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What Can Money Buy Essay, Research Paper
Imagine for a moment it is your big sister?s 17th birthday. She
is out with her friends celebrating, and your parents are at the mall with
your little brother doing some last minute birthday shopping, leaving you
home alone. You then hear a knock on th e front door. When you get
there, nobody is there, just an anonymous note taped to the door that says
Happy Birthday, along with a hundred dollar bill. You?ve been dying to
get that new video game, and your sister will never know. You are faced
with a tough decision, but not a very uncommon one. In both Fences, by
August Wilson, and A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine Hansbury, tough
decisions have to be made about getting money from someone else?s
misfortune. But money?s that important right?
The role of money in people?s day-to-day lives is quite amazing
when it?s put into perspective. The primary reason most Americans get up
in the morning is so they can go out and make money. Money buys things;
money influences people; money keeps us ali ve; money makes us happy. Or
does it? In Fences, by August Wilson, the Maxtons get their money when
Gabe?s head is shot in the war. In A Raisin in the Sun, by Lorraine
Hansbury, the Younger family gets their money when Walter?s father dies.
But do the se things make them happy? Of course not. They are coming
upon money from someone else?s misfortune, someone they love. The money
may have made life easier for a brief moment in time, but the novelty soon
wears off and reality soon returns.
The interesting thing about these two novels is that the money
received by both the Maxtons and the Youngers did exactly the opposite of
what everyone expected it to do. It eventually made problems for both of
the families. In Fences, the Maxtons used
Gabe?s money to buy a house and even though it seemed like a good idea,
when Gabe moved out, it caused a great deal of guilt in the family, but
especially in Troy. He just couldn?t get over how he ?used? someone he
loved so much, and they didn?t even kn ow it. In A Raisin in the Sun, the
Youngers also buy a house with the money the life insurance gave them.
But their problem are caused not by guilt, but by two entirely different
emotions. One is the feeling of being the object of racism in their new c
ommunity when the ?Welcoming Committee? tries to get them not to move in.
The other one is the combination of defeat, loss, anger, and self-pity
felt by the whole family when Walter loses the rest of the money and the
Younger family is left with nothing but a house in a neighborhood where
they aren?t wanted. And money is a good thing?
Answering that question is a simple one. Yes, money is a good
thing when it is dealt with in the right way. Both the Maxtons and the
Youngers had trouble in how they handled their money and that led to many
of the problems they both faced. Money is wh at makes the ?world go
round? in our modern society, but it?s not a way to measure success, love,
or happiness. As Bob Dylan put it, ?What?s money? A man is a success if
he gets up in the morning and goes to bed at night and in-between does
what he want s to do.?
All money really is, is a way to buy material things. Sure, it?s
important, but not close to how important the people we love are. They
are where real happiness comes from, not from little green pieces of
paper. Happiness is not having what you want, it?s wanting what you have. |
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NEW YORK -- New census figures show that one in five New Yorkers lived in poverty last year.
On Staten Island, 11.8 percent of residents were below the poverty line-- meaning $23,050 a year for a family of four.
Nationwide 15.9 percent live in poverty, according to the 2011 American Community Survey, an annual survey of government records an other data, which produces estimates on social, demographic and economic characteristics of the nation, states, counties and municipal areas.
The poverty numbers in the borough remained virtually unchanged since last year's survey, but have inched up steadily in recent years. In 2007, just over 9 percent of Islanders were poor.
Roughly 17 percent of the borough's children live in poverty -- a number which has also steadily risen, and was 12.4 percent in 2007.
Meanwhile in Manhattan, the income disparity between rich and poor is comparable to deep gap between the haves and have nots in the developing world, according to an analysis by the New York Times.
There was an overall one percent increase in the poverty rate citywide, even as the data show it gained back all of the jobs it lost in the recession.
A spokeswoman for Mayor Michael Bloomberg told The New York Times that the numbers "reflect a national challenge."
Samantha Levine said, "The U.S. economy has shifted and too many people are getting left behind without the skills they need to compete and succeed."
She said that's why the mayor believes a new approach is needed for job creation and education. |
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- ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧããéãŽæé¤čŦåē§ã
- ãĸãããģãããŧ
- ãšã¯ããŧãĢãããŧãģãããŧ
- ãããŧãģãããŧãŖãĻåŽã¯æĒããīŧīŧãžã¨ã
## ãããŧãģãããŧãŽãããããã¤ãŗã
ãããŧãšã¯ãŧãĢīŧãããŧãģãããŧīŧã§ããéãŽįĨčãååŧˇãããã¨ãŽãããããã¤ãŗãã¯ã¨ããã¨ãå¤å˛ãĢããããéã¤ããĻãŽįĨčããããŽčŦå¸ĢããåĻãã§ååŧˇã§ããã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã
ãããããŠãŽčŦåē§ãé¸ãļãã§ååŧˇããå
厚ãå¤ããŖãĻããžãããč˛ģį¨ãĢéĸããĻãããšãĻãŽčŦåē§ãåãã¨ããããã§ã¯ãããžããã
ãžãã¯ãããĒããäŊãæąããĻããããããŖããã¨įĨãŖãĻããããéãŽååŧˇãģãããŧīŧãããŧãšã¯ãŧãĢīŧãé¸ãļãšãã§ãããã
### ãããŧãģãããŧãŽé¸ãŗæš
ãããŧãšã¯ãŧãĢãŽé¸ãŗæšã¯ã大æ ã§čããã¨äģĨä¸ãŽä¸įšãĢãĒããžãã
- įĄæãģãããŧããã
- æŧãåŖ˛ããããĒã
- ãģãããŧæéã常čãŽį¯å˛å
ä¸ã¤ãĨã¤č§ŖčĒŦããĻãããžãããã
#### įĄæãģãããŧããã
įĄæãģãããŧããããįĄããã¯ããéãŽååŧˇãģãããŧãĢããããã大æĩãŽå ´åååčŗŧå
ĨãŽįŽåŽã¨ãĒããžããã
įĄæãčŠĻãæéãããæšããåŊįļčŗŧå
ĨãŽããŧããĢãä¸ãããžãããã
ãéãĢã¤ããĻãŽįĄæãģãããŧãããããåčŦãããã¨ã§ãããŽčŦåē§ãä¸äŊãŠããĒå
厚ãĒãŽãããããåå ãããããĒãããŽå¤æããããããĒããžãã
ãŠããĒčŦåē§ãĒãŽããäēåãĢįč§ŖããããĒããåŋ
čĻã¨ããĻããå
厚ãĒãŽããææĄãããããĢããįĄæčŦåē§ã¯įŠæĨĩįãĢæ´ģį¨ããžãããã
#### æŧãåŖ˛ããããĒã
ãéãŽãģãããŧãåčŦããã¨ããŽä¸įĒãŽä¸åŽã¯ãæŧãåŖ˛ããããĒãããŠããã§ãããã
éčååã ãã§ã¯ãĒããããĒãčĒčēĢãį´åžãããĢčŗŧå
ĨãããĻããžãã¨ãä¸åŋĢæã ããæŽãŖãĻããžããžãããæã§ããããããŽãĒããé¨ããããã¨čããĻãä¸æč°ã§ã¯ãĒãã§ãããã
čŦåē§ãåčŦããĻããéãĢãéčååãį´šäģããããã¨ãããã§ãããã
ããããæŧãåŖ˛ãã¯éæŗã§ãã
é常ã¯čŗŧå
ĨãĢčåŗãããäēēã ããå¯žčąĄãĢååĨãĢčĒŦæãããĒãčåŗãããã°čŗŧå
Ĩãããã¨ããæĩããĢãĒããžãã
éãĢããã§ãĒãå ´åã¯ãįĩļ寞ãĢčŗŧå
ĨããĒããããĢããžãããã
#### ãģãããŧæéã常čãŽį¯å˛å
ãģãããŧãŽæéã§ããã常čãŽį¯å˛å
ãŽæéã§ãããã¨ãéčĻã§ãããã
常čãŽį¯å˛å
ã¨ããŖãĻããäēēãããããĒãŽã§ãããå¤æãããŽããįĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧã¨ãããã¨ãĢãĒãã§ãããã
įĄæãģãããŧãåčŦããĻãŋãĻãčŦįžŠå
厚ãæéã¨éŖãåãŖãĻããããŠãããããŖããã¨įĸēčĒããĻãããčŦåē§ãåčŦããããŠãããæąēããĻãã ãããã
### ãããŧãģãããŧįĄæãŖãĻãĒãīŧ
ãéãŽååŧˇãģãããŧīŧãããŧãģãããŧīŧãĢã¯ãįĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧãé常ãããžãã
ãããĻãä¸ãĢã¯ããšãĻãŽčŦįžŠãįĄæã§åčŦã§ãããģãããŧããããžãã
ãĒãįĄæãģãããŧããããŽããįĄæãģãããŧãčĄããŽãįåãĢæããããããããžããããčŦåē§ãįĄæãŽįįąã¯å¤§ããåããĻäēã¤ã
- įĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧåžãææĨæãæãŖãĻåčŦãã
- įĄæãģãããŧãĢããŖãĻããŧãēãč¨ēæãåŋ
čĻã§ããã°ååãčŗŧå
Ĩãã
ã¨ããäģįĩãŋã§ãã
#### įĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧåžãææĨæãæãŖãĻåčŦ
ãéãŽãģãããŧã§ã¯æŽéãŽããŋãŧãŗã§ããã
ãžããåŽéãŽčŦįžŠãäŊé¨ããĻããããčŦįžŠå
厚ãããĒããĢæŦåŊãĢåŋ
čĻãĒãŽããå¤æããĻããã ãã
å
厚ãå¤æããĻåŋ
čĻã ã¨æãã°å
ĨäŧãããéãæãŖãĻčŦįžŠåčŦã¨ããæĩããĢãĒããžãã
ããŽããįĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧã¯ã大éãæãŖãĻčŦåē§ãåčŦããããŠãããå¤æãããããŽãä¸ã¤ãŽå¤æææã¨ããĻãŽäŊįŊŽãĨããĢãĒãã§ãããã
#### įĄæãģãããŧãĢããŖãĻããŧãēãč¨ēæãåŋ
čĻã§ããã°ååčŗŧå
Ĩ
įĄæäŊé¨ãģãããŧåļåēĻã§ã¯ãĒããä¸ãĢã¯ããšãĻãŽãģãããŧãįĄæã¨ããčŦåē§ããããžãã
åĨãĢããŠãŗããŖãĸã¨ããããã¯ãĒããįĄæãģãããŧã§ãåįãä¸ããäŊåļãäŊãŖãĻãããŽã§ãģãããŧčĒäŊãįĄæã§ãOKãĒãã§ããã
ããŽäģįĩãŋã¯ããžãįĄæãģãããŧãåčŦįãåčŦããžãã
ããŽå
厚ãĢčåŗãããã°ååĨį¸čĢãčĄããåčŦįãį´åžããã°ååã貊åŖ˛ããã¨ããããŽã§ãã
ã¤ãžããģãããŧčĒäŊãéåŽĸčŖ
įŊŽã¨č¨ãŖãĻãããã§ããã
ä¸åŽãĢãĒããŽãååĨį¸čĢã§ãããæŧãåŖ˛ãã¯ãããžããã
ååĨį¸čĢã§ã¯ãåčŦįãĢäŊãåŋ
čĻãåŋ
čĻã§ãĒãããå¤æããããéčååãåŋ
čĻãĒããŽã§ããã°ã財ããĒãã§ãã ããã¨ãããšãŋãŗãšã
ãåčŦããããŧãŖãããããããããĒããããĒããĻæãåŋ
čĻã¯ãĒãã§ããã
## ãéãŽååŧˇäŧä¸é¸ã¨ããŽčŠå¤
ã§ã¯ããã§ããéãŽååŧˇãģãããŧãŽããããä¸é¸ãį´šäģããĻãŋããã¨æããžãã
ãéãŽååŧˇãģãããŧã§ãå§ãã¯äģĨä¸ãŽä¸čŦåē§ã
- ãšã¯ããŧãĢ
ã§ã¯ä¸ã¤ä¸ã¤čĻãĻãããžãããã
### ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧããéãŽæé¤čŦåē§ã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã¯ãéãŽååŧˇãčŦåē§ãŽčåãįåå¨ã§ããã
č¨įĢã2006åš´ã¨ãããã¨ã§ãããŽãããããéãŽįĨčãčēĢãĢã¤ããĻããåŋ
čĻãããã¨äēæ¸ŦããĻãããã¨ãããã¨ãĒãã§ããããã
å
čĻãŽæããããŖãĻãã¨ã§ããã
åĩč¨ããããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã§åĻãã æšã
ãŽäēēæ°ã¯į´50ä¸äēēčļ
ã¨ãããã¨ã§ããéãŽįĨčãæããã¨ãããã¨ãĢéĸããĻãŽããĻããĻã¯ãããŖããã¨čįŠãããĻããčŦåē§ã¨ãããã§ãããã
åēæŦįãĢã¯éãŖãĻåĻãļéåĻåŊĸåŧã ãŖããŽã§éĻéŊåå¨äŊãŽæšå°į¨ãŽãããĒã¤ãĄãŧã¸ã§ããã
ããããæčŋã§ã¯ãĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗã§ãŽåčŦãã§ãããããĢãĒãå°æšã§ãéãĢã¤ããĻååŧˇãããã¨ããå ´åã§ããį°ĄåãĢåčŦå¯čŊãĢãĒããžããã
#### ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧčŦįžŠå
厚
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã§ä¸ģãĢååŧˇã§ããå
厚ã¯ãäģĨä¸ãŽ6ã¤ãĢãĒããžãã
- ãéãŽæé¤
- æ Ēåŧæčŗ
- ä¸åįŖæčŗ
- å¤č˛¨æčŗãģFX
- æčŗäŋĄč¨
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ãããå
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å
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åããĒãŽã§ããã§ãĢããį¨åēĻįĨčãããå ´åããã§ãĢįĨãŖãĻãããã¨ããžãååŧˇããįžŊįŽãĢãĒããŽã§ãčŦåē§é¸æã¯æ
éãĢčĄããã¨ããå§ãããžãã
ããį¨åēĻãŽãéãŽįĨčãããã°ãããĒããčåŗãããčŦåē§ãé¸ãã§åčŦãããŽããå§ãã§ãã
ãããããéãĢã¤ããĻããžãååŧˇãããã¨ããĒããããããäŊãååŧˇããããããŽãåãããĒãå ´åãĢãããããĒãŽãããéãŽæé¤čŦåē§ãã§ãããã
ããéãŽæé¤čŦåē§ããåčŦããĻãåēį¤įãĒįĨčãååŧˇããåžã§åã
ãŽčŦåē§ããããĢååŧˇãããŽãããã§ããã
#### ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧãŽãããããã¤ãŗã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧãŽãã¸ããŖããĒčŠå¤ã§ãããããŽãäģĨä¸ãŽ4ãŖã¤ãŽãã¤ãŗãã§ããã
- ååŋč
ã§ãããããããæããĻãããã
- įĄæäŊé¨čŦåē§ã§čĒåãĢåãŖãå
厚ãįĸēčĒã§ãã
- čĒåã§æčŗãããããŖãããĢãĒãŖã
- æčŗã§å¤ąæããįįąãããããããĢãĒã
- ãĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãģãããŧãåčŦã§ãã
##### ååŋč
ã§ãããããããæããĻãããã
čŦåē§ãŽč¨åŽčĒäŊããéãŽįĨčãåēį¤ããååŧˇããčŗįŖåŊĸæãčĒåã§ã§ãããããĢååŋč
åããĢæ§æãããĻãããŽã§ããéãĢéĸããĻãŽįĨčãããžããĒãååŋč
ã§ãįč§Ŗãé˛ãããã°ãŠã ã§ãã
æčŗčŗéãŽč˛¯ãæšãžããŠãããŖãčŗįŖãåĸãããĻããããååŧˇã§ãããčŦåē§ãĢãĒãŖãĻãããŽã§ãåŽļč¨į°ŋãģãããŧįãĒå
厚ãããæŦæ ŧįãĒæčŗããžã§åĻãļãã¨ãã§ãããããĢãĒãŖãĻãžãã
##### įĄæäŊé¨čŦåē§ã§čĒåãĢåãŖãå
厚ãįĸēčĒã§ãã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã§éåŦããããĻããčŦåē§ã¯ãå
¨ãĻįĄæã§ãčŠĻãåčŦãå¯čŊã§ãã
ãããŧãģãããŧãįĄæã§ãčŠĻãåčŦããããã¨ã§ããŠãŽčŦåē§ãããĒããĢåŋ
čĻãĒããŽããįĸēčĒã§ãããéãæãŖãĻå¤ąæãããã¨ãããã¨ãå°ãĒãã§ããã
2020åš´9æãžã§ã¯įĄæčŦåē§čĒäŊããéåĻåŊĸåŧã§ããããŗããįĻãĢ寞åŋãããããĢ2020åš´10æãããĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗã§ãŽčĻč´ãå¯čŊãĢãĒããžããã
##### čĒåã§æčŗãããããŖãããĢãĒãŖã
æčŗã¯ããŖããããįĨčãįĄãå§ãããŽã¯åæ°ããããžãããå ´åãĢããŖãĻã¯å¤§éãå¤ąãå¯čŊæ§ããããŽã§ããĒããĒãč¸ãŋåēããã¨ãéŖããã
ããããåēį¤įãĒįĨčãčēĢãĢã¤ãããĒãšã¯ãŗãŗãããŧãĢãããŖããã¨čĄãæčŗæšæŗãåŽãã°ãããģãŠæãã¯ãĒãããŽã§ãã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã§ã¯ããŽįšãããŖããã¨æããĻããããŽã§ãæčŗãå§ãããããĒããžãã
##### æčŗã§å¤ąæããįįąãããããããĢãĒã
ãĒãæčŗã§å¤ąæãããŽããåããã°ãåããã¨ãįš°ãčŋããĒããã¨ã§įĄį¨ãĒå¤ąæãéŋãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
åäēēã§čŠĻčĄé¯čĒ¤ããĒããæčŗãčĄãå ´åãŽåéĄã¯ãäģãŽäēēããã§ãĢå¤ąæããĻããįĩé¨ãčĒåã§įĩé¨ããĒããã°ãĒããĒãã¨ãããã¨ã§ãã
ããããå¤ąæãŽäēäžãæããĻãããäēēãããã°ãããįãéãŽãã§čŗįŖåŊĸæããããã¨ãã§ãããããĢãĒããžãã
##### ãĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãģãããŧãåčŦã§ãã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã¯ããĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãģãããŧãåŽæŊä¸ã§ãã
ä¸ãæãĢãå¤ããŽäēēãéãžããã¨ãã§ããĒãæäģŖã§ããŽã§ããĒãŗãŠã¤ãŗãģãããŧãéããĻãéãŽååŧˇčŦåē§ãããĄæŠãéčŦããĻãããŽããããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã§ãã
#### ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧãŽčŠå¤īŧãå§ãã§ããĒããã¤ãŗã
ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧãĢéãŖããã¨ã§ã¯ãĒãã§ãããååŧˇãããã¨ãåŽéãĢčŠĻããĻãŋãĒãäēēãĢã¯ä¸åãã§ãã
įĨčã¨ããĻé ãŽä¸ãĢå
ĨãŖãĻããĻããåŽįæ´ģã§äŊŋããã¨ãã§ããĒããã°ååŧˇããæåŗãå
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ãéãŽįĨčãčēĢãĢã¤ããĻããåŽčˇĩã§ããĒããŽã§ããã°åčŦããæåŗããĒãã§ããã
#### ããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧã¯ãããĒããĒããĢãããã
- č˛¯éãããŖã¨åĸããããäēē
- įĩĻæãå°ãĒããåå
Ĩãåĸããããäēē
- čåžãŽįæ´ģãĢä¸åŽãããäēē
##### č˛¯éãããŖã¨åĸããããäēē
č˛¯éãå°ãĒãäēēã¨ãããŽã¯ããéãĢã¤ããĻãŽįĨčãįšãĢåēį¤įãĒčãæšãčēĢãĢã¤ããĻãĒãã¨ãããã§ãããã
å¨ããĢããžãããīŧãč˛¯éã¯į°Ąåãã¨ããã¤ã¤ãéãããžãŖãĻããĒãäēēã
ãéãĢã¤ããĻãŽįĨčã¨ãč˛¯ãæšãŽåēæŦããããŖãĻããĒããŽã§ããŠãããĻãč˛¯éãã§ããĒããŽã§ãã
ãč˛¯éãĒãã§į°Ąåãã¨æãŖãĻããĻãããŖããã¨ããįĨčãčēĢãĢã¤ãããã¨ã§ãããį°ĄåãĢč˛¯éããããã¨ãã§ãããããĢåšįįãĢåĸãããĻãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
##### įĩĻæãå°ãĒããåå
Ĩãåĸããããäēē
įĩĻæãå°ãĒããåå
ĨãåĸããããããĒããĢããããĄã¤ããŗãˇãŖãĢãĸãĢãããŧãŽãģãããŧãããããã§ãã
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Ĩãåžãå¯čŊæ§ãã§ããžãã
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##### čåžãŽįæ´ģãĢä¸åŽãããäēē
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### ãĸãããģãããŧ
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ä¸åįŖæčŗãĢéĸããĻã¯ãåčŗäŧæĨãåäēēãĢä¸åįŖæčŗéĸäŋãå¤ããŽã§åŊįļã¨ãããã§ãããã
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##### į¯į¨å¯žį
į¨éã¯ãįĨčãįĄããã°ã¨ãããĻããžãã ããĒãŽã§ãããį¯į¨ãŽįĨčãčēĢãĢã¤ãããã¨ã§ããĒãčĒčēĢãŽæå
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įĸēåŽæ åēåš´é(iDeCo) ã NISA ã
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Ģå˛ããä¸åįŖæčŗãĢéĸãããģãããŧã§ããéãč˛¯ããããč˛¯éãã§ãããããĢãĒãããã¨ãããããĒåēæŦįãĒæé¤ãčēĢãĢã¤ããčŦåē§ã¯įĄããŖãã§ããã
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ãĒæšæŗãããããã ãããĻããžããã
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ĨæēãäŊããã
ãäŧį¤žãŽįĩĻæã ãã§ã¯įŠčļŗããĒãããããŖã¨åå
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ãĸãããģãããŧã¯ãčŗįŖåŊĸæããŠãããŖãĻããã°ãããŽãããæéãããããĢčĻįšã ãããĩã¯ãã¨įĨããããã¨ããããĒããĢããããã§ãã
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čĻãĒãã¨ãįĨããã
ãĸãããģãããŧã§ã¯ãä¸åįŖæčŗčŦåē§ãčŗįŖåŊĸæãŽæ ¸ã¨äŊįŊŽäģããĻãããã¨ããããããčŗįŖåŊĸæãŽæšæŗã¨ããĻã¯äģãŽã¨ããä¸åįŖæčŗãããĒãããã§ãã
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##### ãããčĄãŖãĻããč˛¯ãæšåĸããæš
ãéãŽããã§ããčŦå¸ĢããĄã¯ããŖãããŠãããŖãĻãéãč˛¯ãããããĻčŗįŖéį¨ãããĻãããŽããæŦäēēãŽåŖããčĒŦæããĻããããã¨ãã§ããžãã
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##### äŋéēãŽé¸ãŗæš
ãŠããĒäŋéēãčĒåãĢãããŽããĒããĻæŽéã¯åãããžããã
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John Dewey began graduate study in philosophy at Johns Hopkins University, where he studied with George Morris, a religious-minded Hegelian philosopher, and with G. Stanley Hall, an advocate of William James's empiricism. In 1884, Dewey followed Morris to Michigan, where he became an Instructor in Philosophy. During the next five years, as he remained under Morris's influence, he taught courses in philosophy and psychology and published Psychology, a book that gave him a fledgling national reputation.
Already, however, there were forces leading Dewey toward the more experimental, practical, reform-minded ideas and projects for which he would become famous under the general rubric of "pragmatism." His commitment to education led him to develop connections to local high school teachers. He became interested in the developing social sciences and in the use of scientific method for social reform, and he published a study that showed that higher education does not harm women's health. Equally important was his marriage to Alice Chipman, a fiercely independent woman who encouraged Dewey's growing pragmatist and socially conscious bent.
In 1888, Dewey left Michigan to teach at the University of Minnesota, but he returned to Michigan to head its philosophy department after Morris's untimely death in 1889. The next five years marked the flowering of the experimental, pragmatist approach to philosophy, and social and political issues that we associate with Dewey. Dewey replaced the religious-based ethics curriculum at Michigan with one that prized more secular, empirical methods and critical thinking. He publicized this approach in Outlines of a Critical Theory of Ethics (1891) The Study of Ethics: a Syllabus (1894).
During this period, Dewey also developed an understanding of the importance of democracy and free access to knowledge and of the centrality of fine egalitarian public institutions of higher learning (such as the University of Michigan) in this process.
Dewey left Michigan for the University of Chicago in 1894, where he and Chipman founded the Laboratory School. There he developed and practiced the experimental educational theories for which he would become famous. In 1904 Dewey left Chicago for Columbia University, where he spent the rest of his academic career until his retirement in 1930. Dewey's many books include Democracy and Education (1916).
Dewey was a giant of American intellectual and social life. He was a public intellectual who worked hard to make his ideas count for ordinary Americans. He fiercely opposed Communist and other totalitarian regimes and spoke out strongly against them at a time when such independence was quite unfashionable. Throughout his life, he was a committed progressive and social democrat. |
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## ãã¤ããģãŗãšå¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢã1芹ææŗãģčŠå¤
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â åŧčˇåŖĢåŋæãŽã¯ãŠãˇãã¯éŗæĨŊīŧã´ãĢãåĨŊã (@Karajan_Kleiber) January 20, 2019
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â ãããˇãŧ (@6Dodgers) January 20, 2019
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â growglowg (@growglowg) January 20, 2019
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â ããã¯ã (@uiha_an) January 20, 2019
ãã¤ããģãŗãš å¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢããšãŋãŧããéģåˇãŽčĄåãĢæ¯ãåããæˇˇäšąããããĢãĒãĢãĒããäēãå¤ãååã¨ãéģåˇãåĨŊæįãĢčĻåŽã暯å¸éĸã¨åå´ãŽåå¨ãããŠãŗãšč¯ãæãããĻããĻãããĒãŧãåŽč¨ŧåŽé¨ãĢããįåŽãæãããĢããĻããéģåˇãŽæ´ģčēããããĻå¸čĸããä¸äŊäŊãåēãĻãããŽããæĨŊããŋã§ãã
â ččãŽåŽ (@noix_la_feuille) January 20, 2019
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â ãããŧãšã æąãĢããąãŗ1~3æ (@chietty) January 20, 2019
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## ãžã¨ã
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- ãã¤ããģãŗãšå¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢã1芹čĻéãåįģãįĄæčĻč´ããæšæŗ
- ãã¤ããģãŗãšå¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢã1芹ããŋããŦ
- ãã¤ããģãŗãšå¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢã1芹čå¯
- ãã¤ããģãŗãšå¤įŊĒåŧčˇåŖĢã1芹ææŗãģčŠå¤
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Generally, chess players promote the pawn to a queen. But sometimes they also promote the pawn to a rook. So a genuine doubt may come to your mind. Why would you promote a pawn to a rook?
A pawn is promoted to a rook because there are situations where a pawn promoted to a queen results in a stalemate condition. Although it occurs rarely, it is good to avoid stalemate and promote the pawn to a rook.
A queen can control many squares but as in real life everyone has some weakness, queens also have.
There are situations where promoting to a queen proves to be a very bad decision. Instead of checkmating the opponent, we end up in a stalemate.
Basic concepts you need to know (In Brief)
Now before we do the case study, letâs brush up our concepts in brief about stalemate and pawn promotion.
When the playerâs king is not in check and the player has no moves left to continue the game then the condition is known as a stalemate.
A stalemate results in a draw. Since it ends in a draw, many chess players try to avoid stalemate.
Also remember, a stalemate is different from checkmate because in checkmate the king is in threat whereas in stalemate it is not.
I have already written an in-depth article on the difference between stalemate and checkmate which you can check out to know more.
In laymanâs terms, pawn promotion means when a pawn reaches the other side on the last rank then it gets promoted to a queen, knight, rook, or bishop. You can read more about this, in my in-depth article on pawn promotion.
When a pawn is promoted to a queen it is known as promotion or sometimes as queening.
If a pawn is promoted to a knight, rook or bishop but not queen then it is known as underpromotion.
Tip đ â Do you know, how to offer a draw and also when is the right time to offer a draw? Then check out my article on the same where I explained this in detail.
Now letâs discuss the case study that reveals why sometimes promoting a pawn to a rook a good idea.
Case Study#1: What happens when b8 pawn promoted to a queen?
Letâs do this case study pointwise discussing each pieces position on the board along with their possible moves. (Note: It is blackâs turn to move first in the situation shown in the image)
- Whiteâs king is on g2 and one queen is on d5.
- The whiteâs pawn reached b8 so it gets chance of pawn promotion.
- Now we will see if the pawn promoted to a queen is more feasible or to a rook.
- Case-1: b8 pawn is promoted to a queen
- As we can see the b8 queen controls the whole b file (column) and adjacent square a7
- The queen on d5 controls the squares a5, b5 and c5. ( Note if you are confused reading this notations then you can analyse the positions by referring the images. I have already marked for you.)
- Thus, it can be said almost all the squares where blackâs king could move are in control of both the whiteâs queen except the one square where the king is standing.
Now, I think you might have already guessed what this situation indicates, right? It is a clear stalemate condition. Here blacks king has no legal possible moves to save itself. So the game ends in a draw.
Tip đ â Do you struggle to decide which side to castle? Then check out my detailed article on: Is it better to castle kingside or queenside?
Now, moving ahead on case 2 where the pawn is promoted to a rook.
Case Study#2: What happens when b8 pawn promoted to a rook?
(Note: It is blackâs turn to move first. You can see this in the image.)
- Here in this case b8 pawn is promoted to a rook.
- The rook controls the b file (column) and square a8.
- The queen on d5 controls the three squares a5, b5 and c5.
- Now, itâs blackâs turn to move so having no choice it will move to a7 as shown in the above image.
- As soon blackâs king moves to a7, the whiteâs queen goes to b7 and thus delivers checkmate.
Thus blackâs king is unable to save itself. Even the square on which it is standing now that is a7 is unsafe. Therefore this a clear checkmate.
So by this game position and case study, you can see that how promoting a pawn to a rook was more favourable than to promote it to a queen.
Now I know what next question you might ask. You will be thinking if there is an example of real life international game where pawn promoted to a rook was favourable decision.
The answer is yes, my friend! There is an example which we are going to discuss now.
Example of pawn promoted to a rook from Real Chess game
In 2006 Irish Championship, a situation occurred where promotion to a queen would clearly end the game to stalemate. Whereas promotion to a rook would help to a win.
This game was played between P. Short vs Daly. You can check out the Wikipedia article to know more about this game.
One important rule of thumb that we can remember from all these case studies is
Before promoting a pawn to a queen, always be sure that we are not attacking any of the remaining squares of the opponentâs king. Otherwise chances of stalemate will increase!
This is so because if we block the opponentâs king and not allow it to move anywhere. This will give to rise to âno legal movesâ for opponentâs king.
Thus it will have no other option but to only stand on its own position satisfying the condition of stalemate.
Pawn promotion to a queen is most common. Whereas promoting a pawn to a rook or other minor pieces is very rare. But that doesnât mean that it never happens.
We already discussed the case where pawn promoted to a rook was a favorable decision. So I hope you understood everything.
You can also read my other related articles:
So thatâs it. Hope you liked this article. Please do share if you find helpful.
Can you promote a pawn to a pawn?
No, you canât promote a pawn to a pawn. As per the standard rules of chess, a pawn can be promoted to only a queen, knight, rook, or bishop.
Can you promote a pawn to the opposite color?
No, you canât promote a pawn to the opposite color. As per the standard rules of chess, a pawn can be promoted only to a queen, knight, rook, or bishop of the same color.
Tip đ â Ever wondered, why chess boards are green in color? Then check out my article where I provide an inside look with reasons in detail. |
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ĨããĻãããŽãã°ããīŧ
### ããããããããŗãŧã
ãļãŠãŽããããäŊŋãŖããŗãŧãããļãŠãŽãããã¯ããĒãã¨ããŖãĻããˇãĢã¨ãããįļēéēīŧīŧããŗãã¨åãããĻãˇãŗããĢãĢįããĒããĻããããŖããããĒããŽãé
åīŧīŧãĄãŗãēãŠã¤ã¯ãĒå°įŠã¨åãããã¨ããããĢããŖããããĒããžããã
### ãĩã¤ãēæããæ´čŊãĒãĸãĻãŋãŧããĄ
ãļãŠãŽããã ã¸ãŖãąãããäŊŋãŖããŗãŧãããˇãŗããĢãĒããŠãã¯ãĢãŠãŧãŽã¯ãŗããŧãšãĢããããã¨įžŊįšãŖããĢã¸ãĨãĸãĢãŗãŧããããã°ãĩã¤ãēãŽããã ã¸ãŖãąããã¯ããˇãŖããŽãããĒé°å˛æ°ã§čģŊãããĒå°čąĄãĢâĒããĒããæãåēãĻããĻį´ æĩã§ããã
ãļãŠãŽããŧãĢãŠãŧã¸ãŖãąãããäŊŋãŖããŗãŧããããŖãããˇãŗããĢãĒããļã¤ãŗãŽã¸ãŖãąããã¯ãããĄãŧã¸å åˇĨãŽããã ããŗãã¨åãããĻããããããĢã¸ãĨãĸãĢãšãŋã¤ãĢãĢâĒč˛ãīŧč˛ã§ãžã¨ããĻãããŖããæãã
### ããŖãå¯æãīŧīŧããŧã¤ããˇãĨãšãŋã¤ãĢ
ãļãŠãŽã¯ãŗããŧãšãäŊŋãŖããŗãŧããã¯ãŧãĢã§ããŖãããé°å˛æ°ãį´ æĩã§ãããã¯ã¤ãĢããĒããļã¤ãŗãŽã¯ãŗããŧãšã¯ããšãããŧããŗããĢãˇã§ãŧãããŧããåãããĻããĄãŗãēãŖãŊãįããĒãã¨ãæ´čŊīŧīŧã¤ã°åēãããã§ãããŠãŗãšãâĒ
ãļãŠãŽãĩãããããäŊŋãŖããŗãŧããããĨãŧããĒãã§ãã¯æãŽãĩããããã¯ãéĻå
ãããŖãã芰ãžãŖãĻãããŽã§ã大äēēãŖãŊãčĻããžããããŠã¤ããŧãšã¸ãŖãąããã¨åãããã°ãããŖãå¯æããĒããžããããããˇãĨãĒé°å˛æ°ããããį´ æĩã§ãã
### įžčãĒããŗãããĄ
ãļãŠãŽããã ããŗããäŊŋãŖããŗãŧããæ¸
æŊæãŽãããã¯ã¤ããĢãŠãŧãŽããã ããŗãã¯ãįžãˇãĢã¨ããã§åĨŊæåēĻãĸããīŧīŧã¸ãŖãąããäģĨå¤ãã¯ã¤ããĢãŠãŧã§ãžã¨ããĻãããŖããæãåŧˇčĒŋããã¨į´ æĩãĢäģä¸ãããžãã
ãļãŠãŽããã ããŗããŗãŧããããŠãã¯ãĢãŠãŧãŽããŗãã¯ããĄãŗãēãŠã¤ã¯ãĒčŖ
ããĢãã¯ãŧã¯ã¸ãŖãąããã¨åãããĻãããŖãããįããĒããĻããžãããšããŧãĢãŧãããŠãã¯ãĢãŠãŧãĢããã¨ãčéˇåšæãæåž
ã§ããžãâĒ
ãļãŠãŽããã ããŗããŗãŧããããĄãŧã¸å åˇĨãããããã ããŗãã¯ããã¤ãĢãããšããŧãĢãŧã¨åãããĻâĒããããšã¯ãįŊãˇãŖããĢããĻæ¸
æŊæãåēãã¨ãããŠãŗãšããããč¯ããĒããžããå°įŠã§éãŗåŋãã
### ãŗãŧããŽãĸã¯ãģãŗããĢãĒããˇãĨãŧãē
ãļãŠãŽãˇãĨãŧãēãäŊŋãŖããŗãŧãããĄãŗãēãŠã¤ã¯ãĒããŖãããããļã¤ãŗãŽãˇãĨãŧãēã¯ãļãŠãããīŧčļŗã§ãããããŖããããããĢããŗããåããããšãŋã¤ãĢãĢåąĨãã¨ãæãæãåēãžããã
ãļãŠãŽãˇãĨãŧãēãäŊŋãŖããŗãŧããäēēæ°ãŽãŦãŧãšãĸãããˇãĨãŧãēã¯ãããŖããåå¨æããããžãããéŠåēĻãĒå
æ˛ĸããããŽã§ãč¯ãããĒé°å˛æ°ãĢãĒããžããããļã¤ãŗã¯ãšãŋã¤ãĒããˇãĨãĒãŽã§ããŗãŧããåŧãįˇ ãžããžããã
### ããã°ã¯čĻãã§ãã¯âĒ
ãļãŠãŽãˇã§ãĢããŧããã°ãäŊŋãŖããŗãŧãããļãŠããããæ´čŊãĒãŦãĒããŧãæãŽããŗãããã°ã¯ãæãĄæãéå
ˇãĢãĒãŖãĻããĻãæã¤ã ãã§ãæ´čŊãĢīŧīŧãˇãŗããĢãšãŋã¤ãĢãĢåãããã¨ãã°ãã¨å¤§äēēãŖãŊããĒããžãã
## ãžã¨ã
ãããã§ãããīŧīŧãļãŠãŽãæ´čŊãĒãŗãŧããčĻãĻãŋãžããããããŗãã¯ãŠããįžčã§ãããīŧããŖããæãæéĢãĢį´ æĩã§ãããĸãĻãŋãŧã¯ããŖããããããŽãããŦãŗããããããšã¯ããĄããŖã¨ãšãã¤ãšãŽããããļã¤ãŗãå¤ããĻãīŧæããã¨äžŋåŠīŧīŧãļãŠãŽå°įŠã¯éæŋãĒãŽã§ããã˛ãã§ãã¯ããĻãŋãĻãã ãããã
## ããĄããããããâ
ããããč¨äē
ãĻãã¯ããGUãįĄå°č¯åãŽäēēæ°ãĸã¤ãã ã大æ´ģčēīŧãææŦãĢãããæĨããĒãŗãŗãŧããŖããŧãâĒ
ããĄãšãããĄããˇã§ãŗããŠãŗãã§ä¸åãŽäēēæ°ãčĒãããŧããŧããããšãããĒãŗãšãŋã¤ãĢãĢã¯æŦ ãããĒããĸã¤ãã ã§ããäģåã¯ããããšã ãã§ãĒãããĸãĻãŋãŧãããã ãšãå°įŠãĢčŗããžã§æĨããĒãŗãŗãŧããŖããŧããĢäŊŋããåĒį§ãĸã¤ãã ãããã¯ãĸããããžããããæ°ãĢå
ĨããŽãĸã¤ãã ãäŊŋãŖãããææŦãĢãããæĨããĒãŗãŗãŧããčĻã¤ããĻãã ããīŧ
ããããŠãĸã¤ãã ãäŊŋãŖãæĨãŽå¤§äēēãĢã¸ãĨãĸãĢãŗãŧããšãããéâ
ããããŠãĸã¤ãã ãäŊŋãŖãĻæĨãŽå¤§äēēãĢã¸ãĨãĸãĢãŗãŧããäŊããžãããīŧãŗãŧããŽãŠãŽãĸã¤ãã ãããããŠãĒãŽããčããĒããæĨŊããã§ããã ããã°åš¸ãã§ãâĒ |
## įĩĻéŖéąé
ãããĢãĄã¯ãã¯ããĄããã§ãã
æ¨æĨãŽæææĨãããįĩĻéŖéąéãå§ãžããžããã
įĩĻéŖéąéã¨ã¯ãīŧåš´éã§įšåĨã§įžåŗããįĩĻéŖã¨ãæ é¤åŖĢãčĒŋįåĄãŽå
įããč˛ã
ãĒã芹ãčãīŧéąéã§ãã
į§ããĄã¯ãé¸æéåããããŽã§ãæĨãĢãĄãå
ĨãæŋããĻããããžããã
ããã§į§ããĄã¯ææĨãå
įãããŖãĻãããžãã
į§ã¯ããŽīŧéąéã¯įĩļ寞äŧãŋãžããīŧ
ã ãŖãĻãįĩĻéŖ大åĨŊãã ããããŖããĢéŖãšãããĒãããŽãéŖãšãããĒããĒããĻããŖããããã ãããģãģãģã
įãããŽåĻæ Ąã¯ãããĒãã¨ãããžãīŧ
į§ã¯ãããŖãĻ嚸ãã§ãã
īŧéąéãåĨåēˇãäŋãĄãåŗããŖãĻ嚸ããĢãĒããžãã
ã¯ããĄãã |
# æĒæĨãŽčąåĢã
čšãéããä¸ģäēēå
Ŧã¨ãããšã¯æ¸¯ããããé ããĒãããĩãŗãŋããŧãēã¨ããæã¸åããŖãã
éä¸ãįĒåĻįˇčŋĢæãŽããéŗæĨŊãæĩããæŦã˛ãŧã åããĻãŽæĻéãĢįĒå
Ĩããã
įžãããŽã¯ãéãčēĢäŊãããĢããĢã¨æ¯ãããããšãŠã¤ã ã3åšã
ããŠã¯ã¨ãĢãããĻãæåãŽæĻéããšãŠã¤ã ã¨ãããŽã¯ãããããŖããäŧįĩąãĢãĒãŖãæãããã
įšãĢčĻæĻã¯ããĒããŖããã¨ãããããããšãŽåŧˇããįŠåããŖãã
ä¸éįŽãåŧãåŊŧãŽå¤§ããĒåŖãããšãŠã¤ã ãä¸æã§åããĻããã
įļčĻĒã¨ãããŽã¯å大ãĒããŽã ã
æŠäŧãããŖãĻåãįļčĻĒãĢãĒããã¨ãããã°ããããĒå大ãĒįļčĻĒãĢãĒãããŽããĒãã
ããããĒč¨ãŖãĻãčĒäŋĄã¯įĄããĒããåãããããŖåã ããĒãâĻâĻã
ãã¨ãããã ãããããļããšãŠã¤ã 掴ãæã¨ã
ãããŖīŧīŧ ãããŽīŧ æĩįŗãĢ掴ããŽã¯ãžãããīŧīŧã
ã¨ãããĒãŖãĄãããããĒæ°ããããã ãŖãĻãšãŠã¤ã å¯æããã
ã§ãããã¨ãĒãæĻãããåšŗåãĢæŽããããããŽã§ãããã
ãĩãŗãŋããŧãēãŽæãĢå°įããã¨ãå¤ããŽæäēēããæčŋãããã
ããã§ããããšãŽäēēæã¯åããŖãã
ä¸ģäēēå
ŦãčĻįĨããŦ大äēēããåŖã
ãĢã大ãããĒãŖããããã¨åŖ°ãæããããã
ããããã°åãå°ããé ãããįĨããĒãčĻĒæīŧãŽäēēããã大ãããĒãŖãããã
ãĒããĻãæŠäŧãããåēĻč¨ãããĻãããã¨ãæãåēããã
ãããčžēã¯æã
ãããŠã¯ã¨ãå
ąéãĒãã ã¨æãã
ããĻããããĒ大äēēãŽčŠąã¨ãããŽã¯ã大æĩéˇããĒãããŽã ã
ãããšã¯ã˛ãŖãããĒããĢįžããæäēēãŽå¯žåŋãĢåŋãããã ãŖãã
ãããã大äēēãŽčŠąãŖãĻéˇããããäēéãĢä¸ãããžããããã
ä¸ģäēēå
ŦãéåąãããĢããĻããã¨ãįĒįļ芹ããããããã
æŖįĸēãĢã¯čĻããĻãĒããããŠãįĸēããããĒæããĢčĒãããæ°ãããã
ãããšã¨čŠąãčžŧãéŖįēãŽåŽŋåąãŽåĨŗå°ã
ããŽéŖãĢãä¸ģäēēå
Ŧã¨åããããĢéåąããĻããåĨŗãŽåãããã
ä¸ģäēēå
Ŧããīŧã¤åš´ä¸ãŽåĨŗãŽåãčŧãééĢĒãĢãĒãã ãææãŽåŧˇãããĒįŗã
ä¸čĻãããĻãã°ãĒãããĢãčĻããããŠãä¸ģäēēå
ŦãĢæŦãčĒãã§ããããã¨ããã
æã
ãĢåĒãããåŖéčĻããã
ããŠã¯ã¨5ãčĒããĢããããæąēããĻæŦ ãããã¨ãŽã§ããĒãéčĻäēēįŠã
ããĸãŗãĢã
ããŽåãŽååã
### éĸéŖč¨äē
#### æ´čå
#### ææ°č¨äē by æ´čå (å
¨ãĻčĻã)
- ããģãŦãĩãŋãŧãŗäŊįĩæč¨ãéå°ãŽåīŧã˛ãŧã æŠãč¸ããĨããčåžŗæãããžããĒãâĻ - 2018åš´4æ20æĨ
- æ°åŽŋé§
å°ä¸éčˇ¯ãĢããããŠã¯ã¨10ããŽãĸãļã¤ã¯ãĸãŧããīŧ - 2017åš´12æ12æĨ
- ããŧãããã¯ãŽãŦããŖãŧãšã¯ãįˇåã ãŖãĻæ´ģį¨ã§ããīŧ - 2017åš´12æ9æĨ |
ããĒãįč˛ģãč¯ããĒãããããĒããã¨æåž
ããĻããæŠæĸ°įãĒåŗčļŗãŽåšæã¯ãģãģãģīŧ
äģåãŽé åēã§ãåžčˇ¯ãåžŠčˇ¯å
ąãĢ500kmčļãã ãŖããŽã§ããã§æ¤č¨ŧãããã¨ãĢããīŧ
įč˛ģč¨ããĒãģããããĻããæŽæŽĩéããĢå éããä¸åŽéåēĻ(80km/h)ãäŋãŖãĻãŠãããããŽįč˛ģãĢãĒãããč¨æ¸Ŧã
åãĢãļã¤ãããããĢãĒãŖãã¨ããĢã¯ã¨ãŗã¸ãŗããŦãŧããäŊŋãŖãĻæ¸éããããčŋŊãčļãčģįˇããčģéãäŋãŖããžãžããšããæãã
ã¨ãŗã¸ãŗããŦãŧããäŊŋãŖãã¨ãã¯åãéãããåå éã
ããŽãžãžãã°ããčĩ°ãŖãĻįč˛ģč¨ãŽéãä¸ãĢæ¯ãįļãããã¨ãå¤ããĒãŖããįĩäēãŖãĻæãã§é åŧĩãŖãĻãŋãã
åžčˇ¯ã§ã¯æŽåŋĩãĒãã¨ãĢãįč˛ģč¨ãŽéãä¸ãåãįļãããããå
ãĢæ¸æģãĢã¯ãžãŖãĻããžããæåŋĩã
ãģãģãģããŽãžãžäŊŋãįļããĻããžãį˛ãããã¨ããĒãįŽįå°ãĢå°į(į)
åžŠčˇ¯ãĢã¤ããĻã¯įč˛ģč¨ãŽéãä¸ãĢåãįļãããããĢãĒãŖãé ãĢæ¸æģãĢã¯ãžãŖãã
åžŠčˇ¯ãŽįĩæã¯15.1km/Lã
ãã ãããŽįĩæã ã¨äģãžã§ãĢé åŧĩãŖãĻį¯ããæéĢå¤ãĢéããĻããĒããģãģãģã
ããä¸åēĻåããããĒæĄäģļã§čŠĻããĻãŋããã¨æãããŠããã°ããã¯ãé ãã
ããŽåžæ¸æģãæããæĩãããããĢãĒãŖãĻãã14.0km/Lãžã§ä¸ããŖãĻããžãŖãįč˛ģãŽįļæ
ããéģéãŽåŗčļŗãé§äŊŋããĻã¨ãŗéčģĸã
ããŽįĩæãčĻäēãĢäģãžã§ãŽæéĢč¨é˛ãæãåģããæ°č¨é˛ã樚įĢã
ããŖãąãįļįļįãĢéŠéãŽãŦãŊãĒãŗãäŊŋãŖãĻããŖã¨å éããĻãããããä¸čĻãĒé¨åã§ã¯ãĸã¯ãģãĢãæããĻæäžŋã¨ãŗã¸ãŗããŦãŧããã¤č˛ˇãŖãæšãįč˛ģã¯č¯ãæ§åã
ãŖãĻãã¨ã§ãæ°ãĢãĒãįĩæã¨ããĻã¯æŽåŋĩãĒããéģéãŽåŗčļŗãĢčģé
ãä¸ããŖãã |
ãšãŧããŧãĻãŖãŧã¯ã¨ãŗãåæĨãįĄäēįĩãããžããã
æ¨æĨãŽæŦå
Ĩã§ã¯ãããŖãšããŦãŧãįĩãããĒããŖããŽã§
æŠčĩˇãããĻãäŧå ´å
Ĩãããžãã
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ĨããĻæãĄéãã§ãåŽåŋã§ãã
ãéˇéãžã§čĄããĒãããã¨ããæšãĢããŧãšãŽį´šäģã§ãã
į§ããĄãŽããŧãšã¯ãããĒæãã§ããåēãã*īŧž-īŧž*
ãšããˇãŖãĢããŠã¤ãšãŽããĄã¤ã¤ãŧããŗã°ãã°ããããŦãĸããŽãžã§
ãããŖã¨ä¸Ļãŗãžããã
é貨ãããããæãŖãĻããžããã
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Was the great Pharaoh Ramesses II a true redhead?
The University of Manchester is hosting a day school to discuss the scientific study of ancient Egyptian mummies, which will include the question, was the great Pharaoh Ramesses II a true redhead?
Ramesses II - the third Egyptian pharaoh of the nineteenth dynasty - lived to the grand old age of 91 and is regarded as one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs. He became King in 1279 BC, when he was in his early 20s, and ruled for over six decades during which time his fame was extraordinary, it remained legendary throughout classical antiquity and today this remarkable pharaoh still holds an enduring fascination. As a builder he covered the land from the Delta to Nubia with buildings in a way no ruler had ever done before. He had many wives, fathered scores of children, and declared himself a god early on in his reign. On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to a royal cache where it was discovered in 1881, and is now on display in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.
Professor Rosalie David, who will lecture at the day school, said: âEven in death Ramesses II remains a fascinating figure. In 1974, Egyptologists noticed the condition of the mummy was deteriorating. They decided to fly Ramesses II's mummy to Paris for examination - and he was issued an Egyptian passport that listed his occupation as âKing (deceased)â. The mummy was received at Le Bourget airport, just outside Paris, with the full military honours befitting a king. In Paris, Ramesses' mummy was diagnosed and treated for a fungal infection. During the examination, scientific analysis revealed the pharaoh's arthritis, poor circulation and appalling dental condition.â
The day school will also reveal how modern scientific investigations and archaeological research is helping to reveal more about the lives of other characters from ancient Egypt - Horemkenesi, high priest of Amun at Karnak; Meresamun, a temple singer; and Asetirikhetes, the Ptolemaic mummy from 305 BC.
Professor David said: âThe day school was so well received last year that we decided to hold it annually. This year's agenda is just as fascinating. We are really enjoying putting the day schools together and thinking of new insights that fellow enthusiasts would want to know.â
¡ The day school âMummies, Science and Egyptology IIâ will be held at the Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, on Saturday 6th February 2010 (9.30am to 5pm). It costs ÂŖ30, which can be paid on the day. To book in advance email [email protected].
Notes for editors
For more information or to interview Professor Rosalie David contact Media Relations Officer Mikaela Sitford on 0161 275 2111 or [email protected]. |
It is scaring to know the data or the facts about the cyber threats that are happening every minute on the internet. Elderly ones are among the highly affected people. Then think of the kids these days who are getting easy access to the internet. But arenât you afraid of your kidsâ safety online? Yes, you might be but you might be just thinking of the various ways you can do it. You must be searching for articles, videos that can help them know about the issue and learn what to do, and what not to do online. But do you actually know that there is a Google game that teaches your kids how to stay safe on internet. So, let us now learn a bit about the game.
Google Game That Teaches Your Kids To Be Safe Online
Teaches kids something good and very much helpful for them through something that they love to do isnât a big task. Yes, hatsoff to this idea of Google that lets your kids learn the various dangers that they are prone on the internet.
Be Internet Awesome is the game from Google and it is an Interland game. The fun part of this game is it takes your kids on an adventure where they need to go on battle cyberbullies, hackers, phishers, and even they will learn about how to outsmart over-sharers.
This adventure game is filled with four challenges where your kids will get a chance to learn four different things.
Mindful Mountain (Share with Care)
Tower Of Treasure (Secure your secrets)
King Kingdom (Its cool to be kind)
Reality River (Donât fall for fake)
As said each stage of the game lets them learn the things that they should care about while they were online. So, let your kids play this Google game called Be Internet Awesome and help them stay safe on internet.
As you are giving them access to your internet, it is your responsibility to make them aware of the issues on the internet. This game makes your responsibility simple. |
I am sure you have heard the proverb, "You are what you eat" - the kind of food you consume determines your health, looks and well-being. "Do I really want to be a cup of hot partially hydrogenated oil?" "Or I could be a lean legume?" That's taking the proverb a little too literally. Though, asking yourself questions like these might make you stop and think about the contents of what you are eating.
Nutrition facts labels on products haveà helped me a lot in my food choices. You can find me inà a grocery store aisle readingà them like a newspaper. I weigh the pros and cons of a product, especially when it comes to processed food items. Reading labels have prompted me put that salty or sweet item with absolutely no nutritional value and whoseà list of ingredients includeà a 10-letter compound only a chemist can pronounce,à back on the shelf to hopefully collect dust.
According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration website, a nutrition facts label is broken down into six categories reading from the top down:
1. Serving Size
2. Calories (and calories from fat)
3. and 4. The Nutrients: How Much?
5. Understanding the Footnote on the Bottom of the Nutrition Facts Label
6. Percent of Daily Value for a 2,000 calorie diet.
Below the chart, you'll find a list of ingredients.
I can understand why serving size information is first. How much you consume influences the remaining categories. Before I made a conscious effort to read labels, I'd drink a 16 oz sports drink on a hot day, for example. I didn't pay attention to the fact I consumed two servings at 200 calories per serving. I used up 400 calories of the recommended 2,000 calories a day. If I drank more than one a day, I consumed most of my calories in beverages. Not good.
Also, as you have probably noticed a lot of fast food chains are now supplying nutritional information. Seeing some of those numbers should make anyone run screaming. Though, it depends on whether or not you choose to think about it.
Speaking figuratively, "You are what you eat," can also make you think about our oneness with the environment, all that is natural.Ã Recently Whole Foods Market announced the launch of a new sustainability ratings program for wild-caught seafood. The company, in partnership with the Monterey Bay Aquarium and the Blue Ocean Institute is now using color-coded ratings, which tells you information about your seafood purchases. For example, green, the highest rating, notes a species is caught in environment-friendly ways and is abundant. While, a red label indicates the species is suffering from overfishing and current fishing methods are harmful.
It would be ideal to not have to contemplate upon the contents of what we consume --- whether or not they are healthy or harmful. But, as we live in a highly technological and some times earth-unfriendly environment, when youà navigate the food product terrain it's a good idea to know what you're working with. |
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## âĸ512 CAFE&GRILL
æåžãĢãį´šäģãããŽã¯ã512 CAFE&GRILLããå
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## æ´įˇ´ãããčĄãå
æŦæ¨ã§åĒé
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2000 GMC Sierra Troubleshooting
A Headlight Isn't Emitting Light
âNo matter what you do, you can't get your headlights to come back on.â
Sometimes the issue can be as simple as the bulb moved out of place. If you are busy and donât have time to visit your local auto parts store, lightly tap the cover of the headlight. This may sound silly but i personally have done this for 2 months. If there is still no sign of light, move onto the next step.
Dirty Battery Terminals
Over time, the terminals of your vehicles battery become corroded due to the elements that they are exposed to. Take a metal wire brush and lightly scrape off the corrosion. This will NOT damage the battery if you happen to scrape the actual battery rather than the corrosion. Donât be afraid!
Have you been listening to the radio for a long period of time? did you forget to completely turn your car off? Your car may have a dead battery, which could be a cause for this issue. Recharge the battery or if necessary replace it to a new one.
If other electrical components of your vehicle are functioning, your issue will more than likely lie behind your headlight/taillight cover. Bulbs die out over time, depending on the quality of the brand you chose to purchase. Buy a new bulb and the high quality one.
Sometimes shorts in wire cause the fuse to blow and that is due to the hot wire being exposed and touching the body. try taping up the exposed wire and switch the fuse to a new one. |
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Sparrows tend to disappear at dusk, which leads many people to wonder where sparrows sleep at night.
Most sparrows sleep in dense foliage or cracks and crevices in trees and other outdoor objects, including man-made structures. Sparrows also make nests from dried vegetation and sleep in the nests during the breeding season.
As with many species of bird, sparrows sleep in a variety of different places. Yet, different species of sparrow sleep in different areas. There are at least 35 species of sparrow in North America and dozens more across the globe.
Where do sparrows sleep at night in the winter?
All Sparrows sleep in dense foliage or cracks and crevices in trees and other outdoor objects, including man-made structures like bird boxes. Sparrows also make nests from dried vegetation and use these during the breeding season. If it is particularly a cold night sparrows have been known to huddle together with other sparrows.
Sparrows Sleep in Different Spots Throughout the Year
Where sparrows sleep depends on the time of the year, as sparrows often sleep in nests during the breeding season and roost outside of the breeding season.
A roost is a place where sparrows congregate to sleep at night. Roosting sites typically include trees and shrubs. The birds may sleep on the branches and twigs. However, the nests are typically constructed inside a tree cavity, especially in rural areas.
Yet, about two-thirds of the sparrow population may reside in urban areas. Sparrows that live in urban areas are more likely to roost and nest in man-made structures. These birds are highly adaptable and can find places to sleep in the holes of old sheds and garages. They can also feed on scraps of food and trash.
Sparrows may only spend a few weeks roosting outside of nests. This is especially true for house sparrows. House sparrows sleep in their nests almost year-round.
House sparrows use the nest in the spring and summer for resting at night and raising their young. They may continue to use the nest throughout most of the fall and winter.
Sparrows Construct Nests in Holes for Sleep and Nesting
During the mating season, sparrows sleep in their nests. While many species of birds build nests on tree branches, sparrows typically construct nests inside holes, such as the cavity of a tree. Most nests are made with dry grass and lined with feathers, string, and hair.
Sparrows may also build nests in holes of man-made structures, such as a hole in an old farm building. Some people also build nest boxes. A nesting box is typically a wooden box secured to a post or a tree.
Nest-building activity typically occurs in the early spring and again in the fall. Sparrows sleep in the nests at night but may start in a different roosting spot, such as a nearby tree. The sparrows congregate and chirp as the sun settles. After dusk, they travel to their nests to settle in for the night.
Sparrows Are Known to Take Over Other Nests for Sleep and Food
Sparrows are often considered an invasive species. They are aggressive to smaller species of birds, including bluebirds and purple martins. The sparrows may take over other nesting sites for shelter and better access to food.
Sparrows travel in larger flocks compared to many other species of birds, which allows them to easily overtake smaller animals. They may even build new nests on top of the nesting sites of their victims.
Sparrows Often Sleep with the Same Group of Birds
Sparrows are highly social birds and often sleep with the same flock. For example, the house sparrow typically sticks with the same hierarchically organized flock throughout its lifetime.
Sparrows Sleep in Areas That Provide Warmth and Protection
Sparrows that do not nest year-round may sleep in different spots each night. These birds do not typically travel far during the day and prefer to sleep in areas near their feeding spots.
Sparrows seek shelter in areas that protect them from cold weather and predators. However, they stay within range of their feeding spots to secure their territories and prevent other birds from taking over.
For example, a group of sparrows may spend the day within a radius of a few miles and return to the same tree or group of shrubs each night for sleep.
Sparrows Choose Stopover Spots for Sleeping During Migration
Some species of sparrow, such as the American tree sparrow, migrate south for the winter. Instead of sleeping in the same spot each night, the birds need to find a new place to call home throughout the migration period.
Toward the end of the night, as the birds begin to feel fatigued and famished, they look for a suitable stopover site that offers ample food and shelter from weather and predators. The stopover sites are often trees and shrubs, but sparrows may also temporarily roost in holes in buildings or trees before continuing their migration.
Sparrows get much less sleep during the migration period. For example, the white-crowned sparrows travel over 2,670 miles (4,300 kilometers) each winter. They travel from southern California to Alaska in the spring and make the return trip in the fall. During this lengthy trip, the sparrows only get about one-third the amount of sleep that they receive during the rest of the year.
Sparrows Take Naps Instead of Sleeping Through the Night
Sparrows and many other species of birds do not sleep through the night. They take frequent, short naps. Unlike humans, sparrows have short rapid eye movement (REM) cycles. A REM cycle is a period of deep sleep.
For humans, the final REM cycle lasts about an hour. For sparrows, most REM cycles last just over two minutes. Instead of a deep slumber, sparrows rest to conserve energy. This also allows them to quickly become alert if a threat arises, such as a predator entering the area.
Where do sparrows sleep throughout the year? During mating season, they typically sleep with their nests. The nests are often constructed in tree cavities and the holes of other structures, such as sheds, garages, and other buildings.
After the eggs hatch and the young chicks mature, the sparrows may choose a new place to sleep. They may sleep in a different spot each night but typically remain close to their feeding spots.
Outside of nests, sparrows may sleep on the branches of trees and shrubs. Sparrows are small birds that can sleep with their beaks tucked into their feathers. |
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# įģåąąãŽããĻãŗããŗããããã10é¸īŧæå¤ã¨įĨããĒãäŊŋãæšãį´šäģ
FUNQãšãŋãã
įģåąąæãŽå¯ããåãããĻãããããĻãŗããŗãã¯ãåŦãŽįģåąąãéĢåąąãĒãŠã§å¤§æ´ģčēãããĸã¤ãã ã§ããä¸åčēĢãŽå¯ã寞įãã§ãããŽã§ãåŋĢéŠãĒįģåąąãã§ããžããããããããĻãŗããŗãããããããã¨æãŖãĻããč˛ã
ãĒčŖŊåãããčŋˇãããæšã¯å¤ãã§ããããããã§äģåãŽč¨äēã§ã¯ãåããĻčŗŧå
Ĩããæšã§ãåããããããããĢãããĻãŗããŗããŽé¸ãŗæšãį´šäģããžãã
- ããĻãŗããŗããŽåŠįšãæŦ įš
- é¸ãŗæšã§éčĻãĒFPãŽčĒŦæ
- ãããããŽčŖŊå
å¯ãææäģĨå¤ãĢãæ´ģį¨ã§ããæšæŗãč§ŖčĒŦããžããŽã§ããã˛æåžãžã§ãčĒãŋãã ããã
## įģåąąãŽå¯ã寞įãĢã¯ããĻãŗããŗããīŧ
į§åŦãˇãŧãēãŗãĢãĒãã¨å¯ããåĸããĻãããäŧæŠä¸ãĢä¸åčēĢãåˇããĻããžããã¨ããããžããåˇãã¯äŊäŊ渊įãæĒæãĢã¤ãĒããæãããããŽã§ãå¯ãææã¯ããĻãŗããŗããåąĨããĻ寞įãããžããããããã§ã¯ãããĻãŗããŗããŽãĄãĒããã¨ããĄãĒãããã芹ããžãã
### ããĻãŗããŗããŽãĄãĒãã
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯éˇããŽäŧæŠä¸ãåąąå°åąæŗãããŗãæŗãŽéãŽå¯ã寞įãĢãããããčģŊéæ§ãĢåĒããĒããããéĢãäŋ渊åãåããããŖãĻãããčå
¨äŊãäŋ渊ããĻãããžãããžããããĻãŗããŗãã¯įŠēæ°ãããããåĢãã§ããããããŗãŗãã¯ããĢå§į¸ŽããĻåį´ãããã¨ãã§ããžããįģåąąãŽčĄåä¸ãĢãčˇįŠãŽéĒéãĢãĒããĢãããŽããĄãĒããã§ãã
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯ãåŦãŽããŗãæŗãããæšãĢãããããã§ããåŦãŽå¤ã¯ã¨ãĻãåˇãããããäŋ渊åãŽéĢãããĻãŗããŗããããã°ãåŽåŋããĻį ãããããĢãĒãã§ãããã
### ããĻãŗããŗããŽããĄãĒãã
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯įŠēæ°ãåĢãŋã大ãããĩããããã¨ã§åˇæ°ãéŽæããéĢãäŋ渊åãæįļãããžããããããæ°´ã§æŋĄããĻããžãã¨įŠēæ°ãåĢãčŊåãäŊä¸ããäŋ渊åãäŊããĒãŖãĻããžããžããããĻãŗããŗãã¯æ°´ãå¸åããã¨éããĒãŖãĻããžããŽã§ãé¨ãæ°´åãĒãŠãĢã¯æŗ¨æããĻãã ããã
ãžããæŋĄãããã¨ãĢäšžãããã¨ããĻããããĻãŗããŗãã¯äšžįĨããĢããã¨ããæŦ įšãããŖãĻããžããæ°ãĢãĒãæšã¯ãã¯ãŖæ°´æ§čŊãããããĻãŗããŗããé¸ãšã°ãå¤å°ãŽé¨ãĒãé˛ããã¨ãã§ããžããã
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯ãįšæ§ä¸ãĩãããã ãˇãĢã¨ãããĢãĒããžããããŽãããããĻãŗããŗããåąĨãã¨ãšãŋã¤ãĢãæĒãčĻãããĄãĒãŽã§ãããããããéčĻããæšãĢã¯ããĄãĒãããĢãĒãã§ãããã
## æéŠãĒįģåąąį¨ããĻãŗããŗããŽé¸ãŗæš
ããĻãŗããŗããé¸ãļã¨ããĢã¯ãæ§čŊããĄãŗãããŗãšæšæŗãĒãŠãã§ãã¯ããĻãģãããã¤ãŗãããããžããé¸ãŗæšãĢæ°ãã¤ããã°ãčĒåãĢåãŖãããĻãŗããŗããčĻã¤ããããžããããĻãŗããŗããŽé¸ãŗæšã5ã¤į´šäģãããŽã§ããã˛åčãĢããĻãã ããã
### â äŋ渊æ§ã§é¸ãļ
ããĻãŗãåĢãžããĻããčŖ
åãĢã¯ãFPīŧããŖãĢãã¯ãŧīŧãã¨åŧã°ããæ°å¤ãč¨čŧãããĻããžããFPãŽæ°å¤ãéĢããģãŠäŋ渊åãåĸããäŊæã§ãã渊ãããå¤ããŖãĻããžãããããããŽčŖŊåã¯ãFPã600äģĨä¸ããããŽã§ããįšãĢ700ã800FPããããĻãŗããŗããĒããæ°æ¸ŠãäŊãã¨ãã§ãæ´ģčēããĻãããžãã
éĒåąąãĢææĻãããæšã¯ã800FPäģĨä¸ããããĻãŗããŗããé¸ãļã¨ããã§ããããFPãéĢãčŖŊåã¯ãå¤æŽĩãæ¯äžããĻä¸ããŖãĻãããããčĒčēĢãŽįģãåąąããˇãŧãēãŗãĒãŠãčããĻãéŠåãĒããŽãé¸ãļãããĢããĻãã ããã
### âĄčģŊãã¨åį´æ§ã§é¸ãļ
ããĻãŗããŗããŽåĒããįšã¯čģŊéæ§ãĢãããžãã貊åŖ˛ãããĻããčŖŊåãŽãĒããĢã¯ã200gå°ã¨ããããŽãåå¨ããžããčˇįŠãŽčģŊããéčĻããéˇæéãŽįģåąąã§ã¯ãčģŊãã§é¸ãļã¨ããã§ãããããžããčˇįŠãŽéĒéãĢãĒããĢãããŗãŗãã¯ããĸããĢãĒããįģåąąãļãã¯ãĢåį´ãããããĒããžãã
### âĸæŠčŊæ§ã§é¸ãļ
ããĻãŗããŗããŽãĒããĢã¯ãäŋ渊åãéĢãããããĢįŦčĒãŽæŠčŊãããŖãĻããčŖŊåããããžããäžãã°ããšããŧãããŠãŗããŽããēãã¯ãããŦãšãĩãŧãĸãã¨åŧã°ããįå°ãéįēããĻããžããæąãå¸ãå¸æšŋæ§ããéĢãįēįąæ§ãæããĻãããįģåąąį¨ãŽããĻãŗããŗããĢãããŋãĒãŽæ§čŊãããŖãĻããžãã
ãšããŦããæ§ãŽããį´ æãĒãããĸã¯ããŖããĒåããĢãčŋŊåžããĻãããžãããšããŦããæ§ãããããĻãŗããŗãã¯ã¨ãĻãåãããããŽã§ãčĒŋįãæŖįãĒãŠããããæšãĢæŗ¨įŽããĻãģãããã¤ãŗãã§ãã
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯æ°´ãĢåŧąãįšæ§ãããŖãĻãããããčæ°´æ§ãããããŠãããéčĻã§ããčæ°´æ§ãããã°ãįĒįļé¨ãéãŖãĻããĻãããĻãŗããŗããæŋĄãããŽãé˛ãã§ãããžããčäš
æ§ãŽéĢãããĻãŗããŗããĒããåąąãŽį°åĸãĢéŠåŋãããããããĻãŗããŗããį ´æããå¯čŊæ§ãæ¸ãããĻãããžãã
### âŖãæå
Ĩãæšæŗã§é¸ãļ
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯įŽčã§æąããĻããžãã¨ãįŠēæ°ãåĢãŋãĢãããĒãŖãĻããžããžããããĻãŗããŗããŽäŋ渊åãäŋã¤ãããĢã¯ãåŽæįãĒãæå
ĨããæŦ ãããžãããåŽļã§æ´æŋ¯ãã§ãããŋã¤ããĒãããæå
ĨãããĒãŧãēãããĢãĢã§ããžããã
ãã ããããĻãŗčŖŊåã¯į´°ãããĒãąãĸãåŋ
čĻãĒãŽã§ãæ´ããã¨ã§įå´ŠãããĒããããã§ãã¯ããĻãããžããããããĻãŗį¨ãŽæ´å¤ãäŊŋį¨ããĒãã¨ãããĻãŗãããŧãã§ããžãå¯čŊæ§ããããžãããæå
ĨããĢčĒäŋĄããĒãæšã¯ãã¯ãĒãŧããŗã°åēãåŠį¨ããĻãã ããã
### â¤ãšãŋã¤ãĢã§é¸ãļ
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯ãã¸ãããŧãäģããĻãããŋã¤ãããããžãããĻã¨ãšããĢã¸ãããŧãããããĻãŗããŗãã¯ãããŖããæãčĒŋæ´ãããããããčŊãĄããĢãããĒãŖãĻããžãããããŗãã¸ãããŧãããããŽãĒããã¤ãŦãããéãĢãäžŋåŠã§ãã
ãžããããĻãŗããŗãã¯čŖŊåãĢããŖãĻãˇãĢã¨ãããå¤ãããžãããˇãĢã¨ãããĢããŖãĻã¯ããšãŋã¤ãĢãč¯ãčĻããããŽããããžãããšãŋã¤ãĢæ§ãéčĻããæšã¯ãį´°čēĢãŋã¤ããŽããĻãŗããŗããé¸ãļã¨ããšãããĒã¨ããå°čąĄãããããĻãããžããã
## ãįˇåĨŗåĨãããããįģåąąį¨ããĻãŗããŗã10é¸
ããĻãŗããŗãã¯å¯ãįģåąąãˇãŧãēãŗãŽåŧˇãåŗæšã§ãã1ã¤ããŖãĻããã°ãįģåąąä¸ãå°åąæŗãããŗãæŗãžã§åš
åēãæ´ģį¨ã§ããžãããããããŽįģåąąį¨ããĻãŗããŗããį´šäģããžããŽã§ããã˛ãæ°ãĢå
ĨããčĻã¤ããĻããŖãĻãã ããã
### åĨŗæ§åãããããįģåąąį¨ããĻãŗããŗã
įģåąąį¨ããĻãŗããŗãã¯æ§čŊã大åã§ããäŋ渊åãčæ°´æ§ãĒãŠãéčĻããĒããé¸ãã§ãããžãããã
#### NANGAīŧããŗãŦīŧ ããĻãŗããŗããã¸ããĻãŗããŗã
éĢåčŗĒãĒããĻãŗãäŊŋãã860FPã¨éĢãäŋ渊åãįēæŽããããĻãŗããŗãã§ããéããį´264gã¨ããĻãŗããŗããŽãĒãã§ã¯æčģŊéį´ãĢãĒãŖãĻããžãã襨įå°ãĢã¯ãå°įãĢãããããĒãĩã¤ã¯ãĢãã¤ããŗãäŊŋį¨ããĻããžãã
ããļãĢãšããŦããæ§ãŽããįå°ãäŊŋį¨ããĻãããŽã§ããĸã¯ããŖããĢåããĻããšããŦãšããĒãŧãĒäŊŋãåŋå°ã¨ãĒãŖãĻããžãããšãŊãĢäŧ¸į¸Žæ§ããããããã¨ã§ãåˇæ°ãŽäžĩå
Ĩãé˛ããžãããĻã¨ãšãé¨åãĢããããĸãĢããŖãĻããĩã¤ãēčĒŋį¯ãããããĒãŖãĻããžãã
- ãĄãŧãĢãŧåč䞥æ ŧīŧ23,100å
- ãĩã¤ãēīŧWSãWMãWL
- ééīŧį´264g
#### Naturehikeīŧãã¤ããŖãŧãã¤ã¯īŧããĻãŗããŗã
įŖčããģã¨ããŠãĒãä¸čŗĒãĒããĻãŗãäŊŋãã800FPãåŽįžããčŖŊåã§ãããã¤ããš15â~5âã¨ãéŠæ¸Šæ¸ŠåēĻãåš
åēããĒãŖãĻããžããåæãŽéĢå¯åēĻãã¤ããŗįå°ã¯ããĒããããĒčč§Ļãã¨éĢį´æãŽããå
æ˛ĸæãĢå ããã¯ãŖæ°´å åˇĨããģãŠããããĻããžãã
į´250gã¨čģŊéãĒãããĢããŗãŗãã¯ããĢåį´ã§ããããæēčĄæ§ãĢãåĒããĻããžãããĻã¨ãšãé¨åãĢã¯ãĩã¤ãēčĒŋæ´į¨ãŽãšããŠãããã´ã ã¨ãšãããããŋãŗãæĄį¨ãããĻããžããåéãäģæ§ãĒãŽã§ãčąãåąĨããããããã§ããã
- ãĩã¤ãēīŧSãMãLãXLã2XL
- ééīŧæŦäŊééį´250g
#### ããēã ããŦãšãĩãŧãĸããĻãŗããŗã
ããēãįŦčĒãŽįēįąå¸æšŋæŠčŊãããŦãšãĩãŧãĸããäŊŋį¨ããããĻãŗããŗãã§ããããĻãŗã¨ãã§ãļãŧãäŊŋãã650FPã¨äŋ渊æ§ãéĢãã§ããčģŊéæ§ãĢåĒãããŗãŗãã¯ãįå°ãæĄį¨ããæãĄéãŗããããããĒãŖãĻããžããããããĢã¯ã´ã ãˇãŖãŧãĒãŗã°ãäŊŋããåŋĢéŠãĒäŊŋį¨æã¨ãĒãŖãĻããžãã
įčąãäžŋåŠãĒãããŗãããĄãšããŧã¨ããĻã¨ãšããĢãĩã¤ãēčĒŋæ´ãã§ããããŧããäģåąããã´ã ãˇãŖãŧãĒãŗã°ãæčŧãããã¨ã§ãįģåąąä¸ãæ°æãĄããįį¨ã§ããžããã
- ãĄãŧãĢãŧåč䞥æ ŧīŧ14,300å
- ãĩã¤ãēīŧMãLãXLãWMãWL
- ééīŧį´240g
#### Tentock ããĻãŗããŗã
įŊãŦãã§ãĻãŽįžŊãäŊŋį¨ãã800FPã¨ããéĢãäŋ渊æ§ã¨čģŊéæ§ããããããŖãčŖŊåã§ããčæ°´æ§ãããéĢå¯åēĻãã¤ããŗįå°ã襨å°ã¨čŖå°ãĢæĄį¨ããįĒįļãŽé¨ãĢ寞ããĻãåŧˇããĒãŖãĻããžããããĻãŗããŗããŽä¸Ąå´ãĢã¯ãå°įŠãåį´ã§ããããąãããäģããĻããžãã
ãĻã¨ãšãé¨åãĢã¯ãĩã¤ãēčĒŋæ´ãã§ããããĸããšãŊãĢã¯é˛éĸ¨æ§ãéĢããäŧ¸į¸Žã´ã ãäŊŋį¨ããĻããžãããĻã¨ãšãã¯ã´ã äģæ§ãĒãŽã§ãããžããžãĒäŊåãŽæšãĢããŖããã§ãããããĢãĒãŖãĻããžãã
- ãĩã¤ãēīŧMãLãXLãMīŧãĸããã°ãŦãŧãīŧãLīŧãĸããã°ãŦãŧãīŧãXLīŧãĸããã°ãŦãŧãīŧ
- ééīŧ-
#### SYOKYO ãŦããŖãŧãšããĻãŗããŗã
ããĻãŗã90%ããã§ãļãŧã10%ãäŊŋį¨ãã700FPãåŽįžããããĻãŗããŗãã§ãã襨ãĢã¯ãã¯ãŖæ°´æ§ããģãŠãããéæšŋæ§ãŽéĢãįå°ãæĄį¨ããĻããžããčéĸ¨æ§ãéĢããéĸ¨ãŽåŧˇãåąąãŽä¸ã§ãæ´ģčēããĻãããžããããąããã严ãĩã¤ããåžãã¨3ã¤ãããŽã§åį´æ§ãĢãåĒããĻããžãã
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#### ARUGEīŧãĸãĢãŧã¸ã§īŧ ããĻãŗããŗã
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When I first started out in the aquarium hobby, I didnât have enough resources to guide me. All I had was occasional advice from the aquarium shop and a lot of guesswork. Thatâs why Iâd often watch the water change its color from clear to pea soup in a matter of a few weeks, wondering what I did wrong.
After years of trials and errors, Iâve finally mastered the doâs and donâts to prevent it.
So, Iâve brought you a 101 guide on algae and everything you need to know about it. But first, letâs start with the most daunting challengeâhow to get rid of algae in an aquarium?
How To Get Rid Of Algae In An Aquarium?
Algae outbreaks in aquariums are common occurrences and the reasons can be many.
Stocking certain species of algae-eating fish and shrimps like Yellow Tangs and Amano Shrimps can help you get rid of algae to an extent.
Live plants also hinder the algae growth as they will directly compete for light and nutrients.
Other factors like light settings, filtration system, phosphate level, and water quality also play crucial roles when it comes to getting rid of algae in an aquarium.
Stock Live Plants In The Tank
Yes, beating algae in its own game. Stocking live plants is one of the most constructive ways of getting rid of algae in an aquarium.
Plants will directly rival algae for nutrients and light and win most of the time. Thus, the lesser the nutrients floating in the water, the lesser will be the algae bloom.
Submerged plants like hornwort, anacharis, and parrotâs feather are your best bet when it comes to shading light and taking up additional nutrients to keep algae at bay.
Floating aquarium plants, like duckweed and amazon frogbit, are a close second. They can effectively spread out to block the shade while soaking up all the excess phosphate and nitrite.
Stock Algae-Feeding Shrimp
Hereâs a tip straight from the father of modern-day aqua scapingâTakashi Amano.
Amano first experimented with using Yamato Numa shrimp in his planted tanks in the 1990s.
And oh boy, did he succeed. His method basically revolutionized how to get rid of algae in an aquarium tank.
Currently named Amano shrimp (scientific name: Caridina multidentate), this transparent and peaceful creature can eat algae throughout the day while not harming the plants.
These industrial aquarium cleaners will even clean your sand and gravel.
Do Cherry Shrimps Eat Hair Algae? What About Blue-green And Black Beard Algae?
Do Ghost Shrimp Eat Algae? Ghost Shrimp Diet Guide
Do Amano Shrimp Eat Hair Algae? Guide on Amano and Algae
Stock Algae-Feeding Fish
Like Amano shrimp, a few algae-eating fish species will get the job done for you.
The most common is the Bristlenose Pleco, which will only grow about 4 inches long. Thus, they are perfect for medium-sized tanks.
However, plecos are very territorial around each other. Make sure you only keep one in a tank.
Other suckermouths like Common Pleco can get quite big, growing anywhere between 12-24 inches. So, theyâre only suitable for big tanks.
Some other algae-eating powerhouses include Siamese Algae Eater, Chinese Algae Eater, and Live-bearers.
However, when choosing an algae-eating fish, donât forget to consider these points:
- Water flowâs speed
- Foliageâs density
- Aggression level of tankâs habitats
- Oxygenation level
This Is Hands Down The Best Algae Eater For African Cichlid Tank!
Do Guppies Eat Algae? Positive Effects of Algae on Your Guppy
Tweak The Lighting Settings
Algae can reproduce prolifically in bright environments. Thatâs why itâs essential to mimic the day/night light schedule in your tank and stick to it. You can simply turn them on in the morning and off before you go bed at night.
Buying a timer can be the right choice as you donât have to worry about turning the lights on and off every day. For regular aquariums, 6-10 hours of daily light is enough, while a planted tank will need anywhere between 10-14 hours.
Tip: Itâs best to replace the bulbs yearly. The loss of spectrum and intensity in old aquarium bulbs will create a favorable environment for algae growth.
If the natural methods havenât yielded the results you wanted, using algae treatments, also known as an algaecide, can be your last resort. I personally have used it only once, as Iâm not a fan of adding chemicals to the fish tank.
If youâve decided to use algae treatments, make sure to consult with the seller and precisely follow the instructions.
Here are five tips to follow:
- Donât use an algaecide in aquariums that were set up less than three months ago
- Donât go overboard than the quantity recommended
- Make sure the water is filtered and oxygenated enough to compensate for sudden algae death
- Donât use in tanks with invertebrates or crustaceans like crayfish, shrimps, and crabs
- Scrape off as many algae as possible beforehand to ensure maximum effectiveness
If youâre looking for a quality scrubber, this one by QANVEE does a very decent job.
Phosphate naturally occurs in the tank when the waste is broken down. On top of that, everything from fish food to chemicals used to bovver water contains phosphate. And increment in phosphate level will only boost algae growth.
You can use phosphate removers, usually available in a granular format, to curb this problem.
Secure the phosphate remover in a filter bag and place it near the filter area with good water flow. It will then absorb the phosphate lock it away.
However, since its capacity is limited, you need to replace it a few times.
Hereâs a phosphate remover by API:
Switch To RO Water from Tap Water
Before you actively look for solutions to getting rid of algae in an aquarium, make sure to do a water test.
Tap water often contains algae-fueling fertilizers like phosphate and nitrites. So, suppose the test result shows higher phosphates and other algae-inducing elements.
In that case, youâll want to switch to RO (reverse osmosis) water. For this, youâll need a RO unit or a tap water filter that needs to be fitted in the faucet.
Boost Your Filtration System
The filtration media you use will make a big difference in algae growth in the tank.
For example, using phosphate-controlling media and biological boosters will eliminate the phosphate levels, discouraging algae growth.
You can also find carbon-phosphate removers that will keep your water clean and transparent while removing dissolved organics that algae feed on at the same time.
Lastly, donât forget to change the chemical and mechanical media every month. Once theyâre exhausted and saturated, theyâll leach the pollutants back into the tank!
Yep, this one definitely has to be on the âhow to get rid of algae in an aquarium list,â right? The good, old hands to the rescue.
The easiest and most reliable way to remove the algae is using an algae scrubber. The scrubbers have a rough side designed to scrub away the stubborn algae growth and a sharp edge to scrape it away.
For really persistent algae, you may need to use a razor blade. Be careful! Lots of bacteria down there to infect a potential wound.
Donât Overfeed The Fish
As a child, I fondly remember marveling at the scene of fish coming to the surface to gobble up the feed as soon as my mother poured it in.
Sometimes, Iâd give the fish food at random times just to watch them eat. If youâre someone like me, youâre probably guilty of overfeeding your fish.
But do you know overfeeding is one of the most common reasons behind algae growth? Algae feed off on both fish waste and uneaten food floating on the surfaceâa double whammy.
Now that you know all the tried and tested algae control methods letâs dive into the specific details.
The Most Common Algae Types in Aquarium and the Easiest Way to Remove Them
In the end, how to get rid of algae in an aquarium boils down to what kind of algae it is. Here are the six usual culprits, their causes, and tips on how to fight them.
Brown Diatom Algae
In appearance, brown diatom algae look like a thick, dusty layer covering the aquarium walls, substrate, and other surfaces. It can even thrive in a low-light setting if chemical food is available.
Initially, brown diatom algae will begin with a thin dust-like substrate in the aquarium. It will manifest into a thick slim film covering everything from glass, plants, and substrates in about a week.
What Causes The Growth Of Brown Diatom Algae In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of brown diatom algae in tanks:
- Excess levels of nitrates, silicates, and phosphorus in the water
- Inadequate lighting since this kind of algae thrives in low light
- The buildup of dead material and uneaten food, which fuels the nitrates level in the tank
- New tanks during the nitrogen cycle donât have enough time to age filter and substrate
How To Get Rid Of Brown Diatom Algae In An Aquarium?
In texture, brown diatom algae are quite soft and donât adhere firmly to the glass. Thus, it can rub off easily. Use a vacuum to remove the algae before using a soft cloth to clean the tank.
Algae eaters like shrimp, snails, and Otocinclus catfish love to feed on it. Similarly, adjust the light settings if itâs set too low.
Lastly, if you want to completely eliminate its nutrient sources, you can use phosphate/silicate remover as well.
Best Brown Algae Eaters
- Nerite Snails
- Yellow Tangs
Blanketweedâalso called a filament, strong, or thread algaeârefers to various filamentous algae.
The unsightly blanket weed proliferates quickly. It can form thick green masses floating freely on the surface or entangle the tankâs plants, wood, and gravel. Its growth will become uncontrollable if not intervened in time.
What Causes The Growth Of Blanket Weed In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of brown diatom algae in tanks:
- High pH level in the tank, anything exceeding 8.5, creates a suitable environment for blanket weed
- Excess of nitrates, Co2, and light in the tank
- Poor-quality plants from the same algae family, like Marimo Balls, can trigger the outbreak
How To Get Rid Of Black Weed In An Aquarium?
Black weed is very stubborn and not easy at all to remove. On top of that, it produces a pungent smell when scraped.
Since blanket weed blooms in alkaline water, you can add doses of glutaraldehyde-based carbon supplements to the water.
For manual scraping, follow these steps:
- First of all, turn off the water current in your tank
- Next, fetch your long tweezers and pick out as much as you can
- Finally, use bioavailable carbon like Excel with a syringe for spot treatment
Best Blanket Weed Eater
- Amano Shrimp
- Cherry Shrimp
- Grass Carp
- Koi Fish
Black Brush Algae
By far, black brush algae (BBA) are the most problematic algae Iâve run into in my fish keeping experience. As the name suggests, it grows in dense, bushy clumpsâgrowing on plants, dÊcor, and driftwood.
It is soft and slippery but quite challenging to remove. BBA produces a red-light protein called phycoerythrin that gives it a dark color.
What Causes The Growth Of Black Brush Algae In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of black brush algae in tanks:
- Brightly-lit environments promote the growth of this kind of algae
- High level of organic pollution resulting from overfeeding
- A buildup of muck in the filter and substrate
- Inconsistent or low Co2 levels
How To Get Rid of Black Brush Algae In An Aquarium?
Algae-eating species can help you get rid of BBA if the outbreak is mild.
However, if it has become rampant, you may need to resort to chemical treatments like spraying liquid carbon directly on the growth area. Before that, use some elbow grease to remove the algae. That will make the treatment more effective.
Note: You need to very careful and precise as some plants, such as Vallisneria, are quite sensitive to liquid carbon.
Best Black Brush Algae Eater
- Siamese algae-eater
- Florida Flagfish
- Twig catfish
- Black Molly
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) states that blue-green algae arenât actually algae but a type of bacteria called cyanobacteria.
Blue-green algae flourish the best in warm, nutrient-rich water bodies and manifest into big blooms. It has a soft and slimy texture and an interesting earthy smell. It usually grows on the substrate and the glass, where it is exposed to light the most.
What Causes The Growth Of Blue-Green Algae In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of blue-green algae in tanks:
- Bright light settings and a high level of organic nutrients in the water
- Newly set up tanks during the break-in period canât fight algae bloom
- Low water circulation in the tank
How To Get Rid Of Blue-Green Algae In An Aquarium?
MPCA doesnât recommend using chemical treatments to get rid of blue-green algae. That may kill the algae successfully, but toxins contained in their cells will be released into the water at once.
You can try this technique instead.
Step 1: Remove as much BGA as you can manually and change about 50% of the water.
Step 2: Test the level of nitrate. 20ppm is generally whatâs required for fish tanks. If itâs below that, add potassium nitrate.
Step 3: Increase water circulation to prevent idle spots and add airs stones.
Step 4: Turn off the aquarium lights and cover it for 3-4 days (fish can easily go from 3-7 days without food).
Step 5: Perform another 50% water change.
Step 6: Take out the air stones.
Best Blue Green Algae Eater
Algae eaters donât prefer feeding on this type of algae. So, donât count on them for this matter.
Green Water Algae
Green Water Algae is not harmful to the fish. But itâs a downright eyesore to look at, donât you think?
Actually, many fish and plants live perfectly under green water algae in their natural habitat. But it doesnât mean you need to keep a tank the color of pea soup.
Green water algae outbreak is caused by the explosive growth of single-called green planktonic algae. Once the nutrient level in the tank depletes, these can disappear as quickly as they appear.
However, thatâs not exactly good. A sudden disappearance will lower oxygen levels, which can be fatal to your fish.
What Causes The Growth Of Green Water Algae In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of green water algae in tanks:
- The light is set too bright, or your tank is exposed to direct light from the sun
- Nutritional imbalance in planted tanks
- Often occurs during the cycling phase of a newly set tank
- Spike in ammonia level in the water
How To Get Rid Of Green Water Algae In An Aquarium?
As green water algae are made up of single-celled organisms, regular water changes wonât work.
Even if you change 99.99% of the water, few organisms will still be left in the tank. Theyâll reproduce quickly and change the waterâs color to green once again in a matter of no time.
Instead, what youâll need is a UV sterilizer that can cure the problem within a span of two weeks. You can also use the blackout method and deprive the tank of any light for a week or so.
However, that can be quite harsh to your aquariumâs plants and fish. So, itâs better to go with a UV sterilizer.
Best Green Water Algae Eater
- Siamese algae eater
Hair algae, also called fuzz or thread algae, is a filamentous algae species that grows in long yet soft and loose threads.
These algae are notorious for clinging on plants, decorations, and even gravel of the aquarium. When taken out of the water, hair algae feel and behave exactly like hairâhence, the name.
These grow super-fast and are quite stubborn, too.
What Causes The Growth Of Hair/Fuzz Algae In An Aquarium?
Here are the main reasons behind the growth of hair/fuzz algae in tanks:
- A combination of high nutrient level in the water and slow-growing aquatic plants
- Bright light sources or direct sunlight
- A deficit of nitrate and CO2 in water
- High level of phosphate in water
How To Get Rid Of Hair/Fuzz Algae In An Aquarium?
Once again, the best way to remove hair algae is by using your two hands. Since these algae leech on the plants, youâll have to hold down the plants with one hand remove algae with another. You can also twist it around a skewer with a rough surface (like a toothbrush) and pull it out.
Similarly, turn off the aquarium lights at night to replicate the day/night cycle. Lastly, there are lots of algae eaters that love to nibble on hair algae. Thus, stocking one or two of them might go a long way.
Best Hair/Fuzz Algae Eater
- Florida Flagfish
- Amano Shrimp
- Siamese algae eater
- Red Fire Shrimp
Conclusion: How to Get Rid of Algae in an Aquarium?
There are approximately 6000-8000 green algae species in the world â 90% is freshwater and 10% is marine.
In this blog, I shared 10 tips on how to get rid of algae in an aquarium and tried to shed light on the 6 most common types of algae. That should pretty much cover what we hobby aquarists should know.
As fish keepers, itâs crucial to understand that weâre not in a battle against algaeâjust like a squeaky-clean water tank isnât always the best.
If thereâs a small algae patch forming on the driftwood or rocks, donât panic. In fact, algae intake excess nutrients while producing oxygen for your tank. See, itâs not all vices.
However, if it starts covering the glass, substrate, or plants, thatâs when you need to take action.
Anyway, remember, itâs all about finding a balance in your tankâs ecosystem for a healthy and thriving fish tank.
5 Best Aquarium Chillers In 2022 â Buyerâs Guide
5 Best Wall Mounted Aquariums in 2022 â Buyerâs Guide |
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Physicists use two types of measurements to calculate the expansion rate of the universe, but their results do not coincide, which may make it necessary to touch up the cosmological model. "It's like trying to thread a cosmic needle," explains researcher Licia Verde of the University of Barcelona, co-author of an article on the implications of this problem.
More than a hundred scientists met this summer at the Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California (USA) to try to clarify what is happening with the discordant data on the expansion rate of the universe, an issue that affects the very origin, evolution and fate of our cosmos. Their conclusions have been published in Nature Astronomy journal.
"The problem lies in the Hubble constant (H0), a parameter which value -it is actually not a constant because it changes with time- indicates how fast the Universe is currently expanding," points out cosmologist Licia Verde, an ICREA researcher at the Institute of Cosmos Sciences of the University of Barcelona (ICC-UB) and the main author of the article.
"There are different ways of measuring this quantity," she explains, "but they can be divided into two major classes: those relying on the Late Universe (the closest to us in space and time) and those based on the Early Universe, and they do not give exactly the same result."
A classic example of measurements in the late universe are those provided by the regular pulsations of cepheid stars, which the astronomer Henrietta Swan Leavitt already observed a century ago and which helped Edwin Hubble calculate distances between galaxies and prove in 1929 that the Universe is expanding.
The current analysis of the variable brightness of cepheids with space telescopes such as the Hubble, along with other direct observations of objects in our cosmic environment and more distant supernovae, indicate that the H0 value is approximately 73.9 kilometres per second per megaparsec (an astronomical unit equivalent to about 3.26 million light years).
However, measurements based on the early Universe provide an average H0 value of 67.4 km/s/Mpc. These other records, obtained with data from the European Space Agency's Planck Satellite and other instruments, are obtained indirectly on the basis of the success of the standard cosmological model (Lambda-CDM model), which proposes a Universe made up of 5 % atoms or ordinary matter, 27 % dark matter (made up of particles, as yet detected, that provide additional gravitational attraction so that galaxies can form and clusters of galaxies are held together) and 68 % dark energy, which is responsible for accelerating the expansion of the Universe.
"In particular, these measurements of the primordial Universe focus on the farthest light that can be observed: the cosmic microwave background, produced when the Universe was only 380,000 years old, in the so-called recombination era (where protons recombined with electrons to form atoms)," says Licia Verde.
The researcher highlights a relevant fact: "There are very different and independent ways (with totally different instruments and scientific tools) to measure the H0 on the basis of the early Universe, and the same goes for the late Universe. What is interesting is that all the measurements of one type are in mutual agreement with one another, at an exquisite precision of 1 or 2 %, as are those of the other type, with the same great precision; but when we compare the measurements of one class with those of the other, the discrepancy arises."
"It looks like a small difference, only 7%, but it is significant considering that we are talking about precisions of 1 or 2% in the value of the Hubble constant," as emphasised by Licia Verde, who jokes: "It is like trying to thread a 'cosmic needle' where its hole is the H0 value measured today and the thread is brought by the model from the furthest Universe we can observe: the cosmic microwave background."
In addition, she points out some of the consequences of the discrepancy: "The lower the H0 is, the older the Universe is. Its current age is calculated at about 13.8 billion years considering that the Hubble constant is 67 or 68 km/s/Mpc; but if its value were 74 km/s/Mpc, our universe would be younger: it would be approximately 12.8 billion years old."
Modifying the model in the early Universe
The authors point out in their study that this anomaly does not seem to depend on the instrument or method used for measuring, or on human equipment or sources. "If there are no errors in the data or measurements, could it be a problem with the model?" the researcher asks.
"After all, the H0 values of the primordial Universe class are based on the standard cosmological model, which is very well established, very successful, but which we can try to change a little to solve the discrepancy," says the expert. "However, we cannot tamper with the characteristics of the model that work very well".
If the data continue to confirm the problem, theoretical physicists seem to agree that the most promising route for solving it is to modify the model just before the light observed of the cosmic microwave background was formed, i.e. just before recombination (in which there was already 63 % dark matter, 15 % photons, 10 % neutrinos and 12 % atoms). One of the ideas proposed is that, shortly after the Big Bang, an intense episode of dark energy could have occurred that expanded the Universe faster than previously calculated.
"Although it is still highly speculative, with this fine-tuned model, the H0 value obtained with measurements based on the primordial Universe could coincide with local measurements," notes Licia Verde, who concludes: "It won't be easy, but in this way we could thread the cosmic needle without breaking what works well in the model."
Licia Verde, Tommaso Treu & Adam G. Riess. "Tensions between the early and late Universe". Nature Astronomy 3: 891-895, October 2019 |
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Ĩããã¨ããäģčĻãĻããããŧã¸ãé¸æããĻããæååãæ¸ĄããĻįģé˛ãããå ´åããããžããããŽãããĒå ´åã¯ãBookmarkletãäŊæããã¨éŖæēã§ããžãã
## Bookmarkletã¨ã¯
Bookmarkletã¯ãWebããŠãĻãļãŧãŽããã¯ããŧã¯æŠčŊ㧠URLé¨åãĢ JavaScriptãč¨čŋ°ãããã¨ã§ãããã¯ããŧã¯ãã¯ãĒãã¯ããããįšåŽãŽãšã¯ãĒãããåäŊããããã¨ãã§ããã¨ããããŽã
## JavaScriptãäŊæãã
ãžãã¯ãåäŊãããã JavaScriptãäŊãŖãĻčĄããžããJavaScriptãäŊãå ´åãChromeãŽããããããŧããŧãĢãäŊŋãã¨äžŋåŠã§ããåŗä¸ãŽãĄããĨãŧããŋãŗãããããŽäģãŽããŧãĢâããããããŧããŧãĢãã¨ã¯ãĒãã¯ããžãããããConsoleããŋããã¯ãĒãã¯ããã¨ããããĢæåãå
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ããããåŠį¨ããĻãkintoneãĢæ¸Ąãããããŧãŋãå åˇĨããžããäžãã°ãæŦĄãŽãšã¯ãĒããã¯ãAmazonãŽååããŧã¸ãéããįļæ
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## BookmarkletãäŊã
Bookmarkletã¯ãæščĄãããã¨įģé˛ã§ããĒããããäŊãŖããšã¯ãĒãããã¨ããŖãŋãŧãĒãŠãĢč˛ŧãäģããĻãæščĄãåãé¤ããžããæŦĄãŽãããĒæããĢãĒããžãã
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ãããĻãé ãĢ JavaScriptã§ãããã¨ãį¤ēããjavascript:ããäģå ããžãã
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## kintoneã§åäŋĄãã
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## ããĄããŽäŊåãčĻãããĻããžã
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## čĒåããã¤æģãŦãããããĒããããŠã
éēããããĸãã¯ããããŽã§ããŖãĻãģããã
### īŧãã¯ãĩãšãģããŗīŧãŽããŽãĨãããŽčæ¯ãĢã¯âå¤įâã¨ããããŧã¯ãŧããæŦ ãããĒãã¨æããŽã§ãããäģéãããã´ãŖãŗããŧã¸åĨŊããĢãĒãŖãããŖãããæããĻãã ããã
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### ããããã¯ãĒãĒããŖã¨ãããŽã¯īŧãã¯ãĩãšãģããŗīŧã§ã大äēãĢãããĻããžãããã
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A General Survey
Arguably the most profound discovery in our years of working on the word âspiritâ can be summed up very simply: âThere is no easy, succinct summary!â
The classical uses of pneuma are varied. Its earliest appearance in literature, according to Liddell/Scott, is in the ancient tragic dramas, where it referred to a blast of wind. Later, Thucydides used it of both a breeze, and an influence. Hippocrates and other physicians used it for the âbreath of lifeâ (at either the beginning or the end), for ordinary respiration, and even for flatulence! Others referred to any odor, to the âbreathâ (grammatically) with which a Greek vowel is pronounced, an immaterial being (including people who had died), or the rhetoricianâs declamation of a sentence in a single breath.
The LXX used it of both the âspirit of Godâ and the âspirit of a manâ, and Plato of divine inspiration.
Bauer adds that in non-Biblical literature the reference was to âwhat lives after death in the underworld,â or what one âgives upâ at death. It was considered the source of insight, feelings, and will â a part of the human personality separate from either sarx (flesh) or soma (body). Both Bauer and Thayer then launch into lengthy descriptions of theological disputes, but these have nothing to do with the etymology of the word, or its usage in the New Testament. They are later interpretations.
The New Testament uses pneuma in three primary ways: the Holy Spirit, the human spirit, and evil or unclean spirits. There are also a few references (Lk.24:37, 39; Heb.12:23, I Pet.3:19) that could be interpreted in a more âghostlyâ fashion.
Most of the references to evil or unclean spirits are in gospel accounts of Jesus banishing them (at least 29 times), or entrusting his disciples with the authority to do so, and similar situations in Acts (at least 7), although several epistles also warn against âseducing spiritsâ (I Tim.4:1), âdeceptive spiritsâ (II Thes.2:2), âanother spiritâ (II Cor.11:4), and a âspirit of bondageâ (Rom.8:15). John (I Jn.4:1-6) gives careful instructions for determining the validity of âspiritualâ claims, which folks today would still be wise to heed, with regard to all the âspiritualityâ talk going around: âAny spirit that does not acknowledge Jesus, is not from Godâ! In the Revelation, reference is also made to spirits connected with the âanimal/beastâ that opposes God. The most important thing to derive from all of these is the proclamation â and demonstration â that none of them is capable of standing against the Lord Jesus or his representatives!!!
All too often, people want to sort everything into an influence or activity of either the Holy Spirit or evil spirits, forgetting that it is often necessary to deal simply with the human spirit (about 40 times in the NT), which may, but need not, be influenced by either one. It is simply a part of human individuality, and people must choose, many times throughout life, to what sort of spirit they will subject their own! Paul speaks of âserving God with my spiritâ (Rom.1:9), of being âpresent with you in spiritâ (I Cor.5:3), of having his âspirit refreshedâ (II Cor.7:13) by the faithfulness of brethren. He admonishes his readers to be âfervent in spiritâ (Rom.12:11). In I Cor.2:11, he refers specifically to the âspirit of manâ, and there are many more such instances. Many refer to peopleâs attitudes, inclinations, or dispositions (I Cor.4:21, I Pet.3:4, Gal.6:1), or simply to the end of their lives (Mt.27:50, Jn.19:30, Lk.8:55, Ac.7:59).
The KJV translators tried to solve the ambiguity problem by (usually, not always) changing the word to âGhostâ when it appeared with hagios (holy). In the instances where pneuma appears with only the definite article (âtheâ), the context usually makes the reference fairly obvious. These provide descriptions, definitions, and demonstrations of the Holy Spirit.
Descriptive designations usually include a genitive case which denotes the source or possession of the spirit. They include: âThe Spirit of Godâ (at least 19 times, including Mt.3:16, Rom.8:9,14; I Cor.3:16, 6:11, 7:40, and references to âthe seven spirits of Godâ in Rev.1:4, 3:1, and 4:5); âthe Spirit of Jesusâ (Phil.1:19); âthe Spirit of Christâ (Rom.8:9); the Spirit of the Father (Mt.10:20); âthe Spirit of the Lordâ (Lk.4:18); and âthe spirit of the living Godâ (II Cor.3:3). Others reflecting his activity include âthe spirit of lifeâ (Rom.8:2), âthe spirit of adoptionâ (Rom.8:15), âthe spirit of truthâ (Jn.14 and 16); âthe spirit of wisdomâ (Eph.1:17), and âthe spirit of promiseâ (Eph.1:13).
Jesus provided several definitions, including Jn.4:24 âGod is spiritâ, Jn.6:63 âThe spirit makes aliveâ, âthe words that I am speaking are spirit and lifeâ, and âthe Spirit of truthâ in Jn.14 and 16. Paul echoes a similar understanding in Rom.8:10, âthe Spirit is lifeâ. In II Cor.1:22 he explains that the Spirit is a down-payment, or guarantee, of the believerâs inheritance, and states plainly in II Cor.3:7, âthe Lord is the spirit.â These together give clear indications of the intimate connection of the Father, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit, as Peter explained in his Pentecost sermon (Ac.2:33). This is not to provoke trinitarian arguments â for one perspective on that subject, please see chapter 2 of Citizens of the Kingdom. I am not sure that most such arguments contribute much to faithful living.
We glean the best idea of the Spiritâs nature and intentions by observing demonstrations of his activity. Although the Holy Spirit was active in the ancient prophets (see Stephenâs sermon in Ac.7),the agent of Jesusâ birth (Mt.1 and Lk.1), the sign to John the Baptist of Jesusâ identity (Mt.3:16, Mk.1:10), and Jesus referred to his âanointingâ in his âinaugural addressâ(Lk.4:18), he was not readily available to most people while Jesus was on earth (Jn.7:39). Jesus promised his coming, and explained the purpose as (Mt.13:11, Lk.12:12) to provide necessary words of testimony when on trial, and (Jn.14:26) to teach and remind disciples of all that Jesus had said. The over-riding purpose (Jn.16:14) is the glory of Jesus!
After Pentecost, the Holy Spirit really got busy! He (Ac.2:4)â âgave the disciples things to sayâ, (2:17-18) â enables all Godâs people to prophesy, (9:2 )â gave specific instructions to Philip (and even carried him off once â 8:35!), (10:11) â coached Peterâs encounter with Cornelius, (11:28 and 21:11) â sent messages through Agabus, (16:6,7) â changed Paulâs travel plans, (4:8) â empowered Peterâs speech before the council, and much more.
The epistles explain some of the activity in greater detail. In Rom.8, we learn that in addition to providing evidence that we belong to Jesus (also II Cor.3:6 and Eph.1:3), he is available to (Rom.8:4-13) empower and regulate the Christian life (v.4 â enabling behavior far beyond mere human capability). This is also documented in I Cor.6:11, II Cor.6:6, and Eph.3:16. He creates unity in the brotherhood (Eph.4:3 and Phil.2:1) â even uniting Jew and Gentile, which âeverybody knewâ was impossible (Eph.2:18) â and provides âgiftsâ (see W.S.#25) for its maintenance and growth. He expects us to work at that job as well, exercising those gifts (I Cor.12:4-13) for the benefit of all, and teaching one another (Eph.5:18).
It is only by his power that a believer can stand before Caesar â or any other gods of nationalism â and declare his superior allegiance to Jesus and his Kingdom (see W.S. #4), even when it may cost him his life (I Cor.12:3).
He fills the hearts of his people with the love of God (Rom.5:5), and reassures us that we belong to him (Rom.9:1), creating âjoy in the Holy Spiritâ (Rom.14:17).
His presence transforms life, gradually removing all traces of the old ways (I Cor.6:11), and recreating it in the image of Jesus (Gal.5:15-25).
He enables continual prayer (Jude 20), and when we are at a loss to know how to pray, steps in and does it for us (Rom.8:26)!
He creates, enables, and sustains our life in Christ!
Thanks be to God! |
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| ãåŽĸæ§ãããŽãäžŋã | 15:57 | comments:0 | trackbacks:0 | TOPâ |
Improving Week 2 Weather Forecasts Through "Re-Forecasting"
Researchers examine errors in old weather forecasts to improve skill of weather models
Susan Bacon, Winter 2004
Surface temperature forecast bias, St. Louis, Missouri
Click image for more detail
Decisions such as whether to carry an umbrella to work or whether to evacuate an area before a serious storm hits are a lot easier to make with the help of weather forecasts. But as any nightly news viewer knows, these forecasts are not perfect. In fact, the further into the future forecasts look, the more likely they are to be inaccurate. Now, two researchers at the ESRL Physical Sciences Division are trying to improve the skill of forecasts one to two weeks ahead, where current forecasts have very little skill. But instead of modifying current computer forecast models or using more satellite data, PSD scientists Jeff Whitaker and Tom Hamill are examining the errors of old weather forecasts to get a clearer picture of the future.
Why is it so difficult for a supercomputer model using tens of millions of weather observations from satellites and radars and weather balloons to forecast the weather correctly in the first place? There two major sources of errors in weather forecasts, "chaos" and "model error." The longer the forecast, the larger these errors become.
Chaos is a mathematical buzzword describing the property that errors tend to grow exponentially in certain systems of equations. The evolution of the weather can be described with a very large set of equations, and numerical weather forecasts exhibits this chaos. Practically, what this means is that if a weather feature at is not described perfectly at the start of the numerical forecast, the initially small error will grow very rapidly and eventually ruin it. As the classic example goes, suppose the current state of the weather were known perfectly except for one unaccounted-for flap of a butterfly's wings in Asia. Incredibly, that initially small error in the computer representation of the weather can grow fast enough to render the forecast over the U.S. two weeks later nearly useless.
Another reason that weather models cannot make accurate medium-range weather forecasts is that the models themselves are imperfect codifications of the laws of nature. Although there are millions of equations for each model, there still is not enough computer resources available to represent all the small-scale details. The computer model of the weather thus treats the weather over you as being the same as the weather a block down the road. Further, all those little details -- how the wind is slowed blowing around your house, or how much water evaporated from the pond down the road -- these are only treated approximately, averaged over many houses and many ponds. Without a perfect description of every house and every pond, "model errors" are inevitably introduced.
Between model errors and chaos, a two-week forecast of the weather taken directly from the computer has nearly no skill at all. It is hard to determine what aspects of the weather remain predictable versus which are unpredictable. It can also be hard to determine whether, say, a cold, wet forecast indicates snow or just a systematic tendency for the model to be too cold or too wet.
Whitaker and Hamill address both these problems by generating a collection, or "ensemble" of 2-week computer forecasts for each day during the last 23 years. Each member of the ensemble was started from only a slightly different estimate of the starting weather condition.
The Whitaker and Hamill approach does not result in a perfect forecast, they found that they could make a much better forecast. They used the data set of old forecasts to understand and correct for the effects of chaos and model error in the current forecast. First, with an archive of old forecasts and the actual weather that happened, they were able to determine errors in the model, where it was consistently too warm or too cold, too wet or too dry. They could then adjust the current forecasts to back out these errors.
Second, by running an ensemble of forecasts, the consistency between these forecasts provided a way of distinguishing between situations that were predictable and those that were unpredictable. If the ensemble of forecasts were all very different from each other, then the forecast was largely unpredictable. However, in situations where the forecasts were all indicating similar temperature or precipitation anomalies, that consistency provided an indication that the forecast that day was predictable. Whitaker and Hamill demonstrated the validity of this technique using a relatively crude version of the weather forecast model that the National Weather Service (NWS) uses to make their forecasts. Only by using this simpler model was it computationally feasible to run the current ensemble of forecasts and ensembles for the past 23 years. Nonetheless, Whitaker and Hamill's forecasts proved to be more skillful than the operational week 2 forecasts produces by the NWS. These forecasts were produced subjectively with forecasters manually synthesizing different computer forecasts but without the aid of a database of past forecasts. As a result of Whitaker and Hamill's efforts, the NWS will be adopting their approach as a starting point for making week 2 forecasts.
As computer power grows each year, the complexity of weather forecast models will grow as well. But the take-home message of Whitaker and Hamill's research is that making a more complex computer model is not the end of the forecast process, but the beginning. The forecast model needs to be tested on lots of old weather scenarios. That way, before disseminating a forecast to the public, intelligent corrections can be made to remove model errors and determine what is predictable and what is not. |
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ä¸č¨ãĢåčč¨äēãį´šäģããĻãããŽã§ãč¯ããŖããįĸēčĒããĻãã ããã
EPS,BPS,åēåŽčŗįŖåčģĸįãåŖ˛ä¸åĩ樊åčģĸįãč¨åæčŗãįĸēčĒããããŧãĢããããžãã
貥åææ¨ãŽåččŗæ
貥åããŧãŋãŽåččŗæīŧ
貥ååæãŽåččŗæīŧīŧ
貥åčĢ¸čĄ¨ įĸēčĒããŧãĢīŧ
EPSįĸēčĒããŧãĢīŧ
EPSįĸēčĒããŧãĢīŧ |
æčŋåįããĒããŽã§æŽãŖãĻãŋãžããã
ããļãããĒãšãĢãŧãããĸãŧãˇã§ãŗã¸ã§ããŧã
ããŽããŗã¯ãŽããŖã¤ããŖãŊãã¯ãŗãããĒããŽåéã
ãĩã¤ãēåããŽãããããĒãããŠãģãģãģãŖãĻč¨ããĒãã
ããŦãŧãŗãããĻãããããŽãĒãã§ãã
ããŧã¯ãščŖŊã§ããããŽåéã¯äēēåŊĸč
ã§ã¯ãĒããŽã§ããã
į§ãŽãããĢããŧã¯ãšå
ĨãŖãĻčŋˇãŖãĻ財ãŖãĻããããã§ãããã
å¯æããŽãé¸ãã§ãããããĒãã¨ããäŊãäģãĢããĻæãããŽããããžãã
æãåēãæãå
ĨããããããŽããŋãããĒã
ã§ãæåãĢįãããŽããããŽåã ãŖããã§ãã
äģã§ãããŽãæ´æčĻãã¨ããããã¨ãã ãĒãã¨æããããĒãã§ããã
âââ
ããŧã¨ãã¨ããããäŊããããŽåŦãįŠãĢåēããããããĢ
äŊããããĒããĻã¯ãŧã
ã¨ããããããã°ããžãã
ææãããã¨ãããããžããīŧ |
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When did bread come to Europe?
Bread is found in Neolithic sites in Turkey and Europe from around 9,100 years ago.
What is the history and origin of bread?
According to history, the earliest bread was made in or around 8000 BC in the Middle East, specifically Egypt. The quern was the first known grinding tool. Romans invented water-milling around 450 BC and as such, they took bread to what was subsequently regarded as an art form.
Did bread originate in France?
The History of French Bread The beginnings of French bread can be found in Vienna in the middle of the 19th century. Prior to this period, bread was baked in a dry oven, producing a loaf that was less consistent in texture. Since most bakers got up well before this to start their loaves, a change was made.
When did bread come to Britain?
The south of England became a centre of agriculture â barley and oats were grown freely; by 500 BC wheat in Britain started to become important. In Rome, risen yeasted bread became popular and by 500 BC a circular quern was developed â a circular stone wheel turned on another which was fixed.
Who eats the most bread in Europe?
In this year, the leading country in terms of bread consumption was Turkey with approximately 104 kilograms of bread consumed per person per year, followed by Bulgaria at 95 kilograms.
Which European country has the best bread?
Germans have more bakeries and eat more varieties of bread than most other countries in the world (although we might not go toe-to-toe with France on the bakery count).
How did bread change the world?
The cultivation of wheat and the making of bread allowed larger groups of people to live together in sedentary communities. This allowed them to develop technologies. It allowed them to have large societies that came to have things like governments. All of these are very important changes.
Where does French bread originate from?
What makes bread in France so good?
Some say the generally higher gluten content makes French bread better than U.S. bread. But most of what matters lies in the quality of each ingredient. The longer a bread is fermented, the better its flavor will be. Breads in France and the best ones in New York are fermented longer, Dyck said.
What is the oldest type of bread?
Researchers working in north-eastern Jordan have found the charred remains of a flatbread baked by hunter-gatherers 14,400 years ago â the oldest direct evidence of bread yet found, predating the advent of agriculture by at least 4000 years.
How did they bake bread in the old days?
Early humans made bread by mixing crushed grains with water and spreading the mixture on stones to bake in the sun. Later, similar mixtures were baked in hot ashes. The Romans sometimes used a leaven made of grape juice and millet to hasten the fermentation of their breads.
How big was a piece of bread in medieval Europe?
In medieval Europe, bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service. In the standard table setting of the day the trencher, a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches (15 cm by 10 cm), was served as an absorbent plate.
Whatâs the history of bread in the world?
Bread History. Bread appeared in all corners of the Earth when people domesticated their plants. It was made from different ingredients and in different ways but it became staple food of all cultures.
Which is the most popular bread in Europe?
If you thought you knew which side your bread was buttered, go ahead on an exclusive European tour of breads: itâs the best thing since sliced you-know-whatâĻ Letâs start with the quintessential of Portuguese breads: the Papo Secos, which is the most popular bread eaten all over the country both in homes and a staple at every restaurant.
When did bread first become a staple food?
Cereals and bread became a staple food during the Neolithic, somewhere around 10,000 years ago, when wheat and barley were some of the first plants to be domesticated in the so-called âFertile Crescentâ, region of Mesopotamia and near Nile. |
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COLUMBIA PLATEAU REGIONAL PROFILE
The sagebrush steppe is an iconic habitat of the western United States, a seemingly vast and open landscape described by some as the âsagebrush sea.â Here in Washington State, approximately 10.5 million acres of the Columbia Plateau ecoregion were once covered by sagebrush and native grasses. Today, these arid lands have largely been converted to agricultural fields and fragmented by residential and urban development, resulting in over 50% loss of our historic sagebrush habitat.
The remaining sagebrush areas are under threat from climate change, development pressure, increased fire frequency, incompatible grazing practices, and invasive species.
Through community science and advocacy, landowner outreach, collaborative partnerships and policy initiatives, Audubon Washington and our local chapters are building on our record of conservation action to support local economies and secure the future for sagebrush bird species and the habitat they rely on.
PROTECTING THREATENED SAGEBRUSH SONGBIRDS
The Sagebrush Songbird Survey, launched in 2014 in collaboration with the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, was designed to address gaps in our knowledge about bird species distribution in the sagebrush steppe. Our three target species - Sagebrush Sparrow, Sage Thrasher, and Brewer's Sparrow - function as "umbrella" species for other birds with similar habitat associations.
The data collected in this multi-year, million-acre survey has helped us determine priority areas for sagebrush bird conservation. The results from the Sagebrush Songbird Survey will be used to inform large-scale conservation projects and help incorporate wildlife values into local and multi-state land use, transportation, and energy and climate planning.
The project has also galvanized Audubon chapters across eastern WA, who are now using this data to advocate for the protection of the best remaining sagebrush areas.
- Ensure that new baseline data on sagebrush songbirds is incorporated into land use planning and management.
- Leverage public-private partnerships in support of habitat connectivity and fire protection and rehabilitation.
- Secure funding to support stakeholder process for least-conflict solar siting
PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS TOWARDS IMPROVED FIRE RESPONSE AND HABITAT CONNECTIVITY
Rangeland fire poses a risk to people, livelihoods, ecosystems, and wildlife and is a significant threat to sagebrush habitat in our state. In 2020, wildfires burned nearly 800,000 thousand acres of sagelands in Washington alone, putting species like the Greater Sage-grouse at risk of being lost from our state. Audubon and our partners at the Arid Lands Initiative (ALI) are examining options for rangeland fire protection and landscape rehabilitation. Together, we are working to ensure that policy and coordination efforts address post-fire rehabilitation needs for priority areas.
In 2019 Audubon Washington helped pass the Clean Energy Transformation Act and concluded our six-year sagebrush songbird survey. As our state builds the solar energy needed to reach 100% clean electricity, weâre committed to reducing the impact of solar infrastructure on birds and habitat.
In 2020, we worked with a bipartisan group of stakeholders and legislators to secure state funding for a stakeholder driven process to guide utility-scale solar development towards areas with the least conflicting values. Unfortunately, Covid-related budget cuts defunded this important project.
Audubon Washington and our partners are now exploring private-sector funding alternatives to ensure that future solar siting decisions are driven by stakeholder preferences and a desire to protect valuable landscapes in Washington.
Weâre the Voice for Birds
BIRDS AND PEOPLE MATTER
The largest bird-conservation network in Washington, Audubon has the perspective and resources to tackle issues facing our sagebrush birds. And because weâre local everywhere, base our work on science, and we take time to listen to all perspectives, weâre trusted by a diverse array of stakeholders. This enables us to build the kind of collaboration required to develop and implement solutions that balance the needs of birds, people, and economies of Washingtonâs Columbia Plateau. |
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įŽæŦĄ
## č¨åŽé
įŽãŽä¸čĻ§
åæč¨åŽãŽé
įŽã¯äģĨä¸ã§ãã
åēæŦįãĒč¨åŽã¯åĒäŊãŽčĒå°ãĢåžããã¨ã§č¨åŽã§ããããåŋé
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įŽãĢã¤ããĻåãä¸ããĻããžãã
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|ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēå
|ãĸãĢãĻãŗã
|1.ãĸãĢãĻãŗãč¨åŽ
|1.1
|ãĸãĢãĻãŗããŽæ¨ŠéįĸēčĒãģéį¨č
ã¸ãŽæ¨Šéäģä¸
|1.2
|åį¨Žč¨æ¸Ŧãŋã°ãŽč¨įŊŽ
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|Googleåēåãŋã°
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|GoogleåēåãŽãŗãŗããŧã¸ã§ãŗãĒãŗãĢãŧ
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|1.3
|åį¨Žč¨æ¸Ŧãŋã°ãŽįēįĢããšã
|1.4
|įŽæ¨KPIãŽįč§Ŗ
|1.5
|äēåãŽãĒãšãč¨åŽ
|1.6
|ãĸãĢãĻãŗãã¸ãŽå
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|2.ããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽ
|2.1
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|2.2
|å
ĨææĻįĨ
|2.3
|ãŗãŗããŧã¸ã§ãŗãĸã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽč¨åŽ
|3.é
äŋĄč¨åŽ
|3.1
|éå§æĨã¨įĩäēæĨ
|3.2
|å°å
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|3.3
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|3.4
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|4.ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°č¨åŽ
|4.1
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|ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ããĸããŋãĒãŗã°
|4.2
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|5.ããŖãŗããŧãŗåãŗåēåã°ãĢãŧããŽč¨åŽ
|5.1
|ããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗč¨åŽīŧ
æéŠåãįĄæé
|5.2
|ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧã
|5.3
|ãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋ
|5.4
|åēåã°ãĢãŧããŽå
Ĩæå䞥
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|6.åēåč¨åŽ
|6.1
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|6.2
|åēåčĻåēããčĒŦææ
|6.3
|åãããããåēååãŽč¨åŽ
|6.4
|åŠį¨čĒåĨãŽããĒãˇãŧéĩåŽ
|6.5
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|6.6
|襨į¤ēURLãŽããšãŽč¨åŽ
|6.7
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|7.åēå襨į¤ēãĒããˇã§ãŗč¨åŽ
|7.1
|ãĩã¤ããĒãŗã¯čĄ¨į¤ēãĒããˇã§ãŗ
|LPãŽãĒãŗã¯å
|éŠåŋå
ãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗ
|7.2
|æ§é åãšãããããĒããˇã§ãŗ
|7.3
|éģ芹įĒåˇčĄ¨į¤ēãĒããˇã§ãŗ
|éģ芹įĒåˇ
|æ˛čŧæĨæ
|ããŧã¯ãŧã
|8.ããŧã¯ãŧãč¨åŽ
|8.1
|ããããŋã¤ã
|8.2
|8.3
|ããŖãšããŦã¤åēå
|ããĒãŧã¯ã¨ãŗãˇãŧããŖãã
|2.4
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ãĸããŖãããŖããĢãšãŋã ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãčŠŗãããĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§ãčŗŧ財ææŦ˛ããŠã¤ãã¤ããŗãããĒããŧãąããŖãŗã°ããĢãšãŋããŧããããéĄäŧŧãĻãŧãļãŧ
|ãĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§
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|ãããŧãŽããĒãˇãŧéĩåŽ
## 1.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽãĸãĢãĻãŗãč¨åŽ
### 1.1.ãĸãĢãĻãŗããŽæ¨ŠéįĸēčĒãģéį¨č
ã¸ãŽæ¨Šéäģä¸
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### 1.2åį¨Žč¨æ¸Ŧãŋã°ãŽč¨įŊŽ
åēåãŽåšæãįŽĄįįģéĸä¸ã§æ¸ŦåŽãããããĢã¯ãåēåãŽãŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãĢč¨æ¸Ŧį¨ãŽãŋã°ãč¨įŊŽããåŋ
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¨ããŧã¸ãĢč¨įŊŽããžãã
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¨ããŧã¸ãĢč¨åŽãããŋã°ãŽãã¨ã§ãã
### 1.5.äēåãŽãĒãšãč¨åŽ
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įšãĢãĻã§ããĩã¤ããĢč¨ĒåãããĻãŧãļãŧãŽããŧãŋãčįŠãããĒããŧãąããŖãŗã°ãĒãšãã¯ãč¨åŽãé
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## 2.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽ
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įŽãå¤ããããããŖãŗããŧãŗåäŊã§č¨åŽããé
įŽã¯ããžãå¤ããããžãããããŖãŗããŧãŗã¯ãäēįŽãįŽĄįããåäŊã§ãããããč˛ģį¨å¯žåšæãĢį´æĨéĸäŋãããéčĻãĒč¨åŽãå¤ãã§ãã
### 2.2.å
ĨææĻįĨ
ãŠãŽææ¨ãéčĻããĻčĒåå
ĨæãŽå
Ĩæå䞥ãæąēããããããŽč¨åŽãčĄããŽããå
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ĨææĻįĨãé¸æãã
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## 3.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽé
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### 3.2.å°å
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GoogleåēåãŽå ´åã[å°å]ãããã¯[č¨åŽ]ãããé
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Ĩæå䞥čĒŋæ´ãŽč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ããYahoo!åēåãŽå ´åã¯ã[ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°]ãŽ[å°å]ããããã¯[ããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽæ
å ą]ãããå°åãŽéåŽãé¤å¤ãå
Ĩæå䞥čĒŋæ´ãå¯čŊã§ãã
ãžããGoogleåēåãŽ[č¨åŽ]ãYahoo!åēåãŽ[ããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽæ
å ą]ããããŠãŽãããĒã°ãĢãŧããå°åãĢããĻãããããé¸æãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
### 3.3.åēåãŽãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢ
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã§ã¯ãåēåé
äŋĄãŽãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãããæåŽããæé帯ãææĨãĢãŽãŋåēåã襨į¤ēããããå
Ĩæå䞥čĒŋæ´ãč¨åŽããĻãææĨãæé帯ãĢããŖãĻå
Ĩæå䞥ãåŧãä¸ããããžãã¯åŧãä¸ããããã¨ãå¯čŊã§ãã
GoogleåēåãĢãããĻã¯ã[åēåãŽãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢ]ãããåēåé
äŋĄããããææĨãã¨ãæé帯ããããããããŽãšãąã¸ãĨãŧãĢãŽå
Ĩæå䞥čĒŋæ´ãč¨åŽå¯čŊã§ããYahoo!åēåãĢãããĻã¯[ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°]ãŽ[ææĨãģæé帯]ãããã¯[ããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽæ
å ą]ãŽ[ææĨãģæé帯]ããč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
### 3.4.IPãĸããŦãšé¤å¤
IPãĸããŦãšã¨ã¯ãįĢ¯įãĢč¨ãã°ãPCããšããŧãããŠãŗãčåĨãããããŽįĒåˇãŽãã¨ã§ããIPãĸããŦãšãŽé¤å¤ãčĄããã¨ã§ãį¤žå
ãŽããŊãŗãŗã§æ¤į´ĸããã¨ããĢåēåé
äŋĄããããã¨ãé˛ããžãã
Googleåēåã§ããã°ã[č¨åŽ]ãããIPãĸããŦãšãå
ĨåããĻé¤å¤ãå¯čŊã§ãã
Yahoo!åēåã¯ã2020åš´11æįžå¨ãIPãĸããŦãšé¤å¤č¨åŽãĢ寞åŋããĻããžããã
å¤ããŽãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°č¨åŽã¯ãããŖãŗããŧãŗåäŊãåēåã°ãĢãŧãåäŊããŠãĄãã§ãå¯čŊãĢãĒãŖãĻããžãããžããåēåãŽææãįŽĄįįģéĸäģĨå¤ã§įĸēčĒããããåēååĒäŊãæ¨ĒæããĻææãįĸēčĒãããå ´åãĢč¨åŽããããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧããããŖãŗããŧãŗåäŊãåēåã°ãĢãŧãåäŊããããã¯ãĸãĢãĻãŗããåēååäŊã§č¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
## 4.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°č¨åŽ
GoogleīŧãĸããŖãããŖãčŠŗãããĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§ãčŗŧ財ææŦ˛ããĒããŧãąããŖãŗã°ããĢãšãŋããŧããããéĄäŧŧãĻãŧãļãŧ
YahooīŧãĒãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°
### 4.1.ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãš
GoogleåēåãŽãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšã¯åēåã°ãĢãŧãã§č¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšã¨ã¯ããįšåŽãŽčåŗãéĸåŋãæåŗããĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§ãæã¤ã¨æ¨åŽããããĻãŧãļãŧãŽã°ãĢãŧããã¨åŽįžŠãããGoogleåēåãŽį¨čĒã§ãã
ããŖãŗããŧãŗãåēåã°ãĢãŧããĢãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãčŋŊå ããčąå¯ãĒãĢãã´ãĒããéĸåŋåžåãããŽäģãŽæĄäģļãé¸æããã¨ãããŽãĢãã´ãĒãĢåŊãĻã¯ãžãã¨æããããĻãŧãļãŧãĢãŋãŧã˛ãããįĩãŖãĻåēåã襨į¤ēãããžãã
Googleåēåã§ã¯ãéåģãŽæ¤į´ĸããĩã¤ãé˛čĻ§ãŽįļæŗãããĻãŧãļãŧãåãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãĢåéĄããĻããããĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãĢ寞ãããŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãå¯čŊã§ãããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã§åŠį¨ã§ãããĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãĢã¯äģĨä¸ãŽãããĒį¨ŽéĄããããžãã
ãĸããŖãããŖ: ãĻãŧãļãŧãįąä¸ããĻãããã¨ãįŋæ
ŖãčåŗãéĸåŋãĢåēãĨããĻãĻãŧãļãŧãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
čŠŗãããĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§: éˇåš´ãŽįæ´ģįŋæ
ŖãĢåēãĨããĻãĻãŧãļãŧãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
čŗŧ財æå: æčŋãŽčŗŧå
ĨæåãĢåēãĨããĻãĻãŧãļãŧãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
ãĒããŧãąããŖãŗã°: ãåŽĸæ§ãŽãã¸ããšãåŠį¨ãããã¨ãŽãããĻãŧãļãŧãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
ãĢãšãŋããŧ ããã: CRM ããŧãŋãĢåēãĨããĻæĸå饧åŽĸãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
éĄäŧŧãĻãŧãļãŧ: ãĻã§ããĩã¤ããĢãĸã¯ãģãšãããã¨ãŽãããĻãŧãļãŧãæĸå饧åŽĸã¨åããããĒčåŗãéĸåŋãæã¤ãæ°ãããĻãŧãļãŧãĢãĒãŧãããžãã
### 4.2.ããã¤ãš
GoogleåēåãYahoo!åēåã¨ããĢããã¤ãšãŽãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãé¤å¤č¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ããGoogleåēåã§ã¯ã[ããã¤ãš]ãããYahoo!åēåã§ã¯[ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°]ãŽ[ããã¤ãš]ããč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ããé¤å¤č¨åŽãããå ´åã¯ãå
Ĩæå䞥ã-100%ãĢč¨åŽãããã¨ã§čĒŋæ´ãå¯čŊã§ãã
## 5.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗåãŗåēåã°ãĢãŧããŽč¨åŽ
### 5.1.ããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗč¨åŽ
åēåã°ãĢãŧãåäŊã§č¨åŽããžãã
ããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗč¨åŽã§ã¯ãåēåãč¤æ°å
Ĩį¨ŋããéãĢãŠãŽãããĒãĸãĢã´ãĒãēã ã§åēåã襨į¤ēããããŽãæąēåŽããžãã
ãæéŠåããé¸æããã°ãããŧã¯ãŧããæ¤į´ĸčĒåĨãããã¤ãšãå°åãĒãŠãŽãˇã°ããĢãäŊŋį¨ããĻããĒãŧã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽããŗãĢæãéĢãåšæãčĻčžŧããåēåãé
äŋĄãããžãã
GoogleåēåãYahoo!åēåã¨ããĢããæéŠåãããįĄæéãŽããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗīŧæéŠåããĒãīŧããŽãŠãĄããããé¸æãã§ããžããåč
ãŽå ´åãããŧãŋãčįŠãããã°ããĒãŧã¯ãˇã§ãŗãŽããŗãĢããå¤ããŽã¯ãĒãã¯æ°ãčĻčžŧãžããåēåãé
äŋĄããžããåžč
ãŽå ´åãååēåãåįãĢé
äŋĄããįļããžãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊåēåãŽããŧããŧãˇã§ãŗč¨åŽãĢã¤ããĻ
### 5.2.ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧã
ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧããĢã¯ãããŠããŗã°ãĢéĸããæ
å ąãč¨å
Ĩããžãã
ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧãã¯ãĸãĢãĻãŗããããŖãŗããŧãŗãåēåã°ãĢãŧããåēååäŊã§äŊæãå¯čŊã§ãã
įšãĢGoogleãĸããĒããŖã¯ãšã§åēåãŽææãįĸēčĒãããããĢåŋ
čĻãĒUTMããŠãĄãŧãŋãč¨åŽããĻãããã¨ã§ãåĒäŊãčļ
ããĻč˛ģį¨å¯žåšæãįĸēčĒãããã¨ãå¯čŊã§ããäģĨä¸ãŽãããĢč¨åŽããžãã
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utm_content
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ãŽãĒãŗã¯ãåēåĨããããåēåãŽã¯ãĒã¨ã¤ããŖãåĨãĢåéĄãããããĢåŠį¨ããžãã
|toplinkãtextAãĒãŠ
GoogleåēåãĢããããValueTrackããŠãĄãŧãŋããYahoo!åēåãĢããããããŠãããŗã°į¨ããŠãĄãŧãŋããäŊŋãã°ããããĢčŠŗį´°ãĒããŧãŋãåįãĢååžå¯čŊã§ãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊValueTrack ããŠãĄãŧãŋã§ããŠãããŗã°ãč¨åŽãã
åčīŧYahoo!åēåããĢãīŊããŠãããŗã°į¨ããŠãĄãŧãŋãĢã¤ããĻ
### 5.3.ãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋ
ãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋã¯ãããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧãã§č¨åŽããå¤æ°ãĢįšåŽãŽå¤ãäģŖå
Ĩãããã¨ããĢåŠį¨ããžããäžãã°ãããŖãŗããŧãŗãŽããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧããĢ
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ã¨č¨åŽãã2ã¤ãŽåēåãŽãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋãã
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ã¨č¨åŽããå ´åããããããŽåēåãã¯ãĒãã¯ãããã¨ãURLã¯ã
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ãŽãããĢãĒããžãã
ãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋãå¤ããã ãã§ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧããĢäģģæãŽå¤ãæŋå
Ĩãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊéĢåēĻãĒããŠãããŗã°į¨ãŽãĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋãäŊæãã
åčīŧYahoo!åēåããĢãīŊããŠãããŗã°æ
å ąãŽįŽĄįãĢã¤ããĻīŧããŠãããŗã°URLããĢãšãŋã ããŠãĄãŧãŋīŧ
## 6.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽåēåč¨åŽ
åēååäŊã§č¨åŽããããŽã¯ãåēåäŊææãĢåŋ
é ãããã¯æ¨åĨ¨ãŽč¨åŽé
įŽã¨åįžŠã§ãã
### 6.3.åãããããåēååãŽč¨åŽ
Yahoo!ãŽæ¤į´ĸåēåã§ã¯ãåēååēį¨ŋæãĢåēååãč¨å
Ĩããžããåēååã¯čĒįąãĢč¨å
Ĩå¯čŊã§ãããäžãã°ãYYYYMMDD_訴æąå
厚_ãŋã¤ãããŽãããĢãĢãŧãĢãæąēããĻããã¨ããã¤äŊãŖãåēåãĒãŽãããŠãŽåēåã¨ãŠãŽåēåãABããšãããĻãããŽããĒãŠãææĄãããããĒããžãã
### 6.4.åŠį¨čĒåĨãŽããĒãˇãŧéĩåŽ
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã§ä¸æŋčĒãããããããįįąãŽä¸ã¤ãĢãåŠį¨ã§ããĒãčĒåĨãåēåã§åŠį¨ããĻããã¨ãããã¨ãæããããžããããĒãˇãŧãčĒãã§ããã°äēåãĢåéŋã§ããé
įŽãå¤ãããããã§ãã¯ããĒããå
Ĩį¨ŋãé˛ããžãã
Googleåēåã¨Yahoo!åēåã§åŠį¨ã§ããčĒåĨãį°ãĒããããåĒäŊãã¨ãĢããĒãˇãŧãįĸēčĒããžãã
### 6.5.ãŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãŽURLįĸēčĒ
īŧã¤ãŽãĸãĢãĻãŗãã§č¤æ°ãŽãŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãåŠį¨ããĻããå ´åãčĒ¤ãŖãĻį°ãĒããŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãįģé˛ããĻããžããã¨ããããžãããŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ã¯ä¸åēĻįģé˛ããã¨ãįŽĄįįģéĸã§įĸēčĒããããåēåãã¯ãĒãã¯ããĒãã¨įĸēčĒãããã¨ãã§ããžãããåēåã¯ã¯ãĒãã¯ãããĻãããŽãĢãéĸéŖæ§ãŽãĒããŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ã襨į¤ēãããã¨ããææĒãŽäēæ
ãé˛ããããĢãããŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãŽURLã¯äēéã§ãã§ãã¯ããžãããã
### 6.7.ãĸãã¤ãĢį¨ãŽãĒãŗã¯č¨åŽ
ãĸãã¤ãĢã§ãŽæ¤į´ĸãåĸããæ¨äģãĢãããĻã¯ãPCį¨ãŽãŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ã¨ãĸãã¤ãĢį¨ãŽãŠãŗããŖãŗã°ããŧã¸ãŽ2į¨ŽéĄãäŊæãããã¨ãåĸããĻããžãããįšãĢãAMPīŧAccelerated Mobile PagesīŧãåŠį¨ããå ´åãč¨åŽã¯åŋ
é ã§ããGoogleåēåãYahoo!åēåã¨ããĢãĸãã¤ãĢį¨ãŽURLãč¨åŽå¯čŊã§ãã
## 7.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽåēå襨į¤ēãĒããˇã§ãŗč¨åŽ
åēå襨į¤ēãĒããˇã§ãŗã¯ãĸãĢãĻãŗããããŖãŗããŧãŗåäŊãåēåã°ãĢãŧãåäŊã§äŊæãå¯čŊã§ããåēåãŽä¸é¨ãĢ襨į¤ēããããĒããˇã§ãŗã§ãããäŧããããå
厚ãæĄåŧĩãããã¨ãã§ãããããč¨åŽãããã¨ã§ãã¯ãĒãã¯įãŽåä¸ãčĻčžŧããžãã
## 8.ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽããŧã¯ãŧãč¨åŽ
ããŧã¯ãŧãã§č¨åŽããé
įŽã¯ããžãå¤ããããžãããããŠãŽãããĒæ¤į´ĸčĒåĨãĢåēåãæ˛čŧãããŽãããããã¯ããĒããŽãããŠãŽããŧã¯ãŧããŽå
Ĩæå䞥ãéĢãããŽãã¨ããŖãææãĢį´įĩããé
įŽãå¤ããããæ
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čĻã§ãã
### 8.1.ããããŋã¤ã
ããããŋã¤ãã¯ããč¨åŽããããŧã¯ãŧããĢ寞ããĻãŠãŽãããĒæ¤į´ĸčĒåĨã§åēåã襨į¤ēãããããåˇĻåŗããč¨åŽãã§ããé¨åä¸č´ãįĩãčžŧãŋé¨åä¸č´ãããŦãŧãēä¸č´ãåŽå
¨ä¸č´ãŽ4į¨ŽéĄåå¨ããé¨åä¸č´ãģãŠåš
åēãæ¤į´ĸčĒåĨãĢ寞ããĻåēåé
äŋĄããåŽå
¨ä¸č´ã¯ããŧã¯ãŧãã¨æ¤į´ĸčĒåĨãä¸č´ããå ´åãŽãŋåēåé
äŋĄãããžãã
åŽå
¨ä¸č´ã§ããŖãĻãããåĨŗæ§į¨ãŧãããã¨ããŦããŖãŧãšãŧãããã¨ããŖãéĄäŧŧããŋãŧãŗãĢãåēåé
äŋĄããããããéåēĻãĢæ§ã
ãĒããŋãŧãŗãįģé˛ããåŋ
čĻã¯ãããžããã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊããŧã¯ãŧããŽããããŋã¤ããĢã¤ããĻ
### 8.2.å
Ĩæå䞥čĒŋæ´
GoogleåēåãYahoo!åēåå
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ĨæãŽå ´åã¯ãããŖãŗããŧãŗåäŊã§ã¯ãĒãã¯å䞥ã¯č¨åŽå¯čŊã§ãããããŧã¯ãŧããã¨ãĢå
Ĩæå䞥ãč¨åŽãããã¨ã¯åēæĨãžãããä¸æšã§ãååĨã¯ãĒãã¯å䞥åļã§éį¨ããĻããå ´åã¯ãåēåã°ãĢãŧããã¨ããããã¯ããŧã¯ãŧããã¨ãŽå
Ĩæå䞥ãč¨åŽå¯čŊã§ãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊããŧã¯ãŧããŽå
Ĩæå䞥ãŽčĒŋæ´ãĢã¤ããĻ
åčīŧYahoo!åēåããĢãīŊããŧã¯ãŧããŽå
Ĩææšæŗã¨å
Ĩæ䞥æ ŧãŽč¨åŽãĢã¤ããĻ
### 8.3.é¤å¤č¨åŽ
GoogleåēåãYahoo!åēåã¨ããĢãããŧã¯ãŧããŽé¤å¤č¨åŽãčĄããĢã¯ãé¤å¤ããŧã¯ãŧããĒãšããäŊæããããåēåã°ãĢãŧããããŖãŗããŧãŗã§č¨åŽããžãããĒããYahoo!åēåã§ã¯ãå¯žčąĄå¤ããŧã¯ãŧããĒãšãã¨åŧã°ããžããä¸åēĻäŊæãããĒãšãã¯å
¨ãĻãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗã§å
ąį¨å¯čŊãĒãããããšãĻãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗã§åēåé
äŋĄããããĒãããŧã¯ãŧããč¨åŽããåžãåēåã°ãĢãŧããããŖãŗããŧãŗã§čŠŗį´°ãĒč¨åŽãčĄããžãã
é¤å¤ããŧã¯ãŧãã§ãããããŋã¤ãã¯éŠåŋãããžããã襨č¨ãããčĒ¤åčąåãĢãžã§ã¯å¯žåŋããĻããĒããããããŧã¯ãŧããįģé˛ããã¨ããããčŠŗį´°ãĒčĒåĨãįģé˛ããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
## 1.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽãĸãĢãĻãŗãč¨åŽ
ãĸãĢãĻãŗãåäŊã§č¨åŽããšãé
įŽã¯ããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽé
įŽã¨å¤ãããžããã
## 2.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗč¨åŽ
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨é
įŽã¯å¤ãããžããã
### 2.1.ããĒãŧã¯ã¨ãŗãˇãŧããŖãã
ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåã¯ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãĢæ¯ãšãĻ襨į¤ēåæ°ãå¤ããĒããžãããĻãŧãļãŧãĢã¨ãŖãĻįŽæ°ããããĒããĒããžã§ãŽæéãæŠããããããĒãŧã¯ã¨ãŗãˇãŧããŖããã¯ãĻãŧãļãŧãŽåŋįįļæ
ãčããĒãããã1ãĻãŧãļãŧãĢã¤ã6åãžã§ããéąãĢ3åãžã§ãã¨ããŖãé
äŋĄãŽåļéãč¨ããžãããã
## 3.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽé
äŋĄč¨åŽ
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¯æ¤į´ĸæãĢãã襨į¤ēãããžããããããŖãšããŦã¤åēåã¯ãŠãŽãããĒãĩã¤ããčĻãĻãããĻãŧãļãŧãĢãæ˛čŧãããå¯čŊæ§ããããžããäžãã°ãToBãŽååãåãæąãå ´åãåæĨįãĢåēåé
äŋĄããĻãéĢãåšæãåžãããĒããã¨ããããžããäēįŽãåšæãŽéĢãæĨæãĢå¯ãããããĢåæĨãŽé
äŋĄãæ¸ããããčĒåå
Ĩæã§åšæãŽéĢãææĨãæé帯ãĢå¤ãé
äŋĄããã¨ããŖãæŊįãåŋ
čĻã§ãã
## 4.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°č¨åŽ
GoogleåēåīŧãĸããŖãããŖããĢãšãŋã ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãčŠŗãããĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§ãčŗŧ財ææŦ˛ããŠã¤ãã¤ããŗãããĒããŧãąããŖãŗã°ããĢãšãŋããŧããããéĄäŧŧãĻãŧãļãŧYahoo!åēåīŧæ§åĨãåš´éŊĸããĩã¤ãããĩãŧããã¤ãŗãŋãŦãšãããĩã¤ããĢãã´ãĒãŧãããŦã¤ãšãĄãŗã
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨å¤§ããį°ãĒãįšã¨ããĻãGoogleåēåãŽ[ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãš]ã§ããĢãšãŋã ãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãšãã¨ããŠã¤ãã¤ããŗãããé¸æã§ãããã¨ãYahoo!åēåã§æ¤į´ĸåēåã§ã¯åŠį¨ã§ããĒããŖãããĻãŧãļãŧãŽčåŗéĸåŋãĢåŋãããŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãã§ãããã¨ãæããããžãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊãĒãŧããŖã¨ãŗãš ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãĢã¤ããĻ
åčīŧYahoo!ããĢãīŊYDNãŽãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ã¯ãŠããĒį¨ŽéĄããããžããīŧ
### 4.2.ãĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§
GoogleåēåãŽ[ãĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§]ã§ã¯ããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãĢã¯ãĒããŖããåäžãŽæįĄããé¸æãããã¨ãã§ããžãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊãĻãŧãļãŧåąæ§ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãĢã¤ããĻ
### 4.3.ããã¤ãš
Googleåēåã§ã¯ã[ããã¤ãš]ã§ãããŦãįģéĸããé¸æã§ãããã¨ãã§ããžãããžããé
äŋĄããOSãĢã¤ããĻãč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊãĸãã¤ãĢ ããã¤ãšãŽãŋãŧã˛ããč¨åŽ
## 5.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽããŖãŗããŧãŗåãŗåēåã°ãĢãŧããŽč¨åŽ
### 5.1.ããŠãããŗã°ããŗããŦãŧã
åēåãŽįĩčˇ¯ããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨ã¯į°ãĒããããUTMããŠãĄãŧãŋãŽãutm_mediumã¯displayįãĢå¤æ´ããĻãããžãããã
### 5.4.ããŦãŧãšãĄãŗã
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨ãŽå¤§ããĒéãã¯ãGoogleåēåã§[ããŦãŧãšãĄãŗã]ãč¨åŽã§ãããã¨ããããžãã[ããŦãŧãšãĄãŗã]ã§ã¯ãæ˛čŧããããĩã¤ãããããã¯æ˛čŧããããĒããĩã¤ããURLåäŊã§č¨åŽãããã¨ãå¯čŊã§ãã
åčīŧGoogleåēåããĢãīŊããŦãŧãšãĄãŗã ãŋãŧã˛ããŖãŗã°ãŽæĻčĻ
### 5.5.ãããã¯
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨ãŽããä¸ã¤ãŽå¤§ããĒéãã¯ã[ãããã¯]ãč¨åŽã§ãããã¨ã§ãã[ããŦãŧãšãĄãŗã][ãããã¯]ã¯ãŠãĄããããŠãŽãããĒãĩã¤ããĢããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãé
äŋĄãããããŽããį¤ēããĻããžãã[ãããã¯]ã¯ã26ãŽå¤§åéĄã200åäģĨä¸ãŽå°åéĄãããããã¯ãé¸ãŗãããŽãããã¯ãĢéĸéŖãããĩã¤ããĢ寞ããĻåēåãŽæ˛čŧãããããããã¯ããĒãã¨ããŖãč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
## 6.ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽåēåč¨åŽ
### 6.2.ãããŧãŽããĒãˇãŧéĩåŽ
åēåãŽããŠãŧãããããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåã¨ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåã§ã¯å¤§ããį°ãĒããžããįšãĢãããŧãŽããĒãˇãŧãĢã¤ããĻã¯ãããŽãĩã¤ãēãįģčŗĒãįģåãŽããŠãŧãããįč¤æ°ãŽčĻäģļãåå¨ããžããããããéĩåŽããĻããĒãįģåã¯åēåãããŧã¨ããĻå
Ĩį¨ŋãããã¨ããã§ããĒããããåļäŊåãĢããĒãˇãŧãĢã¤ããĻįč§ŖããĻããåŋ
čĻããããžãã
## ãžã¨ã
ãããžã§ããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãããŗããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãé
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įŽãčĻãĻããžãããããŽãã§ãã¯ãˇãŧããäŊŋãã°ãåēåãŽč¨åŽã¯ããĒãčŠŗį´°ãĢčĄããã¨ãã§ããžãããžãã¯åēååĒäŊãŽčĒå°ãĢåžããĒããããĸãĢãĻãŗããããŖãŗããŧãŗãåēåã°ãĢãŧããåēåãäŊæããä¸éãįĩããŖããŋã¤ããŗã°ã§ããŽãã§ãã¯ãˇãŧããåŠį¨ãããã¨ã§æãæŧããĒãč¨åŽãå¯čŊã§ãã
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- ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽããŧã¯ãŧã
- ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽåēåæ / ããŖãšããŦã¤åēåãŽããŠãŧããã
- ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽããŠãĄãŧãŋč¨åŽ
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- ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽéį¨åŧįļã
- ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåéį¨ãå¤æŗ¨ããã¨ããŽæŗ¨æįš
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ã¨ããŖããĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåãŽãį¸čĢãĢã¤ããĻã¯ãã
ãĒãšããŖãŗã°åēåéį¨äģŖčĄãããčĻ§ãã ããã |
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## ãĒããˇã¯ãĒãŧãŗã§ãéĸ¨åæé¤âĄ
- 22:17
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Would an Elizabethan audience/modern audience believe Romeo's feelings are Genuine?
my essay question is How does Shakespeare show how love affects Romeo in Act 1 Scene 1 contrasted with how Romeo feels in Act 2 scene 2?
I need to answer Would an elizabethan audience/modern audience believe romeo's feelings are genuine? Only refer to act 1 scene 1 and act 2 scene 2.
I also need to answer What does Romeo's speech tell us about the role of men/women in elizabethan times?
Your question concerning Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet raises a legitimate question. Romeo's heart is broken by Rosaline when we first see him in Act I:i, but he quickly forgets her when he sees Juliet soon after. Two elements of the play make this quick change of allegiances more believable than one might at first think.
First, Benvolio predicts it, in a sense. When talking to Romeo about Romeo's need to forget Rosaline, he suggests to Romeo that he can forget her:
By giving liberty unto thine eyes.
Examine other beauties. (Act I:i. 233-4)
This adds credibility to Romeo's quick change. Looking at and for other beauties is, after all, the way you get over a beauty.
Second, the young ages of both Romeo and Juliet make their sudden infatuations believable. If the two were thirty, a real problem in plausibility would exist. But as early teenagers, their feelings seem plausible.
That said, I can't really speak for audiences, and whether or not an audience accepts the feelings between the two as legitimate would be largely dependent on how it is presented. Judging by the popularity of the play, however, somebody must accept it and like watching the relationship develop.
While Romeo and Juliet b William Shakespeare is a fine play that has stood the test of time it is not a romantic story. Neither Elizabethan or modern audiences would believe Romeoâs feelings for Juliet to be true. Shakespeare himself alludes to the fact that we are not meant to believe these emotions as the Friar chides Romeo for his rapidly changing feelings. First he is eternally in love with Rosalind, and then in less than 24 hours he is enraptured with Juliet. In addition, women during Elizabethan times were not given free reign in public, and they were quite frequently considered a commodity and a source of physical pleasure not emotional fulfillment. |
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ãĄãĒãŋãĢãŠãããīŧ¸ããããããžãããīŧīŧ
严ãĩã¤ããŽ2åãããĻãĢããŠãģããŗīŧ¸ãã§ããããŧãŧīŧīŧ
ãˇãĨãŗãšãąã¯æäēēåŊĸã ããĒãŽãĢãå
įˇã§æãĢå
ĨããĻããžãŖã
ãĄããŖã´ããēãĢã¤ããã¯ã§ããģãģãģãģãģ
ããžãĢã¯įļãĄããã ãŖãĻčĒåãŽãæŦ˛ãããã ãããŧã
ãĒãã§ãį§ã ããīŧīŧīŧåãˇã§ããããŽã¯ãĒãĸããĄã¤ãĢãĒãŽãīŧīŧīŧīŧīŧ´oīŧ´īŧ
ãã¨ãããã¨ã§ããã¯į§ãŽããŽãģãģãģ
ãŋããĒãããŖãæãĢãˇãĨãŗãšãąãĢã¯å
įˇã ããīŧīŧ
ããŽã大æĒįŖãããĢãĢãŧããã¯ãĻãĢããŠããŗīŧŖīŧŦīŧĩīŧĸãŽæ¯äŊã§ãããããŧããŧãēãģããŧãšãã§
į°ĄåãĒã¯ã¤ãēãĢįããã¨ãããããã¤ããŗããĢãŧãã§ãã
åˇĻããšã ãšãŋãŧã§åŗãã´ãĸãŠãģãģãģ
ã§ãããã§ãĢã´ãĸãŠãŽé
å¸ã¯įĩããŖãĻããĻã
ããã¯īŧãˇãĨãŗãĢãã§ããã3æãããŖãĻãä¸čēĢã¯ãæĒįŖååēĢããĸãŧãã§ãä¸įˇããæãĢ
īŧĩīŧīŧĄīŧ¸ īŧĒīŊãããĢãããŖãããŽã§ãã
īŧãšã ãšãŋãŧã¨ä¸čēĢãå
Ĩãæŋããžããīŧīŧ
ãããã¨ããããīŧĒīŊããŧãŧãŧãīŧīŧãžãã大äŧãããŖããé åŧĩãŖããããŧīŧīŧ
帰åŽ
ããĻããīŧĩīŧ°ãį´ããããäģį§ãå§ããããŽãĩã¤ãŗã§ããģãģãģ
ããããžã§ãéˇããŖããĒããŧīŧīŧžīŧžīŧīŧ īŧīŧžīŧžīŧīŧ
ããŽæĨã¯åããĻããŖããã芹ãã§ãããããĩã¤ãŗã貰ãããã
ãããããããŋããĒãĢãĩã¤ãŗãčããĻããīŧãŖãĻ
č¨ãŖãĻãããį˛æããããžããã
æŦĄã¯ããĒããŽãĩã¤ãŗãããããĢčĄããžãããããīŧīŧīŧã ãīŧīŧīŧ
ãŠãžãŧããŽåąä¸é§čģå ´ããčĻãåˇå´ãŽå¤įŧãã§ãã
ã¨ããŖãĻããģã¨ããŠå¤ãĢãĒãŖãĻããžãããģãģãģ
ããŽã¯ãŦãŧãŗãäŊã ããĢã¯ãĩãããããĻãæããåįãĢã¨ãŖãĄãããžããã
äēäēēã¨ãã¯ãĒãšããšã¤ãã¯ããå¤ĸãčĻãããĻããĒããŧīŧ
ããããã°čããĻãĒããããŧã
į§ã¯īŧīŧã¨ããã¨
ãã¸ã§īŧīŧŖãŦãŧãĢãēãããŖãąãåēãĻããžããīŧīŧžīŧžīŧīŧ īŧīŧžīŧžīŧīŧ
ããã§ãčĒåãæåŖãĢįĢãŖãĻäŊããŋããĒãĢæããĻãããã§ãããŠãģãģãģ
ããŽãããåįēãããĻæåžã¯įŗã¤ãļãĻãæãã¤ããããĻãããžããã
æąã ããĢãĒãŖãĻãããžãããããģãģãģãģ
ã¯ãĒãšããšã¤ãã ãŖãĻč¨ããŽãĢããããæ˛æ¨ãĒå¤ĸã§ããã
æŖæãŽåå¤ĸīŧīŧã§ããīŧīŧīŧ
ããã ãããŧããĄãããäŊãŖãĻããã§ãããã
įĩļ寞åēãĻããã§ããīŧīŧīŧ
## ããŽč¨äēã¸ãŽãŗãĄãŗã
ã˛ãããĒãã¨ãã ããããĻæ¯æĨã芹ã
åēæĨããããĢãĒãŖã2007åš´âĒ
æĨåš´ã åæĨåš´ã ããŖ㨠ãīŊãŖã¨
ãããããéĄãããžããâĒ
3å財ãŖããĻãĢããŠãģããŗXãŽæäēēåŊĸã
1åã¯ãˇãĨãŗãšãąåį¨ã
ãã1å㯠ããã¯ããį¨ã
æåžãŽ1åã¯īŊĨīŊĨīŊĨįžå¸å¤Ēéį¨ã§ãããīŧ
ãīŧéããŽīŧ
åˇĨã¨īŊ´ã§īŊĒīŧ´дīŊīŧīŊĒã§īŊ´ã¨åˇĨåˇĨ
ããĄããããŽã¤ããã§ãã
ã§ãã大ä¸å¤Ģãģãģãģ
ããŽåš´éŊĸã§ãããããããįĩļ寞æããããžãããããīŧ^^;; (^^;;
ãīŧæäēēåŊĸã§ããīŧīŧ
ãããäŋåį¨ã§ãã
ããŽãžãžįŦéåˇåã§ããããŧãŧīŧ
äģåš´ãããããã¨įãä¸ããĻããã ãããããã¨ãããããžãã
ãžãããããĢæ˛ãããĢãŠããŠãéãŗãĢæĨãĻãæ¸ãããã§čĄãŖãĻãã ãããã
æĨåš´ãããããã§ãã
æããžããĻããã§ã¨ãããããžãã
æŦåš´ããŠãããããããéĄãããããžãã
ãã¯ãŖãĄãããâéįĢãĄâãæãčĻĒįļãâãīŧēīŧĄīŧ´ã
į§įãĢã¯ãããŽæ§ãĢéŖæŗããĻããžããžãããīŧ
æĨŊããã¤ããŗãã§ãã¯ãŖãĄãããããŽã¯äģæšãįĄãã§ãããīŧ
ãåãããŽįģåãããŗã¯ãŽįŽąãããĒâãĨãĸã§ããīŧå¨ãæãŖãĻãžãã
æåŖãĢįĢãŖãå¤ĸãģãģãģããããæããããæãããã¯æ§ãŽéĄããæäēēããĢãĒãŖãĻãžããã§ãããīŧäŊæäēēãã¯ãģãģãģ
ããĄãããããããããéĄãããžãã
ãã¯ãŖãĄããããžããĢããã§ãīŧīŧããŽåš´ãĢãĒãã¨å¨ããĢããã°ãã¯ãŖãĄããããįĨãŖãĻããäēēãå°ãĒããĒããģãģãģ
į§ã¯ãīŧēīŧĄīŧ´ããŽå¯ééˇããããéˇå¤ĒéãŽčĻĒįļããŽå°čąĄãåŧˇããŽã§īŧ
æãã¨ãŽããŗã¯ãŽįŽąã¯ãžããĢãããĒããĨãĸãã§ãã
ä¸čēĢã¯ããĄããå
¨é¨éŖãšãĻããžãŖãĻããžãããŠããģãģãģ
å¤ĸãŽčŠąã¯ãģãģãģãããæãããæããŖãã§ããã
æŽæŽĩåĒããīŧīŧŖãŦãŧãĢãēéãä¸æãĢãįŗã¤ãļãĻãã§ããããģãģãģ
åå¤ĸã¯å
¨ãčĻãžããã§ããããã¤ããŽå¤ĸããæŖå¤ĸããĒããĒããã¨ãéĄããžãã |
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