# Hackit 2016 Quals - Handmade encryption standard### Crypto - 250 pts
    EN:    Times are getting harder and harder for Gen.Tompson.    I`m soldier Alderson and some time ago we got this Rijndael cipher: \xa2\xc5\xe7\xcc\xe4\xa9\xb6\x41\x0b\x77\x92\x54\x78\xdb\xed\xab\xe0\x1d\xac\x83\x2e\xe2\x6b\x43\x07\x1a\x61\xf2\x81\x0f\xfe\xc6\x6e\x36\xc5\x7b\xd6\x9c\xca\x05\x93\x76\x43\xa9\x08\x45\xa4\x8f\x88\xb9\x31\x7e\x22\x7f\x00\x00\x48\xb7\x31\x7e\x22\x7f\x00\x00    And we have even intercepted its key(!):    21449030350486006488383082093598    But the problem is that decryption operation have failed somehow =(    Our math-team found out that standart algorithm was modified by cryptographer - he decided to use his own substitution-box instead of default!    Math team also found out that modification was pretty simple - cryptographer just exchanged 3 elements of that substitution-box between them. But which ones?..Help our math-team to find this out ;)    P.S General Tompson can`t talk right now.
In this challenge, they talk about the Rijndael Cipher which is the algorithm used by the [AES Standard](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_Encryption_Standard). During this algorithm, a "box" of 256 bytes is used and called S-Box (For Substitution box).
After a lot of research and failed attemps, here are the elements we must know and remember before entering the channel :- S-Box is used for encryption and S-Box-Inverse is used for decryption.- S-Box is used for the Key Expansion part. Therefore it is used both for Encryption and Decryption.
Therefore here, as far as we need to decrypt, we'll need to change S-box aswell as S-Box-Inv accordingly.
Now few mathematics about the permutations problem. We need to switch 3 elements among them. So we first need to fetch every group of 3 distinct element between 1 and 256 without considering the place in the group. This is called a [combination](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combination).Once we've got a group like this one : `(a,b,c)` we got only 2 permutations which changes all three elements :- `(b,c,a)`- `(c,a,b)`
Once we've listed this, the total of permutations equals 2 times the number of combinations of 3 among 256. Which mathematically is : ![2*((256)!/((256-3)!*3!))](equation.gif)` = 5 527 040` possibilities which is by far vulnerable to bruteforcing.
So in our code, we first need to generate all permutations with this :
```c++const int N = 256;const int K = 3;std::string bitmask(K, 1); // K leading 1'sbitmask.resize(N, 0); // N-K trailing 0'suint8_t a = 0x00, b = 0x00, c = 0x00;do {    bool aSet = false, bSet = false, cSet = false;    //Here we define the three elements of the permutations     for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) // [0..N-1] integers    {        if (bitmask[k]){            if(!aSet){                a = (unsigned char) k;                aSet = true;            }            else if(!bSet){                b = (unsigned char) k;                bSet = true;            }            else if(!cSet){                c = (unsigned char) k;                cSet = true;            }            else{                std::cout << "Error" << std::endl;            }        }    }} while (std::prev_permutation(bitmask.begin(), bitmask.end()));```
We'll also need to get an aes256 implementation (The key is written in ascii. So this is 32 bytes). I used this [one](http://literatecode.com/aes256). In this file, we just need to do few changes.We need to remove the const before the declaration of SBox and SBoxInv and then add these 2 functions :
```c++void aes256_setInvBox(uint8_t *box){    memcpy(sboxinv,box,256);}void aes256_setBox(uint8_t *box){    memcpy(sbox,box,256);}```
Once we did this, we only need to change the SBox and the SBoxInv accordingly. For example, if our group is `(a,b,c)` and we want to modify it to `(b,c,a)` we have this code :
```c++uint8_t save = 0x0;memset(&save,newBox[a],1);
memcpy(newBox+a,newBox+b,1); //Set SBox[b] in SBox[a]memset(newBoxinv+newBox[a],a,1); //Set SBoxInv(b) to point to the "array address" of SBox[a] which is a.memcpy(newBox+b,newBox+c,1);memset(newBoxinv+newBox[b],b,1);memcpy(newBox+c,&save,1);memset(newBoxinv+newBox[c],c,1);```
With this, we just launch the decryption and check if we have the flag.
Final code :```c++/*Pod for Team Fourchette-Bombe*/#include <stdlib.h>#include <stdio.h>#include <iostream>
#include "aes256.h"
using namespace std;
bool hasFlag(uint8_t *buf){    std::string bufString(buf,buf+64*sizeof(uint8_t));    if(bufString.find("h4ck1t") != std::string::npos){        return true;    }    return false;}
int main (int argc, char *argv[]){    aes256_context ctx;    uint8_t key[32] = {'2', '1', '4', '4', '9', '0', '3', '0', '3', '5', '0', '4', '8', '6', '0', '0', '6', '4', '8', '8', '3', '8', '3', '0', '8', '2', '0', '9', '3', '5', '9', '8'};    const uint8_t saveBuf[64] = {0xa2,0xc5,0xe7,0xcc,0xe4,0xa9,0xb6,0x41,0x0b,0x77,0x92,0x54,0x78,0xdb,0xed,0xab,0xe0,0x1d,0xac,0x83,0x2e,0xe2,0x6b,0x43,0x07,0x1a,0x61,0xf2,0x81,0x0f,0xfe,0xc6,0x6e,0x36,0xc5,0x7b,0xd6,0x9c,0xca,0x05,0x93,0x76,0x43,0xa9,0x08,0x45,0xa4,0x8f,0x88,0xb9,0x31,0x7e,0x22,0x7f,0x00,0x00,0x48,0xb7,0x31,0x7e,0x22,0x7f,0x00,0x00};    uint8_t i;
    //Values to generate the permutations    const int N = 256;    const int K = 3;
    const uint8_t saveBox[256] =    {        0x63, 0x7c, 0x77, 0x7b, 0xf2, 0x6b, 0x6f, 0xc5,        0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2b, 0xfe, 0xd7, 0xab, 0x76,        0xca, 0x82, 0xc9, 0x7d, 0xfa, 0x59, 0x47, 0xf0,        0xad, 0xd4, 0xa2, 0xaf, 0x9c, 0xa4, 0x72, 0xc0,        0xb7, 0xfd, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3f, 0xf7, 0xcc,        0x34, 0xa5, 0xe5, 0xf1, 0x71, 0xd8, 0x31, 0x15,        0x04, 0xc7, 0x23, 0xc3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9a,        0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xe2, 0xeb, 0x27, 0xb2, 0x75,        0x09, 0x83, 0x2c, 0x1a, 0x1b, 0x6e, 0x5a, 0xa0,        0x52, 0x3b, 0xd6, 0xb3, 0x29, 0xe3, 0x2f, 0x84,        0x53, 0xd1, 0x00, 0xed, 0x20, 0xfc, 0xb1, 0x5b,        0x6a, 0xcb, 0xbe, 0x39, 0x4a, 0x4c, 0x58, 0xcf,        0xd0, 0xef, 0xaa, 0xfb, 0x43, 0x4d, 0x33, 0x85,        0x45, 0xf9, 0x02, 0x7f, 0x50, 0x3c, 0x9f, 0xa8,        0x51, 0xa3, 0x40, 0x8f, 0x92, 0x9d, 0x38, 0xf5,        0xbc, 0xb6, 0xda, 0x21, 0x10, 0xff, 0xf3, 0xd2,        0xcd, 0x0c, 0x13, 0xec, 0x5f, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17,        0xc4, 0xa7, 0x7e, 0x3d, 0x64, 0x5d, 0x19, 0x73,        0x60, 0x81, 0x4f, 0xdc, 0x22, 0x2a, 0x90, 0x88,        0x46, 0xee, 0xb8, 0x14, 0xde, 0x5e, 0x0b, 0xdb,        0xe0, 0x32, 0x3a, 0x0a, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5c,        0xc2, 0xd3, 0xac, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xe4, 0x79,        0xe7, 0xc8, 0x37, 0x6d, 0x8d, 0xd5, 0x4e, 0xa9,        0x6c, 0x56, 0xf4, 0xea, 0x65, 0x7a, 0xae, 0x08,        0xba, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2e, 0x1c, 0xa6, 0xb4, 0xc6,        0xe8, 0xdd, 0x74, 0x1f, 0x4b, 0xbd, 0x8b, 0x8a,        0x70, 0x3e, 0xb5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xf6, 0x0e,        0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xb9, 0x86, 0xc1, 0x1d, 0x9e,        0xe1, 0xf8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xd9, 0x8e, 0x94,        0x9b, 0x1e, 0x87, 0xe9, 0xce, 0x55, 0x28, 0xdf,        0x8c, 0xa1, 0x89, 0x0d, 0xbf, 0xe6, 0x42, 0x68,        0x41, 0x99, 0x2d, 0x0f, 0xb0, 0x54, 0xbb, 0x16    };    const uint8_t saveBoxInv[256] =    {        0x52, 0x09, 0x6a, 0xd5, 0x30, 0x36, 0xa5, 0x38,        0xbf, 0x40, 0xa3, 0x9e, 0x81, 0xf3, 0xd7, 0xfb,        0x7c, 0xe3, 0x39, 0x82, 0x9b, 0x2f, 0xff, 0x87,        0x34, 0x8e, 0x43, 0x44, 0xc4, 0xde, 0xe9, 0xcb,        0x54, 0x7b, 0x94, 0x32, 0xa6, 0xc2, 0x23, 0x3d,        0xee, 0x4c, 0x95, 0x0b, 0x42, 0xfa, 0xc3, 0x4e,        0x08, 0x2e, 0xa1, 0x66, 0x28, 0xd9, 0x24, 0xb2,        0x76, 0x5b, 0xa2, 0x49, 0x6d, 0x8b, 0xd1, 0x25,        0x72, 0xf8, 0xf6, 0x64, 0x86, 0x68, 0x98, 0x16,        0xd4, 0xa4, 0x5c, 0xcc, 0x5d, 0x65, 0xb6, 0x92,        0x6c, 0x70, 0x48, 0x50, 0xfd, 0xed, 0xb9, 0xda,        0x5e, 0x15, 0x46, 0x57, 0xa7, 0x8d, 0x9d, 0x84,        0x90, 0xd8, 0xab, 0x00, 0x8c, 0xbc, 0xd3, 0x0a,        0xf7, 0xe4, 0x58, 0x05, 0xb8, 0xb3, 0x45, 0x06,        0xd0, 0x2c, 0x1e, 0x8f, 0xca, 0x3f, 0x0f, 0x02,        0xc1, 0xaf, 0xbd, 0x03, 0x01, 0x13, 0x8a, 0x6b,        0x3a, 0x91, 0x11, 0x41, 0x4f, 0x67, 0xdc, 0xea,        0x97, 0xf2, 0xcf, 0xce, 0xf0, 0xb4, 0xe6, 0x73,        0x96, 0xac, 0x74, 0x22, 0xe7, 0xad, 0x35, 0x85,        0xe2, 0xf9, 0x37, 0xe8, 0x1c, 0x75, 0xdf, 0x6e,        0x47, 0xf1, 0x1a, 0x71, 0x1d, 0x29, 0xc5, 0x89,        0x6f, 0xb7, 0x62, 0x0e, 0xaa, 0x18, 0xbe, 0x1b,        0xfc, 0x56, 0x3e, 0x4b, 0xc6, 0xd2, 0x79, 0x20,        0x9a, 0xdb, 0xc0, 0xfe, 0x78, 0xcd, 0x5a, 0xf4,        0x1f, 0xdd, 0xa8, 0x33, 0x88, 0x07, 0xc7, 0x31,        0xb1, 0x12, 0x10, 0x59, 0x27, 0x80, 0xec, 0x5f,        0x60, 0x51, 0x7f, 0xa9, 0x19, 0xb5, 0x4a, 0x0d,        0x2d, 0xe5, 0x7a, 0x9f, 0x93, 0xc9, 0x9c, 0xef,        0xa0, 0xe0, 0x3b, 0x4d, 0xae, 0x2a, 0xf5, 0xb0,        0xc8, 0xeb, 0xbb, 0x3c, 0x83, 0x53, 0x99, 0x61,        0x17, 0x2b, 0x04, 0x7e, 0xba, 0x77, 0xd6, 0x26,        0xe1, 0x69, 0x14, 0x63, 0x55, 0x21, 0x0c, 0x7d    };
    //Round number l. Why l ? I don't know and I don't really give a shit ! :D    int l = 0;
    //The buffer used to store the current encryption / decryption state    uint8_t buf[65];    //The new boxes    uint8_t newBox[256];    uint8_t newBoxinv[256];
    memset(buf,0x00,sizeof(buf));     //Generation permutations loop    std::string bitmask(K, 1); // K leading 1's    bitmask.resize(N, 0); // N-K trailing 0's    //Declare permuation values    uint8_t a = 0x00, b = 0x00, c = 0x00;    do {
        //Increment round and reset indexes        l++;        //Reset permutation values.         a = 0x00; b = 0x00; c = 0x00;
        //Set index to next permutation        bool aSet = false, bSet = false, cSet = false;        for (int k = 0; k < N; ++k) // [0..N-1] integers        {            if (bitmask[k]){                if(!aSet){                    a = (unsigned char) k;                    aSet = true;                }                else if(!bSet){                    b = (unsigned char) k;                    bSet = true;                }                else if(!cSet){                    c = (unsigned char) k;                    cSet = true;                }                else{                    std::cout << "Error" << std::endl;                }            }        }
        //Reset buffer and box        memcpy(buf,saveBuf,sizeof(buf));        memcpy(newBox,saveBox,sizeof(saveBox));        memcpy(newBoxinv,saveBoxInv,sizeof(saveBoxInv));
        //First permutation        uint8_t save = 0x0;        memset(&save,newBox[a],1);
        memcpy(newBox+a,newBox+b,1);        memset(newBoxinv+newBox[a],a,1);        memcpy(newBox+b,newBox+c,1);        memset(newBoxinv+newBox[b],b,1);        memcpy(newBox+c,&save,1);        memset(newBoxinv+newBox[c],c,1);
        aes256_setBox(newBox);        aes256_setInvBox(newBoxinv);
        //4 decryption because buffer is 64 bytes long        for(int offset=0;offset