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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/5326614.stm
|
By Duncan Bartlett
BBC News, Japan
A Japanese legend claims that Jesus escaped Jerusalem and made his way to Aomori in Japan where he became a rice farmer. Christians say the story is nonsense. However, a monument there known as the Grave of Christ attracts curious visitors from all over the world.
To reach the Grave of Christ or Kristo no Hakka as it is known locally, you need to head deep into the northern countryside of Japan, a place of paddy fields and apple orchards.
The Grave of Christ has become an international tourist attraction
Halfway up a remote mountain surrounded by a thicket of bamboo lies a mound of bare earth marked with a large wooden cross.
Most visitors peer at the grave curiously and pose in front of the cross for a photograph before heading off for apple ice cream at the nearby cafe.
But some pilgrims leave coins in front of the grave in thanks for answered prayers.
The cross is a confusing symbol because according to the local legend, Jesus did not die at Calvary.
His place was taken by one of his brothers, who for some reason is now buried by his side in Japan.
The story goes that after escaping Jerusalem, Jesus made his way across Russia and Siberia to Aomori in the far north of Japan where he became a rice farmer, married, had a family and died peacefully at the age of 114.
A villager hinted that I might be able to meet one of Jesus' descendents - a Mr Sajiro Sawaguchi, who is now in his 80s.
His family owns the land on which the grave stands and his house is at the foot of the mountain.
I set off to find him but was told he was too ill to speak to me.
However, his grandson Junichiro Sawaguchi did agree to talk. Was I about to meet someone with a true touch of the divine?
The tubby middle-aged gentleman in glasses who spoke to me did not seem particularly Messianic.
"Actually, my family are Buddhists not Christians," said Mr Sawaguchi.
Local legend says Mr Sawaguchi (r) is a living descendant of Jesus
"And I don't claim to be a descendent of Jesus although I know some people have said my grandfather is connected to the legend. However, when I was a young child, my mother drew the sign of a cross upon my forehead as a symbol of good fortune," he told me.
Certainly the cross has brought good fortune to the villagers, who make money from the visitors and the media who seek out the grave.
It has become the region's only internationally recognised tourist attraction.
However the legend of Jesus the rice farmer does not stretch back very far. It only began in the 1930s with the discovery of what were claimed to be ancient Hebrew documents detailing Jesus' life and death in Japan.
Those documents have now mysteriously disappeared and the grave has never been excavated. I asked a village official, Masaoki Sato, if he realised that the grave might cause offence to Christians who believe in Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection.
"We're not saying that the story is true or what is written in the Bible is wrong," he politely explained. "All we are saying is that this is a very interesting old legend. It's up to the people who come here to decide how they interpret it."
Ritual and tradition
Many Japanese find it hard to make sense of Christianity. Schools are banned from teaching any religion and people are generally more interested in ritual and tradition than theology.
However, Christian-style weddings are enormously popular. They are often held in hotels which have special chapels, complete with crosses and stained glass windows.
Foreign students are sometimes hired to play the part of the priest, although the whole event has no official sanction from any church.
Churchy-looking buildings have other entertainment purposes too.
In the city of Nagoya, I went to a theme restaurant where diners could choose either to have dinner in the chapel, seated on pews and surrounded by paintings of Jesus and the saints, or on the floor below, which is decorated like a prison, complete with metal bars around each table.
Only 1% of Japan is officially Christian. However, there are some lively churches, such as the New Life Ministry in Tokyo.
When I arrived on Sunday afternoon it was packed with young worshippers, clapping along to songs of praise and raising their hands in joy.
I met Pastor Shintaro Watanabe, who was dressed in a floral Hawaiian shirt and had an almost permanent smile on his face.
Wasn't he shocked by the legend of Jesus' grave? He laughed and said it was just a silly story which caused him no particular offence.
"I suppose that many Japanese people feel respect for Jesus and the Bible," said the pastor. "The legend ties in with that. Perhaps it shows that people are looking to make a connection with Jesus in some way."
His church is trying to satisfy that spiritual curiosity, just as countless missionaries to Japan have attempted before.
Yet many Christians have discovered that the Japanese view of religion can be rather baffling - as the grave of Christ the rice farmer reveals.
From Our Own Correspondent was broadcast on Saturday, 9 September, 2006 at 1130 BST on BBC Radio 4. Please check the programme schedules for World Service transmission times.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7354539.stm
|
Paypal is the world's leading online payment service
Web payment firm Paypal has said it will block "unsafe browsers" from using its service as part of wider anti-phishing efforts.
Customers will first be warned that a browser is unsafe but could then be blocked if they continue using it.
Paypal said it was "an alarming fact that there is a significant set of users who use very old and vulnerable browsers such as Internet Explorer 4".
Phishing attacks trick users into handing over sensitive data.
Paypal said some users were still using Internet Explorer 3 , released more than 10 years ago. It lacks many of the security and safety features needed to protect users from phishing and other online attacks.
Paypal said it supported the use of Extended Validation SSL Certificates. Browsers which support the technology highlight the address bar in green when users are on a site that has been deemed legitimate.
The latest version of Internet Explorer support EV SSL certificates, while Firefox 2 supports it with an add-on but Apple's Safari browser for Mac and PCs does not.
"By displaying the green glow and company name, these newer browsers make it much easier for users to determine whether or not they're on the site that they thought they were visiting," said Paypal.
The steps were outlined in a white paper on managing phishing, written by the firm's chief information security officer Michael Barrett and Dan Levy, director of risk management.
In it, they said: "In our view letting users view the PayPal site on [an unsafe] browser is equal to a car manufacturer allowing drivers to buy one of their vehicles without seatbelts."
Paypal described the battle against phishing as a "fast-moving chess match with the criminal community".
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7368551.stm
|
Mr Erdogan says Turkey has a role to play as mediator
Turkish PM Recep Tayyip Erdogan has met Syrian President Bashar al-Assad in Damascus, as part of efforts to secure a peace deal between Syria and Israel.
Mr Erdogan said both nations had sought Turkey's help on the issue.
Mediation would begin at a low level and, if successful, progress to higher-level officials, he said.
On Thursday Syria said Israel had indicated it would be prepared to withdraw from the Golan Heights in return for peace.
The office of Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert has declined to comment on the reports, but Mr Olmert has said that he is interested in peace in Syria.
Israel and Syria remain technically at war, although both sides have recently spoken of their desire for peace.
Israel says it is interested in peace with Syria
The Syrian government has insisted that peace talks can be resumed only on the basis of Israel returning the Golan Heights, which it seized in 1967.
Israeli authorities, for their part, have demanded that Syria abandon its support for Palestinian and Lebanese militant groups.
The last peace talks between the two countries broke down in 2000.
"As Turkey, we will make whatever efforts we can on this issue," Mr Erdogan told a news conference on his return to Turkey.
"In this respect, there is a request from Syria and in the same way a request from Israel."
The meeting "focused on ways to activate a just and comprehensive peace", Syrian state media reported.
The original purpose of Mr Erdogan's visit was to open the first Syrian-Turkish economic forum.
But correspondents say it gained added significance after reports of the Israeli offer.
"The trust Turkey has makes it almost obligatory to take on a mediating role," Reuters news agency quoted Mr Erdogan as saying ahead of the visit.
"The peace diplomacy we carry out will have a positive contribution ... whether in Iraq, between Syria and Israel or between Israel and Palestine."
In June 2007, Israel's deputy prime minister confirmed his government had sent secret messages to Syria about the possibility of resuming peace negotiations through third-parties, one of whom was widely believed to be Turkey.
But the Syrian reports have sparked outrage in the Israeli parliament, with several MPs saying they would seek to accelerate the passage of a bill requiring any withdrawal from the Golan to be dependent on a referendum.
Correspondents say returning the Golan to Syria is not a popular concept in Israel, and the details of a possible Israeli withdrawal have bedevilled past negotiations between the two countries.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7060886.stm
|
By Laura Smith-Spark
BBC News, Washington
As wildfires force hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes in California, inevitable comparisons are drawn with the response to Hurricane Katrina.
Firefighters continue to battle fierce blazes across southern California
Has the US learnt the harsh lessons of New Orleans?
The ramifications of the bungled response to Katrina are still felt two years later in the US, both politically and by the people living in New Orleans and the Gulf Coast.
It has quickly become clear that the White House has no intention of letting events unravel in a similarly chaotic - and public - fashion in California.
Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff and David Paulison, head of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (Fema), are already on the scene.
"What we see now that we did not see during Hurricane Katrina is a very good team effort from the local, the state and the federal government and across the federal agencies," Mr Paulison said.
President George W Bush wants to "witness first-hand" the situation and is due to visit on Thursday, as well as swiftly pledging federal aid to Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger.
After Katrina, he was widely criticised for merely flying over the hurricane-affected areas two days later on his way back from his holiday in Texas to Washington DC.
However, while the administration's public response and California's evacuation efforts have clearly been better managed than in New Orleans, other questions remain:
- given the awareness that dry conditions had created a risk of serious fires, was enough done to prepare?
- have California's fire services been given enough funding for staff and equipment?
- has the deployment of National Guard troops to Iraq led to a shortage of manpower and firefighting kit?
Donald Kettl, professor of political science at the University of Pennsylvania, is certain the response could have been better, had part of California's National Guard not been deployed to Iraq.
"We are simply not as well prepared as we used to be to react to these kinds of disasters because the forces we used to have here are in Iraq, and some of their equipment is too," he said.
Back in May, Mr Schwarzenegger himself acknowledged that "a lot of equipment has gone to Iraq, and it doesn't come back when the troops come back" to California.
At the same time, Lt Col John Siepmann, a spokesman for California's National Guard, told the San Francisco Chronicle that half the equipment needed to respond to a major disaster was not in the state.
However, Lt Gen Steven Blum, chief of the National Guard Bureau, has denied that deployments to Iraq have overstretched California's resources.
Some 1,500 of the state's National Guard troops have been involved in firefighting and humanitarian efforts.
Mindful of criticisms of a sluggish response after Katrina, the Pentagon has also been quick to put active-duty troops on standby and to lend firefighting aircraft.
"One of the lessons we, as a nation, learned is that in a crisis, you don't wait to be asked," said Paul McHale, assistant secretary of defence for homeland defence.
Dr Kettl agrees that what has been seen in California so far represents "vast improvements" as regards the federal government response.
Many shelters have been set up for people forced to flee their homes
"In terms of leaders on the scene, it is far better - that was an enormous problem in the case of Katrina," he said.
But what will ultimately count will be the state and federal authorities' ability to organise aid effectively for those in need, Dr Kettl says.
Assessing the response so far, he said: "The evacuation procedures have been relatively smooth, the shelter and food have been relatively good."
But, he adds, it is difficult to draw direct comparisons between Katrina and what is happening in California because of the different nature and scale of the problems faced.
The hurricane and flooding cut off access to emergency shelters in New Orleans, where thousands became stranded without supplies, in a way that has not happened in California.
Also, many of the affected areas in California are wealthier - with residents better able to flee - than was the case in New Orleans, where many of those trapped were poor or elderly.
Steve Erie, a political science professor at the University of California, San Diego, is much blunter in his criticism of San Diego County's authorities.
He believes the county's preparedness in terms of firefighting was woefully inadequate - particularly compared to nearby Los Angeles - and that its fire service is seriously under-funded.
Four years ago, after fierce wildfires in southern California cost 15 lives, a number of recommendations were made to try to improve emergency readiness.
But, says Prof Erie, San Diego's voters rejected tax increases that would have boosted fire service funding and the authorities "adopted all the resolutions except those that cost money".
With 1,500 homes razed, a long road to reconstruction lies ahead
As a result, communications systems and inter-agency coordination have improved, he said, but much more is needed to bring San Diego County's many small fire services up to scratch.
"We have volunteer fire departments that use bake sales to raise money, and we are just taking baby steps towards consolidating them, professionalising them and giving them better equipment - and that's four years later," he said.
With more than a dozen fires still blazing and a long path to reconstruction ahead, it may be too early to judge whether all the lessons of Katrina have been taken to heart.
But for some observers, at least, the report card will be mixed.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/4427388.stm
|
By Tom Bishop
BBC News entertainment reporter
Madonna has headed back to the disco for her new album, Confessions on a Dancefloor, which is released in the UK on Monday. It has earned her some of the best reviews of her 22-year career.
In stark contrast to 2003's introspective American Life album, she has dusted off her glitterball, strapped on her pink stilettos and sampled Abba on latest hit single Hung Up.
Has Madonna reinvigorated her music career, or is she merely throwing one final dance party for her long-term fans before settling down to record more sedate material?
Madonna embraced New York club culture in the early 1980s
"Dance music fans may be unconvinced by Madonna's new image as it no longer reflects her real life," says DJ magazine's features editor Carl Loben.
"Madonna embraced the early stages of New York club culture in the 1980s but I doubt she has been into a club for years."
However, Mr Loben says Madonna was very astute to work on her new album with Stuart Price, the respected producer and remixer behind dance acts Les Rythmes Digitales and Zoot Woman.
The fact that Madonna is releasing a second continuous DJ mix version of Confessions on a Dancefloor will also appeal to dance music fans, Mr Loben says.
"Clubbers are generally open to any music as long as it sounds good on the dancefloor."
While clubbers are relatively unconcerned by the age of an artist, Madonna has been permanently ousted from the cover of Smash Hits magazine by acts such as teen stars McFly and Son of Dork.
Staff writer Ian Eddy says teenage music fans judge Madonna on a song-by-song basis.
"Pop fans are a bit fickle," he says. "If her next single is a bit of a dud they won't bother with it."
Smash Hits readers were divided in their opinion of Madonna's promo video for her single Hung Up, in which the 47-year-old contorts herself in a pink leotard and flirts with young dancers.
"A lot of our readers are saying Madonna has still got it, that she is still youthful," says Mr Eddy, "but some say she should grow old a bit more gracefully."
Young pop stars may cite Madonna as a music or fashion influence, but teenage music fans "just don't have the same affection for her as people in their 30s do".
Madonna's most loyal fan group has been gay men, which gay magazine Axm attributes to her eye for fashion and music trends, and her ever-changing image.
"Many gay people want to break away from their past, and every six months Madonna goes into a cocoon then emerges as a new butterfly," says Axm editor Matt Miles.
She strengthened her gay and lesbian fanbase by challenging sexual and religious convention in promo videos such as Like A Prayer and Justify My Love, suggestive live performances and 1992's explicit Sex photo book.
"Madonna's gay audience has always been very forgiving, perhaps too forgiving," says Mr Miles. "It would take an awful lot to put gay men off her."
Mr Miles says it is understandable why Madonna would want to "throw herself back into the gay bosom" with a new hi-energy album, after the relative failure of American Life.
"Why not? It doesn't seem too cynical, and it worked for Kylie Minogue. It is as if Madonna is sampling the 1980s but making it better."
Gay fans believe Madonna's career will match the longevity of that other iconic US singer, Cher. If her songs match her ambition, she may also retain her revived mainstream audience.
When not making dance records, Madonna is a children's author
Mr Eddy says: "Madonna really thinks of herself as young. I can't see her sticking to dance music but she could easily come back in a few years with something fresh."
"Madonna may return to the slower beats of her Ray of Light album or move into torch songs," adds Mr Miles. "She would probably like to turn herself into a cartoon, and is kicking herself that Gorillaz got there first."
He concludes: "She is pushing 50 and still looks great. I wouldn't put it past her to be swinging off a trapeze at the age of 60."
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6931119.stm
|
By Vaudine England
BBC News, Hong Kong
A study by doctors in Hong Kong has concluded that epilepsy can be induced by the Chinese tile game of mahjong.
The study said the syndrome affects more men than women
The findings, published in the Hong Kong Medical Journal, were based on 23 cases of people who suffered mahjong-induced seizures.
The report's four authors, from Hong Kong's Queen Mary Hospital, said the best prevention - and cure - was to avoid playing mahjong.
The study led the doctors to define mahjong epilepsy as a unique syndrome.
Epileptic seizures can be provoked by a wide variety of triggers, but one cause increasingly evident to researchers is the playing - or even watching - of mahjong.
This Chinese tile game, played by four people round a table, can involve gambling and quickly becomes compulsive.
The game, which is intensely social and sometimes played in crowded mahjong parlours, involves the rapid movement of tiles in marathon sessions.
The doctors conclude that the syndrome affects far more men than women; that their average age is 54; and that it can hit sufferers anywhere between one to 11 hours into a mahjong game.
They say the attacks were not just caused by sleep deprivation or gambling stress.
Mahjong is cognitively demanding, drawing on memory, fast calculations, concentration, reasoning and sequencing.
The distinctive design of mahjong tiles, and the sound of the tiles crashing onto the table, may contribute to the syndrome.
The propensity of Chinese people to play mahjong also deserves further study, the doctors say.
What is certain though, is that the only sure way to avoid mahjong epilepsy, is to avoid mahjong, which for many people is easier said than done.
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-12664938
|
Birmingham Six release remembered
Twenty years ago the Birmingham Six were freed after their convictions for the murders of 21 people in two pub bombings were quashed.
They had served nearly 17 years behind bars in one of the worst miscarriages of justice seen in Britain.
Paddy Hill, Gerry Hunter, Johnny Walker, Hugh Callaghan, Richard McIlkenny and Billy Power strode from London's Old Bailey on 14 March 1991, their innocence finally proved.
Alongside the men as they left court greeted by cheering crowds and beeping car horns was Chris Mullin, a journalist and MP who had been working towards their freedom since the late 1970s.
End Quote Chris Mullin
I was convinced that here were six civilians who were in the wrong place at the wrong time”
Mr Mullin, now 63, first became interested in the case when his journalist friend Peter Chippindale, who attended the men's trial and that of the Guildford Four, told him "he thought they'd got the wrong men in both cases".
Later, Mr Mullin, a law graduate, came across a pamphlet by two Irish priests which presented the six men's version of events.
Shortly afterwards Paddy Hill wrote to Mr Mullin from prison detailing his innocence. It was one of hundreds of letters Mr Hill penned to people he thought could help him.'Wrong pubs'
The six men were from Northern Ireland and had lived in Birmingham since the 1960s.
Five of them had left Birmingham New Street train station for Belfast on 21 November 1974, the night the Tavern in the Town and Mulberry Bush pubs were bombed.
They were travelling to Belfast to attend the funeral of James McDade, an IRA member who had blown himself up planting a bomb in Coventry.
The men, some who had been childhood friends with McDade, were arrested in Heysham, Lancashire, as they waited for the ferry to Northern Ireland.
Mr Mullin's involvement in the case deepened with his passion to prove the men's innocence.
"I was convinced that here were six civilians who were in the wrong place at the wrong time," he said.
"They drank in the wrong pubs and clubs - while two of them worked with a man who was a genuine member of the IRA."
Mr Mullin became a researcher for ITV's World in Action in 1985 and aimed to "see if we could unearth new evidence" in the case.
The investigative current affairs programme, made by Granada TV, dedicated several editions to discrediting the evidence on which the six men had been convicted.
Mr Mullin said the main planks of evidence were "confessions" by four of the men and forensic evidence which their trial had heard was "99% accurate" in showing two had handled explosives.Test doubts
Expert witness Frank Skuse said Mr Hill and Mr Power had tested positive for nitroglycerine in Greiss tests - chemical analysis looking for the presence of organic nitrate compounds.
Other scientists had argued the test was unreliable because a positive result could be gained from nitrocellulose in a range of innocent products.
In the autumn of 1985, World in Action demonstrated how shuffling an old pack of playing cards containing the substance produced a positive Greiss test. The accused men had played cards on their train journey.
Mr Mullin said a breakthrough came when an ex-police constable got in touch and "confirmed many of the violent tactics" the six claimed were used by the now defunct West Midlands Serious Crime Squad to secure confessions.
Mr Mullin said the alleged tactics included bringing dogs and shot guns into the cells and "conducting mock executions".
The ex-officer was interviewed on World in Action in 1986.
In the same year, Mr Mullin published a book, Error of Judgement: The Truth about the Birmingham bombings, in which he claimed to have traced and met some of those actually responsible for the bombings.
As demands for the case to be re-examined grew in Britain and Ireland, it was referred back to the Court of Appeal by the then home secretary Douglas Hurd. But the convictions were upheld in 1988.
It took three more years of articles, books and documentaries by a growing number of campaigners before the men's convictions were again re-considered.
Mr Mullin said the day the men were released was among the best of his life.
"It was a very exciting moment," he said. "It came a bit quicker than we anticipated. The Crown had abandoned the forensic evidence and confessions and was trying to upgrade the circumstantial evidence.
"And we had expected Michael Mansfield [defence lawyer] to continue his submissions but he said it was all 'nonsense' and sat down. At which point the judge quashed the convictions and the men were propelled outside to cheering crowds, cameras and helicopters flying overhead."
End Quote Chris Mullin
It was very good to be publicly vindicated”
Mr Mullin was with the men as they were driven in a convoy of cars to a party put on by the Catholic Chaplaincy in Hampstead.
Mr Mullin, who was the Labour MP for Sunderland South for 23 years, said he had received a lot of criticism for backing the case and still has the Sun's front page declaring "Loony MP Backs Bomb Gang" on his office wall.
"So it was very good to be publicly vindicated so spectacularly," he said.
The men's release was a day of celebration for some but for many of those involved in the Birmingham bombings and the aftermath the scars will always remain.
The families and friends of the 21 people killed, and the many who were terribly injured, have never seen justice done.
The IRA is believed to have carried out the bombings but no-one has ever admitted responsibility.'Public outcry'
West Midlands Police said there were no plans to reopen the inquiry into the pub bombings but "it would look at any fresh information that came to light".
Mr Mullin said a miscarriage of justice such as the Birmingham Six case was "not likely" to happen now.
Interviews in police custody have to be recorded, a result of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984.
And the Royal Commission, set up after the Birmingham case, established the Criminal Cases Review Commission.
One of the Birmingham Six, Richard McIlkenny, died in 2006, aged 72.
In 2010, Mr Hill, who co-founded the Miscarriages of Justice Organisation (Mojo), won his fight to get trauma counselling on the NHS.
He told the BBC's Hardtalk programme last month he still found it very difficult that none of the police officers he alleges played a part in his imprisonment has been prosecuted.
He said he told those looking for justice it would come from the most unexpected sources.
Mr Hill added: "The one thing about the British public - when they see an injustice they are not afraid to stand up and scream about it - and thank God.
"We were put into prison just to satisfy and to quell the public outcry and in the end it was the public outcry that got us back out again."
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-18286270
|
Leader: Yevgeny Shevchuk
A former speaker of Trans-Dniester's parliament, Yevgeny Shevchuk overturned expectations by coming first in the initial round of voting in the November 2011 presidential election, pushing the incumbent Igor Smirnov into third place.
Mr Shevchuk then beat Anatoly Kaminsky, a colleague-turned-rival and Russia's preferred candidate, in the second round to become president in December.
Yevgeny Shevchuk broke with long-serving President Smirnov in 2009 in an attempt to limit the latter's powers. He then lead an anti-corruption movement that also called for greater transparency in government.
The 43-year-old Mr Shevchuk's election campaign benefited from public weariness with lack of progress in peace talks and general economic stagnation under Mr Smirnov, who had also lost the support of Russia.
The new president says he wants to improve relations with Moldova and Ukraine with a view to having them accept Trans-Dniestrian independence, although his shorter-term aim is to ease border travel and trade restrictions.
A major priority will be to ensure that Russia continues to support the isolated territory.
|
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] |
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12292661
|
Bolivia: Coca-chewing protest outside US embassy
Indigenous activists in Bolivia have been holding a mass coca-chewing protest as part of campaign to end an international ban on the practice.
Hundreds of people chewed the leaf outside the US embassy in La Paz and in other cities across the country.
Bolivia wants to amend a UN drugs treaty that bans chewing coca, which is an ancient tradition in the Andes.
But the US has said it will veto the amendment because coca is also the raw material for making cocaine.
The protesters outside the US embassy also displayed products made from coca, including soft drinks, toothpaste, sweets and ointments.
They were supporting a Bolivian government campaign to amend the 1961 UN Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs to remove language that bans the chewing of coca leaf.
The convention stipulates that coca-chewing be eliminated within 25 years of the convention coming into effect in 1964.
Bolivia says that is discriminatory, given that coca use is so deeply rooted in the indigenous culture of the Andes.Eradication
The US is opposed to changing the UN convention because it says it would weaken the fight against cocaine production.
In a statement, the US embassy said Washington recognised coca-chewing as a "traditional custom" of Bolivia's indigenous peoples but could not support the amendment.
"The position of the US government in not supporting the amendment is based on the importance of maintaining the integrity of the UN convention, which is an important tool in the fight against drug-trafficking," it said.
The US is the world's largest consumer of cocaine and has been leading efforts to eradicate coca production in the Andes for decades.
Bolivia is the world's first biggest producer of cocaine after Peru and Colombia, and much of its coca crop is used to make the illegal drug.
Bolivian President Evo Morales has long advocated the recognition of coca as a plant of great medicinal, cultural and religious importance that is distinct from cocaine.
As well as being Bolivia's first indigenous head of state, Mr Morales is also a former coca-grower and leader of a coca-growers trade union.
The Bolivian amendment would come into effect on 31 January only if there were no objections.
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-19107957
|
Saudi woman athlete makes headlines
Wojdan Shaherkani has been making headlines.
She became the subject of worldwide media attention when it was announced that she would be one of the first two Saudi female athletes to compete at the Olympics.
But this was soon overshadowed by a row over her hijab - a head covering that many Muslim women wear - that meant she was at risk of not taking part at all.
The International Judo Federation initially said Shaherkani would not be allowed to wear a headscarf during the competition due to safety concerns.
A spokesman said that in Judo athletes used strangleholds and chokeholds and that wearing a hijab could be dangerous.
But that was a deal-breaker for the Saudi Arabian Olympic Committee.
End Quote Noor al-Sajan Saudi law student
She's 16 years old... I don't know how she's handling all of this”
The Saudi authorities had agreed to send women to the games on condition that they agreed to wear Islamic clothing, including headscarves.
The team had threatened to withdraw Shaherkani from the competition before an agreement was finally reached with the IJF that the 16-year-old would fight wearing a special headscarf in order to comply with both safety issues and the Saudi dress code.
"Working with the International Olympic Committee (IOC), a proposal was approved by all parties. The solution agreed guarantees a good balance between safety and cultural considerations," the IJF said in a statement.
Shaherkani competed on Friday in the +78kg category. She was easily defeated by a Puerto Rican fighter in a judo bout that lasted only 82 seconds.'Western influence'
As the debate raged over whether Shaherkani should be allowed to take part, her father, Ali, insisted: "I would never put my religion or my daughter's hijab on the line, even if it meant missing out on the Olympics."
Noor al-Sajan, a 19-year-old law student living in the Saudi capital, Riyadh, said Mr Shaherkani's remarks did not stop him and his daughter being the subjects of fierce criticism at home.
"There are some who have been very resentful of the fact that she is competing and have been taking it out on her family," she said.
"They've been saying: 'Oh, he is taking his daughter to the Olympics. He's not man enough.'
"Some have also been attacking their racial background, saying: 'They are not from Saudi, they don't represent us.'
"She's 16 years old. I don't know how she's handling all of this. I think it's really hard."
Abdullah Qassem, a Saudi businessman living in Jeddah, said he personally had no problem with Saudi women participating in sports, but he feared that they could be influenced by Western culture.
"The fear is that the women would go [to the Olympics] and expose their bodies," he explained.
"Yes, this time the Saudi women are covering [their bodies], but who's to say that they won't copy the European women and start dressing like them?"'Prostitutes of the Olympics'
Even the appearance of Shaherkani and the second Saudi female athlete in London, Sarah Attar, along with their male counterparts in the opening ceremony last Friday earned them an Arabic hashtag on the social networking website, Twitter, which translates as "prostitutes of the Olympics".
It was not long before the hashtag was trending on Twitter, but Noor al-Sajan said it was being used to the athletes' benefit.
"Activists have turned the hashtag around. They decided to use it to write positive things about the athletes since the hashtag was already viral," she said.
Ironically it worked, and hundreds of tweets were written in support of Shaherkani and Attar.
"Give Saudi women both the Olympic torch and the keys to the car," said one tweet, referring to the ban on women driving in the Gulf kingdom.
Another tweet said: "Even though Saudi allowed women to be in their Olympics team - the degrading of women lives on with this hashtag."
Despite the controversy Ms Sajan remains optimistic. Saudi Arabia, after all, is a country where women are still fighting for their right to drive and go anywhere without being chaperoned.
"I think it's a great milestone for Saudi women. The Olympics is one the biggest international sports events," she added.
"If the community here sees that it's OK for women to play sports, maybe that would make it easier for women to play professionally here."
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6202765.stm
|
A furry robotic seal used for therapy in nursing homes has been honoured by the Japanese government.
Robots are looked on as a solution to Japan's ageing population
Paro is fitted with sensors beneath its fur and whiskers that allow it to respond to petting.
The robot mammal, which flutters its eyes and moves its flippers, won the service prize at the government sponsored Robot Awards 2006.
A giant vacuum cleaner and a feeding machine also received prizes at the ceremony in Tokyo.
The awards were set up earlier this year by the Japanese government to promote research and development in the robotics industry.
Robots are widely used in Japan and are seen as a way to help deal with an aging population.
Nearly 19% of the 130 million people that live in the country are aged 65 and over. This is expected to rise to 40% by 2055.
Robots could be key to maintaining the labour force and helping care for the elderly.
The Paro robot was developed by the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science for therapy sessions in care homes. It is also used by autistic and handicapped children.
Like more traditional animal therapy, where pets are brought into hospitals, the robots are used to help people relax and exercise.
As well as responding to touch through tactile sensors on its body, Paro responds to its name and coos like a real baby harp seal.
Other robots to aid the elderly included the My Spoon feeding robot. The joystick-controlled arm helps people feed themselves.
The spoon tipped device follows pre-programmed movements to move food from a plate to a position just in front of the user's mouth. It is already on sale in Japan and Europe.
Other robots to be honoured at the ceremony included a huge autonomous vacuum cleaner that moves around Tokyo skyscrapers at night, clearing up after office workers.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7505234.stm
|
By Margaret Robertson
Los Angeles - the regular host for the E3 trade show
For more than a decade E3 was a joke begging for a punchline.
What do you get if you lock 60,000 gamers in a box for three days? As a journalist attending the event to hoover up a year's worth of snap judgements and pledged exclusives, you had a lot of different answers.
Exhausted, was the main one.
The old E3 was the ultimate Krypton Factor challenge. 72 hours trapped in a gigantic labyrinth of flashing lights and competing sound systems.
An endless sprint between the North and West halls along a walkway that seemed to telescope longer every day, all the while running streams of mental arithmetic as you juggled page counts, appointment schedules, time differences and contact numbers.
And all with the added handicap of the migraine-inducing dehydration brought on by an unwillingness to assuage the blazing Californian sunshine with $5 bottles of water you knew you'd never be able to claim back on expenses.
Robertson: It's important to stay well hydrated at E3
Drunk was another answer.
As each day wore on, conversation would turn from who had appointments to see which games to who had invites to attend which parties.
Notes would be swapped on the best strategies for blagging your way in (one enterprising colleague once presented me to a bouncer as 'Mrs Molyneux' with immediate success) and bets would be taken on which B list musician and C list actor would be the faintly baffled guest of honour.
Once in, you'd be confronted by a Hollywood parody of a Hollywood party. Ice sculptures, bikini'd lovelies, hopelessly impractical finger food and a ring of pasty middle-aged, middle-managers gazing at the pool with a mixture of distrust and longing.
In time of course, the free beer would work its woozy magic.
Then all sorts of indiscretions - talking too much shop with a competitor, being far too frank with your boss, or doing something you shouldn't with someone else's wife - would provide a year's worth of gossip for any journo who had the nous to stay one drink behind everyone else and keep their ears and eyes open.
The top answer though, was probably embarrassed.
Embarrassed by the unbelievable crassness of the stands, by the desperate, grubby greed of an industry that lays claim to being an art form but treats its creations like a commodity.
Embarrassed by the weary, jaded booth babes, wearing their spandex and stilettos and insincere smiles the way a traffic warden wears their uniform.
Embarrassed by the armies of under-age, over-excited gamers who'd sneak in with fake IDs to pillage the place for free keyrings and pour premature scorn on every other title.
Embarrassed by your own willingness to pursue games industry luminaries into the Gents to secure that bonus interview that everyone else had given up on (sorry, Warren).
The show is held in the huge LA convention centre
Everyone you met said the same thing. E3 was bloated, impractical, annoying, exhausting - too hot, too loud, too busy, too commercial, too expensive.
The games industry can never agree on anything, but it could agree on this: E3 was a nightmare. In response to the complaints, the event's organisers, the ESA, decided to reinvent it in a leaner, meaner form, but in a heartbeat the industry changed its tune. The new E3 was also a nightmare, but now because it was boring, deserted, too far out of town. There was no buzz, no decent parties, no opportunities to do unexpected deals in the queue for your third burrito of the day.
It sounds like hypocrisy, but it wasn't - or at least, it wasn't just hypocrisy.
Everyone still agreed - and everyone was still right to agree - that the old E3 was a dinosaur.
But what everyone had failed to take into account was that fact that dinosaurs are awesome. They're huge, noisy, dangerous and spectacular, and that was the wonder of the old event.
You'd see 19 games a day that were generic, over-hyped sequels but the 20th would be a behind-closed-doors black box revelation that made your palms prickle with excitement.
You'd play taxi-tag for three hours chasing the rumours of the best party in town but then end up lounging on a pool-side divan with your childhood hero while a harem of attendants plied you with champagne.
You'd spend all day slogging back and forth in the stinking heat, and all night wringing copy out of your jet-lagged, dehydrated, hung-over brain but wake up three hours later excited about doing it all again.
What did you get when you locked 60,000 gamers in a box for three days? Magic, that's what. Pure, preposterous magic.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/southern_counties/3342163.stm
|
Rail ticket prices in Brighton could rise because the cost of cleaning off graffiti has escalated.
The graffiti often put trains out of service
South Central Trains says damage done to trains and stations by two graffiti gangs in Brighton is costing almost £3m a year to clean up.
Now the company has warned that the cost of the damage may have to be passed on to passengers.
In the past few months, trains have been targeted at every railway siding between Brighton and Gatwick.
David Haynes, head of security at South Central Trains, said: "It is annoying and obviously these sort of costs get passed on to the customer.
"The real thing that annoys us is when we are not able to deliver a train the following day to the passengers that are expecting it."
He said sometimes it would be dangerous for the trains to be used because graffiti had been sprayed on the driver's window.
Overall the company said it costs £1.7m a year to clean trains with £500,000 spent on cleaning stations.
Every time a train is put out of service it costs the company £20,000.
British Transport Police said attempts were being made to try to stop the vandals by using CCTV and bringing in handwriting experts to try to identify tags sprayed on trains.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/8501623.stm
|
The Ryan report said abuse in institutions in the Irish Republic was 'endemic'
Amnesty International has called for an inquiry into the extent of child abuse in Northern Ireland institutions run by both the state and the churches.
Its NI executive director told the SDLP conference the government should comply with its "international obligations".
The call comes after the Ryan Report in the Irish Republic which uncovered decades of institutional abuse.
The NI Assembly has voted for a similar inquiry and Amnesty wants the Executive and UK government to make it a reality.
The Ryan Report accused the Irish Republic's educational authorities, health boards and religious orders of failing to protect children or to investigate complaints.
Amnesty's Northern Ireland programme director, Patrick Corrigan, said that "while Ryan stopped at the border, the abuse of children did not".
He added: "We know this from the stream of Northern Irish victims and survivors now coming forward with credible stories of horrific abuse and neglect."
And Colm O'Gorman, the organisation's executive director, told the annual conference in Newcastle that as well as prosecuting individual abuse cases, it was also important to "learn the lessons of past failures".
He said that inquiries in Wales and the Irish Republic had led to "significant advances" in child protection and children's rights.
Any inquiry should be "independent, impartial and effective", he added.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/tennis/7073200.stm
|
Nikolay Davydenko is at the centre of fresh controversy after losing to Marcos Baghdatis at the Paris Masters.
Davydenko was bemused by the disintegration of his serve
The world number four was told by umpire Cedric Mourier to "try your best" after the official questioned why he was serving so many double faults.
At the St Petersburg Open, Davydenko was fined $2,000 (£976) for not trying hard enough against Marin Cilic.
He is being investigated by governing body the ATP over an August match that featured irregular betting patterns.
Online betting exchange Betfair voided bets on that match, in Poland, between Davydenko and the 87th-ranked Argentine Martin Vassallo Arguello.
In St Petersburg last month the Russian protested his innocence and, after his 6-2 6-2 defeat on Thursday, when Baghdatis asked him "What's wrong?" he replied "I don't know".
I need to find what's the reason I cannot really serve
He served 10 double faults and was broken five times by the Cypriot in a match that lasted one hour and 13 minutes.
BBC Radio 5 Live tennis correspondent Jonathan Overend said: "Davydenko was jeered at times during this pathetic effort in defence of his title.
"He hit three double-faults in his opening service game of the second set and amazingly another three in his subsequent service game.
"At one change of ends the umpire, Cedric Mourier, asked the Russian why he was serving so badly. Davydenko seemed to shrug his shoulder as if to say, 'what can I do?'
"'Serve like me,' the umpire was heard to answer back.
"It's not unusual for players to banter with umpires at the change of ends but in the current climate the Russian should expect some serious questions."
Davydenko admitted afterward he feared getting an official warning from the umpire.
"He just asked me what was happening. I told him I couldn't explain," he said.
"I cannot serve. That was happening in St Petersburg. I don't have pain really. I have no pain in my elbow. I need to find what's the reason I cannot really serve."
Baghdatis said: "He didn't serve well but he played well, but I was not thinking about the stories and rumours about him.
"I don't know if they are true or not. I needed to be focused and play well. That's what I did."
An ATP spokesman told BBC Sport: "What was said between Cedric Mourier and Nikolay Davydenko was a normal exchange between an umpire and player and the ATP will not be taking the matter any further."
|
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] |
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-16485298
|
Schools in England will face no-notice inspections
All schools in England will face no-notice inspections from the autumn, the new head of Ofsted has announced.
Sir Michael Wilshaw said the move was a "logical" progression, adding that it was vital that the public had confidence in inspections.
But school leaders said they had "real doubts" that the plans would improve the inspection process.
They also raised concern that the change had been announced without consulting head teachers.
But Sir Michael, who took up his chief inspector post last week, said inspections taking place without notice provided an opportunity for inspectors "to do what's really important - going in and inspecting quality, particularly teaching".
He added: "Ofsted has been moving towards a position of unannounced school inspection over a period of years.
"I believe the time is now right for us to take that final step and make sure that for every school we visit inspectors are seeing schools as they really are in the corridors, classrooms and staff room."
Currently schools receive two days' notice.
Over the past 18 months, Ofsted carried out 1,500 no-notice inspections of schools causing concern. This included a pilot of unannounced visits to schools where there were issues concerning behaviour.Nervousness
Sir Michael admitted that some schools may be wary of the change.
End Quote Brian Lightman Association of School and College Leaders
An effective inspection system is based on mutual trust and respect, not the premise that schools are trying to 'cheat'”
"In my experience, anything that's new is going to be treated with some nervousness by schools."
Sir Michael said he wanted inspectors to spend "as much time as possible in the classroom".
"I don't want them to spend a huge amount of time looking at documentation, there's too much of that. I want them to go in and observe lessons."
Education Secretary Michael Gove said he warmly welcomed the moved: "No-notice inspections, especially where behaviour and teaching standards are of concern, will provide parents and others a true picture of schools' performance.
"I look forward to receiving the full proposals in the coming weeks."'Real doubts'
But the Association of School and College Leaders said no-notice inspections would not improve the effectiveness of inspections.
General secretary Brian Lightman said: "We welcome moves to improve the effectiveness of inspection, but I have real doubts that no-notice inspection will accomplish this.
"An effective inspection system is based on mutual trust and respect, not the premise that schools are trying to 'cheat' and need to be caught out.
"If inspection is going to lead to improvement, it needs to be done with schools rather than used as a beating stick.
"We have already voiced serious concerns that the Parent View website provides no way of ensuring that the views expressed are accurate or representative."
The National Association of Head Teachers said the move to no-notice school inspections was an empty gesture which would "alienate schools while doing nothing to support rising standards".
General secretary Russell Hobby said: "If a school could conceal evidence of widespread failure in just two days then the whole concept of inspection is flawed and Ofsted's protestations that it examines progress and behaviour over the long-term ring hollow."
Mr Hobby said a shorter notice for inspection would reduce schools' ability to engage with the inspection and may mean senior staff were not in the school for the inspection.
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-17995520
|
Kent A21 widening scheme 'could create growth'
Widening the A21 in Kent has been given preliminary approval because it could create growth in the local community, according to the roads minister.
Mike Penning said Kent County Council had convinced him it would create jobs and "free up the community".
The scheme would expand the road between Tonbridge and Pembury from single lanes to a dual carriageway.
The Kent Green Party, which opposes all road building, said the widening was "a complete waste of money".
In the case of the A21, Steve Dawe, from the Kent Green Party, said: "It will remove nine hectares of ancient woodland and in as a little of three or four years' time after the scheme is finished, the A21 will fill up again."
Mr Dawe added that only during its period of construction would the scheme create jobs.'Lead project'
Mr Penning said: "It gives me huge confidence that they [Kent County Council] believe that the local community can get the growth it requires.
As far back as 2001 the then Labour Transport Secretary Stephen Byers accepted the need to upgrade the A21 between Tonbridge and Pembury.
This year's proposals will see the single carriageway between these towns dualled with a flyover at the North Farm roundabout.
However, they do not include the previously proposed bypass of Hurst Green in East Sussex further down the A21.
"Is this going to create jobs? Is this going to free up the community? That's what they've convinced me is going to happen."
He added widening the A21 was the lead project of the six road schemes he had announced because it would be the first of them to go to public consultation.
Leader of Conservative-run Kent County Council Paul Carter said: "Completion of the scheme will be an enormous boost to the local Kent economy and support growth along the A21 corridor to Hastings."
Jackie Matthias, from the West Kent Chamber of Commerce, said "all the businesses in the area and the majority of residents" wanted the scheme to go ahead.
The Department for Transport said it would jointly fund the public consultation into the scheme with Kent County Council.
The widening scheme would start in 2015, when national funding is made available.
|
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] |
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-11994671
|
New Forth bridge plans approved by MSPs
Construction of the new Forth road bridge will get under way next year, under plans approved by MSPs.
The Scottish Parliament passed, by majority, new legislation needed to build the £2bn crossing, due for completion by 2016.
Ministers say the condition of the existing bridge, linking Edinburgh and Fife, is deteriorating.
The project has come under attack from environmental campaigners and there has been a row over how to fund it.
The Scottish Greens are now leading calls for public spending watchdog Audit Scotland to look into alternatives to the crossing before contracts are arranged.
Backers include WWF Scotland and Friends of the Earth Scotland.
The bridge, to be paid for by the Scottish government's capital budget, was brought forward in the wake of concerns about the condition of the existing crossing, now more than 40 years old.
The replacement link, to be given the green light under the Forth Crossing Bill, has been described by the Holyrood government as the biggest Scottish infrastructure project for a generation, and vital to the economy.Cable drying
The existing road bridge would be used for public transport and cyclists.
Scottish ministers clashed with the previous Westminster government over borrowing from future budgets to pay for the crossing.
End Quote Tricia Marwick MSP for Central Fife
We have got to ensure that there is a passage from the Lothians to Fife after 2017”
The SNP said the project would be delivered on time and on budget.
The campaign group Forthright Alliance has argued the new bridge - to cost between £1.7bn and £2.3bn - is not a "justifiable or credible" use of public money.
Lawrence Marshall, from Forthright Alliance, said work to slow down the cable corrosion would be enough to save the current bridge.
"The cable drying has been working," he said. "There is a slow and steady decline in the humidity within the cable and if you can manage to dehumidify the cable then basically the corrosion will have much less chance of increasing.
"If you halt the corrosion getting just a little bit worse than perhaps it is at the moment then you still have a buffer in order to be able to operate the bridge."
However, Tricia Marwick, MSP for Central Fife, said delaying work on the new bridge was not an option.
She said: "Even if you are able to halt the corrosion, then we have lost a lot of the strength in the bridge already.
"It is absolutely imperative that we press ahead with this work. We can't wait to see whether the work on the cables may halt the corrosion.
"We have got to ensure that there is a passage from the Lothians to Fife after 2017."
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3651050.stm
|
There is no safe amount of alcohol that mothers-to-be can drink, experts believe.
Abstinence is best, say experts
Even the small amount advised by the government can harm the unborn child, a UK conference on foetal alcohol syndrome heard this week.
Dr Raja Mukherjee of St George's Medical School believes many more babies - up to one in every 100 - are affected than currently recognised.
Many are incorrectly labelled with 'behavioural' problems, he said.
Heavy alcohol consumption during pregnancy is known to be damaging to the unborn child, which is why the government sets a limit of one to two units of alcohol per week for mothers-to-be.
But Dr Mukherjee told delegates at an Foetal Alcohol Syndrome Aware UK conference in Wigan that
studies show any amount of alcohol can be damaging.
He said one in every 100 babies born is damaged by their mother drinking while pregnant, but many cases are going unrecognised.
No safe level
According to Dr Mukherjee, obvious cases of foetal alcohol syndrome - a group of problems in children born to mothers who drank alcohol during their pregnancy, which includes abnormal facial features and nervous system problems - are recognised and detected.
But many children who develop behavioural problems as a result of exposure to alcohol in the womb are incorrectly diagnosed as having conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
The real culprit, alcohol consumption, goes unnoticed in these milder forms, collectively called Foetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, he said.
He blamed binge drinking for the high rates of damage.
"The brain develops throughout pregnancy and the most vulnerable period is the first three months - the first trimester - when people may not even know they are pregnant."
He said the government should warn women that any amount of alcohol could damage their unborn child.
"The current recommendation of one to two units is ambiguous.
"The only guaranteed safe way is not to drink at all when you are pregnant," he said.
A spokeswoman from the National Organisation on Foetal Alcohol Syndrome said: "We do not want to panic any woman who is pregnant and may have had a couple of drinks. The chances are their child will be fine.
"But there is a risk if you drink alcohol during pregnancy. The only way you can be certain is to abstain from alcohol," she said.
A spokeswoman from the Department of Health said:
"We would be interested to see any further research in to this area but current evidence does not justify changing our advice."
In May, Lord Mitchell from the National Organisation on Foetal Alcohol Syndrome highlighted the issue to the House of Lords.
He said the government should be doing more.
"The government is being really complacent about it. It's sort of saying 'have a few drinks and that's OK', but our feeling, and certainly the evidence that we have seen in other countries, is that no drinking is the best policy."
He said alcoholic beverages should carry warning labels about the potential for damage to unborn children in the same way that they already do in France and the US.
Later this week, experts will debate the problem at House of Commons.
|
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4706421.stm
|
Scotland Yard has issued CCTV images of four men it wants to question over the failed bomb attacks on three Tube trains and a bus in London.
It is not yet clear if a man shot dead by plain clothes officers at Stockwell Tube station on Friday was one of them.
Scotland Yard urged anyone who knew the whereabouts of the men captured on CCTV to call 999.
They said if they could identify any of them they should call the anti-terrorist hotline on 0800 789 321.
Members of the public should not approach the men under any circumstances, police warned.
After Friday's shooting another man was arrested at an address in Stockwell, south London. Officers then searched the property.
The man was held on suspicion of the preparation, instigation and commission of acts of terrorism.
He was taken for questioning to Paddington Green Police Station in central London.
Officers raided several addresses across the capital on Friday, including one in Harrow Road, north-west London, where people reported bangs thought to have been the firing of CS gas canisters.
Also on Friday, a 29-year-old West Yorkshire man who had been held since 12 July, on suspicion of the commission, instigation or preparation of acts of terrorism, was released without charge.
He had been arrested on the same day as raids were carried out in the Leeds area in connection with the original bombings on 7 July.
Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Ian Blair told a news conference Thursday's attacks and those two weeks earlier had left Scotland Yard facing "the greatest operational challenge" in its history.
He said: "Officers are facing previously unknown threats and great danger
"This operation is targeted against criminals - not any community or section of a community."
Thursday's attacks began at about 1230 BST, with bombs at Warren Street station, central London, Shepherd's Bush station in the west, Oval in the south and on a bus in Shoreditch, east London.
Along with the CCTV images, police revealed details about the suspects' movements:
- The first image showed a man in a black sweater running away from Oval station's Northern Line at 1234 BST on Thursday. Police believe he had travelled north from Stockwell. His top was later found in nearby Brixton.
- The second image showed a man on the number 26 bus travelling from Waterloo to Hackney Wick. He got off the bus at Hackney Road at about 1306 BST.
- The third image showed a man leaving Warren Street station at 1239 BST.
- Police believe the man pictured at Westbourne Park station at 1221 BST travelled west on the Hammersmith and City Line to Shepherd's Bush, where he ran from the station.
Following the incidents, streets were cordoned off, parts of the transport network closed and stations evacuated, but no-one was badly hurt.
Three of the devices found were the same size and weight as those used for the 7 July London bombings, while the fourth was smaller and appeared to have been contained in a plastic box. The same chemicals appear to have been used.
Scotland Yard Assistant Commissioner Andy Hayman told the news conference: "At this stage it is believed the devices consisted of homemade explosives and were contained in dark coloured bags or rucksacks. It is too early to tell how these were detonated."
BBC security correspondent Gordon Corera told BBC Radio 4's Today programme the devices were so similar there was speculation they could have been part of the same batch.
"The explosive might have degraded over time or had not been put together right in this case, or it could have been a completely different batch of explosives - homemade - that had not been cooked up properly."
The bombers' plan might have been disrupted by the investigation into the 7 July attacks, forcing them to act before they were fully prepared, Mr Corera added.
Police have asked that any images of the attacks are sent to www.police.uk. The hotline number for anybody with information is 0800 789 321. Witness reception points have been set up near the four scenes.
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17866646
|
Black-Scholes: The maths formula linked to the financial crash
It's not every day that someone writes down an equation that ends up changing the world. But it does happen sometimes, and the world doesn't always change for the better. It has been argued that one formula known as Black-Scholes, along with its descendants, helped to blow up the financial world.
Black-Scholes was first written down in the early 1970s but its story starts earlier than that, in the Dojima Rice Exchange in 17th Century Japan where futures contracts were written for rice traders. A simple futures contract says that I will agree to buy rice from you in one year's time, at a price that we agree right now.
By the 20th Century the Chicago Board of Trade was providing a marketplace for traders to deal not only in futures but in options contracts. An example of an option is a contract where we agree that I can buy rice from you at any time over the next year, at a price that we agree right now - but I don't have to if I don't want to.
You can imagine why this kind of contract might be useful. If I am running a big chain of hamburger restaurants, but I don't know how much beef I'll need to buy next year, and I am nervous that the price of beef might rise, well - all I need is to buy some options on beef.
But then that leads to a very ticklish problem. How much should I be paying for those beef options? What are they worth? And that's where this world-changing equation, the Black-Scholes formula, can help.
"The problem it's trying to solve is to define the value of the right, but not the obligation, to buy a particular asset at a specified price, within or at the end of a specified time period," says Professor Myron Scholes, professor of finance at the Stanford University Graduate School of Business and - of course - co-inventor of the Black-Scholes formula.
The young Scholes was fascinated by finance. As a teenager, he persuaded his mother to set up an account so that he could trade on the stock market. One of the amazing things about Scholes is that throughout his time as an undergraduate and then a doctoral student, he was half-blind. And so, he says, he got very good at listening and at thinking.
When he was 26, an operation largely restored his sight. The next year, he became an assistant professor at MIT, and it was there that he stumbled upon the option-pricing puzzle.
One part of the puzzle was this question of risk: the value of an option to buy beef at a price of - say - $2 (£1.23) a kilogram presumably depends on what the price of beef is, and how the price of beef is moving around.
But the connection between the price of beef and the value of the beef option doesn't vary in a straightforward way - it depends how likely the option is to actually be used. That in turn depends on the option price and the beef price. All the variables seem to be tangled up in an impenetrable way.
Scholes worked on the problem with his colleague, Fischer Black, and figured out that if I own just the right portfolio of beef, plus options to buy and sell beef, I have a delicious and totally risk-free portfolio. Since I already know the price of beef and the price of risk-free assets, by looking at the difference between them I can work out the price of these beef options. That's the basic idea. The details are hugely complicated.
"It might have taken us a year, a year and a half to be able to solve and get the simple Black-Scholes formula," says Scholes. "But we had the actual underlying dynamics way before."
The Black-Scholes method turned out to be a way not only to calculate value of options but all kinds of other financial assets. "We were like kids in a candy story in the sense that we described options everywhere, options were embedded in everything that we did in life," says Scholes.
End Quote Professor Ian Stewart Warwick University
By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars ”
But Black and Scholes weren't the only kids in the candy store, says Ian Stewart, whose book argues that Black-Scholes was a dangerous invention.
"What the equation did was give everyone the confidence to trade options and very quickly, much more complicated financial options known as derivatives," he says.
Scholes thought his equation would be useful. He didn't expect it to transform the face of finance. But it quickly became obvious that it would.
"About the time we had published this article, that's 1973, simultaneously or approximately a month thereafter, the Chicago Board Options Exchange started to trade call options on 16 stocks," he recalls.
Scholes had just moved to the University of Chicago. He and his colleagues had already been teaching the Black-Scholes formula and methodology to students for several years.
"There were many young traders who either had taken courses at MIT or Chicago in using the option pricing technology. On the other hand, there was a group of traders who had only intuition and previous experience. And in a very short period of time, the intuitive players were essentially eliminated by the more systematic players who had this pricing technology."
More or Less: Behind the stats
Listen to More or Less on BBC Radio 4 and the World Service, or download the free podcast
That was just the beginning.
"By 2007 the trade in derivatives worldwide was one quadrillion (thousand million million) US dollars - this is 10 times the total production of goods on the planet over its entire history," says Stewart. "OK, we're talking about the totals in a two-way trade, people are buying and people are selling and you're adding it all up as if it doesn't cancel out, but it was a huge trade."
The Black-Scholes formula had passed the market test. But as banks and hedge funds relied more and more on their equations, they became more and more vulnerable to mistakes or over-simplifications in the mathematics.
"The equation is based on the idea that big movements are actually very, very rare. The problem is that real markets have these big changes much more often that this model predicts," says Stewart. "And the other problem is that everyone's following the same mathematical principles, so they're all going to get the same answer."
Now these were known problems. What was not clear was whether the problems were small enough to ignore, or well enough understood to fix. And then in the late 1990s, two remarkable things happened.
"The inventors got the Nobel Prize for Economics," says Stewart. "I would argue they thoroughly deserved to get it."
End Quote Ian Stewart University of Warwick
Long-Term Capital Management showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading”
Fischer Black died young, in 1995. When in 1997 Scholes won the Nobel memorial prize, he shared it not with Black but with Robert Merton, another option-pricing expert.
Scholes' work had inspired a generation of mathematical wizards on Wall Street, and by this stage both he and Merton were players in the world of finance, as partners of a hedge fund called Long-Term Capital Management.
"The whole idea of this company was that it was going to base its trading on mathematical principles such as the Black-Scholes equation. And it actually was amazingly successful to begin with," says Stewart. "It was outperforming the traditional companies quite noticeably and everything looked great."
But it didn't end well. Long-Term Capital Management ran into, among other things, the Russian financial crisis. The firm lost $4bn (£2.5bn) in the course of six weeks. It was bailed out by a consortium of banks which had been assembled by the Federal Reserve. And - at the time - it was a very big story indeed. This was all happening in August and September of 1998, less than a year after Scholes had been awarded his Nobel prize.
Stewart says the lessons from Long-Term Capital Management were obvious. "It showed the danger of this kind of algorithmically-based trading if you don't keep an eye on some of the indicators that the more conventional people would use," he says. "They [Long-Term Capital Management] were committed, pretty much, to just ploughing ahead with the system they had. And it went wrong."
Scholes says that's not what happened at all. "It had nothing to do with equations and nothing to do with models," he says. "I was not running the firm, let me be very clear about that. There was not an ability to withstand the shock that occurred in the market in the summer and fall of late 1998. So it was just a matter of risk-taking. It wasn't a matter of modelling."
This is something people were still arguing about a decade later. Was the collapse of Long-Term Capital Management an indictment of mathematical approaches to finance or, as Scholes says, was it simply a case of traders taking too much risk against the better judgement of the mathematical experts?
Ten years after the Long-Term Capital Management bail-out, Lehman Brothers collapsed. And the debate over Black-Scholes and LTCM is now a broader debate over the role of mathematical equations in finance.
Ian Stewart claims that the Black-Scholes equation changed the world. Does he really believe that mathematics caused the financial crisis?
"It was abuse of their equation that caused trouble, and I don't think you can blame the inventors of an equation if somebody else comes along and uses it badly," he says.
End Quote Myron Scholes
The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow”
"And it wasn't just that equation. It was a whole generation of other mathematical models and all sorts of other techniques that followed on its heels. But it was one of the major discoveries that opened the door to all this."
Black-Scholes changed the culture of Wall Street, from a place where people traded based on common sense, experience and intuition, to a place where the computer said yes or no.
But is it really fair to blame Black-Scholes for what followed it? "The Black-Scholes technology has very specific rules and requirements," says Scholes. "That technology attracted or caused investment banks to hire people who had quantitative or mathematical skills. I accept that. They then developed products or technologies of their own."
Not all of those subsequent technologies, says Scholes, were good enough. "[Some] had assumptions that were wrong, or they used data incorrectly to calibrate their models, or people who used [the] models didn't know how to use them."
Scholes argues there is no going back. "The fundamental issue is that quantitative technologies in finance will survive, and will grow, and will continue to evolve over time," he says.
But for Ian Stewart, the story of Black-Scholes - and of Long-Term Capital Management - is a kind of morality tale. "It's very tempting to see the financial crisis and various things which led up to it as sort of the classic Greek tragedy of hubris begets nemesis," he says.
"You try to fly, you fly too close to the sun, the wax holding your wings on melts and you fall down to the ground. My personal view is that it's not just tempting to do that but there is actually a certain amount of truth in that way of thinking. I think the bankers' hubris did indeed beget nemesis. But the big problem is that it wasn't the bankers on whom the nemesis descended - it was the rest of us."
Additional reporting by Richard Knight
|
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] |
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-21496361
|
Heathrow airport reports £2.46bn in revenues
Heathrow reported higher revenues and profits after a record 70 million passengers used Britain's biggest airport during 2012.
It posted an 8% rise in revenues to £2.46bn, with profits of £46.4m.
The company predicted further growth and said the new Terminal 2 should be completed towards the end of 2013.
But the west London airport said it is operating close to capacity and warned this would limit the UK's ability to trade with emerging economies.
There were 471,341 flights during 2012, just below Heathrow's cap of 480,000 a year.Ticket price rises
The results from the former BAA company include Stansted Airport, which was sold after the year-end to Manchester Airports Group for £1.5bn.
Stansted's passenger numbers declined 3.2% to 17.5 million last year.
Heathrow achieved an all-time record passenger satisfaction score in a survey produced by the Airports Council International for the third quarter, but the percentage of people passing through central security within the prescribed time was below last year's level at 92.8% in 2012.
Last week, it was announced passengers at the airport face a rise in ticket prices if a £3bn five-year investment plan is approved.
Heathrow wants regulators to allow it to increase charges for airlines to use the airport, between 2014 and 2019.
The charges need to be approved by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA),
Under the plan, they will go up by the equivalent of £19.33 per passenger for 2012-13 up to a possible £27.30 in 2018-19.
|
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-19754789
|
North Yorkshire stays 'alert' as flood warnings remain
The Environment Agency warned people in North Yorkshire to "stay alert", with 22 flood warnings in place on Friday.
The level of the River Ouse in York is slowly falling after more than 100 properties were flooded.
In Selby and Cawood, the river had not reached its peak on Friday morning, but the Environment Agency said defences would cope.
In Tadcaster, where a bridge remains closed, a free bus service had been started to link both sides of the town.
- River Ouse at York (Leeman Road, Skeldergate, Lower Ebor Street, Alma Terrace, River Street, St George's Field, Peckitt Street), Kelfield, Cawood, Naburn, Alcaster Malbis, Acaster Selby, Fulford, Linton Lock)
- River Derwent at Stamford Bridge, Buttercrambe Mill
- River Ure at Aldwark Bridge to Cuddy Shaw, Milby Island
- River Wharfe at Ulleskelf, Ryther
- River Swale at Kirby Wiske, Helperby, Myton on Swale
- Cock Beck at Stutton
North Yorkshire County Council said it is "poised" to inspect the A659 bridge, as well as others at Boroughbridge, Morton-on-Swale and Skipton-on-Swale.
A spokesperson said: "Until water levels fall, engineers will not be able to see what damage the floods have caused, but they are ready to undertake those inspections as soon as possible.
Once they have inspected the bridges they will know whether they are safe to use again."
A number of roads remained closed across York and North Yorkshire.
City of York Council said it would be reviewing the situation on Friday morning.
|
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