[Original writeup and code](https://github.com/gov-ind/ctf-writeups/blob/main/2021/picoctf/scrambled_rsa/scrambled_rsa.md)
 
## The ChallengeI'm not sure this is the intended solution, because unlike what the challenge description says, you can solve this without even knowing what RSA is! Anyways, the challenge outputs an encrypted flag, the public modulus (_n_), and the public key (_e_):
```shellflag: 28315151787008598750687445077442851362791798365048726230007170614101899067117809164915398889257586247956120320014983903400140999421663002320526698293882339815210250335591733160427121280077807383100999806350316884521912476585713474827809008092695191961046756573246908378050587928394291726918574673035527321260633459454226991432691659768856692704980125119535151239915829378779742185739049174553910835858239410986095990681058121001203059741870312665897740641711256035827227253583216672557018837549826986073903528154166505131594535146746554800122162859398224401260178127872044181322144854695400542704420069859850487225331861366145200584863138918931827620047257621827804068666629110025721044463718700399275492237784188100021285877866265405769681300795135778018205308070923146232395272408019644957971476409983064311007589674015268353784821801757516183283055718778105869282342637976007957628976372026670000857370434308330910199963337760849596334649296002223074431520307429075906382098129795125950241265007441113641315561291189011104781603671953028894932092605129646146846961106348962187760492627333801809318540318737046933261821486453904123971518070614396334753660033560884161771608208359773691298584582451183396854683074425582684190892338916825658524274432483782501395809323036773969400350672746607201861867262126796185422352077775531497387390737440578002377077669691022636392249516592295632199130210150963075315553208935973489390323383116619459292916553520190539592554589330684718690104042311498280385237185666676780298535277787630044219192278275938202263148249221169267389164261713850234145076136745540674666772639404216632685550818928903741884084777057023037862651810561604204108189218559460855883074254650007533138343255722808848497824125434466854455673369836839277400330295207510157877431833129166850683284740327745126286997052040851003206595907902839669480241955460077316736800778150704487989717609101061129372477117770513059814142468317793167065475383597567849460886695097745545445009346990116778570472309641149173141170734261352705950023195248530353743584365661126079636075020996860005610323858070781408512632269693423949171202831636767980777893058132259441999940105340113069860487248289451151506725131217640637961022193724152104563992581454074517689093414131854420863359506949118553334913672638820941107187334027997972024423301132882622638701163793683065937602213977763900287532673848828742790122129097178704038180537045677230042454866880647323392914235144670016889533181658835781939778557605353280837224062520450227833827951141963402051082039438633752041979213712971409689947413590338049614367506580292389810657475850362961598322067141709598240999122644754149663751563857565713494946925047803894575568205635691091789755247672417574660003922923141913571457025599775456832333775821771747432225029156888069793327315119264056226589604050753070712823272112157335541927236706867836307548744545895048293143188421248645176376785868847157806871282350142733685014418606535676238424790588133783692452328284286093343800015355885443087088336404535545138098508535890566582009522696026979285087569899388988378917061919565428906331852621070471126473338952383558957931232206087664526240767903379664457714565612274605076700541061849666988061794731550591037884601952809849667211755220404121883470336116625658436233462639447986880264618227128865992979683588772296172086663675899740532371015585939946215545410239792471003380462619230467602845607946726966938585973321069157880236223174145064423406377729481789750614349618442318641490704871692139010312995307104668187332008707451215639905326238589186841418817783414277110274921452486711675364416448735429025185583482650194218107976124865241999414925528070485432663312002925373108730627097184404510036308090848324690625522842470554672882241548936568892642120312169569623178017144960837505220015624961373603743376322326011482155289717500682731136847573359738323038443138408761419052262122431524654312618804650020744723221035143611753663416720550740176946623832626826912292107891195252043991107656016433831429289037402597658774490901505537976013276890255984396669632170873861129405310940026586624181122290511583019875170616211381547265986141090509235331035903144401932021905946333372178479991626097934930763979934008845401617427241357519162538995606535603291560668328789526751449200958720885848029863128098881538282142947749861628590132600495286510385606025591022348350709501506113211378454335094157297212236005016301858303389319926911846712385755207904631721870789566161259455020235911037181955120522616980740119657859315434581581561313601666986952688827716321757523653456373432912392082865330939156636442837652607857284157027629160761782762957634077959574579759169582226595774062991294698062525542206714050610996543481048736395511094157190276258074046498121268104623205114196166495292873026466748082180602404452805453368610816177193915533327792653932757072904300816572813267215862634357271632494931803035001299291549115713155202713393201389906848183577643552517736221039308355047092469167602344373816284675621745578615989206184255999054175750288932269482734784844197859950006715709852344766295712444007467074437421084501252907250560955169296982495110937546344904634598159023506331924481511052734197143977522963891379222278344549217726508473264203246636048584882133814170019219876209734327435139332684645877478287647804923286453283893430582982004103932797997660568399830267262073673782213873867772948200059007347547297439047349472137254241344976067077535516442446528063941332709050054775557131346484789616409773587544854536993878477626200116471534442106947379984329838933991344379484063066908262435277802973591374213196479296888869035867997327619581392353254835364525231777474484741550857338782536288774057677750847461150798766481600411623009394543474576073391227643847351607687366464991276050119948410155853275944699239693833020455590986778542731732198463005793598787202319233706824946483124369986216429125009948154334631007389791202811257434088413302438685088006142419631274670210241549520949809191896837356477895782410377802668284086076435945811726291593906681654897694956927638448187727363155355902134652619141372572571575928632037439609108270948427196340328904287809562075468853168670462858504900447427220006665878829765418141312787599868902995064606390573284710543466758292142991301875602116527469550418388723388780008031734179347845995380501061883960246738547535866745877025286926539457313057558020589060079178782880744350700016369910862599544390457179817385870492187639677092413698428412300382867431050078651821960700731549377105620269001457487893704752815496493948111223306223606499791440954825274586638674578806680503566451674383092335514999345822328202201553026808822684707933715792303361270098823155812819264517820288884832042452078166416100763571626705713763792177819549443244121487177292686625652875925985669455118830419523775358977705501989094577802404870569712264699226354802837852886473687714531776470505001323702631174105481560227062559370520032907223894241054051059010606917474244718620101098957343220408300994489766516083037844728191124472728220507067335078402490815740388322980187470309845253387874472256852898945675088332800058605246441647662072058496723155997184093031112885121426796923145316236879662590734878555281274033366430941086259961765924881486487709890488665817060558751120769270364079500431552772874536471158757125180440589248581803342502616876843222473482310762516840587254130119787671884305989741496874077556382767069249737687894497090455104737145183232880589687533401388371083418328931909405393874184444672159800786950563224137142799136822913799390067117319888134620805293232024585745344569725209931542502851864969693787442069029087716930523601265286587957732573642144274281269935281660280916057244257570258810677891817286311320001844282557101896876286556566592244848865462956986803538523095613494145829230925895792336521980802165290290853721478950778521734076141412617199062984817785804246360502372801065393040671997252513485489214261359n: 109059791533701839999920936924165762910278956109176088031746418764170331535776995785902019573851759143108105564893100481695282738073366355987377256501385010008687082509127329540304289751799057590609315843312452176659272587409303709237283386795811695919013595780935186118673359897728308201820456043410178338519e: 65537```
 
## Analysis
Recall that in the RSA cryptosystem, the ciphertext _c_, plaintext _m_, public key _e_, and modulus _n_ are related as follows:
 
$c = m^e \pmod n$
 
Right away, we see that the ciphertext here (_flag_) is much bigger than _n_, so this might not be conventional RSA (Perhaps each character is encrypted separately and then concatenated?). Just to verify that this isn't textbook RSA, where a 0 is encrypted as 0, and a 1 as 1, let's try passing in them in:
```shell(echo -e '\x00\n\x01' && cat) | nc mercury.picoctf.net 58251...I will encrypt whatever you give me: Here you go: 23719065906383464698822759154616073166018849575700194812036963072733126052408028882800107849334040979312191136088187843811208444469870514378562196578983797163482686387444770018601754161145896200449364187322830660020617085746229240461646927858024168380027534087435702909076384773238780326119726429037261937865I will encrypt whatever you give me: Here you go: 35138504912504660554287236019089210647852486746476950741554907362158616509890278628386376351841802001726371025769791259829501072372506490805314919327300264265275274027405818267858313757379015370751314477275064187089228080296052702134906007289922671291060395005837336451554639554253139737154189707073081598402```
 
Looking at those outputs, it seems that input might be padded. But let's forget that this has anything to do with RSA for moment, and send some stings, say 'a' once and 'ab' twice:
```shellI will encrypt whatever you give me: aHere you go: 40942110745651815762274045300819310595902683564775234251534658165662628689797212260388445834982497389595526036472849468134555894513457309861456017659623726312900346877719339306273497652803254193178368240481327604236236337530441911623131183297314389883600794125029902255533734906396411545625080790678452080732I will encrypt whatever you give me: abHere you go: 4094211074565181576227404530081931059590268356477523425153465816566262868979721226038844583498249738959552603647284946813455589451345730986145601765962372631290034687771933930627349765280325419317836824048132760423623633753044191162313118329731438988360079412502990225553373490639641154562508079067845208073226080718047036458503516804898910772696226063659979543205511533198812294562736495453796803634423986600197102161654220605603188631797822988698458681223313685456772994254313040324133133825379968471684800870360040870813722377537149954480675965031612394957835409667545270736421924109196055358062108150984245978195I will encrypt whatever you give me: abHere you go: 2608071804703645850351680489891077269622606365997954320551153319881229456273649545379680363442398660019710216165422060560318863179782298869845868122331368545677299425431304032413313382537996847168480087036004087081372237753714995448067596503161239495783540966754527073642192410919605535806210815098424597819540942110745651815762274045300819310595902683564775234251534658165662628689797212260388445834982497389595526036472849468134555894513457309861456017659623726312900346877719339306273497652803254193178368240481327604236236337530441911623131183297314389883600794125029902255533734906396411545625080790678452080732```
 
Because the cipher does not appear to be deterministic ('ab' has more than one ciphertext), let's use $E$ to denote the encryption function, and $E_{i}(P)$ to denote the $i^{th}$ ciphertext of a plaintext $P$. If you play around with this for a while, you'll notice that the maximum value of $i$ is equal to the length of the plaintext. In other words, a plaintext of length 1 will always return the same ciphertext, a plaintext of length 2 will randomly return one of two ciphertexts, and so on.
Also note that $E_{1}('ab')$ is almost twice as long as $E_{1}('a')$, which suggests that there might be some concatenation going on. In fact, if you stare at those numbers long enough, you'll realize that $E_{1}('a')$ is in both $E_{1}('ab')$ and $E_{2}('ab')$.
```shellubuntu@ubuntu1604:/$ a=40942110745651815762274045300819310595902683564775234251534658165662628689797212260388445834982497389595526036472849468134555894513457309861456017659623726312900346877719339306273497652803254193178368240481327604236236337530441911623131183297314389883600794125029902255533734906396411545625080790678452080732
ubuntu@ubuntu1604:/$ ab1=4094211074565181576227404530081931059590268356477523425153465816566262868979721226038844583498249738959552603647284946813455589451345730986145601765962372631290034687771933930627349765280325419317836824048132760423623633753044191162313118329731438988360079412502990225553373490639641154562508079067845208073226080718047036458503516804898910772696226063659979543205511533198812294562736495453796803634423986600197102161654220605603188631797822988698458681223313685456772994254313040324133133825379968471684800870360040870813722377537149954480675965031612394957835409667545270736421924109196055358062108150984245978195
ubuntu@ubuntu1604:/$ ab2=2608071804703645850351680489891077269622606365997954320551153319881229456273649545379680363442398660019710216165422060560318863179782298869845868122331368545677299425431304032413313382537996847168480087036004087081372237753714995448067596503161239495783540966754527073642192410919605535806210815098424597819540942110745651815762274045300819310595902683564775234251534658165662628689797212260388445834982497389595526036472849468134555894513457309861456017659623726312900346877719339306273497652803254193178368240481327604236236337530441911623131183297314389883600794125029902255533734906396411545625080790678452080732```
 
![](https://github.com/gov-ind/ctf-writeups/raw/main/2021/picoctf/scrambled_rsa/1.png)
 
Looking at that output, we can assume that portion not in red is somehow related to $E_{1}('b')$ (it isn't exactly $E_{1}('b')$ (You can verify this by asking the oracle to encrypt 'b'). Here's what you get when you encrypt 'abc':
```shellI will encrypt whatever you give me: abcHere you go: 409421107456518157622740453008193105959026835647752342515346581656626286897972122603884458349824973895955260364728494681345558945134573098614560176596237263129003468777193393062734976528032541931783682404813276042362363375304419116231311832973143898836007941250299022555337349063964115456250807906784520807327779643605543616772957322812980097856271328000464206179845073113246155272715520148448273798006538745994721855153391032175768357988437205434596679177914798795795155116111138710247570648306821674026946155691243071901759637658549869574643799109432333492854419799242529759445500625007946579655778377442015238337626080718047036458503516804898910772696226063659979543205511533198812294562736495453796803634423986600197102161654220605603188631797822988698458681223313685456772994254313040324133133825379968471684800870360040870813722377537149954480675965031612394957835409667545270736421924109196055358062108150984245978195
ubuntu@ubuntu1604:/$ b=26080718047036458503516804898910772696226063659979543205511533198812294562736495453796803634423986600197102161654220605603188631797822988698458681223313685456772994254313040324133133825379968471684800870360040870813722377537149954480675965031612394957835409667545270736421924109196055358062108150984245978195
ubuntu@ubuntu1604:/$ abc=409421107456518157622740453008193105959026835647752342515346581656626286897972122603884458349824973895955260364728494681345558945134573098614560176596237263129003468777193393062734976528032541931783682404813276042362363375304419116231311832973143898836007941250299022555337349063964115456250807906784520807327779643605543616772957322812980097856271328000464206179845073113246155272715520148448273798006538745994721855153391032175768357988437205434596679177914798795795155116111138710247570648306821674026946155691243071901759637658549869574643799109432333492854419799242529759445500625007946579655778377442015238337626080718047036458503516804898910772696226063659979543205511533198812294562736495453796803634423986600197102161654220605603188631797822988698458681223313685456772994254313040324133133825379968471684800870360040870813722377537149954480675965031612394957835409667545270736421924109196055358062108150984245978195```
 
![](https://github.com/gov-ind/ctf-writeups/raw/main/2021/picoctf/scrambled_rsa/2.png)
 
What this means is that $E_{1}('a')$ and (some value related to)  $E_{1}('b')$ is always in all of  $E_{i}('abc')$. This applies to  $E_{1}(flag)$ as well: If we were to encrypt 'pi' (because those are the first two characters of the flag format), we'll find that  $E_{1}('p')$ will always be in $E_{1}(flag)$, and so will (some value related to)  $E_{1}('i')$. On the other hand, if we were to encrypt 'pj', we'll find that (some value related to)  $E_{1}('j')$ is not in  $E_{1}(flag)$. You can see where this is going.
 
## Solution
1. Create a string _known_ of known characters.2. Ask to encrypt 'p', verify that  $E_{1}('p')$ is in $E_{1}(flag)$, and append  'p' to _known_.3. Loop over all printable characters, and for each printable character _c_, ask to encrypt _known_ + _c_.3. Extract (some value related to)  $E_{1}(c)$ from the ciphertext and check if that value is in $E_{1}(flag)$.4. If it is, break out out of the loop and append _c_ to _known_. If _c_ happens to be '}', print _known_ and exit; Otherwise go to step 2.5. If it isn't, continue to the next character.