĻĒååŖĢãŽéŖįĩĄãģį¤ŧåãåŋãããĢīŧ
ãããåãŠãååŖĢã§į´æãããããã¨ããŖãĻããäŋčˇč
ãããŧãŋããã¨ãããããĢã¯ãããžãããä¸åēĻãäēåēĻãŽč¨ĒåãĒããį¸æãäŊãæããĒããããããžããããčĒčēĢãĢįŊŽãæããã¨ããäŊåēĻãčĒåŽ
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čĻĒååŖĢãįĨãåããŽå ´åãĢã¯ãéŊåēĻãŠã¤ãŗããĄãŧãĢãĒãŠã§ãį¤ŧããããžããããåãŠãã大ãããĒãã¨ãčĻĒååŖĢã¯įšãĢäē¤æĩããĒãåŽļåēã¸éãŗãĢčĄããã¨ãåĸããĻããžããããŽå ´åã¯ã
éãŗãĢããã¨ããĢãį¤ŧãŽãĄãĸãã¤ãããčåãĒãŠãæãããåŋ
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ã¸æããéãåéãŽåŽļã§ãéãļãĒãŠããĻãããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗã§éãŗå ´æãå¤ããä¸ã¤ãŽåŽļåēã ããŽč˛ æ
ãĢãĒããŽãéŋãããã¨ã大åã§ãã
## ééãåŽããã¨ãåŋãããĢīŧ1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄãåãĢãããã¨ã¯
1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄãã¨ããĢã¯ã帰åŽ
æéãæąēãããã¨ãæĄäģļãĢæããžãããééãåŽããã¨ã¯ããĄããã1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄãåãĢåŋ
ããããã¨ã¯äŊã§ããããã
### čĄãå
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åãŠãã ãã§éãŗãĢčĄãåãĢã¯ããŠãã§ãčĒ°ã¨éãļãŽããæįĸēãĢäŧãããã¨ãåžšåēããžããããäŋčˇč
ãčĒåŽ
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éãŗãĢčĄããŋã¤ããŗã°ã§äŋčˇč
ãããĒãã¨ããĢã¯ããĄãĸãæŽããéģ芹ããŠã¤ãŗããĄãŧãĢãĒãŠã§äŧãããĒãŠãį´°ããĒãĢãŧãĢãæąēããĻããã¨ãã帰ãŖããåãŠããããĒãīŧãã¨ããåŋé
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ĨããĻãããäŋčˇč
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### ééæąēã
åãŠãã ãã§éãŗãĢčĄãåãĢã¯ãåŋ
ãééãæąēããžãããã
æ Ēåŧäŧį¤žãĒãĻããŧããŽããåãŠããŽééããĢéĸãããĸãŗãąãŧãčĒŋæģããĢããã¨ãå°åĻįãŽééã§ããĄã°ãå¤ãæéã¯17æã ããã§ãã
17æãĢã¯ããŖã¤ã ãéŗ´ãå°åãå¤ããŽã§ããããååŗãĢ帰åŽ
ããã¨ãããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã§ããããããã ããåŦå ´ã¯æĨãįãã17æãĢã¯čžēããããŖããæããĒãŖãĻãããã¨ããããžããåš´éŊĸãäŊãããĄã¯ãåŖį¯ãĢããŖãĻééãæŠãããã¨ãåŋ
čĻãããããžããã
äŊčĢã§ãããįč
ãå°åĻįãŽé ãŽééã¯ãåēæŦã¯17æãå¤å ´ãŽæĨãéˇãé ã¯17æåãåŦã¯16æåã§ãããã17æã ãããã¨åéãŽåŽļã17æãĢåēãĻã17æ15åãĢ帰åŽ
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ãĢããããŽãã¨ããį´°ããĒãĢãŧãĢããäēåãĢæąēããĻãããã¨ãããããããžãã
### å¯čŊãĒå ´åã¯ããžããĒéŖįĩĄãŽæį¤ēã
æčŋã¯ãããēæē帯ãææããããããąããWi-Fiã¨ãŋããŦããįĢ¯æĢãæãĄæŠãããããĻãäŋčˇč
ã¨ãŽéŖįĩĄã常ãĢã§ããįļæ
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å ąãĒãŠãããŖããã§ãããŽã§ãåãŠãããŠããĢãããŽããææĄã§ããåŽåŋã§ãã
å¯čŊãĒå ´åã¯ããããįĢ¯æĢãį¨æããåãŠããĢæãããžãããããããĻããåŽļãåēãã¨ãããįŽįå°ãĢįããã¨ãããįŽįå°ããåēįēããã¨ãããĒãŠãããžããĢéŖįĩĄããããããĢæå°ãããĻãã ããã
## į´æãåŽããĒããŖãå ´åã¯ãŠãããīŧ
ãããį´æãæąēããããããŧãĢã¤ããĻæå°ãããããĻãã100īŧ
åŽį§ãĢã§ããĒããã¨ããããžããå ąåãããĒãã§åēãããĻããžããč¨ãŖãĻããå ´æã¨éãã¨ããã§éãã§ãããééãéãããĒãŠãį´æãåŽããĒããŖãå ´åãĢã¯ãŠãŽãããĒ寞åŋãããã°ãããŽã§ããããã
### įįąãčã
į´æãį ´ãŖããã¨ãĢ寞ããĻé ããĒããĢåąããŽã¯ãããžããããã¨ã ã¨ã¯ãããžããããžãã¯į´æãåŽããĒããŖãįįąãčããäŊčĒŋä¸č¯ã帰åŽ
ä¸ãŽããŠããĢãĒãŠããããåžãĒãäēæ
ãŽå ´åã¯åąããĒããããĢããžãããã
### į´æãŽå¤§åããæãã
ãæéãčĻãĻããĒããŖãããĒãŠãį´æãåŽããĒããŖãįįąãįšãĢéčĻãĒããŽã§ã¯ãĒãå ´åããį´æãåŽããĒããã¨ãįļãå ´åãĢã¯ãæšããĻį´æãŽå¤§åããæããžãããã
ãĒãééããããŽãããĒããããŧãåŽããĒããã°ãããĒããŽããĒãŠãããããããčĒŦæããžãã
ããã§ãį´æãåŽããĒãå ´åãĢã¯ã1äēēã§éãŗãĢčĄããã¨čĒäŊãįĻæĸãããĒãŠãåŗãããĢãŧãĢãč¨ãããã¨ãæ¤č¨ãããģãããããããããžãããããŽããããŽįˇåŧãã¯ããåŽļåēãĢããŖãĻį°ãĒããŽã§ä¸æĻãĢããŠãããããŠããã¨ãããã¨ã¯ãããžããããåãŠããŽåŽå
¨ãåŽããã¨ããžãäģãŽåŽļåēãå
ŦåãåŠį¨ããæšãŽčŋˇæãĢãĒããĒããã¨ãĒãŠãčæ
Žããä¸ã§ã寞åĻæŗãæ¤č¨ããã¨ãããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã§ããããã
## éãŗãĢčĄãã¨ãã¯ãĢãŧãĢãåŽãŖãĻåŽå
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New research indicates that children are ignoring social media age restrictions. They are setting up their social media accounts on these platforms. By taking this action, vulnerable young people are comprising their online safety and exposing themselves to cyber-bullying and inappropriate material.
Age limits for social media accounts
According to Net Nanny, a parenting information site, most social media sites have age restrictions; users must be a certain age to create an account. This is to protect childrenâs personal information and safeguard their online safety.
Most of the popular social media sites set their age limits at 13. You must be this age in order to create an account on Facebook, Twitter, Reddit, Pinterest, Snapchat and Instagram. The age limits for WhatsApp and Vine are 16 and 17 respectively.
However, these sites depend on users submitting their real date of birth when creating an account to enforce these restrictions. By changing the year of their birth when they register, children can bypass age limits to create social media accounts.
Social media sites do try to weed out underage profiles. Facebook, for example, will delete an account belonging to someone whoâs under 13 when itâs flagged, while Instagram asks people to report underage accounts.
However, new research from the BBCâs Newsround programme has found that efforts to delete underage social media accounts arenât working.
Newsround learned that three quarters of UK children aged 10 â 12 have social media accounts.
Meanwhile, Facebook is the most popular social media site with under 13âs, followed by Instagram. Shockingly, 20% of 1,000 children aged 10 â 18 polled by Newsround said theyâve experienced cyber-bullying. However, they still believe that social media is an important part of their everyday life.
Also 25% of 16 â 18 year olds admitted to sending ârudeâ or âunkindâ posts to other people on networks such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and Facebook.
Separate research from ChildLine, a UK advice charity for young people, found that cyberbullying on social media has a profoundly negative effect on childrenâs wellbeing. Consequently, their counselling session for young people rose from 23,530 in 1986/1987 to 286,812 in 2014/2015.
Commenting on the Newsround research, UK Education Secretary Nicky Morgan said: âWe [the government] are working hard to make the web a safer place for children but we canât do it alone and parents have a vital role to play in educating young people.â
If you want to ensure your children remain safe online weâd suggest you look at Igniyteâs Guide to Managing Your Teenagerâs Personal Information Online. Here we provide you with the advice you need to ensure your teenager uses the internet productively and prioritises online safety when utilising social media.
Dealing with cyber-bullying
As well as teaching them about the dangers of the internet and how to utilise social media safely, you should take several steps to ensure that your children remain safe online. These are:
- Restricting personal information: Donât let your children include personal information e.g. address, phone number, when creating a social media account.
- Thinking about location: Your child can easily reveal their location alongside a social media status or tweet, compromising their online safety. Ensure your child turns off their location settings when using social media, so their location remains confidential.
- Safeguarding images: You should make sure that your child sets photo albums and image uploads to âfriends only.â Thisâll ensure that people who donât know your child canât see their images online and use them to put their online safety at risk.
- Utilising privacy settings: Most social media sites have privacy settings; make sure your child utilises them, so only certain people are allowed to see their personal information. For example your childâs Facebook account should be set to âfriends only.â
Sometimes you can take all the necessary precautions and your child may still be bullied online. If this happens itâs vital you know how to deal with inappropriate/unwanted comments to safeguard your childâs safety online:
- Report the content: Start by reporting the cyber-bullying to the relevant social media site. You can complete online forms on platforms such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram to report cyber-bullying and the site will take it from there.
- Prevent further contact: Next, stop the problem from getting worse by preventing the cyber-bully from contacting your child. On every social media account your child uses delete or block the person in question, so they can no longer post unwanted content concerning your child.
- Keep evidence: Itâs vital that you keep any evidence of cyber-bullying concerning your child, so you can cite it if the problem continues and you need to report it again. Here itâs advisable to make print screens of your childâs social media messages, images and conversations.
Download this guide provided by Igniyte if you require further assistance in managing your teenager online.
Protect your child
Social media sites may have age restrictions, but when have young people ever followed the rules? Children are creating social media accounts and exposing themselves to cyber-bullying. As a parent, you need to ensure that children adhere to age restrictions and use social media responsibly so they remain safe online. |
Beautiful woodland scenes like this could be at a premium
Some of the finest gardens and woodlands in Britain are under threat from two closely related and aggressive fungus-like plant diseases.
Environment minister Jane Kennedy said they were attacking "pristine" locations and could potentially damage the landscape and the tourism industry.
The government has allocated ÂŖ25m in a bid to eradicate the diseases which are spreading across the country.
They are Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora ramorum.
Rhododendrons, a carrier of both diseases, are likely to be removed in woodland to combat the problem.
The flowering shrubs, popular as an ornamental species in many gardens, also grow wild in wooded areas and an area of the New Forest has already been cordoned off to allow rhododendrons to be cut down and burned.
Phytophthora kernoviae, first found in the south-west of England in 2003, reached Scotland five years later. It attacks and kills many trees and shrubs, including the oak and beech trees which make up so much of Britain's woodlands.
The Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs says 69 sites in England and Wales are currently affected, with Cornwall the worst-hit region.
Phytophthora ramorum, first identified in 1995, has devastated woodland on the west coast of the United States where it has been responsible for the syndrome known as sudden oak death.
Few control mechanisms exist for the disease, so the importance of early detection - and proper disposal of the infected plant material - is key.
The government is to earmark some of the money for new research and development, and there will be a campaign to make landowners aware of the threat. |
All in all, The New York Times editors purpose of this article is to persuade the readers to help make abortion legal. They use emotional connection with the audience, a sophisticated word choice, and logic. Ultimately, the writers have proven that abortion is a womanâs own choice, not the
AP Macroeconomics Summer Homework Seohee Lee Period 5 I) Introduction Book Title: Freakonomics Author name: Steven D. Levitt, Stephen J. Dubner The author Steven Levitt studied economics at Harvard University and MIT. He is primarily known for his work in the field of crime. The title Freakonomics means a study of economics based on the principles of incentives. The title is related to the book since he emphasizes how incentives drive and affect peopleâs actions. Although this book does not have a single theme, the main focus of the book is a new way of interpreting the world using economic tools. He explores incentives, information asymmetry, conventional wisdom, crime and abortion, and parenting throughout the six chapters of the book.
Rhetorical Analysis of âThe Childrenâs Eraâ Today, the availability of birth control is taken for granted. There was a time, not long passed, during which the subject was illegal (âMargaret Sanger,â 2013, p.1). That did not stop the resilient leader of the birth control movement. Margaret Sanger was a nurse and womenâs activist. While working as a nurse, Sanger treated many women who had suffered from unsafe abortions or tried to self-induce abortion (p.1). Seeing this devastation and noting that it was mainly low income women suffering from these problems, she was inspired to dedicate her life to educating women on family planningâeven though the discussion of which was highly illegal at the time (p.1). She was often in trouble with
When it comes to sensitive topics, there are few that draw on peopleâs emotions as much as abortion. Why it this so? It is the nature of the topic. Abortion is a topic in which peopleâs views are just as diverse as the population itself. Most people avoid writing about such topics altogether, especially when they are in support of such an act. However when economist Steven D. Levitt and writer Stephen J Dubner wrote chapter 4 of âFreakonomicsâ titled âWhere have all the Criminals Gone?â they did just that. The chapter details historical examples of bans on abortion, possible reasons for the sharp decline in crime in the US, and a strong final argument for why abortion is the reason the crime rate dropped so suddenly. The emotionally
In the book Freakonomics, Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner note âAn incentive is a bullet, a lever, a key: an often-tiny object with astonishing power to change a situationâ (16). This is to showcase the amount of power an incentive can have over a person or a situation; either good or bad. Humans are found to use incentives when it comes to making daily decisions. Often, people need motives to proceed with their plans. Some tend to make either moral, social, or economic incentive. The moral incentive is about self-respect; keeping in check with what was taught to believe is right and wrong. The social incentive is how the public views the person; wanting to look good in front others. Economic incentive, however, would relate to monetary benefit. While all three incentives can affect peopleâs decisions, economic
Summary For this review I read Freakonomics written by Steven Levitt and Stephen Dubner. This book was published by William Morrow an Imprint of HarperCollins and is copyrighted 2005. Freakonomics is a unique book where there is no central story. It is not a story where it goes from point a to point b and follows a traditional storyline. This book is broken up into a collection of mini stories where the authors try explore issues and approach them from a non-conventional way of thinking. Some of these issues in the book include comparing Ku Klux Klan members to real estate agents, why drug dealers live with their moms, and linking abortion to criminal rates. The book addresses the issues at hand and uses data they have accrued and in their
In Freakonomics, Levitt and Dubner write in a colloquial fashion and tend to keep their writing informal. For example, when they write, âlike the proverbial butterfly that flaps its wings on one continent and eventually causes a hurricane on anotherâ the allusion to the butterfly effect serves to engender common ground with their audience (Levitt and Dubner 5). Additionally, by using the word âbutterflyâ Levitt and Dubner are able to create imagery which will help their audience better visualize their simile. Also, when Levitt and Dubner write, âit may sometimes feel as if we are peering at the world through a straw or even staring into a funhouse mirror,â the words âstrawâ and âfunhouse mirrorâ create vivid imagery which helps the audience to better visualize the narrow scope through which people view the world (Levitt and Dubner 14).
Abortion is one of those topics that most people feel very strongly about, and itâs also something that not a lot of people enjoy talking about. Under the communist rule of Nicolae Ceausescu, abortion was illegal in Romania. The import of contraceptives was halted as well because Ceausescu believed that increasing the number of babies born in Romania during his rule meant more Socialist citizens. While this was true, abortion did not become obsolete during his regime. In fact, abortions were still performed at alarming rates. When the Soviet Union fell and Ceausescu was no longer in power, abortion and contraception use were legalized. Despite the increase in availability, legalization of abortion and contraceptives after the fall of Ceausescu in post-socialist Romania has not resulted in a change of the abortion culture. This is because of the lack of sex education, misconceptions about contraception, and a poor economy. In order to understand this, a basic understanding of socialism is necessary, as is general knowledge of the history of Romania and the Soviet Union.
As the article goes on, Valenti enumerates and explains the recent violent attacks towards abortion clinics in the last few months, affirming that, in one of the attacks, ââĻthe alleged perpetrator made a comment in its wake about âno more baby partsâ.â The âbaby partsâ is the name often called
1) The activities that I completed in order to achieve my learning goal included watching We the Economy videos, analyzing two websites that provided resources to learn about taxes and The Federal Reserve, and listening to two Freakonomics radio shows. I think the We the Economy videos and the website
Another issue that I have with this abortion theory is that it is being conducted as a total, complete whole of all people in the United States. In the 1970âs non-white females were at their peak of abortions. One would expect that the crime rate should be the lowest then in the 1990âs for non-whites, but in the years of 1993 and 1994 homicide was at its peak for young black male adults. Even though the statistics prove this to be true, Levitt and his partner of this theory, John
Mneef Alajmi Reading Analysis of âWhere Have All the Criminals Gone?â Executive Summary The article on âWhere have all the criminals gone?â begins by giving a new incite to the effects of legalized abortion; which is its relation to the decreasing crime. Abortion which in general term is called as âmiscarriageâ was not legalized years back. It was taken as a sin back then. Many of us still would make comments that abortion is a crime and equals to killing a human itself. Our norms tell us that a life to be born should never be put to an end as everyone is godâs creation and deserves to live a life. Due to this thought many women have given birth to babies as abortion is strictly prohibited. These babies have often been termed as the unwanted child and are hated most of the time by their family including mother herself. This hatred and tag as an unwanted child makes a bad impact on them. These types of children thus become rough, rude, and carefree and often commit a crime as a part of their revenge with the society. As a normal people, we might never think that this can be the reason for the increasing crime in the society. However on critical analysis as done by the writers of âWhere have all the criminals gone?â the association seems to hold the truth. Giving birth to an unwanted child has a direct link to the increasing crime. Similarly, with abortion, unwanted children are not born due to which children are not taken as a burden. They are loved, cared and raised well
Stephenie Osewe Dr. Amir Azarvana Pols 1101 July 2nd 2015 Abortion. The tittle of the article I will be analyzing is ârepublicans seek to put abortion on the front burner in 2016â. The article was published in U.S. News and World Report, written by Tierney Sneed. Abortion is a never ending debate, it is one of the most common medical procedures performed in the United States each year. Abortion is also one of the most debated topics of all time, it is a never ending debate of whether it should be legal for women to terminate pregnancy. Some people are against abortion while others are for it. people that are against abortion also known as âpro-lifeâ believe that women should not have an abortion because it would be considered murder,
Chapter four focuses on the effect of legalised abortion on the crime rate. The Roe v. Wade case is brought up to
Abortion The rate of abortion in the United States has been increasing rapidly since 1973, with an estimated total of over 55 million abortions. Research also shows that more Americans now commit abortion for less important reasons than rape of incest since the legalization-approximately 93% of the women who carry out abortion explain that they do it for âsocial reasonsâ. However, National Right to Life Committee(NRLC) provides some normative claims as to why should not be legalized as the rhetoric of their argument. The members of this organization explain the similarities between abortion and murder; the diary of an unborn child and the pains that they face during abortion. They also present some scientific theories that relate to pregnancy and life. According to science, as soon as fertilization takes place in a womanâs body, a new life begins; the heart begins to beat |
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We began our morning with a walk through the Arboretum's Asia Valley down to the Anacostia River. We observed the river, and the students made insightful observations about how pollution and human impacts affect the river and its ecosystem. We discussed watersheds, discovered what watershed we live in, and made our own paper watershed models. Back at the garden, the students came up with many different ways we could help keep our watershed healthy. For example, the students suggested things such as recycling, not using chemicals, making organic soap, and putting filters in storm drains to catch garbage before it reaches the river.
After a snack of apples and honey, in the afternoon the students used the knowledge they learned in the classroom to plant in the garden. E.W. Stokes planted head lettuce, cutting lettuce, and swiss chard. Center City planted carrots, beets, and bok choy (one variety is called joy choy!). Their hard work is paying off, as the plants are starting to poke up through the soil in the garden.
We were sad to see our Garden Science program come to an end, but we hope to have many visits from our Garden Science students out at the Youth Garden throughout the summer! |
The electric industry provides indispensable services, consumes vast resources, and is crucial for addressing climate change and several other environmental issues. The industry is in the midst of major changes that present an opening, and a heightened need, to greatly improve electricity pricing policies. Those pricing policies strongly influence the economic efficiency of the electric sector, by affecting consumption, production, technology adoption, and externalities. Improved pricing can better promote prosperity, health, and environmental quality.
This policy brief is intended to be a succinct and relatively accessible description of optimal pricing of electric energy. It will emphasize how policymakers, regulators, and utilities can respond to the twin developments of decreasingly expensive distributed energy technologies (solar panels, energy storage, responsive load, efficiency, and more) and better understood environmental externalities.
Optimizing electricity pricing would affect the pricing of distribution and environmental impacts proportionally more than generation and transmission. As it turns out, improving the incentives for distribution and environmental externalities may be politically far easier to do together than separately, since one would counter-balance the negative effect of the other, from both a customer perspective and the perspective of distribution utilities. Pricing externalities more fully would be likely to raise customer bills, while pricing distribution optimally would be likely to reduce them. Pricing distribution optimally would be likely to leave a utility revenue gap that would need to be filled, while pricing externalities could fill that gap. In addition, addressing each enhances the economic efficiency of addressing the other. The result would be reduced environmental costs and reduced distribution costs.
âOptimalâ is used in this policy brief as a synonym for âeconomically efficient.â âEconomically efficientâ denotes that which maximizes peopleâs welfare. However, we need a measure of that welfare. This policy brief will use the welfare function known as social surplus. It is common in economics because it values a dollar of customer surplus equally with a dollar of environmental benefit, producer profit, and government revenue. Maximizing it maximizes the total benefits as measured in dollars (or any currency). Some of those benefits can be redistributed for the economically needy, for replacing economically inefficient taxes, or for other purposes.
This policy brief implicitly makes use of economicsâ standard assumptions of rationality, such as that market participants will maximize their individual welfare. This policy brief will principally describe the pricing that is optimal in the absence of constraints such as some prices or rules that cannot presently be changed. Understanding such unconstrainedly optimal pricing is useful even when constraints apply, as they usually do. Developing the optimal pricing in light of those constraints requires a process, and principles, similar to those for developing the pricing that would be optimal without those constraints.
The Basic Prescription for Optimal Electricity Pricing
Optimal pricing, as defined above, involves setting the prices at the levels that will induce the market participants, at each time and place, to produce and consume the quantities that maximize social welfare. Much current electricity pricing practice, and almost all of the literature about how electricity pricing should be changed, reflect a pursuit of objectives different from maximizing social welfare as defined above.
The basic prescription for optimal pricing of electric energy has three parts. The first is that the price of power, at each location and time, should equal the full short-run marginal cost of satisfying demand at that location at that time.1 Full short-run marginal cost includes both direct costs and externalities. The marginal generation for satisfying demand at that location must come from a location or combination of locations from which it can be delivered to that location without violating the limits of any generator, line, or other component in the system. That often affects the optimal prices. Transmission and distribution losses do as well, since they generally require that more or less than one additional kilowatt must be generated in order to deliver one more to a particular location.
The second part of the optimal pricing prescription is that fixed costs should be recovered in the least distorting way possible. Following the first part of the prescription is the best way to recover fixed costs. It can recover a substantial portion of fixed costs because prices that equal short-run marginal cost tend to collect considerably more than the direct variable cost of providing the service. This is a result of marginal costs that, in the short run, increase with quantity provided and the fact that the potentially large externalities component of such prices cannot and should not be paid as victimsâ compensation. Unavoidable charges are the next best way to recover fixed costs because, while they do not better align the incentives of market participants with those of society as whole, neither do they worsen the alignment.
The final part of the prescription is that customer investments that affect future utility fixed costs should, to the extent possible, face fees or rewards equal to their estimated impact on those costs. Investments, such as adding a new house or a new vehicle charger, are fundamentally different from ephemeral customer choices such as making toast. Investments have long-run impacts, so should face a positive or negative incentive equal to their expected impact, if any, on long-run expected utility costs. Such an impact depends on location and other factors, and can be substantial or negligible. Without applying such incentives, even with otherwise optimal prices, the effects of customer investments on future utility capacity costs can be far from fully reflected in their impact on the customerâs expected future electric bills.
Progress toward Optimal Electricity Pricing
Virtually everywhere, the adoption of the optimal pricing prescription just described is quite incomplete, in terms of both whom it is applied to, and what costs it is applied to. Figure 1 provides a subjective summary of the typical state of affairs in the jurisdictions around the world that have adopted spot pricing of electricity.2 The darkness of the shading indicates the extent of application optimal pricing to each combination of group and type of cost. The most optimal pricing is the pricing for generation and transmission faced by wholesale generators. It approximates the optimal pricing prescription. Spot pricing is designed to match short-run marginal cost of generation and transmission, and the proceeds from those charges also cover much of the fixed costs of generation and transmission.
In many jurisdictions with spot pricing, some kind of time-varying pricing approximating the spot pricing of generation and transmission applies to large customers as well. In contrast, only a small proportion of the small customers and distributed generators face spot prices. Those spot prices are based only on generation costs and transmission losses and constraints.3 For almost all generators and customers, pricing of distribution and environment bear little resemblance to optimal pricing. In some jurisdictions, there are cap and trade programs or emission taxes for environmental variable costs, but even in such jurisdictions they tend to cover only one emission type, not be designed to approximate marginal environmental cost, or both. Distribution variable costs are recovered in flat charges rather than charges that reflect the highly variable nature of distribution variable costs. Distribution fixed costs and some general government expenditures are recovered in part via flat per-kilowatt-hour charges and in part via fixed charges. Those flat charges to recover variable and fixed distribution costs are not an optimal way to do so, but do crudely offset the lack of full pricing of environmental externalities, albeit with much less effectiveness than correct emission pricing because the flat distribution charges do not differentiate between generators that emit much and those that emit little or none. The next several sections will describe how the pricing corresponding to most of these categories of cost can be optimally priced.
Pricing of Distribution Service: Current versus Optimal
Figure 1 reflects the fact that the last wave of electricity market reform dealt with generation and transmission. Most of the current reform efforts deal with the environment and, in the US, distribution. These are the topics of this section and the next.
The most ambitious distribution-market reform effort is the Reforming the Energy Vision initiative of the State of New York. As part of it, New York is considering the adoption of changes to distribution prices, to make them more economically efficient. This is referred to as LMP+D, where the â+Dâ reflects the hope of applying locational marginal pricing to distribution. Another part of the current wave of reform efforts in the US is challenges to the policy of allowing net metering without imposing a net metering surcharge. Those challenges are based primarily on the fact that each kilowatt-hour of net metered generation saves or earns the customer the distribution charge in addition to the wholesale generation charge.
Distribution charges are designed to recover the costs of building and operating the distribution system. Current distribution charges do this via a flat charge per kilowatt-hour and a fixed monthly charge. In addition, a large customer typically faces charges per kilowatt for its âpeakâ electricity use, either at the times of its highest consumption or at the times of the highest system-wide consumption. That is quite different from optimal pricing as defined above and described below.
Optimal distribution prices would be calculated and applied as optimal transmission prices are: they would modify the optimal total price of delivered power in each location on the distribution system, based on the full distribution-level short-run marginal costs of satisfying load at that location. The optimal distribution price at each location would at all times depend on distribution-level marginal losses associated with consumption at that location, which vary over time. At some times, the consumption at a location increases the risk of an outage or of high-load-related damage to some distribution equipment. Occasionally, consumption at a location reduces power quality, posing a risk to the equipment and business processes of other customers. Rarely, consumption at some locations causes a distribution-level constraint to bind. At most times and places, the only one of these situations that has a significant effect on optimal price is losses, because distribution systems tend to be built with a margin of extra capacity. However, the other situations are likely to become more common with greater customer acquisition of electric vehicles and generators. Tighter utility investment budgets, too, could make them more common. All of the other situations contribute to the optimal distribution price when they apply, and at such times they may cause the optimal distribution price per kilowatt-hour to rise well above the level it is typically at today, to deter undue reliability risks and damage.4
In short, optimal distribution prices are a tool to increase reliability and reduce costs by reducing load when and where it threatens reliability or damages equipment. They would also, in some locations, help to delay or prevent the need for capacity expansions.5 These are the supply-side benefits of optimal distribution prices, as defined above.
Customers would receive these supply-side benefits because utilities would pass most or all of the savings on to the customers. In addition, at the many places and times when the optimal distribution price would be lower than the current prices, a switch to optimal prices would mean savings for those customers.
There are two problems with those savings. The first is that a switch to optimal distribution pricing would be likely to significantly reduce the revenues utilities receive for distribution, which would need to be made up some other way. The second is that the lower average distribution price would induce customers to use more power, which would increase the negative environmental externalities of power generation. Fortunately, optimal pricing of environmental damages can solve both of those problems. It is the topic of the next section.
Pricing of Environmental Damage: Optimal versus Current
Calculating the socially optimal price for allowing an environmentally damaging activity involves estimating the marginal cost to society of the activity (e.g. the social cost per ton of CO2 emitted) and charging the resulting price to those who are responsible for the activity. Current environmental charges can be described as incomplete. Virtually everywhere, they are absent or are a product of an emission cap rather than approximating the estimated marginal social cost of the damaging activity. A few jurisdictions, such as British Columbia, do have emission charges designed to approximate the estimated damage, but typically only for carbon dioxide.
Distribution and Environmental Pricing Reform: Better, and More Viable, Together
What this policy brief defines as âoptimalâ distribution pricing is only optimal if the prices for environmental damage (and generation and transmission) are also optimal. Environmental damage prices below their optimal values reduce the benefit of âoptimalâ distribution pricing because reducing the flat distribution charge would increase environmental damage. That effect which would likely be economically inefficient in the presence of such suboptimal environmental damage prices. In addition, optimal distribution pricing may not be politically viable if the resulting reduction in per-kilowatt-hour distribution rates has to be made up by increasing the monthly fixed portion of customersâ electric bills. That disproportionately hurts two customer groups who are favored for understandable reasons: low-income customers and energy-efficient customers.
âOptimalâ environmental pricing, as described above, would likely still be beneficial without a change to distribution charges, but it would be more beneficial if accompanied by optimal distribution rates. More fundamentally, the fact that optimal environmental pricing would raise rates seems to be a major impediment to its political viability.
In short, optimal distribution pricing may not be politically viable on its own because it would reduce customer payments without a good way to make up the difference to utilities, while environmental pricing may not be politically viable on its own because it would increase customer payments without a good way to make up the difference to customers. However, if both optimal pricing policies were adopted, the increased environmental damage charges could fill the revenue gap left by the optimal distribution pricing, with less increase of customer bills than would result from the environmental pricing change alone. From a societal perspective, this combination would reduce both environmental damage and the cost of the distribution system. By luck or as a result of suboptimally charging for environmental damage only enough to fill the distribution revenue gap, the combination could also have approximately zero effect on the average customerâs bill.
Pricing for the Use of the Distribution and Transmission Systems When Not Congested
Fixed costs are those that, in the short run, do not change with the quantity of electricity consumed. The cost of having built a distribution or transmission line is an example. Most fixed costs in the electric industry are associated with infrastructure and services that are also mostly ânon-rival.â Non-rival means that an additional user does not interfere with other usersâ use. For example, when a distribution or transmission line has spare capacity, as most do most of the time, it is mostly non-rival, meaning that one additional kilowatt has no impact on the use of the line for delivering other kilowatts (except a small impact on the portion of each kilowatt lost as heat, and that is correctly dealt with by marginal loss charges). Because using the line usually does not increase any costs other than losses, optimal pricing of electricity includes no charge for the use of lines when they are uncongested, other than a charge per kilowatt based on the marginal loss rate.
Charges that do not match marginal avoidable costs are âdistorting,â meaning they give customers or suppliers an incentive to do something other than what is best for society as a whole (them plus everyone else). Such distorting charges cause customers to consume power that brings them less benefit than the cost to society of producing it, or to forego consumption of power that brings them more benefit than the cost to society of producing it.
Charging for the use of non-rival goods is distorting, so it is optimal to not charge for their use, and to instead cover the costs of providing them via charges that reduce costs by being set equal to short-run marginal direct costs and short-run marginal external costs. The optimal recovery of the fixed costs of non-rival goods is partly decoupled from the use of those goods. The next section discusses it.
Recovery of the Fixed Costs of the Distribution and Transmission Systems
The key principle for optimal recovery of the fixed costs of electric infrastructure and other largely non-rival utility services is to collect them in the ways that create the least distortion, as that term is defined above. A few principles of how to do that are worth highlighting.
First, the best way to recover fixed costs is through prices that match the marginal effect of the priced activity on costs. Such pricing causes customers to take actions that reduce costs. The optimal way to recover the fixed costs involves establishing such pricing, where practicable, on all activities that cause costs to increase costs for people other than the person doing the activity. Charging for the actual avoidable marginal costs of using the transmission and distribution system is a crucial part of optimal pricing, and is discussed in other sections of this policy brief. Charging the sources of pollution and other negative externalities for the estimated costs they impose on society would reduce the large distortion that results from leaving those externalities largely unpriced, as they are now. It would also produce a large amount of revenue that would allow for reducing the distorting charges currently used to recover fixed costs.
Second, unavoidable charges are the next best way to recover non-rival costs because they do not change incentives. Monthly fixed charges come close, especially if they are understood as such by customers and if they do not cause customers to move or to disconnect from the grid.
Third, to the extent that the above two methods are insufficient and non-rival costs must be covered in part via distorting charges per unit sold, their recovery should generally be spread widely. It is generally better that the charges to recover the costs of non-rival goods be a small portion of the cost of many goods, rather than a large portion of a few and none of the rest. The reason for this is that the welfare loss from a charge on a good increases exponentially, rather than proportionally, as the cost of the good or service moves farther above its marginal cost.
Fourth, the optimal charges to recover the costs of non-rival goods should be lower where the quantity purchased is more sensitive to price. This implies that a rate plan that applies to customers with more elastic demand should have a smaller per kilowatt-hour component for the recovery of fixed costs than should a rate plan that applies to customers with less elastic demand. Ramsey pricing is the term for pricing based on this principle.
The principles just described, for the recovery of the costs of non-rival goods such as distribution lines with spare capacity, apply to the recovery of the costs of government via taxes. If electricity were optimally priced, reflecting all costs including negative externalities, it might or might not still be socially optimal for electricity bills to include a positive tax to cover a portion of general government expenditures.
Optimal Pricing of Customer Investments that Affect Future Utility Fixed Costs
A customer making an investment (e.g. adding a new house, photovoltaic array, or energy storage system, or replacing an inefficient air conditioner), might affect the expected size and cost of the distribution line (or some other infrastructure) serving the neighborhood, the next time it is replaced. Under optimal rates, that might raise or lower the expected rates in the neighborhood until the line is replaced, providing part of the optimal incentive for the customer to make a an investment decision that would be socially optimal in the sense of optimally helping to reducing the needed size and cost of the new line. However, once installed, the new line will probably have spare capacity, for reasons of reliability, so it will probably be non-rival most or all of the time, meaning that rates will contribute little to the recovery of the fixed cost of the line. In such situations, when an identifiable customer action materially affects future utility costs in a way that the customer does not already face through rates, it is appropriate to impose an additional charge for the difference.
Optimal Pricing Adjustments Resulting from General Equilibrium Considerations
The above discussion of optimal pricing does not take into account the interactions of prices with distortions in the economy, such as distorting taxes. Such distortions change what the optimal prices should be. Calculating the adjustments that should be made in light of such distortions is the province of general equilibrium modeling in economics.
Implications for Net Metering and Distributed Generation
Net metering exists to approximately compensate for the lack of correct pricing of externalities. Correctly pricing those externalities would remove the reason for net meteringâs existence. In addition, optimal pricing would provide correct incentives for adoption, design, and operation of distributed generators.
There is much room for making electricity prices closer to optimal, as defined above. This policy brief has described optimal pricing of electric energy, providing a three-part prescription that includes aligning prices with marginal avoidable costs and recovering other costs in the least distortionary ways possible.
The gulf between current practice and optimal pricing is particularly large for pricing of distribution service and environmental impacts. New technologies make such pricing changes easier to implement and more important to consider. Current efforts at electricity policy and regulatory reform are motivated largely by these considerations. Optimal distribution and environmental prices considerably enhance each otherâs benefits. In addition, the opposite impacts of each on the variable charges make it likely that each of the two is more politically viable if both are adopted together.
*The author thanks Karen Palmer, Tim Brennan, Rob Williams, and Ray Kopp of Resources for the Future for helpful advice. Any errors are those of the author.
1 For an extensive explication of such pricing, see Schweppe, F.C., M.C. Caramanis, R.D. Tabors, and R.E. Bohn, ''Spot Pricing of Electricity,'' Kluwer, Boston, 1988.
2 Specifically, nodal or zonal spot pricing based on locational marginal prices. Spot pricing can be adopted in the context of a restructured electricity market or in the context of vertical integration, and has been adopted in both contexts. In jurisdictions that have not adopted spot pricing of electricity, the pricing tends to be even farther from optimal than what is shown in the figure.
3 Most wholesale generators and many large customers are connected to the transmission system by a dedicated feeder and transformer. In such cases, distribution system pricing is the pricing for the use of that dedicated feeder and transformer. If the generator or customer owns them, then that pricing is an internal matter.
4 Optimal distribution prices per kilowatt-hour would have a higher average for some customers than for others, based on location and on temporal pattern of electricity demand. Electric rates already differ geographically. However, policymakers could, if they wished, compensate for this new geographic rate difference by establishing lower monthly fixed charges for established customers in locations with newly increased average per-kilowatt-hour electric distribution prices.
5 This would happen as a result of optimal distribution pricing based on short-run considerations. In addition, it is possible that in places where slowing the growth of peak load can delay or prevent the need for expensive new capacity investments, it is optimal to raise on-peak distribution prices more than is justified by short-run considerations alone, to encourage customer adoption of peak-shaving and peak-shifting technologies and practices such as more efficient air conditioning and delayed charging of electric vehicles. |
This is the first round of several newsletters that will provide you with tips and ideas on how to appropriate use any device in your classroom to help remove you as the teacher and make you the manager of information.
Teacher v Manager?
We have typically taught by talking at students instead of managing knowledge. We were taught that way, so we continue that "tradition." The instructor had the knowledge and we accepted it. Granted, a lot of that has to do with how knowledge was gained. Today, the knowledge is in the hands of the studentsâ devices. The role of the teacher has changed to ask questions of the students, to guide the students, to manage content, not to try to control it. For students, finding information is not enough, they also need to explain why it is important to know. You may not always feel that piece of information is important, but the student does and their explanation is your proof. A good way to do this is to have the students conclude with, "This is important because...."
Tool: Todayâs Meet (todaysmeet.com)
Activity: Ask the students to find information about the topic and have them post to Todaysmeet.com what they feel is important to know.
Because there is so much information out there, providing students with a website to use is a good starting point. You can post the link for students to use on your TodaysMeet.
This is a simple and very effective lesson. What you will also discover is that students will post the same information you want them to know, but they are the ones doing it. Once posted, let the discussion begin. âHey Jennifer, why did you say xxxxx is important to knowâĻâ Reiterate what she says, have the students write up their notes in a document, or, look out, a PowerPoint/Presentation. By doing the latter they can then also embed videos and images and make their notes more meaningful. (Yes, you can embed images in a document too).
This lesson completely removes you from driving the content and makes you the manager of it. Students are engaged and active. You will see more students participating, more explanation and improved literacy and reading skills.
Please note: With any blogging exercise, please remember to lay down the rules for appropriate online posting. If an inappropriate post appears, shut down the activity and try it again another day. |
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ĨããžãããããããããŖãŗãģãĢãããããĒãã¨ãŽčŋįã§ããŖããäģã¯å¤æ´ããåŋ
čĻããĒããŽãĢããŖãŗãģãĢãããããĒãã¨ã¯ããããããį˛æĢããããŽã§ã¯ãĒããŽããããŖã¨æčģãĢ寞åŋããåŋ
čĻããããŽã§ã¯ãĒãã ãããã |
Behind the buzz and beyond the hype:
Our Nanowerk-exclusive feature articles
Posted: Mar 19, 2007
Viruses as nanotechnology building blocks for materials and devices
(Nanowerk Spotlight) Geneticists regularly use viruses as vectors to introduce genes into cells that they are studying. Viruses are also the most common carrier vehicles in gene therapy. Having been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA, they deliver the therapeutic genes to the patient's target cells. These viruses infect cells, deposit their DNA payloads, and take over the cells' machinery to produce the desirable proteins.
Current trends in nanotechnology promise to take virus technology into an entirely new direction. From the viewpoint of a materials scientist, viruses can be regarded as organic nanoparticles. Their surface carries specific tools designed to cross the barriers of their host cells. The size and shape of viruses, and the number and nature of the functional groups on their surface, is precisely defined. As such, viruses are commonly used in materials science as scaffolds for covalently linked surface modifications.
The powerful techniques developed by life sciences are becoming the basis of engineering approaches towards nanomaterials, opening a wide range of applications far beyond biology and medicine.
The word virus comes from the Latin virus â "poison". A virus is a nanoscale particle (ranging in size from 20 - 300 nm) that can infect the cells of a biological organism. Viruses cannot reproduce on their own. They replicate themselves only by infecting a host cell. At the most basic level, viruses consist of genetic material contained within a protective protein coat.
For scientists, a particular quality of viruses is that they can be tailored by directed evolution. The properties of the virus can be readily modified by changing the underlying construction plan â the nucleic acid sequence of the viral genome. It is also possible to produce viral chimeras that carry proteins of different viral origins.
"Viruses can be multiplied in appropriate tissue and cell cultures but they do not have any metabolic activity of their own" Dr. Edwin Donath explains to Nanowerk. "This, in principle, allows the use of virions (nature viral particles) as durable building blocks for composite materials. In combination with powerful molecular-biology approaches, all these features provide novel and far-reaching possibilities for the production and engineering of hybrid composite materials from these nanoparticles."
Donath, a professor at the Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics at the University of Leipzig in Germany, together with first author Martin Fischlechner, published a review on the emerging uses of viruses as building blocks in nanotechnology ("Viruses as Building Blocks for Materials and Devices").
"Instead of chemically engineering functions into a composite material, it may be more convenient to take advantage of nanoparticles as carriers of the desired properties" says Fischlechner. "These nanoparticles can then be used as building blocks for the fabrication of a composite material with the required
qualities. Engineered viruses may fulfill the role of the nanoparticles and once a convenient and general strategy to attach them to an interface is found, the setup can be standardized (the authors themselves, for instance, employ virus membrane fusion to attach biological functions to the surface of microparticles â "Virus-Engineered Colloidal Particles - A Surface Display System" ). The fabrication of a large variety of functionalized surfaces becomes possible by bringing together the potential of viruses for combinatorial surface display and a general strategy for surface attachment."
Donath and Fischlechner describe two basic approaches to modifying viral nanoparticles to obtain desired functionality: chemical modification and genetic engineering.
Chemical- and molecular-biology approaches to engineer viral surfaces. The described techniques can also be combined. (Reprinted with permission from Wiley)
"By using the various techniques available for covalent coupling of molecules onto proteins, viruses can be used as a platform for spatially defined chemical surface modifications" says Fischlechner. "The advantage of using viruses instead of artificial nanoparticles is the defined number and orientation of the accessible functional groups on their surface. This provides the possibility to arrange different chemical functionalities with nanoscale precision."
Using viruses as a nanotechnology platform
The concept of utilizing viruses as a synthesis platform can thus be seen as a nanoparticle-based 3D equivalent of nanotechnology methods used for arranging molecules in two dimensions. Viruses have already been employed as scaffolds for metallization or for the growth of minerals, resulting in metallized or mineralized building blocks. Viruses can also be used as nanocages for the entrapment of substances.
"However, the true power of using viral systems originates from their unique quality as nanocomposites that carry all the necessary information for the production of their components within their host cell" says Donath. "This allows the display of specific polypeptides on the viral surface by engineering the viral nucleic acid sequence inside. The most straightforward engineering concept aimed at modification of the viral surface is thus to modify the genetic code of the viral genome itself. If successful, the product would be a genetically modified virus that is still able to replicate."
The authors explain in detail how viruses represent composite nanoparticles that offer many degrees of freedom to design their surface properties. This can be achieved by either techniques based on chemical conjugation or by genetic-engineering methods.
"Virus technologies based on genetic-code design are likely to see a steep development in the near future" says Donath. "Genetic engineering has a clear analogy to software production in that pieces of code can be multiplied at low cost, put together in an artificial genome, and processed afterwards in the cellular machinery. Repositories for standard (genetic) building blocks ready for customization for special needs are about to be established."
He concludes that recent developments in microfluidics will certainly contribute to the parallel production of surface-engineered viruses at low cost and with a great diversity of functions.
"Although this field is still in its infancy, automatic parallel production of viral building blocks seems possible when recent progress ranging from chip-based DNA manipulation to cell-culture techniques is considered" Donath concludes. |
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å ąãæĸãéãĢã¯ãæŗ¨æįšããããžããäģĨä¸ãŽãã¤ãŗããĢįæããžãããã
- äŋĄé ŧã§ãããĩã¤ããåŠį¨ããīŧäŋĄé ŧæ§ãŽããéĸ¨äŋæąäēēãĩã¤ããåŠį¨ããžããããåŖãŗããčŠå¤ãåčãĢããã¨č¯ãã§ãããã
- čŠŗį´°ãĒæ
å ąãįĸēčĒããīŧæąäēēæ
å ąãĢã¯čŠŗį´°ãĒå¤åæĄäģļãæĨåå
厚ãč¨čŧãããĻããžããčĒåãĢåãŖãæąäēēããŠããįĸēčĒããžãããã
- åŋåčŗæ ŧãæĄäģļãįĸēčĒããīŧæąäēēæ
å ąãĢã¯åŋåčŗæ ŧãæĄäģļãæč¨ãããĻããžããčĒåãæĄäģļãæēãããĻãããįĸēčĒããžãããã
- éĸæĨæãŽæŗ¨æįšãææĄããīŧéĸæĨæãĢã¯æčŖ
ãæ
åēĻãčĒåˇąPRãĒãŠãæąããããå ´åããããžããæąäēēæ
å ąãããčĒãŋãéĸæĨæãŽæŗ¨æįšãææĄããĻãããžãããã
æ
éãĢæąäēēæ
å ąãé¸ãŗãčĒåãĢåãŖãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēãĢåŋåãããã¨ã大åã§ãã
### äģãŽæ
å ąæēãæ´ģį¨ãã
éĸ¨äŋæąäēēãĩã¤ãäģĨå¤ãĢããæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēæ
å ąãæĸããããĢã¯äģãŽæ
å ąæēãæ´ģį¨ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
- ã¤ãŗãŋãŧãããæ¤į´ĸīŧæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēæ
å ąãã¤ãŗãŋãŧãããã§æ¤į´ĸããã¨ãæąäēēæ
å ąãæ˛čŧãããĻãããĻã§ããĩã¤ããæ˛į¤ēæŋãĒãŠãčĻã¤ãããã¨ããããžãã
- æąäēēåēåīŧæ°čãéčĒãããĒãŧããŧããŧãĒãŠãŽæąäēēåēåãĢãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēæ
å ąãæ˛čŧããããã¨ããããžãã
- äēēæį´šäģäŧį¤žīŧéĸ¨äŋæĨįãŽäēēæį´šäģäŧį¤žãĢįģé˛ãããã¨ã§ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēæ
å ąãåãåããã¨ãã§ããžãã
- įĨäēēãåäēēãŽį´šäģīŧæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæĨįãĢčŠŗããįĨäēēãåäēēãĢį¸čĢããæąäēēæ
å ąãæããĻããããã¨ãæåšã§ãã
ããããŽæ
å ąæēãįĩãŋåãããĻãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæąäēēæ
å ąãæĸããã¨ãã§ããžããæąäēēæ
å ąãæ¯čŧããčĒåãĢåãŖãæąäēēãĢåŋåããĻãŋãžãããã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽå¤åæĄäģļã¨įĩĻä¸ãĢã¤ããĻ
### å¤åæéããˇããåļåēĻãĢã¤ããĻ
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽå¤åæéããˇããåļåēĻã¯ãåēčãĢããŖãĻį°ãĒããã¨ããããžããä¸é¨ãŽåēčã§ã¯ã24æéåļæĨããĻããå ´åããããžããé常ãå¤åæéã¯ãˇããåļã§įĩãžããæããæˇąå¤ãžã§ãŽæé帯ããĢããŧãããã¨ãæąããããžããįšãĢäēēæ°ãŽããæé帯ãææĨãĢã¯ãˇãããįĩãžãããã¨ãå¤ãã§ãã
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽįĩĻä¸äŊįŗģã¨åå
ĨãŽã¤ãĄãŧã¸
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽįĩĻä¸äŊįŗģã¯åēčãĢããŖãĻį°ãĒããžãããåēæŦįãĢã¯æįĩĻåļãæĨįĩĻåļãä¸čŦįã§ããįĩé¨ãčŊåãå¤åæéãŽéˇããĢããŖãĻįĩĻä¸ãå¤åãããã¨ããããžãããžããä¸é¨ãŽåēčã§ã¯æŠååļãããŧããšåļåēĻãĒãŠãå°å
ĨããĻããå ´åããããžãã
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽåå
Ĩã¯åäēēãŽåĒåãéåŽĸåãĢãåˇĻåŗãããžãããä¸čŦįãĢã¯æ¯čŧįéĢãåå
Ĩãæåž
ãããã¨ãã§ããžããįšãĢäēēæ°ãŽããåēčãä¸į´ãŗãŧãšãŽæäžãĒãŠãåå
Ĩãåĸããæšæŗãåå¨ããžãã
### į§ãŽæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦå¤åäŊé¨čĢīŧåå
ĨéĸãŽéŠã
į§ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åããéãŽäŊé¨čĢã¨ããĻãåå
ĨéĸãŽéŠããĢã¤ããĻã芹ãããžããį§ã¯ããåēčã§ãŽå¤åįĩé¨ããããåšŗåįãĒåå
Ĩãåžããã¨ãã§ããžãããåĒåæŦĄįŦŦã§ã¯ãæãĢæ°åä¸åäģĨä¸ãŽåå
Ĩãåžããã¨ãå¯čŊã§ãããã ããéåŽĸåããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗčŊåããĩãŧããšãŽčŗĒãĒãŠãåå
ĨãĢį´įĩãããããįåŖãĢåãįĩããã¨ã大åã§ãã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽé
åã¨ãããã
### ãåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽåŋãŽč§Ļãåã
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽé
åãŽä¸ã¤ã¯ããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽåŋãŽč§Ļãåãã§ãããåŽĸæ§ããĒãŠãã¯ãšããåŽåŋããĻį ããããĢå¯ãæˇģããã¨ã§ãæˇąãäŋĄé ŧéĸäŋãį¯ãããžãããåŽĸæ§ãŽæŠãŋãåãŗãå
ąæããä¸įˇãĢæéãéãããã¨ã§ãåŋãŽã¤ãĒãããæãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### čĒåˇąæéˇããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗčŊåãŽåä¸
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽå¤åãéããĻãčĒåˇąæéˇããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗčŊåãŽåä¸ãæåž
ã§ããžãããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãéããĻãå¯žčŠąåãæããããŽåŋãé¤ããã¨ãã§ããžãããžããæ§ã
ãĒãåŽĸæ§ã¨æĨãããã¨ã§ãäēēééĸäŋãŽæ§į¯ãæčģãĒ寞åŋåãčēĢãĢã¤ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### į§ãŽæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦå¤åäŊé¨čĢīŧæéˇã¨ãããã
į§ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åããįĩé¨ã§ã¯ããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽåŋãŽč§ĻãåããæéˇãĢãããããããæããžããããåŽĸæ§ããĒãŠãã¯ãšãįŦéĄã§į ãå§ŋããã芹ãããä¸ã§įãžããæåãåãŗããį§ãĢã¨ãŖãĻãŽæéˇã¨ããããã§ãããčĒåããåŽĸæ§ãŽåŊšãĢįĢãŖãĻããåŽæããããå
åŽæãåžããã¨ãã§ããžããã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽåŋæ§ãã¨æŗ¨æįš
### ãåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽčˇéĸæãŽäŋãĄæš
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§ã¯ããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽčˇéĸæãéŠåãĢäŋã¤ãã¨ãéčĻã§ãããããã§ããˇã§ããĢã¨ããĻãåŽĸæ§ãĢå¯ãæˇģãä¸æšã§ãããŠã¤ããˇãŧãå°éãéŠåãĒčˇéĸãäŋã¤ãã¨ãæąããããžãããåŽĸæ§ãŽããŧãēãčĻæãããŖããã¨čãããåŽĸæ§ãåŽåŋããĻéãããį°åĸãäŊãããåĒããžãããã
### ãããŧãã¨ããąãããĢã¤ããĻ
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§ã¯ããããŧãã¨ããąãããåŽããã¨ãæąããããžãããåŽĸæ§ãĢ寞ããĻä¸å¯§ãĒč¨čéŖããæ
åēĻãåŋæããæ¸
æŊæãŽããčēĢã ããĒãŋãäŋã¤ãã¨ãéčĻã§ãããžããæŊčĄããĩãŧããšãĢãããĻãæŖããæčĄãæé ãåŽãããåŽĸæ§ãĢåŽåŋæãä¸ãããããĢããžãããã
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§ãŽããŠããĢåéŋäŊé¨čĢ
į§ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åããéãĢįĩé¨ããããŠããĢåéŋãŽäŊé¨čĢã¨ããĻãäģĨä¸ãŽįšãĢæ°ãã¤ãããã¨ãéčĻã§ããããžãããåŽĸæ§ãĢ寞ããĻéå°ãĒãĩãŧããšãæĨč§ĻãããĒããããĢãããã¨ãåŋ
čĻã§ãããžãããåŽĸæ§ãŽããŠã¤ããˇãŧãåŽããæŠå¯æ
å ąãæŧãããĒããããĢãããã¨ã大åã§ãããããĢãäģãŽãšãŋããããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽããŠããĢãéŋãããããĢãåæģãĒãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãåŗããã¨ãéčĻã§ãã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæĨįãŽæĒæĨåąæ
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽéčĻãŽå¤åã¨äģåžãŽåąæ
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽéčĻã¯ãäēēã
ãŽåŋããįæ´ģããšããŦãšį¤žäŧãŽä¸ã§įããåŽåŋãæąããããŧãēãĢåŋããåŊĸã§åĸå ããĻããžããäģåžãéĢéŊĸåį¤žäŧãŽé˛åąããĄãŗãŋãĢãąãĸãŽéčĻæ§ãŽčĒčãŽéĢãžããĢãããéčĻã¯įļįļįãĢæĄå¤§ããã¨äēæŗãããžãã
### æ°ããĒæŊŽæĩīŧæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽé˛åã¨å¯čŊæ§
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæĨįã§ã¯ãããå¤æ§ãĒããŧãēãĢ寞åŋãããããŽé˛åãæ°ããĒæŊŽæĩãįãžããĻããžããäžãã°ãįšåŽãŽããŧããįŽįãĢæ˛ŋãŖããĢãšãŋãã¤ãēãããæˇģãå¯ãĩãŧããšãŽæäžããå°éįãĒããŦãŧããŗã°ãåãããšãŋãããĢãããĩãŧããšãŽæäžãĒãŠããããžãããžãããĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãVRæčĄãæ´ģį¨ããæ°ããåŊĸæ
ãŽæˇģãå¯ãĩãŧããšãįģå ´ããĻããžãã
### į§ãæããæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæĨįãŽæĒæĨ
į§åäēēã¨ããĻã¯ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæĨįã¯ãžããžãæéˇããããžããžãĒããŧãēãĢ寞åŋãããĩãŧããšãåĸããã¨äēæŗããĻããžãããžããAIãããããæčĄãŽé˛æŠãĢããããããĒãĸãĢãĒå¯žčŠąãå¯ãæˇģããå¯čŊãĒãĩãŧããšãéįēãããå¯čŊæ§ããããžãããã ããäēēéååŖĢãŽæ¸ŠããåŋãŽč§ĻãåããäŋĄé ŧéĸäŋã¯ä¸å¯æŦ ãĒčĻį´ ã¨ããĻæŽãįļããã§ãããã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæąäēēã¸ãŽåŋåæšæŗã¨éĸæĨ寞į
### åąĨæ´æ¸ãčˇåįĩæ´æ¸ãŽæ¸ãæš
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæąäēēã¸ãŽåŋåã§ã¯ãåąĨæ´æ¸ãčˇåįĩæ´æ¸ãŽæåēãæąããããå ´åããããžããåąĨæ´æ¸ã§ã¯ãåēæŦįãĒåäēēæ
å ąãåĻæ´ãģčˇæ´ãčŗæ ŧãģå
訹ãĒãŠãæŖįĸēãĢč¨å
Ĩããžããããčˇåįĩæ´æ¸ã§ã¯ããããžã§ãŽå°ąæĨįĩé¨ããĸãĢãã¤ãįĩé¨ãéĸéŖãããšããĢãį äŋŽįĩé¨ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãĢéŠããįĩé¨ãįšæãĒãŠãå
ˇäŊįãĢč¨čŧããžãããã
### éĸæĨã§ãŽãĸããŧãĢãã¤ãŗãã¨čĒåˇąPRãŽäŊãæš
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽéĸæĨã§ã¯ãčĒåˇąPRãéããĻãĸããŧãĢãããã¨ãéčĻã§ãããžããæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§ãŽå¤åįĩé¨ãéĸéŖããįĩé¨ãåŧˇčĒŋããžãããããžãããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗčŊåãæããããŽåŋãæčģæ§ãããŧã ã¯ãŧã¯ãĒãŠãæąãããããšããĢãčŗčŗĒãå
ˇäŊįãĒäēäžãįĩé¨ãäē¤ããĒããčĒŦæããžããããčĒåˇąPRãŽä¸ã§ããĒãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åããããŽããããŽãããããé
åãĢã¤ããĻãäŧããã¨č¯ãã§ãããã
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæąäēēã¸ãŽåŋåæåäŊé¨čĢ
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæąäēēã¸ãŽåŋåæåäŊé¨čĢã¨ããĻãäģĨä¸ãŽįšãĢæŗ¨æãããã¨ãéčĻã§ãããžããæąäēēæ
å ąãäŧæĨãŽįšåž´ãäēåãĢčĒŋãšãåŋåãŽåæŠãåŋæåēĻãå
ˇäŊįãĢäŧãããã¨ã大åã§ãããžããéĸæĨåãĢčĒåˇąåæãčĄããčĒčēĢãŽåŧˇãŋãæéˇææŦ˛ããåŽĸæ§ãĢ寞ããæããĒãŠãæįĸēãĢããĻããã¨č¯ãã§ããããéĸæĨã§ã¯ãčĒäŋĄã¨čĒ åŽããæãŖãĻ芹ããã¨ãåŋæãããäēããŽæåž
ãĢåŋããå§ŋåĸããĸããŧãĢããžãããã
## æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã¸ãŽå°ąčˇãčããåãĢįĨãŖãĻãããããã¨
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åãåãĢįĸēčĒããšããã¤ãŗã
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã§åãåãĢã¯ãäģĨä¸ãŽãã¤ãŗããįĸēčĒãããã¨ãéčĻã§ãããžããæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽæĨįãäŧæĨãŽįšåž´ãæšéãįč§Ŗããžãããããžããå´åæĄäģļãå¤åæéãįĩĻä¸äŊįŗģãįĻåŠåįãĒãŠãå
ˇäŊįãĒå°ąæĨæĄäģļãåž
ééĸãĢã¤ããĻãįĸēčĒããžãããããããĢãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽäģäēå
厚ããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽéĸããæšãæąãããããšããĢãčŗčŗĒãĢã¤ããĻãįč§ŖããĻããã¨č¯ãã§ãããã
### æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽãĄãĒããã¨ããĄãĒãã
æˇģãå¯ãĒããŦãŽãĄãĒããã¨ããĄãĒãããčæ
ŽããčĒčēĢãŽéŠæ§ãå¸æãĢåãŖãĻããããå¤æããžãããããĄãĒããã¨ããĻã¯ããåŽĸæ§ã¨ãŽåŋãŽč§ĻãåããæéˇãŽæŠäŧããããããæãããã¨ãæããããžãããžããæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦæĨįãŽæéˇæ§ãéčĻãŽæĄå¤§ãé
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čĻã§ãã
### į§ãŽæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦå°ąčˇåãĢčãããã¨
į§ãæˇģãå¯ãĒããŦã¸ãŽå°ąčˇãčããéãĢã¯ãčĒčēĢãŽäēēééĸäŋããŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗčŊåãæããããŽåŋãæ´ģãããäģäēãæąããĻããžããããžãããåŽĸæ§ãĢįããåŽåŋæãæäžãããã¨ãĢãããããæãããã¨ãéčĻã§ããããããĢãæĨįãŽæéˇæ§ãå°æĨæ§ãĢãæåž
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms that are caused by elevations of androgen (male hormones) in the female body. It includes symptoms like a lack of menstruation or heavy periods, excess body or facial hair, acne, pelvic pain, and a patch of thick, dark, velvety skin. The reasons for its occurrence stem from a combination of environmental and genetic factors, though the exact reason for its cause is not understood. The following are likely factors contributing to the development of PCOS:
Excess insulin: The primary hormone involved in glucose metabolism and secreted by the pancreas. Excessive amounts of this hormone occur in states where bodily tissue becomes resistant to its effect, leading the pancreas to produce more to compensate. Increased amounts of insulin in the body may affect the ovaries by increasing androgen production, interfering with the process of ovulation.
Low-grade inflammation: White blood cells produce substances that promote inflammation. Constant low-grade inflammation may stimulate the ovaries to produce androgens.
Heredity: Having a family history of PCOS increases the chances of it occurring. Particular genes may play a role, according to researchers.
As it stands, there is no definitive cure for polycystic ovarian syndrome, with treatment aimed at regulating the menstrual cycle, increasing ovulation, and decreasing excessive hair growth. This may come in the form of a lifestyle change and prescription drugs. However, some simple home remedies may be effective for certain individuals, but they are not a replacementâyou need to speak to a doctor if you have PCOS.
Cinnamon: A study from Columbia University found that cinnamon supplementation can help improve menstrual cycles in women with PCOS. The researchers attributed this finding to cinnamonâs ability to reduce insulin resistance. Consuming approximately two tablespoons of cinnamon powder daily in the form of tea or capsule (100mg three times a day) for a few months can be beneficial for PCOS individuals.
Flaxseed: Contain lignans (a chemical compound found in plants) that increase the production of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG), binding to testosterone in the blood and decreasing overall androgen levels. To get these beneficial effects, it is required to grind the seed first and consume them daily for a few months. Adding them to water, smoothies, soup, and salads are great ways to eat flaxseeds.
Spearmint tea: Contains anti-androgenic properties. A previously published study reported it can help reduce excess body hair as well as reduce total and free testosterone levels in the blood. It can also help increase luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels responsible for hormone balance.
Apple cider vinegar: Can help control blood sugar levels, curbing the release of insulin. This, in effect, will help decrease testosterone levels seen in PCOS patients. It can be taken daily with two tablespoons mixed with water and should be done for a couple of weeks.
Saw palmetto: Known to block 5-alpha reductase activity, an important biochemical process in the production of male sex hormone. It may help prevent excessive hair grown in women with PCOS and may also help scalp hair to grow back.
Chasteberry: Also called vitex, chasteberry may be helpful for hormone balancing and is also used as a remedy for menstrual problems. Can be consumed by boiling it in water, straining, and drinking the tea.
Fish oil: Known for its abundant omega-3 content, fish oil also helps reduce androgen levels and improve insulin sensitivity. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition states that this oil can improve the symptoms of PCOS by balancing androgen levels.
Licorice: Found to reduce serum testosterone levels in women with PCOS, according to research. They believe that the glycyrrhizin in the herb inhibits an enzyme required for testosterone production. Licorice is a dry root that can be made into a tea or taken as a supplement.
Holy basil: Also known as tulsi, this herb can help reduce the symptoms of PCOS due to its anti-androgenic properties. It can also manage insulin levels and aid in weight loss. It is safe to consume eight to twelve leaves daily or make tea a few times a day.
Water: Vital to the body, water also serves to flush out toxins and free radicals. Drinking about 10 glasses a day may help ease the symptoms of PCOS.
Controlling weight: Being overweight or obese increases the risk of developing high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol, all of which can aggravate PCOS symptoms.
Exercising regularly: Not only does regular exercise help maintain your weight, but it also helps improve insulin sensitivity and regulate menstrual cycles. Moderate amounts of exercise are recommended for PCOS patients. These may include jogging, running, skipping, and swimming.
Avoiding negative lifestyle habits: Smoking cigarettes can already have a negative impact on your health, but it may also increase androgen levels and restrict ovulation in PCOS patients as well. Excessive alcohol consumption may also cause dehydration and sudden hunger pangs possible resulting in excess calorie intake. |
During last weekâs State of the Union address, as President Barack Obama boasted about the United Statesâ energy independence, a fancy, graphic-laden split screen displayed the number $1.99. With dramatic drops in oil prices over the last few months, this is the new national average for a gallon of gas, a figure that would have been inconceivable a few years ago when turmoil in the Middle East sent the price skyrocketing above $4.00 in most states. The oil price has fallen by more than 40 percent since June, when it was $115.00 a barrel. As of January 27, the price has dropped to $45.00 a barrel.
As Tufts Political Science Professor Nimah Mazaheri explains, âCrude oil is traded at a futures exchange, where buyers and sellers come with their orders for future delivery. Depending on their particular needs and how fast they need to buy or sell oil, they will agree to a price.â However, projections about the health of the global economy, predictions of weather patterns, news about recent oil discoveries and changes in consumption patterns also affect the price. National security issues of war or terrorism often threaten the oil supply, much of which comes from the Middle East.
There is one other crucial determinant of oil prices: the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which controls nearly 40 percent of the world market. OPECâs decisions shape expectations, which will affect the world price. If OPEC curbs supply sharply, it can send prices spiking.These can be simple questions of supply and demand, until politics get in the way.
Faced with a deluge of new oil supply, mainly from U.S. shale production, OPEC met in Vienna on November 27 to determine new production quotas. âOPEC has been losing power to control the oil market as a result of the increase in oil production by non-OPEC countries,â says Tufts Economics Professor George Norman. Analysts had estimated OPEC would need to take 1 million to 1.5 million barrels a day off the market to support oil prices, which had fallen by more than 30 percent since the summer.
While the various geopolitical and social motivations can be hard to follow, it appears as though a group of Arab Producers of the Persian Gulf formed within OPEC, an internationally and legally recognized cartel. This alliance, centered on Saudi Arabia, which produces nearly 10 million barrels of oil a dayâa third of the OPEC totalârefused to agree to the production standards put forth by other OPEC nations like Russia and Venezuela. The Saudis and their Gulf allies decided not to sacrifice their own market share to restore the price. They could curb production sharply, but the main benefits would go to countries they detest, such as Iran and Russia. With a reserve fund of $900 billion, Saudi Arabia can afford to tolerate lower oil prices for eight years, according to former Saudi Arabian advisor Mohammad al-Sabban. Its own oil costs around $5.00 â $6.00 per barrel to extract from the ground. Meanwhile, in the United States it can cost roughly $85 to extract one barrel. OPEC failed to reach agreement on production curbs, sending expectations into turmoil and prices tumbling even further, with prices being cut in half.
In the months since, dropping prices have produced a number of winners and losers in the oil industry. With sanctions compounding the tumbling oil prices, Russia, a country whose economy relies heavily on oil and gas exports, has fallen into recession. Saudi Arabia has shown concern too, but seems assured that its cash reserves can weather a long period of depressed prices.
The country left most in uncertainty by Saudi Arabiaâs actions and falling oil prices is the United States of America. On a personal level, consumers are benefitting in the short term. According to Professor Mazaheri, âLower oil prices are a positive turn of events for most Americans, who are used to spending about 4 percent of their annual income on gasoline. For low-income households with a car, lower gas prices are a great help to their budgets and are coming at a much-needed time.â Lower gas prices will also be a major benefit for any energy-intensive industrial sector in the United States. âIf prices remain low into the summer, they should benefit the agricultural sector and farmers who rely on fuel and energy-based fertilizers and pesticides,â says Professor Mazaheri.
The oil industry may not be sharing the optimism of the farming industry. Recent shale oil and natural gas booms have led to thriving economies in new frontiers like North Dakota and Wyoming, a modern day gold rush providing jobs to the country and a vast new supply of oil to the world market. But with prices now in flux, so too are oil producers. âGenerally, decisions about exploration and production are made over the long-term and assume that price fluctuations will occur and so the vast majority of these companies are prepared for a drop in prices,â Professor Mazaheri explains. Volatility is the nature of the oil market. âRecently, some US oil rigs have responded to the low prices by cutting back in drilling, but this has been a small segment of producers and has not affected overall US production. As of today, it appears that the price is not low enough where this would have a major impact on production.â
Unfortunately, Professor Mazaheri notes, âSmaller producers extracting harder-to-get oil would be forced to consolidate or close down.â Often times these smaller producers are found in states where the oil industry isnât as well established. A study published in 2013 by the Council on Foreign Relations suggested that job losses from a sharp decline in oil prices would be largest in Wyoming, Oklahoma and North Dakota, states with recently expanded oil industries due to developments in fracking technology.
As reported by the New York Times, Louisiana is also feeling the strain. With an economy that is smaller and less diversified in comparison to oil juggernauts like Texas, Louisiana has had to eliminate positions in the state government, reduce contracts across the state and halt expenses for excess items at all state agencies. According to Greg Albrecht, Louisianaâs chief economist, Louisiana loses $12 million for every $1.00 in decline in the annual average price of a barrel of oil.
While oil producers and consumers alike remain rooted in uncertainty and apprehension, recent months serve as a concrete reminder of the volatility of oil. Because oil as a resource is highly politicized, subject to constant scrutiny and geopolitical conflicts, fluctuating oil prices are nothing new. And despite its flaws, OPEC has long maintained its ability to coordinate production levels and restore prices. But with technology rapidly changing the ways we extract oil, and jockeying for market dominance fragmenting OPECâs cohesiveness, oil producers are in a more vulnerable state than ever before. Thankfully, oil-producing states have diversified their economies, becoming far less dependent on oil and gas tax revenue than they were 30 years ago. The current situation could have been much worse. The portion of the state budget in Louisiana linked to oil and gas revenue is about 13 percent, compared with 45 percent in the 1980s.
However, for much of the last few months, it seemed as though, more so than Russia, or Saudi Arabia, or the United States of America, the environment was the biggest loser in the recent oil boom. Developments in fracking technology made puncturing the earthâs surface cheaper and easier. Toxic oil processing plants are thriving, treating more oil than ever before. With gas priced so low, consumers have no incentive to switch to energy-efficient alternative forms of transportation. The struggles of states like Wyoming and Louisiana demonstrate the ongoing need for a dependable, consistent, form of clean energy for the future.
As it stands, the worldâs reliance on oil leaves it subject to the constant fluctuating nature of the oil economy. |
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ãã¨ãå°ããĒãŋãšã¯ã§ããŖãĻãããããįĩããæãŽæēčļŗæã¯ãį§ããĄãŽãĸãããŧãˇã§ãŗãįļæããä¸ã§é常ãĢéčĻã§ãã
### âĸ äģäēåžãŽãĒãŠãã¯ãšãŋã¤ã ãŽéčĻæ§
äģäēãįĩããŖãåžãŽãĒãŠãã¯ãšãŋã¤ã ã¯ãåŋčēĢãŽåĨåēˇãäŋã¤ãããĢæŦ ãããžããã
ããŽæéãæåšãĢäŊŋããã¨ã§ããšããŦãšãč§ŖæļããæŦĄãŽæĨãĢåããã¨ããĢãŽãŧãčãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãã¨ãã°ãåĨŊããĒéŗæĨŊãč´ããæŖæŠããããčĒæ¸ããããĒãŠãčĒåãĢåãŖãæšæŗã§ãĒãŠãã¯ãšãããã¨ã大åã§ãã
## äģäēä¸ãããŽæéãæ大éãĢæ´ģį¨ããæšæŗ
äģäēä¸ãããŽæéã¯ããã ãŽã帰åŽ
æéãã§ã¯ãããžããã
ããŽč˛´éãĒæéããŠãäŊŋããã§ãæŦĄãŽæĨãŽãããŠãŧããŗãšãčĒåˇąæéˇãĢ大ããĒåˇŽãįãžããžãã
### â åšįįãĒäģäēãŽåãæŋããã¯ããã¯
åšįįãĢäģäēããããŠã¤ããŧãã¸åãæŋãããã¯ããã¯ã¯ãäģäēãŽčŗĒãäŋã¤ä¸ã§éčĻã§ãã
äžãã°ãäģäēį¨ãŽããã°ãåŽļãĢįŊŽããĻãããŠã¤ããŧãį¨ãŽããã°ãæã¤ãã¨ã§ãįŠįįãĢãåŋįįãĢãäģäēãĸãŧãããéĸãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãžãã帰åŽ
åžãããĢãˇãŖã¯ãŧãæĩ´ãŗããã¨ã§ãä¸æĨãŽį˛ããæ´ãæĩãããĒããŦããˇãĨãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### ⥠ä¸ããæéãäŊŋãŖãčĒåˇąæčŗãŽãšãšãĄ
äģäēä¸ãããŽæéãčĒåˇąæčŗãĢäŊŋããã¨ã¯ãčĒåãįŖ¨ããããŖãĒãĸãĸãããĢãã¤ãĒãããžãã
äžãã°ããĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãŗãŧãšã§ãšããĢãĸãããåŗããčļŖåŗãĢæ˛Ąé ãããéåããããĒãŠãčĒåãéĢããæ´ģåãĢæéãå˛ããã¨ããéˇæįãĒæåã¸ãŽæčŗãĢãĒããžãã
### âĸ äģäēã¨ããŠã¤ããŧããŽããŠãŗãšãäŋã¤ãŗã
äģäēã¨ããŠã¤ããŧããŽããŠãŗãšãäŋã¤ãã¨ã¯ããšããŦãšããĒãŧãĒįæ´ģãéããããĢä¸å¯æŦ ã§ãã
äģäēä¸ãããŽæéãæįĸēãĢåēåããåŽļæãåäēēã¨ãŽæéã大åãĢãããã¨ã§ãåŋãŽããŠãŗãšãæ´ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãžããčļŖåŗããĒãŠã¯ãŧãŧãˇã§ãŗãŽæéãč¨ãããã¨ã§ãäģäēãŽåšįãčĒįļã¨ä¸ãããžãã
## äģäēãŽčŗĒãéĢãããããŽä¸ããåãŽãĢãŧããŗ
äģäēãŽčŗĒãéĢãããããĢã¯ãä¸ããåãŽãĢãŧããŗãé常ãĢéčĻã§ãã
ããŽæéããŠãéãããã§ãæŦĄãŽæĨãŽãããŠãŧããŗãšãĢ大ããåŊąéŋããžãã
### â ä¸æĨãŽįĩãããĢčĄããšã5ã¤ãŽãã§ãã¯ãĒãšã
ä¸æĨãŽįĩãããĢčĄããšããã§ãã¯ãĒãšãã¯ãæŦĄãŽæĨãŽæēåãæ´ããä¸ã§åŊšįĢãĄãžãã
äžãã°ãããšã¯ãŽæ´įæ´é ãįŋæĨãŽãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢįĸēčĒãåŋ
čĻãĒčŗæãŽæēåããĄãŧãĢãŽæįĩãã§ãã¯ãįŋæĨãŽæčŖ
ãæąēãããĒãŠãįŋæĨãĢåãããããŽčĄåããĒãšããĸããããžãããã
### ⥠ææĨã¸ãŽæēåã¯ä¸ããåãéĩ
ææĨã¸ãŽæēåãããä¸ã§ãä¸ããåãŽæéã¯é常ãĢéčĻã§ãã
ããŽæéãäŊŋãŖãĻãįŋæĨãŽãŋãšã¯ãæ´įããåĒå
é äŊãæąēãããã¨ã§ãåšįįãĢä¸æĨããšãŋãŧããããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãžããįŋæĨãŽãããĢåŋ
čĻãĒčŗæãæēåãããã¨ã§ãæãŽåŋããæéãæåšãĢäŊŋããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### âĸ äģäēãŽãĸãããŧãˇã§ãŗãįļæããä¸ããåãŽįŋæ
Ŗ
äģäēãŽãĸãããŧãˇã§ãŗãįļæãããããĢã¯ãä¸ããåãĢčĒåãč¤ããįŋæ
Ŗãã¤ãããã¨ãåšæįã§ãã
ä¸æĨãŽææãæ¯ãčŋããå°ããĒæåãčĒãããã¨ã§ãčĒåˇąč¯åŽæãéĢããæŦĄãŽæĨã¸ãŽææŦ˛ãé¤ããã¨ãã§ããžãã
## äģäēä¸ãããŽæ¨æļãæã¤æåŗã¨ã¯īŧ
äģäēä¸ãããŽæ¨æļã¯ããã ãŽåŊĸåŧã§ã¯ãããžããã
ããŽä¸č¨ããčˇå ´ãŽäēēééĸäŋãč¯åĨŊãĢäŋã¤éĩã¨ãĒããžãã
### â ãã¸ããšãˇãŧãŗã§ãŽããå
ãĢä¸ãããžãããŽæŖããäŊŋãæš
ããå
ãĢä¸ãããžããã¨ããä¸č¨ã¯ãå°æŦã¨æčŦãŽæ°æãĄã襨ãæĨæŦãŽãã¸ããšãˇãŧãŗãĢãããéčĻãĒããŦãŧãēã§ãã
ããŽæ¨æļããããã¨ã§ãä¸æĨãŽįĩãããĢååãä¸å¸ã¸ãŽæŦæãį¤ēããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãžããããŽä¸č¨ããããŧã å
ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãåæģãĢããčˇå ´ãŽé°å˛æ°ãč¯ãããåšæããããžãã
### ⥠ååã¨ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãæˇąããä¸ãããŽä¸č¨
äģäēä¸ãããĢäē¤ããããä¸č¨ã¯ãååã¨ãŽäŋĄé ŧéĸäŋãį¯ãä¸ã§å¤§åã§ãã
ãã¨ãã°ããäģæĨãä¸æĨãį˛ãããžã§ãããã¨åŖ°ãããããã¨ã§ããäēããŽå´ãčĒãåããããŧã ã¯ãŧã¯ãåŧˇåãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ããŽãããĒãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗã¯ãčˇå ´ã§ãŽäēēééĸäŋãããčąããĢããžãã
### âĸ æŦčĒã¨ããĻãŽãä¸ããããŽäŊŋãåã
ãä¸ãããã¨ããč¨čã¯ãæŦčĒã¨ããĻãŽäŊŋãåããéčĻã§ããčĒåããįĢå ´ãä¸ãŽäēēãĢã¯ããä¸ãããĢãĒãããååãåžčŧŠãĢã¯ãä¸ãããã¨äŊŋãåãããã¨ã§ãį¸æãĢ寞ããæŦæãéŠåãĢ襨įžãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ããŽãããĒį´°ããé
æ
Žããčˇå ´ã§ãŽåæģãĒãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãæ¯ããžãã
## äģäēãŽåšįãä¸ãããããŽæéįŽĄįčĄ
æéįŽĄįã¯ãäģäēãŽåšįãä¸ãããããĢä¸å¯æŦ ã§ãã
ããŽæčĄãčēĢãĢã¤ãããã¨ã§ãäģäēãŽčŗĒã¨įįŖæ§ãéĢãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### â äģäēãŽãšããŧããä¸ãããŋã¤ã ããã¸ãĄãŗã
äģäēãŽãšããŧããä¸ãããããĢã¯ããŋã¤ã ããã¸ãĄãŗããéčĻã§ãã
ãŋãšã¯ãã¨ãĢæéãč¨åŽããéä¸ããĻäŊæĨãčĄããã¨ã§ãåšįįãĢäģäēãé˛ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
ãžãããŋã¤ã ãããããŗã°ãŽãããĒææŗãį¨ãããã¨ã§ãä¸æĨãŽæéãæ大éãĢæ´ģį¨ãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### ⥠čŗĒã¨ãšããŧãããŠãĄããåĒå
ããšãã
äģäēãŽčŗĒã¨ãšããŧãã¯ã常ãĢããŠãŗãšãåãåŋ
čĻããããžãã
ãšããŧããčŋŊæąããããžããčŗĒãčŊãĄãĻã¯æåŗããããžããã
ä¸æšã§ãčŗĒã°ãããčŋŊæąããĻããĻã¯ãįˇ ãåããåŽããã¨ãã§ããĒããã¨ããããžãã
ããŽããããŋãšã¯ãŽåĒå
é äŊãã¤ããčŗĒã¨ãšããŧããŽããŠãŗãšãčããĒããäŊæĨãé˛ãããã¨ã大åã§ãã
### âĸ įˇ ãåãåãŽããŦããˇãŖãŧãäšãčļããæšæŗ
įˇ ãåãåãŽããŦããˇãŖãŧã¯ãå¤ããŽäēēãįĩé¨ããããŽã§ãã
ããŽããŦããˇãŖãŧãäšãčļãããããĢã¯ãč¨įģįãĢãŋãšã¯ãé˛ãããã¨ãéčĻã§ãã
ãžããįˇ ãåããŽæ°æĨåãĢã¯ãäŊæĨãŽé˛æãįĸēčĒããåŋ
čĻãĢåŋããĻčĒŋæ´ãčĄããã¨ã§ãäŊčŖãæãŖãĻįˇ ãåããčŋãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
## ãžã¨ãīŊäģæĨããå§ãããäģäēä¸ãããŽæ°įŋæ
Ŗ
äģäēãįĩããåžãŽãģããŽããããĒæéããããĒããŽäēēįãčąããĢããéĩã¨ãĒããžãã
äģåãį´šäģãããäģäēä¸ããããŽæéãŽéããæšããčˇå ´ã§ãŽãŗããĨããąãŧãˇã§ãŗãŽãŗããåšįįãĒæéįŽĄįčĄãåãå
Ĩãããã¨ã§ãæ¯æĨãããŖã¨å
åŽããããã¨ãã§ããã§ãããã
åŽå ĩæãæããįŦéã大åãĢããčĒåˇąæčŗãŽæéãäŊããææĨã¸ãŽæēåãæ ããĒããããããŽå°ããĒä¸æŠããããĒããŽäģäēãããŠã¤ããŧãããŦããĢãĸãããããã¯ãã§ãã
äģæĨãããæ°ãããäģäēä¸ããããŽįŋæ
Ŗãå§ããĻãŋãžãããīŧ |
ãã¸ããé ããčļŗãŽčŖãããšãããč
°ããč¸ããæãŽã˛ããããĸã´ããįéããčŗããé Ŧãæããčä¸ããįŧããåããæå
ãįãããããŧãŖã¨įãã
å°ããĒãããã大ä¸å¤Ģã ããã¨æãŖãĻãĄããå¯ŋå¸åŧåŊãĢå
ĨãŖãĻããčĻĒæãŽå
ãģãŠãŽéãŽãĢããéŖãšãããã âĻīŧ鎎åēĻæĒããŖããŽããĒãéĸäŋãĒããã
ãĢããĸãŦãĢãŽãŧã¯æ˛ģãŖãĻãĒãããĒããŖãã
ä¸åĻįãŽé ãéĻįŽąãéŖãšãĻå
¨čēĢãĢįēįšãįēčĩ¤ãčéēģįšãåēãĻããč
šãä¸ããĻãããã¤ããŽå
įãĢč¨ēãĻããã ããã¨ããĢã
- ããããĢãéŖãšãĄãããĄã ãã
- ããããŖãĻä¸įã§ããīŧã
- ãããä¸įã ãã
ã¨č¨ãããĻäģĨæĨãäŊčĒŋãããģãŠæĒããĒããã°å°ããããã¯å¤§ä¸å¤Ģã ããã¨æãŖãĻãããŽã ããįããŖããŋããã
ã¯ãŧããã¨6æéãããã¯ææ
ĸãŋã¤ã ãįļããŽãâĻã
ãĢããåĨãĢåĨŊįŠãããĒããĻãããŖããŧã |
Filed under: æ´å˛ãģįĨ芹, įšæŽ | Comments (2)
ãäģŽéĸãŠã¤ããŧãĻãŖãļãŧã ã¤ãŗ ãã¸ã!?ãŠãŗããDVDãåąãããŽã§čĻãĻãžãããããĒãŧãēãŽæãæãŖãããŠãããããŽãŖãĻããæåŗåäžãĢčĻããĨãããĒãã
æŦįˇ¨ã¨ã¯éãĢããĩãĢæ¯ãåããããŊãŠãéĸįŊããŖãã§ãããŊãŠãŖãĻããããæåžãŽæšã¯ä¸ãŽäēēãŽį´ ãåēãĻãžããããéĸčĨŋåŧã¨ãâĻâĻã
ãããĻãŗã¨ããŽé¨åąãĢå¤ĒéŊãŽįŗãŽããããĨãĸãããŖããŽã§ãäģĨåæãããããæãåēããžããããĸãšããĢâĻâĻã
ãžããĻãŖãļãŧãįĩĄãŋã§äŊãæããããĒããããããŽåãĢåš´čŗįļã¨ããæããããŽãŗã¯ããįĩĩã¨ãããããŠã
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ãŽ1åãThe Mythology of the Americasããæ¨æĨåąãããŽã§ããããĢéĸããĻã
ãæåäģĨä¸įĨããŽãããããŖãĻãŽé
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čĻãåēãĻããžãããåŽã¯äģåčŗŧå
Ĩãããã¨ãĢãã2åã¯ããããããŽåéĄãŽãããŽčŗæãĒãŽã§ãã
äģļãŽč¨äēãæ¸ããåžãããĒãã¨ãĒãåŧãŖããããčĻããĻãããŽã§ãããããã§ãã´ãŖã¸ãĨãĸãĢįä¸įãŽįĨ芹įžį§ãĸãĄãĒãĢįˇ¨ããŽã¨ã¯ãĢãã¯ãŧããĒãŽé
ãäŊåēĻãčĒãŋčŋããĻããããĄããĩã¨ãããĒįåãæĩŽããã§ããžããã
ãããã˛ããŖã¨ããĻåč¨ŗãĢåéĄããããããããīŧ ãé
åļįĨããŖãĻãĒãŖãĻãã¨ãåæã ã¨ãcounterpartãã ãŖãããããīŧ ãããĒãã寞ãŽįæšãã§ã¯ããŖãĻããå¤ĢåŠĻéĸäŋãŽįæšãã¨ã¯éããĒãããīŧã
ããã§ãåæãįĸēčĒããããåčã§ãããThe Mythology of the Americasãã財ããžããã
īŧã¨ããã§čąčĒįã¯æĨæŦčĒįãã大ãããŽã§įŊŽãå ´æãĢå°ããããŽååãŋã¯å°ãĒãã¨ã¯ããīŧ
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äģåãŽãäģŽéĸãŠã¤ããŧãĻãŖãļãŧããã大å¤į§åĨŊãŋãĒã芹ã§ãããžããããäēēéãŽåŋãæãŖãããĄãŗãã īŧãã ãäēēéãŽé ããéŖįļåŋĢæĨŊæŽēäēēį¯īŧãã¨ã¯ã¨ã°ããååãããã¯ãåŽã¯ããåĨ´âĻâĻã¨čĻããããĻåŽã¯ãããããĒããŖããīŧãã¨ã¯æããžããããããããæšåããæĨãã¨ã¯ãäēēéãŽé ãããã¨ãã¨æĒäēēã ãŖãæĒäēēã¨ããã°ããˇãŗãąãŗã¸ãŖãŧããŽäēēæŦããéããæåĨįããĒããå¤éãĢå ãĄãåčãæãåēããããŠããããããŽãåŽéŊ厎ããããĨãŧãĩãŧãŽčļŖåŗãĒãã§ããããããã´ãŧãĢã¤ã¸ãŖãŧããŽããšãŗãããã¤ãĒãäēēéæ
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## æĻéŖãããã¤ãįŦé
ããŽäēēã¨ãĒãįĩļ寞嚸ããĢãĒããã¨įĩåŠããã¯ããĒãŽãĢãįžåŽãŽįĩåŠįæ´ģãŽä¸ã§ãããīŊããŽäēēããã¤ãīŧãã¨æãŖãĻããžãįŦéãå¤ã
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