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If youâve ever owned the same computer for more than a few years, youâre most likely very well aware of the kind of performance loss that occurs to them over time. More often than not, a majority of this performance loss is caused by a lack of maintenance. Consumer electronics do not reap the benefits of being owned and operated by trained technicians in ideal environments where they are constantly monitored and pampered. So even the top-of-the-line, high-performance computer eventually becomes sluggish as a data pile up time wears them down. Servers are built with more longevity in mind, but they are not so much different from everyday PCs when it comes to keeping them in shape. Proper maintenance is essential when it comes to running a datacenter efficiently and effectively. When monitoring a server system, consider each of the system components individually because they all add up to the bigger system performance picture. Here are some of the main components to consider when monitoring a server system:
CPU â The Central Processing Unit is essentially the brain of your server. It is the CPU that processes the instructions of server programs and initiates the various operations required to execute them. The CPU is a key factor in nearly all of the activities performed by the server, including server monitoring, and portions of its processing power are divided up amongst the many processes that are being carried out at all times. In CPU monitoring, you want to determine the CPUâs maximum workload capacity and compare that against its average usage over time. If the CPU ever reaches 100% usage or sees high percentages for dramatically extended periods of time, it may be time to take action. CPUs in these conditions should either be replaced, or partnered with new CPU/s that can share the processing load.
RAM â Random Access Memory is a flash-based form of temporary storage on the server that can process certain parts of programs much faster than the serverâs slower spinning disk storage can. Much like the CPU, it is imperative that a server maintain available RAM. Servers that run out of RAM repurpose parts of the disk storage drives as virtual Ram centers. When this occurs, it can have a very heavy negative impact on system performance that sometimes has the potential to crash the system. When monitoring a serverâs RAM, look out for large spikes in usage and eliminate their root causes. Software errors, inadequate CPU, and many other irregularities can cause these types of spikes.
Hard Drives â Server primarily use hard disk drives to store permanent data (available after reboot unlike RAM). Hard disks are necessary for almost all tasks performed by the storage server or JBOD enclosure since most applications require the writing and storing of some form of data or another. There are many different forms of disk-monitoring software that exist, each with unique strengths. Often, these programs will check your disks for forms of fragmentation, which commonly occurs when disk space is low or other software errors are causing file corruption. Consistent monitoring of the hard disks is crucial given their direct connection with whatever valuable information your server is processing.
Temperature / Environmental factors â Heat is a serious issue in the data center that should not be taken lightly. Server motherboards and other system boards have manufacturer temperature standards that must be met. Excessive heat can cause irreversible damage that will have a negative impact of system performance. Similar damage can be caused by excessive moisture or dust in the air that occupies the data center. It is important to have an effective cooling system in place before running a server array. Monitoring temperature and humidity levels can prevent the performance loss that can occur over time as a result of poor environmental conditions.
Power Supply â If the CPU is the brain of the computer, the power supply would then be the heart that keeps it running. PSUs are subject to a whole slew of environmental factors that can affect performance. Furthermore, the failure of the power supply can result in irreversible catastrophic system failure. When monitoring power supplies, youâll want to periodically track the amperage and voltage, the amount of watts being pulled, and the overall temperature of the power supply. |
Peter Barlow was born at Norwich in October 1776. The events during his first years of his life are quite unknown. It is known that he kept a school and gained some scientific knowledge. He became a correspondent to the 'Ladies' Diary', then under the management of a Dr. Hutton, professor of mathematics at Woolwich. By his advice Barlow sought and obtained the post of assistant mathematical master in 1801. He was promoted to the post ofprofessor of mathematics in the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich.
His first book, titled 'An Elementary Investigation of the Theory of Numbers' was published 1811, followed in 1814 by 'A New Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary'. His best known publication is probably 'New Mathematical Tables' (Barlow's Tables) of the same year, giving the factors, squares, cubes, square and cube roots, reciprocals and hyperbolic logarithms of all numbers from 1 to 10.000, together with the first ten powers of numbers under 100 and the fourth and fifth of all from 100 to 1.000. In 1817 his then most useful book 'Essay on the Strength of Timber and other Materials' gave important information to engineers. These values were gained through numerous experiments in the dockyard of Woolwich.
Barlow invented the technique of fixing a small piece of iron close to a ships compass to compensate for the large deviations due to the increasing quantities of iron in ship construction. After tests in various latitudes it was shown that this did not work on ships build wholly of iron. However, for this invention he received a grant of 500 pounds from the Board of Longitude, from emperor Alexander in Russia a golden watch and chain, and in 1821 the gold medal of the Society of Arts. Between 1823 and 1833 much of his work was on the field of magnetism and electro-magnetism. He even made experiments in signalling by electricity. In a letter he described experiments on the influence of iron on the rates of chronometers.
His optical experiments began about 1827. There were several experiments to correct a single lens for chromatic aberration with concave lenses. These correctors were first placed near the first lens, but some opticians moved the concave lens further down the tube. This arrangement was described 1828 by Rogers in a paper to the Astronomical Society. By this a 3 inch concave flint lens was sufficient to correct a 9 inch crown glass. Smaller lenses near the focus would do the colour correction, but have to have steeper curves which would introduce spherical aberration. The first scope with this arrangement of lenses was made by G. Dollond for Barlow. Making own experiments on achromatic lenses Barlow had some difficulty in getting flint-glass. He replaced the flint by the liquid carbon-disulphide which he contained in glass. This 'liquid lens' was only half the diameter of the front lens and placed in the middle of the telescope tube between the front lens and the eyepiece. The first two telescopes he build with this element had 3 and 6 inches aperture and were corrected for colour and curvature by a concave-convex glass container filled with the liquid. Supported by a grant from the Board of Longitude he build a 7.8 inch refractor, and was willing to try to build a 24 inch telescope.
The Royal Society in 1831 appointed a committee to report on the practicability of this design in this size. The committee requested a 8 inch telescope with 105 inch focal length for further testing. This last telescope of this design was made in 1832 by Dollond. Herschel, Airy and Smyth examined it. They found the light gathering good but rated the chromatic and spherical aberration not enough corrected. The 24 inch was never build.
The now famous 'Barlow Lens' is the result of a collaboration of Barlow with George Dollond. Barlow calculated a concave achromatic lens which Dollond made in 1833 and mounted to a telescope. Dawes employed it first while measuring close double stars. He and Smyth commented favourably on this construction. The invention of this new optical element was presented to the Royal Society by Dollond. (Phil. Trans., 124 pp. 199-207, 1834)
After his optical experiments Barlow was much occupied with experiments for steam locomotion. He sat on railway commissions in 1836, 1839, 1842 and 1845. He resigned his post at Woolwich Academy in 1847, his public services recognized by the continuance of full pay. Peter Barlow died on the 1st of March 1862, aged 86.
Barlow was elected Fellow of the Royal Society in 1823 and received the Copley medal in 1825 for his discoveries in magnetism. He was admitted to the Astronomical Society and sat on the committee for the improvement of the 'Nautical Almanac' in 1829-30. Beside the above mentioned books Barlow contributed several articles for the 'Encyclopaedia Metropolitana' and Rees's 'Encyclopaedia'. The Royal Society's 'Catalogue of Scientific Papers' lists 49 contributions by Barlow to scientific periodicals.
Red Hill Observatory --off site link--
A Chart of Magnetic Curves of Equal Variation by Peter Barlow
William Henry Barlow, Civil Engineer (Peter's son)
This page contributed by Christof A. Plicht
|Contact Chris Barlow if you are interested in posting your Barlows in these pages| |
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Due to the impact of Covid-19 (Coronavirus), the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority has closed its headquarters, visitor attractions (Carew Castle, Castell Henllys and Oriel y Parc), its car parks and sections of the Pembrokeshire Coast Path until further notice. All meetings and events are cancelled until further notice. If you have any queries please call 01646 624800 or email [email protected]
In order to halt and reverse the decline and loss of our wildlife (Welsh Assembly Government Environment Strategy objective by 2010), we need to stop doing the things that destroyed habitats in the first place, and to start doing things that will gradually reinstate them.
We must continue to conserve the remaining habitats and the species that they support, which means offering a wide range of services to land owners, from advice and guidance through to grants and free practical assistance (Conserving the Park Scheme, Pembrokeshire Grazing Network). We must also start to develop more ecologically resilient landscapes by improving conditions for wildlife on intensively managed land.
This kind of change would immediately develop resilience in the wider countryside to support species - the wider countryside would be the wildlife corridor. It is precisely because the wider countryside is managed so intensively that we have lost so many species in the first place.
This is an (agriculturally) improved grassland. Fields like this are typical of the lowland Welsh countryside today. They are used for grazing beef and dairy cattle and sheep, and can often be cut for silage two or three times a year. Fertilisers are added to the sward (an expanse of short grass) to help promote luxuriant grass growth. A field like this will typically consist of one or two grass species and maybe two or three other plant species such as white clover and common mouse-ear.
There will be very few insect, bird or mammal species capable of surviving in grasslands like this. This is what most of the National Park countryside consists of, so is it any surprise that species populations have declined in the wider countryside?
This is a species-rich hay meadow. The Welsh countryside used to consist mostly of grasslands like this but you donât see many around now. Farmers used to graze these meadows with cattle, ponies and sheep in the winter months, and used to cut the grassland for hay in the summer. A field like this will typically consist of six or seven grass species and maybe 12 to 15 other plant species. There will be breeding skylarks and meadow pipits, and many species of insects and small mammals. Birds of prey (such as kestrel and barn owl) and bats will hunt over head.
Why have we gone from one to the other?
The process of improving farmland fields to provide greater quantities of grass, so that greater numbers of livestock can be reared on the land has happened all over the UK during the past 60 years. It has happened because governments all over the world have encouraged farmers, through subsidies, to produce more food than ever before. So we have lost our hay meadows and wet pastures and all of the wildlife (or biodiversity) that they supported.
All we have left are a few small isolated sites where species populations are vulnerable.
So why do farmers manage their/our grasslands in this way?
We currently have a farming system (primarily dictated by the Common Agricultural Policy) that makes it economically unviable for most farmers to manage their grasslands as species-rich hay meadows. National governments have to reform the system so that food produced from species-rich farmland provides farmers with a good income, thereby encouraging them to produce our food in this way. Until farmers are helped to produce our food in a way that actually benefits our wildlife, then it wonât happen, and climate change will merely exacerbate an already acute situation.
We all need to encourage markets for locally produced, wildlife-friendly food. Food produced in this way is great for wildlife and great for people.
The wildlife and landscape quality of our native woodlands has declined significantly during the past 80 years. Timber markets, especially for small quantities of small-dimension hardwoods, have been almost non-existent in recent decades. So, with little incentive for private woodland owners to manage their woodlands, there has been a decline in both the economic and wildlife value of many broadleaved woodlands. Other benefits of traditional woodland management include community and visitor amenity and enjoyment, encouragement of secondary industries and conservation of historic features.
The NPAâs desire is for our native woodlands to be kept at favourable conservation status - requiring a sustainable cycle of regeneration and sensitive management. A sustainable cycle would supply a thriving timber industry using local hardwoods in an unbroken chain from woodland through to timber processing and the manufacture of wood products.
This is why the NPA has invested so much energy, enthusiasm and resources in the Cilrhedyn Woodland Centre and the Pembrokeshire Timber Store, where products are being developed to add value to previously uneconomic and unusable timber. These centres will make a big contribution to the revival of the Pembrokeshire timber industry, and will lead to more and better managed native woodlands in our landscape. |
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Definition of denominator :
1. One who, or that which, gives a name; origin or source of a name.
2. That number placed below the line in vulgar fractions which shows into how many parts the integer or unit is divided.
3. That part of any expression under a fractional form which is situated below the horizontal line signifying division.
fraction (part of speech: noun)
mathematics (part of speech: noun)
geometry, algorithm, integral, dividend, divisor, reciprocal, numerator, multiplicand, root, algebra, trigonometry, arithmetic, differential calculus, radix, coefficient, square root, cube, logarithm, quadratics, antilogarithm, minuend, calculus, multiplier, exponent, subtrahend, fraction, increment, factor, quotient, formula, multiplicator, cube root, modulus, power, multiple, index
- " Reduce it to a common denominator," Westy said. - "Roy Blakeley's Camp on Wheels", Percy Keese Fitzhugh.
- The corporation was the common denominator of people with various industrial and financial interests. - "The American Empire", Scott Nearing.
- As the object of all eloquence is to find the least common denominator of men's souls, to fall just within the natural comprehension, it cannot obviously have any chance with a literary ambition which aims at falling just outside it. - "Varied Types", G. K. Chesterton. |
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A: Two-factor authentication (2FA) is an additional layer of end-user account protection beyond a password. It significantly decreases the risk of account takeovers where a hacker accesses banking, shopping, social media or other online accounts by combining the password (something you know) with a second factor, like a one-time pass-code or push notification sent to your mobile phone (something you have).
A: Yes. Websites refer to this security feature in several different ways: two-factor authentication (or 2FA), two-step verification (or 2-Step), multi-factor authentication and two-step authentication.
A: Two-factor authentication commonly works by asking for something you know (your password) in combination with something you have (your mobile phone) to confirm your identity across a variety of account activitiesâsuch as accessing your accounts from new devices, verifying transactions, or recovering your accounts. The process is simple. Once you enable 2FA on a site that offers it, a typical flow is as follows:
With 2FA enabled, a fraudster would have to have your username and password, and your mobile phoneâat the same timeâin order to access your account.
A: If your phone is lost or stolen you should immediately contact your mobile phone carrier to lock access to the device. Additionally, to prevent unwanted access to your personal phone data and apps in the case where it is lost or stolen, it is always a best practice to utilize the lock feature in your phoneâs settings. You should set your phone to lock and require a password for use of device when you are not actively using it. (General note on passwords: use different passwords across your accounts; use a combination of special characters, numbers and both upper and lowercase letters; avoid using passwords that include information that can be easily discovered onlineâlike maiden names, high school mascots and phone numbers; do not create passwords that are so complicated that they need to be written down or that require a password reset on every login.)
A: Cybercrime is big business. In fact, account takeovers are expected to result in $8.3 billion in fraud losses by 2018*. Often, the cybercriminal behind these attacks is using a stolen password to wreak havoc. Traditional password-based account security has become outdated. If you are using the same password on more than one site, downloading software from the Internet, clicking on links in email messages or even just signing in to your accounts from shared/public devices, you are putting yourself at risk for having your password stolen. And because many accounts simply require a username and password, anyone who steals that password can then log in as you. Having your password stolen and your account attacked is devastating. You could lose everything in itâemails, photos, sensitive information, all of your contacts⊠The list goes on. Fraudsters can lock you out of your account and then pretend to be you, sending messages to your contacts and posting as you for all to see. They can reset your passwords to other accounts. They can access your banking information. You can secure your account from compromise and verify high value transactions (such as accessing credit card details, transferring funds or making bill payments) by simply turning on 2FA.
A: If you receive an authentication code but did not request one, there is a chance your account password has been compromised â but donât worry, whomever is attempting to access your account cannot get the code sent to you. We would recommend immediately changing your affected account password.
Have questions? Contact TDA Today! |
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They the funded and published a journal, âThe African Repositoryâ, for the purpose of perpetuating propaganda of Black inferiority and the need to âsegregate the racesâ. This was done to win public support.
The Publication asserted such concepts as âAfricans were ordained by God and the laws of nature to be inferiorâ and âThey are to be pitied, but are doomed to remain inferior.â
The Colonization Society was led by clergy, college presidents, and officials from both the Republican and Democrat Party. Itâs officers had included Daniel Webster, William H. Seward, Francis Scott Key, and Winfield Scott. It was praised and embraced by the legislatures of 14 states.
In 1829, the Pennsylvania Assembly endorsed the American Colonization Society and agreed that shipping Blacks back to Africa would be âhighly auspicious to the best interests of our country.â
President Abraham Lincoln would later become the leading advocate of Colonization.
The following are his words in a âSpeech on the Dred Scott decisionâ (June 26, 1857), where he criticized both political parties for not sufficiently championing Colonization:
âI have said that the separation of the races is the only perfect preventative of amalgamation. I have no right to say all the members of the Republican party are in favor of this, nor to say that as a party they are in favor of it. There is nothing in their platform directly on the subject. But I can say a very large proportion of its members are for it, and that the chief plank in their platform â opposition to the spread of slavery â is most favorable to that separation.
Such separation, if ever effected at all, must be effected by colonization; and no political party, as such, is now doing anything directly for colonization. Party operations at present only favor or retard colonization incidentally. The enterprise is a difficult one, but âwhen there is a will there is a way;â and what colonization needs most is a hearty will. Will springs from the two elements of moral sense and self-interest.
Let us be brought to believe it is morally right, and, at the same time, favorable to, or, at least, not against, our interest, to transfer the African to his native clime, and we shall find a way to do it, however great the task may be.
The children of Israel, to such numbers as to include four hundred thousand fighting men, went out of Egyptian bondage in a body.â- President Abraham Lincoln
So while Lincoln and most Republicans in the 19th century were definitely not in favor of chattel slavery, most of them wanted absolutely nothing to do with the notion of social equality for Black Americans.
It was an interesting time, as Democrats in the south wanted to own and control Black Americans, many Northern Republicans wanted to get rid of them altogether.
The American Colonization Society spearheaded the establishment of the African colony of Liberia, where over 12,000 blacks were transported to. The total number of Black Americans shipped âBack to Africaâ and other countries, due the efforts of the American Colonization Society, is said to be well over 15,000.
In the final analysis, it appears that both the Republican and the Democrat Party of the 21st Century have been engaged in a bit of historical revision, as neither have been completely transparent about its history of racism.
Many Republicans love to shout on rooftops how they freed Blacks, championed civil rights bills, etc., and how Black Americans are indebted to the Republican Party.
Nevertheless, for all the accusations of Black Americans today being ignorant of knowledge about the history of the Democrat Partyâs perpetuation of racism against Blacks, it could be reasonably argued that most Republicans today are without any substantial knowledge of the GOPâs role in perpetuating discrimination against Black Americans throughout its history.
Dr. Martin L. King, Jr. was well aware of it, which prompted him to say:
âActually, the Negro has been betrayed by both the Republican and the Democratic party. The Democrats have betrayed him by capitulating to the whims and caprices of the Southern Dixiecrats. The Republicans have betrayed him by capitulating to the blatant hypocrisy of reactionary right wing northern Republicans. And this coalition of southern Dixiecrats and right wing reactionary northern Republicans defeats every bill and every move towards liberal legislation in the area of civil rights.â- Dr. Martin L. King
This is why it is so important to pledge our loyalty to Constitutional Principles and Biblical ethics rather than blindly follow the rhetoric of partisan politics, which, with smooth words and fine speeches, often deceives the minds of the miseducated and disinformed constituents in both the Republican and Democrat Parties. |
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ãããŠæ°ãã幎ãè¿ãããããšããã§ããã
è¯ãã幎ã«ãªããŸãããã«ïŒ |
Slowing the pace to explore, wonder, play, share, listen, create, process, rethink and connect.
Our goal is for children to experience the joy of working, playing and being together as they begin their journey as lifelong learners. Through playful explorations, a world of dynamic creativity and ownership of one's ideas is developed, cultivated and nurtured.
Teachers and children work collaboratively in a cooperative, interpersonal spirit to:
Foster "habits of mind"
Provide different approaches to learning
Nurture social and emotional development
Enhance children's cognitive understanding of their world
Hands-on learning. Our curriculum, influenced by the acclaimed Reggio Emilia schools in Northern Italy, encourages children to explore, discover and transform materials to reflect their thinking. We consider the environment a third teacher, and the pre-K classroom includes a studio space for child-led exploration.
Focus on engagement. Project-based learning emerges from the childrenâs interests and passions. We believe that children are active learners motivated to make sense of their environment, explore problems and construct knowledge about things that hold an intrinsic attraction.
Personalized instruction. Observant teachers encourage students to verbalize and represent their ideas as they guide and support productive thinking and deeper understandings. Combining research, theory and experience, we value what, where and how children learn. |
56 Pages Posted: 15 Apr 2001
Date Written: August 2000
Hostility towards minorities may sometimes have economic rather than racial motives. Labour market fears, or concerns about the welfare system, are often believed to manifest themselves in hostile attitudes towards population groups that are considered to be competitors for these resources. The question of how attitudes of majority populations towards immigration are determined is of great importance for implementing appropriate policies. We try to separate racial and economic components to such attitudes. Our analysis is based on the British Social Attitudes Survey, which includes questions on attitudes towards immigration from different minority groups, as well as attitudes towards related concerns, like job security and benefit expenditures. We specify and estimate a multiple factor model. The correlation between answers to questions on immigration and on related issues helps us separate different aspects to attitudes. We find that racial attitudes are strongly associated with hostility to immigration from ethnically distinct populations. Furthermore, there is evidence that welfare and labour market concerns are related to attitudes to immigration, but only among skilled and highly educated workers.
Keywords: Immigration, attitudes, minorities, labour market, welfare
JEL Classification: J15, F22
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
Dustmann, Christian and Preston, Ian, Racial and Economic Factors in Attitudes to Immigration (August 2000). IZA Discussion Paper No. 190. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=251991 |
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Whatâs hotter a lightning bolt or the sunâs surface?
Night Light lightning over the Atlantic Ocean reaches temperatures as hot as 50,000 degrees, which is hotter than the sunâs surface!
Beyond the power, lightning presents scientist and humans its great mysteries, how does it work!
The sun has been burning for more than 4.5 billon years, it holds immense gravity, enough to hold all of its hydrogen and helium together & hold all of the planets orbits.
If you didnât know! |
Factors that Can Contribute to Academic Misconduct
This section of the Teaching Guide for GSIs addresses some of the common causes of or factors contributing to studentsâ commission of academic misconduct. Addressing these causes and factors can help students negotiate their academic difficulties without resorting to unfair means.
Prevention through Instructional Approaches
One of the most common causes of academic misconduct is ineffective or inadequate study habits, for example superficial reading practices and last-minute cramming. Some students may need to enlarge their repertoire of academic strategies to cope with their coursesâ intellectual demands. If students are not familiar with effective and legitimate strategies, they may be tempted to try dishonest ones.
You can help students address this issue directly by discussing reading and study strategies with them in class. Do this several weeks before an exam, and alert students to the problems associated with last-minute cramming and sleep loss. When a student comes to your office hours saying he or she is having trouble with the material, ask how the student goes about learning the material in his or her study time, and explore ways to improve study or homework strategies for your course. Further suggestions for helping students with their study habits appear in the Plagiarism and Cheating pages of this Teaching Guide chapter.
You can also refer students â or obtain information yourself â from the Student Learning Centerâs excellent Academic Success and Strategic Learning Resources page.
Assignments and test preparation are sometimes left to the last minute because a student has not yet worked out how to organize and prioritize the work, or how to handle multiple large course projects or exams simultaneously. Some students maintain high commitments to extracurricular activities, outside jobs, or family responsibilities in addition to their university studies. Under such circumstances a student may intentionally or unintentionally resort to dishonest practices in an attempt to raise their grade.
Students need to understand that overloading themselves will inevitably affect their academic work and that they may need additional skills and resources to handle all that theyâre taking on.
Students will sometimes procrastinate or avoid studying because they may harbor unrealistic expectations of themselves â for example, that they have to appear more sophisticated or knowledgeable than they feel they are, or that they shouldnât show that they donât understand something, or that they should be able to do all their academic work with equal success regardless of the difficulty of the material. You may recognize their feelings in your own experience â the sense that âeveryone here is so much smarter than I am!â Students may fear betraying this feeling. Fear can produce paralysis, leading to desperate last-minute measures. Students who feel they donât have their own ideas or who are afraid to express their ideas may be tempted, even unconsciously, to borrow othersâ ideas. Likewise, students who donât understand course concepts from the material presented can be tempted to resort to unacceptable means of obtaining a good grade.
You can help by explaining to students that one of the primary purposes of section and office hours is to help them develop their knowledge in a safe environment. They are not expected to know everything already, but to work together and individually to increase their knowledge and understanding. Exploration, not avoidance, is the better way forward.
One way GSIs foreground the learning process â and one way students learn to put aside their anxietyâis to use online discussion forums. Many GSIs have found that students who have otherwise been reticent in class feel free to ask questions and experiment with ideas on line. They can also gain confidence as they find that they can answer their peersâ questions or offer valuable ideas to the conversation.
There may also be other circumstances or stressors. Many instructors therefore include in their course syllabi or section information sheets the contact information for the University Health Servicesâ Counseling and Psychological Services, which offers individual and group counseling to students.
Finally, an increasingly common cause of academic misconduct is ignorance or lack of clarity about what it is or why some practices are unacceptable. Because U.S. university standards may not have been addressed in studentsâ previous academic experiences, students may arrive at UC Berkeley without a clear understanding of what constitutes academic misconduct or why there are disciplinary sanctions on some behaviors.
Types of academic misconduct that are prone to occur as a result of unfamiliarity or misunderstanding include the following:
- Splitting an assignment with or working too closely with another student in a way that results in both handing in nearly the same piece of work. Instructors need to be clear about their expectations around student collaboration and individual responsibilities.
- Submitting the same paper for grading in different courses. Students often think this is okay because they are the original authors of the papers in question. However, this practice can constitute self-plagiarism. Students must cite all sources, including their own previously written works. (See âPlagiarism/Self-Plagiarismâ at Statements on Course Policies, Academic Integrity.) Moreover, students receive course credit for each class in which they complete all the work satisfactorily; they may build on what they learn from one course to another, but they must complete the work for each course separately.
- Plagiarizing from electronic resources. The free availability of information on the Internet has led to the common belief that if something is on the web it must be fair game for students to copy and use as their own. Encouragement to create mash-ups as assignments in their earlier schooling may also lead to confusion in the college environment.
Let students know up front what the expectations are for your course and your field, what some of the misconceptions are, and what the consequences are for ignoring the boundaries of academic integrity. Have a talk early in the semester with the Instructor of Record for the course about special concerns or policies that the instructor thinks may be likely to come up and how the Instructor of Record deals with them.
In general, the possibility of academic misconduct is best handled by proactively helping students develop and use legitimate strategies throughout the semester, as well as resources the university offers to help students succeed.
This is the approach taken in the Teaching Guideâs sections on the most frequent forms of academic misconduct:cheating and plagiarism. |
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Public awareness of aging and its potential economic pitfalls varies across countries, but the view that aging is a major problem is more prevalent in countries whose populations are projected to be among the oldest in 2050, such as Japan, South Korea and Germany. Peopleâs confidence in their ability to maintain an adequate standard of living in old age is related to how much the countryâs population is expected to age and also to the countryâs economic potential. Publics in countries with relatively young populations or emerging economiesâNigeria, Kenya, South Africa, China and Brazilâare among the most confident. The Japanese, meanwhile, are among the least confident, along with the Italians and Russians.
When asked who bears the greatest responsibility for the economic well-being of the elderly, people are more likely to place the obligation on the family or the government than on the elderly themselves. South Koreans, Americans, Germans and the British are the only publics in which more than one-third say the elderly should bear the greatest responsibility for their own well-being. The government is the most common response in the majority of the countries that were surveyed.
The Pew Research Center survey of publics in 21 countries asked peopleâs opinions on whether aging posed a problem for their countries, whether they anticipated having an adequate standard of living in old age, and who among themselves, their families, or their governments should bear the greatest responsibility for the well-being of the elderly. Additional details are presented in the section on survey methods.9
Aging as a Problem
Of the 21 countries surveyed, at least half of the public in five countries says that aging is a major problem for their country. The populations in three of these countriesâJapan, Germany and Spainâare already relatively old and continuing to age rapidly and, in the other twoâSouth Korea and Chinaâthe populations are aging at a rate that will make them among the oldest by 2050. There is broad agreement on this question in Japan, where 87% of the public responded that aging is a major problem. The level of concern is also very high in South Korea (where 79% say aging is a major problem) and China (67%). This concern is expressed by 55% of Germans and 52% of the Spanish public as well.
In seven countries, 40% to 50% of the public says that the growing numbers of older people is a major problem. The populations in these countries are mostly middle-aged to elderly, including in France, Britain, Russia, Italy, Israel and Argentina. The presence of Kenya in this company, where 47% say that aging is a major problem, is perhaps contrary to expectationâKenya is among the countries with the youngest populations today and is projected to age little between now and 2050. The pessimism among Kenyans may be grounded more in current economic conditions than in future demographic realities.
Americans, by and large, do not think that aging is a major problem for the U.S.âonly 26% think that is the case. Likewise, only about one-in-four people in Nigeria, Indonesia and Egypt express the opinion that aging is a major problem.
Generally, public anxiety over aging is higher in countries that are projected to have among the older populations in 2050. In Japan, South Korea, Germany and Spain, where concern about aging is among the most heightened, about one-third or more of the population is expected to be 65 and older by 2050. In China, the share of seniors is expected to nearly triple, from 8.3% in 2010 to 23.9% in 2050.
At the other end of the scale, Egypt, Indonesia and Nigeria are projected to be among the countries with relatively young populations in 2050. In Nigeria, for example, only 3.8% of the population is expected to be 65 and older in 2050. The U.S. median age is increasing less rapidly than in most of the rest of the world and, by mid-century, its median age should look younger than that of several major European and Asian nations.
Older People Are More Concerned
In several countries, older people are more likely to think of aging as a major problem. The generational divide is most evident in countries where moderate proportions of the overall population think of aging as a major problem. In Israel, for example, 43% of the public overall says aging is a major problem. But older adults (50 and older) are much gloomier: 54% of them say aging is a major problem, compared with 26% of adults ages 18 to 29. In the U.S., older adults are about twice as likely as young adultsâ34% vs. 18%âto say that aging is a major problem.
Confidence in Retirement
A vast gap is evident in the degree of confidence people in different countries have in their ability to maintain an adequate standard of living in their old age. About 70% or more of the publics in China, Brazil, Nigeria, South Africa and Kenya are either very confident or somewhat confident of an adequate standard of living in old age. In this group, at least 40% of Nigerians and South Africans are very confident about their futures.
Meanwhile, only about one-in-five Italians and Russians are confident about an adequate standard of living in their old age. The proportion climbs to one-in-three or a bit higher in Argentina, Egypt, France, Turkey and Japan. Americans (63%) are among the more confident, with 24% saying they are very confident regarding the adequacy of their living standards in old age and 39% saying they are somewhat confident.
The level of confidence expressed by the public correlates with how much the countryâs population is projected to age and with the health of the countryâs economy. Generally, the older a countryâs population is projected to be in mid-century, the less confident the public is about its standard of living in retirement. In Japan, where it is expected that 37% of the population will be 65 and older in 2050, 68% of people are not confident of the standard of living in their old age. At the other extreme, 6% of Kenyans are projected to be 65 and older in 2050, and only 28% of the people lack confidence in the standard of living they may have in their old age.
Economic growth also appears to boost the confidence people have in their standard of living in old age. For example, real gross domestic product (GDP) in China increased at an annual average rate of 9.3% from 2008 to 2012. This track record and its future economic potential are quite likely one reason that people in China are relatively confident in their future standard of living even though the population there is aging very rapidly. At the other extreme, the Italian economy has floundered, contracting 1.4% annually in recent years. These economic struggles and ongoing aging no doubt are part of the explanation for the very low confidence among Italians about their old age.10
It is worth noting that economic growth in recent years has slowed around the globe due to the Great Recession, which started in 2007. In the sample of countries included in this study, all but Indonesia and Argentina experienced slower annual growth from 2008 to 2012 compared with the growth they experienced from 2000 to 2007. Thus, the level of confidence people currently express about the standard of living in their old age may be lower than the long-term norm, and this confidence may rise in the future.
Evidence for the U.S. shows that people had greater confidence about their retirement before the onset of the Great Recession. The Employee Benefit Research Institute has fielded its Retirement Confidence Survey since 1993. From inception through 2007, the survey typically found that about 70% of American workers were very or somewhat confident in having enough money for a comfortable retirement. However, since 2007, the share has dropped by about 20 percentage points. Pew Research Center surveys conducted in 2009 and 2012 found an 11 percentage point drop in the share of Americans saying they were very or somewhat confident that they will have enough income and assets to last through their retirement years.11 If past is prelude, Americans are likely to become more confident of their future in retirement as the economy rebounds.
A Generation Gap in Confidence in Retirement
In several countries, younger adults, ages 18-29, and adults 50 and older express different levels of confidence about their standards of living in old age. In countries with older populations, notably Japan, Germany, Italy and Britain, the younger adults are much less confident. In Japan, 42% of people ages 50 and older are confident of their standard of living in old age, but only 22% of people ages 18 to 29 say they are confident of the same. The opposite holds true in countries with younger populations, such as in Nigeria, Indonesia and South Africa. In Nigeria, the high level of confidence overall is driven by young adults. Some 76% of Nigerians ages 18 to 29 are confident of their future, compared with 60% of those ages 50 and older.
Confidence Begets Confidence
A rosy outlook in general is related to confidence in oneâs future economic well-being. The Pew Research survey included questions on how people view the current economic situation for themselves and for the country, and whether they are positive about their childrenâs futures.12 Is confidence in these matters related to the confidence people have about the standard of living they may enjoy in their own old age? The answer, not surprisingly, is yesâpeople who are more positive about present-day economic circumstances or future economic circumstances for their children are also more confident about their own futures.
Personal Economic Situation
People who say their personal economic situation today is good are more likely to say that they are confident of their old-age standard of living. In Germany, for example, 70% of those who say their personal economic situation today is good are also confident of their future standard of living. However, only 25% of Germans who say their personal economic situation today is bad are confident of their future standard of living, a differential of 45 percentage points.
A similar differential exists in the U.S. Some 77% of Americans who say their personal economic situation is good are confident in their economic future. In contrast, only 36% of Americans who say their personal economic situation is bad are confident of their future standard of living, a differential of 41 percentage points.13 In most of the countries that were polled, the differential is 20 percentage points or higher.
The Countryâs Economic Situation
There is also an association between positive views of the countryâs economic situation today and faith in oneâs own future. In Israel, 57% of those who say the countryâs economic situation is good are also confident of their standard of living in the retirement years.14 But this level of confidence drops to 30% among Israelis who say the countryâs present economic situation is bad, a differential of 27 percentage points.
A differential of 20 percentage points or more also exists in Mexico, South Africa, Germany, South Korea, Japan and Britain. In the U.S., only 33% of the public say the countryâs economic situation is good.15 In this group of people, 75% say they are confident of their standard of living in their old age. Among Americans who say the countryâs economic situation is bad, only 58% are confident of their economic future, a differential of 17 percentage points.
The Future for Children
People who are confident of what the future holds for the countryâs children are also more confident about their own future standard of living. In Israel, 41% of people overall are confident that they will have an adequate standard of living in their old age. But among Israelis who believe the countryâs children will be better off than their parents when they grow up, 58% are also confident of their own future. In contrast, only 25% of Israelis who believe the countryâs children will be worse off than their parents when they grow up are confident of their future well-being.16 This 33 percentage point differential is the largest among the countries that were polled.
Likewise, sizable differences exist in Argentina, South Africa and Indonesia (between 26 and 27 percentage points) in the confidence people express in their own economic future depending on whether they say the countryâs children will be better off than their parents. A differential of about 20 percentage points or higher exists in Spain, Britain, Kenya and Turkey.
Who Should Take Care of the Elderly?
In only a handful of countries does a sizable share of the public feel that the elderly bear the greatest responsibility for their own economic well-being. South Korea is the only country in which more than half (53%) assigns principal responsibility to the elderly. The U.S. (46%), Germany (41%) and Britain (39%) are the other countries in which more than one-third of the public points to the elderly. In most countries, only about one-in-ten people respond that the primary responsibility rests with the elderly.
People are somewhat more likely to say that elderly care is a family responsibility. In seven countries, more than one-third of the public says such care is up to the family. Pakistan, where 77% respond that the family bears primary responsibility, is an outlier. About 30% to 40% of people in Brazil, Nigeria, Indonesia, Mexico, Japan and France name the family. In the remaining 14 countries, including the U.S., one-in-four or less of the public responds that the family is primarily responsible for taking care of its elderly.
In most countries, the public is inclined to point to the government as the responsible party for the well-being of the elderly. That is the most popular response in 13 of the 21 countries, ranging as high as 63% in Russia. Clear majorities in Israel (61%), Kenya (59%), Italy (56%), Spain (55%) and Argentina (55%) also say that it is the governmentâs responsibility to take care of older people.
People who name the government as the most responsible agent for the economic well-being of the elderly differ from those who name themselves or their families in at least one respectâthey are apt to be less confident about their own standard of living in the future. This gap is most pronounced in Israel. Some 73% of Israelis who say they themselves or their families are responsible for the well-being of the elderly are confident they will have an adequate standard of living in their old age. However, among Israelis who believe the government has the greatest responsibility for the well-being of the elderly, only 29% are confident of their future well-beingâa 44 percentage point differential. The confidence gap in the U.S. is also largeâthose who cite the government are 28 percentage points less likely than those who cite themselves or their families to say that they are confident of their standard of living in their old age. |
Virtual Reality and augmented reality have both been buzz words since the last few months of 2017. Both hold tremendous potential for growth in almost all fields. Theyâre powerful tools that can help us experience reality in a manner that can dramatically shift our perception of the world.
However, despite the hype, many people cannot differentiate between virtual reality and augmented reality. How are virtual reality and augmented reality different from each other? Letâs dive right into it.
What is Virtual Reality?
Virtual reality allows you to escape the real world by blocking out everything in your surroundings and creating a simulation of a new reality. By putting on the VR goggles, the user experiences the simulated reality first hand.
Virtual reality can be experienced by using Oculus Rift, Google Cardboard or Samsung Gear VR. By putting on your VR gear, you can instantly get transported into the era of dinosaurs or climb on top of mountains. Once you put your gear on, your immediate vision is blocked out. You will fully and completely get immersed into a new stimulated reality be it nature or fantasy.
A coding language known as Virtual Reality Modelling Language (VRML) is used to program images and graphics to allow the users to experience stimulated reality. VR technology stimulates the visual and auditory sensors of the users and it allows them to completely become absorbed in their new stimulating surroundings.
Different users have reported different experiences. Most people are completely blown by the experience. However, there are some, who have had problems such as nausea when theyâve tried to use Gear VR. This is mainly because our brains are quite smart and they may recognize discrepancies between our motions and the movement of the world around us. When that happens, our brain questions the reality of the world around us and causes us to feel nauseous. However, VR is still relatively new and it is continuously evolving. Undoubtedly, this problem wonât last for long as new technology emerges.
What is Augmented Reality?
Augmented reality enhances the current reality by adding computer-generated elements into it. It âaugmentsâ the reality and makes it more meaningful for the users by allowing real-time interaction. Augmented reality is often used on mobile phones via applications that have been programmed to process AR. These apps blend digital elements into the real world to provide more clarity. Many tech giants such as Facebook and Samsung have expressed interest in AR. We will surely be seeing lots of new developments in this field.
You can read more about Augmented reality here.
Difference between virtual reality and augmented reality.
Virtual reality and augmented reality differ in terms of the âpresenceâ of the user. In virtual reality, the user is transposed into a virtual world and disconnects with the world around him. Whereas augmented reality just alters the current reality for the user. It helps them add elements into their existing reality without altering their presence in any way. Many people use VR and AR synonymously, but that couldnât be further from the truth.
To understand this concept consider the analogy of a jungle. By using VR, you are a part of the jungle as you explore all its secrets and navigate across the maze. In contrast, in AR youâre like an outside viewer seeing what happens in the jungle. You can even wear AR glasses, and see all the wild animals come to life in your own backyard.
Applications of Virtual Reality
Virtual reality is a powerful tool. While many people are aware of the exhilarating experience VR provides in gaming, not many know the potential VR holds in other areas.
VR has the power to change lives, there is no doubt about that. Following are 5 applications of VR In various fields:
Military training is both expensive and tough. It involves a variety of different scenarios that employees must be trained in that are both labour intensive and dangerous. By using VR, Military training can be conducted for different scenarios without additional costs. War simulations can be stimulated so soldiers can understand what it is really like in the heat of action. VR training are highly flexible, and thus they can be tailored for all kinds of divisions.
VR can be used to produce engaging simulations that appeal to the students and therefore it enhances their learning. Moreover, VR can allow students to explore situations and places that would not be accessible to them otherwise. For instance, students studying geography can actually visit different landscapes in VR and see all that they are studying. Tech giants are already investing in VR to enable more applications for it in education. For instance, Google has launched âExpeditionâ to enable more uses for VR in the classrooms.
VR can be used in organizations to train employees in real-world scenarios. VR can be used to deliver safety training, conflict resolution, and more. Wallmart is using VR to train their employees in handling different in-store crises such as holiday rush or aisle mess.
Surgery Training for Medical Students
Medical students have to study for years before theyâre ready for surgery, and even though theyâre made to practice their cuts a lot before the actual surgery, practising on real patients is extremely risky. With VR medical students can practice many different types of surgeries without actually handling real patients. This helps boosts their confidence and gives them more insight into the surgical process.
VR is being used in Distraction therapy to distract the patients as they undergo physical therapy. A study In 2017 found that users undergoing VR distraction therapy during dental treatments reported lesser pain as compared to no VR.
This holds tremendous potential that can be explored in the medical industry.
Applications of Augmented Realty
Augmented Reality has been around long before virtual reality, and many of us have experienced it in one form or another. Following are applications of AR:
Weâve all heard about Pokemon GO, it had half the world going all over the place looking for Pokemons. Now that was possible due to AR. Pokemons that we had once only seen on our Gameboy devices were roaming all around us due to the power of AR.
âHarry Potter: Wizards Uniteâ is another popular AR games that is being launched just this year. AR has opened endless opportunities for gaming. What we previously saw only in science fiction is now coming to life with AR.
AR can be used to generate eye-catching and memorable marketing campaigns to increase their brand recall. A case in point is the marketing campaign by Pepsi back in 2014 when they placed an AR powered billboard on a bus stand. People on the bus stand could see all sorts of things happenings in their surrounding such as UFOs, wild tigers, octopuses grabbing people and more. This generated a lot of buzz for the company and generated more than 7.5 million views on their videos.
Similarly, to promote their new line of nail colours Maybelline ran AR print ads that allowed the users to virtually try the nail paints.
AR technology allows users to buy directly from magazines and catalogues. Argos tried this when they empowered their holiday catalogue with AR. Customers could use the Blipparâ app to blip the items that they like and shop directly from the catalogue. More than 21,000 users shared this campaign on social media.
AR is revolutionizing manufacturing. It is making it faster, easier and much more efficient. For instance, it would take the engineers of the fighter jet aircraft years of training to assemble an aircraft. Now thanks to AR technology and AR-enabled glasses engineers can see a rendering of nuts and bolts with instructions in real time. This makes their job significantly easier and increases their efficiency.
With AR, companies can also visually diagnose problems on their floor and reduce downtime.
With AR logistics become a whole lot easier. In traditional warehouses, products must be located, scanned, and loaded on the doc. Now AR technology is being tested to undertake this. DHL has already started testing how AR can help improve their logistics system.
To Sum it up, Both AR and VR are revolutionary technologies that have tremendous potential to change the world for the better. Their combined utility is even better. Investment is pouring into this area, and a lot of growth is expected in the future. The main difference between AR and VR lies in the perception of Presence of the individual. In VR, the user is blind to their surroundings and becomes completely immersed in the simulated reality. In contrast, AR exists within the real world. It is simulation layered over the real world. AR can be viewed by using AR glasses or mobile apps. For VR you need Oculus Rift or other gear that completely covers the vision of the users. Both AR and VR are powerful tools, and whether one is more powerful than the other depends upon the type of situation. Each comes with its own strengths and weaknesses. |
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Go To Flowers By Colour
Go To White Flowers
Go To Blue Flowers
Go To Yellow Flowers
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Go To Green Flowers
Go To Orange Flowers
Go To Index Page |
Iâve reviewed a handful of American classics for Keeping Up With The Penguins, and Iâll be reviewing a few more yet. Whenever I start researching one of them, Iâll always come across a think-piece or a comment thread somewhere debating whether or not the book should be considered the Great American Novel. Iâve referenced the concept a few times myself, but never really addressed the elephant in the room: what is the Great American Novel, exactly? Where did it come from, and why is it so contentious? Now seems as good a time as any to take a lookâŠ
Origins of The Great American Novel as a Concept
It was, of course, a dead white guy who first coined the phrase âthe great American novelâ. John William DeForest published an essay in 1868, a few years after the end of the Civil War, in which he defined it as âthe picture of the ordinary emotions and manners of American existenceâ. America, at the time was a pretty nebulous concept in and of itself; the North and South were barely reconciled, and it was a time of self-conscious tumult in the American identity. American literature was also relatively new; the colonials had written books, of course, but the development of a unique and entirely separate literary tradition in the New World took over a century. So, DeForestâs search for a single book that unified and reflected an all-encompassing American experience was laughably ambitious.
He didnât have much luck, by the way. Even by his own standard, DeForest said that the composition of the Great American Novel had not yet been achieved. Harriet Beecher Stowe came close, he said, with Uncle Tomâs Cabin, but didnât quite get the gong. He was also pretty dismissive of the next-closest option, Nathaniel Hawthorneâs The Scarlet Letter. As far as DeForest was concerned, the definitive Great American Novel couldnât be far off â he had no idea weâd still be arguing over his little thought exercise 150 years laterâŠ
How Do We Define the Great American Novel?
Weâve spent a great deal of the intervening century-and-a-half debating DeForestâs idea, and proposing our own definitions and criteria by which we could judge the Great American Novel. Journals and periodicals over the rest of the 19th century featured countless essays by other writers keen to expand on his proposition. The subject became a safe retreat on slow news days for newspapers of the 20th century. And now, we have the internet, which is littered with listicles and slide-shows of the contenders, and more than one âhot takeâ on why the Great American Novel could never really exist anyway (party poopers).
Of course, thereâs no ultimate authority to decide whoâs right and whoâs wrong, so thereâs plenty of fodder to keep us arguing for another hundred and fifty years or so (assuming America lasts that long⊠eeek!). Above and beyond the criteria weâve proposed to define a classic book (literary merit and so forth), here are a few suggested definitions we could use to determine what is the Great American Novel.
âThe novel is a true and honest reflection of the age.â
Put another way, the Great American Novel must perfectly capture the spirit and culture of a given period in the United States. This one is interesting, because it leaves scope for a different Great American Novel for each era. Examples might include The Great Gatsby, which captured the Jazz Age, or On The Road, reflecting the Beat Generation.
âThe novel had a significant cultural impact.â
Now, this is a wily one, because whoâs to say whatâs âsignificantâ? Heck, whoâs to say whatâs âcultural impactâ? Itâs one of those Iâll-know-it-when-I-see-it definitions, which can be problematic. So far, the best we can do is rely upon a general agreement regarding âsignificanceâ among academics and general readers alike. To Kill A Mockingbird would probably pass the test, given how it revolutionised Americaâs understanding of social justice and race.
âIt must encompass the entire nation, and not be too consumed with a single region.â
This is a lofty goal. Itâs one worth considering, of course, but I canât think of a single contender that actually manages it. The States, united as they may be, are incredibly varied and diverse. Is it really possible for a single book to encompass them all? (If you can think of one, please suggest it in the comments!)
âIts author must have been born in the U.S., or have adopted the country as his or her own.â
Initially, I bristled at this one. It seemed too emblematic of the cultural imperialism perpetuated by America over the last century or so. It would necessarily exclude writers like Vladimir Nabokov, who was Russian-born but authored Lolita, undoubtedly a contender for the Great American Novel by other measures. Surely, the content of the work should bear more weight than the passport of the writer. Perhaps it would be better to say that the author must be deeply knowledgeable about the state, culture, and perspective of the âaverageâ U.S. citizen (if there is such a thing).
âThe author uses the literary work to identify and exhibit the language of American people, and capture their experience.â
Thatâs better! By this measure, books like The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn fit the bill perfectly. It highlights the use of vernacular, and furthers the cause of using fiction as a source of historical record. Plus, it recognises the uniqueness of the American experience and aspirations, which are undoubtedly different to those found and felt elsewhere.
âIt has to be read by or familiar to a large number of Americans.â
This one seems fair enough. I think the addition of the familiarity element is important: these days, relatively few Americans have read Moby Dick in full, for instance, but I guarantee almost all of them would recognise the title. Theyâd probably even be able to give you a brief, largely accurate, summary of the plot and its themes. Thatâs a level of saturation thatâs hard to ignore.
But, if weâre determined to be cynical, we could conclude that itâs impossible to define or determine what is the Great American Novel. A.O. Scott once proposed that the Great American Novel was effectively a myth, likening its existence to urban legends and conspiracies:
â⊠the Great American Novel, while also a hybrid (crossbred of romance and reportage, high philosophy and low gossip, wishful thinking and hard-nosed skepticism), may be more like the yeti or the Loch Ness monster â or Sasquatch, if we want to keep things homegrown. It is, in other words, a creature that quite a few people â not all of them certifiably crazy, some of them bearing impressive documentation â claim to have seen.âA.O. Scott (2006)
All respect to Scott, but even though we all know Big Foot probably doesnât exist, we still spend hundreds of thousands of tourist dollars searching for him every year. If the debate over what constitutes the Great American Novel keeps people buying and reading books, Iâll go down stoking the flames of this debate.
The Great American Novels
Itâs practically impossible to give an exhaustive list of contenders for the Great American Novel. Youâd have to scan all four corners of the internet, and fall down so many rabbit holes, to find every single title thatâs ever been floated as a possibility. So here are a few that seem to crop up more often than most:
The Scarlet Letter â Nathaniel Hawthorne
Even though DeForest, the daddy of this whole debate, wrote off The Scarlet Letter, itâs still widely considered to be one of the earliest examples of the Great American Novel. Itâs certainly highly recognisable, itâs had significant cultural impact (as judged by its many adaptations and call-backs in subsequent art), it recorded a unique period in American history (puritanical New England), and as far as we know it was a fairly accurate representation of the era.
Moby Dick â Herman Melville
Moby Dick is another uniquely American novel â even though, ironically, very little of the action took place on American soil. The story of Ahab and his white whale can be read as a metaphor for just about anything: democracy, manâs relationship with God, manâs relationship with nature (and, more recently, climate change), a critique of capitalism, a critique of slavery, and so on. Plus, it has become culturally ubiquitous, imitated and appropriated by everyone from artists to politicians to academics.
The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn â Mark Twain
Hemingway once said that âall modern American literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry FinnâŠâ. As I was reading it, I could see that Papa was right: in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, plain to see are the origins of subsequent literary icons like The Catcher In The Rye. Plus, it is one of the best renderings of American vernacular that I have ever read. Most admirably (depending who you ask), Twain managed to simultaneously exhibit the racist history of the American South, while critiquing it and proposing a new way forward.
The Great Gatsby â F. Scott Fitzgerald
As I mentioned earlier, The Great Gatsby has become synonymous with our recollection of the Jazz Age in America. Itâs likely the most aspirational of these contenders for the Great American Novel, highlighting the American desire for wealth and success and all its trappings, as well as the sordid underbelly of the âAmerican dreamâ. That said, could we really consider it a reflection of a universally American experience? Probably not. But its fans and adherents are so damn vocal, weâll probably never be able to cross it off the list entirely.
The Grapes of Wrath â John Steinbeck
The Grapes Of Wrath depicts a particularly dark time in Americaâs history, the Great Depression in the dust bowl of the South. Steinbeck also focused on the experiences of the working class, the âAverage Joesâ (or Average Joads, as it were), an experience not often explored in the other contenders listed here. It is, to some minds, not quite as iconic as books like Moby Dick or Gatsby, but it does an incredible job of recording and reflecting a uniquely American language and experience in ways that other contenders lack.
The Catcher In The Rye â J.D. Salinger
Hereâs another American experience not often captured in other contenders for the Great American Novel: that of the disaffected youth. Holden Caulfield has become perhaps one of the most iconic teenage characters of all time, even beyond the American literary tradition, and youâd be hard-pressed to find a definition of coming-of-age literature that doesnât cite The Catcher In The Rye somewhere along the line. Sounds like a significant cultural impact to me!
On The Road â Jack Kerouac
Another period â this time, the Beat Generation â another definitive novel. Jack Kerouacâs On The Road stands out among its contemporaries. Itâs more than just a road-trip novel, more than just a sordid exhibition of the beatniks and their free-loving drink-and-drug-fuelled adventures. Itâs an exploration, once again, of American longing, aspiration, and search for meaning. It also has much to say regarding waste and futility in a changing world. Plus, best of all, we can be pretty damn sure of its accuracy in depicting an American experience, being taken â as it was â pretty much directly from Kerouacâs diaries, a very faithful roman-a-clef.
To Kill A Mockingbird â Harper Lee
Just last year, Americans voted To Kill A Mockingbird to be their best-loved novel in the Great American Read survey, so its popularity, recognisability, and endurance are pretty much unquestionable. It remains a fixture on school reading lists, likely for its heady combination of coming-of-age, social justice, and earnest idealism tempered by harsh reality. To be honest, I canât think of a single definition of the Great American Novel that it doesnât pass in some measure; itâs one of the strongest contenders to date.
Beloved â Toni Morrison
To Kill A Mockingbird might be the general readershipâs favoured choice, but Toni Morrisonâs Beloved came out on top in a New York Times survey of 125 writers. Its rise to canonical status has been remarkably quick; just 20 years after its initial publication, it was already considered to be a staple of university reading lists, and Morrison is now listed alongside Melville, Hawthorne, and Twain as one of the greatest American writers of all time. Its perspective and its story are unique in this list, and that in itself highlights the problems with our current understanding of the Great American Novel (more on those in a minute).
Gentlemen Prefer Blondes â Anita Loos
Granted, this might be a selfish inclusion, because I personally think that Gentlemen Prefer Blondes is a far better book and a far better reflection of the Jazz Age than stupid Gatsby (and I suspect itâs been overlooked because of the entrenched sexist attitudes that lead us to value the stories of men above those of women, but thatâs a rant for another day). But I stand by it, because Iâve got a highly-respected vote in my favour: Edith Wharton, an incredible American writer in her own right, called it the Great American Novel. Itâs an honest and true reflection of a perspective on the Jazz Age that has often been marginalised (that of women who empowered themselves through sexuality), and surely that counts for more than its comparative lack of popularity.
Problems With Defining The Great American Novel
Surely you can already see the problem here? On this list of ten contenders, only three were authored by women, and only one by a woman of colour. Thatâs not a result of my own biases, I promise you. Every list of Great American Novel contenders is very white, and very male.
Ironically, the whole concept began with the work of a woman (DeForest said that Harriet Beecher Stoweâs Uncle Tomâs Cabin was the closest he had seen to the Great American Novel, remember?), and yet weâve historically excluded female authors and female perspectives from these discussions. This goes double â triple! â for people of colour (encompassing Native Americans, African Americans, and later migrants). And thereâs a whole stack of other marginalised experiences that rarely get a look in, tooâŠ
When we exclude marginalised authors, we exclude marginalised experiences from the narrative, and if that continues we will never have a Great American Novel that is truly representative of an American experience. Part of defining the Great American Novel for the future is redefining what constitutes an American experience, and who belongs in the picture.
Itâs not as if thereâs a lack of options! Consider books like The Color Purple, The Joy Luck Club, The Book Of Unknown Americans, Americanah, An American Marriage â all of them depict a uniquely American experience, outside the narrow defines of white male privilege.
Still, even with these problems and a marked lack of diversity, the ideal of the Great American Novel will probably never die. In fact, one could argue itâs more important now than ever, in a time of major shifts in an American identity (shifts in culture are always reflected in literature, sooner or later). What do you think constitutes the Great American Novel? Can you come up with any contenders I havenât listed here? Tell me your ideas in the comments (or join the conversation over at KUWTP on Facebook!). |
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Global warming: Net losses for developing world
by Chakravarthi Raghavan
Geneva, 19 Feb 2001 -- Increases in global mean temperatures would produce net economic losses in many developing countries for all magnitudes of warming studied, while in the developed countries there will be a mixture of gains and losses, scientific experts and representatives of some 100 countries at a working group of the Intergovernment Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has agreed in a report.
IPCC scientific experts, at a meeting in Shanghai a few weeks ago concluded that globally averaged surface temperatures have increased by about 0.6 degrees Celsius over the 20th century, and the temperatures are projected under various models to increase by 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by year 2100 relative to the temperatures in 1990.
At the lower level of projected global warming, some developed regions may have some economic gains and others may lose. But above a 3 degree Celsius rise, there will be economic losses for most countries, Dr.Robert Watson, chairman of the IPCC, told a news conference Monday where a summary for policy-makers approved by IPCC Working Group II was made public. The full report runs into 1,000 pages, and is to be published by outside publishers. A 100-page report, fleshing some of the points in the summary for policy-makers is likely to be available next week.
Asked by an European media person, whether Europe would be a winner by the prospect of global warming, both Watson, and the Chair of the WG-II, Prof James McCarthy, cautioned against a winners and losers approach, and said that in the various scenarios it would be difficult to find any good news, and most people would be adversely affected, with the poor countries and the poor in every country affected most because of the vulnerability to climate change and the difficulties for adaptation.
The Working Group III of the IPCC, which is to assess the options for limiting greenhouse gas emissions and otherwise mitigating climate change and economic losses is meeting in Accra shortly to finalise its report. The IPCC itself is set to meet in September to put together the reports of the three working groups and prepare and present the overall report.
While some leaked information on the draft report of the Working Group III suggest that this group will come up with support for carbon emissions trading and for sequestering of carbon in forests, this will be more a political economy assessment, rather than the science involved in the work of the two other groups.
For the last IPCC assessment, the Working Group III and its attempts to put a statistical value on lives and property in various parts of the world (one European life is 30 times that of an Indian or a Chinese) resulted in considerable criticisms and expressions of outrage.
Watson, who is a World Bank official, said Monday that this time around the Working Group would avoid this trap, and not be making any statistical evaluations of lives and costs, and the mitigation options would be in the nature of assessments of political economy.
McCarthy, and the secretary of the IPCC, Dr.Sunderaman, underlined that the report had been draw up by some 900 scientific experts who have been working on it. The discussions at the Working Group II meetings in Geneva (13-16 February), where government representatives participated, were in terms of drawing up a summary for policy-makers and formulating the scientific message in clear terms.
The Working Group 1 had made a scientific assessment in terms of the global warming in the recent past, and had projected this for the future. They came to the conclusion that over the 20th century, the globally averaged surface temperatures had increased by 0.6 degrees (plus or minus 0.2) and most of these changes have been due to human activity. And, for the range of scenarios developed in the IPCC Special Report on Emission Scenarios, the globally averaged surface air temperature is projected to warm 1.4 to 5.8 degrees Celsius by 2100.
The warming would vary by region, and be accompanied by increases and decreases in precipitation. In addition there would be changes in variability of climate, and changes in frequency and intensity of some extreme climate phenomena. These general features of climate change act on natural and human systems and set the context of the WG-II assessment of impacts, adaptation and vulnerability, McCarthy said. The available literature, he added, has not yet investigated climate change impacts, adaptation and vulnerability associated with the upper end of the projected range of warming.
The WG-II summary for policy makers finds that recent regional climate changes, particularly temperature increases, have already affected many physical and biological systems in many parts of the world. Examples include the shrinkage of glaciers, thawing of permafrost, later freezing and earlier breakups of ice on rivers and lakes, lengthening of mid- to high-latitude growing seasons, poleward and altitudinal shift of plant and animals ranges, declines of some plant and animal populations, earlier flowering of trees, emergence of insects and egg-laying in birds.
In most cases where changes in biological and physical systems were detected via long-term studies (typically of 20 years or more), the direction of change was that expected on basis of known mechanisms. The probability of these changes occurring by chance alone is negligible.
From the collective evidence (of 44 regional studies of over 400 plants and animals), there is high confidence (67-95%) that recent regional changes in temperature have had discernible impact on many physical and biological systems. There is emerging evidence that some social and economic systems have been affected by the recent increasing frequency of floods and droughts in some areas. However, such systems are also affected by changes in socio-economic factors such as demographic shifts and land-use changes. The relative impacts of climatic and socio-economic factors are generally difficult to quantify.
Natural systems, the WG-II summary says, can be especially vulnerable to climate change because of limited adaptive capacity, and some of these systems may undergo significant and irreversible damage. Natural systems at risk include glaciers, coral reefs and atolls, mangroves, boreal and tropical forests, polar and alpine ecosystems, Prairie wetlands and remnant native grasslands.
While some species may increase in abundance or range, climate change will increase existing risks of extinction of some more vulnerable species and loss of bio-diversity. The geographical extent of damage or loss, and the number of systems affected, will increase with the magnitude and rate of climate change.
Many human systems are sensitive to climate change and these include water resources, agriculture (especially food security) and forestry, coastal zones and marine systems (fisheries),human settlements, energy, and industry, insurance and other financial services and human health.
Projected impacts include:
· a general reduction in potential crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions for most projected increases in temperature;
· a general reduction in potential crop yields in most regions in mid-latitudes for increases in annual average temperature of more than a few degrees Celsius;
· decreased water availability for populations in many water scarce regions, particularly in sub-tropics;
· increase in number of people exposed to vector-borne diseases like malaria, and water-borne diseases like cholera and increase in heat stress mortality;
· widespread increase in risk of flooding for many human settlements (tens of millions of inhabitants in settlements studied) from both increased heavy precipitation events and sea level rise;
· increased energy demand for space cooling due to higher summer temperatures.
The beneficial impacts include:
· increased potential crop yields in some regions at mid-latitudes for increases in temperature of less than a few degrees;
· potential increase in global timber supply from appropriately managed forests;
· increased availability of water for populations in some water-scarce regions, for e.g. in some parts of South East Asia;
· reduced winter mortality in mid- and high-latitudes;
· reduced energy demand for space heating due to higher winter temperatures.
The vulnerability of human societies and natural systems to climate extremes is demonstrated by the damage, hardship and death causes by such events as droughts, floods, heat waves, avalanches and windstorms. While there are uncertainties attached to estimates of such changes, some extreme events are projected to increase in frequency and/or severity during the 21st century. The severity of their impacts will also increase in concert with global warming, while the frequency and magnitude of extreme low temperature events is projected to decrease in the future.
Projected climate changes during the 21st century have the potential to lead to future large-scale and possibly irreversible changes in earth systems - with impacts at continental and global scale. But these are very climate- scenario dependent and a full range of plausible scenarios has not yet been evaluated.
Examples of such changes include significant slowing of the ocean circulation transporting warm water to the North Atlantic, large reductions in Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheets, accelerated global warming due to carbon cycle feedbacks, and release of terrestrial carbon from permafrost regions and methane from hydrates in coastal sediments.
The likelihood of many changes is not well-known and probably very low. However, their likelihood is expected to increase with the rate, magnitude and duration of climate change.
And if these changes were to occur, their impacts would be widespread and sustained.
Adaptation to climate change is a necessary strategy at all scales to complement climate change mitigation effects. Adaptation often produces benefits as well as forming a basis for coping with future climate change. However, experience demonstrates that there are constraints to achieving the full measure of potential adaptation. Also, maladaptation, such as promoting development in risk-prone locations, can occur due to decisions based on short-term considerations.
The ability of human systems to adapt to and cope with climate change depends on factors such as wealth, technology, education, information, skills, infrastructure, access to resources and management capabilities.
While both developed and developing countries can enhance and/or acquire adaptive capabilities, populations and communities are highly variable in their endowments with these attributes.
And developing countries, particularly the least developed, are generally poorest in this regard. As a result, they have lesser capacity to adapt and are more vulnerable to climate change damages.
The WG-II summary says that benefits and costs have been estimated in monetary units and aggregated to national, regional and global scales. These estimates generally exclude effects of changes in climate variability and extremes, do not account for effects of different rates of change, and only partially account for impacts on goods and services that are not traded in markets.
These omissions are likely to result in under-estimates of economic losses and over-estimates of gains. The estimates of aggregate impacts are also controversial since they treat gains for some as cancelling out losses for others and the weights used to aggregate across individuals are necessarily subjective.
Notwithstanding these limitations, increases in global mean temperatures would produce net economic losses in many developing countries for all magnitudes of warming studied, and the losses would be greater in magnitude the higher the level of warming.
In contrast, increase in global mean temperature of up to a few degrees Celsius (Dr.Watson put it at below 3 degrees), would produce a mixture of economic gains and losses in developed countries.
The projected distribution of economic impacts is such that it would increase the disparity in well-being between developed and developing countries.
But more people are projected to be harmed than benefited by climate change, even for global mean temperature increases of less than a few degrees. The effects are expected to be greatest in developing countries in terms of loss of life and relative effects on investment and economy
In terms of hydrology and water resources, projections are for increases in annual mean streamflow in high latitudes and southeast Asia, and decreases in central Asia, the area around the Mediterranean, southern Africa and Australia. In the mid-latitudes, there is no strong consistency in projections of streamflow.
One-third of the worlds population, approximately 1.7 billion people, presently live in countries that are water- stressed, using more than 20% of their renewable water supply. Population growth and increased water withdrawals are projected to increase this number to around 5 billion by 2025. Projected climate change would further decrease available water in many of these water-stressed countries - for e.g. in central Asia, southern Africa and countries around the Mediterranean sea, but may increase in some others.
Magnitude of floods and frequency may also increase in most regions, while degrading water quality through higher water temperatures and increased load of pollutants from run-off and overflows of waste facilities.
Demand for water is generally increasing due to population growth and economic development. Climate change is unlikely to have a big effect on municipal and industrial demands in general, but may substantially affect irrigation withdrawals.
The greatest vulnerability will be in unmanaged water systems and those currently stressed or poorly and unsustainably managed due to pricing and other policies.
In terms of agriculture and food security, most studies indicate that global mean annual temperature increases of a few degrees Celsius or greater would prompt food prices to increase due to a slowing in expansion of global food supply relative to growth in global food demand.
Some recent aggregated studies have estimated economic impacts on vulnerable populations such as small-holder producers and poor urban consumers. Climate change would lower incomes of vulnerable populations and increase the absolute number of people at risk of hunger. However this is uncertain and needs further research. It is established, though incompletely, that climate change, mainly through increased extremes and temporal/spatial shifts will worsen food security in Africa..
Contrary to the Second Assessment Report (SAR), global timber market studies that include adaptations through land and product management, even without forestry projects to increase capture and storage of carbon, suggest that a small amount of climate change would increase global timber supply and enhance existing market trends towards rising market share in developing countries. Consumers may benefit from lower timber prices, while producers may gain or lose depending on regional changes in timber productivity and potential dieback effects.
In terms of effects on oceans, there will be increases in sea surface temperatures and mean global sea level, decrease in sea ice cover, and changes in salinity, wave conditions and ocean circulations. Many coastal areas will experience increased levels of flooding, accelerated erosion, loss of wetlands and mangroves, and seawater intrusion into fresh water resources.
In terms of human health, there would be a net increase in the geographic range of potential transmission of malaria and dengue-two vector-borne infections - each of which currently impinge on 40-50% of the world population. These and many other infectious diseases would tend to increase in incidence and seasonality. Actual disease occurrence is strongly influenced by local environmental conditions, socio-economic circumstances and public health infrastructure. The adverse health impacts will be greatest in vulnerable lower-income populations, predominantly within tropical/subtropical countries.
The most widespread direct risk to human settlements is from flooding and landslides. Riverine and coastal settlements are particularly at risk. Rapid urbanisation in low-lying coastal areas, in both developing and developed world, is greatly increasing population densities and value of human-made assets exposed to coastal climatic extremes such as tropical cyclones. The mean annual number of people who would be flooded by coastal storm surges increase several fold - by 75 to 200 million, depending on adaptive responses - for mid-range scenarios of 40 cm sea level rise by 2080s relative to scenarios with no sea level rise
The costs of ordinary and extreme weather events have increased rapidly in recent decades and global economic losses from catastrophic events increased from $3.9 billion a year in 1950s to $40 billion a year in the 1990s (all in 1999 nominal dollars) - with one quarter of the rise in losses in developing countries. The insured proportion of losses rose from a negligible level to $9.2 billion a year over the same period.
The costs have risen rapidly despite significant and increasing efforts at fortifying infrastructure and enhancing disaster preparedness. Part of the upward trend is linked to socio-economic factors - population growth, increased wealth, urbanisation in vulnerable areas. But part is linked to climatic factors such as observed changes in precipitation and flooding events.
There is high confidence (67-95%) that climate change and anticipated changes in weather-related events perceived to be linked to climate change would increase actuarial uncertainty in risk assessment, placing upward pressure on insurance premiums and/or could lead to certain risks being reclassified as uninsurable with subsequent withdrawal of coverage. This would trigger increased insurance costs, slow the expansion of financial services into developing countries, reduce availability of insurance for spreading risk and increase demand for government-funded compensation after natural disasters. In the event, the relative roles of public and private entities in providing insurance and risk management resources can be expected to change.
The effects of climate change are expected to be greatest in the developing world, especially in countries reliant on primary production as a major source of income. The adaptive capacity is low in Africa, Asia and Latin America, and in small island states. Vulnerability is also high.
Africa: Grain yields are projected to decrease, diminishing food security. Major rivers are highly sensitive to climate variation. Extension of ranges of infectious disease vectors would adversely affect human health. Desertification will be exacerbated, and increases in droughts, floods and other extreme events would add to stresses. Significant extinctions of plant and animal species are projected.
Coastal settlements along the Gulf of Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, Egypt and East-Southern African coast would be adversely affected by sea-level rise
Asia: Decreases in agricultural productivity and aquaculture, due to thermal and water stress, sea-level rises, floods and droughts, and tropical cyclones would diminish food security. Run-off and water availability may decrease. Human health would be threatened by increased exposure to vector-borne infectious diseases and heat stress. Climate change would increase energy demand, decrease tourism attraction and influence transportation; exacerbate threats to biodiversity, while sea-level rise would put ecological security at risk.
Latin America: Loss and retreat of glaciers would adversely impact run-off and water supply; floods and droughts would become more frequent; increases in tropical cyclones would alter risks to life, property and ecosystems from heavy rain, flooding, storm surges and wind damages. Yields of important crops are projected to decrease in many locations, and subsistence farming in some regions would be threatened. The geographical distribution of vector-borne diseases would expand poleward and to higher elevations.
Small Island States: projected sea level rise of 5mm a year for the next 100 years would cause enhanced coastal erosion, loss of land and property, dislocation of people, increased risk from storm surges, reduced resilience of coastal ecosystems, saltwater intrusion into freshwater resources and high resource costs to respond to and adapt to these changes. Tourism, an important source of income and foreign exchange for many islands, would face severe disruption from climate change and sea-level rise.
Europe: Southern Europe and the European Arctic are more vulnerable. Summer run-off, water availability and soil moisture are likely to decrease in southern Europe, and would widen the difference between the north and drought-prone south. Half of alpine glaciers and large permafrost areas could disappear by end of the century. River flood hazard will increase across much of Europe. There will be some broadly positive effects on agriculture in northern Europe, while productivity will decrease in southern and eastern Europe. There will be an upward and northward shift of biotic zones, and loss of habitats - wetlands, tundra and isolated habitats would threaten some species.
North America: Adaptive capacity high. But some communities e.g. indigenous peoples and those dependent on climate sensitive resources are more vulnerable. Some crops would benefit from modest warming, but effects vary among crops and regions, including declines due to drought in some areas of Canadas prairies and the US Great Plains. But there would be potential increase in food production in areas of Canada, north of current production areas and increased warm-temperate mixed forest production. However benefits for crops would decrease at an increasing rate and possible become a net loss with further warming.
Australia and New Zealand: adaptive capacity of human systems is generally high, but there are groups such as indigenous peoples, with low capacity to adapt and face high vulnerability. The net impact on some temperate crops of climate and CO2. changes may initially be beneficial, but this balance is expected to become negative for some areas and crops with further climate change. Water is likely to be a key issue. -SUNS4839
The above article first appeared in the South-North Development Monitor (SUNS) of which Chakravarthi Raghavan is the Chief Editor.
© 2001, SUNS - All rights reserved. May not be reproduced, reprinted or posted to any system or service without specific permission from SUNS. This limitation includes incorporation into a database, distribution via Usenet News, bulletin board systems, mailing lists, print media or broadcast. For information about reproduction or multi-user subscriptions please e-mail <[email protected] > |
Turbo charge your brain for the return to work, university or school!
As the summer holidays draw to a close we're faced with that time of year when âtime offâ suddenly morphs into âgame onâ and we have to speed up again into fully functioning human beings. Itâs not always easy though. Hopefully, many of us have had some form of Summer recuperation, or enjoyed a slower pace of life with a little more âtime outâ. At the very least â we've hopefully had more fresh air, exercise and topped up our Vitamin D levels!
So, whilst weâre getting the kids ready for school or uni, or preparing to return to work ourselves â let's consider what we need âon the insideâ to ensure our brains are back in gear and are up to the jobs we require of them!
A turbo-charged brain is a well-nourished one â and it may surprise you to know that means an increase in FAT in your dietâŠ.yes really. The brain consists of 60% fat â so a low fat diet is about the worst sort of diet you can have for concentration and clarity, despite what we've been told in the past. This is particularly important whilst we're still growing â up to our early 20s.
So, if we increase our intake of healthy fats, then our mental capacities will improve. Unfortunately we tend to do the opposite â and our diets tend to be high in saturated fats from fried foods such as chips and crisps. What we really need to do is to increase the healthy Omega 3s â such as DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid) â which are found in high quantities in fresh fish and grass fed, outdoor reared beef. A recent study(1) has thrown up a huge amount of evidence indicating how important these âEssential Fatty Acidsâ are. The study indicates that the frontal lobes of the brain â particularly in relation to children â have a very high demand indeed for DHA to support development and functioning. These lobes are the areas of the brain that regulate behavioural centres as well as being responsible for activities such as attention, focus, problem solving and planning. This and other studies indicate that DHA is also extremely important for eye health. The area of the eye which is sensitive to light and transmits signals to the brain so vision is formed â the retina â contains very high levels of DHA. So as children tend to learn visually â the vital nature of a diet rich in this essential fatty acid is also reinforced.
In 2014 another important research paper(2) indicated that higher levels of DHA are associated with improved quality and quantity of sleep. This is particularly important as sleep problems in both children and adults are on the rise. In children though â adequate sleep is essential for healthy brain development as well as school performance and general behaviour.
So, what type of fish has the highest levels of DHA? When sourcing your fish, or supplements, do ensure that the fish comes from seas low in mercury pollution (and other heavy metal pollutants), as some seas are worse than others. Research throws up conflicting advice, but the worst fish to accumulate heavy metal toxins seem to be shark, swordfish, king mackerel and tilefish.
Fish richest in DHA (in order of priority) are:-
- Tinned Sardines in Tomato Sauce
- Tinned Sardines in Brine
- Smoked Salmon
- Rainbow Trout
- Tinned Red and Pink Salmon
- Tuna in Sunflower
- Cold water prawns
So other than eating a diet rich in EFAs especially DHA, what other elements can help improve your brain power NOW?
- Get a good 7 â 8 hours quality sleep
- Get at least 3 sessions of exercise a week â to release mood-enhancing endorphins and increase oxygen uptake
- Good posture also helps ensure adequate oxygen uptake
- Ensure you are not dehydrated â drink a minimum of 1.5 litres of water per day
- Eat little and often high nutrient snacks with no sugar or slow release sugars from unrefined sources
- Cook with raw organic Coconut Oil
- Dietary recommendations with powerful effects on general and brain health: Paleo or Ketogenic Diet
- Have a regular Aromatherapy massage to reduce muscular tension which can negatively affect blood flow to the brain and concentration. Massage also stimulates the release of endorphins, your circulation and immune response, and gives you a âfeel good factorâ that will help anyone's brain to function better! Tension releasing essential oils include: Lavender, Chamomile, Marjoram, Plai, Cedarwood, Pine, Benzoin, Neroli and Petitgrain.
- Stock up on brain stimulant / cephalic essential oils to vaporize or inhale. These include Ginger, Black Pepper, Rosemary, Thyme, Lime, Basil, Spearmint, Peppermint, Ravensara, Camphor and Eucalyptus.
Useful aromatherapy blends to try:-
Inhalation for tiredness and congestion:
3 drops Pine essential oil, 2 Plai and 2 Cedarwood
Massage oil for neck and shoulder tension (with regular headaches):
30ml Grapeseed Oil, 8 drops Lavender essential oil, 4 Marjoram and 2 Plai
Massage oil for back tension with lower back pain:
30ml Grapeseed Oil, 4 drops Pine essential oil, 4 Lavender, 3 Benzoin, 2 Neroli and 2 Chamomile
Vaporising blend for cleansing and concentration at work:
Vaporise 4 drops Rosemary essential oil, 4 Lime and 2 Camphor
Vaporising blend for lifting the spirits and stimulating the mind:
3 drops Basil essential oil, 2 Black Pepper, 2 Ginger and 1 Eucalyptus
Temple balm to release mental tension and fatigue:
20ml Aloe Vera & Rose Gel, 4 drops Lime essential oil, 3 Spearmint, 2 Camphor and 2 Rosemary
(1) Kuratko CN, Barrett EC, Nelson EB, Salem N Jr. The Relationship of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) with Learning and Behavior in Healthy Children: A Review. Nutrients. 2013 July;5(7):2777-810.
(2) Journal of Sleep Research published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of European Sleep Research Society. |
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Inca and Aztec societies were similar politically how Both expanded empires using the military 8. What economic change or explanation justifies the claim that the late sass mark the beginning of a new period in world history? Age of Exploration â America incorporated into Global Trade Network 9. What is an economic similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750? African slaves, forced labor American Indians 10. What European development is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti? The French Revolution 11.
Define Social Darwinism- fight White Europeans superior â Japanese yellow people also superior â will not give way to the other â fight 12. âWe shall not repeat the past. We shall eradicate it by restoring our rights in the Suez Canal. This money is ours. The canal is the property of Egypt. â This quote represents what political philosophy expressed in the post-colonial world? Nationalism 13. Most early civilizations before 600 B. C. E. Shared what characteristics? Cities, technology, metallurgy, writing systems, growing population 14. Before 500 C. E.
Judaism and Hinduism were similar how Ethical codes of conduct, written scripture 15. Be;en 200 B. C. E. And 200 C. E. , the Silk Roads facilitated commodity trade between which of the 2 empires? Han Chinese & Romans 16. The development and spread of Christianity and Buddhism before 600 C. E. Had what Common characteristics? Derives from another religion, spread through trade routes, both established monasteries for both men & women 17. Reading â tolerance 18. Indian Ocean Trade Networks encouraged the growth of what between 600 CE & 1450 CE? Trade networks increased growth of cities (trade centers) 19.
Before 1450 C. E. What is true of sub-Sahara Africans commercial economy â what was traded with whom? Sub Africa exported gold to â Europeans & Middle East 20. What consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Meridians in the sixteenth centuryâ? Diseases caused PANDEMICS 21 . The McHugh Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C. E. Shared what characteristics? Diverse â religiously & ethnically 22. In the period 1450-1750, what produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? Sugar, Tobacco, coffee â cash crops 23. Reading 24.
An important reason for Chinaâs rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was what New crops 25. What was a widespread social consequence of industrialization in the sass? Create a new social class of workers who are wage-earners -urban areas 26. How did nineteenth-century European industrialization affect European womenâs lives? Marriage age women work & home & house work us forewomen 27. After the Second World War, countries around the world did which of the following to restore the global economy? World bank & other new financial institutions â globally 28.
Nationalist leaders in Africa and Asia, such as Ho Chi Mini (1890-?1 969), Com Kenya (1894-1978), and Shame Markham (1909-1972), had what in common? Fought COLONIAL RULE â independence- self-determination 29. By the end of the 20th century â how did the world change as a result of technological changes? Have global economy; The Internet con necked the World 30. Why are myths useful to historians? Knowledge about traditions, values, culture that may be accurate 31 . The development of Indian Ocean trade routes in the period 600 B. C. E. To 600 C. E. ND the development of transatlantic trade routes in the period 1450 C. E. To 1600 C. E. Were similar in that both depended on what Wind patterns (Atlantic Oceanâs wind wheel and Indian Oceanâs monsoon winds), ocean currents 32. Reading 33. Reading 34. Painting 35. Before 600 C. E. , large centralized empires, such as the Han, Persian, and Roman empires, extended their military power by doing what? Built infrastructure â roads, bridges, defensive walls, expanded supply lines on safe roads 36. What factors represent the most significant cause of the growth of cities in Afro-Eurasia in the period 1000-1450 ?
Increased interregional & long distance trade 37. What type of evidence for research about the profits of Portuguese and British slave traders in the period 1600-1800 would be most useful? Slave traders receipts or account books of sales 8. The North and South American independence movements Of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries shared what in common? Revolutions and demands based on enlightenment ideas 39. The founding North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) is best understood in the context of what post-world war 2 events? Cold War 40.
Historians argue that the twentieth century marks a significant break in world history for what reasons? Petroleum, gas, population tripled, communism 41 . What is true of both the McHugh and Ottoman empires in the sixteenth century? Big empires, Gunpowder, bureaucracy 42. Map 3. In contrast to initial industrialization, the second Industrial Revolution in the last half of the nineteenth century was particularly associated With the mass production of what? Steel, electricity, transportation 44. Graph â What led to the increases in the Trans-Atlantic Slave trade by the sass?
Expansion of sugar plantations, also tobacco and end of indentured servitude. 45. Reading â who would benefit most from independence in Latin America from Spain? Creole elite 46. Reading â When Spain controlled their colonies for resources â what economic system did they use? Encomia system 47. The expansion of communication and trade networks in Afro-Eurasia from 600 C. E. To 1450 C. E. Resulted in the spread of what from South Asia? New technology & science and math -? O & decimal number system 48. Major difference between the social structures of China and India between 600 B.
C. E. And 600 C. E.? China â Confucian social hierarchy â Structure benefited covet officials Indian remember upper caste Brahmins â priests â not political people with new power 49. The African proverb, âUntil the lions have their historians, tales of hunting will always glorify the hunter,â Means what? History written by winners or victors not losers 50. Map 51 . Map understand Triangular Trade 52. Most world historians would agree that the key to European predominance in the world economy during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuryâs was based on what?
Industrial Revolution 53. Map East Asian Empires â know. 54. Reading 55. Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. â What evidence from the period would best support or challenge this historical reinterpretation? 1 6005 Indians Chinese & Muslims still trade largest percentage Not Europeans â only control mall percentage of trade Europeans control trade after -? industrial revolution -? merchant records tell how much traded 56.
The United States Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration Of the Rights Of Man and Citizen reflects a shared concern for what? Protection of rights & right to own private property (life, liberty & PROPERTY) 57. A historian researching the effects of Christian missionariesâ activities on local social structures in late-nineteenth-century Africa would what sources most useful? African stories about conversion â primary sources 58. What was the leading cause of the unprecedented increase in global population in the twentieth century?
Medicine, increased concern for better health care & gobo concern for public health 59. Graphs 60. Reading 61 . What is a nationalistic interpretation of the collapse of the Ottoman and Russian empires during and immediately after the First World War? Demands by ethnic groups for rights & independence in these 2 multivalent empires 62. What is a major similarity between the goals of leaders of the Chinese Communist Revolution, such as Mao Sedona, and the goals of leaders of the Mexican Revolution, such as Million Capita, in the early twentieth century? Land redistribution 63.
Reading â define dynastic cycle & mandate of heaven Dynastic Cycle: family that passed imperial title from generation to generation. When dynasty grew weaker & tax revenues declined- social divisions- internal rebellions invasions. As ruling dynasty declined, another emerged, usually from family of a successful general, invader, or peasant rebel & pattern would repeat the cycle. Mandate of Heaven: the divine approval of a ruler- the gods approved of the rulers in power 64. Reading 5. What is a significant environmental effect of the globalization of the worldâs economy in the period 1980 to the present?
Pollution water & air, improved western world â diminished developed world, 66. Some historians consider the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century to have been crucial decades in the development of Western thought. What evidence supports that contention? Physics, Theory of relativity, universe does not work like a machine or clock â relative â uncertainty principle 67. Some historians have argued that significant social inequalities emerged only after he adoption of agriculture made it possible for some individuals to accumulate great amounts of surplus wealth. |
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SAN JUAN CAPISTRANO Aubriana Navarro celebrates her second birthday Wednesday, and that in itself is extraordinary: she suffers from type 1 spinal muscular atrophy, a rare genetic disease that typically claims its victims before they reach even that modest milestone.
Though unable to sit up without the assistance of her parents, Aubriana, attached to a permanent tracheal tube and ventilator, smiled for visitors Tuesday as her parents prepared for a very public party â anyone can come, they say, and they can accomodate up to 200.
âWe invited family and friends, to spread awareness,â said Aubrianaâs mother, Shellie Lopes.
Her parents believe there will be more birthdays, despite the grim statistics.
âWhen she was first in the hospital, they said it was a death sentence,â Lopes said. âI donât like to say that. I donât believe it.â
And Lopes, 25, along with Aubrianaâs father, Eric Navarro, 27, say they have new reason for hope.
UC Irvine stem-cell researcher Hans Keirstead is developing a treatment for babies that suffer from the disease that relies on human embryonic stem cells.
Keirstead, who developed another treatment for acute spinal injuries that will become the worldâs first clinical trial using stem cells, wants his new treatment to become the worldâs second.
The proposed trial must first win approval from the Food and Drug Administration; only then will candidates be chosen, and no one yet knows who will participate.
But Navarro and Lopes say they would leap at the chance to have their daughter treated with the new method, despite the controversy surrounding the use of human embryonic stem cells. Many object because the cells are derived from human embryos, even though those early-stage embryos are destined to be discarded by fertility clinics.
âA lot of people are opposed to the idea of stem cells,â Lopes said. âWhen you see someone like Aubriana, so innocent, and would benefit â I would love to try it. I believe she deserves a shot at life with stem cells.â
The disease, known to the tight-knit group of parents whose children have it as âSMA,â does its damage in a strange reversal of the usual pattern of child development.
Instead of becoming stronger and more active as they age, SMA children grow weaker as they grow larger; already, portable machines must be used to help Aubriana breathe and cough, and she must be fed through a feeding tube to reduce the chance of pneumonia infection.
âShe was born perfectly,â Lopes said. âAs they get older, they start to regress.â
The motor neurons that normally control muscle movement gradually lose their connections to muscles in SMA children. Keirsteadâs treatment involves the injection of motor neurons grown from stem cells into the spinal cords of the infants; if successful, the neurons would grow new connections along the muscle pathways that have stopped functioning in SMA babies.
Lopes says Aubrianaâs mental development is quite normal. She has the typical joys of a two-year old, and is beginning to babble and attempt to talk.
âSheâs very happy cognitively,â Lopes said. âSMA doesnât affect the brain. Sheâs like any other 2-year-old. Itâs just that her body is very weak.â
Sheâs especially fond of Elmo, whom she met at SeaWorld not long ago.
âThat was one of her happiest moments,â Lopes said. âShe got to meet him in real life.â
Aubriana also has been to Disneyland and California Adventure in Anaheim, and to Las Vegas.
Another favorite character is Dora the Explorer, providing a theme for Aubrianaâs party on Wednesday.
Despite her condition, her parents say theyâre trying as much as possible to give her a normal childhood.
âIt doesnât stop us from going anywhere,â Eric Navarro said. âWhatever we have planned, we make it work with Aubriana. We make it work with her. We make it normal.â
Carrying around the equipment took some getting used to, Lopes said.
âPeople are always shocked about the amount of equipment we have,â she said. âItâs just a part of our normal life.â
Lopes was training to be a nurse when she was pregnant with Aubriana â a lucky accident, since the girl was not diagnosed with SMA until she was four and a half months old. Tests for SMA were not typically given when Lopes was carrying Aubriana, she said.
The training means her mother is well-versed in the medical terminology surrounding her disease, and with the many small treatments Aubriana must receive each day.
As she spoke to visitors Tuesday, Lopes more than once used a small suction device to clear Aubrianaâs throat and nasal passages.
âWe just suction her constantly, because she cannot swallow her secretions,â Lopes said.
Lopes and Navarro live in a world split between that of a typical family â Aubrianaâs 6-year-old sister, Angelina, dotes on her â and that of parents who must be ready for sudden, potentially life-threatening emergencies that can come anytime.
Their advice to new SMA parents: keep fighting.
âI would say, donât ever give up,â Lopes said. âThatâs the most important. Donât live like youâre dying.â
Receiving Aubrianaâs diagnosis âwas the most devastating day of our life,â Lopes said. âIt was like a nightmare we couldnât wake up from.â
For now, theyâre focused on the party.
âWe just want to give her a dream birthday,â Lopes said. âWe want to treat her like any other little girl.â
Aubrianaâs party is from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. Wednesday at Franciscan Gardens, 31815 Camino Capistrano, and will include face-painting and games. Franciscan Gardens donated the venue, Lopes said, and the caterer 24 Carrot donated its services.
The party was arranged for Aubriana by the Prendiz family, who lost their own child to SMA in December. Hannah Rose was 11 months old. |
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Marmosets are small New World Monkeys, Platyrrhini, with claw-like nails and the incisor and canine teeth of the lower jaw modified for boring holes in Trees to obtain sap, a significant part of their diet. The group is well studied in the Atlantic Forests of Brazil, but also present in the forests of the Amazon Basin, where they are less well understood.
In a paper published in the journal PeerJ on 25 July 2019, Rodrigo Costa-Araújo of the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazÃŽnia and the Departamento de Genética at the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Fabiano de Melo of the Departamento de Engenharia Florestal at the Universidade Federal de Viçosa, and the Unidade Acadêmica Especial Ciências Biológicas at the Universidade Federal de Goiás, Gustavo Rodrigues Canale of the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Sandra Hernández-Rangel, also of the Departamento de Genética at the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Mariluce Rezende Messias of the Departamento de Biologia at the Universidade Federal de RondÃŽnia, Rogério Vieira Rossi of the Departamento de Biologia e Zoologia at the Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Felipe Silva of the School of Environment and Life Sciences at the University of Salford, and the Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Maria Nazareth Ferreira da Silva of the Coleção de MamÃferos at the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazÃŽnia, Stephen Nash of the Department of Anatomical Sciences at Stony Brook University, Jean Boubli, also of the School of Environment and Life Sciences at University of Salford, and Izeni Pires Farias and Tomas Hrbek, again of the Departamento de Genética at the Universidade Federal do Amazonas, describe a new species of Marmoset from the TapajósâJamanxim interfluve (i.e. the area between the Tapajós and Jamanxim rivers) in the southwest of Pará State, Brazil.
The new species is placed in the genus Mico, and given the specific name munduruku, in honour of the Munduruku Amerindians of the TapajósâJamanxim interfluve. The species was first identified by its coat, which is distinctive and cannot easily be mistaken from that of any other previously described Marmoset, and later confirmed as a separate species by genetic analysis. Members of this species are white in colour with a a beige-yellowish spot on the elbow, and beige-yellowish saddle.
Mico munduruku, artists impression. Stephen Nash in Costa-Araújo et al. (2019).
Mico munduruku is found in lowland terra firme rainforest (i.e. rainforest which does not flood), from the left margin of the Jamanxim River, below the mouth of Novo River, possibly up to the right margin of the upper Tapajós River, below the mouth of Cururú River. The TapajósâJamanxim interfluve covers an area of about 120 000 km², slightly less than the area of New Mexico or England, although the area occupied by Mico munduruku is thought to only cover about 55 000 km². This region is one of the main fronts of forest destruction within the Arc of deforestation, a region infamously characterised by fast, intense and disordered conversion of forests to pastoral and agricultural land and human settlements, and has area has suffered extensive environmental damages due to illegal logging and agricultural expansionâthis is happening even within federal conservation units and protected indigenous lands. There are also there are four hydroelectric plants in the process of implementation in this region. The population structure of Mico munduruku is to poorly understood to properly assess it's conservation status at this time, but Costa-Araújo et al. nevertheless express extreme concern about the future of the species given the immediate threats to its environment.
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During the last seven centuries, Bantu ethnic groups arrived in the area from several directions to escape enemies or find new land. Little is known of tribal life before European contact, but tribal art suggests rich cultural heritages. Gabon's first European visitors were Portuguese traders who arrived in the 15th century and named the country after the Portuguese word "gabao," a coat with sleeve and hood resembling the shape of the Komo River estuary. The coast became a center of the slave trade. Dutch, British, and French traders came in the 16th century. France assumed the status of protector by signing treaties with Gabonese coastal chiefs in 1839 and 1841. American missionaries from New England established a mission at Baraka (now Libreville) in 1842. In 1849, the French captured a slave ship and released the passengers at the mouth of the Komo River. The slaves named their settlement Libreville--"free town." An American, Paul du Chaillu, was among the first foreigners to explore the interior of the country in the 1850s. French explorers penetrated Gabon's dense jungles between 1862 and 1887. The most famous, Savorgnan de Brazza, used Gabonese bearers and guides in his search for the headwaters of the Congo River. France occupied Gabon in 1885 but did not administer it until 1903. In 1910, Gabon became one of the four territories of French Equatorial Africa, a federation that survived until 1959. The territories became independent in 1960 as the Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), and Gabon.
Under the 1961 constitution (revised in 1975 and rewritten in 1991), Gabon became a republic with a presidential form of government. The National Assembly has 120 deputies elected for a 5-year term. The president is elected by universal suffrage for a 7-year term. The president appoints the prime minister, the cabinet, and judges of the independent Supreme Court. In 1990 the government in 1990 made major changes to the political system. A transitional constitution was drafted in May as an outgrowth of a national political conference in March-April and later revised by a constitutional committee. Among its provisions were a Western-style bill of rights; creation of a National Council of Democracy to oversee the guarantee of those rights; a governmental advisory board on economic and social issues; and an independent judiciary. After approval by the National Assembly, the PDG Central Committee and the president, the Assembly unanimously adopted the constitution in March 1991. Multiparty legislative elections were held in 1990-91, despite the fact that opposition parties had not been declared formally legal.
After a peaceful transition, the elections produced the first representative, multiparty National Assembly. In January 1991, the Assembly passed by unanimous vote a law governing the legalization of opposition parties. The president was re-elected in a disputed election in 1993 with 51% of votes cast. Social and political disturbances led to the 1994 Paris Conference and Accords, which
provided a framework for the next elections. Local and legislative elections were delayed until 1996-97. In 1997 constitutional amendments were adopted to create an appointed Senate, the position of vice president, and to extend the president's term to 7 years. Facing a divided opposition, President Bongo was re-elected in December 1998, with 66% of the votes cast. Although the main opposition
parties claimed the elections had been manipulated, there was none of the civil disturbance that followed the 1993 election. The president retains strong powers, such as authority to dissolve the National Assembly, declare a state of siege, delay legislation, conduct referenda, and appoint and dismiss the prime minister and cabinet members. Peaceful though flawed legislative elections in 2001-02
produced a new National Assembly dominated by the president's party and its allies.
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The prescription drugs that we take when weâre sick didnât come out of nowhere. They were created following painstaking research. But how can that process be sped up?
Sarah Hudson, a lecturer and researcher at University of Limerick (UL), is leading a team of researchers to develop processes that could make the creation of pharmaceutical products faster and cheaper, and the drugs themselves more effective.
What is your role within UL?
Iâm a lecturer in chemistry, and a researcher.
What steps led you to the role you have now?
I attained a PhD in chemistry and held postdoctoral research positions in Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Waterford Institute of Technology.
Can you tell us about the research youâre currently working on?
When you read the literature, you can see that people are discovering many new exciting molecules â many of them natural molecules from plants and cells â which show activity against 21st-century problematic diseases. However, it takes a long time and is very expensive to develop these molecules into medicines. Often, at late stages of development, they donât work and their potential is lost.
I work at trying to design new ways to âpackageâ these potential cures so that they do work when they are made into a medicine. Currently, we are focusing on trying to improve the stability and activity of antimicrobial molecules to treat multi-resistant microbial infections. The molecules we look at range from small to large peptides, and we design new solid and liquid forms of these molecules to try to improve how they behave during storage and in the body.
What first stirred your interest in this area?
I originally studied chemistry in Trinity College Dublin but, during my PhD, I began to look at using enzymes for doing chemistry. I was fascinated at how versatile they were.
When I was doing research in Prof Robert Langerâs lab at MIT, which focused on developing novel therapies to treat disease, I really saw how a multidisciplinary problem-solving approach â combining physics, chemistry, biology and engineering â with potential cures for diseases could enable the potential of a therapeutic molecule.
If there is such a thing, can you describe a typical day for you?
It is genuinely difficult to describe a typical day, but if I look at a day during term time, I get into work just after 9am, after dropping the kids to school and crÚche. I usually touch base immediately with my research team â currently one postdoctoral researcher and several PhD students â and find out if there are any big issues in the lab at the moment, or if anyone is stuck on anything. Then I usually open up my email and work out what I need to do that day.
From then on, I could be lecturing for around two hours to undergraduate students, meeting with final-year students who are doing a research project in my lab, trying to snatch an hour or two of quiet time to finish writing or reading a paper or a grant application, and then, in between all that, dealing with purchasing or servicing lab equipment, health and safety issues, redesigning undergraduate or postgraduate courses, or answering queries from students by email.
Unfortunately, I rarely get into the lab during term time to do any lab work myself, but I do try to do that during the summer â it is the bit of the job I miss the most since becoming a lecturer.
What skills and tools do you use on a daily basis?
Data interpretation and writing are a huge part of my job on a daily basis.
Trying to stay on top of the literature and technical developments in my area is a relentless challenge, but it is also what keeps the job interesting.
I also have to pitch my ideas and results regularly to my colleagues, and at meetings and conferences, so presentation skills are very important.
What applications do you foresee for this research?
The obvious application for this research is in the development of medicines, but biomolecules â as we describe many of the molecules we work with â have a lot of potential as fragrances, nutraceuticals, biocatalysts, sensors, etc, so if we can understand how they behave and how to control their stability and activity, the range of applications is infinite.
Are there any common misconceptions about this area of research?
The most common misconception is the amount of time it takes to bring a molecule that shows potential for curing a disease from the point of discovery to the market. It takes a long time and is very expensive, but that is why I am interested in doing this work. If we can design strategies to shorten this time and reduce costs, more potential treatments will be available to people. I think showing people the number of failures in pre-clinical and clinical trials helps get this point across, and we try to do this during outreach activities in schools and at public events.
When you first started work as a researcher, what were you most surprised to learn was important in the role?
The amount of administration involved in both the research and the teaching roles!
What do you enjoy most about your career in research?
Talking to the postdocs, PhD students and final-year students about their experiments and ideas for their projects â it is what keeps me excited about science and the work we are trying to do. |
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A broken tooth may cause a toothache. At that time, the inner pulp of the tooth may be exposed while the toothâs blood vessels and connective tissues become inflamed. In case you have a broken tooth, you should see your doctor as soon as possible. Even though you may not have any pain, you may have damage to the tooth that you do not know about. Also, this damage can result in tooth loss toothache. There are some simple ways to stop a toothache from a broken tooth, but their results are not permanent.
List Of Simple Ways On How To Stop A Toothache From A Broken Tooth
Now, in this article, we want to show you some of the best natural treatments for toothaches from a broken tooth. So, if you are suffering from a toothache and want to know how to reduce the pain and swelling around your affected tooth before visiting a dentist, you can consider applying some of the following home remedies.
I. Causes And Symptoms Of Toothache From A Broken Tooth
Broken tooth may not cause immediate pain. But, when the break has travelled to your nerves, you may experience some discomforts when chewing. Whether you have pain or not, the broken tooth should be treated as soon as possible to stop toothaches and also prevent further problems. There are a few common causes of broken tooth. They include:
- Biting and chewing into hard foods or objects
- Brittle tooth structure caused due to root canal therapy
- Grinding of the teeth
You can experience a toothache from a broken tooth. You can have mild pain from cold or hot exposure and pressure to the tooth. Nonetheless, if your pain is severe or lasts for longer than about 15 seconds after the temperature exposure or pressure, then this may be a signal of a serious health issue. In case there is severe inflammation around your teeth, the pain can radiate to your ear, cheek, or jaw. The signs and symptoms of toothache include:
- Pain around the tooth
- Swelling around your affected tooth
- Drainage from your affected tooth
List of 34 Best Ways To Remove White Spots From Your Teeth Approved By Science will show you some of the natural treatments for white spots that you can consider applying for good, so check it out!
II. How To Stop A Toothache From A Broken Tooth- Home Remedies
If you cannot see a dentist immediately, you can apply some home remedies to relieve the pain. Here are some simple home remedies for temporarily treating a toothache from a broken tooth before you can see your dentist.
This is the first way on how to stop a toothache naturally that we want to mention in this article and want all of my readers to apply for good. Onions contain antiseptic and antimicrobial properties that can help kill off the bacteria causing pain in your mouth. Putting a piece of raw onion on the affected area is effective in reducing the toothache.
- Just cut a small piece of onion and then place it over your affected area.
- Leave it on for 5 minutes, or longer if possible
Cucumber contains hemostatic and soothing properties, making it a great treatment for under-eye dark circles. When it comes to toothache treatment, its hemostatic effects can help reduceblood flow to your broken tooth, hence soothing the pain.
- Slice a fresh piece of cucumber and place it over your affected area.
- Alternatively, mash up a small piece of cucumber with some sea salt before packing it around your broken tooth.
Read on 15 Ways On How To Remove Dark Circles Under Eyes Naturally to discover some of the best treatments for dark circles under eyes that you can apply with ease at the comfort of your own home.
Turmeric is an amazing herb when it offers many health benefits. Among these benefits, it has been used to treat toothaches for years. Turmeric contains strong analgesic, antiseptic and antibacterial properties that can be effective in stopping pain and reducing tooth and gum infections. To use turmeric for treating toothache, you just need to take the following steps:
- Mix 1 tsp. of turmeric powder in enough water to create a paste.
- Soak a cotton ball into the turmeric paste and then place it over your affected area.
- Alternatively, apply turmeric directly or mixit with some organic honeyfor added taste and benefits.
To know some of the best natural treatments for cancer sores on gums, tongue and in throat, read on 20 Home Remedies For Canker Sores On Tongue, Gums And In Throat
4. Olive Oil
Virgin olive oil contains anti-inflammatory properties, so it can help reduce the inflammation accompanied with the toothaches. Therefore, olive oil can be used as a great way on how to stop a toothache naturally. Simply, soak a cotton ball in some olive oil and then apply it on your affected tooth. Reapply this remedy 2- 3 times per day to stop toothache.
If you want to know some of the simple uses of extra virgin olive oil for acne-prone skin, read on 19 Ways On How To Use Extra Virgin Olive Oil For Acne Skin
Cloves contain antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic and antioxidant properties that can help relieve tooth pain and reduce infection. Therefore, if you are looking for ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth, you can consider making use of cloves.
- Grind 2 whole cloves and then mix itwith some olive oil
- Then, apply this paste on your affected tooth.
- Alternatively, soak a cotton ball in some clove oil and then apply it directly on your affected area.
- Or, mix some clove oil in œ glass of water and then use it as a natural mouth rinse.
- Reapply any of these remedies3- 4 times a day.
6. Black Seed Oil
Black seed oil can help relieve the pain and swelling and promote wound healing thanks to its antimicrobial properties. Simply, dip a Q-tip in some black seed oil and then apply it on your affected tooth. Then, massage for 15-20 seconds.Alternatively, mix 1 tbsp. of black seed oil in some warm water before using it as a natural mouth rinse. Reapply this remedy twice a day for the best results.
Learn More: List Of Natural Oils For Skin Care â Top 30 Great Oils To Apply
Thyme offers some powerful antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiseptic properties that make it a great solution for toothache and gum disease. There are a few simple uses of thyme to treat a toothache. All of the following remedies can help soothe the toothache and fight infection.
- Sip a thyme tea for toothache relief. Swirl it in the mouth for 30 seconds before you swallow
- Or, chew some thyme leaves on the opposite side of your mouth. If these leaves get into your affected tooth, it could make this problem worse.
- Alternatively, dilute some thyme essential oil with any of the carrier oils and then gargle with it.
Do you want to know natural ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth? Keep reading this interesting article and then try to apply one or more of these home remedies at the comfort of your own home.
8. Oregano Oil
Oregano oil can help kill off the bacteria causing the toothache, and it also contains anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties that help reduce the swelling and pain. Simply, apply some oregano oil directly on your affected tooth with the help of a Q-tip. After several hours of application, you can reapply this home remedy.
Read More: Top 34 Tips On How To Improve Skin Naturally With Oils
9. Hydrogen Peroxide
Hydrogen peroxide is a great solution for teeth, gum and mouth problems. Swishing with a 3% hydrogen peroxide solution can give you a temporary pain relief, especially if you experience a fever. It works as a cleansing aid to fight off bacteria. Simply, swish the solution in your mouth for œ minute and then rinse it off with plain water for a few times. Reapply this remedy once or twice per day.
Wheatgrass contains natural antibacterial properties, which can help fight off tooth decay and reduce toothaches. Also, it contains natural antibiotics that help prevent the gums and teeth infections from occurring. To stop a toothache, you just need to chew the wheatgrass directly in your affected tooth. Alternatively, you can wash off your mouth with wheatgrass juice to absorb toxins from your gums, control the infection and reduce bacteria growth. Actually, wheatgrass is considered as one of the most effective ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that you should consider applying for good.
11. Guava Leaves
Guava leaves can help reduce toothaches, swollen gums as well as mouth ulcers thanks to its powerful analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties. You can use guava leaves in paste form to reduce the inflammation and leave breath clean and fresh.Simply, chew 1- 2 guava leaves until the juice works on your affected tooth. Alternatively, place 5 guava leaves into hot water, let the liquid cool down, and then add some sea salt to it. Then, swish your mouth with this solution before spitting it out. Reapply this remedy several times a day.
12. Pepper And Salt
When it comes to ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth, you should consider using pepper and salt. According to a study about natural remedies for toothaches , the mixture of salt and pepper can be a great solution for sensitive tooth because both of the ingredients contain analgesic, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties.
- Mix equal amounts of salt and pepper with enough water to create a paste.
- Apply this paste directly on your affected tooth and leave it on for several minutes.
- Reapply this remedy daily for a few days.
13. Salt Water
When it comes to ways on how to stop a toothache naturally, you should consider using salt water right now. Salt water can help cleanse loose debris and potentially harmful bacteria in your mouth. To stop a toothache, you just need to add sea salt to enough warm water. Then, swish the solution around in the mouth for œ minute before spitting it out. Reapply this remedy a few times per day. Do not swallow the salt water because it may contain germs and bacteria that are not good for your body.
14. Vanilla Extract
This is another great way on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that you should consider giving it a try! Vanilla extract is a great home remedy for toothache because it can help numb the pain. Also, it contains a calming effect.
- Soak a cotton swab in 2- 3 drops of vanilla extract
- Then, put it on your affected area.
- Reapply this remedy several times per day until you get a toothache relief.
15. Tea Bag
The tannins from the tea can help reduce pain and swelling that is accompanied with a toothache. Simply, dip a tea bag in some water and then apply this tea bag on your affected tooth. You can also place the tea bag in the fridge for some time before using it. Apply this remedy once or twice per day for the best results.
16. Baking Soda
Baking soda contains anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties that can help relieve swelling and treat tooth or gum infection causing the pain. Simply, dip a cotton ball in some water and cover it with baking soda. Then, place it over your affected tooth in order to reduce tooth pain. Alternatively, mix 1 tsp. of baking soda in some warm water and then use this solution as a mouth rinse. Reapply any of these remedies 2-3 times until you get a relief from your toothache.
This is actually a great way on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that you should try out! This home remedy also has been used for treating toothaches. It will offer a relief from the pain. You just need to soak a cotton ball in some whiskey and then apply it on your affected tooth. Keep applying this remedy until you can visit your dentist.
Using cinnamon can offer a temporary relief from a tooth pain. This is because cinnamon contains antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. When it is combined with honey that contains antiseptic and antimicrobial properties, it can relieve the gum infection around your affected tooth. To use cinnamon as a toothache treatment, you should take the following steps:
- Mix 1 tsp. of cinnamon powder with 5 tsp. of honey
- Apply this paste directly on your affected tooth.
- Reapply this remedy 2- 3 times per day or until your toothache goes away.
19. Peppermint Oil
Peppermint essential oil contains numbing properties that can offer you a relief from a toothache. You can use peppermint in the forms of tea bags, sprays, gels and creams. To treat a toothache, you can put a peppermint tea bag in the fridgeunless you are sensitive to cold. Then, you apply it directly onto your affected tooth for about 20 minutes. Repeat this remedy regularlyto reduce the pain. If you have no peppermint tea available, you can use peppermint essential oil. Just add some peppermint essential oil to a cotton ball before placing it on your affected area.
20. Spinach Leaves
The spinach leaves can be used to relieve the pains caused by a broken tooth. You just need to soak some spinach leaves in salt water, and then apply them on your affected area inside your mouth. Then, you can experience a relief from your pain. In fact, this is also a great way on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that you should not look down, yet consider applying for good.
Using garlic can offer an instant relief from toothache, making it a great way on how to stop a toothache naturally. According to a research about benefits of garlic , garlic contains antibiotic and other powerful properties that are very effective in relieving the pain.
- Mix garlic powder or a crushed clove of garlicwith some black salt
- Then, apply it directly on your affected tooth to reduce the pain.
- Alternatively, chew 1- 2 garlic cloves to offer a relief from a toothache.
- Reapply this remedy for a few days.
22. Tea Tree Oil
Other great ways on how to stop a toothache that you should try must include tea tree oil. Actually, using tea tree oil can help you get rid of the toothache. You just need to rinse your mouth with lukewarm water mixed with a few drops of tea tree oil. This method can give you an instant relief from the pain.
23. Using Eugenol
Eugenol is an anesthetic that can be used to apply to your affected area in order to give you an instant pain relief. To stop a toothache, you soak the cotton buds in the eugenol and then put them in your affected area. Just note that you do not use the solution too much because it can cause some unwanted side effects.
You can also stop a toothache by using a tincture of myrrh. Actually, the astringent properties found in myrrh can help with inflammation by killing off bacteria. You just need to simmer 1 tsp. of myrrh powder in 2 cups of water and wait for about 30 minutes. Then, strain and let it cool before rinsing with 1 tsp. of the solution in œ cup of plain water. Reapply this remedy 5- 6 times a day.
25. Ice Cubes
Another quick way to stop a toothache is to numb it with the help of ice cubes. Cold temperatures will help reduce blood circulation to the area round your affected tooth, making you have less pain. Now, if you want to know how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth, you should follow the instructions below:
- Cover an ice cube with a thin cloth or a plastic bag
- Then, apply it on your affected tooth for 10- 15 minutes.
- Take short breaks in ten- minute intervals. After each break, keep applying the cold compress to the affected area.
26. Bayberry Root Bark
It contains antibiotics, tannins and flavonoids, making it a great solution for treating toothaches. When you mix it with vinegar, you can create a paste, which can help reduce swelling, relieve tooth pain, and strengthen the gums.
- Grind up a patch of bayberry bark with 1/4 tsp. of vinegar to create a paste.
- Then, apply this paste directly to your affected tooth and leave it on until the pain subsides.
- Finally, wash it off with an anti-sensitivity toothpaste and warm water.
27. Ginger And Cayenne Pepper
If you have a toothache, you can try using a paste made from ground red pepper, ginger powder and water in order to relieve the pain. If you want to use the mixture of ginger and cayenne pepper in order to stop a toothache naturally, you can take the following steps:
- Combine a pinch each of ginger powder with red pepper and some water to create a paste.
- Then, soak a cotton ball in this paste and place it directly on your affected tooth.
- Leave it on there until the pain disappears.
- Note: Avoid applying the paste to your gum tissues because it can cause irritation or burning.
There are other great ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that we want to mention in this article. So, you should try to read the remaining of this article and then consider applying these remedies as soon as possible.
Toothaches can be treated naturally with the use of asafetida. To use asafetida for treating toothaches, you can apply any of the following recipes:
- Add œ tsp. of asafetida powder to 2 tsp. of lemon juice
- Warm it slightly and then apply it on your affected area with the help of a cotton pad.
- Fry some asafetida in clarified butter and then place it on your affected tooth for instant relief.
- Repeat this remedy after several hours, if required.
29. Coconut Oil
According to a study about coconut oil for dental diseases this remedy has been used to treat many oral problems, including toothaches, tooth infections, gingivitis and bleeding gums. Coconut oil has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it a great treatment for toothaches.
- Swish 2 tbsp. of coconut oil in your mouth for 20 minutes.
- Then, spit the oil and rinse off your mouth with lukewarm water.
- Brush your teeth as normal
- Reapply this remedy twice a day until you get a relief from the pain.
III. How To Stop A Toothache- Diet And Hygiene
Apart from applying some home remedies for toothaches as I mentioned above, you should also pay attention to your diet and hygiene. Actually, consuming foods that are good for oral health and applying good oral hygiene techniques can help you reduce toothaches temporarily and boost up the healing process.
1. Cover A Crack With Chewing Gum
Another great way on how to stop a toothache naturally is that you should try covering a crack with chewing gum. If you have a broken tooth, you can relieve your pain by covering the crack with a chewing gum. This may also work with a loose filling until you can see your dentist. To avoid having further discomfort, you should avoid using that tooth to chew anything until it has been repaired.
2. Apply An Acupressure Technique
According to a research about acupressure points to relieve toothache , you can try applying an acupressure technique if you want to stop a toothache. Use your thumb to press the area on the other hand where the back of your index finger and your thumb meet for about 2 minutes. This method can help release endorphins, which are feel-good hormones.
Actually, this is a great way on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that lots of people in the world have been using to reduce the pain and swelling caused by a toothache.
3. Use Pain Medications
Using an over-the-counter pain reliever can help reduce the pain. You just need to follow the instructions on its label for the correct use and dosage. However, it is advised not to put any of the painkillers directly on your gum tissues because this can cause damage and irritate the tissues around your affected tooth.
Over-the-counter topical ointments can be another great option for you. They numb the area around your affected tooth thanks to their active ingredient such as benzocaine. Try to follow their labels for the proper application
4. Remove Trapped Foods
When you have a toothache, one of the first things you should do is to clean your teeth. You should remove food particles trapped in your tooth that can contribute to your pain. Use dental floss between both sides of your tooth to remove any food particles from your teeth. After flossing, rinse off your mouth by swishing lukewarm water before spitting the water out.
Actually, this is known as one of the best ways on how to stop a toothache from a broken tooth that you should not look down, yet try to remove trapped foods after meals.
5. Eat Foods That Are Good For Oral Health
When you eat sugars, they will be able to react with bacteria to create acids that may eat away at the enamel of the tooth. Therefore, you should reduce the consumption of sugar. Besides, you need to pay attention to your diet plan:
- Drink less sugary fruit drinks, soda, sweetened coffee or sweet tea.
- Consume less junk foods
- Avoid acidic juices and foods. Instead, opt for non-acid products
- Avoid consuming beverages and foods that are very hot or cold.
6. Use Special Toothpaste And Toothbrushes
This is the last but very important way on how to stop a toothache naturally that we want to mention in this article and want all of my readers to apply for good, especially if you have a toothache from a broken tooth. If your toothache is caused due to dental sensitivity, you should use a toothbrush and toothpaste that are designed for sensitive teeth. Sensitive toothpastes are designed to clean the sensitive teeth thanks to their gentle ingredients.
- Use a soft bristled toothbrush to preserve your natural gum tissues.
- Medium and hard brushes are effective in scrubbing away decay. However, using soft toothbrushes is a great option for gum-related pain.
When you have a broken tooth, it is advised to see a dentist as soon as possible. You should also visit your dentist if you notice any of the following symptoms:
- Trouble swallowing or breathing
- Pain that lasts more than 2 days
- Pain when biting
- Swelling and abnormally red gums
The pains caused by a broken tooth vary. But, it is suggested that you should consult a dentist to know how to stop a toothache when you experience any discomfort related to your tooth, especially if you have tried some of the remedies above and the pain still persists. You should also consult your dentist before applying any of the following home remedies if you are breastfeeding, pregnant, or taking any medical condition.
After reading this article about simple ways on how to stop a toothache naturally, we hope that you and my other readers of Healthy Guide can find the best solutions for your problem. Actually, all of the home remedies as we mentioned above have been reported to reduce the pain, inflammation and swelling caused by a toothache. One more thing, if you know other natural treatments for toothaches, remember to share them with other readers by leaving your comments in the comment section below.
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Considering solders are metal, they obviously conduct heat. But why is it important to know about the thermal conductivity of solder in depth?
There are numerous types of solder, which is a mixture of different metals, on the market. Knowing the solderâs thermal conductivity will help you find the perfect one to meet your needs.
Read along to learn about your solders and get suitable materials for your appliances. This article will discuss different solders and the thermal conductivity of solders.
Understanding Thermal Conductivity of Solder
Solder is an alloy composed of tin and lead. Depending on the ratio of the mixture, the properties of solder can vary, such as melting point, electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and more. According to these properties, the application of solder also differs.
The most common use for solders is in joining two or more materials in electronics. Its conveniently low melting point allows you to melt and use it on surfaces.
Along with that, the thermal conductivity of solder is a property that will enable it to act as a heat sink in appliances.
In laymenâs terms, the thermal conductivity of solder is a materialâs ability to transfer and conduct heat from a higher heat region to a lower heat region through itself.
Fourierâs Law provides a more technical explanation for this phenomenon, stating that the heat transfer rate and the surface area through which heat is transferred are proportional to its negative temperature gradient.
Different Solder Materials
As mentioned previously, solder is composed of different ratios of materials. The composition of a given solder determines its attributes.
Similarly, you should know which solder suits your purpose. Understanding the composition of this alloy will help you decide which type of solder you need for your project.
Apart from these common alloys, you will find solders with additives; these metals are involved in reducing or enhancing certain specifications of the solder.
Mainly, solders are either lead-based or lead-free alloys. Over time, lead-free solders are recommended for health-related reasons, but obtaining the required thermal conductivity of solder in these alloys has become difficult, so various substitutes have been created.
Table 1.1 states the metals and their ratios for the composition to make the solder.
Materials in the table are arranged in ascending order based on the Thermal conductivity of the solder. The melting point of each solder material is also mentioned in the table.
The range of melting temperatures between the different materials exists because fixed temperature depends on fixed composition, which can vary slightly.
Table 1.1: Thermal Conductivity of Solders
|Solder||Ratio||Thermal Conductivity (W/mk)||Melting Temperature(ËC)|
|Pbln||50/50||22||209 (liquid) /180 (solid)|
|Pbln||80/20||17||280 (liquid) /270 (solid)|
Cited from: https://www.electronics-cooling.com/2006/08/thermal-conductivity-of-solders/
Applications of Solder
Now that you are aware of what thermal conductivity of solder is and how the mixture of metals can change it, read on to learn more about the applications for low and high thermal conductive solders.
You probably already perform step soldering without even knowing it. Solder materials with low thermal conductivity are usually used for step soldering. It is a process of layering solder material, starting from the inside with a low melting point and working your way out with an even lower melting point.
It is common to wonder what temperature gap you should use for step soldering. You have to be careful since you donât want your first layer of solder to be melted away when you apply the upper-level solder.
At a minimum, there should be a temperature gap of at least 25ËC between the melting points of different soldering materials.
A major application for high thermal conductivity of solder is creating heat sinks in devices. Since we know that the thermal conductivity of solder is a characteristic that allows for heat transfer, the greater the thermal gradient, the quicker rate we get for our heat relay in our devices.
A heat sink is where the solder material with high thermal conductivity is applied to attach parts within a device where heat needs to be dissipated. Heat sinks are a necessity in devices that expel high temperatures while working, such as a CPU.
Soldering alone does not work as a heat sink, but it is used as an interface between the aluminum/ copper heat sink and the device which produces heat.
Soldering joints is a simple yet important use of solders. Solder has been used to melt and join electrical devices and wires. A man with no electrical engineering skills is also using soldering to connect wires in their day-to-day life.
Commonly, an alloy with a low melting temperature is preferred. The thermal conductivity of solder may or may not be vital for this use. While connecting wires, a basic alloy that you would find in the market will work fine.
However, if you must join parts that dissipate heat and you need that heat to transfer from one part to the other, then thermal conductivity is important.
Now that you know the information detailed above, you are fully equipped with the knowledge of the thermal conductivity of solders. You also now know how to look for a soldering material to meet your needs.
Before getting the soldering material, identify the main purpose. You should know where the material is being used to get the correct alloy.
If you are looking to attach parts that need cooling, then a high thermal conductivity solder is what you need. On the other hand, if you are undertaking the simple task of connecting wires, feel free to buy yourself a commercial soldering alloy. |
Like an exhausted sprint specialist vainly trying to finish strong in a 1500 meter race, the United States is getting lapped by opponents previously thought to be second rate. A recent New York Times study details the falling fortunes of Americaâs middle class, no longer the wealthiest middle class in the world. Nineteenth-century America gave improved definition to the term middle class, originally used in England during the 1850s. Historian Charles Morris says that in America â unlike aristocratic and socially stratified Europe â the term worker was a job description rather than a marker of class status.* For a long time, American social or economic mobility (work hard and move up) was also the envy of the world. Thatâs no longer the case; like the sprinter who canât finish a distance race with any strength, America no longer leads its competition in social mobility.
Letâs keep it real: there are two important considerations as this conversation continues. Firstly, letâs not feel sorry for the American middle class. To live in middle class America is to experience â within historical and current contexts â great blessings of material consequence. Middle class Americans have wide access to goods and opportunities; yesterdayâs luxuries have become todayâs necessities, and there are also plenty of new gadgets. Compared to other developed nations, the American middle class yet grades out far above average in most economic categories. The other important consideration, however, is that the share of wealth and income held by the very richest in America has increased, in the last thirty-five years, to historically dangerous levels. One only needs to look to the Gilded Age and the roaring â20s (which helped create the Great Depression) to discover that an economic system top-heavy in rewards is not only unsustainable in the long run, but it exacerbates social inequalities.
Hereâs a crucial overlooked reality: Income differences within a society matter more than income differences between countries. Does a middle class kid have it better in the United States than in China? By material measures: yes. But income inequalities have a tendency to increase status competition within a society, often times to the detriment of that societyâs common good. Ever seen âpoorâ kids in the United States, whose parents might need food assistance to feed their families, wearing expensive sneakers? Status competition within a society influences a poor kid and his family to make a decision economically ill-advised but socially needful.
A question: Do you want to live in a society where the very richest continue to get far richer and social inequalities increase as a result? It hasnât been like this for most of our history, but the United States in this current day is one of the most economically unequal countries on the face of the earth . . . thatâs not a good race in which to be a front-runner.
Charles Morris, The Tycoons: How Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J. P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy, Holt (2006), 13-16. |
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A group of really brainy scientists have moved closer to growing "therapeutic" brain cells in the laboratory that can be re-integrated back into patients' brains to treat a wide range of neurological conditions. According to new research published online in The FASEB Journal, brain cells from a small biopsy can be used to grow large numbers of new personalized cells that are not only "healthy," but also possess powerful attributes to preserve and protect the brain from future injury, toxins and diseases. Scientists are hopeful that ultimately these cells could be transformed in the laboratory to yield specific cell types needed for a particular treatment, or to cross the "blood-brain barrier" by expressing specific therapeutic agents that are released directly into the brain.
"This work is an example of how integrating basic science and clinical care may reveal privileged opportunities for biomedical research," said Matthew O. Hebb, M.D., Ph.D., FRCSC, a researcher involved in the work from the Departments of Clinical Neurological Sciences (Neurosurgery), Oncology and Otolaryngology at the University of Western Ontario in Ontario, Canada. "It is our hope that the results of this study provide a footing for further advancement of personalized, cell-based treatments for currently incurable and devastating neurological disorders."
Scientists enrolled patients with Parkinson's disease who were scheduled to have deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery, a commonly used procedure that involves placing electrodes into the brain. Before the electrodes were implanted, small biopsies were removed near the surface of the brain and multiplied in culture to generate millions of patient-specific cells that were then subjected to genetic analysis. These cells were complex in their make-up, but exhibited regeneration and characteristics of a fundamental class of brain cells, called glia. They expressed a broad array of natural and potent protective agents, called neurotrophic factors.
"From an extremely small amount of brain tissue, we will one day be able to do very big things," said Gerald Weissmann, M.D., Editor-in-Chief of The FASEB Journal. "For centuries, treating the brain effectively and safely has been elusive. This advance opens the doors to not only new therapies for a myriad of brain diseases, but new ways of delivering therapies as well."
The above story is based on materials provided by Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.
- H. Xu, L. Belkacemi, M. Jog, A. Parrent, M. O. Hebb. Neurotrophic factor expression in expandable cell populations from brain samples in living patients with Parkinson's disease. The FASEB Journal, 2013; 27 (10): 4157 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-226555
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